Abstract
The discovery of nucleic acids stands as a paramount achievement in the history of scientific endeavors. By applying transformative advancements in the fields of chemistry and physics to biological systems, researchers unveiled the enigmatic nature of life. Notably, messenger RNA (mRNA) emerged as a crucial player in this profound revelation, serving as a transient intermediary for genetic information transfer between genes and proteins. Groundbreaking investigations carried out from 1944 to 1961 led to the initial identification of this pivotal molecule, captivating scientific interest for the past three decades. The field of mRNA research has witnessed a transformative shift owing to the development of cap analogs and nucleotide modifications. This revolutionary progress has fostered a new generation of potent therapeutics. Prior to the advent of the coronavirus pandemic, numerous scientists had already begun exploring the unique properties of mRNA. However, with the onset of the pandemic, mRNA catapulted into the limelight as a heroic agent, providing the foundation for highly effective vaccines that have played a crucial role in mitigating the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The successive generations of cap analogs have significantly enhanced the translation efficacy of mRNA, while the discovery of suitable purification, packaging, and delivery methods has paved the way for groundbreaking medical breakthroughs. Pioneers in the field such as Katalin Karikó, Drew Weissman, Edward Darzynkiewicz, Robert Rhodes, Ugur Sahin, and Ozlem Tureci have made significant contributions during the early stages of mRNA research, warranting acknowledgement for their visionary endeavors. The narrative of mRNA represents a remarkable journey marked by a succession of breakthroughs in a discipline that holds immense promise for the future of medicine. Thanks to the pioneering work of these exceptional scientists, we are well-positioned to unlock the full potential of this extraordinary molecule, ushering in a new era of medical advancements.