Genomic scan for single nucleotide polymorphisms reveals patterns of divergence and gene flow between ecologically divergent species

Abstract

Recent advances in population genomics have triggered great interest in the genomic landscape of divergence in taxa with ‘porous’ species boundaries. One important obstable of previous studies of this topic was the low genomic coverage achieved. This issue can now be overcome by the use of ‘next generation’ or short‐read DNA ‐sequencing approaches capable of assaying many thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNP s) in divergent species. We have scanned the ‘porous’ genomes of P opulus alba and P opulus tremula , two ecologically divergent hybridizing forest trees, using >38 000 SNP s assayed by restriction site associated DNA ( RAD ) sequencing. Windowed analyses indicate great variation in genetic divergence (e.g. the proportion of fixed SNP s) between species, and these results are unlikely to be strongly biased by genomic features of the P opulus trichocarpa reference genome used for SNP calling. Divergence estimates were significantly autocorrelated ( P M oran's I up to 0.6) along 11 of 19 chromosomes. Many of these autocorrelations involved low divergence blocks, thus suggesting that allele sharing was caused by recurrent gene flow rather than shared ancestral polymorphism. A conspicuous low divergence block of three megabases was detected on chromosome XIX , recently put forward as an incipient sex chromosome in P opulus , and was largely congruent with introgression of mapped microsatellites in two natural hybrid zones ( N > 400). Our results help explain the origin of the ‘genomic mosaic’ seen in these taxa with ‘porous’ genomes and suggest rampant introgression or extensive among‐species conservation of an incipient plant sex chromosome. RAD sequencing holds great promise for detecting patterns of divergence and gene flow in highly divergent hybridizing species.

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