Abstract
In this study, the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) with a spatial resolution of 2 km is used to understand the cooling responses in the sea northeast of Taiwan associated with multiple typhoons. Sea level measurements derived from in situ tidal gauges and continuous temperature measured by a moored buoy deployed at Longdong were used to validate the model’s performance. Six far-field typhoons with similar tracks, namely, Utor (2001), Dujuan (2003), Sanvu (2005), Nanmadol (2011), Usagi (2013), and Meranti (2016), were systematically investigated to demonstrate the influences of tidal effect on upper ocean responses to typhoon passages surrounding shore regions. After integrating tidal forcing, model-simulated cold wakes behind typhoon passages were essentially enhanced. Compared with observations, the cold wakes were reproduced more realistically. Tides could promote a cooling response through the following potential mechanisms: (1) tidal mixing destratifies the water column, (2) a stronger northward current leads to a sharper bottom thermocline, (3) tidal residual currents (southward) drive the offshore-ward (downslope) bottom Ekman flow and lead to the overturning of cold bottom water and warm subsurface water, (4) the increase in bottom stress due to the interaction of tidal currents and bottom topography results in the destratification of the bottom water column, and (5) the wind–tide coupled effect. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism dominating the process of a typhoon–tide-induced stronger upper ocean response depends on different typhoon activities, tidal regimes, stratification, and bathymetry and needs further investigations. In this study, we suggest that including tidal effects is essential for the modeling of upper ocean responses to typhoon passages near the shore regions.