Mixed pH-Sensitive Polymeric Micelles for Combination Drug Delivery - Younsoo Bae; Adam W. G. Alani; Nicole C. Rockich; T. S. Z. Chung Lai; Glen S. Kwon (Pharmaceutical Research, 2010)

Seasonal variability in heat-related mortality across the United States - Scott C. Sheridan; Adam J. Kalkstein (Natural Hazards, 2010)

Selecting objectively defined reference sites for stream bioassessment programs - Adam Gordon Yates; Robert C. Bailey (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2010)

Ecosystem Carbon Storage Across the Grassland–Forest Transition in the High Andes of Manu National Park, Peru - Adam Gibbon; Miles R. Silman; Yadvinder Malhi; Joshua B. Fisher; Patrick Meir; Michael Zimmermann; Greta C. Dargie; William R. Farfan; Karina C. Garcia (Ecosystems, 2010)

Optimising experimental design for high-throughput phenotyping in mice: a case study - Natasha A. Karp; Lauren A. Baker; Anna-Karin B. Gerdin; Niels C. Adams; Ramiro Ramírez-Solis; Jacqueline K. White (Mammalian Genome, 2010)

Hydrogen peroxide‐induced oxidative stress responses in Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough - Aifen Zhou; Zhili He; Alyssa M. Redding‐Johanson; Aindrila Mukhopadhyay; Christopher L. Hemme; Marcin P. Joachimiak; Feng Luo; Ye Deng; Kelly S. Bender; Qiang He; Jay D. Keasling; David A. Stahl; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2010)
Summary To understand how sulphate‐reducing bacteria respond to oxidative stresses, the responses of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough to H 2 O 2 ‐induced stresses were investigated with transcriptomic, proteomic and genetic approaches. H 2 O 2 and induced chemical species (e.g. polysulfide, ROS) and redox potential shift increased the expressions of the genes involved in detoxification, thioredoxin‐dependent reduction system, protein and DNA repair, and decreased those involved in sulfate reduction, lactate oxidation and protein synthesis. A gene coexpression network analysis revealed complicated network interactions among differentially expressed genes, and suggested possible importance of several hypothetical genes in H 2 O 2 stress. Also, most of the genes in PerR and Fur regulons were highly induced, and the abundance of a Fur regulon protein increased. Mutant analysis suggested that PerR and Fur are functionally overlapped in response to stresses induced by H 2 O 2 and reaction products, and the upregulation of thioredoxin‐dependent reduction genes was independent of PerR or Fur. It appears that induction of those stress response genes could contribute to the increased resistance of deletion mutants to H 2 O 2 ‐induced stresses. In addition, a conceptual cellular model of D. vulgaris responses to H 2 O 2 stress was constructed to illustrate that this bacterium may employ a complicated molecular mechanism to defend against the H 2 O 2 ‐induced stresses.

Use of an Action‐Selection Framework for Human‐Carnivore Conflict in the Bangladesh Sundarbans - ADAM C. D. BARLOW; CHRISTINA J. GREENWOOD; ISHTIAQ U. AHMAD; JAMES L. D. SMITH (Conservation Biology, 2010)
Human–carnivore conflict is manifested in the death of humans, livestock, and carnivores. The resulting negative local attitudes and retribution killings imperil the future of many endangered carnivores. We tailored existing management tools to create a framework to facilitate the selection of actions to alleviate human–carnivore conflict and applied the framework to the human–tiger conflict in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. We identified potential actions that consider previous management efforts, local knowledge, cost‐effectiveness, fieldwork experience of authors and project staff, previous research on tiger ecology by the authors, and recommendations from human–carnivore conflict studies in other countries. Our framework includes creation of a profile to improve understanding of the nature of the conflict and its underlying causality. Identified actions include deterrents, education, direct tiger management, and response teams. We ranked actions by their potential to reduce conflict and the monetary cost of their implementation. We ranked tiger‐response teams and monitoring problem tigers as the two best actions because both had relatively high impact and cost‐effectiveness. We believe this framework could be used under a wide range of human–wildlife conflict situations because it provides a structured approach to selection of mitigating actions.

Discovering SNPs in Protein Coding Regions with StellaSNP: Illustrating the Characterization and Geographic Distribution of Polymorphisms in the Estuarine Anemone Nematostella vectensis - Adam M. Reitzel; James C. Sullivan; John R. Finnerty (Estuaries and Coasts, 2010)

Phylogeny and character evolution in the Indo-Pacific genus Ctenogobiops (Gobiiformes: Gobiidae) - Christine E. Thacker; Andrew R. Thompson; Thomas C. Adam; Jen-Ping Chen (Ichthyological Research, 2010)

Probing the mechanism of saccade-associated head movements through observations of head movement propensity and cognition in the elderly - Zachary C. Thumser; Nancy L. Adams; Alan J. Lerner; John S. Stahl (Experimental Brain Research, 2010)

Development of delivery methods for carbohydrate-based drugs: controlled release of biologically-active short chain fatty acid-hexosamine analogs - Udayanath Aich; M. Adam Meledeo; Srinivasa-Gopalan Sampathkumar; Jie Fu; Mark B. Jones; Christopher A. Weier; Sung Yun Chung; Benjamin C. Tang; Ming Yang; Justin Hanes; Kevin J. Yarema (Glycoconjugate Journal, 2010)

Temperature controls on aquatic bacterial production and community dynamics in arctic lakes and streams - Heather E. Adams; Byron C. Crump; George W. Kling (Environmental Microbiology, 2010)
Summary The impact of temperature on bacterial activity and community composition was investigated in arctic lakes and streams in northern Alaska. Aquatic bacterial communities incubated at different temperatures had different rates of production, as measured by 14 C‐leucine uptake, indicating that populations within the communities had different temperature optima. Samples from Toolik Lake inlet and outlet were collected at water temperatures of 14.2°C and 15.9°C, respectively, and subsamples incubated at temperatures ranging from 6°C to 20°C. After 5 days, productivity rates varied from 0.5 to ∼13.7 µg C l −1 day −1 and two distinct activity optima appeared at 12°C and 20°C. At these optima, activity was 2‐ to 11‐fold higher than at other incubation temperatures. The presence of two temperature optima indicates psychrophilic and psychrotolerant bacteria dominate under different conditions. Community fingerprinting via denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA genes showed strong shifts in the composition of communities driven more by temperature than by differences in dissolved organic matter source; e.g. four and seven unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found only at 2°C and 25°C, respectively, and not found at other incubation temperatures after 5 days. The impact of temperature on bacteria is complex, influencing both bacterial productivity and community composition. Path analysis of measurements of 24 streams and lakes sampled across a catchment 12 times in 4 years indicates variable timing and strength of correlation between temperature and bacterial production, possibly due to bacterial community differences between sites. As indicated by both field and laboratory experiments, shifts in dominant community members can occur on ecologically relevant time scales (days), and have important implications for understanding the relationship of bacterial diversity and function.

Maturation and sexual ontogeny in the spangled emperor Lethrinus nebulosus - R. J. Marriott; N. D. C. Jarvis; D. J. Adams; A. E. Gallash; J. Norriss; S. J. Newman (Journal of Fish Biology, 2010)
The reproductive development and sexual ontogeny of spangled emperor Lethrinus nebulosus populations in the Ningaloo Marine Park (NMP) were investigated to obtain an improved understanding of its evolved reproductive strategy and data for fisheries management. Evidence derived from (1) analyses of histological data and sampled sex ratios with size and age, (2) the identification of residual previtellogenic oocytes in immature and mature testes sampled during the spawning season and (3) observed changes in testis internal structure with increasing fish size and age, demonstrated a non‐functional protogynous hermaphroditic strategy (or functional gonochorism). All the smallest and youngest fish sampled were female until they either changed sex to male at a mean 277·5 mm total length ( L T ) and 2·3 years old or remained female and matured at a larger mean L T (392·1 mm) and older age (3·5 years). Gonad masses were similar for males and females over the size range sampled and throughout long reproductive lives (up to a maximum estimated age of c . 31 years), which was another correlate of functional gonochorism. That the mean L T at sex change and female maturity were below the current minimum legal size (MLS) limit (410 mm) demonstrated that the current MLS limit is effective for preventing recreational fishers in the NMP retaining at least half of the juvenile males and females in their landed catches.

Variation in scale shape among alternative sympatric phenotypes of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus from two lakes in Scotland - M. V. Garduño‐Paz; M. Demetriou; C. E. Adams (Journal of Fish Biology, 2010)
Landmark‐based geometric morphometric analysis was used to detect differences in scale shape between ecologically distinct phenotypes of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus coexisting in the same lake. Relative warp analysis and standard multivariate analyses of the partial warps, obtained after a Procrustes superimposition, showed that scale landmarks were efficient in discriminating among two closely related alternative phenotypes within each of the two lakes. In Loch Tay, S. alpinus exhibited a bimodal body size‐frequency distribution among sexually mature fish, whereas in Loch Awe, S. alpinus are unimodal in body size but segregated into two distinct spawning phenotypes. In both lakes, alternative phenotypes showed significant differences in foraging ecology, habitat use and life history. It is probable that differences in scale shape reflect differences in ecology of these forms.

Population synchrony of a native fish across three Laurentian Great Lakes: evaluating the effects of dispersal and climate - David B. Bunnell; Jean V. Adams; Owen T. Gorman; Charles P. Madenjian; Stephen C. Riley; Edward F. Roseman; Jeffrey S. Schaeffer (Oecologia, 2010)

The clearwater consensus: the estimation of metal hazard in fresh water - Miriam L. Diamond; Nilima Gandhi; William J. Adams; John Atherton; Satyendra P. Bhavsar; Cécile Bulle; Peter G. C. Campbell; Alain Dubreuil; Anne Fairbrother; Kevin Farley; Andrew Green; Jeroen Guinee; et al. (The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2010)

Covarying patterns of macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages along natural and human activity gradients: implications for bioassessment - Adam G. Yates; Robert C. Bailey (Hydrobiologia, 2010)

No evidence of apomixis in matroclinal progeny from experimental crosses in the genus Fragaria (strawberry) based on RAPDs - Houshang Nosrati; Adam H. Price; Chris C. Wilcock (Euphytica, 2010)

No Differences in Soil Carbon Stocks Across the Tree Line in the Peruvian Andes - Michael Zimmermann; Patrick Meir; Miles R. Silman; Anna Fedders; Adam Gibbon; Yadvinder Malhi; Dunia H. Urrego; Mark B. Bush; Kenneth J. Feeley; Karina C. Garcia; Greta C. Dargie; Wiliam R. Farfan; et al. (Ecosystems, 2010)

Parental magma of the Skaergaard intrusion: constraints from melt inclusions in primitive troctolite blocks and FG-1 dykes - Jakob K. Jakobsen; Christian Tegner; C. Kent Brooks; Adam J. R. Kent; Charles E. Lesher; Troels F. D. Nielsen; Michael Wiedenbeck (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2010)

Modeling and measuring the visual detection of ecologically relevant motion by an Anolis lizard - Adam C. Pallus; Leo J. Fleishman; Philip M. Castonguay (Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 2010)

Nutrition and interference competition have interactive effects on the behavior and performance of Argentine ants - Adam D. Kay; Taylor Zumbusch; Justa L. Heinen; Tom C. Marsh; David A. Holway (Ecology, 2010)
Food availability often influences competitive outcomes through effects on consumer growth. Although it has received less attention, food availability may also affect competition through nutritional effects on behavior. One hypothesis linking nutrition and competition in ants posits that increased access to carbohydrates favors greater investment in worker traits that underlie behavioral dominance. We tested this hypothesis by varying dietary protein : carbohydrate (P:C) ratios and levels of interspecific interference for Argentine ants ( Linepithema humile ), a widespread invasive species. As predicted, colonies facing interference increased patrolling more when reared on low P:C diets; this result is the first demonstration of an interactive effect of nutrition and interference on ant colonies. Several results suggest that this dietary effect on patrolling was due primarily to changes in colony size rather than worker behavior. Colonies on lower P:C diets had lower worker mortality and larger final colony sizes. Diet had little effect on per capita patrolling, and worker behavior in performance assays depended more on previous exposure to interference than on diet. Our findings indicate that dietary P:C ratios can influence Argentine ant performance in a competitive environment and suggest a mechanism by which monopolization of carbohydrate‐rich resources can help invasive ants displace native ant competitors.

Detrital-zircon ages and geochemistry of sedimentary rocks in basement Mesozoic terranes and their cover rocks in New Caledonia, and provenances at the Eastern Gondwanaland margin∗ - C. J. Adams; D. Cluzel; W. L. Griffin (Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2009)

Gum Arabic-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Potential Application in Simultaneous Magnetic Targeting and Tumor Imaging - Lei Zhang; Faquan Yu; Adam J. Cole; Beata Chertok; Allan E. David; Jingkang Wang; Victor C. Yang (The AAPS Journal, 2009)

Reconciling topographic and climatic effects on widespread and range‐restricted species richness - Nora D. Szabo; Adam C. Algar; Jeremy T. Kerr (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2009)
Aim To identify the reasons behind differing geographical species richness patterns of range‐restricted and widespread species. Location The Western Hemisphere. Methods We used regression to determine the strongest environmental predictors of richness for widespread and range‐restricted mammal species in 10,000 km 2 quadrats in the continental Americas. We then used range‐placement models to predict the expected correlation between range‐restricted and widespread species richness were they to be determined by identical, random, or contrasting environmental factors. Finally, to determine the reasons underlying deviations from these predictions, we divided the Americas into 5% quantiles based on temperature and topographic heterogeneity and correlated richness of these two assemblages across quantiles – an approach that avoids constraints on statistical testing imposed by low potential for range overlap among range‐restricted species. Results Minimum annual temperature was the strongest predictor of widespread species richness while topographic heterogeneity was the best, although weak, predictor of range‐restricted species richness in conventional regression analysis. Our models revealed that the observed correlation between range‐restricted and widespread species richness was similar to what would be observed if both range‐restricted and widespread species richness were determined by temperature. Patterns of range‐restricted and widespread species richness were highly correlated across temperature quantiles, but range‐restricted species uniquely showed an increasing pattern across heterogeneity quantiles. Main conclusions Species richness gradients among range‐restricted species differ from those of widespread species, but not as extensively or for the reasons reported previously. Instead, these assemblages appear to share some but not all underlying environmental determinants of species richness. Our new approach to examining species richness patterns reveals that range‐restricted and widespread species richnesses share a common response to temperature that conventional analyses have not previously revealed. However, topographic heterogeneity has assemblage‐specific effects on range‐restricted species.

Expression of GRP and its receptor is associated with improved survival in patients with colon cancer - Claudio A. Rivera; Ned C. Ahlberg; Lauren Taglia; Mayank Kumar; Adam Blunier; Richard V. Benya (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2009)

Estimating environmental benefits of natural hazard mitigation with data transfer: results from a benefit-cost analysis of Federal Emergency Management Agency hazard mitigation grants - John C. Whitehead; Adam Z. Rose (Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2009)

Response of the hammerhead shark olfactory epithelium to amino acid stimuli - Timothy C. Tricas; Stephen M. Kajiura; Adam P. Summers (Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 2009)

A Bayesian approach to estimating Atlantic salmon fry densities using a rapid sampling technique - G. DAUPHIN; E. PREVOST; C. E. ADAMS; P. BOYLAN (Fisheries Management and Ecology, 2009)
Removal sampling by electric fishing is widely used for assessing fish population size. As it is manpower consuming, less‐demanding techniques have been proposed to increase the number of sites covered with the same human resources. These techniques essentially provide relative abundance measures. To be used for absolute abundance estimation, they need to be inter‐calibrated with another method such as removal sampling. Here, hierarchical Bayesian modelling framework is used for this inter‐calibration because it allows an estimate of absolute abundance from abundance index data alone while accounting for the main sources of uncertainty. It is applied to a 0+ juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. data set from 21 sites on the River Faughan, Northern Ireland. A positive relationship was found between the abundance index (number of fish caught in 5 min of actual electric fishing) and the density. The estimates from the index of abundance alone are fairly imprecise, but still allow differentiation of contrasting levels of fish density.

Inhibitors of the FcRn:IgG Protein–Protein Interaction - Susan C. Low; Adam R. Mezo (The AAPS Journal, 2009)

Contribution of mobile genetic elements to Desulfovibrio vulgaris genome plasticity - Christopher B. Walker; Sergey Stolyar; Dylan Chivian; Nicolas Pinel; Jeffrey A. Gabster; Paramvir S. Dehal; Zhili He; Zamin Koo Yang; Huei‐Che B. Yen; Jizhong Zhou; Judy D. Wall; Terry C. Hazen; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2009)
Summary The genome of Desulfovibrio vulgaris strain DePue, a sulfate‐reducing Deltaproteobacterium isolated from heavy metal‐impacted lake sediment, was completely sequenced and compared with the type strain D. vulgaris Hildenborough. The two genomes share a high degree of relatedness and synteny, but harbour distinct prophage and signatures of past phage encounters. In addition to a highly variable phage contribution, the genome of strain DePue contains a cluster of open‐reading frames not found in strain Hildenborough coding for the production and export of a capsule exopolysaccharide, possibly of relevance to heavy metal resistance. Comparative whole‐genome microarray analysis on four additional D. vulgaris strains established greater interstrain variation within regions associated with phage insertion and exopolysaccharide biosynthesis.

Dissociable effects of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin uptake blockade on stop task performance in rats - Andrea Bari; Dawn M. Eagle; Adam C. Mar; Emma S. J. Robinson; Trevor W. Robbins (Psychopharmacology, 2009)

Historically calibrated predictions of butterfly species' range shift using global change as a pseudo‐experiment - Heather M. Kharouba; Adam C. Algar; Jeremy T. Kerr (Ecology, 2009)
Global changes have the potential to cause a mass extinction. Predicting how species will respond to anticipated changes is a necessary prerequisite to effectively conserving them and reducing extinction rates. Species niche models are widely used for such predictions, but their reliability over long time periods is known to vary. However, climate and land use changes in northern countries provide a pseudo‐experiment to test model reliability for predicting future conditions, provided historical data on both species distributions and environmental conditions are available. Using maximum entropy, a prominent modeling technique, we constructed historical models of butterfly species' ranges across Canada and then ran the models forward to present‐day to test how well they predicted the current ranges of species. For the majority of species, projections of how we predicted species would respond to known climate changes corresponded with species' observed responses (mean autoregressive R 2 = 0.70). This correspondence declined for northerly and very widely distributed species. Our results demonstrate that at least some species are tracking shifting climatic conditions across very large geographic areas and that these shifts can be predicted accurately using niche models. We also found, however, that models for some species fail when projected through time despite high spatial model accuracies during model training, highlighting the need to base management decisions on species assemblages, not individual species.

Geochronology and provenance of the Late Paleozoic accretionary wedge and Gympie Terrane, New England Orogen, eastern Australia∗ - R. J. Korsch; C. J. Adams; L. P. Black; D. A. Foster; G. L. Fraser; C. G. Murray; C. Foudoulis; W. L. Griffin (Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2009)

Trends in heat-related mortality in the United States, 1975–2004 - Scott C. Sheridan; Adam J. Kalkstein; Laurence S. Kalkstein (Natural Hazards, 2009)

Climate change, conservation and management: an assessment of the peer-reviewed scientific journal literature - Adam Felton; Joern Fischer; David B. Lindenmayer; Rebecca Montague-Drake; Arianne R. Lowe; Debbie Saunders; Annika M. Felton; Will Steffen; Nicola T. Munro; Kara Youngentob; Jake Gillen; Phil Gibbons; et al. (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2009)

The Impact of Age-Related Changes on Working Memory Functional Activity - Jason Steffener; Adam M. Brickman; Brian C. Rakitin; Yunglin Gazes; Yaakov Stern (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2009)

Premature Decline of Eucalyptus and Altered Ecosystem Processes in the Absence of Fire in Some Australian Forests - D. C. Close; N. J. Davidson; D. W. Johnson; M. D. Abrams; S. C. Hart; I. D. Lunt; R. D. Archibald; B. Horton; M. A. Adams (The Botanical Review, 2009)

Occurrence of phosphate acquisition genes in Prochlorococcus cells from different ocean regions - Adam C. Martiny; Ying Huang; Weizhong Li (Environmental Microbiology, 2009)
Summary The cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is the numerically dominant phototroph in oligotrophic parts of the oceans. Recently, it was shown that the distribution of phosphate acquisition genes did not match the 16S rRNA phylogeny among isolates from this group but rather appeared related to phosphate availability where the strains had been isolated. To further understand adaptation to phosphate limitation in Prochlorococcus , the distribution of phosphate acquisition genes was investigated in different ocean regions and related to local ortho‐phosphate concentration. In regions characterized by less than 0.1 μM phosphate, most Prochlorococcus cells contain genes involved in phosphate uptake, regulation and utilization of organic phosphates. In contrast, most of these genes are absent in regions with more than 0.1 μM phosphate with the exception of genes involved in transport of phosphate ( pho E and pst ABCS) and three genes of unknown function. This pattern of phosphate acquisition genes showed no significant correspondence to the distribution of rRNA phylotypes. In addition, it was demonstrated that several genes in a separate genomic island were commonly present in low‐P sites while absent in high‐P sites. Overall, this study further demonstrates a linkage between environmental conditions in the ocean and genome content of Prochlorococcus .

One Hundred Questions of Importance to the Conservation of Global Biological Diversity - W. J. SUTHERLAND; W. M. ADAMS; R. B. ARONSON; R. AVELING; T. M. BLACKBURN; S. BROAD; G. CEBALLOS; I. M. CÔTÉ; R. M. COWLING; G. A. B. DA FONSECA; E. DINERSTEIN; P. J. FERRARO; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2009)
We identified 100 scientific questions that, if answered, would have the greatest impact on conservation practice and policy. Representatives from 21 international organizations, regional sections and working groups of the Society for Conservation Biology, and 12 academics, from all continents except Antarctica, compiled 2291 questions of relevance to conservation of biological diversity worldwide. The questions were gathered from 761 individuals through workshops, email requests, and discussions. Voting by email to short‐list questions, followed by a 2‐day workshop, was used to derive the final list of 100 questions. Most of the final questions were derived through a process of modification and combination as the workshop progressed. The questions are divided into 12 sections: ecosystem functions and services, climate change, technological change, protected areas, ecosystem management and restoration, terrestrial ecosystems, marine ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems, species management, organizational systems and processes, societal context and change, and impacts of conservation interventions. We anticipate that these questions will help identify new directions for researchers and assist funders in directing funds.

Historical trends affecting accumulation of sediment and phosphorus in Lake Pepin, upper Mississippi River, USA - David J. Mulla; Adam C. Sekely (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2009)

The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on the Coastal Vegetation of the Weeks Bay Reserve, Alabama from NDVI Data - John C. Rodgers; Adam W. Murrah; William H. Cooke (Estuaries and Coasts, 2009)

Landscape genetics of California mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ): the roles of ecological and historical factors in generating differentiation - KATHERINE M. PEASE; ADAM H. FREEDMAN; JOHN P. POLLINGER; JOHN E. MCCORMACK; WOLFGANG BUERMANN; JEFF RODZEN; JIM BANKS; ERIN MEREDITH; VERNON C. BLEICH; ROBERT J. SCHAEFER; KEN JONES; ROBERT K. WAYNE (Molecular Ecology, 2009)
Landscape genetics is an emerging discipline that utilizes environmental and historical data to understand geographic patterns of genetic diversity. Niche modelling has added a new dimension to such efforts by allowing species–environmental associations to be projected into the past so that hypotheses about historical vicariance can be generated and tested independently with genetic data. However, previous approaches have primarily utilized DNA sequence data to test inferences about historical isolation and may have missed very recent episodes of environmentally mediated divergence. We type 15 microsatellite loci in California mule deer and identify five genetic groupings through a Structure analysis that are also well predicted by environmental data. We project the niches of these five deer ecotypes to the last glacial maximum (LGM) and show they overlap to a much greater extent than today, suggesting that vicariance associated with the LGM cannot explain the present‐day genetic patterns. Further, we analyse mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence trees to search for evidence of historical vicariance and find only two well‐supported clades. A coalescence‐based analysis of mtDNA data shows that the genetic divergence of the mule deer genetic clusters in California is recent and appears to be mediated by ecological factors. The importance of environmental factors in explaining the genetic diversity of California mule deer is unexpected given that they are highly mobile species and have a broad habitat distribution. Geographic differences in the timing of reproduction and peak vegetation as well as habitat choice reflecting natal origin may explain the persistence of genetic subdivision.

Quantification of point‐source groundwater discharges to the ocean from the shoreline of the Big Island, Hawaii - Richard N. Peterson; William C. Burnett; Craig R. Glenn; Adam G. Johnson (Limnology and Oceanography, 2009)
Aerial thermal infrared imaging has revealed that submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) along the western coast of the Big Island of Hawaii is often focused as point‐source discharges that create buoyant groundwater plumes that mix into the coastal ocean. We quantified the SGD fluxes associated with several plumes using natural geochemical tracers. Offshore transects of 222 Rn and 224 Ra show elevated activities and corresponding low salinities in the nearshore waters within the plumes, indicating that these naturally occurring radionuclides can be useful tracers of groundwater inputs in this area. Using a series of simultaneous mass balance equations for water, salt, and radon, we determined the groundwater fluxes of six plumes near Kona, Hawaii. The average SGD fluxes ranged from 1100 m 3 d −1 to 12,000 m 3 d −1 of total (fresh + saline) SGD. The fresh (meteoric) groundwater equivalents for the same flows, modeled by adjusting the groundwater end member to reflect freshwater rather than brackish groundwater composition, ranged from 630 m 3 d −1 to 8600 m 3 d −1 . These fluxes are in general agreement with earlier results obtained by hydrological water budgets and physical oceanographic analyses of fresh SGD rates in this region.

Soil aggregation and carbon sequestration are tightly correlated with the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: results from long‐term field experiments - Gail W. T. Wilson; Charles W. Rice; Matthias C. Rillig; Adam Springer; David C. Hartnett (Ecology Letters, 2009)
We examined the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in ecosystems using soil aggregate stability and C and N storage as representative ecosystem processes. We utilized a wide gradient in AMF abundance, obtained through long‐term (17 and 6 years) large‐scale field manipulations. Burning and N‐fertilization increased soil AMF hyphae, glomalin‐related soil protein (GRSP) pools and water‐stable macroaggregates while fungicide applications reduced AMF hyphae, GRSP and water‐stable macroaggregates. We found that AMF abundance was a surprisingly dominant factor explaining the vast majority of variability in soil aggregation. This experimental field study, involving long‐term diverse management practices of native multispecies prairie communities, invariably showed a close positive correlation between AMF hyphal abundance and soil aggregation, and C and N sequestration. This highly significant linear correlation suggests there are serious consequences to the loss of AMF from ecosystems.

Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and its 3- β -D-glucoside in wheat and maize - F. Berthiller; C. Dall’asta; R. Corradini; R. Marchelli; M. Sulyok; R. Krska; G. Adam; R. Schuhmacher (Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2009)

Modulating Fitts’s Law: the effect of disappearing allocentric information - Ana C. Bradi; Jos J. Adam; Martin H. Fischer; Jay Pratt (Experimental Brain Research, 2009)

Taxonomic resolution, ecotypes and the biogeography of Prochlorococcus - Adam C. Martiny; Amos P. K. Tai; Daniele Veneziano; François Primeau; Sallie W. Chisholm (Environmental Microbiology, 2009)
Summary In order to expand our understanding of the diversity and biogeography of Prochlorococcus ribotypes, we PCR‐amplified, cloned and sequenced the 16S/23S rRNA ITS region from sites in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Ninety‐three per cent of the ITS sequences could be assigned to existing Prochlorococcus clades, although many novel subclades were detected. We assigned the sequences to operational taxonomic units using a graduated scale of sequence identity from 80% to 99.5% and correlated Prochlorococcus diversity with respect to environmental variables and dispersal time between the sites. Dispersal time was estimated using a global ocean circulation model. The significance of specific environmental variables was dependent on the degree of sequence identity used to define a taxon: light correlates with broad‐scale diversity (90% cut‐off), temperature with intermediate scale (95%) whereas no correlation with phosphate was observed. Community structure was correlated with dispersal time between sample sites only when taxa were defined using the finest sequence similarity cut‐off. Surprisingly, the concentration of nitrate, which cannot be used as N source by the Prochlorococcus strains in culture, explains some variation in community structure for some definitions of taxa. This study suggests that the spatial distribution of Prochlorococcus ecotypes is shaped by a hierarchy of environmental factors as well dispersal limitation.

Salinity sensitivity of early embryos of the Antarctic sea urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri - Dominique A. Cowart; Paul N. Ulrich; Douglas C. Miller; Adam G. Marsh (Polar Biology, 2009)

Pressure and Distortion Regulate Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Gene Expression - Anne K. Haudenschild; Adam H. Hsieh; Sunil Kapila; Jeffrey C. Lotz (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2009)

Preparation and characterization of the conjugated Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone-4 O -β-D-glucopyranoside, α-zearalenol-4 O -β-D-glucopyranoside and β-zearalenol-4 O -β-D-glucopyranoside by MS/MS and two-dimensional NMR - F. Berthiller; C. Hametner; P. Krenn; W. Schweiger; R. Ludwig; G. Adam; R. Krska; R. Schuhmacher (Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2009)

Evidence of behavioral co-option from context-dependent variation in mandible use in trap-jaw ants (Odontomachus spp.) - Joseph C. Spagna; Adam Schelkopf; Tiana Carrillo; Andrew V. Suarez (The Science of Nature, 2009)

Testing the enemy release hypothesis: a comparison of foliar insect herbivory of the exotic Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and the native sugar maple (A. saccharum L.) - C. L. Cincotta; J. M. Adams; C. Holzapfel (Biological Invasions, 2009)

Effects of landscape and history on diversification of a montane, stream‐breeding amphibian - Daria Koscinski; Adam G. Yates; Paul Handford; Stephen C. Lougheed (Journal of Biogeography, 2009)
Aim The aim of this study was to understand the roles of landscape features in shaping patterns of contemporary and historical genetic diversification among populations of the Andean tree frog ( Hypsiboas andinus ) across spatial scales. Location Andes mountains, north‐western Argentina, South America. Methods Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences were utilized to assess genetic differentiation among populations and calculate population pair‐wise genetic distances. Three models of movement, namely traditional straight‐line distance and two effective distances based on habitat classification, were examined to determine which of these explained the most variation in pair‐wise population genetic differentiation. The two habitat classifications were based on digital vegetation and hydrology layers that were generated from a 90‐m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and known relationships between elevation and habitat. Mantel tests were conducted to test for correlations between geographic and genetic distance matrices and to estimate the percentage variation explained by each type of geographic distance. To investigate the location of possible barriers to gene flow, we used Monmonier’s maximum difference algorithm as implemented in barrier 2.2. Results At both geographic scales, effective distances explained more variation in genetic differentiation than did straight‐line distance. The least‐cost distances based on the simple classification performed better than the more detailed habitat classification. We controlled for the effects of historical range fragmentation determined from previous nested clade analyses, and therefore evaluated the effect of different distances on the genetic variation attributable to more recent factors. Effective distances identified populations that were highly divergent as a result of isolation in unsuitable habitats. The proposed locations of barriers to gene flow identified using Monmonier’s maximum difference algorithm corresponded well with earlier analyses and supported findings from our partial Mantel tests. Main conclusions Our results indicate that landscape features have been important in both historical and contemporary genetic structuring of populations of H. andinus at both large and small spatial scales. A landscape genetic perspective offers novel insights not provided by traditional phylogeographic studies: (1) effective distances can better explain patterns of differentiation in populations, especially in heterogeneous landscapes where barriers to dispersal may be common; and (2) least‐cost path analysis can help to identify corridors of movement between populations that are biologically more realistic.

Evolutionary constraints on regional faunas: whom, but not how many - Adam C. Algar; Jeremy T. Kerr; David J. Currie (Ecology Letters, 2009)
The latitudinal diversity gradient has been hypothesized to reflect past evolutionary dynamics driven by climatic niche conservation during cladogenesis, i.e. the tropical conservatism hypothesis. Here we show that the species diversity of treefrogs (Hylidae) across the western hemisphere is actually independent of evolutionary niche dynamics. We evaluated three key predictions of the tropical conservatism hypothesis that relate to the relationships between climate, species richness and the phylogenetic structure of regional treefrog faunas across the continental Americas. Species composition was dependent on the inability of some lineages to evolve cold tolerance, but the actual number of species in a region was strongly predicted by precipitation, not temperature. Moreover, phylogenetic structure was independent of precipitation. Thus, species in low‐richness areas were no more closely related than species in highly diverse regions. These results provide no support for the tropical conservatism hypothesis. Instead, they show that regional species composition and richness are constrained by different climatic components, demonstrating that global biodiversity gradients can be independent of niche stasis during cladogenesis.

From genotype to phenotype: a longitudinal study of a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to a mutation in the MYBPC3 gene - Adam Jacques; Anita C. Hoskins; Jonathan C. Kentish; Steven B. Marston (Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility, 2008)

Global population genetic structure of the starlet anemone Nematostella vectensis: multiple introductions and implications for conservation policy - Adam M. Reitzel; John A. Darling; James C. Sullivan; John R. Finnerty (Biological Invasions, 2008)

Realized genetic gains observed in a first generation seedling seed orchard for jack pine in New Brunswick, Canada - Y. H. Weng; K. Tosh; G. Adam; M. S. Fullarton; C. Norfolk; Y. S. Park (New Forests, 2008)

Evaluating Ascorbate Oxidase as a Plant Defense Against Leaf-Chewing Insects Using Transgenic Poplar - Raymond V. Barbehenn; Adam Jaros; Lynn Yip; Lan Tran; Angelos K. Kanellis; C. Peter Constabel (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2008)

Continuous variation in the pattern of marine v. freshwater foraging in brown trout Salmo trutta L. from Loch Lomond, Scotland - E. C. Etheridge; C. Harrod; C. Bean; C. E. Adams (Journal of Fish Biology, 2008)
Carbon stable‐isotope analysis showed that individual brown trout Salmo trutta in Loch Lomond adopted strategies intermediate to that of freshwater residency or anadromy, suggesting either repeated movement between freshwater and marine environments, or estuarine residency. Carbon stable‐isotope (δ 13 C) values from Loch Lomond brown trout muscle tissue ranged from those indicative of assimilation of purely freshwater‐derived carbon to those reflecting significant utilization of marine‐derived carbon. A single isotope, two‐source mixing model indicated that, on average, marine C made a 33% contribution to the muscle tissue C of Loch Lomond brown trout. Nitrogen stable isotope, δ 15 N, but not δ 13 C was correlated with fork length suggesting that larger fish were feeding at a higher trophic level but that marine feeding was not indicated by larger body size. These results are discussed with reference to migration patterns in other species.

Alternative migration and host parasitism strategies and their long‐term stability in river lampreys from the River Endrick, Scotland - C. E. Adams; N. Bissett; J. Newton; P. S. Maitland (Journal of Fish Biology, 2008)
The stability of a discrete body size dimorphism of sexually mature river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis from the River Endrick, Scotland, was examined over a 21 year period. Stable isotope analysis was used to test the hypothesis that the two size forms comprise individuals with differing migration and parasitic foraging strategies. Maturing river lamprey and the brook lamprey Lampetra planeri were trapped over 3 months each year in the periods 1983–1984 and 2004–2005. Brook lamprey catches and catches of both species combined showed no significant trend in catch rate with time. The catch rate of small body size river lamprey declined between 1983–1984 and 2004–2005 (although the difference did not reach statistical significance; P = 0·055). In contrast, there was a significant increase in the catch rate of the large body size river lamprey and as a consequence, a significant change in the relative proportion of each of the two river lamprey morphs over the study period. Analysis of the stable isotopes of C and N in muscle tissue showed that brook lamprey tissue derived its carbon from a freshwater source and had a δ 13 C more consistent with that of the River Endrick than with Loch Lomond. δ 15 N values for this species showed it to be feeding at the base of the food chain, consistent with filter feeding as an ammocoete. The large body size and the small body size river lamprey adults differed substantially in their δ 13 C values, with the small body size δ 13 C signature indicative of a freshwater carbon source and the large body size morph of a marine source. The small body size morph had a δ 13 C signature that was consistent with that of Loch Lomond powan Coregonus lavaretus suggesting that they share a common carbon source. The large body size morph was clearly feeding at a higher trophic level than the small body size morph. A single small body size river lamprey individual with typical morphology for that group, however, had C and N signatures that clustered with those of the large body size morphs. This individual had either migrated to sea to forage, as is typical for the species, or had been feeding on an anadromous fish with a strong marine C signature in fresh water. It is concluded that the body size dimorphism is indicative of a differential migration and foraging strategy in the parasitic phase of the life cycle of river lamprey at this site.

Climate control on ancestral population dynamics: insight from Patagonian fish phylogeography - DANIEL E. RUZZANTE; SANDRA J. WALDE; JOHN C. GOSSE; VICTOR E. CUSSAC; EVELYN HABIT; TYLER S. ZEMLAK; EMILY D. M. ADAMS (Molecular Ecology, 2008)
Changes in lake and stream habitats during the growth and retreat of Pleistocene glaciers repeatedly altered the spatial distributions and population sizes of the aquatic fauna of the southern Andes. Here, we use variation in mtDNA control region sequences to infer the temporal dynamics of two species of southern Andean fish during the past few million years. At least five important climate events were associated with major demographic changes: (i) the widespread glaciations of the mid‐Pliocene ( c . 3.5 Ma); (ii) the largest Patagonian glaciation (1.1 Ma); (iii) the coldest Pleistocene glaciation as indicated by stacked marine δ 18 O ( c . 0.7 Ma); (iv) the last southern Patagonian glaciation to reach the Atlantic coast (180 ka); and (v) the last glacial maximum (LGM, 23–25 000 years ago). The colder‐water inhabitant, Galaxias platei, underwent a strong bottleneck during the LGM and its haplotype diversity coalesces c . 0.7 Ma. In contrast, the more warm‐adapted and widely distributed Percichthys trucha showed continuous growth through the last two glacial cycles but went through an important bottleneck c . 180 000 years ago, at which time populations east of the Andes may have been eliminated. Haplotype diversity of the most divergent P. trucha populations, found west of the Andes, coalesces c . 3.2 Ma. The demographic timelines obtained for the two species thus illustrate the continent‐wide response of aquatic life in Patagonia to climate change during the Pleistocene, but also show how differing ecological traits and distributions led to distinctive responses.

Over-expression of a gibberellin 2-oxidase gene from Phaseolus coccineus L. enhances gibberellin inactivation and induces dwarfism in Solanum species - C. Dijkstra; E. Adams; A. Bhattacharya; A. F. Page; P. Anthony; S. Kourmpetli; J. B. Power; K. C. Lowe; S. G. Thomas; P. Hedden; A. L. Phillips; M. R. Davey (Plant Cell Reports, 2008)

Survival motor Neuron protein regulates apoptosis in anin vitro model of Spinal muscular atrophy - Graham C. Parker; Xingli Li; Roumen A. Anguelov; Gabor Toth; Adam Cristescu; Gyula Acsadi (Neurotoxicity Research, 2008)

Integration of Mouse Phenome Data Resources - John M. Hancock; Niels C. Adams; Vassilis Aidinis; Andrew Blake; Judith A. Blake; Molly Bogue; Steve D. M. Brown; Elissa J. Chesler; Duncan Davidson; Christopher Duran; Janan T. Eppig; Valérie Gailus-Durner; et al. (Mammalian Genome, 2008)

Spatial heterogeneity of climate and land‐cover constraints on distributions of tick‐borne pathogens - Michael C. Wimberly; Michael J. Yabsley; Adam D. Baer; Vivien G. Dugan; William R. Davidson (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2008)
Aim To compare the geographical distributions of two tick‐borne pathogens vectored by different tick species, to examine the relative importance of climate, land cover and host density in structuring these distributions, and to assess the spatial variability of these environmental constraints across the species ranges. Location South‐central and south‐eastern North America. Methods Presence/absence data for two tick‐borne pathogens, Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum , were obtained for 567 counties from a regional data base based on white‐tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) serology. Environmental variables describing climate, land cover and deer density were calculated for these counties. Global logistic regression analysis was used to screen the environmental variables and select a parsimonious subset of predictors. Local analysis was carried out using geographically weighted regression (GWR) to explore spatial variability in the parameters of the regression models. Cluster analysis was applied to the GWR output to identify zones with distinctive species–habitat relationships. Results Global habitat models for E. chaffeensis and A. phagocytophilum included temperature, humidity, precipitation and forest cover as explanatory variables. The E. chaffeensis model also included forest fragmentation, whereas the A. phagocytophilum model included deer density. Local analyses revealed that climate was the primary correlate of pathogen presence in the eastern portion of the study area, whereas forest cover and fragmentation constrained the western range boundaries. Habitat relationships for all variables were weak in and around the Mississippi Delta. Main conclusions Efforts to model pathogen and disease ranges, and to predict shifts in response to global change should consider future scenarios of land‐cover change as well as climate change, and should address the possibility of spatial heterogeneity in species–habitat relationships. The methods presented here outline an approach for objectively delineating geographical zones with similar species–environment relationships, which can then be used to stratify landscapes for the purposes of further explanatory and predictive modelling.

Olfactory cell derivation and migration - Adam C. Puche; Harriet Baker (Journal of Molecular Histology, 2007)

Changes in gas exchange versus leaf solutes as a means to cope with summer drought in Eucalyptus marginata - C. R. Warren; T. Bleby; M. A. Adams (Oecologia, 2007)

The social impacts of the heat–health watch/warning system in Phoenix, Arizona: assessing the perceived risk and response of the public - Adam J. Kalkstein; Scott C. Sheridan (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2007)

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Blubber of Free-Ranging Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) from Two Southeast Atlantic Estuarine Areas - Patricia A. Fair; Gregory Mitchum; Thomas C. Hulsey; Jeff Adams; Eric Zolman; Wayne McFee; Ed Wirth; Gregory D. Bossart (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2007)

Effects of Light on Microalgae Concentrations and Selenium Uptake in Bivalves Exposed to Selenium-Amended Sediments - D. Schlenk; G. Batley; C. King; J. Stauber; M. Adams; S. Simpson; W. Maher; J. T. Oris (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2007)

Paleolimnological assessment of human impacts on an urban South African lake - F. García-Rodríguez; C. R. Anderson; J. B. Adams (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2007)

Migration and habitat of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the eastern Pacific Ocean - Kevin C. Weng; Andre M. Boustany; Peter Pyle; Scot D. Anderson; Adam Brown; Barbara A. Block (Marine Biology, 2007)

Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid cell populations with monoclonal antibodies - P. Adam; O. Sobek; C. S. Scott (Folia Microbiologica, 2007)

Scale-specific correlations between habitat heterogeneity and soil fauna diversity along a landscape structure gradient - Adam J. Vanbergen; Allan D. Watt; Ruth Mitchell; Anne-Marie Truscott; Stephen C. F. Palmer; Eva Ivits; Paul Eggleton; T. Hefin Jones; José Paulo Sousa (Oecologia, 2007)

Screening for genetic elements involved in the nonhost response of sugar beet to the plasmodiophorid cereal root parasite Polymyxa graminis by representational difference analysis - Graham R. D. McGrann; Lydia D. Martin; Crawford S. Kingsnorth; Michael J. C. Asher; Michael J. Adams; Effie S. Mutasa-Göttgens (Journal of General Plant Pathology, 2007)

Exposure to intermittent nociceptive stimulation under pentobarbital anesthesia disrupts spinal cord function in rats - Stephanie N. Washburn; Brianne C. Patton; Adam R. Ferguson; Kara L. Hudson; James W. Grau (Psychopharmacology, 2007)

Effectiveness of best management practices in improving stream ecosystem quality - Adam G. Yates; Robert C. Bailey; John A. Schwindt (Hydrobiologia, 2007)

Northern Hemisphere circulation regimes: observed, simulated and predicted - Qiaobin Teng; John C. Fyfe; Adam H. Monahan (Climate Dynamics, 2007)

Introgressed and endogenous Mi-1 gene clusters in tomato differ by complex rearrangements in flanking sequences and show sequence exchange and diversifying selection among homologues - Stuart Seah; Adam C. Telleen; Valerie M. Williamson (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2007)

Browse Quality in Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides): Effects of Genotype, Nutrients, Defoliation, and Coppicing - Richard L. Lindroth; Jack R. Donaldson; Michael T. Stevens; Adam C. Gusse (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2007)

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY AND EARLY EMBRYONIC DETECTION IN THE NORTHERN FUR SEAL ( CALLORHINUS URSINUS ) IN THE FIELD - Gregg P. Adams; J. Ward Testa; Caroline E. C. Goertz; Rolf R. Ream; Jeremy T. Sterling (Marine Mammal Science, 2007)

A test of Metabolic Theory as the mechanism underlying broad‐scale species‐richness gradients - Adam C. Algar; Jeremy T. Kerr; David J. Currie (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2007)
Aim To test whether the temperature dependence of individuals’ metabolic rates is the mechanism shaping broad‐scale species‐richness gradients as proposed in the Metabolic Theory of Ecology recently proposed by Allen, Gillooly and Brown. Location North America, north of Mexico. Methods Metabolic Theory predicts that the natural logarithm of species richness will be a linear function of environmental temperature (( kT ) −1 , where k is Boltzmann's constant and T is temperature in K) with a slope of −0.78. We tested these predictions using the broad‐scale variation in richness of amphibians, reptiles, trees, tiger beetles, butterflies and blister beetles. We tested whether the temperature–richness relationship was linear or curvilinear, and determined the range of temperature values (and geographical area) where the instantaneous slope of the curvilinear temperature–richness relationship was statistically indistinguishable from −0.78, after correcting for spatial autocorrelation. Results We found that for all taxa, temperature–richness relationships were curvilinear. Moreover, for five of six taxa, the slope of this relationship was close to the predicted value for only a narrow range of temperatures. Blister beetles displayed the widest temperature range that is consistent with the Metabolic Theory, covering 45% of the study's geographical area. For the remaining taxa, the geographical range in which the slope is consistent with the predicted value amounts to only 10–20% of North America. Main conclusions For a wide array of taxa in North America, temperature–richness relationships deviate from the pattern predicted by Metabolic Theory. These results demonstrate that the temperature dependence of individuals’ metabolic rates is not the sole cause of broad‐scale diversity gradients. Even in areas where factors other than temperature do not influence productivity, the data do not suggest that richness patterns are determined by the temperature dependence of metabolic rate.

Tree distribution on a steep environmental gradient in an arid savanna - Edmund C. February; Steven I. Higgins; Rosemary Newton; Adam G. West (Journal of Biogeography, 2007)
Aim The structure of savannas ranges from scrub to woodland over broad geographical gradients. Here we examine the hypothesis that water availability is a major determinant of these structural differences by ascertaining the relationship between water availability and tree growth across a steep moisture gradient. Location The study site is a sub‐tropical savanna, with a mean annual precipitation of 400 mm, located in the Phugwane river basin, Kruger National Park, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Methods We determined plant moisture stress using xylem pressure potentials, stem growth using dendrometer bands, and estimated the water sources available to plants using stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios. The primary objective was to understand tree growth relative to available water along an environmental gradient. Results We found that Philenoptera violacea trees growing close to the stream have lower water stress (least negative xylem pressure potentials) and higher cumulative growth than those growing away from the stream. The stem growth of P. violacea was characterized by steady incremental growth and could not be related to antecedent rainfall. Colophospermum mopane trees experienced higher water stress, yet trees growing adjacent to the stream achieved the highest cumulative growth rates over the study period. The growth of C. mopane could be clearly linked to antecedent rainfall, and most growth was achieved during short growth pulses that followed rainfall events. δ 18 O values become progressively more enriched in the heavier isotope with distance from the stream, suggesting that access to groundwater decreases with distance from the stream side. The isotopic data suggest that P. violacea has access to groundwater, but that C. mopane does not. Main conclusions Our results show that water stress increases with distance from the stream side as a result of reduced access to groundwater. Trees without access to deep water adopt an opportunistic growth strategy.

Identification of sequence motifs at the breakpoint junctions in three t(1;9)(p36.3;q34) and delineation of mechanisms involved in generating balanced translocations - Marzena Gajecka; Adam Pavlicek; Caron D. Glotzbach; Blake C. Ballif; Malgorzata Jarmuz; Jerzy Jurka; Lisa G. Shaffer (Human Genetics, 2006)

A Direct Compression Stimulator for Articular Cartilage and Meniscal Explants - Adam C. Aufderheide; Kyriacos A. Athanasiou (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2006)

An integrated SSR map of grapevine based on five mapping populations - A. Doligez; A. F. Adam-Blondon; G. Cipriani; G. Di Gaspero; V. Laucou; D. Merdinoglu; C. P. Meredith; S. Riaz; C. Roux; P. This (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2006)

Paleolimnological evidence of Holocene climatic changes in Lake Blanca, southern Uruguay - L. del Puerto; F. García-Rodríguez; H. Inda; R. Bracco; C. Castiñeira; J. B. Adams (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2006)

Re-engineering the target specificity of clostridial neurotoxins - a route to novel therapeutics - Keith A. Foster; Emily J. Adams; Lyndsey Durose; Caroline J. Cruttwell; Elizabeth Marks; Clifford C. Shone; John A. Chaddock; Clare L. Cox; Charlotte Heaton; J. Mark Sutton; Jonathan Wayne; Frances C. G. Alexander; et al. (Neurotoxicity Research, 2006)

Relationships between Trophic State, Paleosalinity and Climatic Changes during the First Holocene Marine Transgression in Rocha Lagoon, Southern Uruguay - H. Inda; F. García-Rodríguez; L. del Puerto; V. Acevedo; D. Metzeltin; C. Castiñeira; R. Bracco; J. B. Adams (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2006)

The phylogenetic structure of the cluster of tobamovirus species serologically related to ribgrass mosaic virus (RMV) and the sequence of streptocarpus flower break virus (SFBV) - C. Heinze; D.-E. Lesemann; N. Ilmberger; P. Willingmann; G. Adam (Archives of Virology, 2006)

Detection and characterisation of a second potyvirus from Thunberg fritillary in China - J. Chen; H.-Y. Zheng; Y.-H. Shi; M. J. Adams; C.-B. Wei; L. Lin; J.-P. Chen (Archives of Virology, 2006)

The Stream and Its Altered Valley: Integrating Landscape Ecology into Environmental Assessments of Agro-Ecosystems - Adam G. Yates; Robert C. Bailey (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2006)

Patterns of Juvenile Habitat Use and Seasonality of Settlement by Permit, Trachinotus falcatus - Aaron J. Adams; R. Kirby Wolfe; G. Todd Kellison; Benjamin C. Victor (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2006)

Chromatin architectural proteins - Steven J. McBryant; Valerie H. Adams; Jeffrey C. Hansen (Chromosome Research, 2006)

Current issues in fish welfare - F. A. Huntingford; C. Adams; V. A. Braithwaite; S. Kadri; T. G. Pottinger; P. Sandøe; J. F. Turnbull (Journal of Fish Biology, 2006)
Human beings may affect the welfare of fish through fisheries, aquaculture and a number of other activities. There is no agreement on just how to weigh the concern for welfare of fish against the human interests involved, but ethical frameworks exist that suggest how this might be approached. Different definitions of animal welfare focus on an animal's condition, on its subjective experience of that condition and/or on whether it can lead a natural life. These provide different, legitimate, perspectives, but the approach taken in this paper is to focus on welfare as the absence of suffering. An unresolved and controversial issue in discussions about animal welfare is whether non‐human animals exposed to adverse experiences such as physical injury or confinement experience what humans would call suffering. The neocortex, which in humans is an important part of the neural mechanism that generates the subjective experience of suffering, is lacking in fish and non‐mammalian animals, and it has been argued that its absence in fish indicates that fish cannot suffer. A strong alternative view, however, is that complex animals with sophisticated behaviour, such as fish, probably have the capacity for suffering, though this may be different in degree and kind from the human experience of this state. Recent empirical studies support this view and show that painful stimuli are, at least, strongly aversive to fish. Consequently, injury or experience of other harmful conditions is a cause for concern in terms of welfare of individual fish. There is also growing evidence that fish can experience fear‐like states and that they avoid situations in which they have experienced adverse conditions. Human activities that potentially compromise fish welfare include anthropogenic changes to the environment, commercial fisheries, recreational angling, aquaculture, ornamental fish keeping and scientific research. The resulting harm to fish welfare is a cost that must be minimized and weighed against the benefits of the activity concerned. Wild fish naturally experience a variety of adverse conditions, from attack by predators or conspecifics to starvation or exposure to poor environmental conditions. This does not make it acceptable for humans to impose such conditions on fish, but it does suggest that fish will have mechanisms to cope with these conditions and reminds us that pain responses are in some cases adaptive (for example, suppressing feeding when injured). In common with all vertebrates, fish respond to environmental challenges with a series of adaptive neuro‐endocrine adjustments that are collectively termed the stress response. These in turn induce reversible metabolic and behavioural changes that make the fish better able to overcome or avoid the challenge and are undoubtedly beneficial, in the short‐term at least. In contrast, prolonged activation of the stress response is damaging and leads to immuno‐suppression, reduced growth and reproductive dysfunction. Indicators associated with the response to chronic stress (physiological endpoints, disease status and behaviour) provide a potential source of information on the welfare status of a fish. The most reliable assessment of well‐being will be obtained by examining a range of informative measures and statistical techniques are available that enable several such measures to be combined objectively. A growing body of evidence tells us that many human activities can harm fish welfare, but that the effects depend on the species and life‐history stage concerned and are also context‐dependent. For example, in aquaculture, adverse effects related to stocking density may be eliminated if good water quality is maintained. At low densities, bad water quality may be less likely to arise whereas social interactions may cause greater welfare problems. A number of key differences between fish and birds and mammals have important implications for their welfare. Fish do not need to fuel a high body temperature, so the effects of food deprivation on welfare are not so marked. For species that live naturally in large shoals, low rather than high densities may be harmful. On the other hand, fish are in intimate contact with their environment through the huge surface area of their gills, so they are vulnerable to poor water quality and water borne pollutants. Extrapolation between taxa is dangerous and general frameworks for ensuring welfare in other vertebrate animals need to be modified before they can be usefully applied to fish. The scientific study of fish welfare is at an early stage compared with work on other vertebrates and a great deal of what we need to know is yet to be discovered. It is clearly the case that fish, though different from birds and mammals, however, are sophisticated animals, far removed from unfeeling creatures with a 15 s memory of popular misconception. A heightened appreciation of these points in those who exploit fish and in those who seek to protect them would go a long way towards improving fish welfare.

LST1 and NCR3 expression in autoimmune inflammation and in response to IFN-γ, LPS and microbial infection - H. Mulcahy; K. P. O'Rourke; C. Adams; M. G. Molloy; F. O'Gara (Immunogenetics, 2006)

Cytospora species ( Ascomycota , Diaporthales , Valsaceae ): introduced and native pathogens of trees in South Africa - G. C. Adams; J. Roux; M. J. Wingfield (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2006)

The influence of broad scale climatic phenomena on long term trends in Atlantic salmon population size: an example from the River Foyle, Ireland - P. Boylan; C. E. Adams (Journal of Fish Biology, 2006)
The effect of marine climatic conditions in the North Atlantic on the abundance of returning migrant Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the River Foyle, Ireland was examined. Catches of Atlantic salmon from commercial netting stations significantly predicted a measure of population size independent of catches over a 48 year period, thus commercial net catches were used as a measure of relative population size over a longer period in this study. The North Atlantic Oscillation index in winter (wNAOI) provides a generalized measure of climate variation for the northern hemisphere and between 1875 and 2001, the wNAOI was a highly significant predictor of the 5 year running mean of catches of migrant Atlantic salmon returning to the River Foyle. When the index was 0·151, however, this relationship uncoupled. The probability of catches exceeding the long‐term median was 2·34 times lower in years where the wNAOI was above the 0·151 breakpoint than for years when it was

Mycorrhizal Status Influences the Rate but not the Temperature Sensitivity of Soil Respiration - J. Adam Langley; Nancy C. Johnson; George W. Koch (Plant and Soil, 2005)

A catalog of nonsynonymous polymorphism on mouse Chromosome 16 - Jeffrey M. Kidd; Karrie C. Trevarthen; David L. Tefft; Ze Cheng; Michaele Mooney; Mark D. Adams (Mammalian Genome, 2005)

Morphological Variation in Populations of Eulemur albocollaris and E. fulvus rufus - Steig E. Johnson; Adam D. Gordon; Rebecca M. Stumpf; Deborah J. Overdorff; Patricia C. Wright (International Journal of Primatology, 2005)

Temperature, Herbivory and Epibiont Acquisition as Factors Controlling the Distribution and Ecological Role of an Invasive Seaweed - Larry G. Harris; Adam C. Jones (Biological Invasions, 2005)

Characterisation of the welsh onion isolate of Shallot yellow stripe virus from China - J. Chen; C.-B. Wei; H.-Y. Zheng; Y.-H. Shi; M. J. Adams; L. Lin; Q.-Y. Zhang; S.-J. Wang; J.-P. Chen (Archives of Virology, 2005)

Occurrence of Resistance-breaking Populations of Root-knot Nematodes on Tomato in Greece - Emmanuel A. Tzortzakakis; Mohamed A. M. Adam; Vivian C. Blok; Charalampos Paraskevopoulos; Kostas Bourtzis (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2005)

Estimated Ultraviolet Radiation Doses in Wetlands in Six National Parks - Stephen A. Diamond; Peter C. Trenham; Michael J. Adams; Blake R. Hossack; Roland A. Knapp; Stacey L. Stark; David Bradford; P. Stephen Corn; Ken Czarnowski; Paul D. Brooks; Dan Fagre; Bob Breen; et al. (Ecosystems, 2005)

Distribution Patterns of Lentic-Breeding Amphibians in Relation to Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure in Western North America - Michael J. Adams; Blake R. Hossack; Roland A. Knapp; Paul Stephen Corn; Stephen A. Diamond; Peter C. Trenham; Dan B. Fagre (Ecosystems, 2005)

Genetic and physical mapping of the grapevine powdery mildew resistance gene, Run1, using a bacterial artificial chromosome library - C. L. Barker; T. Donald; J. Pauquet; M. B. Ratnaparkhe; A. Bouquet; A.-F. Adam-Blondon; M. R. Thomas; I. Dry (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2005)

A potential role for the endothelin ETA receptor in salt-sensitive hypertension of the proANP gene-disrupted mouse - P. F. O’Tierney; E. Angelis; M. Y. Tse; J. J. Pang; M. A. Adams; S. C. Pang (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2005)

A new potyvirus from Thunberg fritillary (Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.) in Zhejiang, China - C.-B. Wei; J. Chen; Q.-Y. Zhang; Y.-H. Shi; L. Lin; H.-Y. Zheng; M. J. Adams; J.-P. Chen (Archives of Virology, 2005)

The Development of Marine Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) Procedures Using the Unicellular Alga Nitzschia closterium - A. C. Hogan; J. L. Stauber; F. Pablo; M. S. Adams; R. P. Lim (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2005)

The morphology of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea) spores released from Fredericella sultana (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata) - C McGurk; D J Morris; J E Bron; A Adams (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2005)

Determinant Role of Membrane Helices in KATP Channel Gating - R. Wang; A. Rojas; J. Wu; H. Piao; C. Y. Adams; H. Xu; Y. Shi; Y. Wang; C. Jiang (The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2005)

Molecular criteria for genus and species discrimination within the family Potyviridae - M. J. Adams; J. F. Antoniw; C. M. Fauquet (Archives of Virology, 2005)

Temperature-Dependent Genome Degradation in the Coccoid Form of Campylobacter jejuni - Judith F. Hudock; Adam C. Borger; Charles W. Kaspar (Current Microbiology, 2005)

Mitochondrial DNA and RAPD polymorphisms in the haploid mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) - J. C. V. Rodrigues; M. Gallo-meagher; R. Ochoa; C. C. Childers; B. J. Adams (Experimental and Applied Acarology, 2004)

A stable isotope analysis of trophic polymorphism among Arctic charr from Loch Ericht, Scotland - I. D. McCarthy; D. Fraser; S. Waldron; C. E. Adams (Journal of Fish Biology, 2004)
Analysis of nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ 15 N) in white muscle and liver shows temporal stability in the trophic levels at which the two sympatric morphs of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus from Loch Ericht feed. The results confirm an ontogenetic dietary switch to a more piscivorous diet, occurred in all individuals of one of the morphs, above a size threshold of 16·5 cm fork length, indicating that this occurs at a high frequency in this population and that once made, the return to feeding to a lower trophic level is infrequent.

The distribution and state of mangroves along the coast of Transkei, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa - J. B. Adams; B. M. Colloty; G. C. Bate (Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2004)

Mapping 245 SSR markers on the Vitis vinifera genome: a tool for grape genetics - A. -F. Adam-Blondon; C. Roux; D. Claux; G. Butterlin; D. Merdinoglu; P. This (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2004)

The new plant virus family Flexiviridae and assessment of molecular criteria for species demarcation - M. J. Adams; J. F. Antoniw; M. Bar-Joseph; A. A. Brunt; T. Candresse; G. D. Foster; G. P. Martelli; R. G. Milne; S. K. Zavriev; C. M. Fauquet (Archives of Virology, 2004)

Pelargonium necrotic spot virus: a new member of the genus Tombusvirus - C. Heinze; V. Wobbe; D.-E. Lesemann; D. Y. Zhang; P. Willingmann; G. Adam (Archives of Virology, 2004)

Mechanical Stimulation Toward Tissue Engineering of the Knee Meniscus - Adam C. AufderHeide; Kyriacos A. Athanasiou (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2004)

Ion channels and membrane rafts in apoptosis - I. Szab; C. Adams; E. Gulbins (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2004)

Storm Surges from Extra-Tropical Cyclones - M. B. Danard; S. K. Dube; G. Gönnert; Adam Munroe; T. S. Murty; P. Chittibabu; A. D. Rao; P. C. Sinha (Natural Hazards, 2004)

Identification of a congenic mouse line with obesity and body length phenotypes - Craig H. Warden; Steven Stone; Sally Chiu; Adam L. Diament; Pablo Corva; Donna Shattuck; Robyn Riley; Steven C. Hunt; Juliet Easlick; Janis S. Fisler; Juan F. Medrano (Mammalian Genome, 2004)

Virology Division News: The new plant virus family Flexiviridae and assessment of molecular criteria for species demarcation - M. J. Adams; J. F. Antoniw; M. Bar-Joseph; A. A. Brunt; T. Candresse; G. D. Foster; G. P. Martelli; R. G. Milne; C. M. Fauquet (Archives of Virology, 2004)

Population genetic structure of Arctic Charr, Salvelinus alpinus from northwest Europe on large and small spatial scales - A. J. Wilson; D. Gíslason; S. Skúlason; S. S. Snorrason; C. E. Adams; G. Alexander; R. G. Danzmann; M. M. Ferguson (Molecular Ecology, 2004)
To examine the population genetic structure of lake‐resident Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus from northwest Europe on multiple spatial scales, 2367 individuals from 43 lakes located in three geographical regions (Iceland, the British Isles and Scandinavia) were genotyped at six microsatellite loci. On a large scale, data provided little evidence to support clustering of populations according to geographical region. Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance indicated that, although statistically significant, only 2.17% of the variance in allelic frequencies was partitioned at the among‐region level. Within regions, high levels of genetic differentiation were typically found between lakes regardless of the geographical distance separating them. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of rapid postglacial recolonization of all of northwest Europe from a single charr lineage, with subsequent restriction of gene flow. On a smaller scale, there was evidence for close genetic relationships among lakes from within common drainage basins in Scotland. Thus, interlake genetic structure reflects localized patterns of recent (or contemporary) gene flow superimposed onto a larger scale structure that is largely a result of historical processes. There was also evidence for widespread genetic structuring at the within‐lake level, with sympatric populations detected in 10 lakes, and multilocus heterozygote deficits found in 23 lakes. This evidence of the Wahlund effect was found in all lakes known to contain discrete phenotypic morphs, as well as many others, suggesting that morphs may often represent separate breeding populations, and also that the phenomenon of polymorphism in this species may be more widespread than is currently realized.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation to right parietal cortex modifies the attentional blink - Adam C. G. Cooper; Glyn W. Humphreys; Johan Hulleman; Peter Praamstra; Mark Georgeson (Experimental Brain Research, 2004)

Exposure to a common environment erodes inherited between‐population trophic morphology differences in Arctic charr - G. D. Alexander; C. E. Adams (Journal of Fish Biology, 2004)
Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus juveniles reared from eggs collected from four Scottish populations showed inherited variation in their expression of trophic morphology, measured as a suite of eight characteristics of the head and mouth, before their first exogenous feeding. This demonstrated a genetic component to trophic morphology expression. During a period of 5 months following first feeding, typified by rapid growth, the differential between groups exposed to a common rearing and feeding environment was reduced significantly. It was concluded that this was the result of common environmental exposure acting on phenotypic plasticity in trophic morphology.

Canine Imerslund-Grsbeck syndrome maps to a region orthologous to HSA14q - Qianchuan He; John C. Fyfe; Alejandro A. Schffer; Adam Kilkenney; Petra Werner; Ewen F. Kirkness; Paula S. Henthorn (Mammalian Genome, 2003)

Molecular and morphological analyses of the cuttlefish Sepia apama indicate a complex population structure - K. S. Kassahn; S. C. Donnellan; A. J. Fowler; K. C. Hall; M. Adams; P. W. Shaw (Marine Biology, 2003)

Inherited BRCA2 mutations in African Americans with breast and/or ovarian cancer: a study of familial and early onset cases - Yasmine Kanaan; Elikem Kpenu; Kim Utley; Lucile Adams-Campbell; Georgia M. Dunston; Lawrence C. Brody; Carolyn Broome (Human Genetics, 2003)

Inter‐island movements and population differentiation in a pelagic seabird - Donald C. Dearborn; Angela D. Anders; E. A. Schreiber; Rachelle M. M. Adams; Ulrich G. Mueller (Molecular Ecology, 2003)
We used mark–resight data and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to assess movements and gene flow between Central Pacific breeding colonies of the great frigatebird, Fregata minor . Of 715 adult frigatebirds marked on Tern Island and Johnston Atoll, 21.3% were resighted at other frigatebird colonies at least 582 km away. Mark–resight data indicated regular movement of males and females between Tern Island and Johnston Atoll (873 km apart), and less frequent movements to other islands; no birds marked on Tern or Johnston were seen on Christmas Island, but one was seen in the Philippines, 7627 km from where it was marked. Despite the regular occurrence of interisland movements, Bayesian analyses of AFLP data showed significant genetic differentiation between Tern Island and Johnston Atoll, and more pronounced differentiation between these two islands and the more distant Christmas Island. The AFLP profiles of three birds breeding on Tern Island fell within the profile‐cluster typical for Christmas Island birds, both in a nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis and in a population assignment test, suggesting dispersal events from Christmas Island to Tern Island. Several factors could explain the persistence of genetic structure despite frequent movements between colonies: many movements occurred during the nonbreeding season, many breeding‐season movements did not involve mate‐acquisition behaviours and individuals that do disperse may be selected against, as suggested by morphometric differences between colonies. The persistence of genetic structure among breeding colonies despite significant interisland movements suggests limits to the effectiveness of migration as a homogenizing force in this broadly distributed, extremely mobile species.

Relative lack of cognitive effects of methylphenidate in elderly male volunteers - Luke Clark; Adam R. Aron; Jonathan Dowson; Barbara J Sahakian; Danielle C. Turner; Trevor W. Robbins (Psychopharmacology, 2003)

A New Market Instrument for Sustainable Economic and Environmental Development - Roger I. C. Hansell; Timothy M. Hansell; Adam Fenech (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2003)

Diadema antillarum 17 years after mass mortality: is recovery beginning on St. Croix? - R. J. Miller; A. J. Adams; N. B. Ogden; J. C. Ogden; J. P. Ebersole (Coral Reefs, 2003)

Scientific Considerations of Pharmaceutical Solid Polymorphism in Abbreviated New Drug Applications - Lawrence X. Yu; M. Scott Furness; Andre Raw; Kathy P. Woodland Outlaw; Nashed E. Nashed; Edwin Ramos; Stephen P. F. Miller; Richard C. Adams; Florence Fang; Rashmikant M. Patel; Frank O. Holcombe; Yuan-yuan Chiu; et al. (Pharmaceutical Research, 2003)

Expression of the translational repressor NAT1 in experimental models of cardiac hypertrophy - S. Jeson Sangaralingham; Brian J. Pak; M. Yat Tse; Ekaterini Angelis; Michael A. Adams; C. Smallegange; Stephen C. Pang (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2003)

Host specificity revisited: New data on Myrmica host ants of the lycaenid butterfly Maculinea rebeli - Florian M. Steiner; Marcin Sielezniew; Birgit C. Schlick-Steiner; Helmut Höttinger; Anna Stankiewicz; Adam Górnicki (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2003)

Endothelial Binding of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator: Quantification In Vivo Using a Recirculatory Model - Michiel J. B. Kemme; Rik C. Schoemaker; Jacobus Burggraaf; Monique van der Linden; Marina Noordzij; Matthijs Moerland; Cornelis Kluft; Adam F. Cohen (Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 2003)

Stable isotope analysis reveals ecological segregation in a bimodal size polymorphism in Arctic charr from Loch Tay, Scotland - C. Adams; D. Fraser; I. McCarthy; S. Shields; S. Waldron; G. Alexander (Journal of Fish Biology, 2003)
The serendipitous discovery of a body‐size dimorphism amongst the sexually mature Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus of Loch Tay is described. Sexually mature Arctic charr, collected by gill netting on spawning areas, showed a clear and distinct bimodal size distribution with no overlap in fork length distributions. The upper (19–29 cm L F ) and lower modes (8–16 cm) were not solely the result of sex or age differences. Analysis of stable isotope ratios of C and N in muscle showed highly significant differences in mean δ 13 C and δ 15 N between populations, demonstrating a difference in trophic ecology between the two body‐size morphs. Overlap in the range of δ 13 C and δ 15 N values for the two morphs, however, suggested that they occasionally shared a common diet. Data from other studies strongly indicated that the proximate and ultimate mechanisms that control body‐size dimorphisms in Arctic charr differed between sites. Clear differences in trophic ecology in the Loch Tay Arctic charr suggested that the available feeding opportunity may differ for the two morphs. The most likely proximate mechanism resulting in this dimorphism is growth rate differences resulting from differences in food availability for the two subgroups occupying alternative foraging niches in Loch Tay.

Effect of the proteasome inhibitor MLN519 on the expression of inflammatory molecules following middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion in the rat - R. Berti; A. J. Williams; L. C. Velarde; J. R. Moffett; P. J. Elliott; J. Adams; C. Yao; J. R. Dave; F. C. Tortella (Neurotoxicity Research, 2003)

CCL2 Transgene Expression in the Central Nervous System Directs Diffuse Infiltration of CD45 high CD11b + Monocytes and Enhanced Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus–Induced Demyelinating Disease - Jami L Bennett; Adam Elhofy; Mauro C Dal Canto; Mari Tani; Richard M Ransohoff; William J Karpus (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2003)

An unusual large intergenic region in the S-RNA of a Bulgarian tomato spotted wilt virus isolate - C. Heinze; P. Willingmann; F. Schwach; G. Adam (Archives of Virology, 2003)

Alien invasions in aquatic ecosystems: Toward an understanding of brook trout invasions and potential impacts on inland cutthroat trout in western North America - Jason B. Dunham; Susan B. Adams; Robert E. Schroeter; Douglas C. Novinger (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2002)

Distribution and abundance of the Louisiana red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii Girard at Lake Naivasha, Kenya between 1987 and 1999 - David M. Harper; Andrew C. Smart; Stephanie Coley; Sophie Schmitz; Anne-Christine Gouder de Beauregard; Rick North; Chris Adams; Paul Obade; Mbogo Kamau (Hydrobiologia, 2002)

The dynamics and ecology of exotic tropical species in floating plant mats: Lake Naivasha, Kenya - C. S. Adams; R. R. Boar; D. S. Hubble; M. Gikungu; D. M. Harper; P. Hickley; N. Tarras-Wahlberg (Hydrobiologia, 2002)

Development of improved PCR to prevent false positives and false negatives in the detection of Tetracapsula bryosalmonae , the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease - D C Morris; D J Morris; A Adams (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2002)
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is an economically significant disease caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsula bryosalmonae . Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols using primers specific for the small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rDNA) gene of the parasite enable detection, however, false positive and negative results can render detection inconclusive. In this study a decontamination protocol was developed, using hydroxylamine hydrochloride (H), to prevent false positives by blocking re‐amplification of carry‐over contaminants. A mimic molecule was also developed and used as a competitive internal standard coamplified with target DNA in PCRs, revealing both true and false negatives. The sensitivity of one new and two existing primer sets was assessed with all primers detecting DNA equivalent to at least eight parasite cells per gram of tissue. This improved PCR protocol canprovide more reliable testing for T. bryosalmonae .

Molecular evidence of release of Tetracapsula bryosalmonae , the causative organism of proliferative kidney disease from infected salmonids into the environment - D C Morris; D J Morris; A Adams (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2002)

Water-use efficiency of sorghum and groundnut under traditional and current irrigation in the Gezira scheme, Sudan - Ahmed Ibrahim; Stigter C.; Hussein Adam; Ali Adeeb (Irrigation Science, 2002)

Bioaccumulation of 110mAg, 60Co, 137Cs and 54Mn by the Freshwater Crustacean Daphnia magna from Dietary sources (Scenedesmus obliquus and Cyclotella meneghiana) - C. Adam; J. Garnier-Laplace; J. P. Baudin (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2002)

Modeling the Influence of Growth Hormone on Lipolysis - Rik C. Schoemaker; Madelon M. Buijs; Hanno Pijl; Jacobus Burggraaf; Adam F. Cohen (Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 2002)

Impact of Cadmium and Zinc Prior Exposure on 110m Silver, 58+60 Cobalt and 137 Cesium Uptake by Two Freshwater Bivalves During a Brief Field Experiment - C. Adam; B. Fraysse; J. Garnier-Laplace; J. P. Baudin; A. Boudou (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2002)

Inherited differences in head allometry in polymorphic Arctic charr from Loch Rannoch, Scotland - C. E. Adams; F. A. Huntingford (Journal of Fish Biology, 2002)
Planktivorous and benthivorous morphs of wild Arctic charr Salelinus alpinus from Loch Rannoch, Perthshire, Scotland, reared in the laboratory from artificially fertilized eggs under identical conditions, were morphologically distinct (based on a series of head measurements) from an early age. For some morphometric characters, these differences became more marked with increasing body size, reflecting differences in the allometric growth patterns of the two forms. These data show that the observed phenotypic differences between these two trophic variants were, to some extent at least, inherited. Thus it is concluded that the mechanisms regulating expression of phenotype in the sympatric morphs of Loch Rannoch are significantly different from the environmentally determined body size polymorphisms reported from Norway but are closer to the more completely divergent forms from Thingvalavatn, Iceland.

Linkage of body mass index to chromosome 20 in Utah pedigrees - Steven C. Hunt; Victor Abkevich; Charles H. Hensel; Alexander Gutin; Chris D. Neff; Deanna L. Russell; Thanh Tran; Xiankang Hong; Srikanth Jammulapati; Robyn Riley; Jane Weaver-Feldhaus; Tess Macalma; et al. (Human Genetics, 2001)

Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling adaptive traits in coastal Douglas-fir. II. Spring and fall cold-hardiness - K. D. Jermstad; D. L. Bassoni; N. C. Wheeler; T. S. Anekonda; S. N. Aitken; W. T. Adams; D. B. Neale (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2001)

The production of a lymphokine (macrophage activating factor) by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), leucocytes stimulated with the extracellular products of Mycobacterium sp. - S‐C Chen; K D Thompson; A Adams; R H Richards (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2001)
The production of macrophage activation factor (MAF) by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) , head kidney leucocytes was examined after culturing in vitro with extracellular products (ECP) collected from Mycobacterium sp. Cultures of leucocytes were prepared from naive fish, or fish previously vaccinated with either the ECP or with formalin killed whole cell preparations (WC) of the bacterium. The cells were then incubated with the ECP in vitro and the ability of their supernatants to activate macrophages assessed. Macrophages from control fish were incubated with the supernatants, and their ability to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) measured as an indicator of macrophage activation. Incubation of head kidney macrophages from naive fish directly with 1, 10 or 100 μg mL –1 of ECP for 48 h significantly enhanced macrophage activation compared with control macrophages. Vaccination of fish with either ECP or WC had no significant effect on the respiratory burst of control macrophages 4 weeks post‐vaccination. By the eighth week, however, absorbance levels of respiratory burst reflecting both the primary (cells from vaccinated fish cultured in vitro with PBS) and the secondary (cells cultured in vitro with ECP) MAF responses of fish vaccinated with ECP and WC, had peaked and these were significantly different from the non‐vaccinated controls. This activity had fallen to levels similar to control fish by week 12 for fish vaccinated with WC.

Influence of a Microemulsion Vehicle on Cutaneous Bioequivalence of a Lipophilic Model Drug Assessed by Microdialysis and Pharmacodynamics - Mads Kreilgaard; Michiel J. B. Kemme; Jacobus Burggraaf; Rik C. Schoemaker; Adam F. Cohen (Pharmaceutical Research, 2001)

Analyzing, Mapping, and Managing Environmental Impacts along Supply Chains - Adam C. Faruk; Richard C. Lamming; Paul D. Cousins; Frances E. Bowen (Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2001)
Summary This article reports on research toward a pragmatic and credible means for analyzing, mapping, and managing environmental impacts along supply chains. The results of this research include a management tool called “ecological supply chain analysis” (EcoSCAn) that is presented here for the first time. Its structure bears a passing resemblance to that used in some streamlined life‐cycle assessments, but its operation and purpose are quite different. The EcoSCAn tool frames a comparative environmental analysis of products capable of performing broadly equivalent functions. The analysis occurs over complete extended supply chains and within defined supply chain stages at a product level and, to some extent, at a site level. The results are mapped with data confidence indicators. A range of tactical and, where data quality is sufficient, strategic supply chain actions are prompted. Actions to mitigate environmental stress are possible in the absence of good quality data across entire product life cycles, although the extent to which management actions are limited is made plain.

Selective accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids in ovaries of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis is not affected by ultraviolet radiation - N. L. Adams; J. M. Shick; W. C. Dunlap (Marine Biology, 2001)

Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in neonatal rat intracardiac ganglion neurons - F. Franciolini; R. Hogg; L. Catacuzzeno; A. Petris; C. Trequattrini; D.J. Adams (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2001)

Gene structure, alternative splicing, and chromosomal localization of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 relative Bim - Philippe Bouillet; Li Chen Zhang; David C.S. Huang; Graham C. Webb; Cynthia D.K. Bottema; Paul Shore; Helen J. Eyre; Grant R. Sutherland; Jerry M. Adams (Mammalian Genome, 2001)

Surprising similarity of sneaking rates and genetic mating patterns in two populations of sand goby experiencing disparate sexual selection regimes - Adam G. Jones; Deette Walker; Kai Lindström; Charlotta Kvarnemo; John C. Avise (Molecular Ecology, 2001)
Molecular markers have proved extremely useful in resolving mating patterns within individual populations of a number of species, but little is known about how genetic mating systems might vary geographically within a species. Here we use microsatellite markers to compare patterns of sneaked fertilization and mating success in two populations of sand goby ( Pomatoschistus minutus ) that differ dramatically with respect to nest‐site density and the documented nature and intensity of sexual selection. At the Tvärminne site in the Baltic Sea, the microsatellite genotypes of 17 nest‐tending males and mean samples of more than 50 progeny per nest indicated that approximately 35% of the nests contained eggs that had been fertilized by sneaker males. Successful nest holders mated with an average of 3.0 females, and the distribution of mate numbers for these males did not differ significantly from the Poisson expectation. These genetically deduced mating‐system parameters in the Tvärminne population are remarkably similar to those in sand gobies at a distant site adjoining the North Sea. Thus, pronounced differences in the ecological setting and sexual selection regimes in these two populations have not translated into evident differences in cuckoldry rates or other monitored patterns of male mating success. In this case, the ecological setting appears not to be predictive of alternative male mating strategies, a finding of relevance to sexual selection theory.

Cognitive performance and serotonergic function in users of ecstasy - Robbert J. Verkes; Harm J. Gijsman; Monique S.M. Pieters; Rik C. Schoemaker; Saco de Visser; Monique Kuijpers; Ed J.M. Pennings; Dick de Bruin; Govert Van de Wijngaart; Joop M.A. Van Gerven; Adam F. Cohen (Psychopharmacology, 2001)

Kinetics of 110mAg, 60Co, 137Cs and 54Mn Bioaccumulation from Water and Depuration by the Crustacean Daphnia Magna - C. Adam; J. P. Baudin; J. Garnier-Laplace (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2001)

Tree roots: conduits for deep recharge of soil water - Stephen S.O. Burgess; Mark A. Adams; Neil C. Turner; Don A. White; Chin K. Ong (Oecologia, 2001)

Genetic architecture of adiposity in the cross of LG/J and SM/J inbred mice - James M. Cheverud; Ty T. Vaughn; L. Susan Pletscher; Andrea C. Peripato; Emily S. Adams; Christopher F. Erikson; Kelly J. King-Ellison (Mammalian Genome, 2001)

Domoic acid production near California coastal upwelling zones, June 1998 - Vera L. Trainer; Nicolaus G. Adams; Brian D. Bill; Carla M. Stehr; John C. Wekell; Peter Moeller; Mark Busman; Dana Woodruff (Limnology and Oceanography, 2000)
Sea lion mortalities in central California during May and June 1998 were traced to their ingestion of sardines and anchovies that had accumulated the neurotoxin domoic acid. The detection of toxin in urine, feces, and stomach contents of several sea lions represents the first proven occurrence of domoic acid transfer through the food chain to a marine mammal. The pennate diatoms, Pseudo‐nitzschia multiseries and P. australis , were the dominant, toxin‐producing phytoplankton constituting algal blooms near Monterey Bay, Half Moon Bay, and Oceano Dunes, areas where sea lions with neurological symptoms stranded. Toxic Pseudo‐nitzschia were also found near Morro Bay Point Conception, Point Arguello, and Santa Barbara, demonstrating that these specie were widespread along the central California coast in June 1998. Measurements of domoic acid during three cruises in early June showed the highest cellular toxin levels in P. multiseries near Point A~o Nuevo at 6 pg cell −1 and in P. australis from Morro Bay at 78 pg cell −1 . Maximum cellular domoic acid levels were observed within 20 km of the coast between 0 and 5 m depth, although toxin was also measured t depths of 40 m. Hydrographic data indicated that the highest toxin levels and greatest numbers of toxic cells were positioned in water masses associated with upwelling zones near coastal headlands. Nutrient levels at these sites were less than those typically measured during periods of active upwelling, due to the 1998 El Ni~o event. The flow of cells and/or nutrients from coastal headlands into embayments wher cells can multiply in a stratified environment is a possible mechanism of bloom development along the central California coast. This coupling of toxic Pseudo‐nitzschia growth near upwelling zones with physical processes involved in cell transport will be understood only when long‐term measurements are made at several key coastal locations, aiding in our capability to predict domoic‐acid producing algal blooms.

Spatial summation in lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex - Helen E. Jones; Ian M. Andolina; Nicola M. Oakely; Penelope C. Murphy; Adam M. Sillito (Experimental Brain Research, 2000)

A Piscirickettsia salmonis ‐like organism in grouper, Epinephelus melanostigma , in Taiwan - S‐C Chen; P‐C Wang; M‐C Tung; K D Thompson; A Adams (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2000)

Experimental Kinetic Rates of Food-Chain and Waterborne Radionuclide Transfer to Freshwater Fish: A Basis for the Construction of Fish Contamination Charts - J. Garnier-Laplace; C. Adam; J. P. Baudin (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2000)

Changes in reproductive strategy in the ruffe during a period of establishment in a new habitat - J. A. Devine; C. E. Adams; P. S. Maitland (Journal of Fish Biology, 2000)
The pattern of maturation, body size and fecundity was examined in a population of ruffe ( Gymnocephalus cernuus L.) three times during a period of rapid growth, and eventual stabilization, following its introduction to a new habitat. When the ruffe were less common, maturing ruffe were relatively large and immature ruffe relatively small, compared with when the ruffe were abundant. Intermediate ruffe population size showed a maturation pattern intermediate between these two extremes. It is suggested that this pattern of maturation is a response of the ruffe population to changing growth opportunity induced by changing intraspecific competition. This fluctuating maturation pattern is interpreted in terms of a threshold‐dependent maturation trigger, operating on the rate of accumulation of energy and a trade‐off between somatic growth and gonad development. When the ruffe population was large, high intraspecific competition resulted in low opportunity for growth; only fish with the highest rate of food acquisition were able to mature in a given year–the investment in gonadal tissue reducing somatic growth. When the ruffe population was low, the high rate of energy acquisition in the population resulted in the triggering of maturation, even at small size, only the very smallest fish remaining immature. High growth opportunity allowed maturing fish to develop gonad and maintain somatic growth. The pattern of size related fecundity also changed over the three periods. When growth opportunity was low, size related fecundity was greater than when opportunity for growth was high. This suggests that maturing females faced with poor growth conditions compensated by increasing egg number for a given body size either by decreasing egg size or by increasing total investment in ovarian tissue.

Oxygenation and perfusion of rabbit tibialis anterior muscle subjected to different patterns of electrical stimulation - Adam R. Greenbaum; Jonathan C. Jarvis; Daniel O'Hare; Sanjiv Manek; Colin J. Green; John R. Pepper; C. Peter Winlove; Stanley Salmons (Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility, 2000)

The genetic mating system of a sex-role-reversed pipefish ( Syngnathus typhle ): a molecular inquiry - Adam G. Jones; Gunilla Rosenqvist; Anders Berglund; John C. Avise (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1999)

Prior residence, aggression and territory acquisition in hatchery‐reared and wild brown trout - J. I. Deverill; C. E. Adams; C. W. Bean (Journal of Fish Biology, 1999)
In an artificial stream environment, established wild brown trout initiated 44% of the mean aggressive acts whilst hatchery‐reared trout initiated 34% and introduced wild trout initiated 22%. Established wild fish maintained home stations closer to a point source of feed than did both hatchery‐reared and introduced wild conspecifics. Established wild fish were the only group to show a positive mean specific growth rate during the trials. Introduced wild fish showed a slightly negative mean specific growth rate, whilst introduced hatchery‐reared fish exhibited a considerable negative mean specific growth rate. These results suggest that established wild brown trout in a semi‐natural stream environment display a prior‐resident effect over late introductions of hatchery‐reared and wild conspecifics. Introduced hatcheryreared fish were more aggressive and exhibited a lower mean specific growth rate than simultaneously stocked wild fish, suggesting that excessive expenditure of energy for unnecessary aggression may contribute to the poor survival of hatchery‐reared fish after they are stocked into streams.

BRCA1 mutations in African Americans - R.C.K. Panguluri; L.C. Brody; R. Modali; K. Utley; L. Adams-Campbell; A.A. Day; C. Whitfield-Broome; G.M. Dunston (Human Genetics, 1999)

BRCA1 mutations in African Americans - R.C.K. Panguluri; L.C. Brody; R. Modali; K. Utley; L. Adams-Campbell; A.A. Day; C. Whitfield-Broome; G.M. Dunston (Human Genetics, 1999)

Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 genotype modification of the associationof alcohol consumption with breast cancer risk - Jo L. Freudenheim; Christine B. Ambrosone; Kirsten B. Moysich; John E. Vena; Saxon Graham; James R. Marshall; Paola Muti; Rosemary Laughlin; Takuma Nemoto; Lea C. Harty; G. Adam Crits; Arthur W.K. Chan; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 1999)

Intracellular Compartmentalization of DNA Fragments in Cultured Airway Epithelial Cells Mediated by Cationic Lipids - Adam R. Holmes; Austin F. Dohrman; Aaron R. Ellison; Kaarin K. Goncz; Dieter C. Gruenert (Pharmaceutical Research, 1999)

Organochlorines in Stranded Pilot Whales ( Globicephala melaena ) from the Coast of Massachusetts - K. L. Tilbury; N. G. Adams; C. A. Krone; J. P. Meador; G. Early; U. Varanasi (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1999)

The effect of m-CPP on tics and obsessive-compulsive phenomena in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome - D. C. Cath; Harm J. Gijsman; Rik C. Schoemaker; Jean M. T. van Griensven; Nancy Troost; Godfried M. J. van Kempen; Adam F. Cohen (Psychopharmacology, 1999)

Wind Regimes Windward of a Shelterbelt Protecting Gravity Irrigated Crop Land from Moving Sand in the Gezira Scheme (Sudan) - A. E. Mohammed; C. J. Stigter; H. S. Adam (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 1999)

Growth, loss, and vertical distribution of Pinus radiata fine roots growing at ambient and elevated CO 2 concentration - Stephen M. Thomas; David Whitehead; JefF. B. Reid; Freeman J. Cook; JohN. A. Adams; AlaN. C. Leckie (Global Change Biology, 1999)
Increased below‐ground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems is a likely consequence of rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration. If this results in changes to fine root growth, turnover and distribution long‐term soil carbon cycling and storage could be altered. Bi‐weekly measurements were made to determine the dynamics and distribution of fine roots ( Pinus radiata trees growing at ambient (350 μmol mol –1 ) and elevated (650 μmol mol –1 ) CO 2 concentration in large open‐top chambers. Measurements were made using minirhizotrons installed horizontally at depths of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.9 m. During the first year, at a depth of 0.3 m, the increase in relative growth rate of roots occurred 6 weeks earlier in the elevated CO 2 treatment and the maximum rate was reached 10 weeks earlier than for trees in the ambient treatment. After 2 years, cumulative fine root growth ( P t ) was 36% greater for trees growing at elevated CO 2 than at ambient CO 2 concentration, although this difference was not significant. A model of root growth driven by daily soil temperature accounted for between 43 and 99% of root growth variability. Total root loss ( L t ) was 9% in the ambient and 14% in the elevated CO 2 treatment, although this difference was not significant. Root loss was greatest at 0.3 m. In the first year, 62% of fine roots grown between mid‐summer and late‐autumn disappeared within a year in the elevated CO 2 treatment, but only 18% in the ambient CO 2 treatment ( P L t to time accounted for between 74 and 99% of the variability. Root cohort half‐lives were 951 d for the ambient and 333 d for the elevated treatment. Root length density decreased exponentially with depth in both treatments, but relatively more fine roots grown in the elevated CO 2 treatment tended to occur deeper in the soil profile.

Microsatellite evidence for monogamy and sex‐biased recombination in the Western Australian seahorse Hippocampus angustus - ADAM G. JONES; CHARLOTTA KVARNEMO; GLENN I. MOORE; LEIGH W. SIMMONS; JOHN C. AVISE (Molecular Ecology, 1998)
Four polymorphic microsatellite loci were used to assess biological parentage of 453 offspring from 15 pregnant males from a natural population of the Western Australian seahorse Hippocampus angustus . Microsatellite genotypes in the progeny arrays were consistent with a monogamous mating system in which both females and males had a single mate during a male brooding period. Multilocus genotypes implicated four females in the adult population sample as contributors of eggs to the broods of collected males, but there was no evidence for multiple mating by females. Based on genotypic data from the progeny arrays, two loci were linked tightly and the recombination rate appeared to be ≈ 10‐fold higher in females than in males. The utility of linked loci for parentage analyses is discussed.

Towards an integrated linkage map of common bean. 4. Development of a core linkage map and alignment of RFLP maps - R. Freyre; P. W. Skroch; V. Geffroy; A.-F. Adam-Blondon; A. Shirmohamadali; W. C. Johnson; V. Llaca; R. O. Nodari; P. A. Pereira; S.-M. Tsai; J. Tohme; M. Dron; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1998)

Crystal structure of rubredoxin from Pyrococcus furiosus at 0.95 Å resolution, and the structures of N-terminal methionine and formylmethionine variants of Pf Rd. Contributions of N-terminal interactions to thermostability - Robert Bau; D. C. Rees; Donald M. Kurtz; Robert A. Scott; Heshu Huang; Michael W. W. Adams; M. K. Eidsness (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 1998)

Seed source variation in camptothecin concentrations of nursery-grown Camptotheca acuminata seedlings - Zhijun Liu*; John C. Adams (New Forests, 1998)

Impact of Alternative Regeneration Methods on Genetic Diversity in Coastal Douglas-Fir - W. Thomas Adams; Jinghua Zuo; Jarbas Y. Shimizu; John C. Tappeiner (Forest Science, 1998)
Genetic implications of natural and artificial regeneration following three regeneration methods (group selection, shelterwood, and clearcut) were investigated in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) using genetic markers (17 allozyme loci). In general, harvesting followed by either natural or artificial regeneration resulted in offspring populations little altered from those in the previous generation. Cutting the smallest trees to form shelterwoods, however, resulted in the removal of rare, presumably deleterious, alleles, such that slightly fewer alleles per locus were observed among residual trees (2.76) and natural regeneration (2.75) than found in uncut (control) stands (2.86). Thus, although the shelterwood regime appears quite compatible with gene conservation, it would be best to leave parent trees of a range of sizes in shelterwoods designated as gene conservation reserves, in order to maximize the number of alleles (regardless of current adaptive value) in naturally regenerated offspring. Seedling stocks used for artificial regeneration in clearcut, shelterwood, and group selection stands (7 total) had significantly greater levels of genetic diversity, on average, than found in natural regeneration. This is probably because the seeds used in artificial seedling stocks came from many wild stands and thus, sampled more diversity than found in single populations. For. Sci. 44(3): 390-396.

The redistribution of soil water by tree root systems - Stephen S. O. Burgess; Mark A. Adams; Neil C. Turner; Chin K. Ong (Oecologia, 1998)

Trophic polymorphism amongst Arctic charr from Loch Rannoch, Scotland - C. E. Adams; D. Fraser; F. A. Huntingford; R. B. Greer; C. M. Askew; A. F. Walker (Journal of Fish Biology, 1998)
This paper describes the results of a multivariate and univariate morphometric analysis of three groups of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus from Loch Rannoch, Perthshire, Scotland, distinguished a priori on the basis of coloration (bright v. cryptic) and site of capture (from two locations 12 km apart). The analysis produced a clear and highly significant distinction, not only between brightly and cryptically coloured charr, but also between the two cryptically coloured groups, one of which was more robust in terms of several size‐independent head measurements. Stomach analysis showed that the brightly coloured charr fed entirely on zooplankton, the less robust, cryptically coloured fish, fed on benthic macroinvertebrates, whereas a significant proportion of the diet of the more robust cryptically‐coloured form consisted of other fish. Differences in length at age also distinguished the three forms, with the robust, piscivorous charr, which live longer and potentially reach a larger final size, attaining smaller sizes at a given age. These data clearly confirm the previous identification of a distinct planktivorous morph of Arctic charr in Loch Rannoch and extend the morph analysis by distinguishing two additional morphs, a benthivorous morph and a piscivorous morph that are morphologically and ecologically distinct. The results are discussed in the context of other systems in which sympatric morphs of Arctic charr have been described.

Habitat and Avifaunal Recovery from Livestock Grazing in a Riparian Meadow System of the Northwestern Great Basin - David S. Dobkin; Adam C. Rich; William H. Pyle (Conservation Biology, 1998)

Habitat and Avifaunal Recovery from Livestock Grazing in a Riparian Meadow System of the Northwestern Great Basin - David S. Dobkin; Adam C. Rich; William H. Pyle (Conservation Biology, 1998)
Riparian habitats are centers of biological diversity in arid and semiarid portions of western North America, but despite widespread loss and degradation of these habitats there is little quantitative information concerning restoration of native riparian biota. We examined the recovery of a riparian meadow system in the context of long‐term versus short‐term release from livestock grazing. We compared the structure and dynamics of plant and avian communities on 1.5‐ha plots inside a long‐term (>30 years) livestock exclosure (“exclosure plots”), with adjacent plots outside the exclosure (“open plots”) for 4 years following removal of livestock from open plots. Throughout the study, sedge cover, forb cover, and foliage height diversity of herbs were greater on exclosure plots; bare ground, litter cover, shrub cover, and shrub foliage height diversity were greater on open plots. Forb, rush, and cryptogamic cover increased on open plots but not on exclosure plots. Grass cover increased, whereas litter and bare ground decreased on all plots in conjunction with increased availability of moisture. Sedge cover did not change. Avian species richness and relative abundances were greater on exclosure plots; species composition differed markedly between exclosure and open plots ( Jaccard Coefficient = 0.23–0.46), with exclosure plots dominated by wetland and riparian birds and open plots dominated by upland species. The appearance of key species of wet‐meadow birds on open plots in the third and fourth years following livestock removal signaled the beginning of restoration of the riparian avifauna. We interpret the recovery of riparian vegetation and avifaunal composition inside the exclosure as a consequence of livestock removal, which led to a rise in the water table and an expansion of the hyporheic zone laterally from the stream channel. The lack of change in sedge and shrub cover on open plots suggests that restoration to a sedge‐dominated meadow will not happen quickly. Hábitat y Recuperación de la Avifauna de Actividades de Pastoreo en un Sistema de Pradera Riparia en el Noroeste de Great Basin Los hábitats riparios son centros de diversidad ecológica en porciones áridas y semiáridas del Oeste de Norte América, sin embargo, a pesar de la ampia pérdida y degradación de estos hábitats, existe muy poca información cuantitativa referente al restablecimiento de la biota riparia nativa. Examinamos la recuperación de un sistema de pradera riperia en el contexto de su liberación de actividades de pastoreo a largo plazo contra uno a corto plazo. Comparamos la estructura y dinámica de comunidades de plantas y aves en lotes de 1.5 ha. dentro de una zona exluyente de ganado por largo plazo (30 años) “lotes excluyentes” con lotes adyacentes fuera de la zona de exclusión “lotes abiertos” durante cuatro años después de que el ganado fuera removido de los lotes abiertos. A lo largo del estudio, la cobertura de ciperáceas, cobertura de hierbas forrajeras (diferentes a pasto) y la diversidad de la altura del follage de las hierbas fue mayor en los lotes excluyentes; suelo descubierto, cobertura de hojarasca, cobertura arbustiva y diversidad de la altura de arbustos fue mayor en los lotes abiertos. La cobertura de hierbas diferentes al pasto, juncáceas y criptógamas incrementó en los lotes abiertos, pero no en los lotes excluyentes. La cobertura de pasto incrementó, mientras que la hojaraca y suelo descubierto disminuyó en todos los lotes en conjunctión con el incremento en la disponibilidad de humedad. La cobertura de ciperáceas no cambió. La riqueza y abundancia relativa de especies de aves fue mayor en lotes excluyentes; la composición de especies difirió marcadamente entre lotes excluyentes y abiertos (coeficiente Jaccard = 0.23–0.46), con lotes excluyentes dominados por especies de tierras altas. La aparición de especies clave de aves de praderas húmedas en el tercero y cuarto año posteriores a la remoción de ganado señala el inicio de la restauración y avifauna riparina. Nosotros interpretamos la recuperación de la composición de vegetación y avifauna riparina dentro de las zonas de exclusión como una consecuencia de la remoción del ganado, lo cual conduce a un incremento en el manto acuífero y una expansión de la zona hiporréica lateral al canal del arroyo. La carencia de cambios en la cobertura de ciperáceas y arbustos en lotes abiertos sugiere que la restauración de una pradera dominada por ciperáceas no sucederá rápidamente.

A comparison of the antigenicity of the extracellular products and whole‐cell sonicates from Mycobacterium spp. in rabbits, mice and fish by immunoblotting and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay - S.‐C. Chen; A. Adams; K.D. Thompson; R.H. Richards (Journal of Fish Diseases, 1997)
The antigenicity of extracellular products (ECPs) derived from Mycobacterium spp. isolated from snakehead, Channa striata (Bloch), and Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens (Regan), were examined by immunoblotting and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using sera collected from immunized rabbits, mice and fish (rainbow trout). All three species responded to a 65‐kDa protein present in both the ECPs and whole cell sonicates (WCSs) from a variety of Mycobacterium spp. Cross‐reactivity of anti‐ M. tuberculosis and anti‐human heat‐shock protein monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and the presence of fibronectin binding proteins secreted into ECPs of mycobacteria were also examined. The MAbs against human 60‐kDa heat‐shock protein cross‐ reacted with the band at 65 kDa in the ECPs of TB1 (isolated from snakehead fish) and the type strain M. marinum, while the anti‐ M. tuberculosis MAb F29–47 elicited a strong reaction with a band at 21 kDa with most of the ECPs from mycobacterial strains examined. The major fibronectin‐binding proteins were located between 21 and 25 kDa. The 65‐kDa protein from ECPs of Mycobacterium spp. proved strongly immunogenic to rabbits, mice and fish. Rabbit antiserum against the 65‐kDa protein from strain TB267 reacted with many non‐ Mycobacterium WCSs, and therefore, the 65‐kDa protein from Mycobacterium spp. is believed to be a common protein found in many fish bacterial pathogens.

Growth, maturation and reproductive investment in Arctic charr - C. E. Adams; F. A. Huntingford (Journal of Fish Biology, 1997)
Size and rates of growth in a cohort of 1 + Arctic charr housed in standard conditions were tracked over 12 months (December to December) and mature and immature males and females compared retrospectively. In both sexes, maturing fish were larger than non‐maturing ones. In males, this size differential was the result of differences in growth in winter and early spring, but not in the remainder of the study period. In females, size differentials resulted mainly from growth rate differences immediately prior to breeding. In females but not in males, gonadosomatic index was predicted by growth rates in the months leading up to maturation, and among the females that matured, faster growing fish produced more eggs. Lipid reserves in July were correlated negatively with growth during the previous 7 months and, in females only, lipid reserves were significantly lower in maturing fish than in non‐maturing fish, indicating that mobilization of lipid energy reserves in maturing fish had commenced by this time. Variation in investment in gonadal tissue, measured as gonadosomatic index, was not explained by variation in July lipid reserves for either males or females. However, July lipid reserves were negatively correlated with egg number, so females investing more in ova exhibited greater depletion of lipid reserves. These results are discussed in the context of the relationship between body condition and the onset of maturation in salmonids, relative investment in reproduction and sexual differences in the cost of reproduction.

Abstracts of presentations on plant protection issues at the xth international congress of virology - E. Ramirez; A. Hernádez; E. Ham; B. L. Barrón; S. W. Ding; W. X. Li; B. J. Shi; R. H. Symons; Q. Li; K. H. Ryu; P. Palukaitis; I. B. Kaplan; et al. (Phytoparasitica, 1997)

60 Co Transfer from Water to the Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mikiss Walbaum) - J. P. Baudin; M. P. Véran; C. Adam; J. Garnier-Laplace (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1997)

The cardiac effects of terfenadine after inhibition of its metabolism by grapefruit juice - C. P. Clifford; D. A. Adams; S. Murray; G. W. Taylor; M. R. Wilkins; A. R. Boobis; D. S. Davies (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 1997)

Falsified or forged medical prescriptions as an indicator of pharmacodependence: A pilot study - M. Lapeyre-Mestre; C. Damase-Michel; P. Adams; P. Michaud; J. L. Montastruc (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 1997)

Halogenating activities detected in Antarctic macroalgae - F. Laturnus; Freddy C. Adams; Iván Goméz; Gabriele Mehrtens (Polar Biology, 1997)

Genetic and linkage analysis of familial congenital hypothyroidism: exclusion of linkage to the TSH receptor gene - B. Edman Ahlbom; Muhammad Yaqoob; Agne Larsson; Adam Ilicki; Göran Annerén; C. Wadelius (Human Genetics, 1997)