Advancing knowledge on red coral Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758) populations and associated mesophotic communities in the Aegean Sea, Eastern Mediterranean

Abstract

This study presents the first quantitative analysis of live red coral (Corallium rubrum) populations in Greek waters (North-Western Aegean Sea) and contributes to the limited knowledge of mesophotic benthic assemblages in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Utilizing ROV and stereo-video SCUBA surveys at two previously harvested sites (47-60 m depth), we quantified red coral density and morphometric parameters. Associated benthic communities, comprising 101 taxa with Porifera as the dominant group, were characterized, and the Mesophotic Assemblages Conservation Status (MACS) index was applied for the first time in this region, revealing an overall “Good” ecological status despite locally degraded facies. While red coral entanglement by widespread ghost fishing gear appeared low, high frequencies of necrosis and epibiosis were observed in the larger canopy-forming gorgonian Paramuricea clavata, potentially indicating current and past mechanical damage, although the synergistic effects of other physical stressors cannot be excluded. This research offers crucial baseline data on red coral populations and associated mesophotic communities in an under-studied region and ecological zone. Our findings are discussed in the context of existing national management frameworks and conservation measures, emphasizing the need for further monitoring and research to inform effective management and conservation strategies in view of increasing anthropogenic and environmental pressures.

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