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Journal Article

Mind the Gap: Performance Limits of Automated Contour Extraction Methods for Individual Monitoring of Bottlenose Dolphins

Saskia C. Tyarks; Matthew D. Hyer; Frants H. Jensen
Marine Mammal Science · Vol. 42, Issue 4 · 2026

Abstract

Reliable extraction of dolphin whistle contours is fundamental for scalable analyses of vocal identity, repertoire structure, and individual‐based acoustic monitoring. We evaluated four algorithms for fundamental frequency estimation of common bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) whistles, leveraging a benchmark dataset of annotated whistles from known animals to assess performance across individuals and as a function of signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). In high‐SNR whistles (> 20 dB), the deep learning models CREPE‐tt, SAM‐whistle, and Silbido Profundo achieved similar performance in mean contour coverage (~80%), with CREPE‐tt producing the most continuous contours and the lowest frequency error. SAM‐whistle and Silbido Profundo were more robust than CREPE‐tt under low‐SNR conditions. However, automatically extracted contours consistently reduced within‐ versus between‐individual separation and ultimately decreased individual classification accuracy, highlighting how contour gaps and fragmentation propagate into downstream identity matching. Taken together, our results suggest a practical division: CREPE‐tt excels with high‐SNR data and detailed contour shape analyses without harmonic post‐processing, whereas SAM‐whistle and Silbido Profundo perform better with low‐SNR recordings. For individual identification and abundance estimation, explicit SNR‐based inclusion thresholds and quality‐control criteria remain necessary.

Bibliographic Information

JournalMarine Mammal Science
PublisherWiley
Publication Date2026-10-01
Publication Year2026
Volume42
Issue4
Document TypeJournal Article
Print ISSN0824-0469
eISSN1748-7692
DOI10.1111/mms.70263
SubjectMarine Biology

Access Information

NARA Access Coverage1997-01-01~Current
Journal Homepagehttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/loi/17487692
Publisher PageOpen Publisher Page
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