Abstract
The use of plant-based fermentation products as substitutes for costly feed ingredients like fishmeal and soybean meal has been at the forefront of aquaculture research. This study investigated the effects of dietary fermented mulberry leaf powder (FMLP) on grass carp (0.86 ± 0.07 kg). Fish were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% FMLP for 70 days to assess impacts on growth, muscle quality, antioxidant status, and lipid metabolism. Results indicated that FMLP did not significantly affect growth performance (p > 0.05). However, it reduced the hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, condition factor, and intraperitoneal fat ratio (p