Journal Article
Removal of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol S, and Estrogenic Activity from Real Wastewater Using a Multi-stage IFAS System
Amanda F. do Amaral; Alexandre S. A. da Silva; Deivisson L. Cunha; Priscila M. de O. M. Cunha; Rodrigo Coutinho; Marcia Marques
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · Vol. 116, Issue 3 · 2026
Abstract
This study evaluated the removal of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), and estrogenic activity from real municipal wastewater using a pilot-scale multi-stage integrated fixed-film activated sludge (MS-IFAS) system. The configuration comprised five sequential reactors (Anaerobic, Anoxic-1, Aerobic under IFAS, Anoxic-2, and Re-aeration) providing distinct redox conditions. Influent concentrations averaged 112.6 ± 49.5 µg L −1 for BPA and 6.6 ± 3.0 µg L −1 for BPS. Overall removal efficiencies reached 99.8 ± 0.1% and 97.7 ± 1.0%, respectively, despite influent variability. The aerobic IFAS reactor was the main contributor to contaminant degradation, maintaining performance even after a > 90% biomass loss. Estrogenicity, assessed by the Yeast Estrogen Screen assay and expressed as 17β-estradiol equivalents (E2-EQ) decreased by 83.2% (0.031–0.005 ng L −1 ). Effluent E2-EQ values were below ecotoxicological thresholds, indicating negligible estrogenic risk to aquatic organisms. These highlight the strong potential of MS-IFAS for removal of xenoestrogenic contaminants in real wastewater.