Journal Article
Functional diversity of Brazilian bees: revealing the unique patterns of the Neotropics
Guaraci D. Cordeiro; Tereza C. Giannini; Patrick M. Consorte; Ana C. J. Costa; Waira S. Machida; Bruno F. Marques; Nicholas D. Mazzei; Poliana P. Menezes; Ludmila S. Resende; Juliana A. Shimoda; Renata S. Souza; André L. Acosta; Antonio J. C. Aguiar; Eduardo A. B. Almeida; Denise A. Alves; Isabel Alves-dos-Santos; Tamires O. Andrade; Evandson J. Anjos-Silva; Alexandre S. Barbosa; Eduardo R. M. Barbosa; Leilane A. Bezerra; Rafael C. Borges; Thaline F. Brito; Gabriela P. Camacho; Alistair J. Campbell; Marina S. Castro; Beatriz W. T. Coelho; Rafael R. Ferrari; Carlos A. Garófalo; Adrian D. González-Chaves; Gabriel O. Keller; Elinor M. Lichtenberg; Leon Marshall; Carlos A. Martínez-Martínez; Marlúcia B. Martins; Aline C. Martins; Márcia M. Maués; Henrique P. Moleiro; Denise M. D. S. Mouga; Favízia F. de Oliveira; Kelli S. Ramos; Ramon L. Ramos; Léo C. Rocha-Filho; Ian P. V. Santos; Samara Santos; José E. Santos Júnior; Akira Shibata; Daniel P. Silva; Fernanda G. Sousa; César M. N. Teixeira; Allison L. Tietz; Matheus E. Trindade-Santos; Patrícia S. Vilhena; Felipe Vivallo; Luísa G. Carvalheiro
Oecologia · Vol. 208, Issue 1 · 2026
Abstract
Bees are essential for ecosystem functioning, pollinating many wild and crop plant species. Predicting which species are most vulnerable to global changes, and how their loss may impact ecosystems and human well-being, is critical. Comprehensive information on bee response and effect traits is fundamental to these assessments. However, the Raunkiærian shortfall—insufficient trait data—remains significant for bees, particularly in the Neotropics. Moreover, it remains uncertain whether conservation strategies based on functional diversity from temperate regions can be generalized to the Neotropics. To address this gap, we compiled a comprehensive and validated dataset on Brazilian bee traits, covering 24 traits related to sociality (100% of the species with some information), nesting (88%), body size (71%), and buzzing capacity (42%) on 2,066 Brazilian bee species. The trait data here presented is a crucial resource for evaluating bee species' pollination effectiveness and susceptibility to global change. Comparative analysis with regions with ample trait data—USA, Europe, and China—revealed notable differences. Brazilian bees exhibited a higher prevalence of aboveground nesting species, especially compared to Europe. The proportion of eusocial species was also greater than in Europe and the United States, and more similar to China. Differently from other regions, Brazilian eusocial bees were significantly smaller than their non-eusocial counterparts. These cross-regional comparisons highlight the importance of geographically tailored conservation strategies and underscore the need for extensive trait data to accurately predict regional vulnerabilities and ecological impacts in a rapidly changing world.