Journal Article
Influences of the El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the timing of the North American spring
Gregory J. McCabe; Toby R. Ault; Benjamin I. Cook; Julio L. Betancourt; Mark D. Schwartz
International Journal of Climatology · Vol. 32, Issue 15 · pp. 2301-2310 · 2012
Abstract
Detrended, modelled first leaf dates for 856 sites across North America for the period 1900–2008 are used to examine how the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) separately and together might influence the timing of spring. Although spring (mean March through April) ENSO and PDO signals are apparent in first leaf dates, the signals are not statistically significant (at a 95% confidence level ( p p