Seasonality of oxygen consumption in five common Antarctic benthic marine invertebrates - Terri A. Souster; Simon A. Morley; Lloyd S. Peck (Polar Biology, 2018)

Truly sedentary? The multi-range tactic as a response to resource heterogeneity and unpredictability in a large herbivore - Ophélie Couriot; A. J. Mark Hewison; Sonia Saïd; Francesca Cagnacci; Simon Chamaillé-Jammes; John D. C. Linnell; Atle Mysterud; Wibke Peters; Ferdinando Urbano; Marco Heurich; Petter Kjellander; Sandro Nicoloso; et al. (Oecologia, 2018)

De novo mutations in MED13, a component of the Mediator complex, are associated with a novel neurodevelopmental disorder - Lot Snijders Blok; Susan M. Hiatt; Kevin M. Bowling; Jeremy W. Prokop; Krysta L. Engel; J. Nicholas Cochran; E. Martina Bebin; Emilia K. Bijlsma; Claudia A. L. Ruivenkamp; Paulien Terhal; Marleen E. H. Simon; Rosemarie Smith; et al. (Human Genetics, 2018)

Biofilm formation and potential for iron cycling in serpentinization-influenced groundwater of the Zambales and Coast Range ophiolites - D’Arcy R. Meyer-Dombard; Caitlin P. Casar; Alexander G. Simon; Dawn Cardace; Matthew O. Schrenk; Carlo A. Arcilla (Extremophiles, 2018)

The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis uses a reductive iron assimilation pathway for high‐affinity iron uptake - Elisabeth Tamayo; Simon A. B. Knight; Ascensión Valderas; Andrew Dancis; Nuria Ferrol (Environmental Microbiology, 2018)
Summary Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can improve iron (Fe) acquisition of their host plants. Here, we report a characterization of two components of the high‐affinity reductive Fe uptake system of Rhizophagus irregularis , the ferric reductase ( RiFRE1 ) and the high affinity Fe permeases ( RiFTR1‐2 ). In the extraradical mycelia (ERM), Fe deficiency induced activation of a plasma membrane‐localized ferric reductase, an enzyme that reduces Fe(III) sources to the more soluble Fe(II). Yeast mutant complementation assays showed that RiFRE1 encodes a functional ferric reductase and RiFTR1 an iron permease. In the heterologous system, RiFTR1 was expressed in the plasma membrane while RiFTR2 was expressed in the endomembranes. In the ERM, the highest expression levels of RiFTR1 were found in mycelia grown in media with 0.045 mM Fe, while RiFTR2 was upregulated under Fe‐deficient conditions. RiFTR2 expression also increased in the intraradical mycelia (IRM) of maize plants grown without Fe. These data indicate that the Fe permease RiFTR1 plays a key role in Fe acquisition and that RiFTR2 is involved in Fe homeostasis under Fe‐limiting conditions. RiFTR1 was highly expressed in the (IRM), which suggests that the maintenance of Fe homeostasis in the IRM might be essential for a successful symbiosis.

BacHBerry: BACterial Hosts for production of Bioactive phenolics from bERRY fruits - Alexey Dudnik; A. Filipa Almeida; Ricardo Andrade; Barbara Avila; Pilar Bañados; Diane Barbay; Jean-Etienne Bassard; Mounir Benkoulouche; Michael Bott; Adelaide Braga; Dario Breitel; Rex Brennan; et al. (Phytochemistry Reviews, 2018)

Selectivity underlies the dissociation between seasonal prey availability and prey consumption in a generalist predator - Thomas D. Whitney; Michael I. Sitvarin; Edward A. Roualdes; Simon J. Bonner; James D. Harwood (Molecular Ecology, 2018)
Generalist predators are capable of selective foraging, but are predicted to feed in close proportion to prey availability to maximize energetic intake especially when overall prey availability is low. By extension, they are also expected to feed in a more frequency‐dependent manner during winter compared to the more favourable foraging conditions during spring, summer and fall seasons. For 18 months, we observed the foraging patterns of forest‐dwelling wolf spiders from the genus Schizocosa (Araneae: Lycosidae) using PCR ‐based gut‐content analysis and simultaneously monitored the activity densities of two common prey: springtails (Collembola) and flies (Diptera). Rates of prey detection within spider guts relative to rates of prey collected in traps were estimated using Roualdes’ c st model and compared using various linear contrasts to make inferences pertaining to seasonal prey selectivity. Results indicated spiders foraged selectively over the course of the study, contrary to predictions derived from optimal foraging theory. Even during winter, with overall low prey densities, the relative rates of predation compared to available prey differed significantly over time and by prey group. Moreover, these spiders appeared to diversify their diets; the least abundant prey group was consistently overrepresented in the diet within a given season. We suggest that foraging in generalist predators is not necessarily restricted to frequency dependency during winter. In fact, foraging motives other than energy maximization, such as a more nutrient‐focused strategy, may also be optimal for generalist predators during prey‐scarce winters.

Unexpected absence of island endemics: Long‐distance dispersal in higher latitude sub‐Antarctic Siphonaria (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) species - Claudio A. González‐Wevar; Nicolás I. Segovia; Sebastián Rosenfeld; Jaime Ojeda; Mathias Hüne; Javier Naretto; Thomas Saucède; Paul Brickle; Simon Morley; Jean‐Pierre Féral; Hamish G. Spencer; Elie Poulin (Journal of Biogeography, 2018)
Aim We assess biogeographical patterns, population structure and the range of species in the pulmonate genus Siphonaria across the sub‐Antarctic. We hypothesized that locally endemic cryptic species will be found across the distribution of these direct‐developing limpets in the sub‐Antarctic. Location The sub‐Antarctic coasts of the Southern Ocean including South America, the Falkland/Malvinas, South Georgia, Kerguelen and Macquarie Islands. Methods Multi‐locus phylogenetic reconstructions, mt DNA time‐calibrated divergence time estimations and population‐based analyses of Siphonaria populations were used at the scale of the Southern Ocean. Results We resolve two widely distributed lineages of Siphonaria ( S. lateralis and S. fuegiensis ) across the sub‐Antarctic. Mt DNA divergence time estimates suggest that they were separated around 4.0 Ma (3.0 to 8.0 Ma). Subsequently both species followed different evolutionary pathways across their distributions. Low levels of genetic diversity characterize the populations of both species, reflecting the role of Quaternary glacial cycles during their respective demographic histories, suggesting high levels of dispersal among geographically distant localities. Main conclusions Siphonaria lateralis and S. fuegiensis constitute sister and broadly co‐distributed species across the sub‐Antarctic. Unexpected transoceanic similarities and low levels of genetic diversity in both these direct‐developing species imply recurrent recolonization processes through long‐distance dispersal to isolated sub‐Antarctic islands. For such groups of Southern Ocean invertebrates, rafting may be more effective for long‐distance dispersal than a free‐living planktotrophic larval stage. This biogeographical model may explain why many marine species lacking a dispersal phase exhibit broad distributions, low genetic diversity and low population structure over thousands of kilometres.

Practitioner and scientist perceptions of successful amphibian conservation - Helen M.R. Meredith; Freya A.V. St. John; Ben Collen; Simon A. Black; Richard A. Griffiths (Conservation Biology, 2018)
Conservation requires successful outcomes. However, success is perceived in many different ways depending on the desired outcome. Through a questionnaire survey, we examined perceptions of success among 355 scientists and practitioners working on amphibian conservation from over 150 organizations in more than 50 countries. We also sought to identify how different types of conservation actions and respondent experience and background influenced perceptions. Respondents identified 4 types of success: species and habitat improvements (84% of respondents); effective program management (36%); outreach initiatives such as education and public engagement (25%); and the application of science‐based conservation (15%). The most significant factor influencing overall perceived success was reducing threats. Capacity building was rated least important. Perceptions were influenced by experience, professional affiliation, involvement in conservation practice, and country of residence. More experienced practitioners associated success with improvements to species and habitats and less so with education and engagement initiatives. Although science‐based conservation was rated as important, this factor declined in importance as the number of programs a respondent participated in increased, particularly among those from less economically developed countries. The ultimate measure of conservation success—population recovery—may be difficult to measure in many amphibians; difficult to relate to the conservation actions intended to drive it; and difficult to achieve within conventional funding time frames. The relaunched Amphibian Conservation Action Plan provides a framework for capturing lower level processes and outcomes, identifying gaps, and measuring progress.

Distinct roles of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-2 (NTPDase2) in liver regeneration and fibrosis - Linda Feldbrügge; Z. Gordon Jiang; Eva Csizmadia; Shuji Mitsuhashi; Stephanie Tran; Eric U. Yee; Sonja Rothweiler; Kahini A. Vaid; Jean Sévigny; Moritz Schmelzle; Yury V. Popov; Simon C. Robson (Purinergic Signalling, 2018)

Prospects for seasonal forecasting of iceberg distributions in the North Atlantic - Robert Marsh; Grant Bigg; Yifan Zhao; Matthew J. Martin; Jeffrey R. Blundell; Simon A. Josey; Edward Hanna; Vladimir Ivchenko (Natural Hazards, 2018)

Biogeographic history of subterranean isopods from groundwater calcrete islands in Western Australia - Mohammad Javidkar; Steven J. B. Cooper; William F. Humphreys; Rachael A. King; Simon Judd; Andrew D. Austin (Zoologica Scripta, 2018)
Groundwater calcretes in arid central Western Australia contain a diverse invertebrate groundwater fauna (stygofauna). Surveys have uncovered a diverse oniscidean isopod subterranean fauna above the water table (troglofauna), including species of a recently described genus Paraplatyarthrus . The aim of this study was to investigate the biogeographic history of Paraplatyarthrus and the timing of transitions from surface to subterranean habitats. Phylogenetic relationships among the isopod troglofauna from 11 groundwater calcretes along three palaeodrainage systems were assessed using one mitochondrial gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( COI ) , and two nuclear markers, lysyl‐ tRNA synthetase (Lys RS ) and 18S rRNA ( 18S ) genes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed multiple sister lineage relationships between troglophile and troglobite lineages and evidence for divergent mt DNA lineages within species, providing a range of nodes for dating evolutionary transitions from surface to subterranean habitats. Relaxed molecular clock analyses provided evidence that evolutionary transitions from surface to subterranean environments took place between 13.3 and 1.75 million years ago, coinciding with the onset of aridification of Australia from the late Tertiary. In cases where groundwater calcretes contained multiple species, the taxa were not closely related phylogenetically, suggesting that these calcretes were independently colonised by multiple ancestral species. The study further confirmed the role of late/post‐Miocene aridification as a key driver of the evolution of subterranean invertebrates in the calcrete islands of Western Australia, supporting the climatic relict hypothesis. Troglobites most likely evolved from the troglophile ancestors that were capable of dispersal among, and active colonisation of, calcretes.

Genomic insights into the Acidobacteria reveal strategies for their success in terrestrial environments - Stephanie A. Eichorst; Daniela Trojan; Simon Roux; Craig Herbold; Thomas Rattei; Dagmar Woebken (Environmental Microbiology, 2018)
Summary Members of the phylum Acidobacteria are abundant and ubiquitous across soils. We performed a large‐scale comparative genome analysis spanning subdivisions 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 23 ( n = 24) with the goal to identify features to help explain their prevalence in soils and understand their ecophysiology. Our analysis revealed that bacteriophage integration events along with transposable and mobile elements influenced the structure and plasticity of these genomes. Low‐ and high‐affinity respiratory oxygen reductases were detected in multiple genomes, suggesting the capacity for growing across different oxygen gradients. Among many genomes, the capacity to use a diverse collection of carbohydrates, as well as inorganic and organic nitrogen sources (such as via extracellular peptidases), was detected – both advantageous traits in environments with fluctuating nutrient environments. We also identified multiple soil acidobacteria with the potential to scavenge atmospheric concentrations of H 2 , now encompassing mesophilic soil strains within the subdivision 1 and 3, in addition to a previously identified thermophilic strain in subdivision 4. This large‐scale acidobacteria genome analysis reveal traits that provide genomic, physiological and metabolic versatility, presumably allowing flexibility and versatility in the challenging and fluctuating soil environment.

Reefs under Siege—the Rise, Putative Drivers, and Consequences of Benthic Cyanobacterial Mats - Amanda K. Ford; Sonia Bejarano; Maggy M. Nugues; Petra M. Visser; Simon Albert; Sebastian C. A. Ferse (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2018)

Kinetic Basis of Cis- and Trans-Allostery in GLUT1-Mediated Sugar Transport - Kenneth P. Lloyd; Ogooluwa A. Ojelabi; Andrew H. Simon; Julie K. De Zutter; Anthony Carruthers (The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2018)

Tissue- and strain-specific effects of a genotoxic carcinogen 1,3-butadiene on chromatin and transcription - Jennifer W. Israel; Grace A. Chappell; Jeremy M. Simon; Sebastian Pott; Alexias Safi; Lauren Lewis; Paul Cotney; Hala S. Boulos; Wanda Bodnar; Jason D. Lieb; Gregory E. Crawford; Terrence S. Furey; et al. (Mammalian Genome, 2018)

Effect of diets supplemented with feed additives on growth, feed utilization, survival, body composition and intestinal bacterial load of early weaning European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax post-larvae - A. M. Goda; E. A. Omar; T. M. Srour; A. M. Kotiet; E. El-Haroun; Simon J. Davies (Aquaculture International, 2018)

Large‐scale migrations of brown bears in Eurasia and to North America during the Late Pleistocene - Peeter Anijalg; Simon Y. W. Ho; John Davison; Marju Keis; Egle Tammeleht; Katalina Bobowik; Igor L. Tumanov; Alexander P. Saveljev; Elena A. Lyapunova; Alexandr A. Vorobiev; Nikolai I. Markov; Alexey P. Kryukov; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2018)
Aim Climatic changes during the Late Pleistocene had major impacts on populations of plant and animal species. Brown bears and other large mammals are likely to have experienced analogous ecological pressures and phylogeographical processes. Here, we address several unresolved issues regarding the Late Pleistocene demography of brown bears: (1) the putative locations of refugia; (2) the direction of migrations across Eurasia and into North America; and (3) parallels with the demographic histories of other wild mammals and modern humans. Location Eurasia and North America. Methods We sequenced 110 complete mitochondrial genomes from Eurasian brown bears and combined these with published sequences from 138 brown bears and 33 polar bears. We used a Bayesian approach to obtain a joint estimate of the phylogeny and evolutionary divergence times. The inferred mutation rate was compared with estimates obtained using two additional methods. Results Bayesian phylogenetic analysis identified seven clades of brown bears, with most individuals belonging to a very large Holarctic clade. Bears from the widespread clade 3a1, which has a distribution from Europe across Asia to Alaska, shared a common ancestor about 45,000 years ago. Main conclusions We suggest that the Altai‐Sayan region and Beringia were important Late Pleistocene refuge areas for brown bears and propose large‐scale migration scenarios for bears in Eurasia and to North America. We also argue that brown bears and modern humans experienced a demographic standstill in Beringia before colonizing North America.

Scale-specific drivers of kelp forest communities - Thomas Lamy; Daniel C. Reed; Andrew Rassweiler; David A. Siegel; Li Kui; Tom W. Bell; Rachel D. Simons; Robert J. Miller (Oecologia, 2018)

Automated parameter tuning applied to sea ice in a global climate model - Lettie A. Roach; Simon F. B. Tett; Michael J. Mineter; Kuniko Yamazaki; Cameron D. Rae (Climate Dynamics, 2018)

Brain cortical characteristics of lifetime cognitive ageing - Simon R. Cox; Mark E. Bastin; Stuart J. Ritchie; David Alexander Dickie; Dave C. Liewald; Susana Muñoz Maniega; Paul Redmond; Natalie A. Royle; Alison Pattie; Maria Valdés Hernández; Janie Corley; Benjamin S. Aribisala; et al. (Brain Structure and Function, 2018)

Truncation of thermal tolerance niches among Australian plants - Alex Bush; Renee A. Catullo; Karel Mokany; Andrew H. Thornhill; Joseph T. Miller; Simon Ferrier (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Aim Despite recognition that realized distributions inherently underestimate species' physiological tolerances, we are yet to identify the extent of these differences within diverse taxonomic groups. The degree to which species could tolerate environmental conditions outside their observed distributions may have a significant impact on the perceived extinction risk in ecological models. More information on this potential error is required to improve our confidence in management strategies. Location Australia. Time Period 1983–2012. Major Taxa Studied Plants. Methods To quantify the scale and spatial patterns of this disparity, we estimated the existing tolerance to thermal extremes of 7,124 Australian plants, more than one‐third of the native continental flora, using data from cultivated records at 128 botanical gardens and nurseries. Hierarchical Bayesian beta regression was used to assess whether factors such as realized niches, traits or phylogeny could predict the incidence or magnitude of niche truncation (underestimation of thermal tolerances), while controlling for sources of collection bias. Results Approximately half of the cultivated species analysed could tolerate temperature extremes beyond those experienced in their native range. Niche truncation was predictable from the breadth and extremes of their realized niches and by traits such as plant growth form. Phylogenetic relationships with niche truncation were weak and appeared more suited to predicting thermal tolerances directly. Main conclusions This study highlights a widespread disparity between realized and potential thermal limits that may have significant implications for species' capacity to persist in situ with a changing climate. Identifying whether thermal niche truncation is the result of biotic interactions, dispersal constraints or other environmental factors could provide significant insight into community assembly at macroecological scales. Estimating niche truncation may help to explain why certain ecological communities are more resilient to change and may potentially improve the reliability of model projections under climate change.

Integrated ecological–economic fisheries models—Evaluation, review and challenges for implementation - J Rasmus Nielsen; Eric Thunberg; Daniel S Holland; Jorn O Schmidt; Elizabeth A Fulton; Francois Bastardie; Andre E Punt; Icarus Allen; Heleen Bartelings; Michel Bertignac; Eckhard Bethke; Sieme Bossier; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2018)
Marine ecosystems evolve under many interconnected and area‐specific pressures. To fulfil society's intensifying and diversifying needs while ensuring ecologically sustainable development, more effective marine spatial planning and broader‐scope management of marine resources is necessary. Integrated ecological–economic fisheries models ( IEEFM s) of marine systems are needed to evaluate impacts and sustainability of potential management actions and understand, and anticipate ecological, economic and social dynamics at a range of scales from local to national and regional. To make these models most effective, it is important to determine how model characteristics and methods of communicating results influence the model implementation, the nature of the advice that can be provided and the impact on decisions taken by managers. This article presents a global review and comparative evaluation of 35 IEEFM s applied to marine fisheries and marine ecosystem resources to identify the characteristics that determine their usefulness, effectiveness and implementation. The focus is on fully integrated models that allow for feedbacks between ecological and human processes although not all the models reviewed achieve that. Modellers must invest more time to make models user friendly and to participate in management fora where models and model results can be explained and discussed. Such involvement is beneficial to all parties, leading to improvement of mo‐dels and more effective implementation of advice, but demands substantial resources which must be built into the governance process. It takes time to develop effective processes for using IEEFM s requiring a long‐term commitment to integrating multidisciplinary modelling advice into management decision‐making.

Subcellular Parkinson’s Disease-Specific Alpha-Synuclein Species Show Altered Behavior in Neurodegeneration - Rashed Abdullah; Ketan S. Patil; Benjamin Rosen; Ramavati Pal; Shubhangi Prabhudesai; Sungsu Lee; Indranil Basak; Esthelle Hoedt; Peter Yang; Keith Panick; Hsin-Pin Ho; Emmanuel Chang; et al. (Molecular Neurobiology, 2017)

Glutamine supplementation reduces markers of intestinal permeability during running in the heat in a dose-dependent manner - Jamie N. Pugh; Stephen Sage; Mark Hutson; Dominic A. Doran; Simon C. Fleming; Jamie Highton; James P. Morton; Graeme L. Close (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2017)
Purpose To examine the dose–response effects of acute glutamine supplementation on markers of gastrointestinal (GI) permeability, damage and, secondary, subjective symptoms of GI discomfort in response to running in the heat. Methods Ten recreationally active males completed a total of four exercise trials; a placebo trial and three glutamine trials at 0.25, 0.5 and 0.9 g kg −1 of fat-free mass (FFM) consumed 2 h before exercise. Each exercise trial consisted of a 60-min treadmill run at 70% of $$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$ V ˙ O 2max in an environmental chamber set at 30 °C. GI permeability was measured using ratio of lactulose to rhamnose (L:R) in serum. Plasma glutamine and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) concentrations were determined pre and post exercise. Subjective GI symptoms were assessed 45 min and 24 h post-exercise. Results Relative to placebo, L:R was likely lower following 0.25 g kg −1 (mean difference: − 0.023; ± 0.021) and 0.5 g kg −1 (− 0.019; ± 0.019) and very likely following 0.9 g kg − 1 (− 0.034; ± 0.024). GI symptoms were typically low and there was no effect of supplementation. Discussion Acute oral glutamine consumption attenuates GI permeability relative to placebo even at lower doses of 0.25 g kg −1 , although larger doses may be more effective. It remains unclear if this will lead to reductions in GI symptoms. Athletes competing in the heat may, therefore, benefit from acute glutamine supplementation prior to exercise in order to maintain gastrointestinal integrity.

The Influence of Legacy P on Lake Water Quality in a Midwestern Agricultural Watershed - Melissa Motew; Xi Chen; Eric G. Booth; Stephen R. Carpenter; Pavel Pinkas; Samuel C. Zipper; Steven P. Loheide; Simon D. Donner; Kai Tsuruta; Peter A. Vadas; Christopher J. Kucharik (Ecosystems, 2017)

Shelter use by large reef fishes: long-term occupancy and the impacts of disturbance - Joanna A. Khan; Christopher H. R. Goatley; Simon J. Brandl; Sterling B. Tebbett; David R. Bellwood (Coral Reefs, 2017)

Impact of the National Cervical Screening Programme in New Zealand by age: analysis of cervical cancer trends 1985–2013 in all women and in Māori women - Megan A. Smith; Simon Edwards; Karen Canfell (Cancer Causes & Control, 2017)

Decadal changes in habitat characteristics influence population trajectories of southern elephant seals - Mark A. Hindell; Michael Sumner; Sophie Bestley; Simon Wotherspoon; Robert G. Harcourt; Mary‐Anne Lea; Rachael Alderman; Clive R. McMahon (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Understanding divergent biological responses to climate change is important for predicting ecosystem level consequences. We use species habitat models to predict the winter foraging habitats of female southern elephant seals and investigate how changes in environmental variables within these habitats may be related to observed decreases in the Macquarie Island population. There were three main groups of seals that specialized in different ocean realms (the sub‐Antarctic, the Ross Sea and the Victoria Land Coast). The physical and climate attributes (e.g. wind strength, sea surface height, ocean current strength) varied amongst the realms and also displayed different temporal trends over the last two to four decades. Most notably, sea ice extent increased on average in the Victoria Land realm while it decreased overall in the Ross Sea realm. Using a species distribution model relating mean residence times (time spent in each 50 × 50 km grid cell) to 9 climate and physical co‐variates, we developed spatial predictions of residence time to identify the core regions used by the seals across the Southern Ocean from 120°E to 120°W. Population size at Macquarie Island was negatively correlated with ice concentration within the core habitat of seals using the Victoria Land Coast and the Ross Sea. Sea ice extent and concentration is predicted to continue to change in the Southern Ocean, having unknown consequences for the biota of the region. The proportion of Macquarie Island females (40%) utilizing the relatively stable sub‐Antarctic region, may buffer this population against longer‐term regional changes in habitat quality, but the Macquarie Island population has persistently decreased (−1.45% per annum) over seven decades indicating that environmental changes in the Antarctic are acting on the remaining 60% of the population to impose a long‐term population decline in a top Southern Ocean predator.

Drivers of nitrogen transfer in stream food webs across continents - Beth C. Norman; Matt R. Whiles; Sarah M. Collins; Alexander S. Flecker; Steve K. Hamilton; Sherri L. Johnson; Emma J. Rosi; Linda R. Ashkenas; William B. Bowden; Chelsea L. Crenshaw; Todd Crowl; Walter K. Dodds; et al. (Ecology, 2017)
Studies of trophic‐level material and energy transfers are central to ecology. The use of isotopic tracers has now made it possible to measure trophic transfer efficiencies of important nutrients and to better understand how these materials move through food webs. We analyzed data from thirteen 15 N‐ammonium tracer addition experiments to quantify N transfer from basal resources to animals in headwater streams with varying physical, chemical, and biological features. N transfer efficiencies from primary uptake compartments (PUCs; heterotrophic microorganisms and primary producers) to primary consumers was lower (mean 11.5%, range 100%). Total N transferred (as a rate) was greater in streams with open compared to closed canopies and overall N transfer efficiency generally followed a similar pattern, although was not statistically significant. We used principal component analysis to condense a suite of site characteristics into two environmental components. Total N uptake rates among trophic levels were best predicted by the component that was correlated with latitude, DIN:SRP, GPP:ER, and percent canopy cover. N transfer efficiency did not respond consistently to environmental variables. Our results suggest that canopy cover influences N movement through stream food webs because light availability and primary production facilitate N transfer to higher trophic levels.

Resistance training status modifies inflammatory response to explosive and hypertrophic resistance exercise bouts - Johanna K. Ihalainen; Juha P. Ahtiainen; Simon Walker; Gøran Paulsen; Harri Selänne; Mari Hämäläinen; Eeva Moilanen; Heikki Peltonen; Antti A. Mero (Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2017)

Macrofaunal Functional Diversity Provides Resilience to Nutrient Enrichment in Coastal Sediments - Emily J. Douglas; Conrad A. Pilditch; Casper Kraan; Louis A. Schipper; Andrew M. Lohrer; Simon F. Thrush (Ecosystems, 2017)

Risk and protective factors for structural brain ageing in the eighth decade of life - Stuart J. Ritchie; Elliot M. Tucker-Drob; Simon R. Cox; David Alexander Dickie; Maria del C. Valdés Hernández; Janie Corley; Natalie A. Royle; Paul Redmond; Susana Muñoz Maniega; Alison Pattie; Benjamin S. Aribisala; Adele M. Taylor; et al. (Brain Structure and Function, 2017)

Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity associated with the monocyclic β-lactam antibiotic BAL30072 - Franziska Paech; Simon Messner; Jochen Spickermann; Mathias Wind; Anne-Hortense Schmitt-Hoffmann; Anne Therese Witschi; Brett A. Howell; Rachel J. Church; Jeff Woodhead; Marc Engelhardt; Stephan Krähenbühl; Martina Maurer (Archives of Toxicology, 2017)

A Wireless Pressure Sensor for Continuous Monitoring of Intraocular Pressure in Conscious Animals - Simon A. Bello; Christopher L. Passaglia (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2017)

Microvascular ultrastructural changes precede cognitive impairment in the murine APPswe/PS1dE9 model of Alzheimer’s disease - Patricia Kelly; Paul Denver; Simon C. Satchell; Maximilian Ackermann; Moritz A. Konerding; Christopher A. Mitchell (Angiogenesis, 2017)

A global synthesis of the effects of diversified farming systems on arthropod diversity within fields and across agricultural landscapes - Elinor M. Lichtenberg; Christina M. Kennedy; Claire Kremen; Péter Batáry; Frank Berendse; Riccardo Bommarco; Nilsa A. Bosque‐Pérez; Luísa G. Carvalheiro; William E. Snyder; Neal M. Williams; Rachael Winfree; Björn K. Klatt; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Agricultural intensification is a leading cause of global biodiversity loss, which can reduce the provisioning of ecosystem services in managed ecosystems. Organic farming and plant diversification are farm management schemes that may mitigate potential ecological harm by increasing species richness and boosting related ecosystem services to agroecosystems. What remains unclear is the extent to which farm management schemes affect biodiversity components other than species richness, and whether impacts differ across spatial scales and landscape contexts. Using a global metadataset, we quantified the effects of organic farming and plant diversification on abundance, local diversity (communities within fields), and regional diversity (communities across fields) of arthropod pollinators, predators, herbivores, and detritivores. Both organic farming and higher in‐field plant diversity enhanced arthropod abundance, particularly for rare taxa. This resulted in increased richness but decreased evenness. While these responses were stronger at local relative to regional scales, richness and abundance increased at both scales, and richness on farms embedded in complex relative to simple landscapes. Overall, both organic farming and in‐field plant diversification exerted the strongest effects on pollinators and predators, suggesting these management schemes can facilitate ecosystem service providers without augmenting herbivore (pest) populations. Our results suggest that organic farming and plant diversification promote diverse arthropod metacommunities that may provide temporal and spatial stability of ecosystem service provisioning. Conserving diverse plant and arthropod communities in farming systems therefore requires sustainable practices that operate both within fields and across landscapes.

Quantifying deformation in North Borneo with GPS - Mohamad Asrul Mustafar; Wim J. F. Simons; Felix Tongkul; Chalermchon Satirapod; Kamaludin Mohd Omar; Pieter N. A. M. Visser (Journal of Geodesy, 2017)

Characterisation of Peptide5 systemic administration for treating traumatic spinal cord injured rats - Yilin Mao; Tara Nguyen; Ryan S. Tonkin; Justin G. Lees; Caitlyn Warren; Simon J. O’Carroll; Louise F. B. Nicholson; Colin R. Green; Gila Moalem-Taylor; Catherine A. Gorrie (Experimental Brain Research, 2017)

Endometriosis and the risk of skin cancer: a prospective cohort study - Leslie V. Farland; Simon Lorrain; Stacey A. Missmer; Laureen Dartois; Iris Cervenka; Isabelle Savoye; Sylvie Mesrine; Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault; Marina Kvaskoff (Cancer Causes & Control, 2017)

Human subcortical brain asymmetries in 15,847 people worldwide reveal effects of age and sex - Tulio Guadalupe; Samuel R. Mathias; Theo G. M. vanErp; Christopher D. Whelan; Marcel P. Zwiers; Yoshinari Abe; Lucija Abramovic; Ingrid Agartz; Ole A. Andreassen; Alejandro Arias-Vásquez; Benjamin S. Aribisala; Nicola J. Armstrong; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2017)

Dynamics in numbers of group-roosting individuals in relation to pair-sleeping occurrence and onset of egg-laying in European Bee-eaters Merops apiaster - Liviu G. Pârâu; Sjouke A. Kingma; Simon E. Weigl; Hannah L. Dugdale; Catherine M. Lessells; Julia Schroeder (Journal of Ornithology, 2017)

Exploratory analysis of Symbiodinium transcriptomes reveals potential latent infection by large dsDNA viruses - Scott A. Lawrence; Sheri A. Floge; Joanne E. Davy; Simon K. Davy; William H. Wilson (Environmental Microbiology, 2017)
Summary Coral reefs are in decline worldwide. Much of this decline is attributable to mass coral bleaching events and disease outbreaks, both of which are linked to anthropogenic climate change. Despite increased research effort, much remains unknown about these phenomena, especially the causative agents of many coral diseases. In particular, coral‐associated viruses have received little attention, and their potential roles in coral diseases are largely unknown. Previous microscopy studies have produced evidence of viral infections in Symbiodinium , the endosymbiotic algae critical for coral survival, and more recently molecular evidence of Symbiodinium ‐infecting viruses has emerged from metagenomic studies of corals. Here, we took an exploratory whole‐transcriptome approach to virus gene discovery in three different Symbiodinium cultures. An array of virus‐like genes was found in each of the transcriptomes, with the majority apparently belonging to the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. Upregulation of virus‐like gene expression following stress experiments indicated that Symbiodinium cells may host latent or persistent viral infections that are induced via stress. This was supported by analysis of host gene expression, which showed changes consistent with viral infection after exposure to stress. If these results can be replicated in Symbiodinium cells in hospite , they could help to explain the breakdown of the coral‐ Symbiodinium symbiosis, and possibly some of the numerous coral diseases that have yet to be assigned a causative agent.

Incomplete cooperation and co-benefits: deepening climate cooperation with a proliferation of small agreements - Phillip M. Hannam; Vítor V. Vasconcelos; Simon A. Levin; Jorge M. Pacheco (Climatic Change, 2017)

The New Zealand endemic Plagiochila caducifolia is a disjunct population of Plagiochila spinulosa (Plagiochilaceae: Jungermanniopsida) - Matt A. M. Renner; Margaret M. Heslewood; Simon D. F. Patzak; Kathrin Feldberg; Alfons Schäfer‐Verwimp; David S. Rycroft; Jochen Heinrichs (New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2017)
We present molecular data demonstrating that the New Zealand endemic Plagiochila caducifolia represents an isolated population of Plagiochila (sect. Arrectae ) spinulosa , a species previously thought confined to the eastern Holarctic but which also occurs in Lesotho, southern Africa. In New Zealand, the wide distribution of P. spinulosa in undisturbed and relatively isolated habitats throughout the South Island is consistent with an indigenous, rather than adventive, species. Plagiochila spinulosa is the first reported bipolar disjunct species within the Plagiochilaceae. Although other bipolar disjunctions are known in vascular and non‐vascular plants, they usually involve species with wider circumboreal or circumarctic distributions, presumably indicating an origin in the Northern Hemisphere. Most species of Plagiochila sect. Arrectae reproduce asexually by caducous leaves and have disjunct distributions; the significance of this correlation and biogeographic patterns in this lineage both require testing against additional data.

Cis ‐regulatory evolution in a wild primate: Infection‐associated genetic variation drives differential expression of MHC ‐ DQA 1 in vitro - Noah D. Simons; Geeta N. Eick; Maria J. Ruiz‐Lopez; Patrick A. Omeja; Colin A. Chapman; Tony L. Goldberg; Nelson Ting; Kirstin N. Sterner (Molecular Ecology, 2017)
Few studies have combined genetic association analyses with functional characterization of infection‐associated SNP s in natural populations of nonhuman primates. Here, we investigate the relationship between host genetic variation, parasitism and natural selection in a population of red colobus ( Procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles ) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We collected parasitological, cellular and genomic data to test the following hypotheses: (i) MHC ‐ DQA 1 regulatory genetic variation is associated with control of whipworm ( Trichuris ) infection in a natural population of red colobus; (ii) infection‐associated SNP s are functional in driving differential gene expression in vitro; and (iii) balancing selection has shaped patterns of variation in the MHC ‐ DQA 1 promoter. We identified two SNP s in the MHC ‐ DQA 1 promoter, both in transcription factor binding sites, and both of which are associated with decreased control of Trichuris infection. We characterized the function of both SNP s by testing differences in gene expression between the two alleles of each SNP in two mammalian cell lines. Alleles of one of the SNP s drove differential gene expression in both cell lines, while the other SNP drove differences in expression in one of the cell lines. Additionally, we found evidence of balancing selection acting on the MHC ‐ DQA 1 promoter, including extensive trans‐species polymorphisms between red colobus and other primates, and an excess of intermediate‐frequency alleles relative to genome‐wide, coding and noncoding RAD seq data. Our data suggest that balancing selection provides adaptive regulatory flexibility that outweighs the consequences of increased parasite infection intensity in heterozygotes.

High occurrence of jellyfish predation by black‐browed and Campbell albatross identified by DNA metabarcoding - Julie C. McInnes; Rachael Alderman; Mary‐Anne Lea; Ben Raymond; Bruce E. Deagle; Richard A. Phillips; Andrew Stanworth; David R. Thompson; Paulo Catry; Henri Weimerskirch; Cristián G. Suazo; Michaël Gras; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2017)
Gelatinous zooplankton are a large component of the animal biomass in all marine environments, but are considered to be uncommon in the diet of most marine top predators. However, the diets of key predator groups like seabirds have conventionally been assessed from stomach content analyses, which cannot detect most gelatinous prey. As marine top predators are used to identify changes in the overall species composition of marine ecosystems, such biases in dietary assessment may impact our detection of important ecosystem regime shifts. We investigated albatross diet using DNA metabarcoding of scats to assess the prevalence of gelatinous zooplankton consumption by two albatross species, one of which is used as an indicator species for ecosystem monitoring. Black‐browed and Campbell albatross scats were collected from eight breeding colonies covering the circumpolar range of these birds over two consecutive breeding seasons. Fish was the main dietary item at most sites; however, cnidarian DNA , primarily from scyphozoan jellyfish, was present in 42% of samples overall and up to 80% of samples at some sites. Jellyfish was detected during all breeding stages and consumed by adults and chicks. Trawl fishery catches of jellyfish near the Falkland Islands indicate a similar frequency of jellyfish occurrence in albatross diets in years of high and low jellyfish availability, suggesting jellyfish consumption may be selective rather than opportunistic. Warmer oceans and overfishing of finfish are predicted to favour jellyfish population increases, and we demonstrate here that dietary DNA metabarcoding enables measurements of the contribution of gelatinous zooplankton to the diet of marine predators.

DNA Metabarcoding as a Marine Conservation and Management Tool: A Circumpolar Examination of Fishery Discards in the Diet of Threatened Albatrosses - Julie C. McInnes; Simon N. Jarman; Mary-Anne Lea; Ben Raymond; Bruce E. Deagle; Richard A. Phillips; Paulo Catry; Andrew Stanworth; Henri Weimerskirch; Alejandro Kusch; Michaël Gras; Yves Cherel; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2017)

CO2 fluid inclusions in Jack Hills zircons - Martina Menneken; Thorsten Geisler; Alexander A. Nemchin; Martin J. Whitehouse; Simon A. Wilde; Biliana Gasharova; Robert T. Pidgeon (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2017)

Interannual-decadal variability of wintertime mixed layer depths in the North Pacific detected by an ensemble of ocean syntheses - Takahiro Toyoda; Yosuke Fujii; Tsurane Kuragano; Naohiro Kosugi; Daisuke Sasano; Masafumi Kamachi; Yoichi Ishikawa; Shuhei Masuda; Kanako Sato; Toshiyuki Awaji; Fabrice Hernandez; Nicolas Ferry; et al. (Climate Dynamics, 2017)

Intercomparison and validation of the mixed layer depth fields of global ocean syntheses - Takahiro Toyoda; Yosuke Fujii; Tsurane Kuragano; Masafumi Kamachi; Yoichi Ishikawa; Shuhei Masuda; Kanako Sato; Toshiyuki Awaji; Fabrice Hernandez; Nicolas Ferry; Stéphanie Guinehut; Matthew J. Martin; et al. (Climate Dynamics, 2017)

Steric sea level variability (1993–2010) in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses and objective analyses - Andrea Storto; Simona Masina; Magdalena Balmaseda; Stéphanie Guinehut; Yan Xue; Tanguy Szekely; Ichiro Fukumori; Gael Forget; You-Soon Chang; Simon A. Good; Armin Köhl; Guillaume Vernieres; et al. (Climate Dynamics, 2017)

Utility of spherical human liver microtissues for prediction of clinical drug-induced liver injury - William R. Proctor; Alison J. Foster; Jennifer Vogt; Claire Summers; Brian Middleton; Mark A. Pilling; Daniel Shienson; Monika Kijanska; Simon Ströbel; Jens M. Kelm; Paul Morgan; Simon Messner; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2017)

Stratigraphy, age and correlation of two widespread Late Holocene tephras preserved within Lake Kutubu, Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea - Larissa Schneider; Brent V. Alloway; Russell J. Blong; Geoff S. Hope; Stewart J. Fallon; Colin F. Pain; William A. Maher; Simon G. Haberle (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2017)
Sediment cores were retrieved from Lake Kutubu, the largest upland lake in Papua New Guinea, to assess palaeoenvironmental baselines. Two prominent tephra layers were encountered within the cores. Using a combination of core stratigraphy, sediment properties and geochemical characterization (electron microprobe and laser ablation inductively coupled‐plasma mass spectrometry techniques) we were able to correlate these tephras with Tibito and Olgaboli tephras, both previously described at adjacent distal localities. Glass shard compositional data of Tibito tephra from Lake Kutubu, Kuk swamp and from proximal volcaniclastic successions from Long Island are indistinguishable and this similarity strongly supports Long Island as the eruptive source. For Olgaboli tephra, the location of its eruptive source is less certain but the glass shard compositional data indicate a Karkar Island source. The occurrence of Tibito and Olgaboli tephras in Lake Kubutu sediments extends their known distributions further south‐west into the southern Highlands region and affirms their importance as inter‐regional stratigraphic markers, of late Holocene age, that have considerable potential for use in future palaeoenvironmental, archaeological and volcanic hazard and/or impact studies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Responses of soil extracellular enzyme activities to experimental warming and CO2 enrichment at the alpine treeline - Rômulo C. Souza; Emily F. Solly; Melissa A. Dawes; Frank Graf; Frank Hagedorn; Simon Egli; Charles R. Clement; Laszlo Nagy; Christian Rixen; Martina Peter (Plant and Soil, 2017)

miR-744 and miR-224 Downregulate Npas4 and Affect Lineage Differentiation Potential and Neurite Development During Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells - Fong Chan Choy; Thomas S. Klarić; Simon A. Koblar; Martin D. Lewis (Molecular Neurobiology, 2017)

Resistin and NGAL are associated with inflammatory response, endothelial activation and clinical outcomes in sepsis - Stephen P. J. Macdonald; Erika Bosio; Claire Neil; Glenn Arendts; Sally Burrows; Lisa Smart; Simon G. A. Brown; Daniel M. Fatovich (Inflammation Research, 2017)

Population-based assessment of racial/ethnic differences in utilization of radical cystectomy for patients diagnosed with bladder cancer - Stephen B. Williams; Jinhai Huo; Christopher D. Kosarek; Karim Chamie; Selwyn O. Rogers; Michele A. Williams; Sharon H. Giordano; Simon P. Kim; Ashish M. Kamat (Cancer Causes & Control, 2017)

Diets and trophic guilds of small fishes from coastal marine habitats in western Taiwan - J. P. Egan; U.‐S. Chew; C.‐H. Kuo; V. Villarroel‐Diaz; P. J. Hundt; N. G. Iwinski; M. P. Hammer; A. M. Simons (Journal of Fish Biology, 2017)
The diets and trophic guilds of small fishes were examined along marine sandy beaches and in estuaries at depths L S ) in seven species and at the assemblage level and negatively correlated with L S in a single detritivorous species. The diet data and trophic guild scheme produced by this study contribute to an understanding of coastal marine food webs and can inform ecosystem‐based fisheries management.

Past, present and future refugia for Tasmania's palaeoendemic flora - Karel Mokany; Greg J. Jordan; Thomas D. Harwood; Peter A. Harrison; Gunnar Keppel; Louise Gilfedder; Oberon Carter; Simon Ferrier (Journal of Biogeography, 2017)
Aim Refugia under past climates have been important in structuring current patterns in diversity, while refugia under anthropogenic climate change will likely be important in retaining this diversity and shaping new patterns. However, few studies have examined the congruence of past, present and future refugia, or the spatiotemporal connectivity of these refugia. Our aim was to test the extent of overlap of refugia under Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ), present (2015) and likely future climates (2100), for Tasmania's palaeoendemic flora. We then aimed to identify areas of high spatiotemporal refugia connectivity, as priority areas for conservation and management. Location Tasmania, Australia. Methods We developed and applied a new community‐level approach to identifying refugia, based on generalized dissimilarity modelling of compositional turnover and a set of reference sites with known biodiversity value. Using these projections of palaeoendemic plant refugia for past, present and future climates, we developed and applied a second approach to quantify the level of connectivity of these refugia over space and time. Results Although there was large overlap (85%) between current and future climates in the distribution of the highest value palaeoendemic refugia, the small congruence of these areas with refugia at the LGM resulted in only a small area ( c . 9 km 2 ) of persistent high value refugia over all three time periods. Despite this, our spatiotemporal analysis identified several areas of high connectivity in refugial environments for Tasmania's palaeoendemic flora over time. Main conclusions The community‐level approaches we demonstrate here to quantify refugia and their spatiotemporal connectivity have the potential to advance our understanding of biodiversity dynamics, particularly for taxonomic groups that are species‐rich, poorly studied or comprised of many rare species, where species‐level approaches are less suitable.

Discharge-driven flood and seasonal patterns of phytoplankton biomass and composition of an Australian tropical savannah river - Simon A. Townsend; Michael M. Douglas (Hydrobiologia, 2017)

Halogenation processes linked to red wood ant nests (Formica spp.) and tectonics - Gabriele M. Berberich; Tobias Sattler; Dietrich Klimetzek; Simon A. Benk; Martin B. Berberich; Daniela Polag; Heinz Friedrich Schöler; Elliot Atlas (Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2017)

Detection of a novel gammaherpesvirus (genus Rhadinovirus) in wild muntjac deer in Northern Ireland - John McKillen; Kayleigh Hogg; Paula Lagan; Cheryl Ball; Simon Doherty; Neil Reid; Lisa Collins; Jaimie T. A. Dick (Archives of Virology, 2017)

Ecological diversification of the Australian Coptotermes termites and the evolution of mound building - Timothy R. C. Lee; Theodore A. Evans; Stephen L. Cameron; Dieter F. Hochuli; Simon Y. W. Ho; Nathan Lo (Journal of Biogeography, 2017)
Aim The Australian Coptotermes (Family: Rhinotermitidae) are a small monophyletic group of termites, some of which build mounds. In this study, we construct predicted distributions based on environmental data (niche models) for all Australian species of Coptotermes to test whether specific environmental factors have contributed to the evolution of mound‐building behaviour and whether the degree of niche similarity and degree of phylogenetic similarity are correlated. Location The Australian mainland, including the known native ranges of all Australian species of Coptotermes . Methods We estimated the phylogenetic relationships between the species of Australian Coptotermes . We then generated and compared environmental niche models in a phylogenetic framework for all study species to test niche conservation. Our analyses were based on location data from our own sampling and from the Atlas of Living Australia, genetic data from a previous study of Australian Coptotermes , and environmental data from WorldClim and ASRIS . Results We found that no environmental variable differed consistently between mound‐building and non‐mound‐building taxa and that the differences in niches between pairs of Australian species of Coptotermes are uncorrelated with time since divergence. The environmental tolerances of the Australian Coptotermes termites are more restricted by rainfall than they are by soil or temperature. Main conclusions Our results show that mound‐building behaviour has not necessarily evolved in response to similar abiotic conditions. Our results are consistent with ecological speciation leading to niche divergence since Coptotermes first arrived in Australia ~12.5 million years ago.

Climate variability and fire effects on quaking aspen in the central Rocky Mountains, USA - Vachel A. Carter; Andrea Brunelle; Thomas A. Minckley; John D. Shaw; R. Justin DeRose; Simon Brewer (Journal of Biogeography, 2017)
Aim Our understanding of how climate and fire have impacted quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) communities prior to the 20th century is fairly limited. This study analysed the period between 4500 and 2000 cal. yr bp to assess the pre‐historic role of climate and fire on an aspen community during an aspen ‐ dominated period. Location Long Lake, south‐eastern Wyoming, central Rocky Mountains, USA . Methods Sedimentary pollen and charcoal were analysed to reconstruct the vegetation and fire history for a subalpine catchment currently dominated by lodgepole pine. Modern pollen‐climate relationships were applied to the fossil pollen spectra to interpret past climate variability. Nonparametric ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests were used to determine whether the reconstructed climate and fire parameters were different throughout the study period. Results The modern pollen‐climate data suggest a c . 150‐year long drought centred on 4200 cal. yr bp , which caused the aspen ecotone to shift upslope. Between 3950 and 3450 cal. yr bp , an anomalous period of abundant quaking aspen pollen (Populus ) occurred at the study site. Optimal climatic conditions coupled with frequent fires facilitated local quaking aspen dominance for roughly 500 years. After 3450 cal. yr bp , Populus pollen declined coincident with a return to less frequent fires and conifer dominance. Reconstructed climate variables from 550 cal. yr bp to present suggest conditions were not favourable for quaking aspen establishment at Long Lake. The Tukey HSD test confirms that the period of abundant Populus pollen was significantly different than any other period during this study. Main conclusions Quaking aspen shifted upslope in response to warmer temperatures, and persisted for roughly 500 years as a result of optimal climatic conditions and frequent fire events.

Short‐range dispersal maintains a volatile marine metapopulation: the brown alga Postelsia palmaeformis - Robert T. Paine; Eric R. Buhle; Simon A. Levin; Peter Kareiva (Ecology, 2017)
The annual brown alga Postelsia palmaeformis is dependent for its survival on short‐distance dispersal ( SDD ) where it is already established, as well as occasional long‐distance colonization of novel sites. To quantify SDD , we transplanted Postelsia to sites lacking established plants within ≥10 m. The spatial distribution of the first naturally produced sporophyte generation was used to fit dispersal kernels in a hierarchical Bayesian framework. Mean dispersal distance within a year ranged from 0.16 to 0.50 m across sites; 95% of the recruits were within 0.38–1.32 m of the transplant. The fat‐tailed exponential square root kernel was the best among the candidate models at describing offspring density and dispersal. Independent measurements of patch size over two to five generations permitted an evaluation of whether models parameterized by individual‐level data could adequately predict longer‐term persistence and spread at the patch scale. The observed spread rates generally fell within the 95% predictive intervals. Finally, Postelsia was eliminated from 14 occupied sites that were then followed for ≥27 yr. The probability of invasion when unoccupied declined and the probability of extinction when occupied increased with distance from the nearest propagule source. Sites >10 m from a source were rarely invaded, and one initially densely populated site isolated by 39 m has remained Postelsia ‐free since 1981. In spite of dispersal that is almost entirely within 2 m of the parent, the ability of our models to capture the observed dynamics of Postelsia indicates that short‐range dispersal adequately explains the persistent and thriving Postelsia metapopulation on Tatoosh Island. However, the presence of Postelsia over a 2000‐km coastal range with many gaps >1 km makes it clear that rare long‐distance dispersal must be required to explain the geographic range of the species.

Intraspecific and phylogenetic density-dependent seedling recruitment in a subtropical evergreen forest - Yanjun Du; Simon A. Queenborough; Lei Chen; Yunquan Wang; Xiangcheng Mi; Keping Ma; Liza S. Comita (Oecologia, 2017)

Nutrient enrichment effects on mycorrhizal fungi in an Andean tropical montane Forest - Camille S. Delavaux; Tessa Camenzind; Jürgen Homeier; Rosa Jiménez-Paz; Mark Ashton; Simon A. Queenborough (Mycorrhiza, 2017)

Lithological mapping with multispectral data – setup and application of a spectral database for rocks in the Balakot area, Northern Pakistan - Michael Fuchs; Adnan A. Awan; Sardar S. Akhtar; Ijaz Ahmad; Simon Sadiq; Asif Razzak; Naghmah Haider (Journal of Mountain Science, 2017)

Diversity and community composition of particle‐associated and free‐living bacteria in mesopelagic and bathypelagic Southern Ocean water masses: Evidence of dispersal limitation in the Bransfield Strait - Mathias Milici; Marius Vital; Jürgen Tomasch; Thomas H. Badewien; Helge‐A. Giebel; Iris Plumeier; Hui Wang; Dietmar H. Pieper; Irene Wagner‐Döbler; Meinhard Simon (Limnology and Oceanography, 2017)
The Southern Ocean constitutes about 10% of the global oceans' volume and is characterized by high primary production. Particulate organic matter (POM) is exported from the photic zone to the deep ocean and sustains life of particle associated (PA) and free‐living (FL) bacterial communities in the dark realm. Little is known about the composition and diversity of PA and FL bacterial communities below the photic zone and how they differ among various regions of the Southern Ocean. Therefore, we investigated the composition of small (3–8 μm) and large (> 8 μm) PA and FL (0.2–3 μm) bacterial communities between 500 m and 3600 m in the Bransfield Strait, Drake Passage, and the south Atlantic Ocean featuring also Southern Ocean water masses. PA bacterial communities had a higher OTU richness and evenness than FL ones. Taxonomic analysis revealed a different community composition between FL and PA bacteria. A large number of OTUs belonging to diverse phyla (Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Betaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia) were significantly enriched on particles; in contrast very few bacterial lineages were FL specialists. Life‐style (FL vs. PA) and region (Bransfield basin vs. other regions) strongly influenced bacterial communities. Depth explained only marginal fraction of the total variation (∼ 12%), suggesting that selective processes driven by depth have a smaller effect in the Southern Ocean when compared to life‐style (25%) and region (31%). Overall these data indicate a strong influence of isolated water masses such as the basin of the Bransfield Strait on the composition of bacterial communities in the dark ocean.

The “Nemo Effect”: Perception and reality of Finding Nemo 's impact on marine aquarium fisheries - Thane A Militz; Simon Foale (Fish and Fisheries, 2017)
Global audiences are increasingly being exposed to digital media with fictitious storylines that draw on animal characters involuntarily entering wildlife trades . An understudied problem in wildlife trade is the potential for motion pictures to influence their audience's desire to become more acquainted, often via acquisition, with animals portrayed in the films. The 2003 Disney motion picture Finding Nemo connected audiences with a wildlife trade already commonplace: the marine aquarium trade. In this trade, fisheries supply live coral reef organisms to millions of public and private aquaria worldwide. Here, we examine the perception and reality of Finding Nemo 's impact (coined the “Nemo Effect”) on the fisheries of the species complex representing the film's primary protagonist “Nemo” ( Amphiprion ocellaris/percula ). Import and export figures show little evidence for fan‐based purchases of wild‐caught fish immediately (within 1.5 years of release) following the film. We argue that the perceived impact on these species, driven by popular media with an emotive but scientifically uninformed approach to conserving coral reef ecosystems, can be more damaging to the cause of conservation than helpful. This perspective is intended to encourage marine aquarium trade stakeholders to consider the ecological and social repercussions of both media driven consumption and opposition to the trade. Using lessons learned from Finding Nemo , we discuss the likely impacts the sequel, Finding Dory , will have on wild populations of its protagonist “Dory” ( Paracanthurus hepatus ).

Characterisation of the DAACS Family Escherichia coli Glutamate/Aspartate-Proton Symporter GltP Using Computational, Chemical, Biochemical and Biophysical Methods - Moazur Rahman; Fouzia Ismat; Li Jiao; Jocelyn M. Baldwin; David J. Sharples; Stephen A. Baldwin; Simon G. Patching (The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2017)

Exome analysis of Smith–Magenis-like syndrome cohort identifies de novo likely pathogenic variants - Seth I. Berger; Carla Ciccone; Karen L. Simon; May Christine Malicdan; Thierry Vilboux; Charles Billington; Roxanne Fischer; Wendy J. Introne; Andrea Gropman; Jan K. Blancato; James C. Mullikin; William A. Gahl; et al. (Human Genetics, 2017)

Marine Ecosystems as Complex Adaptive Systems: Emergent Patterns, Critical Transitions, and Public Goods - George I. Hagstrom; Simon A. Levin (Ecosystems, 2017)

Normal radial migration and lamination are maintained in dyslexia-susceptibility candidate gene homolog Kiaa0319 knockout mice - Isabel Martinez-Garay; Luiz G. Guidi; Zoe G. Holloway; Melissa A. G. Bailey; Daniel Lyngholm; Tomasz Schneider; Timothy Donnison; Simon J. B. Butt; Anthony P. Monaco; Zoltán Molnár; Antonio Velayos-Baeza (Brain Structure and Function, 2017)

Resting-state global functional connectivity as a biomarker of cognitive reserve in mild cognitive impairment - N. Franzmeier; M. Á. Araque Caballero; A. N. W. Taylor; L. Simon-Vermot; K. Buerger; B. Ertl-Wagner; C. Mueller; C. Catak; D. Janowitz; E. Baykara; B. Gesierich; M. Duering; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2017)

Development of a Smart Pump for Monitoring and Controlling Intraocular Pressure - Simon A. Bello; Sharad Malavade; Christopher L. Passaglia (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2017)

Growth and yield responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to inorganic and organic fertilizers in southern Malawi - Simon A. Mng’omba; Festus K. Akinnifesi; Amber Kerr; K. Salipira; Alice Muchugi (Agroforestry Systems, 2017)

Factors driving the variability in diving and movement behavior of migrating humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ): Implications for anthropogenic disturbance studies - Ailbhe S. Kavanagh; Michael J. Noad; Simon P. Blomberg; Anne W. Goldizen; Eric Kniest; Douglas H. Cato; Rebecca A. Dunlop (Marine Mammal Science, 2017)
Humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) undertake one of the longest migrations of any animal and while on a broad‐scale this journey appears direct, on a fine‐scale, behaviors associated with socializing and breeding are regularly observed. However, little is known about which social and environmental factors influence behavior during this time. Here we examined the effect of multiple factors on the movement (speed and course) and diving behavior (dive and surfacing duration) of humpback whales during migration off the eastern coast of Australia. Focal data (202 h) were collected on 94 different whale groups with simultaneous social and environmental context data. The environmental factors water depth and wind speed were found to be important predictors of dive and movement behavior, whereas social factors were less influential at this site. Groups tended to dive for longer with increased water depth but traveled more slowly in increasing wind speeds. These baseline studies are crucial when examining the effect of anthropogenic disturbance. Determining which natural factors significantly affect behavior ensures any observed behavioral changes are correctly attributed to the disturbance and are not a result of other factors. In addition, any responses observed can be put into biological context and their relative magnitude determined.

The impact of observational sampling on time series of global 0–700 m ocean average temperature: a case study - Simon A. Good (International Journal of Climatology, 2017)
The limited historical observational sampling of the ocean gives rise to uncertainty in time series of global ocean temperature anomalies calculated from those observations. Without knowledge of the true global state of the oceans, it is difficult to characterize the errors caused by these sampling issues. One way to quantify them is to use climate model data. Pseudo observational time series can be constructed from the model data using knowledge of where observations occurred. Comparison of these with time series constructed from the full model fields yields information about how observational sampling impacts time series of the temperature change in the modelled world. This can then be related back to the time series generated from the real observations. In this study, climate model data were used to investigate sampling errors in 0–700 m global average ocean temperature anomaly time series calculated using a straightforward gridding approach. The sampling had two impacts. First, sampling causes issues with constructing a climatology that is representative of the long‐term average state of the ocean. Climatology errors were shown to have the potential to cause systematically changing errors in anomaly time series. Second, some regions of the ocean were poorly observed prior to improvements brought about by the Argo project. This was found to cause spurious variability, both year to year and over multi‐year time scales. The latter had similar magnitude to the actual multi‐year variability seen in the model data but was smaller than the model's long‐term temperature change. The features of these errors depend on the ocean state and therefore varied between climate model runs. More sophisticated methods used to calculate ocean temperature time series are expected to be less impacted by sampling. Nevertheless, sampling errors will still occur and therefore this type of study is recommended even for those techniques.

Spatial heterogeneity can resolve the nitrogen paradox of tropical forests - Duncan N. L. Menge; Simon A. Levin (Ecology, 2017)
Many tropical forests are characterized by large losses of plant‐available forms of nitrogen (N), indicating that they are N rich, and by an abundance of plants capable of symbiotic N fixation. These N‐fixing plants can fix enough N to drive N richness. However, biological N fixation ( BNF ) is more expensive than using plant‐available N, so sustained BNF in N‐rich soils appears to be a paradox. Here, we use spatially explicit ecosystem models to analyze the conditions under which spatial heterogeneity can induce simultaneous BNF and loss of plant‐available N (hereafter, we call this combination “N‐rich BNF ”). Spatial movement of litter to neighboring plants’ rooting zones can maintain N‐rich BNF under a variety of conditions. For example, when N‐fixers have higher N demand than non‐fixers, N‐fixers export N‐rich litter to non‐fixers, inducing large losses of plant‐available N from the ecosystem, and receive N‐poor litter from non‐fixers, inducing BNF . BNF and N loss fluxes increase in proportion to the ratio of N‐fixer litter N:P to non‐fixer litter N:P, and also in proportion to the fraction of litter transferred out of a tree's rooting zone. Stoichiometric variability augments N‐rich BNF , as does increasing the fraction of the landscape occupied by N‐fixers, at least when they are rare. On the contrary, greater root overlap between neighbors and clumping of N‐fixers diminish N‐rich BNF . Finally, we examined how spatial litter transfer interacts with another mechanism that can sustain N‐rich BNF , incomplete down‐regulation of BNF . Spatial transfer and incomplete down‐regulation can both sustain N‐rich BNF , but they are compensatory rather than additive. These mechanisms can be distinguished by examining where N losses occur. Incomplete down‐regulation of BNF leads to greater N loss under N‐fixing trees, whereas spatial litter transfer leads to greater N loss under non‐fixing trees. Along with time lags in regulating BNF , these results comprise a series of hypotheses that could help understand the N paradox of tropical forests.

Erratum to: The content and availability of information affects the evolution of social-information gathering strategies - Eleanor Redstart Brush; Naomi Ehrich Leonard; Simon A. Levin (Theoretical Ecology, 2017)

Metabolic Profiling of Human Long-Term Liver Models and Hepatic Clearance Predictions from In Vitro Data Using Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Modeling - Nicole A. Kratochwil; Christophe Meille; Stephen Fowler; Florian Klammers; Aynur Ekiciler; Birgit Molitor; Sandrine Simon; Isabelle Walter; Claudia McGinnis; Johanna Walther; Brian Leonard; Miriam Triyatni; et al. (The AAPS Journal, 2017)

Metabolite profiling of symbiont and host during thermal stress and bleaching in the coral Acropora aspera - Katie E. Hillyer; Daniel A. Dias; Adrian Lutz; Shaun P. Wilkinson; Ute Roessner; Simon K. Davy (Coral Reefs, 2017)

Probiotic Enterococcus faecalis Symbioflor® down regulates virulence genes of EHEC in vitro and decrease pathogenicity in a Caenorhabditis elegans model - Klaus Neuhaus; Marina C. Lamparter; Benjamin Zölch; Richard Landstorfer; Svenja Simon; Britta Spanier; Matthias A. Ehrmann; Rudi F. Vogel (Archives of Microbiology, 2017)

Modular growth vessels for the cultivation of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 - Simon A. Jackson; Julian J. Eaton‐Rye (New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2017)
Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 is a euryhaline cyanobacterium that serves as a model organism for studies of photosynthesis and cellular metabolism. At high light intensity Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 exhibits a fast growth rate and rapid biomass accumulation, making it an ideal candidate for the production of biofuels and commercially valuable secondary metabolites. To fully realise the production potential for this cyanobacterium a system is required to maintain axenic cultures under optimal growth conditions. We have designed and constructed two sizes of modular culture vessel systems, designed specifically to meet the abnormally high light penetration requirements of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. The smaller volume culture vessels are best suited to phenotype analysis, allowing multiple candidate strains to be screened simultaneously, whereas the larger vessels are designed to facilitate higher biomass production.

Denial of long‐term issues with agriculture on tropical peatlands will have devastating consequences - Lahiru S. Wijedasa; Jyrki Jauhiainen; Mari Könönen; Maija Lampela; Harri Vasander; Marie‐Claire Leblanc; Stephanie Evers; Thomas E. L. Smith; Catherine M. Yule; Helena Varkkey; Massimo Lupascu; Faizal Parish; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2017)

A longitudinal study of patients with cirrhosis treated with L-ornithine L-aspartate, examined with magnetization transfer, diffusion-weighted imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Vijay P. B. Grover; Mark J. W. McPhail; Marzena Wylezinska-Arridge; Mary M. E. Crossey; Julie A. Fitzpatrick; Louise Southern; Brian K. Saxby; Nicola A. Cook; I. Jane Cox; Adam D. Waldman; Novraj S. Dhanjal; Aluel Bak-Bol; et al. (Metabolic Brain Disease, 2017)

Prefrontal activation may predict working-memory training gain in normal aging and mild cognitive impairment - Anouk Vermeij; Roy P. C. Kessels; Linda Heskamp; Esther M. F. Simons; Paul L. J. Dautzenberg; Jurgen A. H. R. Claassen (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2017)

Extinct or still out there? Disentangling influences on extinction and rediscovery helps to clarify the fate of species on the edge - Tamsin E. Lee; Diana O. Fisher; Simon P. Blomberg; Brendan A. Wintle (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Each year, two or three species that had been considered to be extinct are rediscovered. Uncertainty about whether or not a species is extinct is common, because rare and highly threatened species are difficult to detect. Biological traits such as body size and range size are expected to be associated with extinction. However, these traits, together with the intensity of search effort, might influence the probability of detection and extinction differently. This makes statistical analysis of extinction and rediscovery challenging. Here, we use a variant of survival analysis known as cure rate modelling to differentiate factors that influence rediscovery from those that influence extinction. We analyse a global data set of 99 mammals that have been categorized as extinct or possibly extinct. We estimate the probability that each of these mammals is still extant and thus estimate the proportion of missing (presumed extinct) mammals that are incorrectly assigned extinction. We find that body mass and population density are predictors of extinction, and body mass and search effort predict rediscovery. In mammals, extinction rate increases with body mass and population density, and these traits act synergistically to greatly elevate extinction rate in large species that also occurred in formerly dense populations. However, when they remain extant, larger‐bodied missing species are rediscovered sooner than smaller species. Greater search effort increases the probability of rediscovery in larger species of missing mammals, but has a minimal effect on small species, which take longer to be rediscovered, if extant. By separating the effects of species characteristics on extinction and detection, and using models with the assumption that a proportion of missing species will never be rediscovered, our new approach provides estimates of extinction probability in species with few observation records and scant ecological information.

No strong evidence for increasing liana abundance in the Myristicaceae of a Neotropical aseasonal rain forest - James R. Smith; Simon A. Queenborough; Pablo Alvia; Hugo Romero‐Saltos; Renato Valencia (Ecology, 2017)
The “liana dominance hypothesis” posits that lianas are increasing in abundance in tropical forests, thereby potentially reducing tree biomass due to competitive interactions between trees and lianas. This scenario has implications not only for forest ecosystem function and species composition, but also climate change given the mass of carbon stored in tropical trees. In 2003 and 2013, all Myristicaceae trees in the 50‐ha Yasuní Forest Dynamics Plot, Ecuador, were surveyed for liana presence and load in their crowns. We tested the hypothesis that the proportion of trees with lianas increased between 2003 and 2013 in line with the liana dominance hypothesis. Contrary to expectations, the total proportion of trees with lianas decreased from 35% to 32%, and when only trees ≥10 cm diameter at breast height were considered liana incidence increased 44–48%. Liana load was dynamic with a large proportion of trees losing or gaining lianas over the 10‐yr period; large trees with intermediate liana loads increased in proportion at the expense of those with low and high loads. Lianas also impacted performance: trees with 26–75% crown cover by lianas in 2003 had reduced growth rates of 80% compared to of liana‐free trees, and trees with >75% crown cover had 33% the growth rate and a log odds of mortality eight times that of liana‐free trees. We suggest that the lack of strong support found for the liana dominance hypothesis is likely due to the aseasonal climate of Yasuní, which limits the competitive advantage lianas maintain over trees during dry seasons due to their efficient capture and use of water. We propose further research of long‐term liana dynamics from aseasonal forests is required to determine the generality of the increasing liana dominance hypothesis in Neotropical forests.

Spatial Distribution and Residency of Green and Loggerhead Sea Turtles Using Coastal Reef Habitats in Southern Mozambique - Jessica L. Williams; Simon J. Pierce; Chris A. Rohner; Mariana M. P. B. Fuentes; Mark Hamann (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2017)

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) pesticide policy and integrated pest management in certified tropical plantations - Pedro Guilherme Lemes; José Cola Zanuncio; José Eduardo Serrão; Simon A. Lawson (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017)

Evidence for the functions of surface‐active behaviors in humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) - Ailbhe S. Kavanagh; Kylie Owen; Michael J. Williamson; Simon P. Blomberg; Michael J. Noad; Anne W. Goldizen; Eric Kniest; Douglas H. Cato; Rebecca A. Dunlop (Marine Mammal Science, 2017)
As part of their social sound repertoire, migrating humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) perform a large variety of surface‐active behaviors, such as breaching and repetitive slapping of the pectoral fins and tail flukes; however, little is known about what factors influence these behaviors and what their functions might be. We investigated the potential functions of surface‐active behaviors in humpback whale groups by examining the social and environmental contexts in which they occurred. Focal observations on 94 different groups of whales were collected in conjunction with continuous acoustic monitoring, and data on the social and environmental context of each group. We propose that breaching may play a role in communication between distant groups as the probability of observing this behavior decreased significantly when the nearest whale group was within 4,000 m compared to beyond 4,000 m. Involvement in group interactions, such as the splitting of a group or a group joining with other whales, was an important factor in predicting the occurrence of pectoral, fluke, and peduncle slapping, and we suggest that they play a role in close‐range or within‐group communication. This study highlights the potentially important and diverse roles of surface‐active behaviors in the communication of migrating humpback whales.

Biodiversity in marine invertebrate responses to acute warming revealed by a comparative multi‐omics approach - Melody S. Clark; Ulf Sommer; Jaspreet K. Sihra; Michael A. S. Thorne; Simon A. Morley; Michelle King; Mark R. Viant; Lloyd S. Peck (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Understanding species' responses to environmental change underpins our abilities to make predictions on future biodiversity under any range of scenarios. In spite of the huge biodiversity in most ecosystems, a model species approach is often taken in environmental studies. To date, we still do not know how many species we need to study to input into models and inform on ecosystem‐level responses to change. In this study, we tested current paradigms on factors setting thermal limits by investigating the acute warming response of six Antarctic marine invertebrates: a crustacean Paraceradocus miersi , a brachiopod Liothyrella uva , two bivalve molluscs, Laternula elliptica , Aequiyoldia eightsii , a gastropod mollusc Marseniopsis mollis and an echinoderm Cucumaria georgiana . Each species was warmed at the rate of 1 °C h −1 and taken to the same physiological end point (just prior to heat coma). Their molecular responses were evaluated using complementary metabolomics and transcriptomics approaches with the aim of discovering the underlying mechanisms of their resilience or sensitivity to warming. The responses were species‐specific; only two showed accumulation of anaerobic end products and three exhibited the classical heat shock response with expression of HSP 70 transcripts. These diverse cellular measures did not directly correlate with resilience to heat stress and suggested that each species may have a different critical point of failure. Thus, one unifying molecular mechanism underpinning response to warming could not be assigned, and no overarching paradigm was supported. This biodiversity in response makes future ecosystems predictions extremely challenging, as we clearly need to develop a macrophysiology‐type approach to cellular evaluations of the environmental stress response, studying a range of well‐rationalized members from different community levels and of different phylogenetic origins rather than extrapolating from one or two arbitrary model species.

Plenty more fish in the sea? - Reg A Watson; Tony J Pitcher; Simon Jennings (Fish and Fisheries, 2017)
Only in the last century did humans overwhelmingly accept that fisheries resources are finite. Consequently, ‘there are more fish still in the sea than ever came out of it’ served as a popular metaphor for unbounded expectations for half a millennium, expectations that also extended to use of the planet in general. By reconstructing historical fishing back 1200 years, we identify when this metaphor actually ceased to be true. For some of our most important stocks, it has not been true for centuries, although surprisingly, for fishes globally, it applied until the last century. We demonstrate, however, that there can still be ‘plenty more fish in the sea’ and that with effective management they provide a continuous flow of benefits for our future.

The content and availability of information affects the evolution of social-information gathering strategies - Eleanor Redstart Brush; Naomi Ehrich Leonard; Simon A. Levin (Theoretical Ecology, 2016)

A phylogeny of Cephaloziaceae (Jungermanniopsida) based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers - Kathrin Feldberg; Jiří Váňa; Johanna Krusche; Juliane Kretschmann; Simon D. F. Patzak; Oscar A. Pérez-Escobar; Nicole R. Rudolf; Nathan Seefelder; Alfons Schäfer-Verwimp; David G. Long; Harald Schneider; Jochen Heinrichs (Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 2016)

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cirrhosis: a cross-sectional study - Vijay P. B. Grover; Mary M. E. Crossey; Julie A. Fitzpatrick; Brian K. Saxby; Roberta Shaw; Adam D. Waldman; Marsha Y. Morgan; Simon D. Taylor-Robinson (Metabolic Brain Disease, 2016)

Life Cycle Assessment of Offshore Wind Farm Siting: Effects of Locational Factors, Lake Depth, and Distance from Shore - Liang Tsai; Jarod C. Kelly; Brett S. Simon; Rachel M. Chalat; Gregory A. Keoleian (Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2016)
Summary According to previous studies, the life cycle energy intensity of an offshore wind farm (OWF) varies between 0.03 and 0.13 megawatt‐hours (MWh) of primary energy for each MWh of electricity generated. The variation in these life cycle energy intensity studies, after normalizing for capacity factor and life span, is significantly affected by OWF location because of geographical properties, namely, wind speed and water depth. To improve OWF siting, this study investigates how an OWF's distance from shore and geographical location impacts its environmental benefit. A process‐based life cycle assessment is conducted to compare 20 OWF siting scenarios in Michigan's Great Lakes for their cumulative fossil energy demand, global warming potential, and acidification potential. Each scenario (four lake locations at five offshore distances) has unique foundation, transmission, installation, and operational requirements based on site characteristics. The results demonstrate that the cumulative environmental burden from an OWF is most significantly affected by (1) water depth, (2) distance from shore, and (3) distance to power grid, in descending order of importance, if all other site‐relevant variables are held constant. The results also show that when OWFs are sited further offshore, the benefit of increased wind energy generation does not necessarily outweigh the increase in negative environmental impacts. This suggests that siting OWF nearer to shore may result in a better life cycle environmental performance. Finally, we demonstrate how much an OWF's environmental burdens can be reduced if the OWF system is either recycled, transported a shorter distance, or manufactured in a region with a high degree of renewable energy on the grid.

Exploring factors that shape small-scale farmers’ opinions on the adoption of eco-friendly nets for vegetable production - F. Vidogbéna; A. Adégbidi; R. Tossou; F. Assogba-Komlan; T. Martin; M. Ngouajio; S. Simon; L. Parrot; S. T. Garnett; K. K. Zander (Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2016)

Metamorphic temperature investigation of coexisting calcite and dolomite marble––examples from Nikani Ghar marble and Nowshera Formation, Peshawar Basin, Pakistan - Muhammad Fahad; Yaseen Iqbal; Mohammad Riaz; Rick Ubic; Simon A. T. Redfern (Journal of Earth Science, 2016)

Evolutionary Connectionism: Algorithmic Principles Underlying the Evolution of Biological Organisation in Evo-Devo, Evo-Eco and Evolutionary Transitions - Richard A. Watson; Rob Mills; C. L. Buckley; Kostas Kouvaris; Adam Jackson; Simon T. Powers; Chris Cox; Simon Tudge; Adam Davies; Loizos Kounios; Daniel Power (Evolutionary Biology, 2016)

Human centromere repositioning within euchromatin after partial chromosome deletion - Lori L. Sullivan; Kristin A. Maloney; Aaron J. Towers; Simon G. Gregory; Beth A. Sullivan (Chromosome Research, 2016)

Microsatellite discovery in an insular amphibian (Grandisonia alternans) with comments on cross-species utility and the accuracy of locus identification from unassembled Illumina data - Eleanor A. S. Adamson; Anwesha Saha; Simon T. Maddock; Ronald A. Nussbaum; David J. Gower; Jeffrey W. Streicher (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2016)

Lessons on Climate Sensitivity From Past Climate Changes - Anna S. von der Heydt; Henk A. Dijkstra; Roderik S. W. van de Wal; Rodrigo Caballero; Michel Crucifix; Gavin L. Foster; Matthew Huber; Peter Köhler; Eelco Rohling; Paul J. Valdes; Peter Ashwin; Sebastian Bathiany; et al. (Current Climate Change Reports, 2016)

Aquatic food security: insights into challenges and solutions from an analysis of interactions between fisheries, aquaculture, food safety, human health, fish and human welfare, economy and environment - Simon Jennings; Grant D Stentiford; Ana M Leocadio; Keith R Jeffery; Julian D Metcalfe; Ioanna Katsiadaki; Neil A Auchterlonie; Stephen C Mangi; John K Pinnegar; Tim Ellis; Edmund J Peeler; Tiziana Luisetti; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2016)
Fisheries and aquaculture production, imports, exports and equitability of distribution determine the supply of aquatic food to people. Aquatic food security is achieved when a food supply is sufficient, safe, sustainable, shockproof and sound: sufficient, to meet needs and preferences of people; safe, to provide nutritional benefit while posing minimal health risks; sustainable, to provide food now and for future generations; shock‐proof, to provide resilience to shocks in production systems and supply chains; and sound, to meet legal and ethical standards for welfare of animals, people and environment. Here, we present an integrated assessment of these elements of the aquatic food system in the United Kingdom, a system linked to dynamic global networks of producers, processors and markets. Our assessment addresses sufficiency of supply from aquaculture, fisheries and trade; safety of supply given biological, chemical and radiation hazards; social, economic and environmental sustainability of production systems and supply chains; system resilience to social, economic and environmental shocks; welfare of fish, people and environment; and the authenticity of food. Conventionally, these aspects of the food system are not assessed collectively, so information supporting our assessment is widely dispersed. Our assessment reveals trade‐offs and challenges in the food system that are easily overlooked in sectoral analyses of fisheries, aquaculture, health, medicine, human and fish welfare, safety and environment. We highlight potential benefits of an integrated, systematic and ongoing process to assess security of the aquatic food system and to predict impacts of social, economic and environmental change on food supply and demand.

Enhancing conservation of A ustralian freshwater ecosystems: identification of freshwater flagship fishes and relevant target audiences - Brendan C Ebner; David L Morgan; Adam Kerezsy; Scott Hardie; Stephen J Beatty; Jamie E Seymour; James A Donaldson; Simon Linke; Stirling Peverell; David Roberts; Thomas Espinoza; Nadine Marshall; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2016)
Flagship species, especially mammals and birds, are commonly used to increase awareness of conservation issues in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. However, flagship species oriented programs are often ad hoc with initiatives scarce in the freshwater context. Here, we aim to identify potential flagship candidates that would appeal to a broad cross section of society at a continental scale where freshwater ecosystems are under threat from human impacts. We identified 19 species from a list of 299 Australian freshwater fishes on the basis of body size, trophic guild and threatened species status assuming these characteristics of flagship species are transferable from previous work on terrestrial flagship species. We considered the potential of species to be of international appeal but focused mostly on eight relevant interest groups within Australia. This followed the rationale that public engagement with conservation issues in freshwater systems might be more effective if the link between fish species and the decisions people make were better understood, and we acknowledge the diverging interests of stakeholders. This scoping work contributes towards addressing the challenges of connecting societies to the principles of sharing water resources with ecosystems, and represents the first continental‐scale assessment of its kind.

Rectal prolapse in Winnie mice with spontaneous chronic colitis: changes in intrinsic and extrinsic innervation of the rectum - Ahmed A. Rahman; Ainsley M. Robinson; Simon J. H. Brookes; Rajaraman Eri; Kulmira Nurgali (Cell and Tissue Research, 2016)

The two nerve rings of the hypostomal nervous system of Hydra vulgaris—an immunohistochemical analysis - L. A. Hufnagel; G. Kass-Simon (Cell and Tissue Research, 2016)

Handaxe and non‐handaxe assemblages during Marine Isotope Stage 11 in northern Europe: recent investigations at Barnham, Suffolk, UK - Nick Ashton; Simon G. Lewis; Simon A. Parfitt; Rob J. Davis; Chris Stringer (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2016)
Britain has an important geological, environmental and archaeological record for Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS 11), which makes a major contribution to understanding of the human occupation of northern Europe. New fieldwork at Barnham, Suffolk, UK, has identified through improved geological resolution the change in assemblages from simple core and flake working to those with handaxe technology. The two assemblages are argued to reflect distinct human populations from different source areas in Europe. The paper examines the European record and puts forward a new model of how the complex mosaic of lithic assemblages reflects local, habitual practices during stable environments, but changes in climate and environment led to larger scale shifts in population, resulting in new human groups arriving in Britain.

A keystone ecologist: Robert Treat Paine, 1933–2016 - James A. Estes; Paul K. Dayton; Peter Kareiva; Simon A. Levin; Jane Lubchenco; Bruce A. Menge; Stephen R. Palumbi; Mary E. Power; John Terborgh (Ecology, 2016)
Robert T. Paine, who passed away on 13 June 2016, is among the most influential people in the history of ecology. Paine was an experimentalist, a theoretician, a practitioner, and proponent of the “ecology of place,” and a deep believer in the importance of natural history to ecological understanding. His scientific legacy grew from the discovery of a link between top‐down forcing and species diversity, a breakthrough that led to the ideas of both keystone species and trophic cascades, and to our early understanding of the mosaic nature of biological communities, causes of zonation across physical gradients, and the intermediate‐disturbance hypothesis of species diversity. Paine's influence as a mentor was equally important to the growth of ecological thinking, natural resource conservation, and policy. He served ecology as an Ecological Society of America president, an editor of the Society's journals, a member of and contributor to the National Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council, and an in‐demand advisor to various state and federal agencies. Paine's broad interests, enthusiasm, charisma, and humor deeply affected our lives and the lives of so many others.

Habitat availability and geographic isolation as potential drivers of population structure in an oceanic dolphin in the Southwest Indian Ocean - Amélia Viricel; Benoit Simon-Bouhet; Laura Ceyrac; Violaine Dulau-Drouot; Per Berggren; Omar A. Amir; Narriman S. Jiddawi; Philippe Mongin; Jeremy J. Kiszka (Marine Biology, 2016)

A non-canonical role for desmoglein-2 in endothelial cells: implications for neoangiogenesis - Lisa M. Ebert; Lih Y. Tan; M. Zahied Johan; Kay Khine Myo Min; Michaelia P. Cockshell; Kate A. Parham; Kelly L. Betterman; Paceman Szeto; Samantha Boyle; Lokugan Silva; Angela Peng; YouFang Zhang; et al. (Angiogenesis, 2016)

Toward a Quality-Controlled and Accessible Pitzer Model for Seawater and Related Systems - David R. Turner; Eric P. Achterberg; Chen-Tung A. Chen; Simon L. Clegg; Vanessa Hatje; Maria T. Maldonado; Sylvia G. Sander; Constant M. G. van den Berg; Mona Wells (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2016)

A phylogeny of Lophocoleaceae-Plagiochilaceae-Brevianthaceae and a revised classification of Plagiochilaceae - Simon D. F. Patzak; Matt A. M. Renner; Alfons Schäfer-Verwimp; Kathrin Feldberg; Margaret M. Heslewood; Denilson F. Peralta; Aline Matos de Souza; Harald Schneider; Jochen Heinrichs (Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 2016)

Prioritization of knowledge‐needs to achieve best practices for bottom trawling in relation to seabed habitats - Michel J Kaiser; Ray Hilborn; Simon Jennings; Ricky Amaroso; Michael Andersen; Kris Balliet; Eric Barratt; Odd A Bergstad; Stephen Bishop; Jodi L Bostrom; Catherine Boyd; Eduardo A Bruce; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2016)
Management and technical approaches that achieve a sustainable level of fish production while at the same time minimizing or limiting the wider ecological effects caused through fishing gear contact with the seabed might be considered to be ‘best practice’. To identify future knowledge‐needs that would help to support a transition towards the adoption of best practices for trawling, a prioritization exercise was undertaken with a group of 39 practitioners from the seafood industry and management, and 13 research scientists who have an active research interest in bottom‐trawl and dredge fisheries. A list of 108 knowledge‐needs related to trawl and dredge fisheries was developed in conjunction with an ‘expert task force’. The long list was further refined through a three stage process of voting and scoring, including discussions of each knowledge‐need. The top 25 knowledge‐needs are presented, as scored separately by practitioners and scientists. There was considerable consistency in the priorities identified by these two groups. The top priority knowledge‐need to improve current understanding on the distribution and extent of different habitat types also reinforced the concomitant need for the provision and access to data on the spatial and temporal distribution of all forms of towed bottom‐fishing activities. Many of the other top 25 knowledge‐needs concerned the evaluation of different management approaches or implementation of different fishing practices, particularly those that explore trade‐offs between effects of bottom trawling on biodiversity and ecosystem services and the benefits of fish production as food.

A saturated SNP linkage map for the orange wheat blossom midge resistance gene Sm1 - Mulualem T. Kassa; Sabrina Haas; Edgar Schliephake; Clare Lewis; Frank M. You; Curtis J. Pozniak; Ilona Krämer; Dragan Perovic; Andrew G. Sharpe; Pierre R. Fobert; Michael Koch; Ian L. Wise; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2016)

Palladium Nanoparticles: Is There a Risk for Aquatic Ecosystems? - Simon Lüderwald; Frank Seitz; Gulaim A. Seisenbaeva; Vadim G. Kessler; Ralf Schulz; Mirco Bundschuh (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2016)

Hide and seek: habitat-mediated interactions between European green crabs and native mud crabs in Atlantic Canada - Hannah Gehrels; Kyle M. Knysh; Monica Boudreau; Marie-Hélène Thériault; Simon C. Courtenay; Ruth Cox; Pedro A. Quijón (Marine Biology, 2016)

Assessing the genetic architecture of epithelial ovarian cancer histological subtypes - Gabriel Cuellar-Partida; Yi Lu; Suzanne C. Dixon; Peter A. Fasching; Alexander Hein; Stefanie Burghaus; Matthias W. Beckmann; Diether Lambrechts; Els Van Nieuwenhuysen; Ignace Vergote; Adriaan Vanderstichele; Jennifer Anne Doherty; et al. (Human Genetics, 2016)

Brain white matter structure and information processing speed in healthy older age - Ksenia A. Kuznetsova; Susana Muñoz Maniega; Stuart J. Ritchie; Simon R. Cox; Amos J. Storkey; John M. Starr; Joanna M. Wardlaw; Ian J. Deary; Mark E. Bastin (Brain Structure and Function, 2016)

Division of labor in complex societies: a new age of conceptual expansion and integrative analysis - Simon K. A. Robson; James F. A. Traniello (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2016)

Mesophotic fishes of the Abrolhos Shelf, the largest reef ecosystem in the South Atlantic - T. Simon; H. T. Pinheiro; R. L. Moura; A. Carvalho‐Filho; L. A. Rocha; A. S. Martins; E. Mazzei; R. B. Francini‐Filho; G. M. Amado‐Filho; J.‐C. Joyeux (Journal of Fish Biology, 2016)
Fishes inhabiting rhodolith beds and reefs at mesophotic depths on the Abrolhos Shelf, which encompasses the largest and richest coral reef formation in the South Atlantic Ocean, were assessed through technical diving and remotely operated vehicles ( ROVs ). A total of 74 fish species were recorded, including at least one new species, one new record for the south‐western Atlantic and six new records for the Abrolhos region. Overfishing, mining and port activities are already threatening many endangered and commercially important species recorded on the mesophotic reefs of Abrolhos Shelf, and the establishment of marine protected areas and off‐reserve fisheries regulations are urgently needed.

Transmission of pressure head through the zone of tension saturation in the Lisse effect phenomenon - George W. Waswa; Simon A. Lorentz (Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2016)

Inorganic Arsenic Concentrations in Wheat Chaff Exceed Those in Wheat Grain - Elliott G. Duncan; William A. Maher; Rajani Jagtap; Simon D. Foster; Frank Krikowa; Cathryn A. O’Sullivan; Margaret M. Roper (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2016)

A mouse model of the 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome shows prefrontal neurophysiological dysfunctions and attentional impairment - Simon R. O. Nilsson; Pau Celada; Kim Fejgin; Jonas Thelin; Jacob Nielsen; Noemí Santana; Christopher J. Heath; Peter H. Larsen; Vibeke Nielsen; Brianne A. Kent; Lisa M. Saksida; Tine B. Stensbøl; et al. (Psychopharmacology, 2016)

Roles of nitrogen and phosphorus in growth responses and toxin production (using LC-MS/MS) of tropical Microcystis ichthyoblabe and M. flos-aquae - Maxine A. D. Mowe; Feras Abbas; Cristina Porojan; Simon M. Mitrovic; Richard P. Lim; Ambrose Furey; Darren C. J. Yeo (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2016)

Formal modelling of predator preferences using molecular gut-content analysis - Edward A. Roualdes; Simon J. Bonner; Thomas D. Whitney; James D. Harwood (Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 2016)

Extreme air–sea interaction over the North Atlantic subpolar gyre during the winter of 2013–2014 and its sub-surface legacy - Jeremy P. Grist; Simon A. Josey; Zoe L. Jacobs; Robert Marsh; Bablu Sinha; Erik Van Sebille (Climate Dynamics, 2016)

Gene targeting, genome editing: from Dolly to editors - Wenfang Tan; Chris Proudfoot; Simon G. Lillico; C. Bruce A. Whitelaw (Transgenic Research, 2016)

Colour polymorphism is likely to be disadvantageous to some populations and species due to genetic architecture and morph interactions - Peri E. Bolton; Lee A. Rollins; Simon C. Griffith (Molecular Ecology, 2016)
Polymorphism describes two or more distinct, genetically determined, phenotypes that co‐occur in the same population, where the rarest morph is maintained at a frequency above the mutation rate (Ford 1945; Huxley 1955). In a recent opinion piece, we explored a new idea regarding the role of genetic architectures and morph interactions in colour polymorphisms and how this can negatively affect population performance (Bolton et al . 2015). In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Forsman (2016) thoroughly discusses the current evidence for polymorphisms enhancing population performance and critiques the validity of the definitions of polymorphism we use in our original paper. We respond by clarifying that the negative consequences of polymorphisms that we discussed are likely to be most pertinent in species that have a particular set of characteristics, such as strong sexual or social interactions between morphs and discrete genetic architectures. Although it was not our intention to redefine polymorphism, we do believe that there should be further discussion about refining or characterizing balanced polymorphisms with respect to the degree of morph sympatry, discreteness of traits and their underlying genetic architecture, and the types of selection that drive and maintain the variation. The latter describes whether polymorphism is primarily maintained by external factors such as predation pressure or internal factors such as interactions with members of the same species. The contribution of Forsman (2016) is useful to this discussion, and we hope that our exchange of opinions will inspire new empirical and theoretical ideas on the origin and maintenance of colour polymorphisms.

Genetic isolation between coastal and fishery‐impacted, offshore bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops spp.) populations - Simon J. Allen; Kate A. Bryant; Robert H. S. Kraus; Neil R. Loneragan; Anna M. Kopps; Alexander M. Brown; Livia Gerber; Michael Krützen (Molecular Ecology, 2016)
The identification of species and population boundaries is important in both evolutionary and conservation biology. In recent years, new population genetic and computational methods for estimating population parameters and testing hypotheses in a quantitative manner have emerged. Using a Bayesian framework and a quantitative model‐testing approach, we evaluated the species status and genetic connectedness of bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops spp.) populations off remote northwestern Australia, with a focus on pelagic ‘offshore’ dolphins subject to incidental capture in a trawl fishery. We analysed 71 dolphin samples from three sites beyond the 50 m depth contour (the inshore boundary of the fishery) and up to 170 km offshore, including incidentally caught and free‐ranging individuals associating with trawl vessels, and 273 dolphins sampled at 12 coastal sites inshore of the 50 m depth contour and within 10 km of the coast. Results from 19 nuclear microsatellite markers showed significant population structure between dolphins from within the fishery and coastal sites, but also among dolphins from coastal sites, identifying three coastal populations. Moreover, we found no current or historic gene flow into the offshore population in the region of the fishery, indicating a complete lack of recruitment from coastal sites. Mitochondrial DNA corroborated our findings of genetic isolation between dolphins from the offshore population and coastal sites. Most offshore individuals formed a monophyletic clade with common bottlenose dolphins ( T. truncatus ), while all 273 individuals sampled coastally formed a well‐supported clade of Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins ( T. aduncus ). By including a quantitative modelling approach, our study explicitly took evolutionary processes into account for informing the conservation and management of protected species. As such, it may serve as a template for other, similarly inaccessible study populations.

A collective navigation hypothesis for homeward migration in anadromous salmonids - Andrew Berdahl; Peter A H Westley; Simon A Levin; Iain D Couzin; Thomas P Quinn (Fish and Fisheries, 2016)
Anadromous salmon (genera O ncorhynchus and S almo ) spend much of their lives feeding in productive northern oceans and then return home to natal sites for reproduction with remarkable accuracy. The mechanisms used for navigation by individuals during migrations are thought to include geomagnetic, celestial and olfactory cues, but rarely are social interactions between individuals considered. Mounting evidence from other taxa indicates that individuals in larger groups can better sense and respond to environmental cues, thus potentially increasing their ability to navigate. Here, we propose that salmon might similarly benefit from collective navigation on their homeward journey. To explore this, we compiled data from multiple studies and found strong evidence that rates of successful homing increase with population abundance, consistent with collective navigation. We then discuss how collective navigation could benefit salmon during each stage of their seaward and homeward migrations, and complement this with a review of salmon sociality. Next, we analyse historic high‐seas catch records and provide new insight into schooling structure of salmon in the marine environment. We argue that collective navigation likely represents a presently under‐appreciated mechanism enhancing the navigational ability of salmon as well as other migratory species, and outline critical tests of our hypothesis.

The microRNA-29 family in cartilage homeostasis and osteoarthritis - Linh T. T. Le; Tracey E. Swingler; Natalie Crowe; Tonia L. Vincent; Matthew J. Barter; Simon T. Donell; Anne M. Delany; Tamas Dalmay; David A. Young; Ian M. Clark (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2016)

Association of genetic susceptibility variants for type 2 diabetes with breast cancer risk in women of European ancestry - Zhiguo Zhao; Wanqing Wen; Kyriaki Michailidou; Manjeet K. Bolla; Qin Wang; Ben Zhang; Jirong Long; Xiao-Ou Shu; Marjanka K. Schmidt; Roger L. Milne; Montserrat García-Closas; Jenny Chang-Claude; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2016)

Empirical realised niche models for British coastal plant species - Susan G. Jarvis; Edwin C. Rowe; Peter A. Henrys; Simon M. Smart; Laurence Jones; Angus Garbutt (Journal of Coastal Conservation, 2016)

A combined pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of levodopa motor response and dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease patients - N. Simon; F. Viallet; A. Boulamery; A. Eusebio; D. Gayraud; J-P. Azulay (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2016)

The effects of the host-substrate properties on maar-diatreme volcanoes: experimental evidence - Élodie Macorps; Alison H. Graettinger; Greg A. Valentine; Pierre-Simon Ross; James D. L. White; Ingo Sonder (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2016)

An integrated pan‐tropical biomass map using multiple reference datasets - Valerio Avitabile; Martin Herold; Gerard B. M. Heuvelink; Simon L. Lewis; Oliver L. Phillips; Gregory P. Asner; John Armston; Peter S. Ashton; Lindsay Banin; Nicolas Bayol; Nicholas J. Berry; Pascal Boeckx; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2016)
We combined two existing datasets of vegetation aboveground biomass ( AGB ) ( Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 108 , 2011, 9899; Nature Climate Change , 2 , 2012, 182) into a pan‐tropical AGB map at 1‐km resolution using an independent reference dataset of field observations and locally calibrated high‐resolution biomass maps, harmonized and upscaled to 14 477 1‐km AGB estimates. Our data fusion approach uses bias removal and weighted linear averaging that incorporates and spatializes the biomass patterns indicated by the reference data. The method was applied independently in areas (strata) with homogeneous error patterns of the input (Saatchi and Baccini) maps, which were estimated from the reference data and additional covariates. Based on the fused map, we estimated AGB stock for the tropics (23.4 N–23.4 S) of 375 Pg dry mass, 9–18% lower than the Saatchi and Baccini estimates. The fused map also showed differing spatial patterns of AGB over large areas, with higher AGB density in the dense forest areas in the Congo basin, Eastern Amazon and South‐East Asia, and lower values in Central America and in most dry vegetation areas of Africa than either of the input maps. The validation exercise, based on 2118 estimates from the reference dataset not used in the fusion process, showed that the fused map had a RMSE 15–21% lower than that of the input maps and, most importantly, nearly unbiased estimates (mean bias 5 Mg dry mass ha −1 vs. 21 and 28 Mg ha −1 for the input maps). The fusion method can be applied at any scale including the policy‐relevant national level, where it can provide improved biomass estimates by integrating existing regional biomass maps as input maps and additional, country‐specific reference datasets.

Simulation of Three-Component Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media Using Method of Lines - Salim Goudarzi; Simon A. Mathias; Jon G. Gluyas (Transport in Porous Media, 2016)

Metabolic engineering of Dunaliella salina for production of ketocarotenoids - N. Anila; Daris P. Simon; Arun Chandrashekar; G. A. Ravishankar; R. Sarada (Photosynthesis Research, 2016)

Tracing carbon flow through coral reef food webs using a compound-specific stable isotope approach - Kelton W. McMahon; Simon R. Thorrold; Leah A. Houghton; Michael L. Berumen (Oecologia, 2016)

Genetic traits for hematogeneous tumor cell dissemination in cancer patients - Simon A. Joosse; Klaus Pantel (Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2016)

On the taxonomy and phylogeny of Ctenodrilus (Annelida: Cirratulidae) with a first report from South Africa - Michael Weidhase; Christoph Bleidorn; Carol A. Simon (Marine Biodiversity, 2016)

Rapid identification of major histocompatibility complex class I haplotypes using deep sequencing in an endangered Old World monkey - Noah D. Simons; Maria Jose Ruiz-Lopez; Colin A. Chapman; Tony L. Goldberg; Julie A. Karl; Roger W. Wiseman; Patrick S. Bohn; David H. O’Connor; Nelson Ting (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2016)

Response of the North Atlantic wave climate to atmospheric modes of variability - Adrián Martínez‐Asensio; Michael N. Tsimplis; Marta Marcos; Xiangbo Feng; Damià Gomis; Gabriel Jordà; Simon A. Josey (International Journal of Climatology, 2016)
This study investigates the relationship between the wind wave climate and the main climate modes of atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic Ocean. The modes considered are the North Atlantic Oscillation ( NAO ), the East Atlantic ( EA ) pattern, the East Atlantic Western Russian ( EA / WR ) pattern and the Scandinavian ( SCAN ) pattern. The wave dataset consists of buoys records, remote sensing altimetry observations and a numerical hindcast providing significant wave height ( SWH ), mean wave period ( MWP ) and mean wave direction ( MWD ) for the period 1989–2009. After evaluating the reliability of the hindcast, we focus on the impact of each mode on seasonal wave parameters and on the relative importance of wind‐sea and swell components. Results demonstrate that the NAO and EA patterns are the most relevant, whereas EA / WR and SCAN patterns have a weaker impact on the North Atlantic wave climate variability. During their positive phases, both NAO and EA patterns are related to winter SWH at a rate that reaches 1 m per unit index along the Scottish coast ( NAO ) and Iberian coast ( EA ) patterns. In terms of winter MWD , the two modes induce a counterclockwise shift of up to 65° per negative NAO (positive EA ) unit over west European coasts. They also increase the winter MWP in the North Sea and in the Bay of Biscay (up to 1 s per unit NAO ) and along the western coasts of Europe and North Africa (1 s per unit EA ). The impact of winter EA pattern on all wave parameters is mostly caused through the swell wave component.

Why is the South Orkney Island shelf (the world's first high seas marine protected area) a carbon immobilization hotspot? - David K. A. Barnes; Louise Ireland; Oliver T. Hogg; Simon Morley; Peter Enderlein; Chester J. Sands (Global Change Biology, 2016)
The Southern Ocean archipelago, the South Orkney Islands ( SOI ), became the world's first entirely high seas marine protected area ( MPA ) in 2010. The SOI continental shelf (~44 000 km 2 ), was less than half covered by grounded ice sheet during glaciations, is biologically rich and a key area of both sea surface warming and sea‐ice losses. Little was known of the carbon cycle there, but recent work showed it was a very important site of carbon immobilization (net annual carbon accumulation) by benthos, one of the few demonstrable negative feedbacks to climate change. Carbon immobilization by SOI bryozoans was higher, per species, unit area and ice‐free day, than anywhere‐else polar. Here, we investigate why carbon immobilization has been so high at SOI , and whether this is due to high density, longevity or high annual production in six study species of bryozoans (benthic suspension feeders). We compared benthic carbon immobilization across major regions around West Antarctica with sea‐ice and primary production, from remotely sensed and directly sampled sources. Lowest carbon immobilization was at the northernmost study regions (South Georgia) and southernmost Amundsen Sea. However, data standardized for age and density showed that only SOI was anomalous (high). High immobilization at SOI was due to very high annual production of bryozoans (rather than high densities or longevity), which were 2x, 3x and 5x higher than on the Bellingshausen, South Georgia and Amundsen shelves, respectively. We found that carbon immobilization correlated to the duration (but not peak or integrated biomass) of phytoplankton blooms, both in directly sampled, local scale data and across regions using remote‐sensed data. The long bloom at SOI seems to drive considerable carbon immobilization, but sea‐ice losses across West Antarctica mean that significant carbon sinks and negative feedbacks to climate change could also develop in the Bellingshausen and Amundsen seas.

Sex-Specific Patterns in Abundance, Temporary Emigration and Survival of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Coastal and Estuarine Waters - Kate R. Sprogis; Kenneth H. Pollock; Holly C. Raudino; Simon J. Allen; Anna M. Kopps; Oliver Manlik; Julian A. Tyne; Lars Bejder (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2016)

Aphid induction of phytohormones in Medicago truncatula is dependent upon time post-infestation, aphid density and the genotypes of both plant and insect - Sophie A. Stewart; Simon Hodge; Mark Bennett; John W. Mansfield; Glen Powell (Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 2016)

Facies analysis of the Middle and Late Quaternary sediment infill of the northern Weihe Basin, Central China - Daniël S. Rits; Maarten A. Prins; Simon R. Troelstra; Ronald T. van Balen; Yan Zheng; Christiaan J. Beets; Bin Wang; Xiaoqiang Li; Jie Zhou; Hongbo Zheng (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2016)
A detailed study of the uppermost 221 m of drill core LYH‐1 – located in the northern part of the Weihe Basin – reveals considerable environmental variety over the past 1 Myr. Studied parameters include lithofacies, sedimentological properties and micropalaeontological content of selected core‐samples. Present‐day environments in the research area have been used as analogues for past conditions. The palaeoenvironments documented in the sedimentary record are interpreted as shallow lakes, fluvial settings, soils and aeolian environments. The temporal variation of the environments indicates a rapid alternation between climate‐driven wet and dry phases, suggesting that these fluctuations are related to changes in monsoon intensity. However, on a larger temporal scale, the sedimentation and accumulation of water is also affected by local tectonics. End‐member modelling shows that the siliciclastic grain‐size distributions can be ascribed to the mixing of six distinct end‐members. Most of the sediments in core LYH‐1 have similar characteristics to the loess deposits from the Central Loess Plateau. However, the much higher sedimentation rates and sedimentary structures suggest that these sediments consist for a large part of fluvially reworked loess. A broad subdivision of the core into three main intervals can be made, tentatively dated by magnetostratigraphy. From 162 to 221 m (690–1000 ka), brackish wetland conditions with a regular influence from fluvial and/or distal alluvial fan systems prevailed. The interval 90–162 m (330–690 ka) shows more terrestrial settings with occasional hypersaline lakes. From 0 to 90 m (0–330 ka), the environment was a shallow wetland, albeit with a relatively low diversity of aquatic and terrestrial microfossils compared to the lower interval.

Out of Antarctica: quaternary colonization of sub-Antarctic Marion Island by the limpet genus Nacella (Patellogastropoda: Nacellidae) - Claudio A. González-Wevar; Steven L. Chown; Simon Morley; Nestor Coria; Thomas Saucéde; Elie Poulin (Polar Biology, 2016)

Genetic variation in the immunosuppression pathway genes and breast cancer susceptibility: a pooled analysis of 42,510 cases and 40,577 controls from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium - Jieping Lei; Anja Rudolph; Kirsten B. Moysich; Sabine Behrens; Ellen L. Goode; Manjeet K. Bolla; Joe Dennis; Alison M. Dunning; Douglas F. Easton; Qin Wang; Javier Benitez; John L. Hopper; et al. (Human Genetics, 2016)

Perceived discrimination and cancer screening behaviors in US Hispanics: the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study - Cristina Valdovinos; Frank J. Penedo; Carmen R. Isasi; Molly Jung; Robert C. Kaplan; Rebeca Espinoza Giacinto; Patricia Gonzalez; Vanessa L. Malcarne; Krista Perreira; Hugo Salgado; Melissa A. Simon; Lisa M. Wruck; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2016)

Quantifying the conservation value of seascape connectivity: a global synthesis - Andrew D. Olds; Rod M. Connolly; Kylie A. Pitt; Simon J. Pittman; Paul S. Maxwell; Chantal M. Huijbers; Brad R. Moore; Simon Albert; David Rissik; Russell C. Babcock; Thomas A. Schlacher (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2016)
Aim Connectivity structures populations, communities and ecosystems in the sea. The extent of connectivity is, therefore, predicted to also influence the outcomes of conservation initiatives, such as marine reserves. Here we review the published evidence about how important seascape connectivity (i.e. landscape connectivity in the sea) is for marine conservation outcomes. Location Global. Methods We analysed the global literature on the effects of seascape connectivity on reserve performance. Results In the majority of cases, greater seascape connectivity inside reserves translates into better conservation outcomes (i.e. enhanced productivity and diversity). Research on reserve performance is, however, most often conducted separately from research on connectivity, resulting in few studies ( Main conclusions Given that research rarely connects the effects of connectivity and reserves, our thesis is that stronger linkages between landscape ecology and marine spatial planning are likely to improve conservation outcomes in the sea. The key science challenge is to identify the full range of ecological functions that are modulated by connectivity and the spatial scale over which these functions enhance conservation outcomes.

The Development of a Communication Tool to Facilitate the Cancer Trial Recruitment Process and Increase Research Literacy among Underrepresented Populations - Samantha Torres; Erika E. de la Riva; Laura S. Tom; Marla L. Clayman; Chirisse Taylor; Xinqi Dong; Melissa A. Simon (Journal of Cancer Education, 2015)

Elemental changes in the hippocampal formation following two different formulas of ketogenic diet: an X-ray fluorescence microscopy study - J. Chwiej; A. Patulska; A. Skoczen; K. Janeczko; M. Ciarach; R. Simon; Z. Setkowicz (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2015)

Time to leave? Immediate response of roe deer to experimental disturbances using playbacks - Sophie Padié; Nicolas Morellet; Bruno Cargnelutti; A. J. Mark Hewison; Jean-Louis Martin; Simon Chamaillé-Jammes (European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2015)

δ18O values of cave drip water: a promising proxy for the reconstruction of the North Atlantic Oscillation? - Simon A. Mischel; Denis Scholz; Christoph Spötl (Climate Dynamics, 2015)

Infrastructure for collaborative science and societal applications in the Columbia River estuary - António M. Baptista; Charles Seaton; Michael P. Wilkin; Sarah F. Riseman; Joseph A. Needoba; David Maier; Paul J. Turner; Tuomas Kärnä; Jesse E. Lopez; Lydie Herfort; V. M. Megler; Craig McNeil; et al. (Frontiers of Earth Science, 2015)
To meet societal needs, modern estuarine science needs to be interdisciplinary and collaborative, combine discovery with hypotheses testing, and be responsive to issues facing both regional and global stakeholders. Such an approach is best conducted with the benefit of data-rich environments, where information from sensors and models is openly accessible within convenient timeframes. Here, we introduce the operational infrastructure of one such data-rich environment, a collaboratory created to support (a) interdisciplinary research in the Columbia River estuary by the multi-institutional team of investigators of the Science and Technology Center for Coastal Margin Observation & Prediction and (b) the integration of scientific knowledge into regional decision making. Core components of the operational infrastructure are an observation network, a modeling system and a cyber-infrastructure, each of which is described. The observation network is anchored on an extensive array of long-term stations, many of them interdisciplinary, and is complemented by on-demand deployment of temporary stations and mobile platforms, often in coordinated field campaigns. The modeling system is based on finiteelement unstructured-grid codes and includes operational and process-oriented simulations of circulation, sediments and ecosystem processes. The flow of information is managed through a dedicated cyber-infrastructure, conversant with regional and national observing systems.

Four-way development of microsatellite markers for the Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae) - Kang-Wook Kim; Hanyuan Zhang; Gavin J. Horsburgh; Susannah Bird; Deborah A. Dawson; Simon C. Griffith; Terry Burke (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2015)

Prioritization of knowledge needs for sustainable aquaculture: a national and global perspective - Aisla C Jones; Angela Mead; Michel J Kaiser; Melanie C V Austen; Alex W Adrian; Neil A Auchterlonie; Kenneth D Black; Lucy R Blow; Charlotte Bury; Janet H Brown; Gavin M Burnell; Elaine Connolly; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2015)
Aquaculture is currently the fastest expanding global animal food production sector and is a key future contributor to food security. An increase in food security will be dependent upon the development and improvement of sustainable practices. A prioritization exercise was undertaken, focusing on the future knowledge needs to underpin UK sustainable aquaculture (both domestic and imported products) using a ‘task force’ group of 36 ‘practitioners’ and 12 ‘research scientists’ who have an active interest in sustainable aquaculture. A long list of 264 knowledge needs related to sustainable aquaculture was developed in conjunction with the task force. The long list was further refined through a three stage process of voting and scoring, including discussions of each knowledge need. The top 25 knowledge needs are presented, as scored separately by ‘practitioners’ or ‘research scientists’. There was similar agreement in priorities identified by these two groups. The priority knowledge needs will provide guidance to structure ongoing work to make science accessible to practitioners and help to prioritize future science policy needs and funding. The process of knowledge exchange, and the mechanisms by which this can be achieved, effectively emerged as the top priority for sustainable aquaculture. Viable alternatives to wild fish‐based aquaculture feeds, resource constraints that will potentially limit expansion of aquaculture, sustainable offshore aquaculture and the treatment of sea lice also emerged as strong priorities. Although the exercise was focused on UK needs for sustainable aquaculture, many of the emergent issues are considered to have global application.

Connectivity structures local population dynamics: a long‐term empirical test in a large metapopulation system - Max C. N. Castorani; Daniel C. Reed; Filipe Alberto; Tom W. Bell; Rachel D. Simons; Kyle C. Cavanaugh; David A. Siegel; Peter T. Raimondi (Ecology, 2015)
Ecological theory predicts that demographic connectivity structures the dynamics of local populations within metapopulation systems, but empirical support has been constrained by major limitations in data and methodology. We tested this prediction for giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera , a key habitat‐forming species in temperate coastal ecosystems worldwide, in southern California, USA. We combined a long‐term (22 years), large‐scale (~500 km coastline), high‐resolution census of abundance with novel patch delineation methods and an innovative connectivity measure incorporating oceanographic transport and source fecundity. Connectivity strongly predicted local dynamics (well‐connected patches had lower probabilities of extinction and higher probabilities of colonization, leading to greater likelihoods of occupancy) but this relationship was mediated by patch size. Moreover, the relationship between connectivity and local population dynamics varied over time, possibly due to temporal variation in oceanographic transport processes. Surprisingly, connectivity had a smaller influence on colonization relative to extinction, possibly because local ecological factors differ greatly between extinct and extant patches. Our results provide the first comprehensive evidence that southern California giant kelp populations function as a metapopulation system, challenging the view that populations of this important foundation species are governed exclusively by self‐replenishment.

Modelling hydrological processes, crop yields and NPS pollution in a small sub-tropical catchment in South Africa using ACRU-NPS - Kipkemboi J. Kollongei; Simon A. Lorentz (Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2015)

The potential for alternative stable states in nutrient-enriched invaded grasslands - Ryan A. Chisholm; Duncan N. L. Menge; Tak Fung; Nicholas S. G. Williams; Simon A. Levin (Theoretical Ecology, 2015)

Restoring forests: What constitutes success in the twenty-first century? - Douglass F. Jacobs; Juan A. Oliet; James Aronson; Andreas Bolte; James M. Bullock; Pablo J. Donoso; Simon M. Landhäusser; Palle Madsen; Shaolin Peng; José M. Rey-Benayas; John C. Weber (New Forests, 2015)

Using provincial baseline indicators to model geographic variations of disaster resilience in Thailand - Laura Siebeneck; Sudha Arlikatti; Simon A. Andrew (Natural Hazards, 2015)

Genetic and platelet function testing of antiplatelet therapy for percutaneous coronary intervention: the ARCTIC-GENE study - Jean-Philippe Collet; Jean-Sébastien Hulot; Thomas Cuisset; Grégoire Rangé; Guillaume Cayla; Eric Van Belle; Simon Elhadad; Hélène Rousseau; Pierre Sabouret; Stephen A. O’Connor; Jérémie Abtan; Mathieu Kerneis; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2015)

The mineralogy and fabric of ‘Brickearths’ in Kent, UK and their relationship to engineering behaviour - Antoni E. Milodowski; Kevin J. Northmore; Simon J. Kemp; David C. Entwisle; David A. Gunn; Peter D. Jackson; David I. Boardman; Aris Zoumpakis; Christopher D. F. Rogers; Neil Dixon; Ian Jefferson; Ian J. Smalley; et al. (Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2015)

Influences of extreme weather, climate and pesticide use on invertebrates in cereal fields over 42 years - Julie A. Ewald; Christopher J. Wheatley; Nicholas J. Aebischer; Stephen J. Moreby; Simon J. Duffield; Humphrey Q. P. Crick; Michael B. Morecroft (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Cereal fields are central to balancing food production and environmental health in the face of climate change. Within them, invertebrates provide key ecosystem services. Using 42 years of monitoring data collected in southern E ngland, we investigated the sensitivity and resilience of invertebrates in cereal fields to extreme weather events and examined the effect of long‐term changes in temperature, rainfall and pesticide use on invertebrate abundance. Of the 26 invertebrate groups examined, eleven proved sensitive to extreme weather events. Average abundance increased in hot/dry years and decreased in cold/wet years for A raneae, C icadellidae, adult H eteroptera, T hysanoptera, B raconidae, E nicmus and L athridiidae. The average abundance of D elphacidae, C ryptophagidae and M ycetophilidae increased in both hot/dry and cold/wet years relative to other years. The abundance of all 10 groups usually returned to their long‐term trend within a year after the extreme event. For five of them, sensitivity to cold/wet events was lowest (translating into higher abundances) at locations with a westerly aspect. Some long‐term trends in invertebrate abundance correlated with temperature and rainfall, indicating that climate change may affect them. However, pesticide use was more important in explaining the trends, suggesting that reduced pesticide use would mitigate the effects of climate change.

Surgical attenuation of spontaneous congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs resolves hepatic encephalopathy but not hypermanganesemia - Adam G. Gow; Polly E. Frowde; Clive M. Elwood; Carolyn A. Burton; Roger M. Powell; Simon W. Tappin; Rob D. Foale; Andrew Duncan; Richard J. Mellanby (Metabolic Brain Disease, 2015)

Effect-based assessment of persistent organic pollutant and pesticide dumpsite using mammalian CALUX reporter cell lines - B. Pieterse; I. J. C. Rijk; E. Simon; B. M. A. van Vugt-Lussenburg; B. F. H. Fokke; M. van der Wijk; H. Besselink; R. Weber; B. van der Burg (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015)

First recorded eruption of Nabro volcano, Eritrea, 2011 - Berhe Goitom; Clive Oppenheimer; James O. S. Hammond; Raphaël Grandin; Talfan Barnie; Amy Donovan; Ghebrebrhan Ogubazghi; Ermias Yohannes; Goitom Kibrom; J- Michael Kendall; Simon A. Carn; David Fee; et al. (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2015)

Extending spatial modelling of climate change responses beyond the realized niche: estimating, and accommodating, physiological limits and adaptive evolution - Renee A. Catullo; Simon Ferrier; Ary A. Hoffmann (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2015)
Aim Spatial models of the impacts of climate change generally assume that species are restricted to their realized niche, and will persist only if that niche remains accessible through time. However, species often have physiological limits beyond the range of environmental conditions experienced in their present realized niche, and these limits may also be extended further through evolution in response to the selection pressure provided by climate change. Our aim was to develop a general framework for incorporating key parameters relating to physiological limits and adaptive evolution into models of the impact of climate change. Location Global. Methods Four types of parameter are defined in our framework: the realized limit, the current physiological limit, the evolutionary physiological limit and the rate of adaptive evolution. These parameters can be estimated or predicted using a variety of information sources, and can be applied to a diverse range of modelling approaches. Results We illustrate the utility of this approach by describing how parameters can be measured directly for model species, and by exploring how minimal information on phylogeny and distribution might enable parameter estimation for less well‐studied species. We outline a general strategy for deriving these parameters from ongoing research, involving a cascading hierarchy of information ranging from direct observations of traits closely linked to the parameters of interest (e.g. from physiological or evolutionary experimentation) through to more distal indicators (e.g. ecological traits such as niche position or range size). Main conclusions The incorporation of adaptive capacity into spatial modelling of biological responses to climate change is now eminently achievable. Significant sources of data are available that can be used as predictors or indicators of physiological limits and the capacity for adaptive evolution in non‐model organisms. These data offer a common currency for addressing one of the most important limitations of current efforts to model the impacts of climate change on biological distributions.

Metagenomic characterization of viral communities in corals: mining biological signal from methodological noise - Elisha M. Wood‐Charlson; Karen D. Weynberg; Curtis A. Suttle; Simon Roux; Madeleine J. H. van Oppen (Environmental Microbiology, 2015)
Summary Reef‐building corals form close associations with organisms from all three domains of life and therefore have many potential viral hosts. Yet knowledge of viral communities associated with corals is barely explored. This complexity presents a number of challenges in terms of the metagenomic assessments of coral viral communities and requires specialized methods for purification and amplification of viral nucleic acids, as well as virome annotation. In this minireview, we conduct a meta‐analysis of the limited number of existing coral virome studies, as well as available coral transcriptome and metagenome data, to identify trends and potential complications inherent in different methods. The analysis shows that the method used for viral nucleic acid isolation drastically affects the observed viral assemblage and interpretation of the results. Further, the small number of viral reference genomes available, coupled with short sequence read lengths might cause errors in virus identification. Despite these limitations and potential biases, the data show that viral communities associated with corals are diverse, with double‐ and single‐stranded DNA and RNA viruses. The identified viruses are dominated by double‐stranded DNA ‐tailed bacteriophages, but there are also viruses that infect eukaryote hosts, likely the endosymbiotic dinoflagellates, Symbiodinium spp., host coral and other eukaryotes in close association.

Bacterial community dynamics during polysaccharide degradation at contrasting sites in the S outhern and A tlantic O ceans - Matthias Wietz; Bernd Wemheuer; Heike Simon; Helge‐Ansgar Giebel; Maren A. Seibt; Rolf Daniel; Thorsten Brinkhoff; Meinhard Simon (Environmental Microbiology, 2015)
Summary The bacterial degradation of polysaccharides is central to marine carbon cycling, but little is known about the bacterial taxa that degrade specific marine polysaccharides. Here, bacterial growth and community dynamics were studied during the degradation of the polysaccharides chitin, alginate and agarose in microcosm experiments at four contrasting locations in the S outhern and A tlantic O ceans. At the Southern polar front, chitin‐supplemented microcosms were characterized by higher fractions of actively growing cells and a community shift from A lphaproteobacteria to G ammaproteobacteria and B acteroidetes . At the A ntarctic ice shelf, chitin degradation was associated with growth of B acteroidetes , with 24% higher cell numbers compared with the control. At the P atagonian continental shelf, alginate and agarose degradation covaried with growth of different A lteromonadaceae populations, each with specific temporal growth patterns. At the M auritanian upwelling, only the alginate hydrolysis product guluronate was consumed, coincident with increasing abundances of A lteromonadaceae and possibly cross‐feeding SAR 11. 16 S rRNA gene amplicon libraries indicated that growth of the B acteroidetes ‐affiliated genus R eichenbachiella was stimulated by chitin at all cold and temperate water stations, suggesting comparable ecological roles over wide geographical scales. Overall, the predominance of location‐specific patterns showed that bacterial communities from contrasting oceanic biomes have members with different potentials to hydrolyse polysaccharides.

Elemental mapping of the entire intact Drosophila gastrointestinal tract - Michael W. M. Jones; Martin D. de Jonge; Simon A. James; Richard Burke (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2015)

Tall tales and fat tails: the science and economics of extreme warming - Raphael Calel; David A. Stainforth; Simon Dietz (Climatic Change, 2015)
It has recently been highlighted that the economic value of climate change mitigation depends sensitively on the slim possibility of extreme warming. This insight has been obtained through a focus on the fat upper tail of the climate sensitivity probability distribution. However, while climate sensitivity is undoubtedly important, what ultimately matters is transient temperature change. A focus on transient temperature change stresses the interplay of climate sensitivity with other physical uncertainties, notably effective heat capacity. In this paper we present a conceptual analysis of the physical uncertainties in economic models of climate mitigation, leading to an empirical application of the DICE model, which investigates the interaction of uncertainty in climate sensitivity and the effective heat capacity. We expand on previous results exploring the sensitivity of economic evaluations to the tail of the climate sensitivity distribution alone, and demonstrate that uncertainty about the system’s effective heat capacity also plays a very important role. We go on to discuss complementary avenues of economic and scientific research that may help provide a better combined understanding of the physical and economic processes associated with a rapidly warming world.

Phylogeography of six codistributed New Zealand cicadas and their relationship to multiple biogeographical boundaries suggest a re‐evaluation of the Taupo Line - Emily A. Ellis; David C. Marshall; Kathy B. R. Hill; Christopher L. Owen; Peter J. J. Kamp; Chris Simon (Journal of Biogeography, 2015)
Aim Comparative biogeographers question the extent to which codistributed species respond similarly to environmental change. Such responses should create similar, appropriately timed patterns of cladogenesis among codistributed taxa compared to evolutionary independence, which may limit the predictions that can be made for unstudied species. Here, we compare phylogeographical patterns across ecologically divergent, codistributed taxa in the light of New Zealand's palaeohistory. Location North Island, New Zealand. Methods Mitochondrial DNA from six codistributed cicada species ( Kikihia ochrina , K. cutora , K. laneorum , K. cauta , K. scutellaris and K. dugdalei ) was analysed using phylogenetic methods and molecular dating techniques. We analysed phylogeographical distributions using analysis of molecular variance ( AMOVA ) to determine the significance of hypothesized biogeographical boundaries for clade differentiation and spatial distribution of genetic diversity. Results Five species ( Kikihia ochrina , K. cutora , K. laneorum , K. cauta and K. scutellaris ) show various degrees of intraspecific concordance with biogeographical boundaries found in previously studied taxa – the Kauri Line, the Northland Line and the newly identified Cockayne's Line. Clade splits of forest species correlate with the Kauri Line and/or Northland Line, whereas splits of scrub/hill species correlate with Cockayne's Line. Four species ( Kikihia ochrina , K. cutora , K. laneorum and K. cauta ) diversified before the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM , 20 ka), whereas two species ( K. scutellaris and K. dugdalei ) show only post‐ LGM diversification. Main conclusions Despite species idiosyncrasies, we see the imprint of shared palaeoclimatic/geological events. We distinguish between (1) the importance of biogeographical lines as the demarcation between older genetically diverse and newer genetically depauperate populations, and (2) the importance of lines as biogeographical boundaries between sister clades. We also stress the importance of dating clade splits to ensure consistency with explanations for the biogeographical lines in question. We suggest that the Taupo Line has been overemphasized as a biogeographical boundary, whereas the importance of the mountain axis running north‐east to south‐west (‘Cockayne's Line’) has been overlooked.

Understanding fisheries credit systems: potentials and pitfalls of managing catch efficiency - Maria C Van Riel; Simon R Bush; Paul A M van Zwieten; Arthur P J Mol (Fish and Fisheries, 2015)
Following implementation in a range of other resource sectors, a number of credit‐like systems have been proposed for fisheries. But confusion exists over what constitutes these nascent ‘fisheries credit’ systems and how they operate. Based on a review of credit systems in other sectors, this study fills this gap by defining how credit systems function and what credits add to prevailing fisheries management. In doing so, we distinguish ‘mitigation’ and ‘behavioural’ fishery credits. Mitigation credits require resource users to compensate for unsustainable catches of target species, by‐catch species or damaging practices on the marine environment by investing in conservation in a biologically equivalent habitat or resource. Behavioural credit systems incentivize fishers to gradually change their fishing behaviour to more sustainable fishing methods by rewarding them with, for instance, extra fishing effort to compensate for less efficient but more sustainable fishing methods. The choice of credit system largely depends on the characteristics of specific fisheries and the management goals agreed upon by managers, scientists and the fishing industry. The study concludes that fisheries credit systems are different but complimentary to other forms of management by focusing on ‘catchability’ or gear efficiency in addition to effort or catch quota, affecting overall economic efficiency by setting specific goals as to how fish are caught. Credit systems therefore incentivize specific management interventions that can directly improve stock sustainability, conserve habitat and endangered species, or decrease by‐catch.

Local and landscape effects on bee functional guilds in pigeon pea crops in Kenya - Mark Otieno; C. Sheena Sidhu; Ben A. Woodcock; Andrew Wilby; Ioannis N. Vogiatzakis; Alice L. Mauchline; Mary W. Gikungu; Simon G. Potts (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2015)

Geographic and temporal dynamics of a global radiation and diversification in the killer whale - Phillip A. Morin; Kim M. Parsons; Frederick I. Archer; María C. Ávila‐Arcos; Lance G. Barrett‐Lennard; Luciano Dalla Rosa; Sebastián Duchêne; John W. Durban; Graeme M. Ellis; Steven H. Ferguson; John K. Ford; Michael J. Ford; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
Global climate change during the Late Pleistocene periodically encroached and then released habitat during the glacial cycles, causing range expansions and contractions in some species. These dynamics have played a major role in geographic radiations, diversification and speciation. We investigate these dynamics in the most widely distributed of marine mammals, the killer whale ( Orcinus orca ), using a global data set of over 450 samples. This marine top predator inhabits coastal and pelagic ecosystems ranging from the ice edge to the tropics, often exhibiting ecological, behavioural and morphological variation suggestive of local adaptation accompanied by reproductive isolation. Results suggest a rapid global radiation occurred over the last 350 000 years. Based on habitat models, we estimated there was only a 15% global contraction of core suitable habitat during the last glacial maximum, and the resources appeared to sustain a constant global effective female population size throughout the Late Pleistocene. Reconstruction of the ancestral phylogeography highlighted the high mobility of this species, identifying 22 strongly supported long‐range dispersal events including interoceanic and interhemispheric movement. Despite this propensity for geographic dispersal, the increased sampling of this study uncovered very few potential examples of ancestral dispersal among ecotypes. Concordance of nuclear and mitochondrial data further confirms genetic cohesiveness, with little or no current gene flow among sympatric ecotypes. Taken as a whole, our data suggest that the glacial cycles influenced local populations in different ways, with no clear global pattern, but with secondary contact among lineages following long‐range dispersal as a potential mechanism driving ecological diversification.

Phylogenetic constraints and trait correlates of flowering phenology in the angiosperm flora of C hina - Yanjun Du; Lingfeng Mao; Simon A. Queenborough; Robert P. Freckleton; Bin Chen; Keping Ma (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2015)
Aim The phylogenetic constraint hypothesis of flowering phenology states that closely related species flower at similar times of the year. We test this hypothesis for the C hinese angiosperm flora and assess additional effects of growth form, deciduousness, pollination mode and fruit type. We further examine whether the phylogenetic conservatism of flowering phenology tends to increase from tropical to temperate latitudes. Location C hina. Methods The midpoint of flowering time for 19,631 angiosperm species present in C hina was compiled. The phylogenetic signal for flowering time was evaluated for the whole country using the B lomberg K ‐value (adjusted for circular data). We then regressed the phylogenetic signal for 28 provinces as a function of their latitude. An analysis of variance for circular data was conducted to test the differences among growth forms. W atson– W illiams tests for circular flowering data were used to compare flowering dates between deciduous and evergreen species, animal‐pollinated and wind‐pollinated species, and fleshy and non‐fleshy fruits. Results The results support the phylogenetic constraint hypothesis. The phylogenetic signal at the whole country scale was lower than that at the province scale. Phylogenetic signal was also lower at tropical latitudes than at temperate latitudes. Flowering dates were associated with biological traits, with growth form having the largest effect. Main conclusions Flowering phenology was constrained by phylogeny, and so one should account for phylogeny when studying the underlying drivers of phenology. The strength of phylogenetic conservatism appears weaker at larger scales and becomes stronger towards temperate regions. Flowering phenology also varies predictably according to biological traits such as growth form, suggesting that both phylogeny and traits could be used to inform the flowering times of species for which no phenology data are available. It remains to be tested whether the phylogenetic signal for other functional traits putatively related with flowering time also increases with latitude.

Hyper-IgD syndrome/mevalonate kinase deficiency: what is new? - C. M. Mulders-Manders; A. Simon (Seminars in Immunopathology, 2015)

Tilted frames of reference have similar effects on the perception of gravitational vertical and the planning of vertical saccadic eye movements - Michael Morgan; Simon Grant; Dean Melmoth; Joshua A. Solomon (Experimental Brain Research, 2015)

Antimicrobial susceptibility of rapidly growing mycobacteria using the rapid colorimetric method - I. B. Ramis; M. Cnockaert; A. von Groll; C. L. Nogueira; S. C. Leão; E. Andre; A. Simon; J. C. Palomino; P. E. A. da Silva; P. Vandamme; A. Martin (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2015)

The RPTEC/TERT1 Cell Line as an Improved Tool for In Vitro Nephrotoxicity Assessments - Bridget R. Simon-Friedt; Mark J. Wilson; Diane A. Blake; Haini Yu; Yasmin Eriksson; Jeffrey K. Wickliffe (Biological Trace Element Research, 2015)

Disentangling the drivers of change in Common Teal migration phenology over 50 years: land use vs. climate change effects - Matthieu Guillemain; Claire A. Pernollet; Grégoire Massez; François Cavallo; Géraldine Simon; Jocelyn Champagnon (Journal of Ornithology, 2015)

Variability among individuals is generated at the gene expression level - Lloyd S. Peck; Michael A. S. Thorne; Joseph I. Hoffman; Simon A. Morley; Melody S. Clark (Ecology, 2015)
Selection acts on individuals, specifically on their differences. To understand adaptation and responses to change therefore requires knowledge of how variation is generated and distributed across traits. Variation occurs on different biological scales, from genetic through physiological to morphological, yet it is unclear which of these carries the most variability. For example, if individual variation is mainly generated by differences in gene expression, variability should decrease progressively from coding genes to morphological traits, whereas if post‐translational and epigenetic effects increase variation, the opposite should occur. To test these predictions, we compared levels of variation among individuals in various measures of gene expression, physiology (including activity), and morphology in two abundant and geographically widespread Antarctic molluscs, the clam Laternula elliptica and the limpet Nacella concinna . Direct comparisons among traits as diverse as heat shock protein QPCR assays, whole transcription profiles, respiration rates, burying rate, shell length, and ash‐free dry mass were made possible through the novel application of an established metric, the Wentworth Scale. In principle, this approach could be extended to analyses of populations, communities, or even entire ecosystems. We found consistently greater variation in gene expression than morphology, with physiological measures falling in between. This suggests that variability is generated at the gene expression level. These findings have important implications for refining current biological models and predictions of how biodiversity may respond to climate change.

A blood spot method for detecting fumonisin-induced changes in putative sphingolipid biomarkers in LM/Bc mice and humans - Ronald T. Riley; Jency L. Showker; Christine M. Lee; Cody E. Zipperer; Trevor R. Mitchell; Kenneth A. Voss; Nicholas C. Zitomer; Olga Torres; Jorge Matute; Simon G. Gregory; Allison E. Ashley-Koch; Joyce R. Maddox; et al. (Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2015)

Effect of propagule type and fruiting time on Uapaca kirkiana fruit and seed size, seed germination and seedling growth - Simon A. Mng’omba; Gudeta W. Sileshi (Trees, 2015)

The danger within: the role of genetic, behavioural and ecological factors in population persistence of colour polymorphic species - Peri E. Bolton; Lee A. Rollins; Simon C. Griffith (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
Polymorphic species have been the focus of important work in evolutionary biology. It has been suggested that colour polymorphic species have specific evolutionary and population dynamics that enable them to persist through environmental changes better than less variable species. We suggest that recent empirical and theoretical work indicates that polymorphic species may be more vulnerable to extinction than previously thought. This vulnerability arises because these species often have a number of correlated sexual, behavioural, life history and ecological traits, which can have a simple genetic underpinning. When exacerbated by environmental change, these alternate strategies can lead to conflict between morphs at the genomic and population levels, which can directly or indirectly affect population and evolutionary dynamics. In this perspective, we identify a number of ways in which the nature of the correlated traits, their underpinning genetic architecture, and the inevitable interactions between colour morphs can result in a reduction in population fitness. The principles illustrated here apply to all kinds of discrete polymorphism (e.g. behavioural syndromes), but we focus primarily on colour polymorphism because they are well studied. We urge further empirical investigation of the genetic architecture and interactions in polymorphic species to elucidate the impact on population fitness.

Climate change enhances primary production in the western Antarctic Peninsula - Sébastien Moreau; Behzad Mostajir; Simon Bélanger; Irene R. Schloss; Martin Vancoppenolle; Serge Demers; Gustavo A. Ferreyra (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Intense regional warming was observed in the western Antarctic Peninsula ( WAP ) over the last 50 years. Here, we investigate the impact of climate change on primary production ( PP ) in this highly productive region. This study is based on temporal data series of ozone thickness (1972–2010), sea ice concentration (1978–2010), sea‐surface temperature (1990–2010), incident irradiance (1988–2010) and satellite‐derived chlorophyll a concentration (Chl‐a, 1997–2010) for the coastal WAP . In addition, we apply a photosynthesis/photoinhibition spectral model to satellite‐derived data (1997–2010) to compute PP and examine the separate impacts of environmental forcings. Since 1978, sea ice retreat has been occurring earlier in the season (in March in 1978 and in late October during the 2000s) while the ozone hole is present in early spring (i.e. August to November) since the early 1990s, increasing the intensity of ultraviolet‐B radiation ( UVBR , 280–320 nm). The WAP waters have also warmed over 1990–2010. The modelled PP rates are in the lower range of previously reported PP rates in the WAP . The annual open water PP in the study area increased from 1997 to 2010 (from 0.73 to 1.03 Tg C yr −1 ) concomitantly with the increase in the production season length. The coincidence between the earlier sea ice retreat and the presence of the ozone hole increased the exposure to incoming radiation ( UVBR , UVAR and PAR ) and, thus, increased photoinhibition during austral spring (September to November) in the study area (from 0.014 to 0.025 Tg C yr −1 ). This increase in photoinhibition was minor compared to the overall increase in PP , however. Climate change hence had an overall positive impact on PP in the WAP waters.

Characterization of a Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 double mutant lacking the CyanoP and Ycf48 proteins of Photosystem II - Simon A. Jackson; Julian J. Eaton-Rye (Photosynthesis Research, 2015)

Resource availability affects individual niche variation and its consequences in group-living European badgers Meles meles - Andrew Robertson; Robbie A. McDonald; Richard J. Delahay; Simon D. Kelly; Stuart Bearhop (Oecologia, 2015)

Spatial Distributions of Grazing Activity and Microphytobenthos Reveal Scale-Dependent Relationships Across a Sedimentary Gradient - Daniel R. Pratt; Conrad A. Pilditch; Andrew M. Lohrer; Simon F. Thrush; Casper Kraan (Estuaries and Coasts, 2015)

Melt inclusion evidence for CO2-rich melts beneath the western branch of the East African Rift: implications for long-term storage of volatiles in the deep lithospheric mantle - T. R. Hudgins; S. B. Mukasa; A. C. Simon; G. Moore; E. Barifaijo (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2015)

Interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming on subtidal mussels and sea stars from Atlantic Canada - Elise A. Keppel; Ricardo A. Scrosati; Simon C. Courtenay (Marine Biology Research, 2015)

Exploiting the intrinsic hydrocarbon-degrading microbial capacities in oil tank bottom sludge and waste soil for sludge bioremediation - E. M. Adetutu; C. Bird; K. K. Kadali; A. Bueti; E. Shahsavari; M. Taha; S. Patil; P. J. Sheppard; T. Makadia; K. L. Simons; A. S. Ball (International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2015)

Peptide Amphiphile Micelles Self-Adjuvant Group A Streptococcal Vaccination - Amanda Trent; Bret D. Ulery; Matthew J. Black; John C. Barrett; Simon Liang; Yulia Kostenko; Natalie A. David; Matthew V. Tirrell (The AAPS Journal, 2015)