Does the Size Structure of Venerid Clam Populations Affect Ecosystem Functions on Intertidal Sandflats? - Samuel Thomas; Conrad A. Pilditch; Simon F. Thrush; Federico Baltar; Josie A. Crawshaw; Blair Thomson; Candida Savage (Estuaries and Coasts, 2021)

Historical Disturbances Determine Current Taxonomic, Functional and Phylogenetic Diversity of Saproxylic Beetle Communities in Temperate Primary Forests - Daniel Kozák; Marek Svitok; Michal Wiezik; Martin Mikoláš; Simon Thorn; Arne Buechling; Jeňýk Hofmeister; Radim Matula; Volodymyr Trotsiuk; Radek Bače; Krešimir Begovič; Vojtěch Čada; et al. (Ecosystems, 2021)

What causes the spread of model projections of ocean dynamic sea-level change in response to greenhouse gas forcing? - Matthew P. Couldrey; Jonathan M. Gregory; Fabio Boeira Dias; Peter Dobrohotoff; Catia M. Domingues; Oluwayemi Garuba; Stephen M. Griffies; Helmuth Haak; Aixue Hu; Masayoshi Ishii; Johann Jungclaus; Armin Köhl; et al. (Climate Dynamics, 2021)
Sea levels of different atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) respond to climate change forcing in different ways, representing a crucial uncertainty in climate change research. We isolate the role of the ocean dynamics in setting the spatial pattern of dynamic sea-level ( ζ ) change by forcing several AOGCMs with prescribed identical heat, momentum (wind) and freshwater flux perturbations. This method produces a ζ projection spread comparable in magnitude to the spread that results from greenhouse gas forcing, indicating that the differences in ocean model formulation are the cause, rather than diversity in surface flux change. The heat flux change drives most of the global pattern of ζ change, while the momentum and water flux changes cause locally confined features. North Atlantic heat uptake causes large temperature and salinity driven density changes, altering local ocean transport and ζ . The spread between AOGCMs here is caused largely by differences in their regional transport adjustment, which redistributes heat that was already in the ocean prior to perturbation. The geographic details of the ζ change in the North Atlantic are diverse across models, but the underlying dynamic change is similar. In contrast, the heat absorbed by the Southern Ocean does not strongly alter the vertically coherent circulation. The Arctic ζ change is dissimilar across models, owing to differences in passive heat uptake and circulation change. Only the Arctic is strongly affected by nonlinear interactions between the three air-sea flux changes, and these are model specific.

Trawl fishing impacts on the status of seabed fauna in diverse regions of the globe - Tessa Mazor; C. Roland Pitcher; Wayne Rochester; Michel J. Kaiser; Jan G. Hiddink; Simon Jennings; Ricardo Amoroso; Robert A. McConnaughey; Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp; Ana M. Parma; Petri Suuronen; Jeremy Collie; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2021)
Bottom trawl fishing is a controversial activity. It yields about a quarter of the world's wild seafood, but also has impacts on the marine environment. Recent advances have quantified and improved understanding of large‐scale impacts of trawling on the seabed. However, such information needs to be coupled with distributions of benthic invertebrates (benthos) to assess whether these populations are being sustained under current trawling regimes. This study collated data from 13 diverse regions of the globe spanning four continents. Within each region, we combined trawl intensity distributions and predicted abundance distributions of benthos groups with impact and recovery parameters for taxonomic classes in a risk assessment model to estimate benthos status. The exposure of 220 predicted benthos‐group distributions to trawling intensity (as swept area ratio) ranged between 0% and 210% (mean = 37%) of abundance. However, benthos status, an indicator of the depleted abundance under chronic trawling pressure as a proportion of untrawled state, ranged between 0.86 and 1 (mean = 0.99), with 78% of benthos groups > 0.95. Mean benthos status was lowest in regions of Europe and Africa, and for taxonomic classes Bivalvia and Gastropoda. Our results demonstrate that while spatial overlap studies can help infer general patterns of potential risk, actual risks cannot be evaluated without using an assessment model that incorporates trawl impact and recovery metrics. These quantitative outputs are essential for sustainability assessments, and together with reference points and thresholds, can help managers ensure use of the marine environment is sustainable under the ecosystem approach to management.

Global Drivers on Southern Ocean Ecosystems: Changing Physical Environments and Anthropogenic Pressures in an Earth System - Simon A. Morley; Doris Abele; David K. A. Barnes; César A. Cárdenas; Cedric Cotté; Julian Gutt; Sian F. Henley; Juan Höfer; Kevin A. Hughes; Stephanie M. Martin; Carlos Moffat; Marilyn Raphael; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)
The manuscript assesses the current and expected future global drivers of Southern Ocean (SO) ecosystems. Atmospheric ozone depletion over the Antarctic since the 1970s, has been a key driver, resulting in springtime cooling of the stratosphere and intensification of the polar vortex, increasing the frequency of positive phases of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). This increases warm air-flow over the East Pacific sector (Western Antarctic Peninsula) and cold air flow over the West Pacific sector. SAM as well as El Niño Southern Oscillation events also affect the Amundsen Sea Low leading to either positive or negative sea ice anomalies in the west and east Pacific sectors, respectively. The strengthening of westerly winds is also linked to shoaling of deep warmer water onto the continental shelves, particularly in the East Pacific and Atlantic sectors. Air and ocean warming has led to changes in the cryosphere, with glacial and ice sheet melting in both sectors, opening up new ice free areas to biological productivity, but increasing seafloor disturbance by icebergs. The increased melting is correlated with a salinity decrease particularly in the surface 100 m. Such processes could increase the availability of iron, which is currently limiting primary production over much of the SO. Increasing CO 2 is one of the most important SO anthropogenic drivers and is likely to affect marine ecosystems in the coming decades. While levels of many pollutants are lower than elsewhere, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and plastics have been detected in the SO, with concentrations likely enhanced by migratory species. With increased marine traffic and weakening of ocean barriers the risk of the establishment of non-indigenous species is increased. The continued recovery of the ozone hole creates uncertainty over the reversal in sea ice trends, especially in the light of the abrupt transition from record high to record low Antarctic sea ice extent since spring 2016. The current rate of change in physical and anthropogenic drivers is certain to impact the Marine Ecosystem Assessment of the Southern Ocean (MEASO) region in the near future and will have a wide range of impacts across the marine ecosystem.

Structural controls on the hydrogeological functioning of a floodplain - Simon Martin; Stefan Klingler; Peter Dietrich; Carsten Leven; Olaf A. Cirpka (Hydrogeology Journal, 2020)
Floodplains are often conceptualized as homogeneous sediment bodies which connect streams with their respective catchment and buffer agricultural inputs. This has led to a general bias within the hydrological community towards research on sites where the floodplain is a clear conduit for groundwater flow. In humid temperate regions of central Europe, floodplains have experienced rapid environmental changes since the last glaciation, yielding significant bedrock weathering and predominantly fine-grained, highly stratified hillslope and floodplain sediments. Such heterogeneous sedimentary architecture leads to conceptual ambiguities in the interpretation of the hydrogeological functioning of floodplains, thus raising the question: Do floodplains act as barriers or conduits to groundwater flow? This study analyzes the Ammer floodplain close to Tübingen in south-western Germany as a representative mid-section floodplain in a temperate climate where the regional bedrock-geology is dominated by mudstones. Geological, geophysical, and geochemical characterization and monitoring techniques were combined to shed light on the internal geological structure as a key control modulating the floodplain hydrology. Two partially separate groundwater systems were identified: a gravel body at the bottom of the Quaternary sediments and a Holocene confined tufaceous aquifer, separated by low-permeability clays. Despite flow being predominantly along-valley, sulfate concentrations in the floodplain aquifers showed evidence of a strong connection to the gypsum-bearing hillslope, particularly where tributary valley sediments are present (e.g., alluvial fans). Results from a floodplain water balance suggest the hillslope- and floodplain-aquifer material act as a barrier to hillslope groundwater recharge, where a large fraction may be bypassing the local floodplain groundwater system.

Effects of suboptimal temperatures on larval and juvenile development and otolith morphology in three freshwater fishes: implications for cold water pollution in rivers - Laura E. Michie; Jason D. Thiem; Jordan A. Facey; Craig A. Boys; David A. Crook; Simon M. Mitrovic (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2020)

Metabolite pools of the reef building coral Montipora capitata are unaffected by Symbiodiniaceae community composition - Jennifer L. Matthews; Ross Cunning; Raphael Ritson-Williams; Clinton A. Oakley; Adrian Lutz; Ute Roessner; Arthur R. Grossman; Virginia M. Weis; Ruth D. Gates; Simon K. Davy (Coral Reefs, 2020)

Microbial Succession Signals the Initiation of Acidification in Mining Wastewaters - David Camacho; Gerdhard L. Jessen; Jiro F. Mori; Simon C. Apte; Chad V. Jarolimek; Lesley A. Warren (Mine Water and the Environment, 2020)

Do Supercontinent-Superplume Cycles Control the Growth and Evolution of Continental Crust? - Xuan-Ce Wang; Simon A. Wilde; Zheng-Xiang Li; Shaojie Li; Linlin Li (Journal of Earth Science, 2020)

Correction to: Transition Periods in the Diurnally-Varying Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over Land - Wayne M. Angevine; John M. Edwards; Marie Lothon; Margaret A. LeMone; Simon R. Osborne (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2020)

Transition Periods in the Diurnally-Varying Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over Land - Wayne M. Angevine; John M. Edwards; Marie Lothon; Margaret A. LeMone; Simon R. Osborne (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2020)

2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Daniela Alioto; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Simon J. Anthony; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Tomáš Bartonička; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2020)

Ecosystem transpiration and evaporation: Insights from three water flux partitioning methods across FLUXNET sites - Jacob A. Nelson; Oscar Pérez‐Priego; Sha Zhou; Rafael Poyatos; Yao Zhang; Peter D. Blanken; Teresa E. Gimeno; Georg Wohlfahrt; Ankur R. Desai; Beniamino Gioli; Jean‐Marc Limousin; Damien Bonal; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
We apply and compare three widely applicable methods for estimating ecosystem transpiration ( T ) from eddy covariance (EC) data across 251 FLUXNET sites globally. All three methods are based on the coupled water and carbon relationship, but they differ in assumptions and parameterizations. Intercomparison of the three daily T estimates shows high correlation among methods ( R between .89 and .94), but a spread in magnitudes of T /ET (evapotranspiration) from 45% to 77%. When compared at six sites with concurrent EC and sap flow measurements, all three EC‐based T estimates show higher correlation to sap flow‐based T than EC‐based ET. The partitioning methods show expected tendencies of T /ET increasing with dryness (vapor pressure deficit and days since rain) and with leaf area index (LAI). Analysis of 140 sites with high‐quality estimates for at least two continuous years shows that T /ET variability was 1.6 times higher across sites than across years. Spatial variability of T /ET was primarily driven by vegetation and soil characteristics (e.g., crop or grass designation, minimum annual LAI, soil coarse fragment volume) rather than climatic variables such as mean/standard deviation of temperature or precipitation. Overall, T and T /ET patterns are plausible and qualitatively consistent among the different water flux partitioning methods implying a significant advance made for estimating and understanding T globally, while the magnitudes remain uncertain. Our results represent the first extensive EC data‐based estimates of ecosystem T permitting a data‐driven perspective on the role of plants’ water use for global water and carbon cycling in a changing climate.

Public Perceptions of Mangrove Forests Matter for Their Conservation - Farid Dahdouh-Guebas; Gordon N. Ajonina; A. Aldrie Amir; Dominic A. Andradi-Brown; Irfan Aziz; Thorsten Balke; Edward B. Barbier; Stefano Cannicci; Simon M. Cragg; Marília Cunha-Lignon; David J. Curnick; Carlos M. Duarte; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Assessing the Potential Impact of Changes to the Argo and Moored Buoy Arrays in an Operational Ocean Analysis System - Chongyuan Mao; Robert R. King; Rebecca Reid; Matthew J. Martin; Simon A. Good (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Spatiotemporal variations in eruption style and magnitude at Yasur volcano, Vanuatu: part 2—extending Strombolian eruption classifications - Benjamin Clifford Simons; S. J. Cronin; J. D. Eccles; A. D. Jolly; E. Garaebiti; S. Cevuard (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2020)

Influence of Perfluorobutanoic Acid (PFBA) on the Developmental Cycle and Damage Potential of the Beet Armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) - Eguono W. Omagamre; Feyisanmi Ojo; Simon A. Zebelo; Joseph S. Pitula (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2020)

Rapid homoploid hybrid speciation in British gardens: The origin of Oxford ragwort ( Senecio squalidus ) - Bruno Nevado; Stephen A. Harris; Mark A. Beaumont; Simon J. Hiscock (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
Hybridisation can lead to homoploid hybrid speciation, i.e., the origin of new species without change in chromosome number between parents and offspring. Central to homoploid hybrid speciation is the role of hybridisation in the establishment of reproductive isolation between the hybrid and the parental species in the early stages of speciation, when typically all species occur at least partly in sympatry. In this work we analyse genome‐wide polymorphism data obtained by transcriptome sequencing of the British hybrid species Oxford ragwort ( Senecio squalidus, Asteraceae), its two Italian parental species ( S. aethnensis and S. chrysanthemifolius) and their naturally occurring hybrids on Mt Etna (Italy). We show that Oxford ragwort most likely originated from de novo hybridisation between its two Italian parental species whilst they were in cultivation in British gardens at the turn of the 18th century. Reproductive isolation between the new hybrid species and its parental species probably resulted from inheritance of genetic incompatibilities between the two parental species and subsequent ecological segregation – both of which have been shown in previous studies. Our results imply that S. squalidus meets the most stringent criteria set forth to identify homoploid hybrid speciation, and call attention to the creative role of hybridisation in responding to novel environmental conditions.

Movement and habitat use of striped marlin Kajikia audax in the Western Indian Ocean - Christoph A. Rohner; Roy Bealey; Bernerd M. Fulanda; Simon J. Pierce (Journal of Fish Biology, 2020)
Striped marlin Kajikia audax are globally Near Threatened and their stock in the Indian Ocean was last assessed as “overfished and subject to overfishing”. Significant gaps in our understanding of their ecology remain, hampering the efforts of fisheries managers to ensure stock sustainability. There is a particular lack of fisheries‐independent data. Here we present the results from the first large‐scale satellite tracking study of K. audax in the Indian Ocean. We tagged 49 K. audax with pop‐up archival satellite‐linked tags off the Kenyan coast from 2015 to 2019. Individuals were highly mobile, covering horizontal distances of up to 9187 km over periods ranging up to 183 days, with a mean daily distance of ~48 km. Long‐distance movements were recorded to the east and north of East Africa, with the most distant tracks extending north to the Arabian Sea and east to near the Maldives. None of the K. audax swam south of East Africa. Kernel utilization distributions of fish locations demonstrated their shifting seasonal activity hotspots. Over the sport‐fishing season (and tagging period) in Kenya, from December to March, K. audax typically stayed off the East African coast. After March, the activity hotspot shifted north to a region close to the Horn of Africa and Socotra Island. Remotely sensed sea surface temperature and chlorophyll‐ a maps indicated that this seasonal movement could be driven by a shift in prey availability. Our results show the high mobility of K. audax in the Western Indian Ocean, and that individuals seasonally range between two major fishing areas.

Macro‐scale variation and environmental predictors of flowering and fruiting phenology in the Chinese angiosperm flora - Yanjun Du; Lingfeng Mao; Simon A. Queenborough; Richard Primack; Liza S. Comita; Arndt Hampe; Keping Ma (Journal of Biogeography, 2020)
Aim The timing of reproduction is a major determinant of the geographical distribution of plant species and resulting patterns of community assembly, yet few studies have assessed how the reproductive phenology of plant assemblages varies across large geographical and environmental gradients. In addition, it remains poorly known to what extent phenological trends and their drivers differ between flowering and fruiting phases or among different growth forms. To address these knowledge gaps, we examined the reproductive phenology and potential climatic drivers in herbaceous and woody species in ecosystems across China that varied in climate (temperate to tropical) seasonality and elevation. Location China. Methods We used data from the Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae to estimate angiosperm flowering ( n = 16,717 species) and fruiting ( n = 11,605) phenology for 100 x 100 km grid cells ( n = 943) throughout China. We assessed large‐scale geographical trends in mean flowering and fruiting date and the time needed for fruit development. The relationships of these phenological variables with seven climate variables were examined using both ordinary and spatial linear regression. Results Higher latitudes and elevations had considerably reduced length of the reproductive season, with later flowering and earlier fruiting than lower latitudes and elevations. Woody plant assemblages flowered markedly earlier and needed three times longer for fruit development, and tended to show steeper geographical trends in reproductive phenology than herbaceous assemblages. Herbs and woody species differed strongly in their climatic triggers of flowering but largely shared the same cues for fruiting. Main conclusions Woody species compensate for longer seed development times by an earlier onset of flowering, yet reproduction in both life‐forms has stronger climatic constraints. Distinct climatic drivers suggest that herbaceous and woody species assemblages will respond differently to climate change. Overall, our findings underpin the role of reproductive phenology as a key biological mechanism through which climate shapes large‐scale geographical trends in species richness, phylogenetic diversity and community assembly.

Benefits of Dietary Butyric Acid, Sodium Butyrate, and Their Protected Forms in Aquafeeds: A Review - Hany M. R. Abdel-Latif; Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab; Mahmoud A. O. Dawood; Simon Menanteau-Ledouble; Mansour El-Matbouli (Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 2020)

Agricultural intensification is causing rapid habitat change in the Tonle Sap Floodplain, Cambodia - Simon P. Mahood; Colin M. Poole; James E. M. Watson; Richard A. MacKenzie; Sahadev Sharma; Stephen T. Garnett (Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2020)

Effect of introduced parasites on the survival and microbiota of nestling cactus finches (Geospiza scandens) in the Galápagos Islands - Alyssa M. Addesso; Johanna A. Harvey; Grace J. Vaziri; Taylor B. Verrett; Lauren Albert; Corinne Arthur; Kiley Chernicky; Shelby R. Simons; Jaime Chaves; Sarah A. Knutie (Journal of Ornithology, 2020)

Increasing picocyanobacteria success in shelf waters contributes to long‐term food web degradation - Katrin Schmidt; Antony J. Birchill; Angus Atkinson; Robert J. W. Brewin; James R. Clark; Anna E. Hickman; David G. Johns; Maeve C. Lohan; Angela Milne; Silvia Pardo; Luca Polimene; Tim J. Smyth; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Continental margins are disproportionally important for global primary production, fisheries and CO 2 uptake. However, across the Northeast Atlantic shelves, there has been an ongoing summertime decline of key biota—large diatoms, dinoflagellates and copepods—that traditionally fuel higher tropic levels such as fish, sea birds and marine mammals. Here, we combine multiple time series with in situ process studies to link these declines to summer nutrient stress and increasing proportions of picophytoplankton that can comprise up to 90% of the combined pico‐ and nanophytoplankton biomass in coastal areas. Among the pico‐fraction, it is the cyanobacterium Synechococcus that flourishes when iron and nitrogen resupply to surface waters are diminished. Our field data show how traits beyond small size give Synechococcus a competitive edge over pico‐ and nanoeukaryotes. Key is their ability to grow at low irradiances near the nutricline, which is aided by their superior light‐harvesting system and high affinity to iron. However, minute size and lack of essential biomolecules (e.g. omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols) render Synechococcus poor primary producers to sustain shelf sea food webs efficiently. The combination of earlier spring blooms and lower summer food quantity and quality creates an increasing period of suboptimal feeding conditions for zooplankton at a time of year when their metabolic demand is highest. We suggest that this nutrition‐related mismatch has contributed to the widespread, ~50% decline in summer copepod abundance we observe over the last 60 years. With Synechococcus clades being prominent from the tropics to the Arctic and their abundances increasing worldwide, our study informs projections of future food web dynamics in coastal and shelf areas where droughts and stratification lead to increasing nutrient starvation of surface waters.

The effectiveness of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control, pollination services and crop yield: a quantitative synthesis - Matthias Albrecht; David Kleijn; Neal M. Williams; Matthias Tschumi; Brett R. Blaauw; Riccardo Bommarco; Alistair J. Campbell; Matteo Dainese; Francis A. Drummond; Martin H. Entling; Dominik Ganser; G. Arjen de Groot; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2020)
Floral plantings are promoted to foster ecological intensification of agriculture through provisioning of ecosystem services. However, a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of different floral plantings, their characteristics and consequences for crop yield is lacking. Here we quantified the impacts of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control (18 studies) and pollination services (17 studies) in adjacent crops in North America, Europe and New Zealand. Flower strips, but not hedgerows, enhanced pest control services in adjacent fields by 16% on average. However, effects on crop pollination and yield were more variable. Our synthesis identifies several important drivers of variability in effectiveness of plantings: pollination services declined exponentially with distance from plantings, and perennial and older flower strips with higher flowering plant diversity enhanced pollination more effectively. These findings provide promising pathways to optimise floral plantings to more effectively contribute to ecosystem service delivery and ecological intensification of agriculture in the future.

Recognizing animal personhood in compassionate conservation - Arian D. Wallach; Chelsea Batavia; Marc Bekoff; Shelley Alexander; Liv Baker; Dror Ben‐Ami; Louise Boronyak; Adam P. A. Cardilin; Yohay Carmel; Danielle Celermajer; Simon Coghlan; Yara Dahdal; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2020)
Compassionate conservation is based on the ethical position that actions taken to protect biodiversity should be guided by compassion for all sentient beings. Critics argue that there are 3 core reasons harming animals is acceptable in conservation programs: the primary purpose of conservation is biodiversity protection; conservation is already compassionate to animals; and conservation should prioritize compassion to humans. We used argument analysis to clarify the values and logics underlying the debate around compassionate conservation. We found that objections to compassionate conservation are expressions of human exceptionalism, the view that humans are of a categorically separate and higher moral status than all other species. In contrast, compassionate conservationists believe that conservation should expand its moral community by recognizing all sentient beings as persons. Personhood, in an ethical sense, implies the individual is owed respect and should not be treated merely as a means to other ends. On scientific and ethical grounds, there are good reasons to extend personhood to sentient animals, particularly in conservation. The moral exclusion or subordination of members of other species legitimates the ongoing manipulation and exploitation of the living worlds, the very reason conservation was needed in the first place. Embracing compassion can help dismantle human exceptionalism, recognize nonhuman personhood, and navigate a more expansive moral space.

Inferring Variation in Southern Elephant Seal At-Sea Mortality by Modelling Tag Failure - Angus F. Henderson; Clive R. McMahon; Rob Harcourt; Christophe Guinet; Baptiste Picard; Simon Wotherspoon; Mark A. Hindell (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Water Column Turbidity Not Sediment Nutrient Enrichment Moderates Microphytobenthic Primary Production - Stephanie Mangan; Andrew M. Lohrer; Simon F. Thrush; Conrad A. Pilditch (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2020)
Soft sediment intertidal habitats are under intense anthropogenic pressure resulting from increased land derived sediment and nutrient delivery. Long term, this can cause high water column turbidity and nutrient enrichment of sediment porewaters, which has cascading effects on coastal ecosystem functionality. However, how these stressors may interact and influence benthic productivity over alternating periods of submergence and emergence is largely unknown. This study investigates the effects of sediment nutrient enrichment (at three levels for 20 months) on benthic primary production at six sites in four New Zealand estuaries that spanned a gradient in water column turbidity. While nutrient enrichment had no detectable effect on microphytobenthic primary production, water column turbidity had a significant influence, explaining up to 40% of variability during tidal submergence, followed by temperature and sediment characteristics. In addition, negative net primary production (NPP) estimates and therefore net heterotrophy for the most turbid estuaries during tidal submergence resulted in an increased reliance on production during emerged periods, where NPP was positive across all sites. This study highlights the prominent role of water column turbidity over nutrient enrichment in moderating microphytobenthic production, and the increasing importance of emerged periods to maintain the health and functioning of coastal habitats.

Blue Restoration – Building Confidence and Overcoming Barriers - Phoebe J. Stewart-Sinclair; Jemma Purandare; Elisa Bayraktarov; Nathan Waltham; Simon Reeves; John Statton; Elizabeth A. Sinclair; Benjamin M. Brown; Zoë I. Shribman; Catherine E. Lovelock (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Rage Against the Machine: Advancing the study of aggression ethology via machine learning. - Nastacia L. Goodwin; Simon R.O. Nilsson; Sam A. Golden (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Dietary amaranths modulate the immune response via balancing Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg response in collagen-induced arthritis - Jasmine Peter; Vidya Sabu; I. S. Aswathy; Santhi Krishnan; S. S. Lal Preethi; Monisha Simon; A. Helen (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2020)

Denitrification and the Role of Macrofauna Across Estuarine Gradients in Nutrient and Sediment Loading - Theresa A. O’Meara; Judi E. Hewitt; Simon F. Thrush; Emily J. Douglas; Andrew M. Lohrer (Estuaries and Coasts, 2020)

Comparison of freshwater monitoring approaches: strengths, opportunities, and recommendations - Elaine Ho; Andrew J. Trant; Michelle A. Gray; Simon C. Courtenay (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2020)

Climate change, crops and commodity traders: subnational trade analysis highlights differentiated risk exposure - Emilie Stokeld; Simon A. Croft; Jonathan M. H. Green; Christopher D. West (Climatic Change, 2020)
The global food system is increasingly interconnected and under pressure to support growing demand. At the same time, crop production is facing new and uncertain impacts from climate change. To date, understanding how downstream supply chain actors, such as commodity traders, are exposed to climate change risks has been difficult due to a lack of high-resolution climate and trade data. However, the recent availability of supply chain data linking subnational production to downstream actors, and gridded projections of crop yield under climate change, allows us to assess individual commodity trader exposure to long-term climate change risk. We apply such an analysis to soy production in Brazil, the world’s largest soy exporter. Whilst uncertainty across crop models’ yield projections means it remains difficult to accurately predict how production across the region will be affected by climate change, we demonstrate that the risk exposure of trading actors differs substantially due to the heterogeneity in their sourcing. Our study offers a first attempt to analyze subnational climate risk to individual trading actors operating across an entire production landscape, leading to more precise risk exposure analysis. With sufficient subnational data, this method can be applied to any crop and country combination, and in the context of wider food security issues, it will be pertinent to apply these methods across other production systems and downstream actors in the food system.

Combined Isoflurane-Remifentanil Anaesthesia Permits Resting-State fMRI in Children with Severe Epilepsy and Intellectual Disability - Aaron E. L. Warren; Andrew Davidson; Simon J. Vogrin; A. Simon Harvey; Catherine Bailey; Linda J. Dalic; David F. Abbott; John S. Archer (Brain Topography, 2020)

The global abundance of tree palms - Robert Muscarella; Thaise Emilio; Oliver L. Phillips; Simon L. Lewis; Ferry Slik; William J. Baker; Thomas L. P. Couvreur; Wolf L. Eiserhardt; Jens‐Christian Svenning; Kofi Affum‐Baffoe; Shin‐Ichiro Aiba; Everton C. de Almeida; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

Sub‐cellular imaging shows reduced photosynthetic carbon and increased nitrogen assimilation by the non‐native endosymbiont Durusdinium trenchii in the model cnidarian Aiptasia - Ashley E. Sproles; Clinton A. Oakley; Thomas Krueger; Arthur R. Grossman; Virginia M. Weis; Anders Meibom; Simon K. Davy (Environmental Microbiology, 2020)
Summary Hosting different symbiont species can affect inter‐partner nutritional fluxes within the cnidarian–dinoflagellate symbiosis. Using nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS), we measured the spatial incorporation of photosynthetically fixed 13 C and heterotrophically derived 15 N into host and symbiont cells of the model symbiotic cnidarian Aiptasia ( Exaiptasia pallida ) when colonized with its native symbiont Breviolum minutum or the non‐native Durusdinium trenchii . Breviolum minutum exhibited high photosynthetic carbon assimilation per cell and translocation to host tissue throughout symbiosis establishment, whereas D. trenchii assimilated significantly less carbon, but obtained more host nitrogen. These findings suggest that D. trenchii has less potential to provide photosynthetically fixed carbon to the host despite obtaining considerable amounts of heterotrophically derived nitrogen. These sub‐cellular events help explain previous observations that demonstrate differential effects of D. trenchii compared to B. minutum on the host transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and host growth and asexual reproduction. Together, these differential effects suggest that the non‐native host–symbiont pairing is sub‐optimal with respect to the host's nutritional benefits under normal environmental conditions. This contributes to our understanding of the ways in which metabolic integration impacts the benefits of a symbiotic association, and the potential evolution of novel host–symbiont pairings.

Effect of Nutrient Enrichment and Turbidity on Interactions Between Microphytobenthos and a Key Bivalve: Implications for Higher Trophic Levels - Julie A. Hope; Judi Hewitt; Conrad A. Pilditch; Candida Savage; Simon F. Thrush (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Making Breast Screening Convenient: a Community-Based Breast Screening Event During a Historically Black University’s Homecoming Festivities - Michelle S. Williams; Catherine Young; Shawn McKinney; Odessa S. Simon Hawkins; Cara Roberson; Chigozie Udemgba; Deirdre B. Rogers; Jimmie Wells; Deborah A. Lake; Dorothy Davis; Tiffanie Young; Deborah Donnell; et al. (Journal of Cancer Education, 2020)

Judgements of hand location and hand spacing show minimal proprioceptive drift - Alex Rana; Annie A. Butler; Simon C. Gandevia; Martin E. Héroux (Experimental Brain Research, 2020)

Production of Mannosylerythritol Lipids (MELs) to be Used as Antimicrobial Agents Against S. aureus ATCC 6538 - Chiara Ceresa; Simon Hutton; Marta Lajarin-Cuesta; Robert Heaton; Iain Hargreaves; Letizia Fracchia; Mayri A. Díaz De Rienzo (Current Microbiology, 2020)
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a current major health issue, both for the high rates of resistance observed in bacteria that cause common infections and for the complexity of the consequences of AMR. Pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Mycobacterium tuberculosis among others are clear examples of antibiotic-resistant threats. Biosurfactants have recently emerged as a potential new generation of anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm agents; mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are biosurfactants produced by a range of fungi. A range of structural variants of MELs can be formed and the proportion of each isomer in the fermentation depends on the yeast used, the carbon substrate used for growth and the duration of the fermentation. In order to allow assessment of the possible functions of MELs as antimicrobial molecules, small quantities of MEL were produced by controlled fermentation. Fermentations of the yeast Pseudozyma aphidis using rapeseed oil as a carbon source yielded up to 165 g MELs /kg Substrate . The MELs formed by this strain was a mixture of MEL-A, MEL-B, MEL-C and MEL-D. The MELs produced were tested against S. aureus ATCC 6538 on pre-formed biofilm and on co-incubation biofilm experiments on silicone discs; showing a disruption of biomass, reduction of the biofilm metabolic activity and a bacteriostatic/bactericidal effect confirmed by a release of oxygen uptake $$p_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }}$$ p O 2 , the reduction of citrate synthase activity and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that MELs are promising antimicrobial molecules for biomedical technological applications that could be studied in detail in large-scale systems and in conjunction with animal tissue models.

Clarifying the cryptogenic species Polydora neocaeca Williams & Radashevsky, 1999 (Annelida: Spionidae): a shell-boring invasive pest of molluscs from locations worldwide - Amore Malan; Jason D. Williams; Hirokazu Abe; Waka Sato-Okoshi; Conrad A. Matthee; Carol A. Simon (Marine Biodiversity, 2020)

Spatiotemporal variations in eruption style, magnitude and vent morphology at Yasur volcano, Vanuatu: insights into the conduit system - B. C. Simons; S. J. Cronin; J. D. Eccles; M. S. Bebbington; A. D. Jolly (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2020)

The application of recreational fishing survey data for ecological research, a case study from Western Port, Australia - Gregory P. Jenkins; David Ball; Rhys A. Coleman; Simon Conron (Fisheries Management and Ecology, 2020)
There is a world‐wide need for information on the ecology and habitat dependencies of important fish species. Recreational fishing surveys represent a potential source of data to increase our knowledge of fish distribution and habitat relationships. Here, a case study is provided on two key recreational species, King George Whiting Sillaginodes punctatus (Cuvier) and Snapper Chrysophrys auratus (Forster). The data came from a recreational fishing survey where 10,978 interviews were conducted from 1998 to 2013 in Western Port, Victoria, Australia. Spatial mapping of catch rate in relation to depth and habitat showed that S. punctatus distribution was related to seagrass cover while C. auratus distribution was related to deeper reef habitat. Juveniles of both species were more abundant in the south‐eastern section of the bay, where water quality is affected by catchment inputs. Overall, the study showed that the inclusion of spatial and habitat information in the design of recreational fishing surveys can significantly increase understanding of the ecology of key species.

Linking Multiscalar Fisheries Using Metacoupling Models - Andrew K. Carlson; Daniel I. Rubenstein; Simon A. Levin (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Cutting Through the Noise: Bacterial Chemotaxis in Marine Microenvironments - Douglas R. Brumley; Francesco Carrara; Andrew M. Hein; George I. Hagstrom; Simon A. Levin; Roman Stocker (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Distribution and genetic diversity of five invasive pests of Eucalyptus in sub-Saharan Africa - Mesfin Wondafrash; Bernard Slippers; Alphonsine Nambazimana; Isaac Kayumba; Samuel Nibouche; Simon van der Lingen; Birhane A. Asfaw; Herbert Jenya; Eston K. Mutitu; Idea A. Makowe; Donald Chungu; Peter Kiwuso; et al. (Biological Invasions, 2020)

Species delineation in the speciation grey zone—The case of Diopatra (Annelida, Onuphidae) - Asmaa H. Elgetany; Hendré van Rensburg; Martin Hektoen; Conrad Matthee; Nataliya Budaeva; Carol A Simon; Torsten H. Struck (Zoologica Scripta, 2020)
Taxonomy based on morphology can be difficult. The challenges arise from different sources such as poor original descriptions, new records based on inadequate knowledge, uncritical application of general assumptions or presence of complexes of cryptic species. One example of problematic taxonomy is the genus Diopatra Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833 (Onuphidae, Annelida) and within it the two species Diopatra aciculata and D. neapolitana . The species exhibit great similarity between them casting doubts on their validity as separate species. Our study aims to investigate whether D. aciculata and D. neapolitana should be synonymized, using an integrative taxonomic approach. Therefore, we assessed 22 morphological characters of 70 specimens including one specimen, which might have been erroneously assigned to D. dentata . Additionally, sequence information of five different molecular markers (i.e., 16S rDNA, COI, 28S, ITS1 and ITS2) was gathered to delineate possible species boundaries between these two species. Our results show some evidence for delineating the two species, but they are not conclusive due to both presence of shared morphological characters and conflicting evidence in the molecular data. Accordingly, our results neither confirm nor disprove complete speciation and both species seem to be in the grey zone of speciation. In conclusion, considering taxonomic stability and slight support by morphological characters, we still regard each as two independent species.

Competition influences tree growth, but not mortality, across environmental gradients in Amazonia and tropical Africa - Danaë M. A. Rozendaal; Oliver L. Phillips; Simon L. Lewis; Kofi Affum‐Baffoe; Esteban Alvarez-Davila; Ana Andrade; Luiz E. O. C. Aragão; Alejandro Araujo‐Murakami; Timothy R. Baker; Olaf Bánki; Roel J. W. Brienen; José Luis C. Camargo; et al. (Ecology, 2020)
Competition among trees is an important driver of community structure and dynamics in tropical forests. Neighboring trees may impact an individual tree’s growth rate and probability of mortality, but large‐scale geographic and environmental variation in these competitive effects has yet to be evaluated across the tropical forest biome. We quantified effects of competition on tree‐level basal area growth and mortality for trees ≥10‐cm diameter across 151 ~1‐ha plots in mature tropical forests in Amazonia and tropical Africa by developing nonlinear models that accounted for wood density, tree size, and neighborhood crowding. Using these models, we assessed how water availability (i.e., climatic water deficit) and soil fertility influenced the predicted plot‐level strength of competition (i.e., the extent to which growth is reduced, or mortality is increased, by competition across all individual trees). On both continents, tree basal area growth decreased with wood density and increased with tree size. Growth decreased with neighborhood crowding, which suggests that competition is important. Tree mortality decreased with wood density and generally increased with tree size, but was apparently unaffected by neighborhood crowding. Across plots, variation in the plot‐level strength of competition was most strongly related to plot basal area (i.e., the sum of the basal area of all trees in a plot), with greater reductions in growth occurring in forests with high basal area, but in Amazonia, the strength of competition also varied with plot‐level wood density. In Amazonia, the strength of competition increased with water availability because of the greater basal area of wetter forests, but was only weakly related to soil fertility. In Africa, competition was weakly related to soil fertility and invariant across the shorter water availability gradient. Overall, our results suggest that competition influences the structure and dynamics of tropical forests primarily through effects on individual tree growth rather than mortality and that the strength of competition largely depends on environment‐mediated variation in basal area.

No Place Like Home? High Residency and Predictable Seasonal Movement of Whale Sharks Off Tanzania - Christoph A. Rohner; Jesse E. M. Cochran; E. Fernando Cagua; Clare E. M. Prebble; Stephanie K. Venables; Michael L. Berumen; Baraka L. Kuguru; Jason Rubens; Juerg M. Brunnschweiler; Simon J. Pierce (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Leveraging an Implementation Science Framework to Adapt and Scale a Patient Navigator Intervention to Improve Mammography Screening Outreach in a New Community - Melissa A. Simon; Catherine A. O’Brian; Jacqueline M. Kanoon; Alnierys Venegas; Stacy Ignoffo; Charlotte Picard; Kristi L. Allgood; Laura Tom; Helen Margellos-Anast (Journal of Cancer Education, 2020)

A Mass-Balance Tool for Monitoring Potential Dissolved Sulfur Oxidation Risks in Mining Impacted Waters - Kelly Whaley-Martin; Stephanie Marshall; Tara E. Colenbrander Nelson; Lauren Twible; Chad V. Jarolimek; Josh J. King; Simon C. Apte; Lesley A. Warren (Mine Water and the Environment, 2020)

Comparing Rates of Linage Diversification with Rates of Size and Shape Evolution in Catarrhine Crania - Evan A. Simons; Stephen R. Frost; Katerina Harvati; Kieran McNulty; Michelle Singleton (Evolutionary Biology, 2020)

The nature and consequences of co‐infections in tilapia: A review - Hany M. R. Abdel‐Latif; Mahmoud A. O. Dawood; Simon Menanteau‐Ledouble; Mansour El‐Matbouli (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2020)
Co‐infections commonly arise when two or multiple different pathogens infect the same host, either as simultaneous or as secondary concurrent infection. This potentiates their pathogenic effects and leads to serious negative consequences on the exposed host. Numerous studies on the occurrence of the bacterial, parasitic, fungal and viral co‐infections were conducted in various tilapia species. Co‐infections have been associated with serious negative impacts on susceptible fish because they increase the fish susceptibility to diseases and the likelihood of outbreaks in the affected fish. Co‐infections can alter the disease course and increase the severity of disease through synergistic and, more rarely, antagonistic interactions. In this review, reports on the synergistic co‐infections and their impacts on the affected tilapia species are highlighted. Additionally, their pathogenic mechanisms are briefly discussed. Tilapia producers should be aware of the possible occurrence of co‐infections and their effects on the affected tilapia species and in particular of the clinical signs and course of the disease. To date, there is still limited information regarding the pathogenicity mechanisms and pathogen interactions during these co‐infections. This is generally due to low awareness regarding co‐infections, and in many cases, a dominant pathogen is perceived to be of vital importance and hence becomes the target of treatment while the treatment of the co‐infectious agents is neglected. This review article aimed at raising awareness regarding co‐infections and helping researchers and fish health specialists pay greater attention to these natural cases, leading to increased research and more consistent diagnosis of co‐infectious outbreaks in order to improve control strategies to protect tilapia when infected with multiple pathogens.

Increased yield and CO 2 sequestration potential with the C 4 cereal Sorghum bicolor cultivated in basaltic rock dust‐amended agricultural soil - Mike E. Kelland; Peter W. Wade; Amy L. Lewis; Lyla L. Taylor; Binoy Sarkar; M. Grace Andrews; Mark R. Lomas; T. E. Anne Cotton; Simon J. Kemp; Rachael H. James; Christopher R. Pearce; Sue E. Hartley; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Land‐based enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a biogeochemical carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy aiming to accelerate natural geological processes of carbon sequestration through application of crushed silicate rocks, such as basalt, to croplands and forested landscapes. However, the efficacy of the approach when undertaken with basalt, and its potential co‐benefits for agriculture, require experimental and field evaluation. Here we report that amending a UK clay‐loam agricultural soil with a high loading (10 kg/m 2 ) of relatively coarse‐grained crushed basalt significantly increased the yield (21 ± 9.4%, SE ) of the important C 4 cereal Sorghum bicolor under controlled environmental conditions, without accumulation of potentially toxic trace elements in the seeds. Yield increases resulted from the basalt treatment after 120 days without P‐ and K‐fertilizer addition. Shoot silicon concentrations also increased significantly (26 ± 5.4%, SE ), with potential benefits for crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Elemental budgets indicate substantial release of base cations important for inorganic carbon removal and their accumulation mainly in the soil exchangeable pools. Geochemical reactive transport modelling, constrained by elemental budgets, indicated CO 2 sequestration rates of 2–4 t CO 2 /ha, 1–5 years after a single application of basaltic rock dust, including via newly formed soil carbonate minerals whose long‐term fate requires assessment through field trials. This represents an approximately fourfold increase in carbon capture compared to control plant–soil systems without basalt. Our results build support for ERW deployment as a CDR technique compatible with spreading basalt powder on acidic loamy soils common across millions of hectares of western European and North American agriculture.

Assessing ecological function in the context of species recovery - H. Resit Akçakaya; Ana S. L. Rodrigues; David A. Keith; E. J. Milner‐Gulland; Eric W. Sanderson; Simon Hedges; David P. Mallon; Molly K. Grace; Barney Long; Erik Meijaard; P. J. Stephenson (Conservation Biology, 2020)
Species interactions matter to conservation. Setting an ambitious recovery target for a species requires considering the size, density, and demographic structure of its populations such that they fulfill the interactions, roles, and functions of the species in the ecosystems in which they are embedded. A recently proposed framework for an International Union for Conservation of Nature Green List of Species formalizes this requirement by defining a fully recovered species in terms of representation, viability, and functionality. Defining and quantifying ecological function from the viewpoint of species recovery is challenging in concept and application, but also an opportunity to insert ecological theory into conservation practice. We propose 2 complementary approaches to assessing a species’ ecological functions: confirmation (listing interactions of the species, identifying ecological processes and other species involved in these interactions, and quantifying the extent to which the species contributes to the identified ecological process) and elimination (inferring functionality by ruling out symptoms of reduced functionality, analogous to the red‐list approach that focuses on symptoms of reduced viability). Despite the challenges, incorporation of functionality into species recovery planning is possible in most cases and it is essential to a conservation vision that goes beyond preventing extinctions and aims to restore a species to levels beyond what is required for its viability. This vision focuses on conservation and recovery at the species level and sees species as embedded in ecosystems, influencing and being influenced by the processes in those ecosystems. Thus, it connects and integrates conservation at the species and ecosystem levels.

Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors Affect Fish Abundance: Relationships Revealed by Automated Cameras Deployed by Fishers - Michael A. Brooker; Simon de Lestang; David V. Fairclough; Dianne McLean; Dirk Slawinski; Matthew B. Pember; Tim J. Langlois (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Gone with the wind: Is signal timing in a neotropical katydid an adaptive response to variation in wind-induced vibratory noise? - Estefania Velilla; Matías Muñoz; Nicol Quiroga; Laurel Symes; Hannah M. ter Hofstede; Rachel A. Page; Ralph Simon; Jacintha Ellers; Wouter Halfwerk (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2020)
Wind, a major source of environmental noise, forces invertebrates that communicate with plant-borne vibrations to adjust their signaling when communicating in windy conditions. However, the strategies that animals use to reduce the impact of wind noise on communication are not well studied. We investigated the effects of wind on the production of tremulatory signals in the neotropical katydid Copiphora brevirostris . First, we recorded katydid signaling activity and natural wind variation in the field. Additionally, we exposed katydid couples during their most active signaling time period to artificial wind of different levels, and we recorded the number of tremulations produced by the males. We found that wind levels are at their lowest between 2:00 and 5:00 in the morning, which coincides with peak signaling period for male katydids. Furthermore, we found that males produce significantly fewer tremulations when exposed to wind rather than acoustic noise or silence. Wind velocity significantly affected the number of tremulations produced during the wind treatment, with fewer tremulations produced with higher wind velocities. Our results show that katydids can time their vibratory signaling both in the short- and long-term to favorable sensory conditions, either through behavioral flexibility in response to short-term fluctuations in wind or as a result of an evolutionary process in response to predictable periods of low-wind conditions. Significance statement Animal communication can be hampered by noise across all sensory modalities. Most research on the effects of noise and the strategies to cope with it has focused on animals that use airborne sounds to communicate. However, although hundreds of thousands of invertebrates communicate with vibrational signals, we know very little about how noise affects this form of communication. For animals that rely on substrate-borne vibrations, wind represents the major source of environmental noise. Wind velocity levels can be predictable at a long-term scale (hours) but rather unpredictable at a short time scale (seconds). Both scales of variation are important for communication. Using a combination of field observations and lab experiments, we investigated the strategies used by a neotropical katydid Copiphora brevirostris to cope with vibrational noise induced by wind. Our results demonstrate that C. brevirostris times its signals at the long- and short-term range. Katydids signaled more at the times at night when wind velocity was lowest. Moreover, when exposed to wind gusts during their peak time of activity, katydids signaled more during the wind-free gaps.

Opportunities for agent‐based modelling in human dimensions of fisheries - Matthew G. Burgess; Ernesto Carrella; Michael Drexler; Robert L. Axtell; Richard M. Bailey; James R. Watson; Reniel B. Cabral; Michaela Clemence; Christopher Costello; Chris Dorsett; Steven D. Gaines; Emily S. Klein; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2020)
Models of human dimensions of fisheries are important to understanding and predicting how fishing industries respond to changes in marine ecosystems and management institutions. Advances in computation have made it possible to construct agent‐based models (ABMs)—which explicitly describe the behaviour of individual people, firms or vessels in order to understand and predict their aggregate behaviours. ABMs are widely used for both academic and applied purposes in many settings including finance, urban planning and the military, but are not yet mainstream in fisheries science and management, despite a growing literature. ABMs are well suited to understanding emergent consequences of fisher interactions, heterogeneity and bounded rationality, especially in complex ecological, social and institutional contexts. For these reasons, we argue that ABMs of human behaviour can contribute significantly to human dimensions of fisheries in three areas: (a) understanding interactions between multiple management institutions; (b) incorporating cognitive and behavioural sciences into fisheries science and practice; and (c) understanding and projecting the social consequences of management institutions. We provide simple examples illustrating the potential for ABMs in each of these areas, using conceptual (“toy”) versions of the POSEIDON model. We argue that salient strategic advances in these areas could pave the way for increased tactical use of ABMs in fishery management settings. We review common ABM development and application challenges, with the aim of providing guidance to beginning ABM developers and users studying human dimensions of fisheries.

Design catalogue for eco-engineering of coastal artificial structures: a multifunctional approach for stakeholders and end-users - Kathryn A. O’Shaughnessy; Stephen J. Hawkins; Ally J. Evans; Mick E. Hanley; Paul Lunt; Richard C. Thompson; Robert A. Francis; Simon P. G. Hoggart; Pippa J. Moore; Gregorio Iglesias; David Simmonds; James Ducker; et al. (Urban Ecosystems, 2020)
Coastal urbanisation, energy extraction, food production, shipping and transportation have led to the global proliferation of artificial structures within the coastal and marine environments (sensu “ocean sprawl”), with subsequent loss of natural habitats and biodiversity. To mitigate and compensate impacts of ocean sprawl, the practice of eco-engineering of artificial structures has been developed over the past decade. Eco-engineering aims to create sustainable ecosystems that integrate human society with the natural environment for the benefit of both. The science of eco-engineering has grown markedly, yet synthesis of research into a user-friendly and practitioner-focused format is lacking. Feedback from stakeholders has repeatedly stated that a “photo user guide” or “manual” covering the range of eco-engineering options available for artificial structures would be beneficial. However, a detailed and structured “user guide” for eco-engineering in coastal and marine environments is not yet possible; therefore we present an accessible review and catalogue of trialled eco-engineering options and a summary of guidance for a range of different structures tailored for stakeholders and end-users as the first step towards a structured manual. This work can thus serve as a potential template for future eco-engineering guides. Here we provide suggestions for potential eco-engineering designs to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and services of coastal artificial structures with the following structures covered: (1) rock revetment, breakwaters and groynes composed of armour stones or concrete units; (2) vertical and sloping seawalls; (3) over-water structures (i.e., piers) and associated support structures; and (4) tidal river walls.

Exercise training changes mitochondrial function and its vulnerability to reactive oxygen species exposure differently in male and female silver European eels - F. Farhat; B. Simon; A. Amérand; J. Devaux; M. Belhomme; P. Calves; C. Moisan (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2020)

Conservation assessment of cassava wild relatives in central Brazil - Marcelo F. Simon; Talita S. Reis; J. Moises Mendoza F.; Thalyssa K. M. Arquelão; João B. A. Bringel; Sérgio E. Noronha; Márcio L. L. Martins; Carlos A. S. Ledo; Marcos J. Silva; Alexandre B. Sampaio; Eraldo T. Matricardi; Aldicir Scariot (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2020)

Effect of soil amendment with Gliricidia sepium and Tephrosia vogelii biomass on maize yield at Makoka in Malawi - Simon A. Mng’omba; Festus K. Akinnifesi (Agroforestry Systems, 2020)

The role of large macrofauna in mediating sediment erodibility across sedimentary habitats - Jenny R. Hillman; Carolyn J. Lundquist; Conrad A. Pilditch; Simon F. Thrush (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
Large macrofauna influence sediment erodibility via their activity and presence in the sediment. This article explores how the depletion of large animals from macrobenthic communities influences sediment erodibility across a natural grain size gradient of poorly sorted habitats within an estuary. We sampled seven sites in Mahurangi Harbour, New Zealand, to investigate how heterogeneity within and among these habitats influences sediment stability. We depleted the large macrofauna in the sediment to determine how changes in community structure will affect ecosystem functioning in the context of sediment stability. A core‐based erosion device (EROMES) was used to measure three different parameters associated with sediment resuspension potential: surface erosion threshold ( τ c ; N m −2 ); erosion rate (ER; g m −2 s −1 ); and the subsurface erosion constant ( m e ; g N −1 s −1 ). Multiple regression models were developed for each parameter to identify important drivers of change. Sediment grain size, as a proxy for habitat type, explained 53% of the total variation in both the early surface erosion measures, τ c and ER. Once the surface layers had been eroded, m e was best defined by a site‐specific combination of biological, chemical, and physical variables that explained 40% of the subsurface erosion. Our results demonstrate that at all sites reducing the abundance of large animals within the macrofaunal community contributed to substantial impacts on erosion and thus ecosystem functioning associated with sediment composition and water clarity.

Extreme temperature events will drive coral decline in the Coral Triangle - Lisa C. McManus; Vítor V. Vasconcelos; Simon A. Levin; Diane M. Thompson; Joan A. Kleypas; Frederic S. Castruccio; Enrique N. Curchitser; James R. Watson (Global Change Biology, 2020)
In light of rapid environmental change, quantifying the contribution of regional‐ and local‐scale drivers of coral persistence is necessary to characterize fully the resilience of coral reef systems. To assess multiscale responses to thermal perturbation of corals in the Coral Triangle (CT), we developed a spatially explicit metacommunity model with coral–algal competition, including seasonal larval dispersal and external spatiotemporal forcing. We tested coral sensitivity in 2,083 reefs across the CT region and surrounding areas under potential future temperature regimes, with and without interannual climate variability, exploring a range of 0.5–2.0°C overall increase in temperature in the system by 2054. We found that among future projections, reef survival probability and mean percent coral cover over time were largely determined by the presence or absence of interannual sea surface temperature (SST) extremes as well as absolute temperature increase. Overall, reefs that experienced SST time series that were filtered to remove interannual variability had approximately double the chance of survival than reefs subjected to unfiltered SST. By the end of the forecast period, the inclusion of thermal anomalies was equivalent to an increase of at least 0.5°C in SST projections without anomalies. Change in percent coral cover varied widely across the region within temperature scenarios, with some reefs experiencing local extinction while others remaining relatively unchanged. Sink strength and current thermal stress threshold were found to be significant drivers of these patterns, highlighting the importance of processes that underlie larval connectivity and bleaching sensitivity in coral networks.

Invasive non‐native species likely to threaten biodiversity and ecosystems in the Antarctic Peninsula region - Kevin A. Hughes; Oliver L. Pescott; Jodey Peyton; Tim Adriaens; Elizabeth J. Cottier‐Cook; Gillian Key; Wolfgang Rabitsch; Elena Tricarico; David K. A. Barnes; Naomi Baxter; Mark Belchier; Denise Blake; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
The Antarctic is considered to be a pristine environment relative to other regions of the Earth, but it is increasingly vulnerable to invasions by marine, freshwater and terrestrial non‐native species. The Antarctic Peninsula region (APR), which encompasses the Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands, is by far the most invaded part of the Antarctica continent. The risk of introduction of invasive non‐native species to the APR is likely to increase with predicted increases in the intensity, diversity and distribution of human activities. Parties that are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty have called for regional assessments of non‐native species risk. In response, taxonomic and Antarctic experts undertook a horizon scanning exercise using expert opinion and consensus approaches to identify the species that are likely to present the highest risk to biodiversity and ecosystems within the APR over the next 10 years. One hundred and three species, currently absent in the APR, were identified as relevant for review, with 13 species identified as presenting a high risk of invading the APR. Marine invertebrates dominated the list of highest risk species, with flowering plants and terrestrial invertebrates also represented; however, vertebrate species were thought unlikely to establish in the APR within the 10 year timeframe. We recommend (a) the further development and application of biosecurity measures by all stakeholders active in the APR, including surveillance for species such as those identified during this horizon scanning exercise, and (b) use of this methodology across the other regions of Antarctica. Without the application of appropriate biosecurity measures, rates of introductions and invasions within the APR are likely to increase, resulting in negative consequences for the biodiversity of the whole continent, as introduced species establish and spread further due to climate change and increasing human activity.

A Data-Informed Approach for Identifying Move-on Encounter Thresholds for Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem Indicator Taxa - Shane W. Geange; Ashley A. Rowden; Simon Nicol; Tiffany Bock; Martin Cryer (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Assessing the impact of toothed whale depredation on socio-ecosystems and fishery management in wide-ranging subantarctic fisheries - Paul Tixier; Paul Burch; Félix Massiot-Granier; Philippe Ziegler; Dirk Welsford; Mary-Anne Lea; Mark A. Hindell; Christophe Guinet; Simon Wotherspoon; Nicolas Gasco; Clara Péron; Guy Duhamel; et al. (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2020)

Regional differences in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) seedling response to an established nursery protocol - Alexander A. Howe; Simon M. Landhäusser; Owen T. Burney; James N. Long; Karen E. Mock (New Forests, 2020)

Effects of climate variability on mercury deposition during the Older Dryas and Younger Dryas in the Venezuelan Andes - Larissa Schneider; Colin A. Cooke; Nathan D. Stansell; Simon G. Haberle (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2020)

Choosing best practices for managing impacts of trawl fishing on seabed habitats and biota - Robert A. McConnaughey; Jan G. Hiddink; Simon Jennings; C. Roland Pitcher; Michel J. Kaiser; Petri Suuronen; Marija Sciberras; Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp; Jeremy S. Collie; Tessa Mazor; Ricardo O Amoroso; Ana M. Parma; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2020)
Bottom trawling accounts for almost one quarter of global fish landings but may also have significant and unwanted impacts on seabed habitats and biota. Management measures and voluntary industry actions can reduce these impacts, helping to meet sustainability objectives for fisheries, conservation and environmental management. These include changes in gear design and operation of trawls, spatial controls, impact quotas and effort controls. We review nine different measures and actions and use published studies and a simple conceptual model to evaluate and compare their performance. The risks and benefits of these management measures depend on the extent to which the fishery is already achieving management objectives for target stocks and the characteristics of the management system that is already in place. We offer guidance on identifying best practices for trawl‐fisheries management and show that best practices and their likelihood of reducing trawling impacts depend on local, national and regional management objectives and priorities, societal values and resources for implementation. There is no universal best practice, and multiple management measures and industry actions are required to meet sustainability objectives and improve trade‐offs between food production and environmental protection.

Frictional drag measurements of large-scale plates in an enhanced plane channel flowcell - Serkan Turkmen; Mehmet Atlar; Irma Yeginbayeva; Simon Benson; John A Finlay; Anthony S. Clare (Biofouling, 2020)

Gas Diffusion in Coal Powders is a Multi-rate Process - Simon A. Mathias; Marco Dentz; Qingquan Liu (Transport in Porous Media, 2020)
Gas migration in coal is strongly controlled by surface diffusion of adsorbed gas within the coal matrix. Surface diffusion coefficients are obtained by inverse modelling of transient gas desorption data from powdered coals. The diffusion coefficient is frequently considered to be dependent on time and initial pressure. In this article, it is shown that the pressure dependence can be eliminated by performing a joint inversion of both the diffusion coefficient and adsorption isotherm. A study of the log–log slope of desorbed gas production rate against time reveals that diffusion within the individual coal particles is a multi-rate process. The application of a power-law probability density function of diffusion rates enables the determination of a single gas diffusion coefficient that is constant in both time and initial pressure.

The regulatory process and costs to seek approval for the development and release of new biological control agents in New Zealand - G. A. Clark Ehlers; John R. Caradus; Simon V. Fowler (BioControl, 2020)

Mycotoxins in aquaculture: feed and food - Rui A. Gonçalves; Dian Schatzmayr; Amaya Albalat; Simon Mackenzie (Reviews in Aquaculture, 2020)
Mycotoxins, secondary metabolites produced by moulds, are responsible for causing significant economic losses due to spoilage of agricultural products but also due to direct or indirect health impact on livestock upon ingestion of mycotoxin contaminated feedstuffs. Aquaculture farmed species are not an exception and studies reporting mycotoxin‐related issues in the aquaculture industry have been increasing. However, our understanding on the prevalence and impact of mycotoxins in the aquaculture sector is still lower compared to the terrestrial livestock sector. Consequently, regulatory limits and guidance values have been defined based on the studies on terrestrial farm animals. The aim of this review is to compile and critically assess mycotoxin occurrence and co‐occurrence in aquaculture finished feeds, and understand the risk of mycotoxin carry‐over in aquaculture seafood products. Furthermore, we aim with this review to raise awareness to the scientific community, the regulatory authorities and the aquaculture industry to the need for specific aquaculture mycotoxin maximum concentration levels for both aquaculture feeds and foods.

Modelling plant water relations and net primary productivity as affected by reclamation cover depth in reclaimed forestlands of northern Alberta - N. P. Y. Welegedara; R. F. Grant; Sylvie A. Quideau; Simon M. Landhäusser; Morgane Merlin; E. Lloret (Plant and Soil, 2020)

Renal cell carcinoma in young FH mutation carriers: case series and review of the literature - J. A. Hol; M. C. J. Jongmans; A. S. Littooij; R. R. de Krijger; R. P. Kuiper; J. J. T. van Harssel; A. Mensenkamp; M. Simons; G. A. M. Tytgat; M. M. van den Heuvel-Eibrink; M. van Grotel (Familial Cancer, 2020)
Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer (HLRCC) is an autosomal dominant syndrome caused by heterozygous pathogenic germline variants in the fumarate hydratase ( FH ) gene. It is characterized by cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas and an increased risk of developing renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is usually adult-onset. HLRCC-related RCC tends to be aggressive and can metastasize even when the primary tumor is small. Data on children and adolescents are scarce. Herein, we report two patients from unrelated Dutch families, with HLRCC-related RCC at the ages of 15 and 18 years, and a third patient with an FH mutation and complex renal cysts at the age of 13. Both RCC’s were localized and successfully resected, and careful MRI surveillance was initiated to monitor the renal cysts. One of the patients with RCC subsequently developed an ovarian Leydig cell tumor. A review of the literature identified 10 previously reported cases of HLRCC-related RCC in patients aged younger than 20 years, five of them presenting with metastatic disease. These data emphasize the importance of recognizing HLRCC in young patients to enable early detection of RCC, albeit rare. They support the recommendations from the 2014 consensus guideline, in which genetic testing for FH mutations, and renal MRI surveillance, is advised for HLRCC family members from the age of 8–10 years onwards.

Strong divergent selection at multiple loci in two closely related species of ragworts adapted to high and low elevations on Mount Etna - Edgar L. Y. Wong; Bruno Nevado; Owen G. Osborne; Alexander S. T. Papadopulos; Jon R. Bridle; Simon J. Hiscock; Dmitry A. Filatov (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
Recently diverged species present particularly informative systems for studying speciation and maintenance of genetic divergence in the face of gene flow. We investigated speciation in two closely related Senecio species, S. aethnensis and S. chrysanthemifolius , which grow at high and low elevations, respectively, on Mount Etna, Sicily and form a hybrid zone at intermediate elevations. We used a newly generated genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) dataset from 192 individuals collected over 18 localities along an elevational gradient to reconstruct the likely history of speciation, identify highly differentiated SNPs, and estimate the strength of divergent selection. We found that speciation in this system involved heterogeneous and bidirectional gene flow along the genome, and species experienced marked population size changes in the past. Furthermore, we identified highly‐differentiated SNPs between the species, some of which are located in genes potentially involved in ecological differences between species (such as photosynthesis and UV response). We analysed the shape of these SNPs’ allele frequency clines along the elevational gradient. These clines show significantly variable coincidence and concordance, indicative of the presence of multifarious selective forces. Selection against hybrids is estimated to be very strong (0.16–0.78) and one of the highest reported in literature. The combination of strong cumulative selection across the genome and previously identified intrinsic incompatibilities probably work together to maintain the genetic and phenotypic differentiation between these species – pointing to the importance of considering both intrinsic and extrinsic factors when studying divergence and speciation.

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access - Jens Kattge; Gerhard Bönisch; Sandra Díaz; Sandra Lavorel; Iain Colin Prentice; Paul Leadley; Susanne Tautenhahn; Gijsbert D. A. Werner; Tuomas Aakala; Mehdi Abedi; Alicia T. R. Acosta; George C. Adamidis; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.

Taxonomic note: Sogdianagonia nom. nov. pro Turkestanella Tashiro, 1979 (Bivalvia: Trigoniida: Megatrigoniidae) - Simon Schneider; Simon R. A. Kelly (PalZ, 2019)

Improving Research Literacy in Diverse Minority Populations with a Novel Communication Tool - Melissa A. Simon; Rodney Haring; Elisa M. Rodriguez; Evelyn González; Judith S. Kaur; Marcie Kirschner; Laura Tom; Catherine A. O’Brian; Mira L. Katz (Journal of Cancer Education, 2019)

A Continental-Scale Validation of Ecosystem Service Models - Simon Willcock; Danny A. P. Hooftman; Stefano Balbi; Ryan Blanchard; Terence P. Dawson; Patrick J. O’Farrell; Thomas Hickler; Malcolm D. Hudson; Mats Lindeskog; Javier Martinez-Lopez; Mark Mulligan; Belinda Reyers; et al. (Ecosystems, 2019)

Natural and Regenerated Saltmarshes Exhibit Similar Soil and Belowground Organic Carbon Stocks, Root Production and Soil Respiration - Nadia S. Santini; Catherine E. Lovelock; Quan Hua; Atun Zawadzki; Debashish Mazumder; Tim R. Mercer; Miriam Muñoz-Rojas; Simon A. Hardwick; Bindu Swapna Madala; William Cornwell; Torsten Thomas; Ezequiel M. Marzinelli; et al. (Ecosystems, 2019)

Zones of influence for soil organic matter dynamics: A conceptual framework for data and models - Claudia Cagnarini; Eleanor Blyth; Bridget A. Emmett; Chris D. Evans; Robert I. Griffiths; Aidan Keith; Laurence Jones; Inma Lebron; Niall P. McNamara; Jeremy Puissant; Sabine Reinsch; David A. Robinson; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Soil organic matter (SOM) is an indicator of sustainable land management as stated in the global indicator framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG Indicator 15.3.1). Improved forecasting of future changes in SOM is needed to support the development of more sustainable land management under a changing climate. Current models fail to reproduce historical trends in SOM both within and during transition between ecosystems. More realistic spatio‐temporal SOM dynamics require inclusion of the recent paradigm shift from SOM recalcitrance as an ‘intrinsic property’ to SOM persistence as an ‘ecosystem interaction’. We present a soil profile, or pedon‐explicit, ecosystem‐scale framework for data and models of SOM distribution and dynamics which can better represent land use transitions. Ecosystem‐scale drivers are integrated with pedon‐scale processes in two zones of influence. In the upper vegetation zone, SOM is affected primarily by plant inputs (above‐ and belowground), climate, microbial activity and physical aggregation and is prone to destabilization. In the lower mineral matrix zone, SOM inputs from the vegetation zone are controlled primarily by mineral phase and chemical interactions, resulting in more favourable conditions for SOM persistence. Vegetation zone boundary conditions vary spatially at landscape scales (vegetation cover) and temporally at decadal scales (climate). Mineral matrix zone boundary conditions vary spatially at landscape scales (geology, topography) but change only slowly. The thicknesses of the two zones and their transport connectivity are dynamic and affected by plant cover, land use practices, climate and feedbacks from current SOM stock in each layer. Using this framework, we identify several areas where greater knowledge is needed to advance the emerging paradigm of SOM dynamics—improved representation of plant‐derived carbon inputs, contributions of soil biota to SOM storage and effect of dynamic soil structure on SOM storage—and how this can be combined with robust and efficient soil monitoring.

Climatology and change of extreme precipitation events in Taiwan based on weather types - Yi‐chao Wu; S.‐Y. Simon Wang; Yi‐Chiang Yu; Chu‐Ying Kung; An‐Hsiang Wang; Sebastian A. Los; Wan‐Ru Huang (International Journal of Climatology, 2019)
Taiwan's most significant natural hazards are caused by hydrological extremes resulting from excessive precipitation. The threat of extreme precipitation is posed by several different types of weather patterns that affect Taiwan. This study examined the bi‐decadal changes in rainfall by defining an extreme precipitation occurrence (EPO) for a range of event durations from 1 to 24 hr. Three major weather types affecting EPO in Taiwan were identified from 1993 to 2015: the front type consisting of either a frontal zone or convective systems developing with an apparent Meiyu cloudband, diurnal rainfall events when no apparent synoptic features are present, and a tropical cyclone (TC) type according to the maximum sustained wind radius of a TC. Results show that TC‐type events have the greatest overall contribution to EPO at longer (>6 hr) durations. Diurnal/afternoon convection events contribute most to the shorter ( 6 hr) EPO associated with the TC‐type events in summer. The distinction between EPO trends for the entire island of Taiwan and for the Taipei metropolitan area alone (northern Taiwan, population of 7 million) were compared, and an intriguing interannual variation is reported in the TC‐type EPO associated with the TC season 1 year to a year and half just before an El Niño–Southern Oscillation event. The analysis here provides refined statistical distributions of extreme rainfall, and these can contribute to the revision of governmental definitions for weather disasters that are used in mitigation and response strategies.

Old Tools, New Ways of Using Them: Harnessing Expert Opinions to Plan for Surprise in Marine Socio-Ecological Systems - Rebecca V. Gladstone-Gallagher; Julie A. Hope; Richard H. Bulmer; Dana E. Clark; Fabrice Stephenson; Stephanie Mangan; Vera Rullens; Ewa Siwicka; Samuel F. Thomas; Conrad A. Pilditch; Candida Savage; Simon F. Thrush (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Storage Coefficients and Permeability Functions for Coal-Bed Methane Production Under Uniaxial Strain Conditions - Simon A. Mathias; Stefan Nielsen; Rebecca L. Ward (Transport in Porous Media, 2019)

Geostatistical modelling of multibeam backscatter for full-coverage seabed sediment maps - Timo C. Gaida; Mirjam Snellen; Thaiënne A. G. P. van Dijk; Dick G. Simons (Hydrobiologia, 2019)

Overhauling Ocean Spatial Planning to Improve Marine Megafauna Conservation - Ana Micaela Martins Sequeira; Graeme Clive Hays; David W. Sims; Víctor M. Eguíluz; Jorge P. Rodríguez; Michelle R. Heupel; Rob Harcourt; Hannah Calich; Nuno Queiroz; Daniel Paul Costa; Juan Fernández-Gracia; Luciana C. Ferreira; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Estimating aboveground net biomass change for tropical and subtropical forests: Refinement of IPCC default rates using forest plot data - Daniela Requena Suarez; Danaë M. A. Rozendaal; Veronique De Sy; Oliver L. Phillips; Esteban Alvarez‐Dávila; Kristina Anderson‐Teixeira; Alejandro Araujo‐Murakami; Luzmila Arroyo; Timothy R. Baker; Frans Bongers; Roel J. W. Brienen; Sarah Carter; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2019)
As countries advance in greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting for climate change mitigation, consistent estimates of aboveground net biomass change (∆AGB) are needed. Countries with limited forest monitoring capabilities in the tropics and subtropics rely on IPCC 2006 default ∆AGB rates, which are values per ecological zone, per continent. Similarly, research into forest biomass change at a large scale also makes use of these rates. IPCC 2006 default rates come from a handful of studies, provide no uncertainty indications and do not distinguish between older secondary forests and old‐growth forests. As part of the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, we incorporate ∆AGB data available from 2006 onwards, comprising 176 chronosequences in secondary forests and 536 permanent plots in old‐growth and managed/logged forests located in 42 countries in Africa, North and South America and Asia. We generated ∆AGB rate estimates for younger secondary forests (≤20 years), older secondary forests (>20 years and up to 100 years) and old‐growth forests, and accounted for uncertainties in our estimates. In tropical rainforests, for which data availability was the highest, our ∆AGB rate estimates ranged from 3.4 (Asia) to 7.6 (Africa) Mg ha −1 year −1 in younger secondary forests, from 2.3 (North and South America) to 3.5 (Africa) Mg ha −1 year −1 in older secondary forests, and 0.7 (Asia) to 1.3 (Africa) Mg ha −1 year −1 in old‐growth forests. We provide a rigorous and traceable refinement of the IPCC 2006 default rates in tropical and subtropical ecological zones, and identify which areas require more research on ∆AGB. In this respect, this study should be considered as an important step towards quantifying the role of tropical and subtropical forests as carbon sinks with higher accuracy; our new rates can be used for large‐scale GHG accounting by governmental bodies, nongovernmental organizations and in scientific research.

Detecting the Effects of Deep-Seabed Nodule Mining: Simulations Using Megafaunal Data From the Clarion-Clipperton Zone - Jeff A. Ardron; Erik Simon-Lledó; Daniel O. B. Jones; Henry A. Ruhl (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

OceanGliders: A Component of the Integrated GOOS - Pierre Testor; Brad de Young; Daniel L. Rudnick; Scott Glenn; Daniel Hayes; Craig M. Lee; Charitha Pattiaratchi; Katherine Hill; Emma Heslop; Victor Turpin; Pekka Alenius; Carlos Barrera; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)
The OceanGliders program started in 2016 to support active coordination and enhancement of global glider activity. OceanGliders contributes to the international efforts of the Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS) for Climate, Ocean Health, and Operational Services. It brings together marine scientists and engineers operating gliders around the world: (1) to observe the long-term physical, biogeochemical, and biological ocean processes and phenomena that are relevant for societal applications; and, (2) to contribute to the GOOS through real-time and delayed mode data dissemination. The OceanGliders program is distributed across national and regional observing systems and significantly contributes to integrated, multi-scale and multi-platform sampling strategies. OceanGliders shares best practices, requirements, and scientific knowledge needed for glider operations, data collection and analysis. It also monitors global glider activity and supports the dissemination of glider data through regional and global databases, in real-time and delayed modes, facilitating data access to the wider community. OceanGliders currently supports national, regional and global initiatives to maintain and expand the capabilities and application of gliders to meet key global challenges such as improved measurement of ocean boundary currents, water transformation and storm forecast.

Re-emergence of North Atlantic subsurface ocean temperature anomalies in a seasonal forecast system - Jeremy P. Grist; Bablu Sinha; Helene. T. Hewitt; Aurélie Duchez; Craig MacLachlan; Patrick Hyder; Simon A. Josey; Joël J.-M. Hirschi; Adam T. Blaker; Adrian. L. New; Adam A. Scaife; Chris D. Roberts (Climate Dynamics, 2019)

Metrics for understanding large-scale controls of multivariate temperature and precipitation variability - John P. O’Brien; Travis A. O’Brien; Christina M. Patricola-DiRosario; S.-Y. Simon Wang (Climate Dynamics, 2019)
Two or more spatio-temporally co-located meteorological/climatological extremes (co-occurring extremes) place far greater stress on human and ecological systems than any single extreme could. This was observed during the California drought of 2011–2015 where multiple years of negative precipitation anomalies occurred simultaneously with positive temperature anomalies resulting in California’s worst drought on observational record. The large-scale drivers which modulate the occurrence of extremes in two or more variables remains largely unexplored. Using California wintertime (November–April) temperature and precipitation as a case study, we apply a novel, nonparametric conditional probability distribution method that allows for evaluation of complex, multivariate, and nonlinear relationships that exist among temperature, precipitation, and various indicators of large-scale climate variability and change. We find that multivariate variability and statistics of temperature and precipitation exhibit strong spatial variation across scales that are often treated as being homogeneous. Further, we demonstrate that the multivariate statistics of temperature and precipitation are highly non-stationary and therefore require more robust and sophisticated statistical techniques for accurate characterization. Of all the indicators of the large-scale climate conditions we studied, the dipole index explains the greatest fraction of multivariate variability in the co-occurrence of California wintertime extremes in temperature and precipitation.

Streamflow response to climate change in the Greater Horn of Africa - Feyera A. Hirpa; Lorenzo Alfieri; Thomas Lees; Jian Peng; Ellen Dyer; Simon J. Dadson (Climatic Change, 2019)
The Greater Horn of Africa region increasingly experiences high risk of water scarcity. A combination of frequent droughts, rapid population growth and rising urbanisation has reduced streamflow and intensified water abstraction, causing water and food shortages. Estimates of future streamflow changes in the region have so far been highly uncertain and evaluations using ground-based measurements are still limited. Here, future streamflow changes are estimated using a distributed hydrological model forced with an ensemble of high-resolution climate simulations produced using the European community Earth-System Model v3.1. The simulated streamflow is evaluated using observed data from 29 stations from river basins across different climate zones in the region. Evaluation results show large sub-regional variations in the performance of simulated streamflow. The sign and magnitude of future streamflow changes vary between climate simulations and river basins, highlighting the uncertainties in the hydrologic projections. Overall, the streamflow projections indicate large (seasonal, long-term mean and extreme) streamflow decreases for all major rivers in Ethiopia and increases in the equatorial parts of the region at the end of the century. The ensemble mean shows a 10 to 25% decrease in the long-term mean flow in Ethiopia and a 10% increase in the equatorial part of the region in 2080s. Similarly, there is a substantial change in high flows in 2080s, with up to − 50% reduction in the northern and 50% increase in the equatorial parts of the region. These findings are critical because the rivers provide water supply to a rapidly changing socio-economy of the region.

Male aggression varies with consortship rate and habitat in a dolphin social network - Rebecca A. Hamilton; Teresa Borcuch; Simon J. Allen; William R. Cioffi; Vanni Bucci; Michael Krützen; Richard C. Connor (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2019)

Linking scales and disciplines: an interdisciplinary cross-scale approach to supporting climate-relevant ecosystem management - Christian Berger; Mari Bieri; Karen Bradshaw; Christian Brümmer; Thomas Clemen; Thomas Hickler; Werner Leo Kutsch; Ulfia A. Lenfers; Carola Martens; Guy F. Midgley; Kanisios Mukwashi; Victor Odipo; et al. (Climatic Change, 2019)

Ecology of a polymetallic nodule occurrence gradient: Implications for deep‐sea mining - Erik Simon‐Lledó; Brian J. Bett; Veerle A. I. Huvenne; Timm Schoening; Noelie M. A. Benoist; Daniel O. B. Jones (Limnology and Oceanography, 2019)
Abyssal polymetallic nodule fields constitute an unusual deep‐sea habitat. The mix of soft sediment and the hard substratum provided by nodules increases the complexity of these environments. Hard substrata typically support a very distinct fauna to that of seabed sediments, and its presence can play a major role in the structuring of benthic assemblages. We assessed the influence of seafloor nodule cover on the megabenthos of a marine conservation area (area of particular environmental interest 6) in the Clarion Clipperton Zone (3950–4250 m water depth) using extensive photographic surveys from an autonomous underwater vehicle. Variations in nodule cover (1–20%) appeared to exert statistically significant differences in faunal standing stocks, some biological diversity attributes, faunal composition, functional group composition, and the distribution of individual species. The standing stock of both the metazoan fauna and the giant protists (xenophyophores) doubled with a very modest initial increase in nodule cover (from 1% to 3%). Perhaps contrary to expectation, we detected little if any substantive variation in biological diversity along the nodule cover gradient. Faunal composition varied continuously along the nodule cover gradient. We discuss these results in the context of potential seabed‐mining operations and the associated sustainable management and conservation plans. We note in particular that successful conservation actions will likely require the preservation of areas comprising the full range of nodule cover and not just the low cover areas that are least attractive to mining.

Quinoline analogs of 2-aminoindane as potential central dopaminergic agents - Jorge E. Angel; Ricardo D. Enriz; Katherindel C. Balza; Ligia B. Angel; Luís E. Perdomo; Lucia Ch. Rodríguez; Akram S. Dabian; Biagina del C. Migliore; María M. Ramírez; José G. Ortega; Jaime E. Charris; Anita. Israel; et al. (Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2019)

Queen–worker aggression in the facultatively eusocial bee Megalopta genalis - A. R. Smith; M. Simons; V. Bazarko; J. Harach; M. A. Seid (Insectes Sociaux, 2019)

Immunocytochemical localization of a putative strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor in Hydra vulgaris - Linda A. Hufnagel; Paola Pierobon; Gabriele Kass-Simon (Cell and Tissue Research, 2019)

Salinity drives meiofaunal community structure dynamics across the Baltic ecosystem - Elias Broman; Caroline Raymond; Christian Sommer; Jonas S. Gunnarsson; Simon Creer; Francisco J. A. Nascimento (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
Coastal benthic biodiversity is under increased pressure from climate change, eutrophication, hypoxia, and changes in salinity due to increase in river runoff. The Baltic Sea is a large brackish system characterized by steep environmental gradients that experiences all of the mentioned stressors. As such it provides an ideal model system for studying the impact of on‐going and future climate change on biodiversity and function of benthic ecosystems. Meiofauna (animals

Thermal stress induces persistently altered coral reef fish assemblages - James P. W. Robinson; Shaun K. Wilson; Simon Jennings; Nicholas A. J. Graham (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Ecological communities are reorganizing in response to warming temperatures. For continuous ocean habitats this reorganization is characterized by large‐scale species redistribution, but for tropical discontinuous habitats such as coral reefs, spatial isolation coupled with strong habitat dependence of fish species imply that turnover and local extinctions are more significant mechanisms. In these systems, transient marine heatwaves are causing coral bleaching and profoundly altering habitat structure, yet despite severe bleaching events becoming more frequent and projections indicating annual severe bleaching by the 2050s at most reefs, long‐term effects on the diversity and structure of fish assemblages remain unclear. Using a 23‐year time series spanning a thermal stress event, we describe and model structural changes and recovery trajectories of fish communities after mass bleaching. Communities changed fundamentally, with the new emergent communities dominated by herbivores and persisting for >15 years, a period exceeding realized and projected intervals between thermal stress events on coral reefs. Reefs which shifted to macroalgal states had the lowest species richness and highest compositional dissimilarity, whereas reefs where live coral recovered exceeded prebleaching fish richness, but remained dissimilar to prebleaching compositions. Given realized and projected frequencies of bleaching events, our results show that fish communities historically associated with coral reefs will not re‐establish, requiring substantial adaptation by managers and resource users.

When and where plant‐soil feedback may promote plant coexistence: a meta‐analysis - Kerri M. Crawford; Jonathan T. Bauer; Liza S. Comita; Maarten B. Eppinga; Daniel J. Johnson; Scott A. Mangan; Simon A. Queenborough; Allan E. Strand; Katharine N. Suding; James Umbanhowar; James D. Bever (Ecology Letters, 2019)
Plant‐soil feedback (PSF) theory provides a powerful framework for understanding plant dynamics by integrating growth assays into predictions of whether soil communities stabilise plant–plant interactions. However, we lack a comprehensive view of the likelihood of feedback‐driven coexistence, partly because of a failure to analyse pairwise PSF, the metric directly linked to plant species coexistence. Here, we determine the relative importance of plant evolutionary history, traits, and environmental factors for coexistence through PSF using a meta‐analysis of 1038 pairwise PSF measures. Consistent with eco‐evolutionary predictions, feedback is more likely to mediate coexistence for pairs of plant species (1) associating with similar guilds of mycorrhizal fungi, (2) of increasing phylogenetic distance, and (3) interacting with native microbes. We also found evidence for a primary role of pathogens in feedback‐mediated coexistence. By combining results over several independent studies, our results confirm that PSF may play a key role in plant species coexistence, species invasion, and the phylogenetic diversification of plant communities.

Deconstructing compassionate conservation - Matt W. Hayward; Alex Callen; Benjamin L. Allen; Guy Ballard; Femke Broekhuis; Cassandra Bugir; Rohan H. Clarke; John Clulow; Simon Clulow; Jennifer C. Daltry; Harriet T. Davies‐Mostert; Peter J. S. Fleming; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2019)
Compassionate conservation focuses on 4 tenets: first, do no harm; individuals matter; inclusivity of individual animals; and peaceful coexistence between humans and animals. Recently, compassionate conservation has been promoted as an alternative to conventional conservation philosophy. We believe examples presented by compassionate conservationists are deliberately or arbitrarily chosen to focus on mammals; inherently not compassionate; and offer ineffective conservation solutions. Compassionate conservation arbitrarily focuses on charismatic species, notably large predators and megaherbivores. The philosophy is not compassionate when it leaves invasive predators in the environment to cause harm to vastly more individuals of native species or uses the fear of harm by apex predators to terrorize mesopredators. Hindering the control of exotic species (megafauna, predators) in situ will not improve the conservation condition of the majority of biodiversity. The positions taken by so‐called compassionate conservationists on particular species and on conservation actions could be extended to hinder other forms of conservation, including translocations, conservation fencing, and fertility control. Animal welfare is incredibly important to conservation, but ironically compassionate conservation does not offer the best welfare outcomes to animals and is often ineffective in achieving conservation goals. Consequently, compassionate conservation may threaten public and governmental support for conservation because of the limited understanding of conservation problems by the general public.

Constraining Southern Ocean Air-Sea-Ice Fluxes Through Enhanced Observations - Sebastiaan Swart; Sarah T. Gille; Bruno Delille; Simon Josey; Matthew Mazloff; Louise Newman; Andrew F. Thompson; Jim Thomson; Brian Ward; Marcel D. du Plessis; Elizabeth C. Kent; James Girton; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Air-Sea Fluxes With a Focus on Heat and Momentum - Meghan F. Cronin; Chelle L. Gentemann; James Edson; Iwao Ueki; Mark Bourassa; Shannon Brown; Carol Anne Clayson; Chris W. Fairall; J. Thomas Farrar; Sarah T. Gille; Sergey Gulev; Simon A. Josey; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) – a community perspective - Günter Blöschl; Marc F.P. Bierkens; Antonio Chambel; Christophe Cudennec; Georgia Destouni; Aldo Fiori; James W. Kirchner; Jeffrey J. McDonnell; Hubert H.G. Savenije; Murugesu Sivapalan; Christine Stumpp; Elena Toth; et al. (Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2019)

Crop-water relation and production of two soybean varieties under different water supplies - Angela Anda; Brigitta Simon; Gábor Soós; Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva; Tamás Kucserka (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2019)

The hidden hand is perceived closer to midline - Hassan G. Qureshi; Annie A. Butler; Graham K. Kerr; Simon C. Gandevia; Martin E. Héroux (Experimental Brain Research, 2019)

Four weeks of probiotic supplementation reduces GI symptoms during a marathon race - Jamie N. Pugh; Andy S. Sparks; Dominic A. Doran; Simon C. Fleming; Carl Langan-Evans; Ben Kirk; Robert Fearn; James P. Morton; Graeme L. Close (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2019)

QTL mapping in salad tomatoes - Thomas D. Brekke; James A. Stroud; David S. Shaw; Simon Crawford; Katherine A. Steele (Euphytica, 2019)
Tomatoes are a major global food staple but Phytophthora infestans (an Oomycete) causes late-blight, a devastating disease that precludes commercial tomato production from moist temperate areas such as the United Kingdom and Northern Europe. We dissected the genetic architecture of resistance to late-blight as well as traits that improve yield and fruit quality in a tomato cross between a popular breeding, line NC 2 CELBR, which produces large fruits, and an heirloom cultivar called ‘Koralik’ which produces small, sweet fruits. We used an F 2 mapping population to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for phenotypes including number of fruits, size of fruits, total crop yield, and soluble solids content in two different environments. Surprisingly, we found very few QTLs shared between the two environments, underscoring the importance of the local environment and genotype-by-environment interactions. We also assayed the virulence of three different isolates of P. infestans to identify QTLs that confer some resistance to the pathogen. We found nine crop-related QTLs and two QTLs for late-blight resistance-related phenotypes. One late-blight resistance QTL was inherited from Koralik (Chromosome 11, 70.2–83.5 cM) and it probably represents an undiscovered source of late-blight resistance. Yield QTLs were also located on chromosome 11 where Koralik alleles increase fruit number and yield, and adjacent regions decrease fruit size. On Chromosome 9, Koralik alleles increase fruit sweetness (Brix) by 25%. These results indicate that Koralik is a valuable donor parent that can be used by tomato breeders in targeted breeding strategies for fresh market tomatoes.

The interplay of landscape composition and configuration: new pathways to manage functional biodiversity and agroecosystem services across Europe - Emily A. Martin; Matteo Dainese; Yann Clough; András Báldi; Riccardo Bommarco; Vesna Gagic; Michael P.D. Garratt; Andrea Holzschuh; David Kleijn; Anikó Kovács‐Hostyánszki; Lorenzo Marini; Simon G. Potts; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2019)
Managing agricultural landscapes to support biodiversity and ecosystem services is a key aim of a sustainable agriculture. However, how the spatial arrangement of crop fields and other habitats in landscapes impacts arthropods and their functions is poorly known. Synthesising data from 49 studies (1515 landscapes) across Europe, we examined effects of landscape composition (% habitats) and configuration (edge density) on arthropods in fields and their margins, pest control, pollination and yields. Configuration effects interacted with the proportions of crop and non‐crop habitats, and species’ dietary, dispersal and overwintering traits led to contrasting responses to landscape variables. Overall, however, in landscapes with high edge density, 70% of pollinator and 44% of natural enemy species reached highest abundances and pollination and pest control improved 1.7‐ and 1.4‐fold respectively. Arable‐dominated landscapes with high edge densities achieved high yields. This suggests that enhancing edge density in European agroecosystems can promote functional biodiversity and yield‐enhancing ecosystem services.

Landscape patterns in top‐down control of decomposition: omnivory disrupts a tropical detrital‐based trophic cascade - Troy N. Simon; Andrew J. Binderup; Alex S. Flecker; James F. Gilliam; Michael C. Marshall; Steven A. Thomas; Joseph Travis; David N. Reznick; Catherine M. Pringle (Ecology, 2019)
Detrital‐based trophic cascades are often considered weak or absent in tropical stream ecosystems because of the prevalence of omnivorous macroconsumers and the dearth of leaf‐shredding insects. In this study, we isolate top‐down effects of three macroconsumer species on detrital processing in headwater streams draining Trinidad's northern mountains. We separated effects of different macroconsumers by experimentally manipulating their temporal access to isolated benthic habitat over the diel cycle. We found no evidence that omnivorous macroconsumers, including a freshwater crab ( Eudaniela garmani ) and guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ), increased leaf decomposition via consumption. By contrast, above a waterfall excluding guppies, the insectivorous killifish, Anablepsoides hartii , reduced the biomass of the leaf‐shredding insect Phylloicus hansoni 4‐fold, which consequently reduced leaf decomposition rates 1.6‐fold. This detrital cascade did not occur below the barrier waterfall, where omnivorous guppies join the assemblage and reduce killifish densities; here killifish had no significant effects on Phylloicus or decomposition rates. These patterns of detrital processing were also observed in upstream–downstream comparisons in a landscape study across paired reaches of six streams. Above waterfalls, where killifish were present, but guppies absent, leaf decomposition rates and Phylloicus biomass were 2.5‐ and ~35‐fold lower, respectively, compared to measurements below waterfalls. Moreover, the strength of top‐down control by killifish is reflected by the 20‐ and 5‐fold reductions in variability (± SE ) surrounding mean Phylloicus biomass and leaf decomposition rates in upstream relative to downstream reaches where no top‐down control was detected. Findings show a clear, detrital‐based trophic cascade among killifish, a leaf‐shredding insect, and leaf decomposition rates. Results also show how omnivorous guppies disrupt this cascade by depressing killifish densities, thereby releasing invertebrate shredders from predation, and significantly increasing decomposition rates. Moreover, this combination of direct and indirect trophic interactions drives patterns in decomposition rates in stream networks at a landscape scale, resulting in significantly lower rates of decomposition above vs. below barrier waterfalls. Our findings reveal that omnivory can result in significant indirect effects on a key ecosystem process, illustrating the importance of these hidden trophic pathways in detrital‐based systems and suggesting that resource control in tropical systems may be even more complex than previously envisioned.

Special issue of theoretical ecology to honor Alan Hastings’ 65th birthday - Stephen P. Ellner; Louis J. Gross; Simon A. Levin; Mark Lewis (Theoretical Ecology, 2019)

Spatial feedbacks and the dynamics of savanna and forest - Qianxiao Li; A. Carla Staver; Weinan E; Simon A. Levin (Theoretical Ecology, 2019)

The European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics—25 years’ young and going strong - Jamie J. Coleman; Caroline Samer; Markus Zeitlinger; Michiel van Agtmael; Gerard A. Rongen; Pierre Marquet; Tabassome Simon; Donald Singer; Vangelis G. Manolopoulos; Ylva Böttiger (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2019)

Enhancement of oncolytic virotherapy by vanadium(V) dipicolinates - Anabel Bergeron; Kateryna Kostenkova; Mohammed Selman; Heide A. Murakami; Elizabeth Owens; Naveen Haribabu; Rozanne Arulanandam; Jean-Simon Diallo; Debbie C. Crans (BioMetals, 2019)

Planonasus indicus sp. n., a new species of pygmy false catshark (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Pseudotriakidae), with a revised diagnosis of the genus and key to the family - David A. Ebert; K. V. Akhilesh; Simon Weigmann (Marine Biodiversity, 2019)

Effect of flowering on physical and mechanical properties of Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz - A. K. Sethy; S. K. Sharma; J. Simon (Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science, 2019)

Synergistic osmoregulatory dysfunction during salmon lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis ) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus co‐infection in sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) smolts - Amy Long; Kyle A. Garver; Simon R. M. Jones (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2019)
While co‐infections are common in both wild and cultured fish, knowledge of the interactive effects of multiple pathogens on host physiology, gene expression and immune response is limited. To evaluate the impact of co‐infection on host survival, physiology and gene expression, sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka smolts were infected with the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (V−/SL+), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV; V+/SL−), both (V+/SL+), or neither (V−/SL−). Survival in the V+/SL+ group was significantly lower than the V−/SL− and V−/SL+ groups ( p = 0.024). Co‐infected salmon had elevated osmoregulatory indicators and lowered haematocrit values as compared to the uninfected control. Expression of 12 genes associated with the host immune response was analysed in anterior kidney and skin. The only evidence of L. salmonis ‐induced modulation of the host antiviral response was down‐regulation of mhc I although the possibility of modulation cannot be ruled out for mx‐1 and rsad2 . Co‐infection did not influence the expression of genes associated with the host response to L. salmonis . Therefore, we conclude that the reduced survival in co‐infected sockeye salmon resulted from the osmoregulatory consequences of the sea lice infections which were amplified due to infection with IHNV.

Simultaneous‐count models to estimate abundance from counts of unmarked individuals with imperfect detection - Gerard Edward Ryan; Emily Nicholson; Jonathan C. Eames; Thomas N. E. Gray; Robin Loveridge; Simon P. Mahood; Phearun Sum; Michael A. McCarthy (Conservation Biology, 2019)
We developed a method to estimate population abundance from simultaneous counts of unmarked individuals over multiple sites. We considered that at each sampling occasion, individuals in a population could be detected at 1 of the survey sites or remain undetected and used either multinomial or binomial simultaneous‐count models to estimate abundance, the latter being equivalent to an N‐mixture model with one site. We tested model performance with simulations over a range of detection probabilities, population sizes, growth rates, number of years, sampling occasions, and sites. We then applied our method to 3 critically endangered vulture species in Cambodia to demonstrate the real‐world applicability of the model and to provide the first abundance estimates for these species in Cambodia. Our new approach works best when existing methods are expected to perform poorly (i.e., few sites and large variation in abundance among sites) and if individuals may move among sites between sampling occasions. The approach performed better when there were >8 sampling occasions and net probability of detection was high (>0.5). We believe our approach will be useful in particular for simultaneous surveys at aggregation sites, such as roosts. The method complements existing approaches for estimating abundance of unmarked individuals and is the first method designed specifically for simultaneous counts.

Reversing Mesophication Effects on Understory Woody Vegetation in Mid-Southern Oak Forests - Andrew L Vander Yacht; Patrick D Keyser; Seth A Barrioz; Charles Kwit; Mike C Stambaugh; Wayne K Clatterbuck; Dean M Simon (Forest Science, 2019)

Targeting Neuroplasticity, Cardiovascular, and Cognitive-Associated Genomic Variants in Familial Alzheimer’s Disease - Jorge I. Vélez; Francisco Lopera; Penelope K. Creagh; Laura B. Piñeros; Debjani Das; Martha L. Cervantes-Henríquez; Johan E. Acosta-López; Mario A. Isaza-Ruget; Lady G. Espinosa; Simon Easteal; Gustavo A. Quintero; Claudia Tamar Silva; et al. (Molecular Neurobiology, 2019)

The influence of particle size and mineralogy on both phosphorus retention and release by streambed sediments - Simon D. V. Clarendon; David M. Weaver; Peter M. Davies; Neil A. Coles (Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2019)

Höchstmögliche räumlich-zeitliche Auflösung in der Lichtmikroskopie - Simon Dersch; Benjamin Mayer; Daniel A. O. Rotter; Luis M. Oviedo-Bocanegra; Peter L. Graumann (BIOspektrum, 2019)

Factors associated with co-occurrence of large carnivores in a human-dominated landscape - Babu Ram Lamichhane; Herwig Leirs; Gerard A. Persoon; Naresh Subedi; Maheshwar Dhakal; Bishwa Nath Oli; Simon Reynaert; Vincent Sluydts; Chiranjibi Prasad Pokheral; Laxman Prasad Poudyal; Sabita Malla; Hans H. de Iongh (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2019)

AutoTube: a novel software for the automated morphometric analysis of vascular networks in tissues - Javier A. Montoya-Zegarra; Erica Russo; Peter Runge; Maria Jadhav; Ann-Helen Willrodt; Szymon Stoma; Simon F. Nørrelykke; Michael Detmar; Cornelia Halin (Angiogenesis, 2019)

Chitinozoans and scolecodonts from the Silurian and Devonian of Japan - Thijs R. A. Vandenbroucke; Olle Hints; Mark Williams; Simon Wallis; Jules Velleman; Toshiyuki Kurihara; Gengo Tanaka; Toshifumi Komatsu; Peep Männik; David J. Siveter; Tim de Backer (Island Arc, 2019)
Silurian and Devonian chitinozoans and scolecodonts are recorded from strata of the Hida‐Gaien Terrane, central Honshu. Silurian chitinozoans include Eisenackitina , Bursachitina , and the species Angochitina elongata . The latter provides a precise biostratigraphical tie between the Japanese succession and the Type Ludlow Series of the Welsh Borderland, UK, and indicates a Ludlow age (Gorstian or early Ludfordian) for the upper member of the Yoshiki Formation in the Ichinotani Valley. Chitinozoans from other Yoshiki Formation localities contain other specimens of Lagenochitinidae. Scolecodonts are more common than chitinozoans in the palynological residues, but are mostly represented by fragments or minor apparatus elements with a low biostratigraphical value. However, material from the Yoshiki and Fukuji Formations includes several species of Mochtyella as well as representatives of Oenonites , Kettnerites , Lunoprionella , Vistulella ? and possibly other placognath taxa. Scolecodonts are also present in the Silurian Middle Member of the Gionyama Formation, Kyushu, including a well‐preserved jaw of Pistoprion , and fragments of putative Kettnerites and Oenonites . These finds of scolecodonts suggest close similarity in assemblages between Paleozoic polychaete faunas of Japanese terranes and those of Baltica‐Laurentia.

Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 nolR and nodD2 mutants gain capacity for infection thread invasion of Lotus japonicus Gifu and Lotus burttii - Sebastián Acosta‐Jurado; Dulce‐Nombre Rodríguez‐Navarro; Yasuyuki Kawaharada; Miguel A. Rodríguez‐Carvajal; Antonio Gil‐Serrano; María E. Soria‐Díaz; Francisco Pérez‐Montaño; Juan Fernández‐Perea; Yanbo Niu; Cynthia Alias‐Villegas; Irene Jiménez‐Guerrero; Pilar Navarro‐Gómez; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2019)
Summary Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 Rif R , a broad‐host‐range rhizobial strain, forms ineffective nodules with Lotus japonicus but induces nitrogen‐fixing nodules in Lotus burttii roots that are infected by intercellular entry. Here we show that HH103 Rif R nolR or nodD2 mutants gain the ability to induce infection thread formation and to form nitrogen‐fixing nodules in L. japonicus Gifu. Microscopy studies showed that the mode of infection of L. burttii roots by the nodD2 and nolR mutants switched from intercellular entry to infection threads (ITs). In the presence of the isoflavone genistein, both mutants overproduced Nod‐factors. Transcriptomic analyses showed that, in the presence of Lotus japonicus Gifu root exudates, genes related to Nod factors production were overexpressed in both mutants in comparison to HH103 Rif R . Complementation of the nodD2 and nolR mutants provoked a decrease in Nod‐factor production, the incapacity to form nitrogen‐fixing nodules with L. japonicus Gifu and restored the intercellular way of infection in L. burttii . Thus, the capacity of S. fredii HH103 Rif R nodD2 and nolR mutants to infect L. burttii and L. japonicus Gifu by ITs and fix nitrogen L. japonicus Gifu might be correlated with Nod‐factor overproduction, although other bacterial symbiotic signals could also be involved.

Accounting for interspecific competition and age structure in demographic analyses of density dependence improves predictions of fluctuations in population size - Marlène Gamelon; Stefan J. G. Vriend; Steinar Engen; Frank Adriaensen; André A. Dhondt; Simon R. Evans; Erik Matthysen; Ben C. Sheldon; Bernt‐Erik Sæther (Ecology Letters, 2019)
Understanding species coexistence has long been a major goal of ecology. Coexistence theory for two competing species posits that intraspecific density dependence should be stronger than interspecific density dependence. Great tits and blue tits are two bird species that compete for food resources and nesting cavities. On the basis of long‐term monitoring of these two competing species at sites across Europe, combining observational and manipulative approaches, we show that the strength of density regulation is similar for both species, and that individuals have contrasting abilities to compete depending on their age. For great tits, density regulation is driven mainly by intraspecific competition. In contrast, for blue tits, interspecific competition contributes as much as intraspecific competition, consistent with asymmetric competition between the two species. In addition, including age‐specific effects of intra‐ and interspecific competition in density‐dependence models improves predictions of fluctuations in population size by up to three times.

Model‐based hypervolumes for complex ecological data - Susan G. Jarvis; Peter A. Henrys; Aidan M. Keith; Ellie Mackay; Susan E. Ward; Simon M. Smart (Ecology, 2019)
Developing a holistic understanding of the ecosystem impacts of global change requires methods that can quantify the interactions among multiple response variables. One approach is to generate high dimensional spaces, or hypervolumes, to answer ecological questions in a multivariate context. A range of statistical methods has been applied to construct hypervolumes but have not yet been applied in the context of ecological data sets with spatial or temporal structure, for example, where the data are nested or demonstrate temporal autocorrelation. We outline an approach to account for data structure in quantifying hypervolumes based on the multivariate normal distribution by including random effects. Using simulated data, we show that failing to account for structure in data can lead to biased estimates of hypervolume properties in certain contexts. We then illustrate the utility of these “model‐based hypervolumes” in providing new insights into a case study of afforestation effects on ecosystem properties where the data has a nested structure. We demonstrate that the model‐based generalization allows hypervolumes to be applied to a wide range of ecological data sets and questions.

Quantifying the discriminatory power of remote sensing technologies for benthic habitat mapping - Simon Collings; Norm A. Campbell; John K. Keesing (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2019)

A temporal sediment record of microplastics in an urban lake, London, UK - Simon Turner; Alice A. Horton; Neil L. Rose; Charlotte Hall (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2019)

Gneiss-forming events in the Saglek Block, Labrador; a reappraisal of the Uivak gneiss - Anna Sałacińska; Monika A. Kusiak; Martin J. Whitehouse; Daniel J. Dunkley; Simon A. Wilde; Ross Kielman; Piotr Król (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2019)

The impact of cognitive load on processing efficiency and performance effectiveness in anxiety: evidence from event-related potentials and pupillary responses - Piril Hepsomali; Julie A. Hadwin; Simon P. Liversedge; Federica Degno; Matthew Garner (Experimental Brain Research, 2019)

Metabolic syndrome and risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women: a prospective study - Rhonda S. Arthur; Geoffrey C. Kabat; Mimi Y. Kim; Robert A. Wild; Aladdin H. Shadyab; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Gloria Y. F. Ho; Katherine W. Reeves; Lewis H. Kuller; Juhua Luo; Jennifer Beebe-Dimmer; Michael S. Simon; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2019)

Congo Basin peatlands: threats and conservation priorities - Greta C. Dargie; Ian T. Lawson; Tim J. Rayden; Lera Miles; Edward T. A. Mitchard; Susan E. Page; Yannick E. Bocko; Suspense A. Ifo; Simon L. Lewis (Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2019)

A new species of Rhynchospio (Annelida: Spionidae) in South Africa - Carol A. Simon; Lee-Gavin Williams; Tony Henninger (Marine Biodiversity, 2019)

DNA metabarcoding—Need for robust experimental designs to draw sound ecological conclusions - Lucie Zinger; Aurélie Bonin; Inger G. Alsos; Miklós Bálint; Holly Bik; Frédéric Boyer; Anthony A. Chariton; Simon Creer; Eric Coissac; Bruce E. Deagle; Marta De Barba; Ian A. Dickie; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2019)

Stability and recovery of coral-algae systems: the importance of recruitment seasonality and grazing influence - Lisa C. McManus; James R. Watson; Vítor V. Vasconcelos; Simon A. Levin (Theoretical Ecology, 2019)

Carbon-13 in groundwater from English and Norwegian crystalline rock aquifers: a tool for deducing the origin of alkalinity? - Simon Bottrell; Emma V. Hipkins; James M. Lane; Rose A. Zegos; David Banks; Bjørn S. Frengstad (Sustainable Water Resources Management, 2019)

Environmental influences on stem borer incidence in Australian subtropical Corymbia plantations - Valerie J. Debuse; Tim E. Smith; Chris T. Holloway; Aaron N. Wiegand; Helen F. Nahrung; Simon A. Lawson (Journal of Pest Science, 2019)

Archaean phosphates: a case study of transformation processes in apatite from the Barberton greenstone belt - Łukasz Birski; E. Słaby; R. Wirth; M. Koch-Müller; K. Simon; A. Wudarska; J. Götze; A. Lepland; A. Hofmann; A. Kuras (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2019)

The potential of culinary vegetable oils as herbicides in organic farming: the effect of oil type and repeated applications on plant growth - Simon Hodge; Charles N Merfield; Arthur Bluon; Nadine A Berry; Dean M O’Connell (Organic Agriculture, 2019)

Early‐life telomere length predicts lifespan and lifetime reproductive success in a wild bird - Justin R. Eastwood; Michelle L. Hall; Niki Teunissen; Sjouke A. Kingma; Nataly Hidalgo Aranzamendi; Marie Fan; Michael Roast; Simon Verhulst; Anne Peters (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
Poor conditions during early development can initiate trade‐offs that favour current survival at the expense of somatic maintenance and subsequently, future reproduction. However, the mechanisms that link early and late life‐history are largely unknown. Recently it has been suggested that telomeres, the nucleoprotein structures at the terminal end of chromosomes, could link early‐life conditions to lifespan and fitness. In wild purple‐crowned fairy‐wrens, we combined measurements of nestling telomere length (TL) with detailed life‐history data to investigate whether early‐life TL predicts fitness prospects. Our study differs from previous studies in the completeness of our fitness estimates in a highly philopatric population. The association between TL and survival was age‐dependent with early‐life TL having a positive effect on lifespan only among individuals that survived their first year. Early‐life TL was not associated with the probability or age of gaining a breeding position. Interestingly, early‐life TL was positively related to breeding duration, contribution to population growth and lifetime reproductive success because of their association with lifespan. Thus, early‐life TL, which reflects growth, accumulated early‐life stress and inherited TL, predicted fitness in birds that reached adulthood but not noticeably among fledglings. These findings suggest that a lack of investment in somatic maintenance during development particularly affects late life performance. This study demonstrates that factors in early‐life are related to fitness prospects through lifespan, and suggests that the study of telomeres may provide insight into the underlying physiological mechanisms linking early‐ and late‐life performance and trade‐offs across a lifetime.

The paleobiogeographical significance of the Silurian and Devonian trilobites of Japan - Christopher P. Stocker; Derek J. Siveter; Philip D. Lane; Mark Williams; Tatsuo Oji; Simon R. Wallis; Gengo Tanaka; Toshifumi Komatsu; David J. Siveter; Thijs R. A. Vandenbroucke (Island Arc, 2019)
Six major groups of trilobites from the Silurian and Devonian of Japan are evaluated for their paleobiogeographical signature. Silurian illaenids and scutelluids show four generic‐level and at least two species‐level links with the Australian segment of the Gondwana paleocontinent; encrinurids also indicate two generic‐level links with Australia and also the South China paleocontinent; whilst Devonian phacopids, and possibly proetids, suggest at least two generic‐level links with the North China paleocontinent. These different patterns may reflect the fragmentary biostratigraphical record of Japanese trilobites, but they also appear to reflect paleoenvironmental parameters associated with lithofacies, and paleoecology. Thus, Japanese assemblages of proetids and phacopids occurring in deep‐water clastic lithofacies have counterparts in similar settings in North China, and Japanese scutelluids and illaenids are strongly associated with shallow marine carbonate lithofacies that are similar to those of their occurrences in Australia. Japanese encrinurids occur in carbonate rocks indicative of shallow marine settings in the Kurosegawa Terrane, and they demonstrate a consistent paleobiogeographical affinity with Australia and South China. Larval ecology cannot be directly assessed for Japanese trilobite groups. However, proetids have consistently been shown to have planktonic protaspides, whereas illaenids, scutelluids, and encrinurids have benthic protaspides. Planktonic protaspides would have a greater propensity for distribution in ocean currents than benthic ones, and therefore may be of more limited paleobiogeographical utility. The combined data from the six different groups indicates that the complex paleobiogeographical patterns of the Japanese trilobite assemblages need to be interpreted with caution, and similarity of taxa does not necessarily denote paleogeographical proximity to other regions.

Comparative population genomics confirms little population structure in two commercially targeted carcharhinid sharks - Claudia Junge; Stephen C. Donnellan; Charlie Huveneers; Corey J. A. Bradshaw; Alexis Simon; Michael Drew; Clinton Duffy; Grant Johnson; Geremy Cliff; Matias Braccini; Scott C. Cutmore; Paul Butcher; et al. (Marine Biology, 2019)

Development and Implementation of a Continuing Medical Education Program in Canada: Knowledge Translation for Renal Cell Carcinoma (KT4RCC) - Luke T. Lavallée; Ryan Fitzpatrick; Lori A. Wood; Joan Basiuk; Christopher Knee; Sonya Cnossen; Ranjeeta Mallick; Kelsey Witiuk; Marie Vanhuyse; Simon Tanguay; Antonio Finelli; Michael A. S. Jewett; et al. (Journal of Cancer Education, 2019)

The influence of sociality, caste, and size on behavior in a facultatively eusocial bee - A. Smith; M. Simons; V. Bazarko; M. Seid (Insectes Sociaux, 2019)

Correction to: The International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC): a functional catalogue of the mammalian genome that informs conservation - Violeta Muñoz-Fuentes; Pilar Cacheiro; Terrence F. Meehan; Juan Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel; Arthur L. Beaudet; Steve D. M. Brown; Mary E. Dickinson; Ann M. Flenniken; Paul Flicek; Antonella Galli; Hamed Haseli Mashhadi; Jason D. Heaney; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2019)

Neural correlates of emotional valence processing in Parkinson’s disease: dysfunction in the subcortex - Peter T. Bell; Moran Gilat; James M. Shine; Katie L. McMahon; Simon J. G. Lewis; David A. Copland (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2019)

Hidden diversity within the cosmopolitan species Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1869) (Spionidae: Annelida) - Carol A. Simon; Waka Sato-Okoshi; Hirokazu Abe (Marine Biodiversity, 2019)

Diversity of settlement‐stage reef fishes captured by light‐trap in a tropical south‐west Atlantic Ocean coastal reef system - Henrique Grande; Sergio de M. Rezende; Thiony E. Simon; Fabiana C. Félix‐Hackradt; José A. García‐Charton; Mauro Maida; Ana L. B. Gaspar; Ronaldo B. Francini‐Filho; Thierry Fredou; Beatrice P. Ferreira (Journal of Fish Biology, 2019)
This study reports the results of 5 years of monitoring reef fish post‐larvae using light traps in the Bay of Tamandaré, north‐east Brazil. An annotated checklist of pre‐settlement fish species, their frequency of occurrence and taxonomic characteristics are provided. In total, 4,422 post‐larval fishes belonging to 36 families, 56 genera and 76 species were captured. The most species‐rich families were Carangidae (7), Lutjanidae (6) and Pomacentridae (4), while the families Gerreidae (30.47%), Holocentridae (16.54%), Blenniidae (12.01%), Labrisomidae (8.36%), Lutjanidae (8.29%) and Acanthuridae (5.95%) were the most abundant. This is the first study of the taxonomic diversity and assemblage structure of settlement‐stage reef fishes in the tropical south‐west Atlantic Ocean. Although a few common species were not captured due to selectivity of light traps, the composition and taxonomic diversity of this first collection suggests that light traps are useful for studies of the early life history of a wide range of pre‐settlement reef fishes.

Predicting Which Species Succeed in Climate-Forced Polar Seas - Simon A. Morley; David K. A. Barnes; Michael J. Dunn (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Tools to Enrich Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Planning for Coastal Communities in Data-Poor Regions: Application to a Case Study in Madagascar - K. L. Cochrane; H. Rakotondrazafy; S. Aswani; T. Chaigneau; N. Downey-Breedt; A. Lemahieu; A. Paytan; G. Pecl; E. Plagányi; E. Popova; E. I. van Putten; Warwick H. H. Sauer; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Population genetics of the Australian eucalypt pest Thaumastocoris peregrinus: evidence for a recent invasion of Sydney - Nathan Lo; Ashley Montagu; Ann Noack; Helen Nahrung; Heng Wei; Mark Eldridge; Karen-Ann Gray; Harley A. Rose; Gerasimos Cassis; Rebecca N. Johnson; Simon Lawson (Journal of Pest Science, 2019)

How much is enough? Effects of technical and biological replication on metabarcoding dietary analysis - Vanessa A. Mata; Hugo Rebelo; Francisco Amorim; Gary F. McCracken; Simon Jarman; Pedro Beja (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
DNA metabarcoding is increasingly used in dietary studies to estimate diversity, composition and frequency of occurrence of prey items. However, few studies have assessed how technical and biological replication affect the accuracy of diet estimates. This study addresses these issues using the European free‐tailed bat Tadarida teniotis , involving high‐throughput sequencing of a small fragment of the COI gene in 15 separate faecal pellets and a 15‐pellet pool per each of 20 bats. We investigated how diet descriptors were affected by variability among (a) individuals, (b) pellets of each individual and (c) PCRs of each pellet. In addition, we investigated the impact of (d) analysing separate pellets vs. pellet pools. We found that diet diversity estimates increased steadily with the number of pellets analysed per individual, with seven pellets required to detect ~80% of prey species. Most variation in diet composition was associated with differences among individual bats, followed by pellets per individual and PCRs per pellet. The accuracy of frequency of occurrence estimates increased with the number of pellets analysed per bat, with the highest error rates recorded for prey consumed infrequently by many individuals. Pools provided poor estimates of diet diversity and frequency of occurrence, which were comparable to analysing a single pellet per individual, and consistently missed the less common prey items. Overall, our results stress that maximizing biological replication is critical in dietary metabarcoding studies and emphasize that analysing several samples per individual rather than pooled samples produce more accurate results.

Compositional response of Amazon forests to climate change - Adriane Esquivel‐Muelbert; Timothy R. Baker; Kyle G. Dexter; Simon L. Lewis; Roel J. W. Brienen; Ted R. Feldpausch; Jon Lloyd; Abel Monteagudo‐Mendoza; Luzmila Arroyo; Esteban Álvarez-Dávila; Niro Higuchi; Beatriz S. Marimon; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Most of the planet's diversity is concentrated in the tropics, which includes many regions undergoing rapid climate change. Yet, while climate‐induced biodiversity changes are widely documented elsewhere, few studies have addressed this issue for lowland tropical ecosystems. Here we investigate whether the floristic and functional composition of intact lowland Amazonian forests have been changing by evaluating records from 106 long‐term inventory plots spanning 30 years. We analyse three traits that have been hypothesized to respond to different environmental drivers (increase in moisture stress and atmospheric CO 2 concentrations): maximum tree size, biogeographic water‐deficit affiliation and wood density. Tree communities have become increasingly dominated by large‐statured taxa, but to date there has been no detectable change in mean wood density or water deficit affiliation at the community level, despite most forest plots having experienced an intensification of the dry season. However, among newly recruited trees, dry‐affiliated genera have become more abundant, while the mortality of wet‐affiliated genera has increased in those plots where the dry season has intensified most. Thus, a slow shift to a more dry‐affiliated Amazonia is underway, with changes in compositional dynamics (recruits and mortality) consistent with climate‐change drivers, but yet to significantly impact whole‐community composition. The Amazon observational record suggests that the increase in atmospheric CO 2 is driving a shift within tree communities to large‐statured species and that climate changes to date will impact forest composition, but long generation times of tropical trees mean that biodiversity change is lagging behind climate change.

Just a FAD ? Ecosystem impacts of tuna purse‐seine fishing associated with fish aggregating devices in the western Pacific Warm Pool Province - Shane P. Griffiths; Valerie Allain; Simon D. Hoyle; Tim A. Lawson; Simon J. Nicol (Fisheries Oceanography, 2019)
The western and central Pacific Ocean supports the world's largest tuna fisheries. Since the 1990s, the purse‐seine fishery has increasingly fished in association with fish aggregating devices ( FAD s), which has increased catches of juvenile bigeye and yellowfin tunas and vulnerable bycatch species (e.g., sharks). This has raised concerns regarding the sustainability of these species’ populations and the supporting ecosystem, but may provide improved food security of Pacific Island nations through utilisation of FAD ‐associated byproduct species (e.g., wahoo). An ecosystem model of the western Pacific Warm Pool Province was used to explore the potential ecological impacts of varying FAD fishing effort (±50% or 100%) over 30 years. The ecosystem has undergone a significant change in structure since 1980 from heavy exploitation of top predators (e.g., tunas) and “fishing up the food web” of high‐trophic‐level non‐target species. The ecosystem appeared resistant to simulated fishing perturbations, with only modest changes ( FAD effort by at least 50% was predicted to increase the biomass of tuna species and sharks and return the ecosystem structure to a pre‐industrial‐fishing state within 10 years. Spatial disaggregation of the model and integration of economic information are recommended to better capture ecological and economic changes that may result from fishing and/or climate impacts and to develop appropriate management measures in response.

Modelling glacial lake outburst flood impacts in the Bolivian Andes - Ioannis Kougkoulos; Simon J. Cook; Laura A. Edwards; Leon J. Clarke; Elias Symeonakis; Jason M. Dortch; Kathleen Nesbitt (Natural Hazards, 2018)

Simulation-based suggestions to improve ibuprofen dosing for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm newborns - Robert B. Flint; Rob ter Heine; Edwin Spaans; David M. Burger; Johan C. A. de Klerk; Karel Allegaert; Catherijne A. J. Knibbe; Sinno H. P. Simons (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2018)

Storylines: an alternative approach to representing uncertainty in physical aspects of climate change - Theodore G. Shepherd; Emily Boyd; Raphael A. Calel; Sandra C. Chapman; Suraje Dessai; Ioana M. Dima-West; Hayley J. Fowler; Rachel James; Douglas Maraun; Olivia Martius; Catherine A. Senior; Adam H. Sobel; et al. (Climatic Change, 2018)

Progressive microstructural changes of the occipital cortex in Huntington’s disease - Omar F. F. Odish; Robert H. A. M. Reijntjes; Simon J. A. van den Bogaard; Raymund A. C. Roos; Alexander Leemans (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2018)

Relating Coral Skeletal Structures at Different Length Scales to Growth, Light Availability to Symbiodinium, and Thermal Bleaching - Timothy D. Swain; Simon Lax; Natalie Lake; Hannah Grooms; Vadim Backman; Luisa A. Marcelino (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2018)

Further spectral and chromatographic studies of ambergris - Steven J. Rowland; Paul A. Sutton; Simon T. Belt; Vera Fitzsimmons-Thoss; Alan G. Scarlett (Natural Product Research, 2018)

Response of cell-wall composition and RNA-seq transcriptome to methyl-jasmonate in Brachypodium distachyon callus - Lucy S. Hyde; Till K. Pellny; Jackie Freeman; Louise V. Michaelson; Rachael Simister; Simon J. McQueen-Mason; Rowan A. C. Mitchell (Planta, 2018)

Sedimentary Environment Influences Ecosystem Response to Nutrient Enrichment - Emily J. Douglas; Conrad A. Pilditch; Andrew M. Lohrer; Candida Savage; Louis A. Schipper; Simon F. Thrush (Estuaries and Coasts, 2018)

Improved recovery from limb ischaemia by delivery of an affinity-isolated heparan sulphate - Selina Poon; Xiaohua Lu; Raymond A. A. Smith; Pei Ho; Kishore Bhakoo; Victor Nurcombe; Simon M. Cool (Angiogenesis, 2018)

Assessment of the direct effects of DDAH I on tumour angiogenesis in vivo - Efthymia Papaevangelou; Jessica K. R. Boult; Guy S. Whitley; Simon P. Robinson; Franklyn A. Howe (Angiogenesis, 2018)

Vanishing refuge? Testing the forest refuge hypothesis in coastal East Africa using genome‐wide sequence data for seven amphibians - Christopher D. Barratt; Beryl A. Bwong; Robert Jehle; H. Christoph Liedtke; Peter Nagel; Renske E. Onstein; Daniel M. Portik; Jeffrey W. Streicher; Simon P. Loader (Molecular Ecology, 2018)
High‐throughput sequencing data have greatly improved our ability to understand the processes that contribute to current biodiversity patterns. The “vanishing refuge” diversification model is speculated for the coastal forests of eastern Africa, whereby some taxa have persisted and diversified between forest refugia, while others have switched to becoming generalists also present in non‐forest habitats. Complex arrangements of geographical barriers (hydrology and topography) and ecological gradients between forest and non‐forest habitats may have further influenced the region's biodiversity, but elucidation of general diversification processes has been limited by lack of suitable data. Here, we explicitly test alternative diversification modes in the coastal forests using genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms, mtDNA, spatial and environmental data for three forest ( Arthroleptis xenodactyloides , Leptopelis flavomaculatus and Afrixalus sylvaticus ) and four generalist ( Afrixalus fornasini , A. delicatus , Leptopelis concolor and Leptopelis argenteus ) amphibians. Multiple analyses provide insight about divergence times, spatial population structure, dispersal barriers, environmental stability and demographic history. We reveal highly congruent intra‐specific diversity and population structure across taxa, with most divergences occurring during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene. Although stability models support the existence of some forest refugia, dispersal barriers and demographic models point towards idiosyncratic diversification modes across taxa. We identify a consistent role for riverine barriers in the diversification of generalist taxa, but mechanisms of diversification are more complex for forest taxa and potentially include topographical barriers, forest refugia and ecological gradients. Our work demonstrates the complexity of diversification processes in this region, which vary between forest and generalist taxa, but also for ecologically similar species with shared population boundaries.

Geographic and temporal variations in turbulent heat loss from lakes: A global analysis across 45 lakes - R. Iestyn Woolway; Piet Verburg; John D. Lenters; Christopher J. Merchant; David P. Hamilton; Justin Brookes; Elvira de Eyto; Sean Kelly; Nathan C. Healey; Simon Hook; Alo Laas; Don Pierson; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2018)
Heat fluxes at the lake surface play an integral part in determining the energy budget and thermal structure in lakes, including regulating how lakes respond to climate change. We explore patterns in turbulent heat fluxes, which vary across temporal and spatial scales, using in situ high‐frequency monitoring data from 45 globally distributed lakes. Our analysis demonstrates that some of the lakes studied follow a marked seasonal cycle in their turbulent surface fluxes and that turbulent heat loss is highest in larger lakes and those situated at low latitude. The Bowen ratio, which is the ratio of mean sensible to mean latent heat fluxes, is smaller at low latitudes and, in turn, the relative contribution of evaporative to total turbulent heat loss increases toward the tropics. Latent heat transfer ranged from ~ 60% to > 90% of total turbulent heat loss in the examined lakes. The Bowen ratio ranged from 0.04 to 0.69 and correlated significantly with latitude. The relative contributions to total turbulent heat loss therefore differ among lakes, and these contributions are influenced greatly by lake location. Our findings have implications for understanding the role of lakes in the climate system, effects on the lake water balance, and temperature‐dependent processes in lakes.

Pan‐tropical prediction of forest structure from the largest trees - Jean‐François Bastin; Ervan Rutishauser; James R. Kellner; Sassan Saatchi; Raphael Pélissier; Bruno Hérault; Ferry Slik; Jan Bogaert; Charles De Cannière; Andrew R. Marshall; John Poulsen; Patricia Alvarez‐Loyayza; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Aim Large tropical trees form the interface between ground and airborne observations, offering a unique opportunity to capture forest properties remotely and to investigate their variations on broad scales. However, despite rapid development of metrics to characterize the forest canopy from remotely sensed data, a gap remains between aerial and field inventories. To close this gap, we propose a new pan‐tropical model to predict plot‐level forest structure properties and biomass from only the largest trees. Location Pan‐tropical. Time period Early 21st century. Major taxa studied Woody plants. Methods Using a dataset of 867 plots distributed among 118 sites across the tropics, we tested the prediction of the quadratic mean diameter, basal area, Lorey's height, community wood density and aboveground biomass (AGB) from the i th largest trees. Results Measuring the largest trees in tropical forests enables unbiased predictions of plot‐ and site‐level forest structure. The 20 largest trees per hectare predicted quadratic mean diameter, basal area, Lorey's height, community wood density and AGB with 12, 16, 4, 4 and 17.7% of relative error, respectively. Most of the remaining error in biomass prediction is driven by differences in the proportion of total biomass held in medium‐sized trees (50–70 cm diameter at breast height), which shows some continental dependency, with American tropical forests presenting the highest proportion of total biomass in these intermediate‐diameter classes relative to other continents. Main conclusions Our approach provides new information on tropical forest structure and can be used to generate accurate field estimates of tropical forest carbon stocks to support the calibration and validation of current and forthcoming space missions. It will reduce the cost of field inventories and contribute to scientific understanding of tropical forest ecosystems and response to climate change.

A new species of Penion P. Fischer, 1884 from northern New Zealand (Mollusca: Neogastropoda: Buccinoidea) - Bruce A. Marshall; Simon F. K. Hills; Felix Vaux (Molluscan Research, 2018)

Is thermal limitation the primary driver of elevational distributions? Not for montane rainforest ants in the Australian Wet Tropics - Somayeh Nowrouzi; Alan N. Andersen; Tom R. Bishop; Simon K. A. Robson (Oecologia, 2018)

A genetic link between magnetite mineralization and diorite intrusion at the El Romeral iron oxide-apatite deposit, northern Chile - Paula A. Rojas; Fernando Barra; Martin Reich; Artur Deditius; Adam Simon; Francisco Uribe; Rurik Romero; Mario Rojo (Mineralium Deposita, 2018)

Evaluation of Mammogram Parties as an Effective Community Navigation Method - Kristi L. Allgood; Bijou Hunt; Jacqueline M. Kanoon; Melissa A. Simon (Journal of Cancer Education, 2018)

Validity of contact skin temperature sensors under different environmental conditions with and without fabric coverage: characterisation and correction - Braid A. MacRae; Simon Annaheim; Rolf Stämpfli; Christina M. Spengler; René M. Rossi (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2018)

Effects of program scale-up on time to resolution for patients with abnormal screening mammography results - Simon Craddock Lee; Robin T. Higashi; Joanne M. Sanders; Hong Zhu; Stephen J. Inrig; Caroline Mejias; Keith E. Argenbright; Jasmin A. Tiro (Cancer Causes & Control, 2018)

Patterns of Z chromosome divergence among Heliconius species highlight the importance of historical demography - Steven M. Van Belleghem; Margarita Baquero; Riccardo Papa; Camilo Salazar; W. Owen McMillan; Brian A. Counterman; Chris D. Jiggins; Simon H. Martin (Molecular Ecology, 2018)
Sex chromosomes are disproportionately involved in reproductive isolation and adaptation. In support of such a “large‐X” effect, genome scans between recently diverged populations and species pairs often identify distinct patterns of divergence on the sex chromosome compared to autosomes. When measures of divergence between populations are higher on the sex chromosome compared to autosomes, such patterns could be interpreted as evidence for faster divergence on the sex chromosome, that is “faster‐X”, barriers to gene flow on the sex chromosome. However, demographic changes can strongly skew divergence estimates and are not always taken into consideration. We used 224 whole‐genome sequences representing 36 populations from two Heliconius butterfly clades ( H. erato and H. melpomene ) to explore patterns of Z chromosome divergence. We show that increased divergence compared to equilibrium expectations can in many cases be explained by demographic change. Among Heliconius erato populations, for instance, population size increase in the ancestral population can explain increased absolute divergence measures on the Z chromosome compared to the autosomes, as a result of increased ancestral Z chromosome genetic diversity. Nonetheless, we do identify increased divergence on the Z chromosome relative to the autosomes in parapatric or sympatric species comparisons that imply postzygotic reproductive barriers. Using simulations, we show that this is consistent with reduced gene flow on the Z chromosome, perhaps due to greater accumulation of incompatibilities. Our work demonstrates the importance of taking demography into account to interpret patterns of divergence on the Z chromosome, but nonetheless provides evidence to support the Z chromosome as a strong barrier to gene flow in incipient Heliconius butterfly species.

The global structure of marine cleaning mutualistic networks - Juan Pablo Quimbayo; Mauricio Cantor; Murilo S. Dias; Alexandra S. Grutter; Simon Gingins; Justine H. A. Becker; Sergio R. Floeter (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Aim We studied the underlying biotic and abiotic drivers of network patterns in marine cleaning mutualisms (species feeding upon ectoparasites and injured tissues of others) at large spatial scales. Location Eleven marine biogeographical provinces. Time period 1971–2018. Major taxa studied Reef fish and shrimps. Methods We combined field and literature data to test whether recurrent patterns in mutualistic networks (nestedness, modularity) describe the distributions of marine cleaning interactions. Nested network structures suggest that some cleaner species interact with many clients while the others clean fewer, predictable subsets of these clients; modular network structures suggest that cleaners and clients interact within defined, densely connected subsets of species. We used linear mixed models to evaluate whether the life‐history traits of cleaners contribute to the emergence of these patterns locally and whether environmental and geographical factors influence the network structures. Results Marine cleaning networks were more nested than modular. Nestedness was prevalent in communities with dedicated cleaners (ones that feed exclusively by cleaning), whereas communities with only facultative cleaners (ones that clean opportunistically) were generally unstructured. Cleaner type and taxa were the only traits shaping networks, with dedicated fish cleaners contributing disproportionally more than facultative cleaners and shrimps to the emergence of nestedness. Although cleaner species seem concentrated around the tropics and biodiversity centres, we did not detect an influence of environmental and geographical factors on network structures. Main conclusions Dedicated species are key in shaping the structure of marine cleaning mutualistic networks. By relying exclusively on cleaning to feed, dedicated cleaners interact with most of the available clients and form the network core, whereas the opportunistic facultative species tend to clean the most common clients. We hypothesize that trophic niche variation and phenotypic specialization are major drivers of this asymmetry in marine mutualisms. Our study strengthens the links between biotic interactions at the community level and the distribution of species and specializations at larger spatial scales.

Quantifying species recovery and conservation success to develop an IUCN Green List of Species - H. Resit Akçakaya; Elizabeth L. Bennett; Thomas M. Brooks; Molly K. Grace; Anna Heath; Simon Hedges; Craig Hilton‐Taylor; Michael Hoffmann; David A. Keith; Barney Long; David P. Mallon; Erik Meijaard; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2018)
Stopping declines in biodiversity is critically important, but it is only a first step toward achieving more ambitious conservation goals. The absence of an objective and practical definition of species recovery that is applicable across taxonomic groups leads to inconsistent targets in recovery plans and frustrates reporting and maximization of conservation impact. We devised a framework for comprehensively assessing species recovery and conservation success. We propose a definition of a fully recovered species that emphasizes viability, ecological functionality, and representation; and use counterfactual approaches to quantify degree of recovery. This allowed us to calculate a set of 4 conservation metrics that demonstrate impacts of conservation efforts to date (conservation legacy); identify dependence of a species on conservation actions (conservation dependence); quantify expected gains resulting from conservation action in the medium term (conservation gain); and specify requirements to achieve maximum plausible recovery over the long term (recovery potential). These metrics can incentivize the establishment and achievement of ambitious conservation targets. We illustrate their use by applying the framework to a vertebrate, an invertebrate, and a woody and an herbaceous plant. Our approach is a preliminary framework for an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Green List of Species, which was mandated by a resolution of IUCN members in 2012. Although there are several challenges in applying our proposed framework to a wide range of species, we believe its further development, implementation, and integration with the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species will help catalyze a positive and ambitious vision for conservation that will drive sustained conservation action.

Climate change alterations to ecosystem dominance: how might sponge‐dominated reefs function? - James J. Bell; Alberto Rovellini; Simon K. Davy; Michael W. Taylor; Elizabeth A. Fulton; Matthew R. Dunn; Holly M. Bennett; Nora M. Kandler; Heidi M. Luter; Nicole S. Webster (Ecology, 2018)
Anthropogenic stressors are impacting ecological systems across the world. Of particular concern are the recent rapid changes occurring in coral reef systems. With ongoing degradation from both local and global stressors, future reefs are likely to function differently from current coral‐dominated ecosystems. Determining key attributes of future reef states is critical to reliably predict outcomes for ecosystem service provision. Here we explore the impacts of changing sponge dominance on coral reefs. Qualitative modelling of reef futures suggests that changing sponge dominance due to increased sponge abundance will have different outcomes for other trophic levels compared with increased sponge dominance as a result of declining coral abundance. By exploring uncertainty in the model outcomes we identify the need to (1) quantify changes in carbon flow through sponges, (2) determine the importance of food limitation for sponges, (3) assess the ubiquity of the recently described “sponge loop,” (4) determine the competitive relationships between sponges and other benthic taxa, particularly algae, and (5) understand how changing dominance of other organisms alters trophic pathways and energy flows through ecosystems. Addressing these knowledge gaps will facilitate development of more complex models that assess functional attributes of sponge‐dominated reef ecosystems.

Sedimentary macrofossil records reveal ecological change in English lakes: implications for conservation - Helen Bennion; Carl D. Sayer; Stewart J. Clarke; Thomas A. Davidson; Neil L. Rose; Ben Goldsmith; Ruth Rawcliffe; Amy Burgess; Gina Clarke; Simon Turner; Emma Wiik (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2018)

The International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC): a functional catalogue of the mammalian genome that informs conservation - Violeta Muñoz-Fuentes; Pilar Cacheiro; Terrence F. Meehan; Juan Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel; Steve D. M. Brown; Ann M. Flenniken; Paul Flicek; Antonella Galli; Hamed Haseli Mashhadi; Martin Hrabě de Angelis; Jong Kyoung Kim; K. C. Kent Lloyd; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2018)
The International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) is building a catalogue of mammalian gene function by producing and phenotyping a knockout mouse line for every protein-coding gene. To date, the IMPC has generated and characterised 5186 mutant lines. One-third of the lines have been found to be non-viable and over 300 new mouse models of human disease have been identified thus far. While current bioinformatics efforts are focused on translating results to better understand human disease processes, IMPC data also aids understanding genetic function and processes in other species. Here we show, using gorilla genomic data, how genes essential to development in mice can be used to help assess the potentially deleterious impact of gene variants in other species. This type of analyses could be used to select optimal breeders in endangered species to maintain or increase fitness and avoid variants associated to impaired-health phenotypes or loss-of-function mutations in genes of critical importance. We also show, using selected examples from various mammal species, how IMPC data can aid in the identification of candidate genes for studying a condition of interest, deliver information about the mechanisms involved, or support predictions for the function of genes that may play a role in adaptation. With genotyping costs decreasing and the continued improvements of bioinformatics tools, the analyses we demonstrate can be routinely applied.

Ecology can inform genetics: Disassortative mating contributes to MHC polymorphism in Leach’s storm‐petrels ( Oceanodroma leucorhoa ) - Brian Hoover; Miguel Alcaide; Sarah Jennings; Simon Yung Wa Sin; Scott V. Edwards; Gabrielle A. Nevitt (Molecular Ecology, 2018)
Studies of MHC‐based mate choice in wild populations often test hypotheses on species exhibiting female choice and male–male competition, which reflects the general prevalence of females as the choosy sex in natural systems. Here, we examined mutual mate‐choice patterns in a small burrow‐nesting seabird, the Leach’s storm‐petrel ( Oceanodroma leucorhoa ), using the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The life history and ecology of this species are extreme: both partners work together to fledge a single chick during the breeding season, a task that requires regularly travelling hundreds of kilometres to and from foraging grounds over a 6‐ to 8‐week provisioning period. Using a 5‐year data set unprecedented for this species ( n = 1078 adults and 925 chicks), we found a positive relationship between variation in the likelihood of female reproductive success and heterozygosity at Ocle‐ DAB 2, a MHC class IIB locus. Contrary to previous reports rejecting disassortative mating as a mechanism for maintaining genetic polymorphism in this species, here we show that males make significant disassortative mate‐choice decisions. Variability in female reproductive success suggests that the most common homozygous females (Ocle‐ DAB 2*01/Ocle‐ DAB 2*01) may be physiologically disadvantaged and, therefore, less preferred as lifelong partners for choosy males. The results from this study support the role of mate choice in maintaining high levels of MHC variability in a wild seabird species and highlight the need to incorporate a broader ecological framework and sufficient sample sizes into studies of MHC ‐based mating patterns in wild populations in general.

Hydrological features above a Southern Ocean seamount inhibit larval dispersal and promote speciation: evidence from the bathyal mytilid Dacrydium alleni sp. nov. (Mytilidae: Bivalvia) - Mark A. Beeston; Simon M. Cragg; Katrin Linse (Polar Biology, 2018)

Pharmacological Rescue of Hippocampal Fear Learning Deficits in Fragile X Syndrome - Luis A. Martinez; Maria Victoria Tejada-Simon (Molecular Neurobiology, 2018)

The Laacher See Tephra discovered in southernmost Sweden - Simon A. Larsson; Stefan Wastegård (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2018)
We present the first geochemically confirmed finding of the Laacher See Tephra (LST) on the Swedish mainland, now the northernmost extension of the LST. Sediments were sampled at the Körslättamossen fen, southernmost Sweden, and a high‐concentration cryptotephra occurrence (>65 000 shards cm −3 ) of the LST was found in a sequence of calcareous gyttja. Tephra identification was confirmed by geochemical analysis using field‐emission electron probe microanalysis and through comparison of the results with published LST data from proximal sites and distal sites north‐east of Laacher See. The LST has previously been divided into eruption phases suggested to have spread in several dispersal fans, but it was not possible to confidently determine the phase of the tephra here closer than to the MLST or ULST. The finding of the LST presented here further strengthens the potential of tephrochronological studies in the south Scandinavian region.

BioTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene - Maria Dornelas; Laura H. Antão; Faye Moyes; Amanda E. Bates; Anne E. Magurran; Dušan Adam; Asem A. Akhmetzhanova; Ward Appeltans; José Manuel Arcos; Haley Arnold; Narayanan Ayyappan; Gal Badihi; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Motivation The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community‐led open‐source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Main types of variables included The database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record. Spatial location and grain BioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km 2 (158 cm 2 ) to 100 km 2 (1,000,000,000,000 cm 2 ). Time period and grain BioTIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year. Major taxa and level of measurement BioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates. Software format .csv and .SQL.

Response of benthic fauna to experimental bottom fishing: A global meta‐analysis - Marija Sciberras; Jan Geert Hiddink; Simon Jennings; Claire L Szostek; Kathryn M Hughes; Brian Kneafsey; Leo J Clarke; Nick Ellis; Adriaan D Rijnsdorp; Robert A McConnaughey; Ray Hilborn; Jeremy S Collie; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2018)
Bottom‐contact fishing gears are globally the most widespread anthropogenic sources of direct disturbance to the seabed and associated biota. Managing these fishing disturbances requires quantification of gear impacts on biota and the rate of recovery following disturbance. We undertook a systematic review and meta‐analysis of 122 experiments on the effects‐of‐bottom fishing to quantify the removal of benthos in the path of the fishing gear and to estimate rates of recovery following disturbance. A gear pass reduced benthic invertebrate abundance by 26% and species richness by 19%. The effect was strongly gear‐specific, with gears that penetrate deeper into the sediment having a significantly larger impact than those that penetrate less. Sediment composition (% mud and presence of biogenic habitat) and the history of fishing disturbance prior to an experimental fishing event were also important predictors of depletion, with communities in areas that were not previously fished, predominantly muddy or biogenic habitats being more strongly affected by fishing. Sessile and low mobility biota with longer life‐spans such as sponges, soft corals and bivalves took much longer to recover after fishing (>3 year) than mobile biota with shorter life‐spans such as polychaetes and malacostracans (

Topography shapes the structure, composition and function of tropical forest landscapes - Tommaso Jucker; Boris Bongalov; David F. R. P. Burslem; Reuben Nilus; Michele Dalponte; Simon L. Lewis; Oliver L. Phillips; Lan Qie; David A. Coomes (Ecology Letters, 2018)
Topography is a key driver of tropical forest structure and composition, as it constrains local nutrient and hydraulic conditions within which trees grow. Yet, we do not fully understand how changes in forest physiognomy driven by topography impact other emergent properties of forests, such as their aboveground carbon density ( ACD ). Working in Borneo – at a site where 70‐m‐tall forests in alluvial valleys rapidly transition to stunted heath forests on nutrient‐depleted dip slopes – we combined field data with airborne laser scanning and hyperspectral imaging to characterise how topography shapes the vertical structure, wood density, diversity and ACD of nearly 15 km 2 of old‐growth forest. We found that subtle differences in elevation – which control soil chemistry and hydrology – profoundly influenced the structure, composition and diversity of the canopy. Capturing these processes was critical to explaining landscape‐scale heterogeneity in ACD , highlighting how emerging remote sensing technologies can provide new insights into long‐standing ecological questions.

Increased Training Intensity Induces Proper Membrane Localization of Actin Remodeling Proteins in the Hippocampus Preventing Cognitive Deficits: Implications for Fragile X Syndrome - L. A. Martinez; Maria Victoria Tejada-Simon (Molecular Neurobiology, 2018)

Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of GSK3008348, a novel integrin αvβ6 inhibitor, in healthy participants - Charlotte H. Maden; David Fairman; Michelle Chalker; Maria J. Costa; William A. Fahy; Nadia Garman; Pauline T. Lukey; Tim Mant; Simon Parry; Juliet K. Simpson; Robert J. Slack; Stuart Kendrick; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2018)

Genetic diversity through time and space: diversity and demographic history from natural history specimens and serially sampled contemporary populations of the threatened Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae) - Peri E. Bolton; Lee A. Rollins; James Brazill-Boast; Kimberley L. Maute; Sarah Legge; Jeremy J. Austin; Simon C. Griffith (Conservation Genetics, 2018)

The genetic structure of the introduced house sparrow populations in Australia and New Zealand is consistent with historical descriptions of multiple introductions to each country - Samuel C. Andrew; Monica Awasthy; Peri E. Bolton; Lee A. Rollins; Shinichi Nakagawa; Simon C. Griffith (Biological Invasions, 2018)

Ocean acidification in New Zealand waters: trends and impacts - Cliff S. Law; James J. Bell; Helen C. Bostock; Chris E. Cornwall; Vonda J. Cummings; Kim Currie; Simon K. Davy; Malindi Gammon; Christopher D. Hepburn; Catriona L. Hurd; Miles Lamare; Sara E. Mikaloff‐Fletcher; et al. (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2018)
The threat posed by ocean acidification (OA) to the diversity and productivity of New Zealand marine ecosystems is assessed in a synthesis of published trends and impacts. A 20‐year time series in Subantarctic water, and a national coastal monitoring programme, provide insight into pH variability, and context for experimental design, modelling and projections. A review of the potential impact of changes in the carbonate system on the major phyla in New Zealand waters confirms international observations that calcifying organisms, and particularly their early life‐history stages, are vulnerable. The synthesis considers ecosystem and socio‐economic impacts, and identifies current knowledge gaps and future research directions, including mechanistic studies of OA sensitivity. Advanced ecosystem models of OA, that incorporate the indirect effects of OA and interactions with other climate stressors, are required for robust projection of the future status of New Zealand marine ecosystems.

A cross‐continental comparison of assemblages of seed‐ and fruit‐feeding insects in tropical rain forests: Faunal composition and rates of attack - Yves Basset; Chris Dahl; Richard Ctvrtecka; Sofia Gripenberg; Owen T. Lewis; Simon T. Segar; Petr Klimes; Héctor Barrios; John W. Brown; Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin; Buntika A. Butcher; Anthony I. Cognato; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2018)
Aim Insects feeding on seeds and fruits represent interesting study systems, potentially able to lower the fitness of their host plants. In addition to true seed eaters, a suite of insects feed on the fleshy parts of fruits. We examined the likelihood of community convergence in whole insect assemblages attacking seeds/fruits in three tropical rain forests. Location Three Forest GEO permanent forest plots within different biogeographical regions: Barro Colorado Island (Panama), Khao Chong (Thailand) and Wanang (Papua New Guinea). Methods We surveyed 1,186 plant species and reared 1.1 ton of seeds/fruits that yielded 80,600 insects representing at least 1,678 species. We assigned seeds/fruits to predation syndromes on the basis of plant traits relevant to insects, seed/fruit appearance and mesocarp thickness. Results We observed large differences in insect faunal composition, species richness and guild structure between our three study sites. We hypothesize that the high species richness of insect feeding on seeds/fruits in Panama may result from a conjunction of low plant species richness and high availability of dry fruits. Insect assemblages were weakly influenced by seed predation syndromes, both at the local and regional scale, and the effect of host phylogeny varied also among sites. At the driest site (Panama), the probability of seeds of a plant species being attacked depended more on seed availability than on the measured seed traits of that plant species. However, when seeds were attacked, plant traits shaping insect assemblages were difficult to identify and not related to seed availability. Main conclusions We observed only weak evidence of community convergence at the intercontinental scale among these assemblages. Our study suggests that seed eaters may be most commonly associated with dry fruits at relatively dry tropical sites where fleshy fruits may be less prevalent.

How ecology shapes exploitation: a framework to predict the behavioural response of human and animal foragers along exploration–exploitation trade‐offs - Christopher T. Monk; Matthieu Barbier; Pawel Romanczuk; James R. Watson; Josep Alós; Shinnosuke Nakayama; Daniel I. Rubenstein; Simon A. Levin; Robert Arlinghaus (Ecology Letters, 2018)
Understanding how humans and other animals behave in response to changes in their environments is vital for predicting population dynamics and the trajectory of coupled social‐ecological systems. Here, we present a novel framework for identifying emergent social behaviours in foragers (including humans engaged in fishing or hunting) in predator–prey contexts based on the exploration difficulty and exploitation potential of a renewable natural resource. A qualitative framework is introduced that predicts when foragers should behave territorially, search collectively, act independently or switch among these states. To validate it, we derived quantitative predictions from two models of different structure: a generic mathematical model, and a lattice‐based evolutionary model emphasising exploitation and exclusion costs. These models independently identified that the exploration difficulty and exploitation potential of the natural resource controls the social behaviour of resource exploiters. Our theoretical predictions were finally compared to a diverse set of empirical cases focusing on fisheries and aquatic organisms across a range of taxa, substantiating the framework's predictions. Understanding social behaviour for given social‐ecological characteristics has important implications, particularly for the design of governance structures and regulations to move exploited systems, such as fisheries, towards sustainability. Our framework provides concrete steps in this direction.