Abstract
Summary Many calls have been made to address antibiotic resistance in an environmental perspective. With this study, we showed the widespread presence of high‐level antibiotic resistant isolates on a collection of non‐susceptible Gram‐negative bacteria ( n = 232) recovered from soils. Bacteria were selected using amoxicillin, cefotaxime and imipenem, from sites representing different agricultural practices (extensive, intensive and organic). Striking levels of non‐susceptibility were noticed in intensive soils for norfloxacin (74%), streptomycin (50.7%) and tetracycline (46.6%); indeed, the exposure to intensive agricultural practices constituted a risk factor for non‐susceptibility to many antibiotics, multidrug resistance and production of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamases ( ESBL ). Analyses of non‐susceptibility highlighted that environmental and clinical bacteria from the same species might not share the same intrinsic resistance patterns, raising concerns for therapy choices in environment‐borne infections. The multiple sequence‐type IncI1‐driven spread of penicillinases ( bla TEM‐1 , bla TEM‐135 ), ESBL ( bla SHV‐12 and bla CTX‐M‐1 ) and plasmid‐mediated AmpC β‐lactamases ( bla CMY‐2 ), produced by isolates that share their molecular features with isolates from humans and animals, suggests contamination of agricultural soils. This is also the first appearance of IncI1/ST28‐harbouring bla CTX‐M‐1 , which should be monitored to prevent their establishment as successfully dispersed plasmids. This research may help disclose paths of contamination by mobile antibiotic resistance determinants and the risks for their dissemination.