Abstract
The catfish genus Ageneiosus in the exclusively Neotropical family Auchenipteridae is revised. Species of Ageneiosus are widely distributed in all major South American continental drainages except the São Francisco River basin and small rivers along the Brazilian east coast. The taxonomic revision was based on examination of available type specimens, additional museum material and comparisons of original descriptions. A suite of morphometric, meristic and qualitative characters of internal and external anatomy were used to diagnose valid species and determine synonyms. Thirteen valid species are recognized in the genus Ageneiosus , some of which are widely distributed across South America. Ageneiosus pardalis is the only trans‐Andean species in the genus. Ageneiosus polystictus and Ageneiosus uranophthalmus are more widely distributed than previously reported. Ageneiosus marmoratus is a junior synonym of Ageneiosus inermis . Ageneiosus dentatus is a valid species and its name is removed from the synonymy of Ageneiosus ucayalensis . Four new species are described: Ageneiosus akamai , Ageneiosus apiaka , Ageneiosus intrusus and Ageneiosus lineatus , all from the Amazon River basin. A dichotomous key for all 13 valid species of Ageneiosus species is provided.