Abstract
Background and aims Understanding biotic interactions within plant populations and with their symbiotic partners is crucial for elucidating plant responses to drought. While many studies have highlighted the importance of intraspecific plant or mutualistic fungal interactions in predicting drought responses, we know little about the combined effects of these two interactions on the recovery of plants after drought. Methods We conducted an experiment to study the recovery after an extreme drought event of a native European plant species ( Centaurea jacea ) and its range-expanding congener ( Centaurea stoebe ), across a gradient of plant density and in association with an AM fungal species ( Rhizophagus irregularis ). Results Our results showed strong intraspecific competition in C. jacea , which constrained their post-drought recovery. We further found that AM fungi constrained root biomass recovery of C. jacea after drought under high intraspecific competition. The post-drought recovery in C. stoebe was high potentially due to its greater plasticity in the root diameter under drought conditions. Conclusion Strong intraspecific competition can constrain recovery in plants like C. jacea with lesser root trait plasticity after drought, independent of mycorrhizal symbiosis.