Journal Article
The effects of 12 weeks of static stretch training on the functional, mechanical, and architectural characteristics of the triceps surae muscle–tendon complex
Stefano Longo; Emiliano Cè; Angela Valentina Bisconti; Susanna Rampichini; Christian Doria; Marta Borrelli; Eloisa Limonta; Giuseppe Coratella; Fabio Esposito
European Journal of Applied Physiology · Vol. 121, Issue 6 · pp. 1743-1758 · 2021
Abstract
Purpose We investigated the effects of 12 weeks of passive static stretching training (PST) on force-generating capacity, passive stiffness, muscle architecture of plantarflexor muscles. Methods Thirty healthy adults participated in the study. Fifteen participants (STR, 6 women, 9 men) underwent 12-week plantarflexor muscles PST [(5 × 45 s-on/15 s-off) × 2exercises] × 5times/week (duration: 2250 s/week), while 15 participants (CTRL, 6 women, 9 men) served as control (no PST). Range of motion (ROM), maximum passive resistive torque (PRT max ), triceps surae architecture [fascicle length, fascicle angle, and thickness], passive stiffness [muscle–tendon complex (MTC) and muscle stiffness], and plantarflexors maximun force-generating capacity variables (maximum voluntary contraction, maximum muscle activation, rate of torque development, electromechanical delay) were calculated Pre, at the 6th (Wk6), and the 12th week (Wk12) of the protocol in both groups. Results Compared to Pre, STR ROM increased ( P < 0.05) at Wk6 (8%) and Wk12 (23%). PRT max increased at Wk12 (30%, P < 0.05), while MTC stiffness decreased (16%, P < 0.05). Muscle stiffness decreased ( P < 0.05) at Wk6 (11%) and Wk12 (16%). No changes in triceps surae architecture and plantarflexors maximum force-generating capacity variables were found in STR ( P > 0.05). Percentage changes in ROM correlated with percentage changes in PRT max ( ρ = 0.62, P = 0.01) and MTC stiffness ( ρ = − 0.78, P = 0.001). In CTRL, no changes ( P > 0.05) occurred in any variables at any time point. Conclusion The expected long-term PST-induced changes in ROM were associated with modifications in the whole passive mechanical properties of the ankle joint, while maximum force-generating capacity characteristics were preserved. 12 weeks of PST do not seem a sufficient stimulus to induce triceps surae architectural changes.