Improving conservation outcomes for seadragons: data, knowledge gaps, and future directions

Abstract

Seadragons are charismatic fishes endemic to Australia’s Great Southern Reef and are flagships for marine biodiversity. Due to their unique appearances and behaviors, seadragons are of interest for both scientific research and broader conservation purposes. However, studies on wild seadragon populations are challenging to implement, and peer-reviewed data on population demographics, life histories, and other aspects of seadragon biology and ecology are currently limited. Seadragon habitats, including kelp-covered reefs and seagrass meadows, have declined in various areas of the southern Australian coast, spurring concerns that seadragon abundances may also be contracting. The lack of range-wide baseline data on seadragon populations has precluded a robust understanding of their vulnerability to extinction, and further conservation-focused research has been recommended by past studies. Here, we summarize existing research on the three known seadragon species: common, leafy, and ruby seadragons, with the aim of improving future conservation outcomes for seadragons. Range-wide population size estimates and trends in abundance data are key knowledge gaps preventing accurate extinction risk assessments. Lack of data about basic ecological and biological factors such as longevity and reproduction further hinder effective conservation actions. We describe developing research methodologies including citizen science, machine learning, habitat mapping, and molecular methods that show promise for improving outcomes for these iconic fishes and the habitats they rely on.

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