Abstract
We investigated positive temperature (warm) and negative precipitation (dry) biases in convection-permitting model (CPM) simulations for Europe (2.2 km grid spacing) that were considerably larger than in equivalent regional climate model (RCM) simulations (12 km grid spacing). We found that improvements in dry biases could be made by (1) using a more complex runoff scheme which takes into account topography and groundwater, (2) delaying the onset of water stress in vegetation to enhance transpiration, (3) changing the microphysics scheme to CASIM (Cloud AeroSol Interacting Microphysics) which also decreases heavy rainfall and increases light rainfall. Increasing soil moisture to the critical point can remove dry precipitation biases in southern Europe but not in northern areas, indicating that soil moisture limitation is a key contributor to precipitation biases in the south only. Instead, in the north, changing the cloud scheme of the model has more impact on precipitation biases. We found that the more intense and intermittent nature of rainfall in the CPM, which is more realistic leads to different canopy interception compared to the RCM. This can impact canopy evaporation, evapotranspiration and feed back on precipitation. Increasing rainfall storage in the canopy only leads to small improvements in warm biases, since it still fills rapidly with intense CPM rainfall, suggesting the need for an additional moisture store via improved groundwater modelling or surface pooling. Overall, this work highlights the challenge of correctly capturing land surface feedbacks in CPMs, which play an important role in future climate projections in some regions.