Inadequate fluid replacement during prolonged cycling in the heat impairs time trial performance independent of serum sodium concentrations

Abstract

Purpose Hypohydration of ≥ 2% body mass loss (BML) can impair cycling performance in the heat; however, it remains unclear whether this is primarily due to the body water deficit itself or the concomitant, typically observed increase in serum sodium concentration (S [Na + ] ). To disentangle these effects, we examined the performance effects of 60% (60FR) vs. 80% (80FR) fluid replacement, designed to achieve > 2% vs < 2% BML, with personalised sodium prescription targeting condition-matched S [Na + ] . Methods Eleven male cyclists (35 ± 6 years, VȮ 2max 58 ± 5 ml·kg −1 ·min −1 ) completed two trials, consisting of 180 min cycling (90% LT 1 , 32 °C, 50% humidity), followed by a work-matched time-trial (TT). Participants received either 60% or 80% of projected fluid losses, along with sodium supplementation aiming to maintain S [Na + ] where dilution of S [Na + ] was predicted. Outcomes included BML, S [Na + ] , plasma volume change (∆PV), rectal (T re ) and skin (T sk ) temperatures, whole-body sweat rate (WBSR), and TT performance. Results BML was greater in 60FR at all time-points (P < 0.01), whereas S [[Na + ] remained stable across both trials (P = 0.07). In 80FR, ∆PV was smaller during the preload, T re was lower from 120 min onwards and T sk and WBSR were higher during the TT compared to 60FR (all P < 0.05). TT completion time was 8 ± 10% faster in 80FR (1793 ± 174 vs 1968 ± 246 s, P = 0.02). Conclusion Fluid replacement resulting in BML > 2% impairs thermoregulation and cycling performance in the heat, compared to maintaining BML < 2%, despite no differences in S [Na + ] .

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