Journal Article
Human‐mediated extirpation of the unique Chatham Islands sea lion and implications for the conservation management of remaining New Zealand sea lion populations
Nicolas J. Rawlence; Catherine J. Collins; Christian N. K. Anderson; Justin J. Maxwell; Ian W. G. Smith; Bruce C. Robertson; Michael Knapp; Katherine Ann Horsburgh; Jo‐Ann L. Stanton; R. Paul Scofield; Alan J. D. Tennyson; Elizabeth A. Matisoo‐Smith; Jonathan M. Waters
Molecular Ecology · Vol. 25, Issue 16 · pp. 3950-3961 · 2016
Abstract
While terrestrial megafaunal extinctions have been well characterized worldwide, our understanding of declines in marine megafauna remains limited. Here, we use ancient DNA analyses of prehistoric ( AD ) sea lion specimens from New Zealand's isolated Chatham Islands to assess the demographic impacts of human settlement. These data suggest there was a large population of sea lions, unique to the Chatham Islands, at the time of Polynesian settlement. This distinct mitochondrial lineage became rapidly extinct within 200 years due to overhunting, paralleling the extirpation of a similarly large endemic mainland population. Whole mitogenomic analyses confirm substantial intraspecific diversity among prehistoric lineages. Demographic models suggest that even low harvest rates would likely have driven rapid extinction of these lineages. This study indicates that surviving Phocarctos populations are remnants of a once diverse and widespread sea lion assemblage, highlighting dramatic human impacts on endemic marine biodiversity. Our findings also suggest that Phocarctos bycatch in commercial fisheries may contribute to the ongoing population decline.