Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill represents one of the most damaging environmental catastrophes of our generation. It contaminated vast areas of the open ocean, the deep sea, and the shoreline of the Gulf region and disrupted its ecosystems, with both residual and long-term impacts. At the core of all of these ecosystems are microbial communities that perform essential biogeochemical processes and ecosystem services such as carbon and nutrient cycling. Despite their importance, relatively little was known about marine microbes that degrade hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Mexico prior to the Deepwater Horizon spill, nor the effect of hydrocarbons on the microbiology of the Gulf region. Research carried out through the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) revealed cooperative microbial communities operating at the heart of bioremediation services with highly adaptive and complex dynamics. In addition, these efforts established new methods for assessing and monitoring ecosystem health, whereby microbial population genetics can serve as indicators of biogeochemical disruptions and/or restoration status in marine and coastal environments. Although much research is still needed to fully understand and engage microbially mediated bioremediation services, GoMRI constructed a strong foundation of methods, discoveries, and overarching principles to build upon. These insights and tools will help scientists better prepare for, and respond to, future environmental catastrophes, from oil tanker spills to long-term disruptions of climate change.