Abstract
Ship automatic rudder systems are critical to enhancing the precision, safety, and intelligence of modern navigation, which plays a significant role in optimizing vessel control, reducing crew workload, and improving operational efficiency. First, this paper undertakes a meticulous analysis of the evolution of automatic rudder technology research through the application of bibliometric analytical methodologies. Second, a thorough literature review is conducted, focusing on the fundamental components of automatic rudder technology, encompassing sensor technologies, control algorithms, and basic functionalities, including both the latest advancements and the distinct traits of various technological approaches and algorithms. Third, the core functions of automatic rudder technology are analyzed, which includes heading control, wave compensation, ship collision avoidance, safety control mechanisms, path planning, and tracking control. Lastly, this paper summarizes the principal challenges encountered during the development of automatic rudder technology and proposes potential directions for future advancements.