Abstract
Shark populations are declining globally and the effectiveness of marine protected areas (MPAs) as a conservation tool may vary by species and environmental context. This study assessed space use and residency of smoothhound sharks ( Mustelus mustelus )—an endangered, yet highly exploited shark—in relation to spatial protection and fishing risk across three areas off the southern coast of South Africa. Passive acoustic telemetry data (2016–2023) from 37 individual sharks were analysed using residency indices and generalised additive models. Smoothhounds exhibited high site fidelity, with small daily home ranges ( 2 ). Residency showed a weak but significant negative relationship with fishing risk, indicating reduced residency in areas of higher fishing pressure. Residency was consistently higher within a MPA and adjacent bay waters, as compared to a nearby unprotected bay. These findings suggest that smoothhounds may respond to spatial protection and suggest that extending protection to the MPA‐adjacent high‐use areas could enhance conservation outcomes.