Journal Article
Impacts of different vitamin C delivery systems (liposomal and nano-liposomal) on growth, immunity, antioxidant defense, gut health, and digestive function in grey mullet (Liza ramada)
Mohammed F. El Basuini; Ebtehal Saeed Elnagar; Abdelaziz M. El-Hais; Ali A. Soliman; Islam I. Teiba; Mahmoud Kamel Bakry; Mahmoud S. Gewaily; Mayada Alhoshy; Akram Ismael Shehata
Aquaculture International · Vol. 33, Issue 3 · 2025
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different forms of dietary vitamin C on growth performance, immune responses, antioxidant defense, and physiological health of grey mullet ( Liza ramada , mean initial weight 40.32 ± 0.15 g, n = 3) over a 60-day feeding trial. Five experimental diets were formulated: a control diet devoid of vitamin C (D1) and diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg of crystalline vitamin C (L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate, L-AMP; D2), liposomal vitamin C (D3), nano-liposomal vitamin C (D4), or a 1:1 mixture of liposomal and nano-liposomal vitamin C (D5). Fish fed D4 exhibited the highest growth performance, with significantly ( P P