Abstract
Admixture between incoming Neolithic early farmers (EF) and western hunter-gatherers (WHG) of Europe formed late farmers (LF) ∼ 6,200 years ago. Analysis of HLA genotypes from 135 Neolithic individuals reveal allele frequency shifts from EF to LF, likely due to WHG influx. Both groups had lower HLA diversity than today, suggesting reduced pathogen pressure at the time. Declining frequencies of HLA alleles linked to chronic inflammation since the Neolithic may reflect early mismatch diseases.