Extreme habitats, scarce vectors: first report on blood parasites in the Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus)

Abstract

In wild animal populations, the prevalence of vector-borne parasites can be a serious threat if derived in disease, but extreme environments can act as natural refuges by restricting the presence of vectors and, consequently, reducing the transmission of vector-borne parasites. The Andean Condor ( Vultur gryphus ), a key scavenger of ecological significance and flagship conservation status, inhabits high-altitude regions where abiotic factors may limit parasite transmission. Little is known about the prevalence of blood parasites in this species. In this study, we examined the presence of haemosporidian parasites ( Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon ) in Andean Condors from both wild healthy and rehabilitating, and captive populations in Argentina. Blood samples were analyzed by blood smears examination and by using nested-PCR protocols targeting cyt b from parasite DNA. Of the 33 condors sampled, only two individuals tested positive for Plasmodium (Lineage ZEMAC01 and PADOM09), a wild adult male from Tucuman and a wild juvenile male from San Luis, sampled on the day of admission at Buenos Aires Zoo. These results may reflect the environmental conditions associated with high-altitude ecosystems, where low temperatures and other abiotic factors can limit the presence of vectors responsible for transmitting blood parasites. The detection of Plasmodium in wild condors raises concerns about potential pathogen introduction into recovery centers via admitted individuals, emphasizing the need for biosecurity protocols to prevent the spread of potential harmful pathogens in captive populations of endangered species. Given the increasing threats posed to this species, continuous monitoring of both wild and captive populations is recommended to detect emerging health risks and support effective conservation strategies.

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