Journal Article
C 4 anatomy can evolve via a single developmental change
Marjorie R. Lundgren; Luke T. Dunning; Jill K. Olofsson; Jose J. Moreno‐Villena; Jacques W. Bouvier; Tammy L. Sage; Roxana Khoshravesh; Stefanie Sultmanis; Matt Stata; Brad S. Ripley; Maria S. Vorontsova; Guillaume Besnard; Claire Adams; Nicholas Cuff; Anthony Mapaura; Matheus E. Bianconi; Christine M. Long; Pascal‐Antoine Christin; Colin P. Osborne
Ecology Letters · Vol. 22, Issue 2 · pp. 302-312 · 2019
Abstract
C 4 photosynthesis is a complex trait that boosts productivity in warm environments. Paradoxically, it evolved independently in numerous plant lineages, despite requiring specialised leaf anatomy. The anatomical modifications underlying C 4 evolution have previously been evaluated through interspecific comparisons, which capture numerous changes besides those needed for C 4 functionality. Here, we quantify the anatomical changes accompanying the transition between non‐C 4 and C 4 phenotypes by sampling widely across the continuum of leaf anatomical traits in the grass Alloteropsis semialata . Within this species, the only trait that is shared among and specific to C 4 individuals is an increase in vein density, driven specifically by minor vein development that yields multiple secondary effects facilitating C 4 function. For species with the necessary anatomical preconditions, developmental proliferation of veins can therefore be sufficient to produce a functional C 4 leaf anatomy, creating an evolutionary entry point to complex C 4 syndromes that can become more specialised.