Insights into the Genetic Foundations of Human Communication - Sarah A. Graham; Pelagia Deriziotis; Simon E. Fisher (Neuropsychology Review, 2015)

Population dynamics of Thaumastocoris peregrinus in Eucalyptus plantations of South Africa - Ryan L. Nadel; Michael J. Wingfield; Mary C. Scholes; Jeffrey R. Garnas; Simon A. Lawson; Bernard Slippers (Journal of Pest Science, 2015)

Prevalence of the BLM nonsense mutation, p.Q548X, in ovarian cancer patients from Central and Eastern Europe - Natalia Bogdanova; Alexandr V. Togo; Magdalena Ratajska; Wojtek Kluźniak; Zalina Takhirova; Theresa Tarp; Darya Prokofyeva; Marina Bermisheva; Grigoriy A. Yanus; Tatiana V. Gorodnova; Anna P. Sokolenko; Alina Kuźniacka; et al. (Familial Cancer, 2015)

Experiments with vertically and laterally migrating subsurface explosions with applications to the geology of phreatomagmatic and hydrothermal explosion craters and diatremes - Greg A. Valentine; Alison H. Graettinger; Élodie Macorps; Pierre-Simon Ross; James D. L. White; Erika Döhring; Ingo Sonder (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2015)

Evolutionary transitions of complex labile traits: Silk weaving and arboreal nesting in Polyrhachis ants - Simon K. A. Robson; Rudy J. Kohout; Andrew T. Beckenbach; Corrie S. Moreau (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2015)

Occurrence of demersal fishes in relation to near‐bottom oxygen levels within the C alifornia C urrent large marine ecosystem - Aimee A. Keller; Lorenzo Ciannelli; W. Waldo Wakefield; Victor Simon; John A. Barth; Stephen D. Pierce (Fisheries Oceanography, 2015)
Various ocean‐climate models driven by increased greenhouse gases and higher temperatures predict a decline in oceanic dissolved oxygen ( DO ) as a result of greater stratification, reduced ventilation below the thermocline, and decreased solubility at higher temperatures. Since spreading of low oxygen waters is underway and predicted to increase, understanding impacts on higher trophic levels is essential. Within the California Current System, shoaling of the oxygen minimum zone ( OMZ ) is expected to produce complex changes. Onshore movement of the OMZ could lead to habitat compression for species with higher oxygen requirements while allowing expansion of species tolerant of low bottom DO . As part of annual groundfish surveys, we sampled catch across a range of conditions from the upper to the lower limit of the OMZ and shoreward across the continental shelf of the US west coast. DO ranged from 0.02 to 4.25 mL L −1 with 642 stations (of 1020 sampled) experiencing hypoxic conditions in 2008–2010. Catch and species richness exhibited significant and positive relationships with near‐bottom oxygen concentration. The probability of occurrence was estimated for four species (spotted ratfish, petrale sole, greenstriped rockfish and Dover sole) using a binomial Generalized Additive Model. The models for each species included terms for position, day of the year, salinity, near‐bottom temperature and the interaction term between depth and near‐bottom DO . Spotted ratfish and petrale sole were sensitive to changes in near‐bottom oxygen, while greenstriped rockfish and Dover sole show no changes in probability of occurrence in relation to changes in oxygen concentration.

Species associations structured by environment and land‐use history promote beta‐diversity in a temperate forest - Stephen J. Murphy; Lívia D. Audino; James Whitacre; Jenalle L. Eck; John W. Wenzel; Simon A. Queenborough; Liza S. Comita (Ecology, 2015)
Patterns of diversity and community composition in forests are controlled by a combination of environmental factors, historical events, and stochastic or neutral mechanisms. Each of these processes has been linked to forest community assembly, but their combined contributions to alpha and beta‐diversity in forests has not been well explored. Here we use variance partitioning to analyze ~40 000 individual trees of 49 species, collected within 137 ha of sampling area spread across a 900‐ha temperate deciduous forest reserve in Pennsylvania to ask (1) To what extent is site‐to‐site variation in species richness and community composition of a temperate forest explained by measured environmental gradients and by spatial descriptors (used here to estimate dispersal‐assembly or unmeasured, spatially structured processes)? (2) How does the incorporation of land‐use history information increase the importance attributed to deterministic community assembly? and (3) How do the distributions and abundances of individual species within the community correlate with these factors? Environmental variables (i.e., topography, soils, and distance to stream), spatial descriptors (i.e., spatial eigenvectors derived from Cartesian coordinates), and land‐use history variables (i.e., land‐use type and intensity, forest age, and distance to road), explained about half of the variation in both species richness and community composition. Spatial descriptors explained the most variation, followed by measured environmental variables and then by land‐use history. Individual species revealed variable responses to each of these sets of predictor variables. Several species were associated with stream habitats, and others were strictly delimited across opposing north‐ and south‐facing slopes. Several species were also associated with areas that experienced recent (i.e.,

Time-course of extracellular nicotine and cotinine levels in rat brain following administration of nicotine: effects of route and ethanol coadministration - Simon N. Katner; Jamie E. Toalston; Michael P. Smoker; Zachary A. Rodd; William J. McBride; Eric A. Engleman (Psychopharmacology, 2015)

Risk factors for endometrial cancer in black and white women: a pooled analysis from the epidemiology of endometrial cancer consortium (E2C2) - Michele L. Cote; Tala Alhajj; Julie J. Ruterbusch; Leslie Bernstein; Louise A. Brinton; William J. Blot; Chu Chen; Margery Gass; Sarah Gaussoin; Brian Henderson; Eunjung Lee; Pamela L. Horn-Ross; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2015)

Genome edited sheep and cattle - Chris Proudfoot; Daniel F. Carlson; Rachel Huddart; Charles R. Long; Jane H. Pryor; Tim J. King; Simon G. Lillico; Alan J. Mileham; David G. McLaren; C. Bruce A. Whitelaw; Scott C. Fahrenkrug (Transgenic Research, 2015)

Age and growth of round goby Neogobius melanostomus associated with depth and habitat in the western basin of Lake Erie - H. A. Thompson; T. P. Simon (Journal of Fish Biology, 2015)
Round goby Neogobius melanostomus were examined from the Bass Islands area in the western basin of Lake Erie, U.S.A., to determine age and growth correlations. A total of 188 specimens were collected and examined during summer 2011 with 90 aged using scale analysis. Fish were grouped by sex, depth of habitat and habitat type (anthropogenically modified shallows, natural shallows and open lake deep water). Fish ranged from 17 to 117 mm total length ( L T ) and 0+ to 3+ years. Males dominated the population (1·94:1) and backcalculated age showed that both sexes grew exponentially, with male growth rate increasing faster than female. Males were significantly larger than females in L T and mass (both P W r ) was low for the sampled population (mean ± s.d . = 32·00 ± 26·87 g), implying that the health of the Bass Island area population is very poor when compared with the species throughout its range. This could be due to a lack of food resources related to population size or that the fish is not optimally utilizing the available food resources. In contradiction to these findings, regression slope coefficient ( b ), calculated using Fulton's condition factor ( K ) (mean ± s.d . =1·50 ± 0·20), was very low for each habitat, implying a healthy population throughout. This seemingly opposite effect may be due to more individuals per unit area in shallow waters, which would cause increased competition for resources. Poor condition may indicate that the Lake Erie population has reached saturation or may reflect indirect fitness costs associated with increasing anoxic or hypoxic hypolimnion conditions.

Intensive agriculture reduces soil biodiversity across Europe - Maria A. Tsiafouli; Elisa Thébault; Stefanos P. Sgardelis; Peter C. de Ruiter; Wim H. van der Putten; Klaus Birkhofer; Lia Hemerik; Franciska T. de Vries; Richard D. Bardgett; Mark Vincent Brady; Lisa Bjornlund; Helene Bracht Jørgensen; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Soil biodiversity plays a key role in regulating the processes that underpin the delivery of ecosystem goods and services in terrestrial ecosystems. Agricultural intensification is known to change the diversity of individual groups of soil biota, but less is known about how intensification affects biodiversity of the soil food web as a whole, and whether or not these effects may be generalized across regions. We examined biodiversity in soil food webs from grasslands, extensive, and intensive rotations in four agricultural regions across Europe: in Sweden, the UK , the Czech Republic and Greece. Effects of land‐use intensity were quantified based on structure and diversity among functional groups in the soil food web, as well as on community‐weighted mean body mass of soil fauna. We also elucidate land‐use intensity effects on diversity of taxonomic units within taxonomic groups of soil fauna. We found that between regions soil food web diversity measures were variable, but that increasing land‐use intensity caused highly consistent responses. In particular, land‐use intensification reduced the complexity in the soil food webs, as well as the community‐weighted mean body mass of soil fauna. In all regions across Europe, species richness of earthworms, Collembolans, and oribatid mites was negatively affected by increased land‐use intensity. The taxonomic distinctness, which is a measure of taxonomic relatedness of species in a community that is independent of species richness, was also reduced by land‐use intensification. We conclude that intensive agriculture reduces soil biodiversity, making soil food webs less diverse and composed of smaller bodied organisms. Land‐use intensification results in fewer functional groups of soil biota with fewer and taxonomically more closely related species. We discuss how these changes in soil biodiversity due to land‐use intensification may threaten the functioning of soil in agricultural production systems.

Response of beta diversity to pulses of Ordovician‐Silurian mass extinction - Simon A. F. Darroch; Peter J. Wagner (Ecology, 2015)
Ecologists are increasingly using the fossil record of mass extinction to build predictive models for the ongoing biodiversity crisis. During mass extinctions, major depletions in global (i.e., gamma) diversity may reflect decrease in alpha diversity (i.e., local assemblages support fewer taxa), and/or decrease in beta diversity (such that similar pools of taxa are common to a greater number of local areas). Contrasting the effects of extinction on alpha and beta diversity is therefore central to understanding how global richness becomes depleted over these critical events. Here we investigate the spatial effects of mass extinction by examining changes in alpha, beta, and gamma diversity in brachiopod communities over both pulses of Ordovician‐Silurian extinction (~445.2 and ~438.8 million years ago), which had dramatically different causal mechanisms. We furthermore reconstruct geographic range sizes for brachiopod genera to test competing models for drivers of beta diversity change. We find that: (1) alpha and beta diversity respond differently to extinction; (2) these responses differ between pulses of extinction; (3) changes in beta diversity associated with extinction are accompanied by changes in geographic range size; and (4) changes in global beta diversity were driven by the extinction of taxa with statistically small and large ranges, rather than range expansion/contraction in taxa that survive into the aftermath. A symptom of ongoing biotic crisis may therefore be the extinction of specific narrow‐ or wide‐ranging taxa, rather than the global proliferation of opportunistic and “disaster” forms. In addition, our results illustrate that changes in beta diversity on these longer timescales may largely be dictated by emplacement and removal of barriers to dispersal. Lastly, this study reinforces the utility of the fossil record in addressing questions surrounding the role of global‐scale processes (such as mass extinctions) in sculpting and assembling regional biotas.

Conclusions of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment on the risks of neonicotinoids and fipronil to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning - J. P. van der Sluijs; V. Amaral-Rogers; L. P. Belzunces; M. F. I. J. Bijleveld van Lexmond; J-M. Bonmatin; M. Chagnon; C. A. Downs; L. Furlan; D. W. Gibbons; C. Giorio; V. Girolami; D. Goulson; et al. (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015)

Systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites - N. Simon-Delso; V. Amaral-Rogers; L. P. Belzunces; J. M. Bonmatin; M. Chagnon; C. Downs; L. Furlan; D. W. Gibbons; C. Giorio; V. Girolami; D. Goulson; D. P. Kreutzweiser; et al. (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015)

Effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on non-target invertebrates - L. W. Pisa; V. Amaral-Rogers; L. P. Belzunces; J. M. Bonmatin; C. A. Downs; D. Goulson; D. P. Kreutzweiser; C. Krupke; M. Liess; M. McField; C. A. Morrissey; D. A. Noome; et al. (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015)
We assessed the state of knowledge regarding the effects of large-scale pollution with neonicotinoid insecticides and fipronil on non-target invertebrate species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments. A large section of the assessment is dedicated to the state of knowledge on sublethal effects on honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) because this important pollinator is the most studied non-target invertebrate species. Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Lumbricidae (earthworms), Apoidae sensu lato (bumblebees, solitary bees) and the section “other invertebrates” review available studies on the other terrestrial species. The sections on freshwater and marine species are rather short as little is known so far about the impact of neonicotinoid insecticides and fipronil on the diverse invertebrate fauna of these widely exposed habitats. For terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate species, the known effects of neonicotinoid pesticides and fipronil are described ranging from organismal toxicology and behavioural effects to population-level effects. For earthworms, freshwater and marine species, the relation of findings to regulatory risk assessment is described. Neonicotinoid insecticides exhibit very high toxicity to a wide range of invertebrates, particularly insects, and field-realistic exposure is likely to result in both lethal and a broad range of important sublethal impacts. There is a major knowledge gap regarding impacts on the grand majority of invertebrates, many of which perform essential roles enabling healthy ecosystem functioning. The data on the few non-target species on which field tests have been performed are limited by major flaws in the outdated test protocols. Despite large knowledge gaps and uncertainties, enough knowledge exists to conclude that existing levels of pollution with neonicotinoids and fipronil resulting from presently authorized uses frequently exceed the lowest observed adverse effect concentrations and are thus likely to have large-scale and wide ranging negative biological and ecological impacts on a wide range of non-target invertebrates in terrestrial, aquatic, marine and benthic habitats.

Environmental fate and exposure; neonicotinoids and fipronil - J.-M. Bonmatin; C. Giorio; V. Girolami; D. Goulson; D. P. Kreutzweiser; C. Krupke; M. Liess; E. Long; M. Marzaro; E. A. D. Mitchell; D. A. Noome; N. Simon-Delso; et al. (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015)

Response to commentary by W oinarski (Critical‐weight‐range marsupials in northern A ustralia are declining: a commentary on Fisher et al . (2014) ‘The current decline of tropical marsupials in A ustralia: is history repeating?’) - Diana O. Fisher; Chris N. Johnson; Michael J. Lawes; Susanne A. Fritz; Hamish McCallum; Simon P. Blomberg; Jeremy VanDerWal; Brett Abbott; Anke Frank; Sarah Legge; Mike Letnic; Colette R. Thomas; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2015)
The recent commentary by Woinarski (2014, Global Ecology and Biogeography , doi: 10.1111/geb.12165) disagreed with our conclusions on the correlates of decline in the marsupials of tropical A ustralia (Fisher et al., 2014, Global Ecology and Biogeography , 23 , 181–190). We compared traits of species that were associated with range decline in southern and northern A ustralia. We found that habitat structure, climate and body size were correlated with range decline. In the north, declines of marsupials were most severe in savanna with moderate rainfall. In the south, the ranges of species in open habitat with very low rainfall have declined most. Also, the association between range decline and body mass differed between north and south: this is the main concern of Woinarski, who further disagreed with our choice of the T ropic of C apricorn as a boundary between north and south, our omission of rodents, how to treat timing of extinctions, and our inference that cats are major drivers of decline. W e address these concerns in this response.

Fire in Australian savannas: from leaf to landscape - Jason Beringer; Lindsay B. Hutley; David Abramson; Stefan K. Arndt; Peter Briggs; Mila Bristow; Josep G. Canadell; Lucas A. Cernusak; Derek Eamus; Andrew C. Edwards; Bradley J. Evans; Benedikt Fest; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Savanna ecosystems comprise 22% of the global terrestrial surface and 25% of Australia (almost 1.9 million km 2 ) and provide significant ecosystem services through carbon and water cycles and the maintenance of biodiversity. The current structure, composition and distribution of Australian savannas have coevolved with fire, yet remain driven by the dynamic constraints of their bioclimatic niche. Fire in Australian savannas influences both the biophysical and biogeochemical processes at multiple scales from leaf to landscape. Here, we present the latest emission estimates from Australian savanna biomass burning and their contribution to global greenhouse gas budgets. We then review our understanding of the impacts of fire on ecosystem function and local surface water and heat balances, which in turn influence regional climate. We show how savanna fires are coupled to the global climate through the carbon cycle and fire regimes. We present new research that climate change is likely to alter the structure and function of savannas through shifts in moisture availability and increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in turn altering fire regimes with further feedbacks to climate. We explore opportunities to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions from savanna ecosystems through changes in savanna fire management.

Erosion rates as a potential bottom‐up control of forest structural characteristics in the Sierra Nevada Mountains - David T. Milodowski; Simon M. Mudd; Edward T. A. Mitchard (Ecology, 2015)
The physical characteristics of landscapes place fundamental constraints on vegetation growth and ecosystem function. In actively eroding landscapes, many of these characteristics are controlled by long‐term erosion rates: increased erosion rates generate steeper topography and reduce the depth and extent of weathering, limiting moisture storage capacity and impacting nutrient availability. Despite the potentially important bottom‐up control that erosion rates place on substrate characteristics, the relationship between the two is largely unexplored. We investigate spatial variations in aboveground biomass (AGB) across a structurally diverse mixed coniferous/deciduous forest with an order of magnitude erosion‐rate gradient in the Northern Californian Sierra Nevada, USA, using high resolution LiDAR data and field plots. Mean basin slope, a proxy for erosion rate, accounts for 32% of variance in AGB within our field area ( P

Acute leukocyte, cytokine and adipocytokine responses to maximal and hypertrophic resistance exercise bouts - Johanna Ihalainen; Simon Walker; Gøran Paulsen; Keijo Häkkinen; William J. Kraemer; Mari Hämäläinen; Katriina Vuolteenaho; Eeva Moilanen; Antti A Mero (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2014)

Structural and Mechanical Adaptations of Right Ventricle Free Wall Myocardium to Pressure Overload - Michael R. Hill; Marc A. Simon; Daniela Valdez-Jasso; Will Zhang; Hunter C. Champion; Michael S. Sacks (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2014)

Evolution of Stratocumulus Over Land: Comparison of Ground and Aircraft Observations with Numerical Weather Prediction Simulations - Simon R. Osborne; Steven J. Abel; Ian A. Boutle; Franco Marenco (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2014)

Characterising the phytophagous arthropod fauna of a single host plant species: assessing survey completeness at continental and local scales - Karen L. Bell; Tim A. Heard; Glenn Manion; Simon Ferrier; Rieks D. van Klinken (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2014)

Temperature effects on aggregation during a spring diatom bloom - Heike Simon; Yvonne A. Lipsewers; Helge‐Ansgar Giebel; Karen H. Wiltshire; Meinhard Simon (Limnology and Oceanography, 2014)
Diatom‐dominated phytoplankton blooms in neritic seas are typically terminated by aggregation. Despite extensive studies, it is still unknown how temperature controls aggregation. Therefore, we studied aggregation in a 750 liter mesocosm experiment under simulated in situ conditions during a spring diatom bloom in the southern North Sea at Helgoland Roads. In the early phase, at the peak, and in the late phase, aggregation was examined in rolling tanks at the ambient temperature (6°C) and at 11°C. In a second set of rolling tanks, cells of Thalassiosira rotula were added to examine how this readily aggregating diatom affects aggregation. In the treatments with the natural phytoplankton, a significant effect of temperature on aggregation was detected only in the late bloom, when the aggregate area increased at 11°C relative to 6°C. In contrast, in the T. rotula –supplemented treatments, aggregation was enhanced by the elevated temperature at the peak but not in the late bloom. The aggregate area per microgram particulate organic carbon, a normalized measure to assess the aggregation potential, indicated that the aggregation potential in the natural phytoplankton community decreased from the peak to the late bloom, independent of temperature. This was presumably due to the reduced stickiness of the particles and lower concentrations of transparent exopolymer particles in the late phase. In the T. rotula –supplemented treatments, aggregation potential increased from the peak to the late bloom at the ambient temperature, whereas it decreased at the elevated temperature. Flavobacteria and Sphingobacteria of the Bacteroidetes phylum and Gammaproteobacteria were the dominant bacterial groups colonizing the aggregates.

Individual foraging specialisation in a social mammal: the European badger (Meles meles) - Andrew Robertson; Robbie A. McDonald; Richard J. Delahay; Simon D. Kelly; Stuart Bearhop (Oecologia, 2014)

Total arsenic concentrations and arsenic species present in naturally decomposing Ecklonia radiata tissues collected from various marine habitats - Elliott G Duncan; William A Maher; Simon D Foster; Frank Krikowa (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2014)

The influence of bacteria on the arsenic species produced by laboratory cultures of the marine phytoplankton Dunaliella tertiolecta - Elliott G. Duncan; William A. Maher; Simon D. Foster; Katarina M. Mikac; Frank Krikowa (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2014)

αvβ3, αvβ5 and αvβ6 integrins in brain metastases of lung cancer - Anna Sophie Berghoff; Astrid Kerstin Kovanda; Thomas Melchardt; Rupert Bartsch; Johannes A. Hainfellner; Bence Sipos; Jens Schittenhelm; Christoph C. Zielinski; Georg Widhalm; Karin Dieckmann; Michael Weller; Simon L. Goodman; et al. (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2014)

Cassava Ivorian bacilliform virus is a member of the genus Anulavirus - Simon W. Scott; Stuart A. MacFarlane; Wendy J. McGavin; Denis Fargette (Archives of Virology, 2014)

The use of synoptic climatology with general circulation model output over New Zealand - Simon Parsons; Adrian J. McDonald; James A. Renwick (International Journal of Climatology, 2014)
A cluster analysis‐based synoptic classification scheme, known as the Kidson types, was applied to reanalyses and Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project phase 3 ( CMIP3 ) general circulation model ( GCM ) output over New Zealand to identify the potential for future changes in regional circulation. Results indicate that a number of GCM 20th century control runs reproduce the type frequencies observed in reanalysis data. Application to future scenario runs for the periods 2046–2065 and 2081–2100 displays little variation in the annual frequency of the synoptic types relative to the 20th century, especially when uncertainty associated with the model ensemble is considered. This is surprising in the context of previous work on possible future movements in jet position and subsequent impacts on weather patterns. A sensitivity analysis that mimics the movement of the jet position was performed, revealing that the annual type frequencies are relatively insensitive to change. To determine whether this is a problem with the synoptic typing scheme, a correlation‐based classification technique was also used, but showed similar results. This work highlights issues with applying synoptic classification schemes to GCM output and indicates that if such schemes are to be used they should be designed and tested with this application in mind.

Climate change and Southern Ocean ecosystems I: how changes in physical habitats directly affect marine biota - Andrew J. Constable; Jessica Melbourne‐Thomas; Stuart P. Corney; Kevin R. Arrigo; Christophe Barbraud; David K. A. Barnes; Nathaniel L. Bindoff; Philip W. Boyd; Angelika Brandt; Daniel P. Costa; Andrew T. Davidson; Hugh W. Ducklow; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2014)
Antarctic and Southern Ocean ( ASO ) marine ecosystems have been changing for at least the last 30 years, including in response to increasing ocean temperatures and changes in the extent and seasonality of sea ice; the magnitude and direction of these changes differ between regions around Antarctica that could see populations of the same species changing differently in different regions. This article reviews current and expected changes in ASO physical habitats in response to climate change. It then reviews how these changes may impact the autecology of marine biota of this polar region: microbes, zooplankton, salps, Antarctic krill, fish, cephalopods, marine mammals, seabirds, and benthos. The general prognosis for ASO marine habitats is for an overall warming and freshening, strengthening of westerly winds, with a potential pole‐ward movement of those winds and the frontal systems, and an increase in ocean eddy activity. Many habitat parameters will have regionally specific changes, particularly relating to sea ice characteristics and seasonal dynamics. Lower trophic levels are expected to move south as the ocean conditions in which they are currently found move pole‐ward. For Antarctic krill and finfish, the latitudinal breadth of their range will depend on their tolerance of warming oceans and changes to productivity. Ocean acidification is a concern not only for calcifying organisms but also for crustaceans such as Antarctic krill; it is also likely to be the most important change in benthic habitats over the coming century. For marine mammals and birds, the expected changes primarily relate to their flexibility in moving to alternative locations for food and the energetic cost of longer or more complex foraging trips for those that are bound to breeding colonies. Few species are sufficiently well studied to make comprehensive species‐specific vulnerability assessments possible. Priorities for future work are discussed.

You are not always what we think you eat: selective assimilation across multiple whole‐stream isotopic tracer studies - W. K. Dodds; S. M. Collins; S. K. Hamilton; J. L. Tank; S. Johnson; J. R. Webster; K. S. Simon; M. R. Whiles; H. M. Rantala; W. H. McDowell; S. D. Peterson; T. Riis; et al. (Ecology, 2014)
Analyses of 21 15 N stable isotope tracer experiments, designed to examine food web dynamics in streams around the world, indicated that the isotopic composition of food resources assimilated by primary consumers (mostly invertebrates) poorly reflected the presumed food sources. Modeling indicated that consumers assimilated only 33–50% of the N available in sampled food sources such as decomposing leaves, epilithon, and fine particulate detritus over feeding periods of weeks or more. Thus, common methods of sampling food sources consumed by animals in streams do not sufficiently reflect the pool of N they assimilate. Isotope tracer studies, combined with modeling and food separation techniques, can improve estimation of N pools in food sources that are assimilated by consumers. Food web studies that use putative food samples composed of actively cycling (more readily assimilable) and refractory (less assimilable) N fractions may draw erroneous conclusions about diets, N turnover, and trophic linkages of consumers. By extension, food web studies using stoichiometric or natural abundance approaches that rely on an accurate description of food‐source composition could result in errors when an actively cycling pool that is only a fraction of the N pool in sampled food resources is not accounted for.

Cost‐Effectiveness of Using Small Vertebrates as Indicators of Disturbance - MIKA ROBERT PECK; SIMON T. MADDOCK; JORGE NOE MORALES; HUGOLINO OÑATE; PAOLA MAFLA‐ENDARA; VANESSA AGUIRRE PEÑAFIEL; OMAR TORRES‐CARVAJAL; WILMER E. POZO‐RIVERA; XAVIER A. CUEVA‐ARROYO; BRYONY A. TOLHURST (Conservation Biology, 2014)
In species‐rich tropical forests, effective biodiversity management demands measures of progress, yet budgetary limitations typically constrain capacity of decision makers to assess response of biological communities to habitat change. One approach is to identify ecological‐disturbance indicator species (EDIS) whose monitoring is also monetarily cost‐effective. These species can be identified by determining individual species’ responses to disturbance across a gradient; however, such responses may be confounded by factors other than disturbance. For example, in mountain environments the effects of anthropogenic habitat alteration are commonly confounded by elevation. EDIS have been identified with the indicator value (IndVal) metric, but there are weaknesses in the application of this approach in complex montane systems. We surveyed birds, small mammals, bats, and leaf‐litter lizards in differentially disturbed cloud forest of the Ecuadorian Andes. We then incorporated elevation in generalized linear (mixed) models (GL(M)M) to screen for EDIS in the data set. Finally, we used rarefaction of species accumulation data to compare relative monetary costs of identifying and monitoring EDIS at equal sampling effort, based on species richness. Our GL(M)M generated greater numbers of EDIS but fewer characteristic species relative to IndVal. In absolute terms birds were the most cost‐effective of the 4 taxa surveyed. We found one low‐cost bird EDIS. In terms of the number of indicators generated as a proportion of species richness, EDIS of small mammals were the most cost‐effective. Our approach has the potential to be a useful tool for facilitating more sustainable management of Andean forest systems. Rentabilidad del Uso de Pequeños Vertebrados como Indicadores de Perturbaciones

Purpose, Process, Knowledge, and Dignity in Interdisciplinary Projects - SIMON A. BLACK; JAMIESON A. COPSEY (Conservation Biology, 2014)

Genome-wide QTL and bulked transcriptomic analysis reveals new candidate genes for the control of tuber carotenoid content in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) - Raymond Campbell; Simon D. A. Pont; Jenny A. Morris; Gaynor McKenzie; Sanjeev Kumar Sharma; Pete E. Hedley; Gavin Ramsay; Glenn J. Bryan; Mark A. Taylor (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2014)

Rescue of the historical sea level record of Marseille (France) from 1885 to 1988 and its extension back to 1849–1851 - G. Wöppelmann; M. Marcos; A. Coulomb; B. Martín Míguez; P. Bonnetain; C. Boucher; M. Gravelle; B. Simon; P. Tiphaneau (Journal of Geodesy, 2014)

Quantification of virus-like particles suggests viral infection in corals affected by Porites tissue loss - Scott A. Lawrence; Joanne E. Davy; Greta S. Aeby; William H. Wilson; Simon K. Davy (Coral Reefs, 2014)

Persistence and stability of Eastern Afromontane forests: evidence from brevicipitid frogs - Simon P. Loader; F. Sara Ceccarelli; Michele Menegon; Kim M. Howell; Roman Kassahun; Abebe A. Mengistu; Samy A. Saber; Fikirte Gebresenbet; Rafael de Sá; Tim R. B. Davenport; Joanna G. Larson; Hendrik Müller; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2014)
Aim The persistence and stability of habitats through time are considered predictors of high levels of biodiversity in some environments. Long‐term habitat persistence and stability may explain the species‐rich, endemic forest fauna and flora of the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Region ( EABR ). Using complementary phylogenetic and biogeographical approaches, we examine evolutionary patterns in EABR brevicipitid frogs. Using these data, we test whether brevicipitid history reflects patterns of long‐term forest persistence and/or stability across the EABR . Location East Africa. Methods A dated phylogeny for brevicipitids was constructed using two nuclear and three mitochondrial markers. Alternative diversification models were used to determine signal for constant or varying net diversification rates. Using our dated tree, we identified areas of high phylogenetic diversity ( PD ), and inferred ancestral areas using likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Results Brevicipitids have a long history, with generic diversification among extant lineages pre‐dating the Oligocene (> 33 Ma). Ancestral‐area reconstructions indicate the presence of brevicipitids in the EABR since the Oligocene, and support a scenario of palaeoendemics surviving in EABR refugia. Ancestral‐area reconstructions indicate that the central Eastern Arc Mountains ( EAM ) formed the initial centre of diversification of forest brevicipitids. Measures of PD show that diversity varies across the EABR but is highest in the EAM . Constant net diversification rate in brevicipitids is a significantly better fit than alternative, rate‐variable models. Main conclusions The degree of persistence of forest habitats appears to be a contributing factor to the varying levels of diversity across the EABR in brevicipitids (and other organisms). In contrast to the Southern Highlands and Ethiopian Bale Mountains, the EAM stands out as an area that enabled the constant accumulation of brevicipitid species over a long period of time.

An assessment of chemical contaminants in sediments from the St. Thomas East End Reserves, St. Thomas, USVI - Anthony S. Pait; S. Ian Hartwell; Andrew L. Mason; Robert A. Warner; Christopher F. G. Jeffrey; Anne M. Hoffman; Dennis A. Apeti; Simon J. Pittman (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2014)

The Role of Nitrogen Deposition in Widespread Plant Community Change Across Semi-natural Habitats - Chris D. Field; Nancy B. Dise; Richard J. Payne; Andrea J. Britton; Bridget A. Emmett; Rachel C. Helliwell; Steve Hughes; Laurence Jones; Steven Lees; Jonathan R. Leake; Ian D. Leith; Gareth K. Phoenix; et al. (Ecosystems, 2014)

Salinity changes in the World Ocean since 1950 in relation to changing surface freshwater fluxes - Nikolaos Skliris; Robert Marsh; Simon A. Josey; Simon A. Good; Chunlei Liu; Richard P. Allan (Climate Dynamics, 2014)

Markedly divergent estimates of A mazon forest carbon density from ground plots and satellites - Edward T. A. Mitchard; Ted R. Feldpausch; Roel J. W. Brienen; Gabriela Lopez‐Gonzalez; Abel Monteagudo; Timothy R. Baker; Simon L. Lewis; Jon Lloyd; Carlos A. Quesada; Manuel Gloor; Hans ter Steege; Patrick Meir; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2014)
Aim The accurate mapping of forest carbon stocks is essential for understanding the global carbon cycle, for assessing emissions from deforestation, and for rational land‐use planning. Remote sensing ( RS ) is currently the key tool for this purpose, but RS does not estimate vegetation biomass directly, and thus may miss significant spatial variations in forest structure. We test the stated accuracy of pantropical carbon maps using a large independent field dataset. Location Tropical forests of the A mazon basin. The permanent archive of the field plot data can be accessed at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5521/FORESTPLOTS.NET/2014_1 Methods Two recent pantropical RS maps of vegetation carbon are compared to a unique ground‐plot dataset, involving tree measurements in 413 large inventory plots located in nine countries. The RS maps were compared directly to field plots, and kriging of the field data was used to allow area‐based comparisons. Results The two RS carbon maps fail to capture the main gradient in Amazon forest carbon detected using 413 ground plots, from the densely wooded tall forests of the north‐east, to the light‐wooded, shorter forests of the south‐west. The differences between plots and RS maps far exceed the uncertainties given in these studies, with whole regions over‐ or under‐estimated by > 25%, whereas regional uncertainties for the maps were reported to be Main conclusions Pantropical biomass maps are widely used by governments and by projects aiming to reduce deforestation using carbon offsets, but may have significant regional biases. Carbon‐mapping techniques must be revised to account for the known ecological variation in tree wood density and allometry to create maps suitable for carbon accounting. The use of single relationships between tree canopy height and above‐ground biomass inevitably yields large, spatially correlated errors. This presents a significant challenge to both the forest conservation and remote sensing communities, because neither wood density nor species assemblages can be reliably mapped from space.

Incorporating Surrogate Species and Seascape Connectivity to Improve Marine Conservation Outcomes - ANDREW D. OLDS; ROD M. CONNOLLY; KYLIE A. PITT; PAUL S. MAXWELL; SHANKAR ASWANI; SIMON ALBERT (Conservation Biology, 2014)
Conservation focuses on maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, but gaps in our knowledge of species biology and ecological processes often impede progress. For this reason, focal species and habitats are used as surrogates for multispecies conservation, but species‐based approaches are not widely adopted in marine ecosystems. Reserves in the Solomon Islands were designed on the basis of local ecological knowledge to conserve bumphead parrotfish ( Bolbometopon muricatum ) and to protect food security and ecosystem functioning. Bumphead parrotfish are an iconic threatened species and may be a useful surrogate for multispecies conservation. They move across tropical seascapes throughout their life history, in a pattern of habitat use that is shared with many other species. We examined their value as a conservation surrogate and assessed the importance of seascape connectivity (i.e., the physical connectedness of patches in the seascape) among reefs, mangroves, and seagrass to marine reserve performance. Reserves were designed for bumphead parrotfish, but also enhanced the abundance of other species. Integration of local ecological knowledge and seascape connectivity enhanced the abundance of 17 other harvested fish species in local reserves. This result has important implications for ecosystem functioning and local villagers because many of these species perform important ecological processes and provide the foundation for extensive subsistence fisheries. Our findings suggest greater success in maintaining and restoring marine ecosystems may be achieved when they are managed to conserve surrogate species and preserve functional seascape connections. Incorporación de Especies Sustitutas y de Conectividad Marina para Mejorar los Resultados de Conservación

Polydorid polychaetes (Spionidae) on farmed and wild abalone ( Haliotis midae ) in South Africa: an epidemiological survey - MK Boonzaaier; S Neethling; A Mouton; CA Simon (African Journal of Marine Science, 2014)

Heather Moorland Vegetation and Air Pollution: A Comparison and Synthesis of Three National Gradient Studies - Richard J. Payne; Simon J. M. Caporn; Christopher D. Field; Jacky A. Carroll; Jill L. Edmondson; Andrea Britton; Nancy B. Dise (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2014)

Localized climate change scenarios of mean temperature and precipitation over Switzerland - Elias M. Zubler; Andreas M. Fischer; Mark A. Liniger; Mischa Croci-Maspoli; Simon C. Scherrer; Christof Appenzeller (Climatic Change, 2014)

Limpet feeding rate and the consistency of physiological response to temperature - Simon A. Morley; Chien-Hsiang Lai; Andrew Clarke; Koh Siang Tan; Michael A. S. Thorne; Lloyd S. Peck (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2014)

Testate amoebae as a proxy for reconstructing Holocene water table dynamics in southern Patagonian peat bogs - SIMON VAN BELLEN; DMITRI MAUQUOY; RICHARD J. PAYNE; THOMAS P. ROLAND; TIM J. DALEY; PAUL D. M. HUGHES; NEIL J. LOADER; F. ALAYNE STREET‐PERROTT; EMMA M. RICE; VERÓNICA A. PANCOTTO (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2014)
Testate amoebae are abundant and diverse in Sphagnum peat bogs and have been used extensively as indicators of past water table depths. Although these unicellular protists are widely dispersed with globally similar hydrological preferences, regional variations in communities demand region‐specific transfer functions. Here we present the first transfer function for southern Patagonian bogs, based on 154 surface samples obtained from transects in five bogs sampled in 2012 and 2013. Significant variance was explained by pH, electrical conductivity and, in particular, water table depth. Transfer functions for water table were constructed using weighted averaging and evaluated by cross‐validation and independent test sets. The optimal transfer function has predictive ability, but relatively high prediction errors given the wide range in sampled water tables. The use of independent test sets, as well as cross‐validation, allows a more rigorous assessment of model performance than most previous studies. For a subset of locations we compare surface and subsurface samples to demonstrate significant differences in community composition, possibly due to vertical zonation. Our results provide the first quantification of hydrological optima and tolerances for several rare species, which may include Southern Hemisphere endemics and pave the way for palaeohydrological reconstructions in southern Patagonian bogs.

P alaeocene– E ocene evolution of beta diversity among ungulate mammals in N orth A merica - Simon A. F. Darroch; Amelinda E. Webb; Nicholas Longrich; Jonathan Belmaker (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2014)
Aim The P alaeocene–late E ocene transition in N orth A merica marks a critical interval in the evolution and diversification of land mammals, including adaptive radiation in the P alaeocene, and repeated waves of immigration over habitat bridges at the P alaeocene– E ocene boundary. We investigate the fossil record of ungulate mammals over this period to understand the effects of immigration and faunal exchange on local (alpha), regional (gamma) and between‐site (beta) diversity. Location N orth A merica. Methods We use P alaeocene and E ocene records of N orth A merican ungulate mammals taken from the Paleobiology Database ( PBDB ), and calculate beta diversity among families and genera within the seven stages of the C enozoic. We reconstruct geographic ranges sizes for studied taxa, and test trends in these ranges against null models used to control for sampling biases. Finally, we use Mantel tests to quantify the relationship between geographic distance and faunal dissimilarity within each time slice, in order to visualize changes in the spatial complexity of mammal communities. Results Gamma diversity increases over the studied interval, with varying contributions from alpha and beta diversity. Beta diversity increases from the P alaeocene to E ocene, reflected in decreasing range size and increased correlation between reconstructed distance and faunal similarity. Increase in beta diversity over the P alaeocene– E ocene transition is driven by smaller geographic ranges among putatively invasive ‘immigrant’ and secondarily endemic taxa; range contraction among these groups in the middle–late E ocene leads to a B artonian peak in beta diversity. Main conclusions High gamma diversity in the E ocene was driven by high beta diversity rather than alpha diversity, indicating that range contraction in both immigrant and secondarily endemic taxa restructured the spatial organization of mammal communities. These parallel trends suggest that factors such as tectonic uplift or climate change were responsible, as opposed to ecological differences. Increase in beta diversity over the P alaeocene– E ocene boundary suggests that over longer time‐scales, mass immigration events can lead to greater overall richness and greater heterogeneity, rather than homogeneity, within regional assemblages.

Transcriptional profiling of G ram‐positive A rthrobacter in the phyllosphere: induction of pollutant degradation genes by natural plant phenolic compounds - Tanja R. Scheublin; Simon Deusch; Silvia K. Moreno‐Forero; Jochen A. Müller; Jan Roelof van der Meer; Johan H. J. Leveau (Environmental Microbiology, 2014)
Summary A rthrobacter chlorophenolicus A 6 is a G ram‐positive, 4‐chlorophenol‐degrading soil bacterium that was recently shown to be an effective colonizer of plant leaf surfaces. The genetic basis for this phyllosphere competency is unknown. In this paper, we describe the genome‐wide expression profile of A . chlorophenolicus on leaves of common bean ( P haseolus vulgaris ) compared with growth on agar surfaces. In phyllosphere‐grown cells, we found elevated expression of several genes known to contribute to epiphytic fitness, for example those involved in nutrient acquisition, attachment, stress response and horizontal gene transfer. A surprising result was the leaf‐induced expression of a subset of the so‐called cph genes for the degradation of 4‐chlorophenol. This subset encodes the conversion of the phenolic compound hydroquinone to 3‐oxoadipate, and was shown to be induced not only by 4‐chlorophenol but also hydroquinone, its glycosylated derivative arbutin, and phenol. Small amounts of hydroquinone, but not arbutin or phenol, were detected in leaf surface washes of P . vulgaris by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Our findings illustrate the utility of genomics approaches for exploration and improved understanding of a microbial habitat. Also, they highlight the potential for phyllosphere‐based priming of bacteria to stimulate pollutant degradation, which holds promise for the application of phylloremediation.

The Wadi Zaghra metasediments of Sinai, Egypt: new constraints on the late Cryogenian–Ediacaran tectonic evolution of the northernmost Arabian–Nubian Shield - Arild Andresen; Mahrous M. Abu El-Enen; Robert J. Stern; Simon A. Wilde; Kamal A. Ali (International Geology Review, 2014)

Attracted to the enemy: Aedes aegypti prefers oviposition sites with predator-killed conspecifics - Daniel Albeny-Simões; Ebony G. Murrell; Simon L. Elliot; Mateus R. Andrade; Eraldo Lima; Steven A. Juliano; Evaldo F. Vilela (Oecologia, 2014)

Improving Diversity in Cancer Research Trials: The Story of the Cancer Disparities Research Network - Melissa A. Simon; Erika E. de la Riva; Raymond Bergan; Carrie Norbeck; June M. McKoy; Piotr Kulesza; XinQi Dong; Julian Schink; Linda Fleisher (Journal of Cancer Education, 2014)

Patient Navigators’ Reflections on the Navigator-Patient Relationship - Sara Phillips; Narissa Nonzee; Laura Tom; Kara Murphy; Nadia Hajjar; Charito Bularzik; Xinqi Dong; Melissa A. Simon (Journal of Cancer Education, 2014)

The ENIGMA Consortium: large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data - Paul M. Thompson; Jason L. Stein; Sarah E. Medland; Derrek P. Hibar; Alejandro Arias Vasquez; Miguel E. Renteria; Roberto Toro; Neda Jahanshad; Gunter Schumann; Barbara Franke; Margaret J. Wright; Nicholas G. Martin; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2014)

Development of anonymous nuclear markers from Illumina paired-end data for Seychelles caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona: Indotyphlidae) - Claire J. Lewis; Simon T. Maddock; Julia J. Day; Ronald A. Nussbaum; Charles Morel; Mark Wilkinson; Peter G. Foster; David J. Gower (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2014)
Anonymous nuclear markers were developed for Seychelles caecilian amphibians. Using a previously published bioinformatics pipeline (developed for Roche 454 data), 36 candidate anonymous nuclear loci (ANL) of at least 180 bp length were identified from Illumina MiSeq next generation sequencing data for five Seychelles species. We designed primer pairs for the 36 candidate ANL and tested these by PCR and Sanger sequencing. Seven ANL amplified and sequenced well for at least five of the six nominal Seychelles caecilian species (in three genera), and represent potentially useful markers for systematics and conservation.

Experimenting with ecosystem interaction networks in search of threshold potentials in real‐world marine ecosystems - Simon F. Thrush; Judi E. Hewitt; Samantha Parkes; Andrew M. Lohrer; Conrad Pilditch; Sarah A. Woodin; David S. Wethey; Mariachiara Chiantore; Valentina Asnaghi; Silvia De Juan; Casper Kraan; Ivan Rodil; et al. (Ecology, 2014)
Thresholds profoundly affect our understanding and management of ecosystem dynamics, but we have yet to develop practical techniques to assess the risk that thresholds will be crossed. Combining ecological knowledge of critical system interdependencies with a large‐scale experiment, we tested for breaks in the ecosystem interaction network to identify threshold potential in real‐world ecosystem dynamics. Our experiment with the bivalves Macomona liliana and Austrovenus stutchburyi on marine sandflats in New Zealand demonstrated that reductions in incident sunlight changed the interaction network between sediment biogeochemical fluxes, productivity, and macrofauna. By demonstrating loss of positive feedbacks and changes in the architecture of the network, we provide mechanistic evidence that stressors lead to break points in dynamics, which theory predicts predispose a system to a critical transition.

Genome-wide association study of subtype-specific epithelial ovarian cancer risk alleles using pooled DNA - Madalene A. Earp; Linda E. Kelemen; Anthony M. Magliocco; Kenneth D. Swenerton; Georgia Chenevix-Trench; Yi Lu; Alexander Hein; Arif B. Ekici; Matthias W. Beckmann; Peter A. Fasching; Diether Lambrechts; Evelyn Despierre; et al. (Human Genetics, 2014)

Genetic structure of populations of whale sharks among ocean basins and evidence for their historic rise and recent decline - Thomas M. Vignaud; Jeffrey A. Maynard; Raphael Leblois; Mark G. Meekan; Ricardo Vázquez‐Juárez; Dení Ramírez‐Macías; Simon J. Pierce; David Rowat; Michael L. Berumen; Champak Beeravolu; Sandra Baksay; Serge Planes (Molecular Ecology, 2014)
This study presents genetic evidence that whale sharks, Rhincodon typus , are comprised of at least two populations that rarely mix and is the first to document a population expansion. Relatively high genetic structure is found when comparing sharks from the Gulf of Mexico with sharks from the Indo‐Pacific. If mixing occurs between the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, it is not sufficient to counter genetic drift. This suggests whale sharks are not all part of a single global metapopulation. The significant population expansion we found was indicated by both microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA . The expansion may have happened during the Holocene, when tropical species could expand their range due to sea‐level rise, eliminating dispersal barriers and increasing plankton productivity. However, the historic trend of population increase may have reversed recently. Declines in genetic diversity are found for 6 consecutive years at Ningaloo Reef in Australia. The declines in genetic diversity being seen now in Australia may be due to commercial‐scale harvesting of whale sharks and collision with boats in past decades in other countries in the Indo‐Pacific. The study findings have implications for models of population connectivity for whale sharks and advocate for continued focus on effective protection of the world's largest fish at multiple spatial scales.

Fast demographic traits promote high diversification rates of Amazonian trees - Timothy R. Baker; R. Toby Pennington; Susana Magallon; Emanuel Gloor; William F. Laurance; Miguel Alexiades; Esteban Alvarez; Alejandro Araujo; Eric J. M. M. Arets; Gerardo Aymard; Atila Alves de Oliveira; Iêda Amaral; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2014)
The Amazon rain forest sustains the world's highest tree diversity, but it remains unclear why some clades of trees are hyperdiverse, whereas others are not. Using dated phylogenies, estimates of current species richness and trait and demographic data from a large network of forest plots, we show that fast demographic traits – short turnover times – are associated with high diversification rates across 51 clades of canopy trees. This relationship is robust to assuming that diversification rates are either constant or decline over time, and occurs in a wide range of Neotropical tree lineages. This finding reveals the crucial role of intrinsic, ecological variation among clades for understanding the origin of the remarkable diversity of Amazonian trees and forests.

Seawater disinfection by chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite. A comparison of biofilm formation - F. Xavier Simon; Elisa Berdalet; Francisco A. Gracia; Francisco España; Joan Llorens (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2014)

Poecilogony in Polydora hoplura (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from commercially important molluscs in South Africa - Andrew A. David; Conrad A. Matthee; Carol A. Simon (Marine Biology, 2014)

Important Aspects on the Removal of Humic Acid and Phenolic Compounds with Clay Minerals. “Synergism Provided by the Pollutants, Efficiency Given by the Media” - E. Szabó; G. Simon; A. Dombi; K. Hernádi; L. Baia; Zs. Pap (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2014)

A glossary for biometeorology - Simon N. Gosling; Erin K. Bryce; P. Grady Dixon; Katharina M. A. Gabriel; Elaine Y. Gosling; Jonathan M. Hanes; David M. Hondula; Liang Liang; Priscilla Ayleen Bustos Mac Lean; Stefan Muthers; Sheila Tavares Nascimento; Martina Petralli; et al. (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2014)

Key climate indices in Switzerland; expected changes in a future climate - Elias M. Zubler; Simon C. Scherrer; Mischa Croci-Maspoli; Mark A. Liniger; Christof Appenzeller (Climatic Change, 2014)
Climate indices facilitate the interpretation of expected climate change impacts for many sectors in society, economy, and ecology. The new localized data set of climatic change signals for temperature and precipitation presented by Zubler et al. (Clim Change, 2013) is applied for an analysis of frequently used climate indices in Switzerland. The indices considered are: number of summer days and tropical nights, growing season length, number of frost days and ice days, heating and cooling degree days, and the number of days with fresh snow. For the future periods 2020-49, 2045-74 and 2070–2099 the indices are computed using a delta-change approach based on the reference period 1980–2009 for the emission scenarios A1B, A2, and RCP3PD. The scenario data suggest the following relevant findings: (1) a doubling of the number of summer days by the end of the century under the scenarios A1B and A2, (2) an appearance of tropical nights even above 1500 m asl, (3) a possible reduction of the number of frost days by more than 3 months at altitudes higher than 2500 m asl, (4) a decline of heating degree days by about 30 % until the end of the century, and (5) the near disappearance of days with fresh snow at low altitudes. It is also shown that the end-of-the-century projections of all indices strongly depend on the chosen emission scenario.

Isolation and characterization of fifteen microsatellite loci in Leopard grouper (Mycteroperca rosacea) via 454 pyrosequencing - Alexis M. Jackson; Adrian Munguía-Vega; Avian S. Lain; Simon A. Stokes; Aneese J. Williams; Giacomo Bernardi (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2014)

Immunocytochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase in the pseudobranch tissue of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus my-kiss - S. M. Rahim; A. G. Mazlan; K. D. Simon; J. P. Delaunoy; P. Laurent (Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 2014)

Multiple ITS Haplotypes in the Genome of the Lichenized Basidiomycete Cora inversa (Hygrophoraceae): Fact or Artifact? - Robert Lücking; James D. Lawrey; Patrick M. Gillevet; Masoumeh Sikaroodi; Manuela Dal-Forno; Simon A. Berger (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2014)

Limited habitat and conservation value of a young artificial reef - Simon J. Walker; Thomas A. Schlacher (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2014)

Habitat‐driven population structure of bottlenose dolphins, T ursiops truncatus , in the N orth‐ E ast A tlantic - Marie Louis; Amélia Viricel; Tamara Lucas; Hélène Peltier; Eric Alfonsi; Simon Berrow; Andrew Brownlow; Pablo Covelo; Willy Dabin; Rob Deaville; Renaud de Stephanis; François Gally; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2014)
Despite no obvious barrier to gene flow, historical environmental processes and ecological specializations can lead to genetic differentiation in highly mobile animals. Ecotypes emerged in several large mammal species as a result of niche specializations and/or social organization. In the N orth‐ W est A tlantic, two distinct bottlenose dolphin ( T ursiops truncatus ) ecotypes (i.e. ‘coastal’ and ‘pelagic’) have been identified. Here, we investigated the genetic population structure of N orth‐ E ast A tlantic ( NEA ) bottlenose dolphins on a large scale through the analysis of 381 biopsy‐sampled or stranded animals using 25 microsatellites and a 682‐bp portion of the mitochondrial control region. We shed light on the likely origin of stranded animals using a carcass drift prediction model. We showed, for the first time, that coastal and pelagic bottlenose dolphins were highly differentiated in the NEA . Finer‐scale population structure was found within the two groups. We suggest that distinct founding events followed by parallel adaptation may have occurred independently from a large A tlantic pelagic population in the two sides of the basin. Divergence could be maintained by philopatry possibly as a result of foraging specializations and social organization. As coastal environments are under increasing anthropogenic pressures, small and isolated populations might be at risk and require appropriate conservation policies to preserve their habitats. While genetics can be a powerful first step to delineate ecotypes in protected and difficult to access taxa, ecotype distinction should be further documented through diet studies and the examination of cranial skull features associated with feeding.

The current decline of tropical marsupials in A ustralia: is history repeating? - Diana O. Fisher; Chris N. Johnson; Michael J. Lawes; Susanne A. Fritz; Hamish McCallum; Simon P. Blomberg; Jeremy VanDerWal; Brett Abbott; Anke Frank; Sarah Legge; Mike Letnic; Colette R. Thomas; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2014)
Aim A third of all modern (after 1500) mammal extinctions (24/77) are Australian species. These extinctions have been restricted to southern A ustralia, predominantly in species of ‘critical weight range’ (35–5500 g) in drier climate zones. Introduced red foxes ( V ulpes vulpes ) that prey on species in this range are often blamed. A new wave of declines is now affecting a globally significant proportion of marsupial species (19 species) in the fox‐free northern tropics. We aim to test plausible causes of recent declines in range and determine if mechanisms differ between current tropical declines and past declines, which were in southern (non‐tropical) regions. Location A ustralian continent Methods We used multiple regression and random forest models to analyse traits that were associated with declines in species range, and compare variables associated with past extinctions in the southern zones with current tropical (northern) declines. Results The same two key variables, body mass and habitat structure, were associated with proportion‐of‐decline in range throughout the continent, but the form of relationships differs with latitude. In the south, medium‐sized species in open habitats of lower rainfall were most likely to decline. In the tropics, small species that occupy open vegetation with moderate rainfall (savanna) are now experiencing the most severe declines. Throughout the continent, large‐bodied species and those in structurally complex habitats (rainforest) are secure. Main conclusions Our results indicate that there is no mid‐sized ‘critical weight range’ in the north. Because foxes are absent from the tropics, we suggest that northern Australian marsupial declines are associated with predation by feral cats ( F elis catus ) exacerbated by reduced ground level vegetation in non‐rainforest habitats. To test this, we recommend experiments to remove cats from some locations where tropical mammals are threatened. Our results show that comparative analysis can help to diagnose potential causes of multi‐species decline.

Inertia in an ombrotrophic bog ecosystem in response to 9 years' realistic perturbation by wet deposition of nitrogen, separated by form - Lucy J. Sheppard; Ian D. Leith; Toshie Mizunuma; Sarah Leeson; Sanna Kivimaki; J. Neil Cape; Netty van Dijk; David Leaver; Mark A. Sutton; David Fowler; Leon J.L. Van den Berg; Alan Crossley; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2014)
Wet deposition of nitrogen (N) occurs in oxidized (nitrate) and reduced (ammonium) forms. Whether one form drives vegetation change more than the other is widely debated, as field evidence has been lacking. We are manipulating N form in wet deposition to an ombrotrophic bog, Whim (Scottish Borders), and here report nine years of results. Ammonium and nitrate were provided in rainwater spray as NH 4 Cl or NaNO 3 at 8, 24 or 56 kg N ha −1 yr −1 , plus a rainwater only control, via an automated system coupled to site meteorology. Detrimental N effects were observed in sensitive nonvascular plant species, with higher cumulative N loads leading to more damage at lower annual doses. Cover responses to N addition, both in relation to form and dose, were species specific and mostly dependent on N dose. Some species were generally indifferent to N form and dose, while others were dose sensitive. Calluna vulgaris showed a preference for higher N doses as ammonium N and Hypnum jutlandicum for nitrate N. However, after 9 years, the magnitude of change from wet deposited N on overall species cover is small, indicating only a slow decline in key species. Nitrogen treatment effects on soil N availability were likewise small and rarely correlated with species cover. Ammonium caused most N accumulation and damage to sensitive species at lower N loads, but toxic effects also occurred with nitrate. However, because different species respond differently to N form, setting of ecosystem level critical loads by N form is challenging. We recommend implementing the lowest value of the critical load range where communities include sensitive nonvascular plants and where ammonium dominates wet deposition chemistry. In the context of parallel assessment at the same site, N treatments for wet deposition showed overall much smaller effects than corresponding inputs of dry deposition as ammonia.

Low global sensitivity of metabolic rate to temperature in calcified marine invertebrates - Sue-Ann Watson; Simon A. Morley; Amanda E. Bates; Melody S. Clark; Robert W. Day; Miles Lamare; Stephanie M. Martin; Paul C. Southgate; Koh Siang Tan; Paul A. Tyler; Lloyd S. Peck (Oecologia, 2014)

Linking nutrient enrichment and streamflow to macrophytes in agricultural streams - Christopher A. Mebane; Nancy S. Simon; Terry R. Maret (Hydrobiologia, 2014)

Limited genetic structure among broad-scale regions for two commercially harvested, tropical deep-water snappers in New Caledonia - Kim L. Loeun; Sharyn Goldstien; Dianne Gleeson; Simon J. Nicol; Corey J. A. Bradshaw (Fisheries Science, 2014)

Changes in Ecosystem Function Across Sedimentary Gradients in Estuaries - Daniel R. Pratt; Andrew M. Lohrer; Conrad A. Pilditch; Simon F. Thrush (Ecosystems, 2014)

A systematic review of brain frontal lobe parcellation techniques in magnetic resonance imaging - Simon R. Cox; Karen J. Ferguson; Natalie A. Royle; Susan D. Shenkin; Sarah E. MacPherson; Alasdair M. J. MacLullich; Ian J. Deary; Joanna M. Wardlaw (Brain Structure and Function, 2014)

Reserves Accumulated in Non-Photosynthetic Organs during the Previous Growing Season Drive Plant Defenses and Growth in Aspen in the Subsequent Growing Season - Ahmed Najar; Simon M. Landhäusser; Justin G. A. Whitehill; Pierluigi Bonello; Nadir Erbilgin (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2014)

Detailed multidisciplinary monitoring reveals pre- and co-eruptive signals at Nyamulagira volcano (North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) - Benoît Smets; Nicolas d’Oreye; François Kervyn; Matthieu Kervyn; Fabien Albino; Santiago R. Arellano; Montfort Bagalwa; Charles Balagizi; Simon A. Carn; Thomas H. Darrah; José Fernández; Bo Galle; et al. (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2014)

Basin‐scale phenology and effects of climate variability on global timing of initial seaward migration of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) - Jaime Otero; Jan Henning L'Abée‐Lund; Ted Castro‐Santos; Kjell Leonardsson; Geir O. Storvik; Bror Jonsson; Brian Dempson; Ian C. Russell; Arne J. Jensen; Jean‐Luc Baglinière; Mélanie Dionne; John D. Armstrong; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2014)
Migrations between different habitats are key events in the lives of many organisms. Such movements involve annually recurring travel over long distances usually triggered by seasonal changes in the environment. Often, the migration is associated with travel to or from reproduction areas to regions of growth. Young anadromous Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) emigrate from freshwater nursery areas during spring and early summer to feed and grow in the North Atlantic Ocean. The transition from the freshwater (‘parr’) stage to the migratory stage where they descend streams and enter salt water (‘smolt’) is characterized by morphological, physiological and behavioural changes where the timing of this parr‐smolt transition is cued by photoperiod and water temperature. Environmental conditions in the freshwater habitat control the downstream migration and contribute to within‐ and among‐river variation in migratory timing. Moreover, the timing of the freshwater emigration has likely evolved to meet environmental conditions in the ocean as these affect growth and survival of the post‐smolts. Using generalized additive mixed‐effects modelling, we analysed spatio‐temporal variations in the dates of downstream smolt migration in 67 rivers throughout the North Atlantic during the last five decades and found that migrations were earlier in populations in the east than the west. After accounting for this spatial effect, the initiation of the downstream migration among rivers was positively associated with freshwater temperatures, up to about 10 °C and levelling off at higher values, and with sea‐surface temperatures. Earlier migration occurred when river discharge levels were low but increasing. On average, the initiation of the smolt seaward migration has occurred 2.5 days earlier per decade throughout the basin of the North Atlantic. This shift in phenology matches changes in air, river, and ocean temperatures, suggesting that Atlantic salmon emigration is responding to the current global climate changes.

Land‐sharing versus land‐sparing logging: reconciling timber extraction with biodiversity conservation - David P. Edwards; James J. Gilroy; Paul Woodcock; Felicity A. Edwards; Trond H. Larsen; David J. R. Andrews; Mia A. Derhé; Teegan D. S. Docherty; Wayne W. Hsu; Simon L. Mitchell; Takahiro Ota; Leah J. Williams; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2014)
Selective logging is a major driver of rainforest degradation across the tropics. Two competing logging strategies are proposed to meet timber demands with the least impact on biodiversity: land sharing, which combines timber extraction with biodiversity protection across the concession; and land sparing, in which higher intensity logging is combined with the protection of intact primary forest reserves. We evaluate these strategies by comparing the abundances and species richness of birds, dung beetles and ants in Borneo, using a protocol that allows us to control for both timber yield and net profit across strategies. Within each taxonomic group, more species had higher abundances with land‐sparing than land‐sharing logging, and this translated into significantly higher species richness within land‐sparing concessions. Our results are similar when focusing only on species found in primary forest and restricted in range to Sundaland, and they are independent of the scale of sampling. For each taxonomic group, land‐sparing logging was the most promising strategy for maximizing the biological value of logging operations.

Incorporating adaptive responses into future projections of coral bleaching - Cheryl A. Logan; John P. Dunne; C. Mark Eakin; Simon D. Donner (Global Change Biology, 2014)
Climate warming threatens to increase mass coral bleaching events, and several studies have projected the demise of tropical coral reefs this century. However, recent evidence indicates corals may be able to respond to thermal stress though adaptive processes (e.g., genetic adaptation, acclimatization, and symbiont shuffling). How these mechanisms might influence warming‐induced bleaching remains largely unknown. This study compared how different adaptive processes could affect coral bleaching projections. We used the latest bias‐corrected global sea surface temperature ( SST ) output from the NOAA / GFDL Earth System Model 2 ( ESM 2M) for the preindustrial period through 2100 to project coral bleaching trajectories. Initial results showed that, in the absence of adaptive processes, application of a preindustrial climatology to the NOAA Coral Reef Watch bleaching prediction method overpredicts the present‐day bleaching frequency. This suggests that corals may have already responded adaptively to some warming over the industrial period. We then modified the prediction method so that the bleaching threshold either permanently increased in response to thermal history (e.g., simulating directional genetic selection) or temporarily increased for 2–10 years in response to a bleaching event (e.g., simulating symbiont shuffling). A bleaching threshold that changes relative to the preceding 60 years of thermal history reduced the frequency of mass bleaching events by 20–80% compared with the ‘no adaptive response’ prediction model by 2100, depending on the emissions scenario. When both types of adaptive responses were applied, up to 14% more reef cells avoided high‐frequency bleaching by 2100. However, temporary increases in bleaching thresholds alone only delayed the occurrence of high‐frequency bleaching by ca. 10 years in all but the lowest emissions scenario. Future research should test the rate and limit of different adaptive responses for coral species across latitudes and ocean basins to determine if and how much corals can respond to increasing thermal stress.

Circulating galectin-3 in infections and non-infectious inflammatory diseases - J. Oever; E. J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis; F. L. Veerdonk; F. F. Stelma; A. Simon; M. Janssen; M. Johnson; A. Pachot; B.-J. Kullberg; L. A. B. Joosten; M. G. Netea (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2013)

Developing logistic models to relate the accumulation of DON associated with Fusarium head blight to climatic conditions in Europe - Xiangming Xu; Laurence V. Madden; Simon G. Edwards; Fiona M. Doohan; Antonio Moretti; L. Hornok; P. Nicholson; A. Ritieni (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2013)

A pseudospectral approach to the McWhorter and Sunada equation for two-phase flow in porous media with capillary pressure - Tore I. Bjørnarå; Simon A. Mathias (Computational Geosciences, 2013)

The influence of habitat structure on juvenile fish in a New Zealand estuary - Darren M. Parsons; Mark A. Morrison; Simon F. Thrush; Crispin Middleton; Matt Smith; Keren T. Spong; Dane Buckthought (Marine Ecology, 2013)
Estuarine and sheltered coastal habitats that contain physical structure are potentially important nurseries for juvenile fish. Many of these structured habitats, however, are potentially vulnerable to stressors such as elevated turbidity. Quantifying the benefits that structured habitats provide to juvenile fish may therefore be an important step in the management process. We investigated the value of structured habitat for juvenile fishes in northeastern New Zealand, using artificial seagrass units ( ASU s) with varying blade density. ASU s were predominantly settled by juvenile snapper ( Pagrus auratus ) and spotty ( Notolabrus celidotus ). The density of both snapper and spotty was greatest on ASU s with the highest blade density. For snapper, a gradient in abundance was present (with higher abundance closer to the harbour mouth), suggesting either a gradient in the supply of recruits or a potential recruitment shadow effect. The size distribution of juvenile snapper (12–70 mm fork length) was very similar on both sampling trips, despite the 2‐month interim period, suggesting an ontogenetic habitat shift dependent on size. The condition of juvenile snapper from ASU s with the highest blade density was also greater than the other ASU treatments. Overall, these results provide new empirical evidence that habitats with physical structure within shallow estuarine systems are important to early stage juvenile fishes such as snapper, and indicate that the location‐specific context of that habitat is also likely important.

Predicting species distributions for conservation decisions - Antoine Guisan; Reid Tingley; John B. Baumgartner; Ilona Naujokaitis‐Lewis; Patricia R. Sutcliffe; Ayesha I. T. Tulloch; Tracey J. Regan; Lluis Brotons; Eve McDonald‐Madden; Chrystal Mantyka‐Pringle; Tara G. Martin; Jonathan R. Rhodes; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2013)
Species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly proposed to support conservation decision making. However, evidence of SDMs supporting solutions for on‐ground conservation problems is still scarce in the scientific literature. Here, we show that successful examples exist but are still largely hidden in the grey literature, and thus less accessible for analysis and learning. Furthermore, the decision framework within which SDMs are used is rarely made explicit. Using case studies from biological invasions, identification of critical habitats, reserve selection and translocation of endangered species, we propose that SDMs may be tailored to suit a range of decision‐making contexts when used within a structured and transparent decision‐making process. To construct appropriate SDMs to more effectively guide conservation actions, modellers need to better understand the decision process, and decision makers need to provide feedback to modellers regarding the actual use of SDMs to support conservation decisions. This could be facilitated by individuals or institutions playing the role of ‘translators’ between modellers and decision makers. We encourage species distribution modellers to get involved in real decision‐making processes that will benefit from their technical input; this strategy has the potential to better bridge theory and practice, and contribute to improve both scientific knowledge and conservation outcomes.

Convergent structure of multitrophic communities over three continents - Simon T. Segar; Rodrigo A. S. Pereira; Steve G. Compton; James M. Cook (Ecology Letters, 2013)
Astract Ecological theory predicts that communities using the same resources should have similar structure, but evolutionary constraints on colonisation and niche shifts may hamper such convergence. Multitrophic communities of wasps exploiting fig fruits, which first evolved about 75 MYA , do not show long‐term ‘inheritance’ of taxonomic (lineage) composition or species diversity. However, communities on three continents have converged ecologically in the presence and relative abundance of five insect guilds that we define. Some taxa fill the same niches in each community (phylogenetic niche conservatism). However, we show that overall convergence in ecological community structure depends also on a combination of niche shifts by resident lineages and local colonisations of figs by other insect lineages. Our study explores new ground, and develops new heuristic tools, in combining ecology and phylogeny to address patterns in the complex multitrophic communities of insect on plants, which comprise a large part of terrestrial biodiversity.

Erratum to: The European Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) project - Basil A. S. Davis; Marco Zanon; Pamella Collins; Achille Mauri; Johan Bakker; Doris Barboni; Alexandra Barthelmes; Celia Beaudouin; H. John B. Birks; Anne E. Bjune; Elissaveta Bozilova; Richard H. W. Bradshaw; et al. (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2013)

The European Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) project - Basil A. S. Davis; Marco Zanon; Pamella Collins; Achille Mauri; Johan Bakker; Doris Barboni; Alexandra Barthelmes; Celia Beaudouin; Anne E. Bjune; Elissaveta Bozilova; Richard H. W. Bradshaw; Barbara A. Brayshay; et al. (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2013)

Confirming regional 1 cm differential geoid accuracy from airborne gravimetry: the Geoid Slope Validation Survey of 2011 - Dru A. Smith; Simon A. Holmes; Xiaopeng Li; Sébastien Guillaume; Yan Ming Wang; Beat Bürki; Daniel R. Roman; Theresa M. Damiani (Journal of Geodesy, 2013)

External muscle heating during warm-up does not provide added performance benefit above external heating in the recovery period alone - Steve H. Faulkner; Richard A. Ferguson; Simon G. Hodder; George Havenith (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2013)

Poor fen succession over ombrotrophic peat related to late Holocene increased surface wetness in subarctic Quebec, Canada - SIMON VAN BELLEN; MICHELLE GARNEAU; ADAM A. ALI; ALEXANDRE LAMARRE; ÉLISABETH C. ROBERT; GABRIEL MAGNAN; HANS ASNONG; STEVE PRATTE (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2013)
Northern peatlands act as archives of environmental change through their sensitivity to water balance fluctuations, while being significant contributors to global greenhouse gas dynamics. Subarctic fens in north‐eastern Canada are characterized by a dominance of pools and flarks. We aimed to reconstruct the late Holocene hydrological conditions of these fens to establish the timing of the initiation of pool and flark formation and possible links with climate. Testate amoebae and plant macrofossils from five cores, sampled in three fens, were analysed to infer water tables with chronologies based on 14 C and 210 Pb dating. All sites showed the presence of relatively dry, ombrotrophic conditions with abundant Picea from 5000 cal a BP, followed by a first shift to wet, poor fen conditions with pool and flark development around 3000 cal a BP and a subsequent wet shift after ∼800 cal a BP. These trends coincide with previously observed Neoglacial and Little Ice Age cooler and wetter conditions and therefore climate may well have been a dominant factor in the initiation and development of pools and flarks over the late Holocene. The effect of anticipated climate change on subarctic peatlands remains unclear, although wetter conditions might enhance pool expansion to the detriment of terrestrial components.

Climate or migration: what limited E uropean beech post‐glacial colonization? - Frédérik Saltré; Rémi Saint‐Amant; Emmanuel S. Gritti; Simon Brewer; Cédric Gaucherel; Basil A. S. Davis; Isabelle Chuine (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2013)
Aim Despite the recent improvements made in species distribution models ( SDMs ), assessing species' ability to migrate fast enough to track their climate optimum remains a challenge. This study achieves this goal and demonstrates the reliability of a process‐based SDM to provide accurate projections by simulating the post‐glacial colonization of E uropean beech. Location E urope. Methods We simulated the post‐glacial colonization of European beech over the last 12,000 years by coupling a process‐based SDM ( PHENOFIT ) and a new migration model based on G ibbs point processes, both parameterized with modern ecological data. Simulations were compared with palaeoarchives and phylogeographic data on E uropean beech. Results Model predictions are consistent with palaeoarchives and phylogeographic data over the Holocene. The results suggest that post‐glacial expansion of E uropean beech was limited by climate on its north‐eastern leading edge, while limited by its migration abilities on its north‐western leading edge. The results show a mean migration rate of beech varying from 270 m yr −1 to 280 m yr −1 and a maximum migration rate varying from 560 m yr −1 to 630 m yr −1 , when limited and not limited by climate, respectively. They also highlight the relative contribution of known and suspected glacial refugia in present beech distribution and confirm the results of phylogeographic studies. Main conclusions For the first time, we were able to reproduce accurately the colonization dynamics of E uropean beech during the last 12 kyr using a process‐based SDM and a migration model, both parameterized with modern ecological data. Our methodology has allowed us to identify the different factors that affected European beech migration during its post‐glaciation expansion in different parts of its range. This method shows great potential to help palaeobotanists and phylogeographers locate putative glacial refugia, and to provide accurate projections of beech distribution change in the future.

Resource limitation in a competitive context determines complex plant responses to experimental resource additions - Caroline E. Farrior; David Tilman; Ray Dybzinski; Peter B. Reich; Simon A. Levin; Stephen W. Pacala (Ecology, 2013)
Almost all models of plant resource limitation are grounded in either one or both of two simple conceptual models: Liebig's Minimum Hypothesis (LMH), the idea that plants are limited by the resource in shortest supply, and the Multiple Limitation Hypothesis (MLH), the idea that plants should adjust to their environment so that all essential resources are equally limiting. Despite the differences in their predictions, experiments have so far failed to discriminate between them. In a simple factorial nitrogen and water addition experiment in a Minnesota grassland, we observed shifts in allocation that, as in previous studies, are not all explained by a single theory. We found that leaf biomass responded positively to nitrogen additions but did not respond to water additions. We found that fine‐root biomass increased in response to water additions, but only at low nitrogen levels, and that fine‐root biomass decreased in response to nitrogen additions, but only at high water levels. To understand these responses we built a physiologically based model of plant competition for water, nitrogen, and space to predict plant allocation to fine roots and leaves. Critically, we include in our model the inherent variability of soil moisture and treat light, water, and nitrogen as resources with distinct mechanistic roles. Experimental results showed that plants were nitrogen and water limited. The model explains the experimental results, under conditions of co‐limitation, as follows. Foliage increases with nitrogen additions but not water additions because leaf construction is constrained by nitrogen uptake. When water is added, plants spend a larger fraction of the growing season limited by light (and effectively nitrogen) than by water. Thus, water additions cause fine‐root biomass to increase because of the increased importance of nitrogen limitation. The response of fine‐root biomass to water additions decreases with nitrogen additions because these additions reduce nitrogen limitation. In general, our results are explained by sequential resource limitation. The rate of carbon assimilation may be limited by a single resource at any one moment, but the identity of the limiting resource(s) changes throughout the growing season.

Divergent evolutionary processes associated with colonization of offshore islands - Natália Martínková; Ross Barnett; Thomas Cucchi; Rahel Struchen; Marine Pascal; Michel Pascal; Martin C. Fischer; Thomas Higham; Selina Brace; Simon Y. W. Ho; Jean‐Pierre Quéré; Paul O'Higgins; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2013)
Oceanic islands have been a test ground for evolutionary theory, but here, we focus on the possibilities for evolutionary study created by offshore islands. These can be colonized through various means and by a wide range of species, including those with low dispersal capabilities. We use morphology, modern and ancient sequences of cytochrome b ( cytb ) and microsatellite genotypes to examine colonization history and evolutionary change associated with occupation of the O rkney archipelago by the common vole ( M icrotus arvalis ), a species found in continental E urope but not in B ritain. Among possible colonization scenarios, our results are most consistent with human introduction at least 5100 bp (confirmed by radiocarbon dating). We used approximate B ayesian computation of population history to infer the coast of Belgium as the possible source and estimated the evolutionary timescale using a Bayesian coalescent approach. We showed substantial morphological divergence of the island populations, including a size increase presumably driven by selection and reduced microsatellite variation likely reflecting founder events and genetic drift. More surprisingly, our results suggest that a recent and widespread cytb replacement event in the continental source area purged cytb variation there, whereas the ancestral diversity is largely retained in the colonized islands as a genetic ‘ark’. The replacement event in the continental M . arvalis was probably triggered by anthropogenic causes (land‐use change). Our studies illustrate that small offshore islands can act as field laboratories for studying various evolutionary processes over relatively short timescales, informing about the mainland source area as well as the island.

Pup to adult photo‐ ID : Evidence of pelage stability in gray seals - William D. Paterson; Paula Redman; Lex A. Hiby; Simon E. W. Moss; Ailsa J. Hall; Paddy Pomeroy (Marine Mammal Science, 2013)

Spatial memory and animal movement - William F. Fagan; Mark A. Lewis; Marie Auger‐Méthé; Tal Avgar; Simon Benhamou; Greg Breed; Lara LaDage; Ulrike E. Schlägel; Wen‐wu Tang; Yannis P. Papastamatiou; James Forester; Thomas Mueller (Ecology Letters, 2013)
Memory is critical to understanding animal movement but has proven challenging to study. Advances in animal tracking technology, theoretical movement models and cognitive sciences have facilitated research in each of these fields, but also created a need for synthetic examination of the linkages between memory and animal movement. Here, we draw together research from several disciplines to understand the relationship between animal memory and movement processes. First, we frame the problem in terms of the characteristics, costs and benefits of memory as outlined in psychology and neuroscience. Next, we provide an overview of the theories and conceptual frameworks that have emerged from behavioural ecology and animal cognition. Third, we turn to movement ecology and summarise recent, rapid developments in the types and quantities of available movement data, and in the statistical measures applicable to such data. Fourth, we discuss the advantages and interrelationships of diverse modelling approaches that have been used to explore the memory–movement interface. Finally, we outline key research challenges for the memory and movement communities, focusing on data needs and mathematical and computational challenges. We conclude with a roadmap for future work in this area, outlining axes along which focused research should yield rapid progress.

Warming effects on greenhouse gas fluxes in peatlands are modulated by vegetation composition - Susan E. Ward; Nicholas J. Ostle; Simon Oakley; Helen Quirk; Peter A. Henrys; Richard D. Bardgett (Ecology Letters, 2013)
Understanding the effects of warming on greenhouse gas feedbacks to climate change represents a major global challenge. Most research has focused on direct effects of warming, without considering how concurrent changes in plant communities may alter such effects. Here, we combined vegetation manipulations with warming to investigate their interactive effects on greenhouse gas emissions from peatland. We found that although warming consistently increased respiration, the effect on net ecosystem CO 2 exchange depended on vegetation composition. The greatest increase in CO 2 sink strength after warming was when shrubs were present, and the greatest decrease when graminoids were present. CH 4 was more strongly controlled by vegetation composition than by warming, with largest emissions from graminoid communities. Our results show that plant community composition is a significant modulator of greenhouse gas emissions and their response to warming, and suggest that vegetation change could alter peatland carbon sink strength under future climate change.

Trophic Flexibility and the Persistence of Understory Birds in Intensively Logged Rainforest - DAVID P. EDWARDS; PAUL WOODCOCK; ROB J. NEWTON; FELICITY A. EDWARDS; DAVID J. R. ANDREWS; TEEGAN D. S. DOCHERTY; SIMON L. MITCHELL; TAKAHIRO OTA; SUZAN BENEDICK; SIMON H. BOTTRELL; KEITH C. HAMER (Conservation Biology, 2013)
Effects of logging on species composition in tropical rainforests are well known but may fail to reveal key changes in species interactions. We used nitrogen stable‐isotope analysis of 73 species of understory birds to quantify trophic responses to repeated intensive logging of rainforest in northern Borneo and to test 4 hypotheses: logging has significant effects on trophic positions and trophic‐niche widths of species, and the persistence of species in degraded forest is related to their trophic positions and trophic‐niche widths in primary forest. Species fed from higher up the food chain and had narrower trophic‐niche widths in degraded forest. Species with narrow trophic‐niche widths in primary forest were less likely to persist after logging, a result that indicates a higher vulnerability of dietary specialists to local extinction following habitat disturbance. Persistence of species in degraded forest was not related to a species’ trophic position. These results indicate changes in trophic organization that were not apparent from changes in species composition and highlight the importance of focusing on trophic flexibility over the prevailing emphasis on membership of static feeding guilds. Our results thus support the notion that alterations to trophic organization and interactions within tropical forests may be a pervasive and functionally important hidden effect of forest degradation. Flexibilidad Trófica y la Persistencia de Aves de Sotobosque en un Bosque Lluvioso Talado Intensivamente

Dark Carbon Fixation in the Columbia River’s Estuarine Turbidity Maxima: Molecular Characterization of Red-Type cbbL Genes and Measurement of DIC Uptake Rates in Response to Added Electron Donors - S. L. Bräuer; K. Kranzler; N. Goodson; D. Murphy; H. M. Simon; A. M. Baptista; B. M. Tebo (Estuaries and Coasts, 2013)

The role of geography and environment in species turnover: phytophagous arthropods on a Neotropical legume - Karen L. Bell; Tim A. Heard; Glenn Manion; Simon Ferrier; Rieks D. van Klinken (Journal of Biogeography, 2013)
Aim Broad‐scale patterns in the distribution of phytophagous arthropods have been explained by species turnover due to host plant, environment, geographical distance and historical biogeography. In this study, variability due to plant species turnover was eliminated by focusing on the arthropods utilizing a single widely distributed plant species, Parkinsonia aculeata L. (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae). This enabled us to examine the effects of geography and climate on arthropod species turnover. Location Neotropics ( USA to Argentina). Methods A statistical approach was used to determine whether arthropod assemblages across the range of P. aculeata differed significantly between biogeographical areas. We determined whether host‐specific arthropods have more restricted ranges, contributing to higher species turnover. Finally, generalized dissimilarity modelling ( GDM ) was used to correlate significant differences in assemblages between biogeographical provinces with environmental differences and geographical separation. Results Phytophagous arthropod assemblages differed significantly between biogeographical areas. Most herbivores had a small geographical distribution. We did not detect higher species turnover for host‐specific species. The GDM model explained 21.8% of the variance in species assemblages. Of the variables examined, climate and geographical distance were both better predictors of variation in phytophagous arthropod assemblages on P. aculeata than biogeographical areas, with climate the better predictor of the two. Main conclusions Observed patterns in turnover of the phytophagous insect fauna of P. aculeata are consistent with expected broad‐scale responses to historical processes and climatic variation. Climate and geography explain similar proportions of compositional dissimilarity, and most species, regardless of host‐specificity, have restricted geographical ranges. The statistically significant differences observed between arthropod assemblages in different biogeographical provinces are likely to be caused by a combination of niche‐based processes and to some extent dispersal limitation. Although variability due to host plant has been eliminated in the current study, there remains no simple explanation for broad‐scale patterns in the distribution of phytophagous arthropods.

Mangrove‐reef connectivity promotes the effectiveness of marine reserves across the western P acific - Andrew D. Olds; Simon Albert; Paul S. Maxwell; Kylie A. Pitt; Rod M. Connolly (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2013)
Aim To evaluate the potential of habitat connectivity to promote the effectiveness of marine reserves. We used heterogeneous reef seascapes as a model system to examine the potential interaction of reserves and mangrove‐reef connectivity and compared the magnitude of these effects across the western P acific O cean. Location The tropical and subtropical western P acific, including the S olomon I slands, G reat B arrier R eef and M oreton B ay, A ustralia. Methods We quantified fish densities on coral reefs (38 sites) and in mangrove forests (19 sites) across seven marine reserves and twelve unprotected control locations. Fish assemblages were in seascapes supporting either adjacent reefs and mangroves or isolated reefs. For each reserve‐control comparison, we evaluated the potential interactive effects of habitat connectivity on species richness and densities of harvested species, functional groups, families and individual species. We then examined the influence of spatial variation in reserve attributes, seascape heterogeneity and latitude on the magnitude of reserve‐connectivity effects. Results Snappers ( L utjanidae) and rabbitfish ( S iganidae) were more abundant on reserve reefs close to mangroves in all regions. These interactive effects also enhanced the abundance of sweetlip ( H aemulidae), bream ( S paridae), harvested fish, herbivores and piscivores and species richness in two of the three regions examined. Spatial variation in the magnitude of reserve‐connectivity effects was explained by differences among reserves in seascape variables (i.e. area of mangroves and reef, duration of mangrove inundation and distance to rivers) but not by reserve attributes (i.e. age, size, poaching) or latitude. Main conclusions Habitat connectivity improved the effectiveness of reserves across the western P acific O cean. We recommend that heterogeneous landscapes with high‐habitat connectivity should be viewed as high priorities for conservation. By improving our understanding of connectivity, and through its explicit incorporation into conservation, we may have greater success in restoring biodiversity and functioning of ecosystems.

Phenotypic and phylogenetic correlates of geographic range size in C anadian freshwater fishes - Simon Blanchet; Yorick Reyjol; Julien April; Nicholas E. Mandrak; Marco A. Rodríguez; Louis Bernatchez; Pierre Magnan (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2013)
Aim We investigated the relationship between geographic range size ( GRS ), longitude and latitude ( R apoport's rule) in C anadian freshwater fishes. We tested hypotheses regarding the phenotypic and phylogenetic determinants of GRS to unravel processes driving the spatial patterns of GRS in C anada. Because GRS is negatively correlated with extinction risk, we also aimed at identifying biological proxies that may be used to predict extinction risks. Location N orth‐ A merica, C anadian S hield. Methods We built a database combining range area, seven ecological traits, and a molecular phylogeny for native C anadian freshwater fishes. We tested latitudinal and longitudinal patterns in GRS by the mean of P earson correlations. We combined phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) models and a model selection procedure to tease apart hypotheses (and hence ecological traits) that best explained GRS in our dataset. PGLS s were also used to explore relationships between ecological traits, phylogeny, and species mid‐range latitude and longitude. Partial regressions were used to determine direct and indirect relationships driving spatial patterns of GRS in C anadian freshwater fishes. Results There was a significant and positive correlation between GRS , latitude and longitude. According to PGLSs , three ecological traits, related to the habitat use, migratory and thermal tolerance hypotheses, were significantly correlated with GRS , mid‐range longitude and mid‐range latitude. Two traits related to locomotion were further related to GRS . There was no phylogenetic effect on GRS (i.e. no phylogenetic conservatism). Partial regressions revealed complex direct and indirect relationships between ecological traits, mid‐range latitude, mid‐range longitude and GRS . Main conclusions Our results show that traits related to the ability to use dispersal corridors, as well as traits directly related to mobility, are useful in understanding biodiversity patterns such as Rapoport's rule. However, because of a weak explanatory power, we conclude that using biological proxies of GRS to predict species at risk of extinction would be premature.

In silico drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic profiles of natural products from medicinal plants in the Congo basin - Fidele Ntie-Kang; Lydia L Lifongo; James A Mbah; Luc C Owono Owono; Eugene Megnassan; Luc Meva’a Mbaze; Philip N Judson; Wolfgang Sippl; Simon M N Efange (In Silico Pharmacology, 2013)
Purpose Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) assessment has come to occupy a place of interest during the early stages of drug discovery today. The use of computer modelling to predict the DMPK and toxicity properties of a natural product library derived from medicinal plants from Central Africa (named ConMedNP). Material from some of the plant sources are currently employed in African Traditional Medicine. Methods Computer-based methods are slowly gaining ground in this area and are often used as preliminary criteria for the elimination of compounds likely to present uninteresting pharmacokinetic profiles and unacceptable levels of toxicity from the list of potential drug candidates, hence cutting down the cost of discovery of a drug. In the present study, we present an in silico assessment of the DMPK and toxicity profile of a natural product library containing ~3,200 compounds, derived from 379 species of medicinal plants from 10 countries in the Congo Basin forests and savannas, which have been published in the literature. In this analysis, we have used 46 computed physico-chemical properties or molecular descriptors to predict the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination and toxicity (ADMET) of the compounds. Results This survey demonstrated that about 45% of the compounds within the ConMedNP compound library are compliant, having properties which fall within the range of ADME properties of 95% of currently known drugs, while about 69% of the compounds have ≤ 2 violations. Moreover, about 73% of the compounds within the corresponding “drug-like” subset showed compliance. Conclusions In addition to the verified levels of “drug-likeness”, diversity and the wide range of measured biological activities, the compounds from medicinal plants in Central Africa show interesting DMPK profiles and hence could represent an important starting point for hit/lead discovery.

Regime shifts in a social-ecological system - Steven J. Lade; Alessandro Tavoni; Simon A. Levin; Maja Schlüter (Theoretical Ecology, 2013)

Non-invasive pressure probes magnetically clamped to leaves to monitor the water status of wheat - Helen Bramley; Wilhelm Ehrenberger; Ulrich Zimmermann; Jairo A. Palta; Simon Rüger; Kadambot H. M. Siddique (Plant and Soil, 2013)

Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME - Patricio Godoy; Nicola J. Hewitt; Ute Albrecht; Melvin E. Andersen; Nariman Ansari; Sudin Bhattacharya; Johannes Georg Bode; Jennifer Bolleyn; Christoph Borner; Jan Böttger; Albert Braeuning; Robert A. Budinsky; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2013)

Modelling the effects of climate change on the distribution and production of marine fishes: accounting for trophic interactions in a dynamic bioclimate envelope model - Jose A. Fernandes; William W. L. Cheung; Simon Jennings; Momme Butenschön; Lee de Mora; Thomas L. Frölicher; Manuel Barange; Alastair Grant (Global Change Biology, 2013)
Climate change has already altered the distribution of marine fishes. Future predictions of fish distributions and catches based on bioclimate envelope models are available, but to date they have not considered interspecific interactions. We address this by combining the species‐based Dynamic Bioclimate Envelope Model ( DBEM ) with a size‐based trophic model. The new approach provides spatially and temporally resolved predictions of changes in species' size, abundance and catch potential that account for the effects of ecological interactions. Predicted latitudinal shifts are, on average, reduced by 20% when species interactions are incorporated, compared to DBEM predictions, with pelagic species showing the greatest reductions. Goodness‐of‐fit of biomass data from fish stock assessments in the North Atlantic between 1991 and 2003 is improved slightly by including species interactions. The differences between predictions from the two models may be relatively modest because, at the North Atlantic basin scale, (i) predators and competitors may respond to climate change together; (ii) existing parameterization of the DBEM might implicitly incorporate trophic interactions; and/or (iii) trophic interactions might not be the main driver of responses to climate. Future analyses using ecologically explicit models and data will improve understanding of the effects of inter‐specific interactions on responses to climate change, and better inform managers about plausible ecological and fishery consequences of a changing environment.

Temperature variation makes ectotherms more sensitive to climate change - Krijn P. Paaijmans; Rebecca L. Heinig; Rebecca A. Seliga; Justine I. Blanford; Simon Blanford; Courtney C. Murdock; Matthew B. Thomas (Global Change Biology, 2013)
Ectotherms are considered to be particularly vulnerable to climate warming. Descriptions of habitat temperatures and predicted changes in climate usually consider mean monthly, seasonal or annual conditions. Ectotherms, however, do not simply experience mean conditions, but are exposed to daily fluctuations in habitat temperatures. Here, we highlight how temperature fluctuation can generate ‘realized’ thermal reaction (fitness) norms that differ from the ‘fundamental’ norms derived under standard constant temperatures. Using a mosquito as a model organism, we find that temperature fluctuation reduces rate processes such as development under warm conditions, increases processes under cool conditions, and reduces both the optimum and the critical maximum temperature. Generalizing these effects for a range of terrestrial insects reveals that prevailing daily fluctuations in temperature should alter the sensitivity of species to climate warming by reducing ‘thermal safety margins’. Such effects of daily temperature dynamics have generally been ignored in the climate change literature.

When condition trumps location: seed consumption by fruit‐eating birds removes pathogens and predator attractants - Evan C. Fricke; Melissa J. Simon; Karen M. Reagan; Douglas J. Levey; Jeffrey A. Riffell; Tomás A. Carlo; Joshua J. Tewksbury (Ecology Letters, 2013)
Seed ingestion by frugivorous vertebrates commonly benefits plants by moving seeds to locations with fewer predators and pathogens than under the parent. For plants with high local population densities, however, movement from the parent plant is unlikely to result in ‘escape’ from predators and pathogens. Changes to seed condition caused by gut passage may also provide benefits, yet are rarely evaluated as an alternative. Here, we use a common bird‐dispersed chilli pepper ( Capsicum chacoense ) to conduct the first experimental comparison of escape‐related benefits to condition‐related benefits of animal‐mediated seed dispersal. Within chilli populations, seeds dispersed far from parent plants gained no advantage from escape alone, but seed consumption by birds increased seed survival by 370% – regardless of dispersal distance – due to removal during gut passage of fungal pathogens and chemical attractants to granivores. These results call into question the pre‐eminence of escape as the primary advantage of dispersal within populations and document two overlooked mechanisms by which frugivores can benefit fruiting plants.

Enhanced molecular identification of Botrytis spp. from New Zealand onions - M. Ikram Khan; Virginia Marroni; Sandi Keenan; Ian A. W. Scott; Suvi L. H. Viljanen-Rollinson; Simon Bulman (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2013)

Environmental Influences on Faecal Indicator Organisms in Coastal Waters and Their Accumulation in Bivalve Shellfish - Carlos J. A. Campos; Simon R. Kershaw; Ron J. Lee (Estuaries and Coasts, 2013)

Molecular Studies on Coronary Artery Disease—A Review - A. Supriya Simon; T. Vijayakumar (Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 2013)

Neuron-Specific Expression of Tomosyn1 in the Mouse Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Impairs Spatial Learning and Memory - Boaz Barak; Eitan Okun; Yoav Ben-Simon; Ayal Lavi; Ronit Shapira; Ravit Madar; Yue Wang; Eric Norman; Anton Sheinin; Mario A. Pita; Ofer Yizhar; Mohamed R. Mughal; et al. (NeuroMolecular Medicine, 2013)

Altered DNA repair, oxidative stress and antioxidant status in coronary artery disease - A Supriya Simon; V Chithra; Anoop Vijayan; Roy D Dinesh; T Vijayakumar (Journal of Biosciences, 2013)

Whisker growth in wild Eurasian badgers Meles meles: implications for stable isotope and bait marking studies - Andrew Robertson; Robbie A. McDonald; Richard J. Delahay; Simon D. Kelly; Stuart Bearhop (European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2013)

A Novel Acquisition Technique to Utilize Swan-Ganz Catheter data as a Surrogate for High-fidelity Micromanometry within the Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Circuit - T. N. Bachman; J. J. Bursic; M. A. Simon; H. C. Champion (Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology, 2013)

Genetic characterization and mapping of the Rht-1 homoeologs and flanking sequences in wheat - Edward P. Wilhelm; Rhian M. Howells; Nadia Al-Kaff; Jizeng Jia; Catherine Baker; Michelle A. Leverington-Waite; Simon Griffiths; Andy J. Greenland; Margaret I. Boulton; Wayne Powell (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2013)

Reciprocal insurance among Kenyan pastoralists - Avinash K. Dixit; Simon A. Levin; Daniel I. Rubenstein (Theoretical Ecology, 2013)

Cigarette smoking and risk of ovarian cancer: a pooled analysis of 21 case–control studies - Mette T. Faber; Susanne K. Kjær; Christian Dehlendorff; Jenny Chang-Claude; Klaus K. Andersen; Estrid Høgdall; Penelope M. Webb; Susan J. Jordan; Mary Anne Rossing; Jennifer A. Doherty; Galina Lurie; Pamela J. Thompson; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2013)

A global quantitative synthesis of local and landscape effects on wild bee pollinators in agroecosystems - Christina M. Kennedy; Eric Lonsdorf; Maile C. Neel; Neal M. Williams; Taylor H. Ricketts; Rachael Winfree; Riccardo Bommarco; Claire Brittain; Alana L. Burley; Daniel Cariveau; Luísa G. Carvalheiro; Natacha P. Chacoff; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2013)
Bees provide essential pollination services that are potentially affected both by local farm management and the surrounding landscape. To better understand these different factors, we modelled the relative effects of landscape composition (nesting and floral resources within foraging distances), landscape configuration (patch shape, interpatch connectivity and habitat aggregation) and farm management (organic vs. conventional and local‐scale field diversity), and their interactions, on wild bee abundance and richness for 39 crop systems globally. Bee abundance and richness were higher in diversified and organic fields and in landscapes comprising more high‐quality habitats; bee richness on conventional fields with low diversity benefited most from high‐quality surrounding land cover. Landscape configuration effects were weak. Bee responses varied slightly by biome. Our synthesis reveals that pollinator persistence will depend on both the maintenance of high‐quality habitats around farms and on local management practices that may offset impacts of intensive monoculture agriculture.

Asynchronous food‐web pathways could buffer the response of Serengeti predators to El Niño Southern Oscillation - A. R. E. Sinclair; Kristine L. Metzger; John M. Fryxell; Craig Packer; Andrea E. Byrom; Meggan E. Craft; Katie Hampson; Tiziana Lembo; Sarah M. Durant; Guy J. Forrester; John Bukombe; John Mchetto; et al. (Ecology, 2013)
Understanding how entire ecosystems maintain stability in the face of climatic and human disturbance is one of the most fundamental challenges in ecology. Theory suggests that a crucial factor determining the degree of ecosystem stability is simply the degree of synchrony with which different species in ecological food webs respond to environmental stochasticity. Ecosystems in which all food‐web pathways are affected similarly by external disturbance should amplify variability in top carnivore abundance over time due to population interactions, whereas ecosystems in which a large fraction of pathways are nonresponsive or even inversely responsive to external disturbance will have more constant levels of abundance at upper trophic levels. To test the mechanism underlying this hypothesis, we used over half a century of demographic data for multiple species in the Serengeti (Tanzania) ecosystem to measure the degree of synchrony to variation imposed by an external environmental driver, the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO effects were mediated largely via changes in dry‐season vs. wet‐season rainfall and consequent changes in vegetation availability, propagating via bottom‐up effects to higher levels of the Serengeti food web to influence herbivores, predators and parasites. Some species in the Serengeti food web responded to the influence of ENSO in opposite ways, whereas other species were insensitive to variation in ENSO. Although far from conclusive, our results suggest that a diffuse mixture of herbivore responses could help buffer top carnivores, such as Serengeti lions, from variability in climate. Future global climate changes that favor some pathways over others, however, could alter the effectiveness of such processes in the future.

Origin of the Tongbai-Dabie-Sulu Neoproterozoic low-δ 18O igneous province, east-central China - Bin Fu; Noriko T. Kita; Simon A. Wilde; Xiaochun Liu; John Cliff; Alan Greig (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2013)

Mammary gland development is delayed in mice deficient for aminopeptidase N - Andreas F. Kolb; David Sorrell; Caroline Lassnig; Simon Lillico; Ailsa Carlisle; Claire Neil; Claire Robinson; Mathias Müller; C. Bruce A. Whitelaw (Transgenic Research, 2013)

Behavioral responses of New Zealand fur seals ( Arctophoca australis forsteri ) to darting and the effectiveness of midazolam and tiletamine‐zolazepam for remote chemical immobilization - Jane McKenzie; Brad Page; Simon D. Goldsworthy; Mark A. Hindell (Marine Mammal Science, 2013)
We evaluated the behavioral response of 125 free‐ranging New Zealand fur seals (75 females and 50 males) to darting and the effectiveness and safety of midazolam and tiletamine‐zolazepam for remote chemical immobilization. Behavioral reactions to darting were minor and brief. Overall, severe reactions to darting such as long flight responses (7%) and escape to the sea (7%) were uncommon. Midazolam administered by dart failed to produce a satisfactory level of immobilization. Tiletamine‐zolazepam was administered to 120 animals (35 females and 85 males), 104 of which were successfully immobilized and 16 escaped to the water following darting or attempted net capture. At least 10 of the 16 animals are known to have survived. Tiletamine‐zolazepam caused moderate depression of swimming and diving behavior in the animals that escaped to the water. Data from dive loggers confirmed that seals that escaped remained near the sea surface for extended periods. Tiletamine‐zolazepam administered by dart at a mean dosage of 1.87 ± 0.18 mg/kg for females and 1.49 ± 0.23 mg/kg for males provided effective and safe immobilization, reducing capture stress for both animals and personnel. Although there is still a risk of drugged animals escaping to the water and possibly drowning, this risk is much lower than previously reported for other pinnipeds.

Close-range hyperspectral imaging for geological field studies: workflow and methods - Tobias H. Kurz; Simon J. Buckley; John A. Howell (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2013)

Soil biotransformation of thiodiglycol, the hydrolysis product of mustard gas: understanding the factors governing remediation of mustard gas contaminated soil - Hong Li; Robert Muir; Neil R. McFarlane; Richard J. Soilleux; Xiaohong Yu; Ian P. Thompson; Simon A. Jackman (Biodegradation, 2013)

Decreased serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in patients with Chuvash polycythemia: a role for HIF in glucose metabolism - Donald A. McClain; Khadega A. Abuelgasim; Mehdi Nouraie; Juan Salomon-Andonie; Xiaomei Niu; Galina Miasnikova; Lydia A. Polyakova; Adelina Sergueeva; Daniel J. Okhotin; Rabia Cherqaoui; David Okhotin; James E. Cox; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2013)

Fish-SPRICH: a database of freshwater fish species richness throughout the World - Sébastien Brosse; Olivier Beauchard; Simon Blanchet; Hans H. Dürr; Gaël Grenouillet; Bernard Hugueny; Christine Lauzeral; Fabien Leprieur; Pablo A. Tedesco; Sébastien Villéger; Thierry Oberdorff (Hydrobiologia, 2013)

A genome-wide association study of breast cancer in women of African ancestry - Fang Chen; Gary K. Chen; Daniel O. Stram; Robert C. Millikan; Christine B. Ambrosone; Esther M. John; Leslie Bernstein; Wei Zheng; Julie R. Palmer; Jennifer J. Hu; Tim R. Rebbeck; Regina G. Ziegler; et al. (Human Genetics, 2013)

Diabetes and risk of pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium - Joanne W. Elena; Emily Steplowski; Kai Yu; Patricia Hartge; Geoffrey S. Tobias; Michelle J. Brotzman; Stephen J. Chanock; Rachael Z. Stolzenberg-Solomon; Alan A. Arslan; H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita; Kathy Helzlsouer; Eric J. Jacobs; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2013)

The P–V–T equation of state of CaPtO3 post-perovskite - Simon A. Hunt; Alex Lindsay-Scott; Ian G. Wood; Michael W. Ammann; Takashi Taniguchi (Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 2013)

The use of genetic correlations to evaluate associations between SNP markers and quantitative traits - J. T. Brawner; S. K. Dillon; D. J. Lee; A. R. Meder; M. J. Dieters; Simon G. Southerton (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2012)

Intensity of parasitic infestation in silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix - M. M. Alam; M. A. Khan; M. A. Hussain; D. Moumita; A. G. Mazlan; K. D. Simon (Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 2012)

Fire Accelerates Assimilation and Transfer of Photosynthetic Carbon from Plants to Soil Microbes in a Northern Peatland - Susan E. Ward; Nick J. Ostle; Simon Oakley; Helen Quirk; Andrew Stott; Peter A. Henrys; W. Andrew Scott; Richard D. Bardgett (Ecosystems, 2012)

Infectious mononucleosis and risk of breast cancer in a prospective study of women - J. Massa; A. Hamdan; K. C. Simon; K. Bertrand; G. Wulf; R. M. Tamimi; A. Ascherio (Cancer Causes & Control, 2012)

Structural dynamics of muscle protein phosphorylation - Brett A. Colson; Simon J. Gruber; David D. Thomas (Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility, 2012)

An inverse-Warburg effect and the origin of Alzheimer’s disease - Lloyd A. Demetrius; David K. Simon (Biogerontology, 2012)

The ventral eversible gland (VEG) of Spodoptera littoralis triggers early responses to herbivory in Arabidopsis thaliana - Simon A. Zebelo; Massimo E. Maffei (Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 2012)

Effects of local biotic neighbors and habitat heterogeneity on tree and shrub seedling survival in an old-growth temperate forest - Xuejiao Bai; Simon A. Queenborough; Xugao Wang; Jian Zhang; Buhang Li; Zuoqiang Yuan; Dingliang Xing; Fei Lin; Ji Ye; Zhanqing Hao (Oecologia, 2012)

Viral latency drives ‘memory inflation’: a unifying hypothesis linking two hallmarks of cytomegalovirus infection - Christof K. Seckert; Marion Grießl; Julia K. Büttner; Sabine Scheller; Christian O. Simon; Kai A. Kropp; Angélique Renzaho; Birgit Kühnapfel; Natascha K. A. Grzimek; Matthias J. Reddehase (Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 2012)

ABO blood group and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer within the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium - Elizabeth M. Poole; Margaret A. Gates; Brigit A. High; Stephen J. Chanock; Daniel W. Cramer; Julie M. Cunningham; Brooke L. Fridley; Simon A. Gayther; Ellen L. Goode; Edwin S. Iversen; Jolanta Lissowska; Rachel T. Palmieri Weber; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2012)

Genome scans reveal candidate regions involved in the adaptation to host plant in the pea aphid complex - J. Jaquiéry; S. Stoeckel; P. Nouhaud; L. Mieuzet; F. Mahéo; F. Legeai; N. Bernard; A. Bonvoisin; R. Vitalis; J‐C. Simon (Molecular Ecology, 2012)
A major goal in evolutionary biology is to uncover the genetic basis of adaptation. Divergent selection exerted on ecological traits may result in adaptive population differentiation and reproductive isolation and affect differentially the level of genetic divergence along the genome. Genome‐wide scan of large sets of individuals from multiple populations is a powerful approach to identify loci or genomic regions under ecologically divergent selection. Here, we focused on the pea aphid, a species complex of divergent host races, to explore the organization of the genomic divergence associated with host plant adaptation and ecological speciation. We analysed 390 microsatellite markers located at variable distances from predicted genes in replicate samples of sympatric populations of the pea aphid collected on alfalfa, red clover and pea, which correspond to three common host‐adapted races reported in this species complex. Using a method that accounts for the hierarchical structure of our data set, we found a set of 11 outlier loci that show higher genetic differentiation between host races than expected under the null hypothesis of neutral evolution. Two of the outliers are close to olfactory receptor genes and three other nearby genes encoding salivary proteins. The remaining outliers are located in regions with genes of unknown functions, or which functions are unlikely to be involved in interactions with the host plant. This study reveals genetic signatures of divergent selection across the genome and provides an inventory of candidate genes responsible for plant specialization in the pea aphid, thereby setting the stage for future functional studies.

Abiotic drivers and plant traits explain landscape‐scale patterns in soil microbial communities - Franciska T. de Vries; Pete Manning; Jerry R. B. Tallowin; Simon R. Mortimer; Emma S. Pilgrim; Kathryn A. Harrison; Phil J. Hobbs; Helen Quirk; Bill Shipley; Johannes H. C. Cornelissen; Jens Kattge; Richard D. Bardgett (Ecology Letters, 2012)
The controls on aboveground community composition and diversity have been extensively studied, but our understanding of the drivers of belowground microbial communities is relatively lacking, despite their importance for ecosystem functioning. In this study, we fitted statistical models to explain landscape‐scale variation in soil microbial community composition using data from 180 sites covering a broad range of grassland types, soil and climatic conditions in England. We found that variation in soil microbial communities was explained by abiotic factors like climate, pH and soil properties. Biotic factors, namely community‐weighted means (CWM) of plant functional traits, also explained variation in soil microbial communities. In particular, more bacterial‐dominated microbial communities were associated with exploitative plant traits versus fungal‐dominated communities with resource‐conservative traits, showing that plant functional traits and soil microbial communities are closely related at the landscape scale.

Hybrid mouse diversity panel: a panel of inbred mouse strains suitable for analysis of complex genetic traits - Anatole Ghazalpour; Christoph D. Rau; Charles R. Farber; Brian J. Bennett; Luz D. Orozco; Atila van Nas; Calvin Pan; Hooman Allayee; Simon W. Beaven; Mete Civelek; Richard C. Davis; Thomas A. Drake; et al. (Mammalian Genome, 2012)

Composition, age, and origin of the ~620 Ma Humr Akarim and Humrat Mukbid A-type granites: no evidence for pre-Neoproterozoic basement in the Eastern Desert, Egypt - Kamal A. Ali; Abdel-Kader M. Moghazi; Ayman E. Maurice; Sayed A. Omar; Qiang Wang; Simon A. Wilde; Ewais M. Moussa; William I. Manton; Robert J. Stern (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2012)

Marine invertebrate skeleton size varies with latitude, temperature and carbonate saturation: implications for global change and ocean acidification - Sue‐Ann Watson; Lloyd S. Peck; Paul A. Tyler; Paul C. Southgate; Koh Siang Tan; Robert W. Day; Simon A. Morley (Global Change Biology, 2012)
There is great concern over the future effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms, especially for skeletal calcification, yet little is known of natural variation in skeleton size and composition across the globe, and this is a prerequisite for identifying factors currently controlling skeleton mass and thickness. Here, taxonomically controlled latitudinal variations in shell morphology and composition were investigated in bivalve and gastropod molluscs, brachiopods, and echinoids. Total inorganic content, a proxy for skeletal Ca CO 3 , decreased with latitude, decreasing seawater temperature, and decreasing seawater carbonate saturation state (for Ca CO 3 as calcite (Ω cal )) in all taxa. Shell mass decreased with latitude in molluscs and shell inorganic content decreased with latitude in buccinid gastropods. Shell thickness decreased with latitude in buccinid gastropods (excepting the Australian temperate buccinid) and echinoids, but not brachiopods and laternulid clams. In the latter, the polar species had the thickest shell. There was no latitudinal trend in shell thickness within brachiopods. The variation in trends in shell thickness by taxon suggests that in some circumstances ecological factors may override latitudinal trends. Latitudinal gradients may produce effects similar to those of future CO 2 ‐driven ocean acidification on Ca CO 3 saturation state. Responses to latitudinal trends in temperature and saturation state may therefore be useful in informing predictions of organism responses to ocean acidification over long‐term adaptive timescales.

Analytical Model for CO2 Injection into Brine Aquifers-Containing Residual CH4 - Seyyed Abolfazl Hosseini; Simon A. Mathias; Farzam Javadpour (Transport in Porous Media, 2012)

Dissolution of CO2 From Leaking Fractures in Saline Formations - Francesca E. Watson; Simon A. Mathias; Jeroen van Hunen; Susie E. Daniels; Richard R. Jones (Transport in Porous Media, 2012)

Evaluation of PRDM9 variation as a risk factor for recurrent genomic disorders and chromosomal non-disjunction - Christelle Borel; Fanny Cheung; Helen Stewart; David A. Koolen; Christopher Phillips; N. Simon Thomas; Patricia A. Jacobs; Stephan Eliez; Andrew J. Sharp (Human Genetics, 2012)

Carbon stocks and net ecosystem production changes with time in two Italian forest chronosequences - G. De Simon; G. Alberti; G. Delle Vedove; G. Zerbi; A. Peressotti (European Journal of Forest Research, 2012)

Breaking with tradition: redefining measures for diet description with a case study of the Aleutian skate Bathyraja aleutica (Gilbert 1896) - Simon C. Brown; Joseph J. Bizzarro; Gregor M. Cailliet; David A. Ebert (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2012)

Molecular characterisation of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in New Zealand and its implications for managing an infectious disease - Melanie Massaro; Luis Ortiz-Catedral; Laurel Julian; Josie A. Galbraith; Brigitta Kurenbach; John Kearvell; Josh Kemp; Jackie van Hal; Simon Elkington; Graeme Taylor; Terry Greene; Jason van de Wetering; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2012)

Estimation of positive sum-to-one constrained zooplankton grazing preferences with the DEnKF: a twin experiment - E. Simon; A. Samuelsen; L. Bertino; D. Dumont (Ocean Science, 2012)
We consider the estimation of the grazing preferences parameters of zooplankton in ocean ecosystem models with ensemble-based Kalman filters. These parameters are introduced to model the relative diet composition of zooplankton that consists of phytoplankton, small size-classes of zooplankton and detritus. They are positive values and their sum is equal to one. However, the sum-to-one constraint cannot be guaranteed by ensemble-based Kalman filters when parameters are bounded. Therefore, a reformulation of the parameterization is proposed. We investigate two types of variable transformations for the estimation of positive sum-to-one constrained parameters that lead to the estimation of a new set of parameters with normal or bounded distributions. These transformations are illustrated and discussed with twin experiments performed with the 1-D coupled model GOTM-NORWECOM with Gaussian anamorphosis extensions of the deterministic ensemble Kalman filter (DEnKF).

Effects of stimulant drugs on actual and simulated driving: perspectives from four experimental studies conducted as part of the DRUID research consortium - J. G. Ramaekers; K. P. C. Kuypers; W. M. Bosker; K. A. Brookhuis; J. A. Veldstra; R. Simons; M. Martens; M. Hjälmdahl; Å. Forsman; A. Knoche (Psychopharmacology, 2012)

Evidence for a pan-Arctic sea-ice diatom diet in Strongylocentrotus spp - Thomas A. Brown; Simon T. Belt; Dieter Piepenburg (Polar Biology, 2012)

Quantification of the relationship between the environment and Fusarium head blight, Fusarium pathogen density, and mycotoxins in winter wheat in Europe - Alissa B. Kriss; Pierce A. Paul; Xiangming Xu; Paul Nicholson; Fiona M. Doohan; Laszlo Hornok; Alberto Rietini; Simon G. Edwards; Laurence V. Madden (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2012)

Stable isotopic assessment of site fidelity of mummichogs, Fundulus heteroclitus, exposed to multiple anthropogenic inputs - Marc A. Skinner; Simon C. Courtenay; W. Roy Parker; R. Allen Curry (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2012)

Welfare assessment in transgenic pigs expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) - Reinhard C. Huber; Liliana Remuge; Ailsa Carlisle; Simon Lillico; Peter Sandøe; Dorte B. Sørensen; C. Bruce A. Whitelaw; I. Anna S. Olsson (Transgenic Research, 2012)

Decomposing the mid‐Holocene Tsuga decline in eastern North America - Robert K. Booth; Simon Brewer; Maarten Blaauw; Thomas A. Minckley; Stephen T. Jackson (Ecology, 2012)
The mid‐Holocene decline of Tsuga canadensis (hereafter Tsuga ) populations across eastern North America is widely perceived as a synchronous event, driven by pests/pathogens, rapid climate change, or both. Pattern identification and causal attribution are hampered by low stratigraphic density of pollen‐sampling and radiometric dates at most sites, and by absence of highly resolved, paired pollen and paleoclimate records from single sediment cores, where chronological order of climatic and vegetational changes can be assessed. We present an intensely sampled (contiguous 1‐cm intervals) record of pollen and water table depth (inferred from testate amoebae) from a single core spanning the Tsuga decline at Irwin Smith Bog in Lower Michigan, with high‐precision chronology. We also present an intensively sampled pollen record from Tower Lake in Upper Michigan. Both sites show high‐magnitude fluctuations in Tsuga pollen percentages during the pre‐decline maximum. The terminal decline is dated at both sites ca. 5000 cal yr BP, some 400 years later than estimates from other sites and data compilations. The terminal Tsuga decline was evidently heterochronous across its range. A transient decline ca. 5350 cal yr BP at both sites may correspond to the terminal decline at other sites in eastern North America. At Irwin Smith Bog, the terminal Tsuga decline preceded an abrupt and persistent decline in water table depths by ∼200 years, suggesting the decline was not directly driven by abrupt climate change. The Tsuga decline may best be viewed as comprising at least three phases: a long‐duration pre‐decline maximum with high‐magnitude and high‐frequency fluctuations, followed by a terminal decline at individual sites, followed in turn by two millennia of persistently low Tsuga populations. These phases may not be causally linked, and may represent dynamics taking place at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Further progress toward understanding the phenomenon requires an expanded network of high‐resolution pollen and paleoclimate chronologies.

Use of linezolid in neonatal and pediatric inpatient facilities—results of a retrospective multicenter survey - A. Simon; E. Müllenborn; M. Prelog; W. Schenk; J. Holzapfel; F. Ebinger; A. Klabunde-Cherwon; J. Faber; A. H. Groll; K. Masjosthusmann; C. Dohna-Schwake; K. Beutel; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2012)

A Numerical Investigation of Blood Damage in the Hinge Area of Aortic Bileaflet Mechanical Heart Valves During the Leakage Phase - B. Min Yun; Jingshu Wu; Helene A. Simon; Shiva Arjunon; Fotis Sotiropoulos; Cyrus K. Aidun; Ajit P. Yoganathan (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2012)

Macroinvertebrate richness on flood defence walls of the tidal River Thames - Simon P. G. Hoggart; Robert A. Francis; Michael A. Chadwick (Urban Ecosystems, 2012)

International workshop on developing strategies for monitoring data-limited deepwater demersal line fisheries in the Pacific Ocean - Ashley J. Williams; Simon J. Nicol; Nokome Bentley; Paul J. Starr; Stephen J. Newman; Mike A. McCoy; Jeff Kinch; Peter G. Williams; Franck Magron; Graham M. Pilling; Ian Bertram; Mike Batty (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2012)

Overexpression of NTPDase2 in gliomas promotes systemic inflammation and pulmonary injury - Elizandra Braganhol; Rafael F. Zanin; Andressa Bernardi; Leticia S. Bergamin; Angelica R. Cappellari; Luis F. Campesato; Fernanda B. Morrone; Maria M. Campos; João B. Calixto; Maria Isabel A. Edelweiss; Márcia R. Wink; Jean Sévigny; et al. (Purinergic Signalling, 2012)

A torque-based method demonstrates increased rigidity in Parkinson’s disease during low-frequency stimulation - Simon Little; Raed A. Joundi; Huiling Tan; Alek Pogosyan; Beth Forrow; Carole Joint; Alexander L. Green; Tipu Z. Aziz; Peter Brown (Experimental Brain Research, 2012)

Structural confirmation of the sea ice biomarker IP25 found in Arctic marine sediments - Simon T. Belt; Thomas A. Brown; Patricia Cabedo Sanz; Alba Navarro Rodriguez (Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2012)

Characterisation of nine microsatellite loci in the caecilian amphibian Boulengerula uluguruensis (Gymnophiona), and their cross-species utility in three congeneric species - Christopher D. Barratt; Gavin J. Horsburgh; Deborah A. Dawson; David J. Gower; Mark Wilkinson; Simon P. Loader; Robert Jehle (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2012)

Priority Actions for Sustainable Forest Management in the International Year of Forests - DOMINICK A. DELLASALA; JOHN M. FITZGERALD; BENGT‐GUNNAR JONSSON; JEFFREY A. MCNEELY; BENJAMIN DELALI DOVIE; MARTIN DIETERICH; PATRICIA MAJLUF; SIMON C. NEMTZOV; OWEN T. NEVIN; E. CHRISTIEN M. PARSONS; JAMES E.M. WATSON (Conservation Biology, 2012)

UVA/B exposure promotes the biosynthesis of dehydroretinol in cultured human keratinocytes - Juliana I. Tafrova; Adriana Pinkas-Sarafova; Erik Stolarzewicz; Kathlyn A. Parker; Marcia Simon (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2012)

The benefits of quantifying climate model uncertainty in climate change impacts assessment: an example with heat-related mortality change estimates - Simon N. Gosling; Glenn R. McGregor; Jason A. Lowe (Climatic Change, 2012)

Estrogen-related genes and their contribution to racial differences in breast cancer risk - Kerryn W. Reding; Chu Chen; Kimberly Lowe; David R. Doody; Christopher S. Carlson; Christina T. Chen; John Houck; Linda K. Weiss; Polly A. Marchbanks; Leslie Bernstein; Robert Spirtas; Jill A. McDonald; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2012)

Assessing trophic position from nitrogen isotope ratios: effective calibration against spatially varying baselines - Paul Woodcock; David P. Edwards; Rob J. Newton; Felicity A. Edwards; Chey Vun Khen; Simon H. Bottrell; Keith C. Hamer (The Science of Nature, 2012)

The effects of PRX-07034, a novel 5-HT6 antagonist, on cognitive flexibility and working memory in rats - Eric G. Mohler; Phillip M. Baker; Kimberly S. Gannon; Simon S. Jones; Sharon Shacham; John A. Sweeney; Michael E. Ragozzino (Psychopharmacology, 2012)

Stable isotope ratios of a tropical marine predator: confounding effects of nutritional status during growth - Larisa Lee Cruz; Rona A. R. McGill; Simon J. Goodman; Keith C. Hamer (Marine Biology, 2012)

A novel approach of homozygous haplotype sharing identifies candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder - Jillian P. Casey; Tiago Magalhaes; Judith M. Conroy; Regina Regan; Naisha Shah; Richard Anney; Denis C. Shields; Brett S. Abrahams; Joana Almeida; Elena Bacchelli; Anthony J. Bailey; Gillian Baird; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

Aspects of the reproductive biology of two archer fishes Toxotes chatareus, (Hamilton 1822) and Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas 1767) - K. D. Simon; Y. Bakar; A. G. Mazlan; C. C. Zaidi; A. Samat; A. Arshad; S. E. Temple; N. J. Brown-Peterson (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2012)

Impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition: responses of multiple plant and soil parameters across contrasting ecosystems in long‐term field experiments - Gareth K. Phoenix; Bridget A. Emmett; Andrea J. Britton; Simon J. M. Caporn; Nancy B. Dise; Rachel Helliwell; Laurence Jones; Jonathan R. Leake; Ian D. Leith; Lucy J. Sheppard; Alwyn Sowerby; Michael G. Pilkington; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2012)
Atmospheric nitrogen ( N ) deposition is a global and increasing threat to biodiversity and ecosystem function. Much of our current understanding of N deposition impacts comes from field manipulation studies, although interpretation may need caution where simulations of N deposition (in terms of dose, application rate and N form) have limited realism. Here, we review responses to simulated N deposition from the UKREATE network, a group of nine experimental sites across the UK in a diversity of heathland, grassland, bog and dune ecosystems which include studies with a high level of realism and where many are also the longest running globally on their ecosystem type. Clear responses were seen across the sites with the greatest sensitivity shown in cover and species richness of bryophytes and lichens. Productivity was also increased at sites where N was the limiting nutrient, while flowering also showed high sensitivity, with increases and declines seen in dominant shrub and forb species, respectively. Critically, these parameters were responsive to some of the lowest additional loadings of N (7.7–10 kg ha −1 yr −1 ) showing potential for impacts by deposition rates seen in even remote and ‘unpolluted’ regions of E urope. Other parameters were less sensitive, but nevertheless showed response to higher doses. These included increases in soil % N and ‘plant available’ KCl extractable N , N cycling rates and acid–base status. Furthermore, an analysis of accumulated dose that quantified response against the total N input over time suggested that N impacts can ‘build up’ within an ecosystem such that even relatively low N deposition rates can result in ecological responses if continued for long enough. Given the responses have important implications for ecosystem structure, function, and recovery from N loading, the clear evidence for impacts at relatively low N deposition rates across a wide range of habitats is of considerable concern.

Analysis of Momentum Transfer in a Lid-Driven Cavity Containing a Brinkman–Forchheimer Medium - Duoxing Yang; Ziqiu Xue; Simon A. Mathias (Transport in Porous Media, 2012)

Seasonal abundance of Maiestas banda (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), a vector of phytoplasma, and other leafhoppers and planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) associated with Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) in Kenya - Shinsaku Koji; Satoshi Fujinuma; Charles A. O. Midega; Hassan M. Mohamed; Tadashi Ishikawa; Michael R. Wilson; Manfred Asche; Simon Degelo; Tarô Adati; John A. Pickett; Zeyaur R. Khan (Journal of Pest Science, 2012)

Amazonian countryside habitats provide limited avian conservation value - Simon P. Mahood; Alexander C. Lees; Carlos A. Peres (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2012)

Identification of the sea ice diatom biomarker IP25 in Arctic benthic macrofauna: direct evidence for a sea ice diatom diet in Arctic heterotrophs - Thomas A. Brown; Simon T. Belt (Polar Biology, 2012)

Interacting effects of vision and attention in perceiving spontaneous sensations arising on the hands - George A. Michael; Marie-Agnès Dupuy; Amélie Deleuze; Margaux Humblot; Bilitys Simon; Janick Naveteur (Experimental Brain Research, 2012)

Yield losses in grain sorghum due to rust infection - Jodie A. White; Malcolm J. Ryley; Doug L. George; Gary A. Kong; Simon C. White (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2012)

Preclinical assessment of an adjunctive treatment approach for cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia using the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist WYE-103914/SEN34625 - Karen L. Marquis; Thomas A. Comery; Flora Jow; Rachel L. Navarra; Steven M. Grauer; Claudine Pulicicchio; Cody Kelley; Julie A. Brennan; Renza Roncarati; Carla Scali; Simon Haydar; Chiara Ghiron; et al. (Psychopharmacology, 2011)

Temporal and vertical variations of lipid biomarkers during a bottom ice diatom bloom in the Canadian Beaufort Sea: further evidence for the use of the IP25 biomarker as a proxy for spring Arctic sea ice - Thomas A. Brown; Simon T. Belt; Benoît Philippe; Christopher J. Mundy; Guillaume Massé; Michel Poulin; Michel Gosselin (Polar Biology, 2011)

Tracking and mapping sun-synchronous migrations and diel space use patterns of Haemulon sciurus and Lutjanus apodus in the U.S. Virgin Islands - Steven Hitt; Simon J. Pittman; Kerry A. Brown (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2011)

Agroforestry Tree Seed Production and Supply Systems in Malawi - Betserai I. Nyoka; Simon A. Mng’omba; Festus K. Akinnifesi; Oluyede C. Ajayi; Gudeta Sileshi; Ramni Jamnadass (Small-scale Forestry, 2011)

Context-Specific Bioturbation Mediates Changes to Ecosystem Functioning - Hazel R. Needham; Conrad A. Pilditch; Andrew M. Lohrer; Simon F. Thrush (Ecosystems, 2011)

The origin of high δ18O zircons: marbles, megacrysts, and metamorphism - Aaron J. Cavosie; John W. Valley; Noriko T. Kita; Michael J. Spicuzza; Takayuki Ushikubo; Simon A. Wilde (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2011)

Reduced soil nutrient leaching following the establishment of tree-based intercropping systems in eastern Canada - Mélanie Bergeron; Simon Lacombe; Robert L. Bradley; Joann Whalen; A. Cogliastro; Marie-France Jutras; Paul Arp (Agroforestry Systems, 2011)

Rapid diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection by multiplex real-time PCR - F. Barbut; M. Monot; A. Rousseau; S. Cavelot; T. Simon; B. Burghoffer; V. Lalande; J. Tankovic; J.-C. Petit; B. Dupuy; C. Eckert (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2011)

Analysis of the mouse 129-strain Nkrp1-Clr gene cluster reveals conservation of genomic organization and functional receptor–ligand interactions despite significant allelic polymorphism - Peter Chen; Simon Bélanger; Oscar A. Aguilar; Qiang Zhang; Aaron St.-Laurent; M. Munir Ahmad Rahim; Andrew P. Makrigiannis; James R. Carlyle (Immunogenetics, 2011)

Assembly, accretion, and break-up of the Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic Columbia supercontinent: record in the North China Craton revisited - Guochun Zhao; Sanzhong Li; Min Sun; Simon A. Wilde (International Geology Review, 2011)

Pressure Buildup During CO2 Injection into a Closed Brine Aquifer - Simon A. Mathias; Gerardo J. González Martínez de Miguel; Kate E. Thatcher; Robert W. Zimmerman (Transport in Porous Media, 2011)

The Tyndall coastal simulator - Mustafa Mokrech; Susan Hanson; Robert J. Nicholls; Judith Wolf; Mike Walkden; Corentin M. Fontaine; Sophie Nicholson-Cole; Simon R. Jude; James Leake; Peter Stansby; Andrew R. Watkinson; Mark D. A. Rounsevell; et al. (Journal of Coastal Conservation, 2011)

Can shells of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) be used to estimate low summer discharge of rivers and associated droughts? - Emma A. A. Versteegh; Hubert B. Vonhof; Simon R. Troelstra; Dick Kroon (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2011)

Sleep and environmental context: interactive effects for memory - Scott A. Cairney; Simon J. Durrant; Hazel Musgrove; Penelope A. Lewis (Experimental Brain Research, 2011)