Fruits, vegetables, and health: A comprehensive narrative, umbrella review of the science and recommendations for enhanced public policy to improve intake - Taylor C. Wallace; Regan L. Bailey; Jeffrey B. Blumberg; Britt Burton-Freeman; C-y. Oliver Chen; Kristi M. Crowe-White; Adam Drewnowski; Shirin Hooshmand; Elizabeth Johnson; Richard Lewis; Robert Murray; Sue A. Shapses; et al. (Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2020)

Seasonal variation of temperature regulation: do thermoregulatory responses “spring” forward and “fall” back? - Urša Ciuha; Stylianos Kounalakis; Adam C. McDonnell; Igor B. Mekjavic (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2020)

Chromium (VI) in phosphorus fertilizers determined with the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique - Christian Vogel; Marie C. Hoffmann; Oliver Krüger; Vadim Murzin; Wolfgang Caliebe; Christian Adam (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020)
Phosphorus (P) fertilizers from secondary resources became increasingly important in the last years. However, these novel P-fertilizers can also contain toxic pollutants such as chromium in its hexavalent state (Cr(VI)). This hazardous form of chromium is therefore regulated with low limit values for agricultural products even though the correct determination of Cr(VI) in these fertilizers may be hampered by redox processes, leading to false results. Thus, we applied the novel diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique for Cr(VI) in fertilizers and compared the results with the standard wet chemical extraction method (German norm DIN EN 15192) and Cr K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. We determined an overall good correlation between the wet chemical extraction and the DGT method. DGT was very sensitive and for most tested materials selective for the analysis of Cr(VI) in P-fertilizers. However, hardly soluble Cr(VI) compounds cannot be detected with the DGT method since only mobile Cr(VI) is analyzed. Furthermore, Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy showed that the DGT binding layer also adsorbs small amounts of mobile Cr(III) so that Cr(VI) values are overestimated. Since certain types of the P-fertilizers contain mobile Cr(III) or partly immobile Cr(VI), it is necessary to optimize the DGT binding layers to avoid aforementioned over- or underestimation. Furthermore, our investigations showed that the Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy technique is unsuitable to determine small amounts of Cr(VI) in fertilizers (below approx. 1% of Cr(VI) in relation to total Cr).

Climate-induced expansions of invasive species in the Pacific Northwest, North America: a synthesis of observations and projections - Jennifer A. Gervais; Ryan Kovach; Adam Sepulveda; Robert Al-Chokhachy; J. Joseph Giersch; Clint C. Muhlfeld (Biological Invasions, 2020)

Genomic evidence for gene flow between monarchs with divergent migratory phenotypes and flight performance - Venkat Talla; Amanda A. Pierce; Kandis L. Adams; Tom J. B. de Man; Sumitha Nallu; Francis X. Villablanca; Marcus R. Kronforst; Jacobus C. de Roode (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
Monarch butterflies are known for their spectacular annual migration in eastern North America, with millions of monarchs flying up to 4,500 km to overwintering sites in central Mexico. Monarchs also live west of the Rocky Mountains, where they travel shorter distances to overwinter along the Pacific Coast. It is often assumed that eastern and western monarchs form distinct evolutionary units, but genomic studies to support this notion are lacking. We used a tethered flight mill to show that migratory eastern monarchs have greater flight performance than western monarchs, consistent with their greater migratory distances. However, analysing more than 20 million SNPs in 43 monarch genomes, we found no evidence for genomic differentiation between eastern and western monarchs. Genomic analysis also showed identical and low levels of genetic diversity, and demographic analyses indicated similar effective population sizes and ongoing gene flow between eastern and western monarchs. Gene expression analysis of a subset of candidate genes during active flight revealed differential gene expression related to nonmuscular motor activity. Our results demonstrate that eastern and western monarchs maintain migratory differences despite ongoing gene flow, and suggest that migratory differences between eastern and western monarchs are not driven by select major‐effects alleles. Instead, variation in migratory distance and destination may be driven by environmentally induced differential gene expression or by many alleles of small effect.

Soils' dirty little secret: Depth‐based comparisons can be inadequate for quantifying changes in soil organic carbon and other mineral soil properties - Adam C. von Haden; Wendy H. Yang; Evan H. DeLucia (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Quantifying changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and other soil properties is essential for understanding how soils will respond to land management practices and global change. Although they are widely used, comparisons of SOC stocks at fixed depth (FD) intervals are subject to errors when changes in bulk density or soil organic matter occur. The equivalent soil mass (ESM) method has been recommended in lieu of FD for assessing changes in SOC stocks in mineral soils, but ESM remains underutilized for SOC stocks and has rarely been used for other soil properties. In this paper, we draw attention to the limitations of the FD method and demonstrate the advantages of the ESM approach. We provide illustrations to show that the FD approach is susceptible to errors not only for quantifying SOC stocks but also for soil mass‐based properties such as SOC mass percent, C:N mass ratio, and δ 13 C. We describe the ESM approach and show how it mitigates the FD method limitations. Using bulk density change simulations applied to an empirical dataset from bioenergy cropping systems, we show that the ESM method provides consistently lower errors than FD when quantifying changes in SOC stocks and other soil properties. To simplify the use of ESM, we detail how the method can be integrated into sampling schemes, and we provide an example R computer script that can perform ESM calculations on large datasets. We encourage future studies, whether temporal or comparative, to utilize sampling methods that are amenable to the ESM approach. Overall, we agree with previous recommendations that ESM should be the standard method for evaluating SOC stock changes in mineral soils, but we further suggest that ESM may also be preferred for comparisons of other soil properties including mass percentages, elemental mass ratios, and stable isotope composition.

Multi-year, three-dimensional landslide surface deformation from repeat lidar and response to precipitation: Mill Gulch earthflow, California - Adam M. Booth; Justin C. McCarley; Joann Nelson (Landslides, 2020)

Cytotoxic Effect of Prodigiosin, Natural Red Pigment, Isolated from Serratia marcescens UFPEDA 398 - J. C. L. Lapenda; V. P. Alves; M. L. Adam; M. D. Rodrigues; S. C. Nascimento (Indian Journal of Microbiology, 2020)

Nitrogen Identity Drives Differential Impacts of Nutrients on Coral Bleaching and Mortality - Deron E. Burkepile; Andrew A. Shantz; Thomas C. Adam; Katrina S. Munsterman; Kelly E. Speare; Mark C. Ladd; Mallory M. Rice; Leïla Ezzat; Shelby McIlroy; Jane C. Y. Wong; David M. Baker; Andrew J. Brooks; et al. (Ecosystems, 2020)

Coral persistence despite extreme periodic pH fluctuations at a volcanically acidified Caribbean reef - I. C. Enochs; N. Formel; D. Manzello; J. Morris; A. B. Mayfield; A. Boyd; G. Kolodziej; G. Adams; J. Hendee (Coral Reefs, 2020)

Dynamic adaptive mesh optimisation for immiscible viscous fingering - A. E. Kampitsis; A. Adam; P. Salinas; C. C. Pain; A. H. Muggeridge; M. D. Jackson (Computational Geosciences, 2020)
Immiscible fingering is challenging to model since it requires a very fine mesh for the numerical method to capture the interaction of the shock front with the capillary pressure. This can result in computationally intensive simulations if a fixed mesh is used. We apply a higher order conservative dynamic adaptive mesh optimisation (DAMO) technique, to model immiscible viscous fingering in porous media. We show that the approach accurately captures the development and growth of the interfacial instability. Convergence is demonstrated under grid refinement with capillary pressure for both a fixed unstructured mesh and with DAMO. Using DAMO leads to significantly reduced computational cost compared to the equivalent fixed mesh simulations. We also present the late-time response of viscous fingers through numerical examples in a 2D rectangular domain and in a 3D cylindrical geometry. Both problems are computationally challenging in the absence of DAMO. The dynamic adaptive problem requires up to 36 times fewer elements than the prohibitively expensive fixed mesh solution, with the computational cost reduced accordingly.

The effect of carrier addition on Anammox start-up and microbial community: a review - Mabruk Adams; Junxiang Xie; Jiawei Xie; Yaofeng Chang; Menglei Guo; Chongjun Chen; Tian C. Zhang (Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 2020)

Inter-trial phase coherence of visually evoked postural responses in virtual reality - David Engel; Adrian Schütz; Milosz Krala; Jakob C. B. Schwenk; Adam P. Morris; Frank Bremmer (Experimental Brain Research, 2020)
Vision plays a central role in maintaining balance. When humans perceive their body as moving, they trigger counter movements. This results in body sway, which has typically been investigated by measuring the body’s center of pressure (COP). Here, we aimed to induce visually evoked postural responses (VEPR) by simulating self-motion in virtual reality (VR) using a sinusoidally oscillating “moving room” paradigm. Ten healthy subjects participated in the experiment. Stimulation consisted of a 3D-cloud of random dots, presented through a VR headset, which oscillated sinusoidally in the anterior–posterior direction at different frequencies. We used a force platform to measure subjects’ COP over time and quantified the resulting trajectory by wavelet analyses including inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC). Subjects exhibited significant coupling of their COP to the respective stimulus. Even when spectral analysis of postural sway showed only small responses in the expected frequency bands (power), ITPC revealed an almost constant strength of coupling to the stimulus within but also across subjects and presented frequencies. Remarkably, ITPC even revealed a strong phase coupling to stimulation at 1.5 Hz, which exceeds the frequency range that has generally been attributed to the coupling of human postural sway to an oscillatory visual scenery. These findings suggest phase-locking to be an essential feature of visuomotor control.

Co-administration of Selenium with Inorganic Mercury Alters the Disposition of Mercuric Ions in Rats - Sarah E. Orr; Hannah S. George; Mary C. Barnes; Taylor N. Mathis; Lucy Joshee; Jennifer Barkin; Adam M. Kiefer; Caryn S. Seney; Christy C. Bridges (Biological Trace Element Research, 2020)

Evaluating Regeneration in Heterobasidion Root Disease Infested Stands in the Lake States - Michael C Demchik; Monique L Sakalidis; Michael Hillstrom; Kyoko Scanlon; Trevor A Adams; Katherine R Minnix (Forest Science, 2020)
Heterobasidion root disease (HRD) infection is becoming increasingly common in red pine plantations of the Lake States. Although stump treatment can reduce rates of overland transmission, infested stands continue to experience expansion of mortality pockets. Natural regeneration into HRD mortality pockets can assist with revegetation. The objective of this study was to determine what tree species naturally regenerate in red pine plantations impacted by HRD in Wisconsin and Michigan. We visited 49 pockets (in 31 stands) in Wisconsin and Michigan that had existing confirmed HRD infections during the fall of 2017. We surveyed the regeneration in the pocket and measured the species and basal area of overstory trees 10 m from the expanding edge of the pocket. Overall, pockets were regenerating with desirable species, some of which are susceptible to HRD. Additionally, woody invasive species were present in 39 percent of the pockets. We expect these pockets to generally fill with desirable species of regeneration, although long-term successful regeneration by susceptible species such as pines may be limited.

Report on the Thirty-Fifth Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference (SFTIC 2019) - C. Dana Nelson; Ellen V. Crocker; Laura DeWald; Earl M. Raley; Joshua P. Adams; Barbara S. Crane; Gary F. Peter; Claudio Casola; John M. Davis; Scott A. Merkle (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2020)

Exploring perceptions of consanguineous unions with women from an East London community: analysis of discussion groups - Meghan A. Cupp; Mary Adams; Michelle Heys; Monica Lakhanpaul; Emma C. Alexander; Yasmin Milner; Tausif Huq; Meradin Peachey; Lakmini Shah; Iram Shazia Mirza; Logan Manikam (Journal of Community Genetics, 2020)

Translational studies of intravenous and intracerebroventricular routes of administration for CNS cellular biodistribution for BMN 250, an enzyme replacement therapy for the treatment of Sanfilippo type B - Anita Grover; Danielle Crippen-Harmon; Lacey Nave; Jon Vincelette; Jill C. M. Wait; Andrew C. Melton; Roger Lawrence; Jillian R. Brown; Katherine A. Webster; Bryan K. Yip; Brian Baridon; Catherine Vitelli; et al. (Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 2020)
BMN 250 is being developed as enzyme replacement therapy for Sanfilippo type B, a primarily neurological rare disease, in which patients have deficient lysosomal alpha- N -acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) enzyme activity. BMN 250 is taken up in target cells by the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR, insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor), which then facilitates transit to the lysosome. BMN 250 is dosed directly into the central nervous system via the intracerebroventricular (ICV) route, and the objective of this work was to compare systemic intravenous (IV) and ICV delivery of BMN 250 to confirm the value of ICV dosing. We first assess the ability of enzyme to cross a potentially compromised blood–brain barrier in the Naglu −/− mouse model and then assess the potential for CI-MPR to be employed for receptor-mediated transport across the blood–brain barrier. In wild-type and Naglu −/− mice, CI-MPR expression in brain vasculature is high during the neonatal period but virtually absent by adolescence. In contrast, CI-MPR remains expressed through adolescence in non-affected non-human primate and human brain vasculature. Combined results from IV administration of BMN 250 in Naglu −/− mice and IV and ICV administration in healthy juvenile non-human primates suggest a limitation to therapeutic benefit from IV administration because enzyme distribution is restricted to brain vascular endothelial cells: enzyme does not reach target neuronal cells following IV administration, and pharmacological response following IV administration is likely restricted to clearance of substrate in endothelial cells. In contrast, ICV administration enables central nervous system enzyme replacement with biodistribution to target cells.

Effects of Repeated Sand Replenishment Projects on Runs of a Beach-Spawning Fish, the California Grunion - Karen L. M. Martin; Loni C. Adams (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2020)
Beach habitats are diminishing globally, particularly in urban areas, as sea-level rise, erosion, and shoreline hardening, along with reduced sediment inputs, combine to squeeze the coast. In California, USA an endemic marine fish, the California grunion, spawns on sandy beaches during late-night spring tides. Its unique recreational fishery is managed by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. The City of Oceanside, CA contracts for annual harbor dredging and, after testing, places the sandy sediment on its public beach. The effects on local beach wildlife from this annual sand replenishment are not known. We examined the effect of this repeated activity as a case study over three years on the spawning runs of the California grunion. Some spawning runs occurred in all three years, but the fish avoided areas with high scarps in the intertidal zone that developed following sand placement activity. Grunion spawning runs have declined in the habitat range as a whole over the past two decades, and those in Oceanside have declined to an even greater extent. Increasing sandy beach habitat can be beneficial to wildlife, but the method of placement, timing of the project, and fate of the beach afterward can modulate or prevent beneficial effects. Frequent repetition of sand placement may accumulate impacts without allowing sufficient time for the ecosystem to recover. Rather than improving the habitat, these repeated projects in Oceanside may degrade the spawning habitat for the grunion. Alternative discharge methods and locations, slope and elevation designs, sediment volumes, and greater care in beach fill practices should be implemented to reduce future impacts.

Design of an Adhesive Film-Based Microfluidic Device for Alginate Hydrogel-Based Cell Encapsulation - Kevin Enck; Shiny Priya Rajan; Julio Aleman; Simone Castagno; Emily Long; Fatma Khalil; Adam R. Hall; Emmanuel C. Opara (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

Status and trends of tundra birds across the circumpolar Arctic - Paul A. Smith; Laura McKinnon; Hans Meltofte; Richard B. Lanctot; Anthony D. Fox; James O. Leafloor; Mikhail Soloviev; Alastair Franke; Knud Falk; Mikhail Golovatin; Vasiliy Sokolov; Aleksandr Sokolov; et al. (Ambio, 2020)
Tundra-breeding birds face diverse conservation challenges, from accelerated rates of Arctic climate change to threats associated with highly migratory life histories. Here we summarise the status and trends of Arctic terrestrial birds (88 species, 228 subspecies or distinct flyway populations) across guilds/regions, derived from published sources, raw data or, in rare cases, expert opinion. We report long-term trends in vital rates (survival, reproduction) for the handful of species and regions for which these are available. Over half of all circumpolar Arctic wader taxa are declining (51% of 91 taxa with known trends) and almost half of all waterfowl are increasing (49% of 61 taxa); these opposing trends have fostered a shift in community composition in some locations. Declines were least prevalent in the African-Eurasian Flyway (29%), but similarly prevalent in the remaining three global flyways (44–54%). Widespread, and in some cases accelerating, declines underscore the urgent conservation needs faced by many Arctic terrestrial bird species.

Induced spawning and embryonic and early larval development of bonefish ( Albula vulpes ) - Williams R. Halstead; Sahar Mejri; Anthony C. Cianciotto; Paul S. Wills; Travis E. Van Leeuwen; Aaron J. Adams; Jonathan M. Shenker (Journal of Fish Biology, 2020)
Bonefish ( Albula vulpes L.) are a highly prized sport fish. Despite their economic importance, populations in the Florida Keys and Caribbean are in decline, with the early life history undescribed. Injections of carp pituitary extract into A. vulpes during the advanced stages of ovarian development induced ovulation and spawning. Embryos were sampled hourly until hatching into undeveloped, yolk‐sac leptocephalus larvae. These larvae survived 56 h post‐hatch, when myomeres and eyes were developing but not the mouth. These results inform future research on the reproduction and early life history of A. vulpes .

Floral abundance and richness drive beneficial arthropod conservation and biological control on golf courses - Adam G. Dale; Rebecca L. Perry; Grace C. Cope; Nicole Benda (Urban Ecosystems, 2020)

Genetic relationships and hybridization among three western Atlantic sparid species: sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus), sea bream (A. rhomboidalis) and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) - Seifu Seyoum; Douglas H. Adams; Richard E. Matheson; James A. Whittington; Alicia C. Alvarez; Nancy E. Sheridan; Kaitlin Panzner; Cecilia Puchulutegui (Conservation Genetics, 2020)
Three species of sparids in the western Atlantic, sheepshead ( Archosargus probatocephalus ), sea bream ( A. rhomboidalis ), and pinfish ( Lagodon rhomboides ), share overlapping habitats, spawning seasons, and spawning grounds, providing opportunities for interaction among these species. Three regions of mitochondrial DNA and three nuclear DNA intron sequences were used to construct the genetic relationships among these species. The results showed that these species are closely related, suggesting the presence of soft polytomy with sheepshead and western Atlantic sea bream as sister species. However, western Atlantic sea bream and pinfish are equally divergent from sheepshead. We used a suite of 18 microsatellite markers to verify the occurrence of hybridization, identify the parental types, and evaluate the filial-generation status of 36 individuals morphologically identified as hybrids from the Indian River Lagoon system, in Florida. The 36 putative hybrids were analyzed with a reference group of 172 western Atlantic sea bream, 232 pinfish, and 157 sheepsheads and were all genetically determined to be F 1 of sheepshead and western Atlantic sea bream with very little indication or no introgressive hybridization among the 172 reference specimens of western Atlantic sea bream. Hybridization was asymmetric, with western Atlantic sea bream males crossing with sheepshead females. Hybrids were first observed in the Indian River Lagoon in 2005, after the western Atlantic sea bream had become common there, in the 1990s. Their occurrence could be associated with unique features of the Indian River Lagoon that bring the two species together or with recent anthropogenic changes in this system. Further study is needed to determine the causes and long-term effects of the recurrent production of F 1 hybrids and the degree of their sterility in the Indian River Lagoon.

Transitions in paternal social status predict patterns of offspring growth and metabolic transcription - Joseph W. Cauceglia; Adam C. Nelson; Nimrod D. Rubinstein; Shweta Kukreja; Lynsey N. Sasso; John A. Beaufort; Oliver J. Rando; Wayne K. Potts (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
One type of parental effect occurs when changes in parental phenotype or environment trigger changes to offspring phenotype. Such nongenetic parental effects can be precisely triggered in response to an environmental cue in time‐locked fashion, or in other cases, persist for multiple generations after the cue has been removed, suggesting multiple timescales of action. For parental effects to serve as reliable signals of current environmental conditions, they should be reversible, such that when cues change, offspring phenotypes change in accordance. Social hierarchy is a prevalent feature of the environment, and current parental social status could signal the environment in which offspring will be born. Here, we sought to address parental effects of social status and their timescale of action in mice. We show that territorial competition in seminatural environments affects offspring growth. Although dominant males are not heavier than nondominant or control males, they produce faster growing offspring, particularly sons. The timing, effect‐size, and sex‐specificity of this association are modulated by maternal social experience. We show that a change in paternal social status is sufficient to modulate offspring weight: from one breeding cycle to the next, status‐ascending males produce heavier sons than before, and status‐descending males produce lighter sons than before. Current paternal status is also highly predictive of liver transcription in sons, including molecular pathways controlling oxidative phosphorylation and iron metabolism. These results are consistent with a parental effect of social experience, although alternative explanations are considered. In summary, changes in paternal social status are associated with changes in offspring growth and metabolism.

Subtle biogeochemical regimes in the Indian Ocean revealed by spatial and diel frequency of Prochlorococcus haplotypes - Alyse A. Larkin; Catherine A. Garcia; Kimberly A. Ingoglia; Nathan S. Garcia; Steven E. Baer; Benjamin S. Twining; Michael W. Lomas; Adam C. Martiny (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
While the majority of studies use the environment to describe microbial populations, the high diversity of microbes can conversely be used as a resource to understand subtle environmental variability. Here, we used a high‐resolution spatial and temporal analysis of Prochlorococcus sp. in the Eastern Indian Ocean to determine whether ecotypes and microdiverse taxa can be used to identify fine‐scale biogeochemical regimes in this under‐studied region. A total of 246 DNA samples were collected every 4–6 h in April 2016 on GO‐SHIP cruise I09N, which transected gyre, equatorial, and monsoonal ecosystems between Western Australia and the Bay of Bengal. Using amplicon sequencing of the highly variable rpo C1 marker, we found that the region was largely dominated by the Prochlorococcus HL‐II clade. Conserved single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to identify four microdiverse haplotypes, or SNP‐delineated taxa, within the HL‐II clade of Prochlorococcus . The haplotypes showed regional patterns of relative gene count abundance that were significantly correlated with environmental conditions. Additionally, we used nonlinear least squares models to fit the sine wave function to our data and demonstrate that the haplotypes show distinct patterns in relative diel frequency, providing evidence that these microdiverse populations are ecologically and evolutionarily distinct. Overall, we show how the integration of a genomics data set into a biogeochemical framework can reveal a more nuanced understanding of a complex ocean basin.

Genomic adaptation of marine phytoplankton populations regulates phosphate uptake - Adam C. Martiny; Lucas Ustick; Catherine A. Garcia; Michael W. Lomas (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
In this study, we combined “reciprocal transplant experiments,” cell‐sorting, and metagenomics to understand how phytoplankton adapt to differences in phosphate availability and the implications for nutrient uptake rates. Reciprocal transplant experiments were conducted on six stations ranging from cold, nutrient‐rich water in the Labrador Sea to warm, extremely P‐deplete water in the Sargasso Sea. In most cases, the direct impact of environmental conditions and likely P availability was the strongest control on phosphate uptake. However, especially the transplant experiments between the northern and southern stations revealed that there are situations where changes in community composition and functional genes have an important effect on uptake rates. Phytoplankton lineages responded uniquely to changing environmental conditions. The picoeukaryotic phytoplankton P uptake response was strongly regulated by the phosphate concentration, whereas the effect of community composition was larger for Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus . In support, we found a tight negative relationship between ambient phosphate concentration and the frequency of P acquisition genes in both Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus , and such differences in genome content could be linked to lineage‐specific shifts in uptake rates. Linking genes with ocean biogeochemistry is a major scientific and technical challenge and most studies rely on correlations between genotypes and environmental conditions. However, our study demonstrates how reciprocal transplant experiments are a possible tool for understanding the relative role of environmental condition vs. plankton diversity in regulating important open ocean ecosystem processes.

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access - Jens Kattge; Gerhard Bönisch; Sandra Díaz; Sandra Lavorel; Iain Colin Prentice; Paul Leadley; Susanne Tautenhahn; Gijsbert D. A. Werner; Tuomas Aakala; Mehdi Abedi; Alicia T. R. Acosta; George C. Adamidis; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.

Toward a Resilience-Based Conservation Strategy for Wetlands in Puerto Rico: Meeting Challenges Posed by Environmental Change - Jaime A. Collazo; Adam J. Terando; Augustin C. Engman; Paul F. Fackler; Thomas J. Kwak (Wetlands, 2019)

Suppression of the maize phytoglobin ZmPgb1.1 promotes plant tolerance against Clavibacter nebraskensis - V. Owusu; M. Mira; A. Soliman; L. R. Adam; F. Daayf; R. D. Hill; C. Stasolla (Planta, 2019)

Small Body Size Is Associated with Increased Aggression in the Solitary Sweat Bee Nomia melanderi (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) - Adam R. Smith; Timothy DeLory; Makenna M. Johnson; Anna C. Figgins; Mallory A. Hagadorn; Karen M. Kapheim (Journal of Insect Behavior, 2019)

Oiling of American white pelicans, common loons, and northern gannets in the winter following the Deepwater Horizon (MC252) oil spill - J. D. Paruk; I. J. Stenhouse; B. J. Sigel; E. M. Adams; W. A. Montevecchi; D. C. Evers; A. T. Gilbert; M. Duron; D. Long; J. Hemming; P. Tuttle (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2019)
The Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Trustees for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill assessed the external oiling of migratory bird species dependent on open water in the Gulf of Mexico following the aforementioned spill. The assessment was designed to evaluate birds that use open water during the winter within 40 km of the Gulf shoreline. We focused on the American white pelican ( Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ), common loon ( Gavia immer ), and northern gannet ( Morus bassanus ). Point counts (pelican, loon) or strip transects (gannet) were used and each target species was assessed for oiling (unoiled, trace, light, moderate, or heavy amounts) and photographed. Due to distance at sighting and/or poor visibility, not all visible birds were assessed. The percentage of birds oiled varied by species, with the common loon being the highest (23.6%), followed by American white pelican (16.9%), and northern gannet (6.9%). Most of the American white pelicans and common loons had trace (83% and 72%, respectively) or light levels (11% and 24%, respectively) of oiling. The northern gannet had just trace levels of oiling. Some pelicans (6%) and loons (4%) had moderate amounts of oiling. Based on expert derived-mortality estimates and our estimates of oil exposure, we used Monte Carlo simulations to predict expected decreases of 2.5%, 4%, and 11% in the observed population for the northern gannet, American white pelican, and common loon, respectively. While these values are underestimates of the true values given the long time lag (10–12 months) between the oil spill and the assessment, these data represent some of the few estimates of exposure for these species and describe minimum risk estimates to these species.

Long‐term changes in the water quality of a deep temperate oligotrophic lake in response to catchment disturbance: evidence from sediment cores - Alfred Theodore N. K. Kpodonu; David P. Hamilton; Christopher H. Lusk; Adam Hartland; Daniel C. Laughlin; Piet Verburg (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2019)
This study examined long‐term stability in water quality of Lake Okataina, North Island, New Zealand, inferred from sediments deposited from 1836 to 2009, during which time there was a pyroclastic volcanic eruption (Tarawera 1886) and successive introductions of invasive mammals. Multiple geochemical proxies were analysed stratigraphically for organic matter loading, primary productivity, redox potential and phosphorus retention capacity. Organic matter loading to the lake is mostly authochthonous (algae) although there was increased allochthonous (terrestrial) loading immediately after the Tarawera eruption. After 1920, there was a sustained increase in inorganic erosion flux. Primary productivity appeared to increase considerably about 1960, but has remained relatively unchanged more recently. Our results suggest that the lake could recover from the impact of the volcanic eruption within a few decades, but the introduction of mammals may affect its resilience and lead to more pervasive impacts on the biogeochemistry.

Exploring rain forest diversification using demographic model testing in the African foam‐nest treefrog Chiromantis rufescens - Adam D. Leaché; Daniel M. Portik; Danielle Rivera; Mark‐Oliver Rödel; Johannes Penner; Václav Gvoždík; Eli Greenbaum; Gregory F. M. Jongsma; Caleb Ofori‐Boateng; Marius Burger; Edem A. Eniang; Rayna C. Bell; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2019)
Aim Species with wide distributions spanning the African Guinean and Congolian rain forests are often composed of genetically distinct populations or cryptic species with geographic distributions that mirror the locations of the remaining forest habitats. We used phylogeographic inference and demographic model testing to evaluate diversification models in a widespread rain forest species, the African foam‐nest treefrog Chiromantis rufescens . Location Guinean and Congolian rain forests, West and Central Africa. Taxon Chiromantis rufescens . Methods We collected mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data for 130 samples of C. rufescens . After estimating population structure and inferring species trees using coalescent methods, we tested demographic models to evaluate alternative population divergence histories that varied with respect to gene flow, population size change and periods of isolation and secondary contact. Species distribution models were used to identify the regions of climatic stability that could have served as forest refugia since the last interglacial. Results Population structure within C. rufescens resembles the major biogeographic regions of the Guinean and Congolian forests. Coalescent‐based phylogenetic analyses provide strong support for an early divergence between the western Upper Guinean forest and the remaining populations. Demographic inferences support diversification models with gene flow and population size changes even in cases where contemporary populations are currently allopatric, which provides support for forest refugia and barrier models. Species distribution models suggest that forest refugia were available for each of the populations throughout the Pleistocene. Main conclusions Considering historical demography is essential for understanding population diversification, especially in complex landscapes such as those found in the Guineo–Congolian forest. Population demographic inferences help connect the patterns of genetic variation to diversification model predictions. The diversification history of C. rufescens was shaped by a variety of processes, including vicariance from river barriers, forest fragmentation and adaptive evolution along environmental gradients.

The geochemistry of apatite from the Los Colorados iron oxide–apatite deposit, Chile: implications for ore genesis - Nikita L. La Cruz; Adam C. Simon; Aaron S. Wolf; Martin Reich; Fernando Barra; Joel E. Gagnon (Mineralium Deposita, 2019)

Genomic sequence and host range studies reveal considerable variation within the species Arracacha virus B - Roger A. C. Jones; Adrian Fox; Neil Boonham; Ian P. Adams (Archives of Virology, 2019)

Supporting Spartina : Interdisciplinary perspective shows Spartina as a distinct solid genus - Alejandro Bortolus; Paul Adam; Janine B. Adams; Malika L. Ainouche; Debra Ayres; Mark D. Bertness; Tjeerd J. Bouma; John F. Bruno; Isabel Caçador; James T. Carlton; Jesus M. Castillo; Cesar S. B. Costa; et al. (Ecology, 2019)
In 2014, a DNA‐based phylogenetic study confirming the paraphyly of the grass subtribe Sporobolinae proposed the creation of a large monophyletic genus Sporobolus , including (among others) species previously included in the genera Spartina , Calamovilfa , and Sporobolus. Spartina species have contributed substantially (and continue contributing) to our knowledge in multiple disciplines, including ecology, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, biogeography, experimental ecology, biological invasions, environmental management, restoration ecology, history, economics, and sociology. There is no rationale so compelling to subsume the name Spartina as a subgenus that could rival the striking, global iconic history and use of the name Spartina for over 200 yr. We do not agree with the subjective arguments underlying the proposal to change Spartina to Sporobolus . We understand the importance of both the objective phylogenetic insights and of the subjective formalized nomenclature and hope that by opening this debate we will encourage positive feedback that will strengthen taxonomic decisions with an interdisciplinary perspective. We consider that the strongly distinct, monophyletic clade Spartina should simply and efficiently be treated as the genus Spartina .

Use of models for the environmental risk assessment of veterinary medicines in European aquaculture: current situation and future perspectives - Andreu Rico; Marco Vighi; Paul J. Van den Brink; Mechteld ter Horst; Ailbhe Macken; Adam Lillicrap; Lynne Falconer; Trevor C. Telfer (Reviews in Aquaculture, 2019)
Veterinary Medicinal Products ( VMP s) are used in intensive aquaculture production to treat a wide range of bacterial and parasitic infestations. Their release into the environment poses concerns regarding their potential ecotoxicological risks to aquatic ecosystems, which need to be evaluated making use of appropriate Environmental Risk Assessment ( ERA ) schemes and models. This study presents an overview of the major aquaculture production systems in Europe, the VMP s most commonly used, and the environmental quality standards and regulatory procedures available for their ERA . Furthermore, it describes the state‐of‐the‐art on the development of environmental models capable of assessing the fate, exposure, ecotoxicological effects and risks of VMP s in aquaculture production systems, and discusses their level of development and implementation within European aquaculture. This study shows that the use of environmental models in regulatory ERA is somewhat limited in many European countries. Major efforts have been dedicated to assess the fate and exposure of antiparasitic compounds in salmonid cage systems, particularly in Scotland, while models and scenarios for assessing dispersal of antimicrobials, in general, and antiparasitic compounds in the Mediterranean as well as in Scandinavian regions are less available. On the other hand, the use of ecological models for assessing the effects and risks of VMP s is almost absent. Recommendations are provided to improve the chemical exposure and effect assessments and the ecological realism of the modelling outcomes, paying special attention to the protection goals set for the regulatory ERA of VMP s in Europe.

A small-scale response of urban bat activity to tree cover - Lauren Moretto; Lenore Fahrig; Adam C. Smith; Charles M. Francis (Urban Ecosystems, 2019)

Breaking waves in deep water: measurements and modeling of energy dissipation - Fadia Ticona Rollano; Adam Brown; Ashley Ellenson; H. Tuba Özkan-Haller; Jim Thomson; Merrick C. Haller (Ocean Dynamics, 2019)

Factors affecting MeHg bioaccumulation in stream biota: the role of dissolved organic carbon and diet - Hannah J. Broadley; Kathryn L. Cottingham; Nicholas A. Baer; Kathleen C. Weathers; Holly A. Ewing; Ramsa Chaves-Ulloa; Jessica Chickering; Adam M. Wilson; Jenisha Shrestha; Celia Y. Chen (Ecotoxicology, 2019)

Coniferization of the mixed‐wood boreal forests under warm climate - Cécile C. Remy; Dominic Senici; Han Y. H. Chen; Yves Bergeron; Martin Lavoie; Laure Paradis; Adam A. Ali (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2019)
Mixed‐wood boreal forests are characterized by a heterogeneous landscape dominated by coniferous or deciduous species depending on stand moisture and fire activity. Our study highlights the long‐term drivers of these differences between landscapes across mixed‐wood boreal forests to improve simulated vegetation dynamics under predicted climate changes. We investigate the effects of main climate trends and wildfire activities on the vegetation dynamics of two areas characterized by different stand moisture regimes during the last 9000 years. We performed paleofire and pollen analyses in the mixed‐wood boreal forest of north‐western Ontario, derived from lacustrine sediment deposits, to reconstruct historical vegetation dynamics, which encompassed both the Holocene climatic optimum ( ca . 8000–4000 a bp ) and the Neoglacial period ( ca . 4000 a bp ). The past warm and dry period (Holocene climatic optimum) promoted higher fire activity that resulted in an increase in coniferous species abundance in the xeric area. The predicted warmer climate and an increase in drought events should lead to a coniferization of the xeric areas affected by high fire activity while the mesic areas may retain a higher broadleaf abundance, as these areas are not prone to an increase in fire activity. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Survival, behaviour, and morphology of larval wood frogs, Lithobates sylvaticus, under threat from an exotic crayfish predator, Orconectes virilis - Adam L. Crane; Kevin R. Bairos-Novak; Dale M. Jefferson; Douglas P. Chivers; Maud C. O. Ferrari (Aquatic Ecology, 2019)

Novel life history tactic observed in fall‐run Chinook Salmon - Carson A. Jeffres; Christopher C. Adams (Ecology, 2019)

Ocean Observations to Improve Our Understanding, Modeling, and Forecasting of Subseasonal-to-Seasonal Variability - Aneesh C. Subramanian; Magdalena A. Balmaseda; Luca Centurioni; Rajib Chattopadhyay; Bruce D. Cornuelle; Charlotte DeMott; Maria Flatau; Yosuke Fujii; Donata Giglio; Sarah T. Gille; Thomas M. Hamill; Harry Hendon; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

The spatio-temporal characteristics of drought across Tibet, China: derived from meteorological and agricultural drought indexes - Sisi Li; Zhijun Yao; Zhaofei Liu; Rui Wang; Mingliang Liu; Jennifer C. Adam (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2019)

Dopamine D2-like receptor stimulation blocks negative feedback in visual and spatial reversal learning in the rat: behavioural and computational evidence - Johan Alsiö; Benjamin U. Phillips; Júlia Sala-Bayo; Simon R. O. Nilsson; Teresa C. Calafat-Pla; Arazo Rizwand; Jessica M. Plumbridge; Laura López-Cruz; Jeffrey W. Dalley; Rudolf N. Cardinal; Adam C. Mar; Trevor W. Robbins (Psychopharmacology, 2019)

Effects of weather factors on recreation participation in a humid subtropical region - Ramesh Paudyal; Taylor V. Stein; Birendra KC; Damian C. Adams (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2019)

Feeding behavior in Caribbean surgeonfishes varies across fish size, algal abundance, and habitat characteristics - Alain Duran; Thomas C. Adam; Laura Palma; Shalimar Moreno; Ligia Collado‐Vides; Deron E. Burkepile (Marine Ecology, 2019)
Feeding behavior of coral reef fishes often determines their species‐specific ecological roles. We studied the two most common Caribbean surgeonfishes ( Acanthurus coeruleus and Acanthurus tractus ) to examine their species‐specific grazing rates and feeding preferences and how these differed with environmental context. We quantified the feeding activity of both surgeonfishes at four spur and groove reefs in the Florida Keys, USA, that varied in fish abundance, rugosity, algal community composition, and sediment loading. Overall, A. tractus fed twice as fast as A. coeruleus . Both species selected for turf algae but avoided feeding on turf algae that had become laden with sediment. Selectivity for upright macroalgae was more complex with A. tractus targeting Dictyota spp., while A. coeruleus avoided Dictyota spp . relative to the alga's abundance. Both species selected for epiphytes growing on other organisms such as macroalgae and sponges. However, several of these feeding patterns changed with ontogeny. For example, larger individuals of both species fed more frequently on long, sediment‐laden algal turf and less frequently on Dictyota spp. compared to smaller sized individuals. In addition, A. tractus also increased its preference for upright calcareous algae as they attained larger sizes. Overall, the disparity in feeding preferences of surgeonfishes likely indicates subtle differences in species‐specific ecological roles. Both A. coeruleus and A. tractus likely prevent development of turf algae and thus maintain algal communities in the early stages of succession. Additionally, A. tractus may also help reduce macroalgal abundance by targeting common macroalgal species.

Role of ENSO Conditions on Particulate Organic Matter Concentrations and Elemental Ratios in the Southern California Bight - Adam J. Fagan; Allison R. Moreno; Adam C. Martiny (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Structural iron in smectites with different charge locations - N. Finck; M. L. Schlegel; K. Dardenne; C. Adam; S. Kraft; A. Bauer; J.-L. Robert (Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 2019)

The in vivo developmental toxicity of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in rat evaluated by an alternative testing strategy - Aziza Hussein Bakheit Adam; Mengying Zhang; Laura H. J. de Haan; Bennard van Ravenzwaay; Jochem Louisse; Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens (Archives of Toxicology, 2019)

Short‐finned pilot whales ( Globicephala macrorhynchus ) of the Mariana Archipelago: Individual affiliations, movements, and spatial use - Marie C. Hill; Andrea R. Bendlin; Amy M. Van Cise; Aliza Milette‐Winfree; Allan D. Ligon; Adam C. Ü; Mark H. Deakos; Erin M. Oleson (Marine Mammal Science, 2019)
Little is known about short‐finned pilot whales ( Globicephala macrorhynchus ) in the western North Pacific outside of Japanese coastal waters. To expand understanding of short‐finned pilot whale ecology in the region, we conducted small‐boat surveys in 2010−2016 within the Mariana Archipelago to investigate individual associations, movements, spatial use, and dive behavior of short‐finned pilot whales. We collected genetic, photo‐identification, and satellite‐tag data and identified 191 distinctive individuals. A preliminary social network diagram of photo‐cataloged individuals revealed a main cluster that comprised 82% of individuals, representing all five mitochondrial DNA haplotypes identified within the population. Kernel density estimates for tagged short‐finned pilot whales ( n = 11) during summer were used to identify areas with the highest probability of use (10% probability density contour), core area (50%) and home range (95%). The area with highest probability of use by short‐finned pilot whales was off the northwest side of Guam. Satellite tag data also suggest that some individuals are island‐associated year‐round. Data from five location‐dive tags demonstrated that the short‐finned pilot whales dove more often to intermediate depths at twilight and night, suggesting they may target prey that forage on the deep scattering layer as it migrates to and from the surface.

Interspecific prey neighborhoods shape risk of predation in a savanna ecosystem - Caroline C. Ng'weno; Adam T. Ford; Alfred K. Kibungei; Jacob R. Goheen (Ecology, 2019)
The vulnerability of an individual to predation depends on the availability of other prey items in the surrounding environment. Interspecific prey aggregations or “neighborhoods” may therefore affect an individual's vulnerability to predation. We examined the influence of prey neighborhood structure (i.e., the densities and identities of prey neighborhoods) on spatial variation in predation in a multi‐prey system with a primary apex predator. We combined GPS locations of lions ( Panthera leo ), kill‐site surveys, and spatially explicit density estimates of five species of ungulates for which a significant level of predation was attributable to lions. In addition to the dual influence of predator activity and vegetation, predation risk was attributable to the structure of prey neighborhoods for at least two of the five species of prey. Along with traditionally recognized components of predation (the rate of predator–prey encounters and prey catchability), we encourage ecologists to consider how prey neighborhood structure influences spatial variation in predation risk.

Evolving and Sustaining Ocean Best Practices and Standards for the Next Decade - Jay Pearlman; Mark Bushnell; Laurent Coppola; Johannes Karstensen; Pier Luigi Buttigieg; Francoise Pearlman; Pauline Simpson; Michele Barbier; Frank E. Muller-Karger; Cristian Munoz-Mas; Peter Pissierssens; Cyndy Chandler; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Population genetics, speciation, and hybridization in Dicerandra (Lamiaceae), a North American Coastal Plain endemic, and implications for conservation - Adam C. Payton; Andre A. Naranjo; Walter Judd; Matthew Gitzendanner; Pamela S. Soltis; Douglas E. Soltis (Conservation Genetics, 2019)

Species-specific patterns in corallivory and spongivory among Caribbean parrotfishes - Deron E. Burkepile; Thomas C. Adam; Madelyn Roycroft; Mark C. Ladd; Katrina S. Munsterman; Benjamin I. Ruttenberg (Coral Reefs, 2019)

Climate change and developing country growth: the cases of Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia - Channing Arndt; Paul Chinowsky; Charles Fant; Sergey Paltsev; C. Adam Schlosser; Kenneth Strzepek; Finn Tarp; James Thurlow (Climatic Change, 2019)

We need both natural and energy solutions to stabilize our climate - Bronson W. Griscom; Guy Lomax; Timm Kroeger; Joseph E. Fargione; Justin Adams; Lucy Almond; Deborah Bossio; Susan C. Cook‐Patton; Peter W. Ellis; Christina M. Kennedy; Joseph Kiesecker (Global Change Biology, 2019)

Citizen-Science for the Future: Advisory Case Studies From Around the Globe - Christina Simoniello; Jennifer Jencks; Federico M. Lauro; Jon Derek Loftis; Jan Marcin Weslawski; Kajetan Deja; David R. Forrest; Sarah Gossett; Thomas C. Jeffries; Rachelle M. Jensen; Shinichi Kobara; Lindsey Nolan; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Large birds travel farther in homogeneous environments - Marlee A. Tucker; Olga Alexandrou; Richard O. Bierregaard; Keith L. Bildstein; Katrin Böhning‐Gaese; Chloe Bracis; John N. Brzorad; Evan R. Buechley; David Cabot; Justin M. Calabrese; Carlos Carrapato; Andre Chiaradia; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2019)
Aim Animal movement is an important determinant of individual survival, population dynamics and ecosystem structure and function. Nonetheless, it is still unclear how local movements are related to resource availability and the spatial arrangement of resources. Using resident bird species and migratory bird species outside the migratory period, we examined how the distribution of resources affects the movement patterns of both large terrestrial birds (e.g., raptors, bustards and hornbills) and waterbirds (e.g., cranes, storks, ducks, geese and flamingos). Location Global. Time period 2003–2015. Major taxa studied Birds. Methods We compiled GPS tracking data for 386 individuals across 36 bird species. We calculated the straight‐line distance between GPS locations of each individual at the 1‐hr and 10‐day time‐scales. For each individual and time‐scale, we calculated the median and 0.95 quantile of displacement. We used linear mixed‐effects models to examine the effect of the spatial arrangement of resources, measured as enhanced vegetation index homogeneity, on avian movements, while accounting for mean resource availability, body mass, diet, flight type, migratory status and taxonomy and spatial autocorrelation. Results We found a significant effect of resource spatial arrangement at the 1‐hr and 10‐day time‐scales. On average, individual movements were seven times longer in environments with homogeneously distributed resources compared with areas of low resource homogeneity. Contrary to previous work, we found no significant effect of resource availability, diet, flight type, migratory status or body mass on the non‐migratory movements of birds. Main conclusions We suggest that longer movements in homogeneous environments might reflect the need for different habitat types associated with foraging and reproduction. This highlights the importance of landscape complementarity, where habitat patches within a landscape include a range of different, yet complementary resources. As habitat homogenization increases, it might force birds to travel increasingly longer distances to meet their diverse needs.

Energy dynamics of subyearling Chinook salmon reveal the importance of piscivory to short‐term growth during early marine residence - Marisa N. C. Litz; Jessica A. Miller; Richard D. Brodeur; Elizabeth A. Daly; Laurie A. Weitkamp; Adam G. Hansen; Andrew M. Claiborne (Fisheries Oceanography, 2019)
Variation in prey quantity and quality can influence growth and survival of marine predators, including anadromous fish that migrate from freshwater systems. The objective of this study was to examine the energy dynamics of subyearling Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) following freshwater emigration. To address this objective, a population of Chinook salmon and their marine prey were repeatedly sampled from June to September over 2 years in coastal waters off Oregon and Washington. Subyearlings from the same population were also reared under laboratory conditions. Using a bioenergetics model evaluated in the laboratory, we found that growth rate variability in the field was associated more with differences in northern anchovy ( Engraulis mordax ) consumption and less with variation in diet energy density or ocean temperature. Highest growth rates (2.43–3.22% body weight/day) occurred in months when anchovy biomass peaked, and the timing of peak anchovy biomass varied by year. Our results support a general pattern among subyearling Chinook salmon occurring from Alaska to California that feeding rates contribute most to growth rate variability during early marine residence, although dominant prey types can differ seasonally, annually, or by ecosystem. In the northern California Current, faster growth appears to be associated with the availability of age‐0 anchovy. Identifying factors that influence the seasonal development of the prey field and regulate prey quantity and quality will improve understanding of salmon growth and survival during early marine residence.

Fine Root Traits Are Correlated with Flooding Duration while Aboveground Traits Are Related to Grazing in an Ephemeral Wetland - Adam S. T. Purcell; William G. Lee; Andrew J. Tanentzap; Daniel C. Laughlin (Wetlands, 2019)

Stream characteristics associated with feeding type in silver (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis) and northern brook (I. fossor) lampreys and tests for phenotypic plasticity - Fraser B. Neave; Todd B. Steeves; Thomas C. Pratt; Robert L. McLaughlin; Jean V. Adams; Margaret F. Docker (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2019)

Larval influx of Diadema antillarum to the Florida Keys linked to passage of a Tortugas Eddy - Colette J. Feehan; William C. Sharp; Travis N. Miles; Michael S. Brown; Diane K. Adams (Coral Reefs, 2019)

An engineered GFP fluorescent bacterial biosensor for detecting and quantifying silver and copper ions - Adam Radek Martinez; John R. Heil; Trevor C. Charles (BioMetals, 2019)

Correction to: Trophic plasticity and the invasion of a renowned piscivore: a diet synthesis of northern pike (Esox lucius) from the native and introduced ranges in Alaska, U.S.A. - C. Nathan Cathcart; Kristine J. Dunker; Thomas P. Quinn; Adam J. Sepulveda; Frank A. von Hippel; Andrew Wizik; Daniel B. Young; Peter A. H. Westley (Biological Invasions, 2019)

Trophic plasticity and the invasion of a renowned piscivore: a diet synthesis of northern pike (Esox lucius) from the native and introduced ranges in Alaska, U.S.A. - C. Nathan Cathcart; Kristine J. Dunker; Thomas P. Quinn; Adam J. Sepulveda; Frank A. von Hippel; Andrew Wizik; Daniel B. Young; Peter A. H. Westley (Biological Invasions, 2019)

Rising Sea Levels: Helping Decision-Makers Confront the Inevitable - John A. Hall; Christopher P. Weaver; Jayantha Obeysekera; Mark Crowell; Radley M. Horton; Robert E. Kopp; John Marburger; Douglas C. Marcy; Adam Parris; William V. Sweet; William C. Veatch; Kathleen D. White (Coastal Management, 2019)

Risk and dynamics of unprecedented hot months in South East China - Vikki Thompson; Nick J. Dunstone; Adam A. Scaife; Doug M. Smith; Steven C. Hardiman; Hong-Li Ren; Bo Lu; Stephen E. Belcher (Climate Dynamics, 2019)

Leveraging linkage evidence to identify low-frequency and rare variants on 16p13 associated with blood pressure using TOPMed whole genome sequencing data - Karen Y. He; Xiaoyin Li; Tanika N. Kelly; Jingjing Liang; Brian E. Cade; Themistocles L. Assimes; Lewis C. Becker; Amber L. Beitelshees; Adam P. Bress; Yen-Pei Christy Chang; Yii-Der Ida Chen; Paul S. de Vries; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

Exercise intensity effects on total sweat electrolyte losses and regional vs. whole-body sweat [Na+], [Cl−], and [K+] - Lindsay B. Baker; Peter John D. De Chavez; Corey T. Ungaro; Bridget C. Sopeña; Ryan P. Nuccio; Adam J. Reimel; Kelly A. Barnes (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2019)

Assessing Illinois Residents’ Support for Natural Recolonization of Apex Predators - Adam C. Landon; Craig A. Miller; Brent D. Williams (Environmental Management, 2019)

Modifying mosquito impoundment management to enhance nursery habitat value for juvenile common Snook (Centropomus undecimalis) and Atlantic tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) - Anthony C. Cianciotto; Jonathan M. Shenker; Aaron J. Adams; Jacob J. Rennert; David Heuberger (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2019)

Mid-Western US heavy summer-precipitation in regional and global climate models: the impact on model skill and consensus through an analogue lens - Xiang Gao; C. Adam Schlosser (Climate Dynamics, 2019)

Understanding the evolving phenotype of vascular complications in telomere biology disorders - Cecilia Higgs; Yanick J. Crow; Denise M. Adams; Emmanuel Chang; Don Hayes; Utz Herbig; James N. Huang; Ryan Himes; Kunal Jajoo; F. Brad Johnson; Susan D. Reynolds; Yoshihiro Yonekawa; et al. (Angiogenesis, 2019)

Unravelling the complexity of magma plumbing at Mount St. Helens: a new trace element partitioning scheme for amphibole - Madeleine C. S. Humphreys; George F. Cooper; Jing Zhang; Matthew Loewen; Adam J. R. Kent; Colin G. Macpherson; Jon P. Davidson (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2019)

Iron‐ and aluminium‐induced depletion of molybdenum in acidic environments impedes the nitrogen cycle - Xiaoxuan Ge; Brian J. Vaccaro; Michael P. Thorgersen; Farris L. Poole; Erica L. Majumder; Grant M. Zane; Kara B. De León; W. Andrew Lancaster; Ji Won Moon; Charles J. Paradis; Frederick von Netzer; David A. Stahl; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2019)
Summary Anthropogenic nitrate contamination is a serious problem in many natural environments. Nitrate removal by microbial action is dependent on the metal molybdenum (Mo), which is required by nitrate reductase for denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium. The soluble form of Mo, molybdate (MoO 4 2− ), is incorporated into and adsorbed by iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) (oxy) hydroxide minerals. Herein we used Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) as a model nitrate‐contaminated acidic environment to investigate whether the formation of Fe‐ and Al‐precipitates could impede microbial nitrate removal by depleting Mo. We demonstrate that Fe and Al mineral formation that occurs as the pH of acidic synthetic groundwater is increased, decreases soluble Mo to low picomolar concentrations, a process proposed to mimic environmental diffusion of acidic contaminated groundwater. Analysis of ORR sediments revealed recalcitrant Mo in the contaminated core that co‐occurred with Fe and Al, consistent with Mo scavenging by Fe/Al precipitates. Nitrate removal by ORR isolate Pseudomonas fluorescens N2A2 is virtually abolished by Fe/Al precipitate‐induced Mo depletion. The depletion of naturally occurring Mo in nitrate‐ and Fe/Al‐contaminated acidic environments like ORR or acid mine drainage sites has the potential to impede microbial‐based nitrate reduction thereby extending the duration of nitrate in the environment.

Monitoring programs of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico: inventory, development and use of a large monitoring database to map fish and invertebrate spatial distributions - Arnaud Grüss; Holly A. Perryman; Elizabeth A. Babcock; Skyler R. Sagarese; James T. Thorson; Cameron H. Ainsworth; Evan John Anderson; Kenneth Brennan; Matthew D. Campbell; Mary C. Christman; Scott Cross; Michael D. Drexler; et al. (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2018)

Meta-analysis identifies mitochondrial DNA sequence variants associated with walking speed - Todd M. Manini; Thomas W. Buford; John A. Kairalla; Mary M. McDermott; Carlos A. Vaz Fragoso; Roger A. Fielding; Fang-Chi Hsu; Neil Johannsen; Stephen Kritchevsky; Tamara B. Harris; Anne B. Newman; Steven R. Cummings; et al. (GeroScience, 2018)

Effects of hybridization on sea turtle fitness - Luciano S. Soares; Karen A. Bjorndal; Alan B. Bolten; Maria A. G. dei Marcovaldi; Pedro B. Luz; Rodrigo Machado; Rachel Lo; Stuart F. McDaniel; Adam C. Payton; Thomas B. Waltzek; Marta L. Wayne (Conservation Genetics, 2018)

Storylines: an alternative approach to representing uncertainty in physical aspects of climate change - Theodore G. Shepherd; Emily Boyd; Raphael A. Calel; Sandra C. Chapman; Suraje Dessai; Ioana M. Dima-West; Hayley J. Fowler; Rachel James; Douglas Maraun; Olivia Martius; Catherine A. Senior; Adam H. Sobel; et al. (Climatic Change, 2018)

Roles of the mitochondrial genetics in cancer metastasis: not to be ignored any longer - Thomas C. Beadnell; Adam D. Scheid; Carolyn J. Vivian; Danny R. Welch (Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2018)

Real-World Variability in the Prediction of Intracranial Aneurysm Wall Shear Stress: The 2015 International Aneurysm CFD Challenge - Kristian Valen-Sendstad; Aslak W. Bergersen; Yuji Shimogonya; Leonid Goubergrits; Jan Bruening; Jordi Pallares; Salvatore Cito; Senol Piskin; Kerem Pekkan; Arjan J. Geers; Ignacio Larrabide; Saikiran Rapaka; et al. (Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology, 2018)

Variability of CP4 EPSPS expression in genetically engineered soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) - Parimala Chinnadurai; Duška Stojšin; Kang Liu; Gregory E. Frierdich; Kevin C. Glenn; Tao Geng; Adam Schapaugh; Keguo Huang; Andrew E. Deffenbaugh; Zi L. Liu; Luis A. Burzio (Transgenic Research, 2018)

Novel ecological and climatic conditions drive rapid adaptation in invasive Florida Burmese pythons - Daren C. Card; Blair W. Perry; Richard H. Adams; Drew R. Schield; Acacia S. Young; Audra L. Andrew; Tereza Jezkova; Giulia I.M. Pasquesi; Nicole R. Hales; Matthew R. Walsh; Michael R. Rochford; Frank J. Mazzotti; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2018)
Invasive species provide powerful in situ experimental systems for studying evolution in response to selective pressures in novel habitats. While research has shown that phenotypic evolution can occur rapidly in nature, few examples exist of genomewide adaptation on short “ecological” timescales. Burmese pythons ( Python molurus bivittatus ) have become a successful and impactful invasive species in Florida over the last 30 years despite major freeze events that caused high python mortality. We sampled Florida Burmese pythons before and after a major freeze event in 2010 and found evidence for directional selection in genomic regions enriched for genes associated with thermosensation, behaviour and physiology. Several of these genes are linked to regenerative organ growth, an adaptive response that modulates organ size and function with feeding and fasting in pythons. Independent histological and functional genomic data sets provide additional layers of support for a contemporary shift in invasive Burmese python physiology. In the Florida population, a shift towards maintaining an active digestive system may be driven by the fitness benefits of maintaining higher metabolic rates and body temperature during freeze events. Our results suggest that a synergistic interaction between ecological and climatic selection pressures has driven adaptation in Florida Burmese pythons, demonstrating the often‐overlooked potential of rapid adaptation to influence the success of invasive species.

Remote sensing restores predictability of ectotherm body temperature in the world’s forests - Adam C. Algar; Kate Morley; Doreen S. Boyd (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Aim Rising global temperatures are predicted to increase ectotherms’ body temperatures, benefitting some species but threatening others. Biophysical models predict a key role for shade in buffering these effects, but the difficulty of measuring shade across broad spatial extents limits predictions of ectotherms’ thermal futures at the global scale. Here, we extend biophysical models of ectotherm body temperature to include effects of forest canopy shade, via leaf area index, and test whether considering remotely‐sensed canopy density improves predictions of body temperature variation in heavily shaded habitats. Location Worldwide. Time period 1990–2010. Major taxa studied Lizards. Methods We test predictions from biophysical ecological theory for how body temperature should vary with microclimate for 269 lizard populations across open, semi‐open and closed habitats worldwide. We extend existing biophysical models to incorporate canopy shade effects via leaf area index, test whether body temperature varies with canopy density as predicted by theory, and evaluate the extent to which incorporating canopy density improves model performance in heavily shaded areas. Results We find that body temperatures in open habitats, like deserts, vary with air temperature and incident solar radiation as predicted by biophysical equations, but these relationships break down in forests, where body temperatures become unpredictable. Incorporating leaf area index into our models revealed lower body temperatures in more heavily shaded environments, restoring the predictability of body temperature in forests. Conclusions Although biophysical ecological theory can predict ectotherm body temperature in open habitats, like deserts, these relationships decay in closed forests. Models incorporating remotely‐sensed data on canopy density improved predictability of body temperatures in these habitats, providing an avenue to incorporate canopy shade effects into predictions of animals’ vulnerability to climate change. These results highlight the thermal threat of changes in canopy structure and loss of forest cover for the world's ectotherms.

Ambient changes exceed treatment effects on plant species abundance in global change experiments - J. Adam Langley; Samantha K. Chapman; Kimberly J. La Pierre; Meghan Avolio; William D. Bowman; David S. Johnson; Forest Isbell; Kevin R. Wilcox; Bryan L. Foster; Mark J. Hovenden; Alan K. Knapp; Sally E. Koerner; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2018)
The responses of species to environmental changes will determine future community composition and ecosystem function. Many syntheses of global change experiments examine the magnitude of treatment effect sizes, but we lack an understanding of how plant responses to treatments compare to ongoing changes in the unmanipulated (ambient or background) system. We used a database of long‐term global change studies manipulating CO 2 , nutrients, water, and temperature to answer three questions: (a) How do changes in plant species abundance in ambient plots relate to those in treated plots? (b) How does the magnitude of ambient change in species‐level abundance over time relate to responsiveness to global change treatments? (c) Does the direction of species‐level responses to global change treatments differ from the direction of ambient change? We estimated temporal trends in plant abundance for 791 plant species in ambient and treated plots across 16 long‐term global change experiments yielding 2,116 experiment–species–treatment combinations. Surprisingly, for most species (57%) the magnitude of ambient change was greater than the magnitude of treatment effects. However, the direction of ambient change, whether a species was increasing or decreasing in abundance under ambient conditions, had no bearing on the direction of treatment effects. Although ambient communities are inherently dynamic, there is now widespread evidence that anthropogenic drivers are directionally altering plant communities in many ecosystems. Thus, global change treatment effects must be interpreted in the context of plant species trajectories that are likely driven by ongoing environmental changes.

Terrestrial species adapted to sea dispersal: Differences in propagule dispersal of two Caribbean mangroves - Richard G. J. Hodel; L. Lacey Knowles; Stuart F. McDaniel; Adam C. Payton; Jordan F. Dunaway; Pamela S. Soltis; Douglas E. Soltis (Molecular Ecology, 2018)
A central goal of comparative phylogeography is to understand how species‐specific traits interact with geomorphological history to govern the geographic distribution of genetic variation within species. One key biotic trait with an immense impact on the spatial patterns of intraspecific genetic differentiation is dispersal. Here, we quantify how species‐specific traits directly related to dispersal affect genetic variation in terrestrial organisms with adaptations for dispersal by sea, not land—the mangroves of the Caribbean. We investigate the phylogeography of white mangroves ( Laguncularia racemosa , Combretaceae) and red mangroves ( Rhizophora mangle , Rhizophoraceae) using chloroplast genomes and nuclear markers (thousands of RAD ‐Seq loci) from individuals throughout the Caribbean. Both coastal tree species have viviparous propagules that can float in salt water for months, meaning they are capable of dispersing long distances. Spatially explicit tests of the role of ocean currents on patterning genetic diversity revealed that ocean currents act as a mechanism for facilitating dispersal, but other means of moving genetic material are also important. We measured pollen‐ vs. propagule‐mediated gene flow and discovered that in white mangroves, seeds were more important for promoting genetic connectivity between populations, but in red mangroves, the opposite was true: pollen contributed more. This result challenges our concept of the importance of both proximity to ocean currents for moving mangrove seeds and the extent of long‐distance pollen dispersal. This study also highlights the importance of spatially explicit quantification of both abiotic (ocean currents) and biotic (dispersal) factors contributing to gene flow to understand fully the phylogeographic histories of species.

The role of gene flow in rapid and repeated evolution of cave‐related traits in Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus - Adam Herman; Yaniv Brandvain; James Weagley; William R. Jeffery; Alex C. Keene; Thomas J. Y. Kono; Helena Bilandžija; Richard Borowsky; Luis Espinasa; Kelly O'Quin; Claudia P. Ornelas‐García; Masato Yoshizawa; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2018)
Understanding the molecular basis of repeatedly evolved phenotypes can yield key insights into the evolutionary process. Quantifying gene flow between populations is especially important in interpreting mechanisms of repeated phenotypic evolution, and genomic analyses have revealed that admixture occurs more frequently between diverging lineages than previously thought. In this study, we resequenced 47 whole genomes of the Mexican tetra from three cave populations, two surface populations and outgroup samples. We confirmed that cave populations are polyphyletic and two Astyanax mexicanus lineages are present in our data set. The two lineages likely diverged much more recently than previous mitochondrial estimates of 5–7 mya. Divergence of cave populations from their phylogenetically closest surface population likely occurred between ~161 and 191 k generations ago. The favoured demographic model for most population pairs accounts for divergence with secondary contact and heterogeneous gene flow across the genome, and we rigorously identified gene flow among all lineages sampled. Therefore, the evolution of cave‐related traits occurred more rapidly than previously thought, and trogolomorphic traits are maintained despite gene flow with surface populations. The recency of these estimated divergence events suggests that selection may drive the evolution of cave‐derived traits, as opposed to disuse and drift. Finally, we show that a key trogolomorphic phenotype QTL is enriched for genomic regions with low divergence between caves, suggesting that regions important for cave phenotypes may be transferred between caves via gene flow. Our study shows that gene flow must be considered in studies of independent, repeated trait evolution.

Emergence of soil bacterial ecotypes along a climate gradient - Alexander B. Chase; Zulema Gomez‐Lunar; Alberto E. Lopez; Junhui Li; Steven D. Allison; Adam C. Martiny; Jennifer B. H. Martiny (Environmental Microbiology, 2018)
Summary The high diversity of soil bacteria is attributed to the spatial complexity of soil systems, where habitat heterogeneity promotes niche partitioning among bacterial taxa. This premise remains challenging to test, however, as it requires quantifying the traits of closely related soil bacteria and relating these traits to bacterial abundances and geographic distributions. Here, we sought to investigate whether the widespread soil taxon Curtobacterium consists of multiple coexisting ecotypes with differential geographic distributions. We isolated Curtobacterium strains from six sites along a climate gradient and assayed four functional traits that may contribute to niche partitioning in leaf litter, the top layer of soil. Our results revealed that cultured isolates separated into fine‐scale genetic clusters that reflected distinct suites of phenotypic traits, denoting the existence of multiple ecotypes. We then quantified the distribution of Curtobacterium by analysing metagenomic data collected across the gradient over 18 months. Six abundant ecotypes were observed with differential abundances along the gradient, suggesting fine‐scale niche partitioning. However, we could not clearly explain observed geographic distributions of ecotypes by relating their traits to environmental variables. Thus, while we can resolve soil bacterial ecotypes, the traits delineating their distinct niches in the environment remain unclear.

Compression socks and the effects on coagulation and fibrinolytic activation during marathon running - E. K. Zadow; M. J. Adams; S. S. X. Wu; C. M. Kitic; I. Singh; A. Kundur; N. Bost; A. N. B. Johnston; J. Crilly; A. C. Bulmer; S. L. Halson; J. W. Fell (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2018)

The Impact of Federal and State Conservation Programs on Farmer Nitrogen Management - Adam P. Reimer; Riva C. H. Denny; Diana Stuart (Environmental Management, 2018)

Standardized reporting of the costs of management interventions for biodiversity conservation - Gwenllian D. Iacona; William J. Sutherland; Bonnie Mappin; Vanessa M. Adams; Paul R. Armsworth; Tim Coleshaw; Carly Cook; Ian Craigie; Lynn V. Dicks; James A. Fitzsimons; Jennifer McGowan; Andrew J. Plumptre; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2018)
Effective conservation management interventions must combat threats and deliver benefits at costs that can be achieved within limited budgets. Considerable effort has focused on measuring the potential benefits of conservation interventions, but explicit quantification of the financial costs of implementation is rare. Even when costs have been quantified, haphazard and inconsistent reporting means published values are difficult to interpret. This reporting deficiency hinders progress toward a collective understanding of the financial costs of management interventions across projects and thus limits the ability to identify efficient solutions to conservation problems or attract adequate funding. We devised a standardized approach to describing financial costs reported for conservation interventions. The standards call for researchers and practitioners to describe the objective and outcome, context and methods, and scale of costed interventions, and to state which categories of costs are included and the currency and date for reported costs. These standards aim to provide enough contextual information that readers and future users can interpret the cost data appropriately. We suggest these standards be adopted by major conservation organizations, conservation science institutions, and journals so that cost reporting is comparable among studies. This would support shared learning and enhance the ability to identify and perform cost‐effective conservation.

A habitat‐based approach to predict impacts of marine protected areas on fishers - João B. Teixeira; Rodrigo L. Moura; Morena Mills; Carissa Klein; Christopher J. Brown; Vanessa M. Adams; Hedley Grantham; Matthew Watts; Deborah Faria; Gilberto M. Amado‐Filho; Alex C. Bastos; Reinaldo Lourival; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2018)
Although marine protected areas can simultaneously contribute to biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, the global network is biased toward particular ecosystem types because they have been established primarily in an ad hoc fashion. The optimization of trade‐offs between biodiversity benefits and socioeconomic values increases success of protected areas and minimizes enforcement costs in the long run, but it is often neglected in marine spatial planning (MSP). Although the acquisition of spatially explicit socioeconomic data is perceived as a costly or secondary step in MSP, it is critical to account for lost opportunities by people whose activities will be restricted, especially fishers. We developed an easily reproduced habitat‐based approach to estimate the spatial distribution of opportunity cost to fishers in data‐poor regions. We assumed the most accessible areas have higher economic and conservation values than less accessible areas and their designation as no‐take zones represents a loss of fishing opportunities. We estimated potential distribution of fishing resources from bathymetric ranges and benthic habitat distribution and the relative importance of the different resources for each port of total catches, revenues, and stakeholder perception. In our model, we combined different cost layers to produce a comprehensive cost layer so that we could evaluate of trade‐offs. Our approach directly supports conservation planning, can be applied generally, and is expected to facilitate stakeholder input and community acceptance of conservation.

The reproductive ecology of the Antarctic bivalve Aequiyoldia eightsii (Protobranchia: Sareptidae) follows neither Antarctic nor taxonomic patterns - Sally C. Y. Lau; Laura J. Grange; Lloyd S. Peck; Adam J. Reed (Polar Biology, 2018)

Interaction between contrasting rice genotypes and soil physical conditions induced by hydraulic stresses typical of alternate wetting and drying irrigation of soil - Huan Fang; Hu Zhou; Gareth J. Norton; Adam H. Price; Annette C. Raffan; Sacha J. Mooney; Xinhua Peng; Paul D. Hallett (Plant and Soil, 2018)

Drosophila suzukii flight performance reduced by starvation but not affected by humidity - Jessica S. Wong; Adam C. Cave; Danielle M. Lightle; Walter F. Mahaffee; Steve E. Naranjo; Nik G. Wiman; J. Megan Woltz; Jana C. Lee (Journal of Pest Science, 2018)

Socioeconomic and ecological perceptions and barriers to urban tree distribution and reforestation programs - Leaundre C. Dawes; Alison E. Adams; Francisco J. Escobedo; José R. Soto (Urban Ecosystems, 2018)

Macro- and micromechanical remodelling in the fish atrium is associated with regulation of collagen 1 alpha 3 chain expression - Adam N. Keen; Andrew J. Fenna; James C. McConnell; Michael J. Sherratt; Peter Gardner; Holly A. Shiels (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2018)

RGC-32 regulates reactive astrocytosis and extracellular matrix deposition in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis - Alexandru Tatomir; Cosmin A. Tegla; Alvaro Martin; Dallas Boodhoo; Vinh Nguyen; Adam J. Sugarman; Armugam Mekala; Freidrich Anselmo; Anamaria Talpos-Caia; Cornelia Cudrici; Tudor C. Badea; Violeta Rus; et al. (Immunologic Research, 2018)

Koroška 8000 Himalayan expedition: digit responses to cold stress following ascent to Broadpeak (Pakistan, 8051 m) - Jurij Gorjanc; Shawnda A. Morrison; Adam C. McDonnell; Igor B. Mekjavic (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2018)

Sky, sea, and forest islands: Diversification in the African leaf‐folding frog Afrixalus paradorsalis (Anura: Hyperoliidae) of the Lower Guineo‐Congolian rain forest - Kristin L. Charles; Rayna C. Bell; David C. Blackburn; Marius Burger; Matthew K. Fujita; Václav Gvoždík; Gregory F.M. Jongsma; Marcel Talla Kouete; Adam D. Leaché; Daniel M. Portik (Journal of Biogeography, 2018)
Aim To investigate how putative barriers, forest refugia, and ecological gradients across the lower Guineo‐Congolian rain forest shape genetic and phenotypic divergence in the leaf‐folding frog Afrixalus paradorsalis , and examine the role of adjacent land bridge and sky‐islands in diversification. Location The Lower Guineo‐Congolian Forest, the Cameroonian Volcanic Line (CVL), and Bioko Island, Central Africa. Taxon Afrixalus paradorsalis (Family: Hyperoliidae), an African leaf‐folding frog. Methods We used molecular and phenotypic data to investigate diversity and divergence among the A. paradorsalis species complex distributed across lowland rain forests, a land bridge island, and mountains in Central Africa. We examined the coincidence of population boundaries, landscape features, divergence times, and spatial patterns of connectivity and diversity, and subsequently performed demographic modelling using genome‐wide SNP variation to distinguish among divergence mechanisms in mainland (riverine barriers, forest refugia, ecological gradients) and land bridge island populations (vicariance, overwater dispersal). Results We detected four genetically distinct allopatric populations corresponding to Bioko Island, the CVL, and two lowland rain forest populations split by the Sanaga River. Although lowland populations are phenotypically indistinguishable, pronounced body size evolution occurs at high elevation, and the timing of the formation of the high elevation population coincides with mountain uplift in the CVL. Spatial analyses and demographic modelling revealed population divergence across mainland Lower Guinea is best explained by forest refugia rather than riverine barriers or ecological gradients, and that the Bioko Island population divergence is best explained by vicariance (marine incursion) rather than overseas dispersal. Main conclusions We provide growing support for the important role of forest refugia in driving intraspecific divergences in the Guineo‐Congolian rain forest. In A. paradorsalis , sky‐islands in the CVL have resulted in greater genetic and phenotypic divergences than marine incursions of the land bridge Bioko Island, highlighting important differences in patterns of island‐driven diversification in Lower Guinea.

Linking tree genetics and stream consumers: isotopic tracers elucidate controls on carbon and nitrogen assimilation - Zacchaeus G. Compson; Bruce A. Hungate; Thomas G. Whitham; George W. Koch; Paul Dijkstra; Adam C. Siders; Todd Wojtowicz; Ryan Jacobs; David N. Rakestraw; Kiel E. Allred; Chelsea K. Sayer; Jane C. Marks (Ecology, 2018)
Leaf litter provides an important nutrient subsidy to headwater streams, but little is known about how tree genetics influence energy pathways from litter to higher trophic levels. Despite the charge to quantify carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pathways from decomposing litter, the relationship between litter decomposition and aquatic consumers remains unresolved. We measured litter preference (attachments to litter), C and N assimilation rates, and growth rates of a shredding caddisfly ( Hesperophylax magnus , Limnephilidae) in response to leaf litter of different chemical and physical phenotypes using Populus cross types ( P. fremontii , P. angustifolia , and F 1 hybrids) and genotypes within P. angustifolia . We combined laboratory mesocosm studies using litter from a common garden with a field study using doubly labeled litter ( 13 C and 15 N) grown in a greenhouse and incubated in Oak Creek, Arizona, USA. We found that, in the lab, shredders initially chose relatively labile (low lignin and condensed tannin concentrations, rapidly decomposing) cross type litter, but preference changed within 4 d to relatively recalcitrant (high lignin and condensed tannin concentrations, slowly decomposing) litter types. Additionally, in the lab, shredder growth rates were higher on relatively recalcitrant compared to labile cross type litter. Over the course of a three‐week field experiment, shredders also assimilated more C and N from relatively recalcitrant compared to labile cross type litter. Finally, among P. angustifolia genotypes, N assimilation by shredders was positively related to litter lignin and C:N, but negatively related to condensed tannins and decomposition rate. C assimilation was likewise positively related to litter C:N, and also to litter %N. C assimilation was not associated with condensed tannins or lignin. Collectively, these findings suggest that relatively recalcitrant litter of Populus cross types provides more nutritional benefit, in terms of N fluxes and growth, than labile litter, but among P. angustifolia genotypes the specific trait of litter recalcitrance (lignin or tannins) determines effects on C or N assimilation. As shredders provide nutrients and energy to higher trophic levels, the influence of these genetically based plant decomposition pathways on shredder preference and performance may affect community and food web structure.

Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist prodrugs LY2979165 and LY2140023 attenuate the functional imaging response to ketamine in healthy subjects - Mitul A. Mehta; Anne Schmechtig; Vasileia Kotoula; Juliet McColm; Kimberley Jackson; Claire Brittain; Sitra Tauscher-Wisniewski; Bruce J. Kinon; Paul D. Morrison; Thomas Pollak; Timothy Mant; Steven C. R. Williams; et al. (Psychopharmacology, 2018)

The role of resveratrol on skeletal muscle cell differentiation and myotube hypertrophy during glucose restriction - Hannah F. Dugdale; David C. Hughes; Robert Allan; Colleen S. Deane; Christopher R. Coxon; James P. Morton; Claire E. Stewart; Adam P. Sharples (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2018)

BioTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene - Maria Dornelas; Laura H. Antão; Faye Moyes; Amanda E. Bates; Anne E. Magurran; Dušan Adam; Asem A. Akhmetzhanova; Ward Appeltans; José Manuel Arcos; Haley Arnold; Narayanan Ayyappan; Gal Badihi; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Motivation The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community‐led open‐source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Main types of variables included The database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record. Spatial location and grain BioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km 2 (158 cm 2 ) to 100 km 2 (1,000,000,000,000 cm 2 ). Time period and grain BioTIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year. Major taxa and level of measurement BioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates. Software format .csv and .SQL.

Ocean current connectivity propelling the secondary spread of a marine invasive comb jelly across western Eurasia - Cornelia Jaspers; Bastian Huwer; Elvire Antajan; Aino Hosia; Hans‐Harald Hinrichsen; Arne Biastoch; Dror Angel; Ragnhild Asmus; Christina Augustin; Siamak Bagheri; Steven E. Beggs; Thorsten J. S. Balsby; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Aim Invasive species are of increasing global concern. Nevertheless, the mechanisms driving further distribution after the initial establishment of non‐native species remain largely unresolved, especially in marine systems. Ocean currents can be a major driver governing range occupancy, but this has not been accounted for in most invasion ecology studies so far. We investigate how well initial establishment areas are interconnected to later occupancy regions to test for the potential role of ocean currents driving secondary spread dynamics in order to infer invasion corridors and the source–sink dynamics of a non‐native holoplanktonic biological probe species on a continental scale. Location Western Eurasia. Time period 1980s–2016. Major taxa studied ‘Comb jelly’ Mnemiopsis leidyi . Methods Based on 12,400 geo‐referenced occurrence data, we reconstruct the invasion history of M. leidyi in western Eurasia. We model ocean currents and calculate their stability to match the temporal and spatial spread dynamics with large‐scale connectivity patterns via ocean currents. Additionally, genetic markers are used to test the predicted connectivity between subpopulations. Results Ocean currents can explain secondary spread dynamics, matching observed range expansions and the timing of first occurrence of our holoplanktonic non‐native biological probe species, leading to invasion corridors in western Eurasia. In northern Europe, regional extinctions after cold winters were followed by rapid recolonizations at a speed of up to 2,000 km per season. Source areas hosting year‐round populations in highly interconnected regions can re‐seed genotypes over large distances after local extinctions. Main conclusions Although the release of ballast water from container ships may contribute to the dispersal of non‐native species, our results highlight the importance of ocean currents driving secondary spread dynamics. Highly interconnected areas hosting invasive species are crucial for secondary spread dynamics on a continental scale. Invasion risk assessments should consider large‐scale connectivity patterns and the potential source regions of non‐native marine species.

Woody plants optimise stomatal behaviour relative to hydraulic risk - William R. L. Anderegg; Adam Wolf; Adriana Arango‐Velez; Brendan Choat; Daniel J. Chmura; Steven Jansen; Thomas Kolb; Shan Li; Frederick C. Meinzer; Pilar Pita; Víctor Resco de Dios; John S. Sperry; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2018)
Stomatal response to environmental conditions forms the backbone of all ecosystem and carbon cycle models, but is largely based on empirical relationships. Evolutionary theories of stomatal behaviour are critical for guarding against prediction errors of empirical models under future climates. Longstanding theory holds that stomata maximise fitness by acting to maintain constant marginal water use efficiency over a given time horizon, but a recent evolutionary theory proposes that stomata instead maximise carbon gain minus carbon costs/risk of hydraulic damage. Using data from 34 species that span global forest biomes, we find that the recent carbon‐maximisation optimisation theory is widely supported, revealing that the evolution of stomatal regulation has not been primarily driven by attainment of constant marginal water use efficiency. Optimal control of stomata to manage hydraulic risk is likely to have significant consequences for ecosystem fluxes during drought, which is critical given projected intensification of the global hydrological cycle.

Nanogeochemistry of hydrothermal magnetite - Artur P. Deditius; Martin Reich; Adam C. Simon; Alexandra Suvorova; Jaayke Knipping; Malcolm P. Roberts; Sergey Rubanov; Aaron Dodd; Martin Saunders (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2018)

A historical analysis of US climate change policy in the Pan-American context - Erin C. Pischke; Barry D. Solomon; Adam M. Wellstead (Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 2018)

The influence of aquaculture unit proximity on the pattern of Lepeophtheirus salmonis infection of anadromous Salmo trutta populations on the isle of Skye, Scotland - I. Moore; J. A. Dodd; M. Newton; C. W. Bean; I. Lindsay; P. Jarosz; C. E. Adams (Journal of Fish Biology, 2018)
A total of 230 anadromous Salmo trutta (brown trout) were sampled in five sheltered coastal fjords (or sea lochs) on the Isle of Skye, Scotland, U.K., in 2016 at varying distances from active Atlantic salmon Salmo salar farms. Statistical models were developed to investigate potential correlations between salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis burdens on S. trutta hosts and their proximity to S. salar farm cages. Significant correlations were found between lice burdens and fish fork length and proximity to the nearest S. salar farm. The probability of the presence of L. salmonis on fish hosts increased with fish host size and with distance from the nearest S. salar farm, but total lice burdens were highest in fish sampled near S. salar farms and decreased with distance. The proportion of different life‐cycle stages of L. salmonis were also dependent on S. salar farm proximity, with higher juvenile lice numbers recorded at sites near S. salar farm cages. These results highlight the complexity of the relationship between S. trutta and L. salmonis infections on wild fish and emphasize the requirement of further research to quantify these effects to better inform conservation and management strategies, particularly in areas of active S. salar farm facilities.

Water guns affect abundance and behavior of bigheaded carp and native fish differently - José M. Rivera; David C. Glover; Patrick M. Kocovsky; James E. Garvey; Mark P. Gaikowski; Nathan R. Jensen; Ryan F. Adams (Biological Invasions, 2018)

Wissensbasierte Werkstoffauswahl für Absaugsysteme in der Stahlindustrie - P. Friesenecker; K. Adam; C. Katsich; E. Badisch (BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte, 2018)

Comparison of damage to live v . euthanized Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts from passage through an Archimedean screw turbine - R. Brackley; M. C. Lucas; R. Thomas; C. E. Adams; C. W. Bean (Journal of Fish Biology, 2018)
This study assessed the usefulness of passing euthanized Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts through an Archimedean screw turbine to test for external damage, as compared with live, actively swimming smolts. Scale loss was the only observed effect. Severe scale loss was 5·9 times more prevalent in euthanized turbine‐passed fish (45%) than the live fish (7·6%). Additionally, distinctive patterns of scale loss, consistent with grinding between the turbine helices and housing trough, were observed in 35% of euthanized turbine‐passed smolts. This distinctive pattern of scale loss was not seen in live turbine‐passed smolts, nor in control groups (live and euthanized smolts released downstream of the turbine), which suggests that the altered behaviour of dead fish in turbine flows generates biased injury outcomes.

Receptor Occupancy Imaging Studies in Oncology Drug Development - Ingrid J. G. Burvenich; Sagun Parakh; Adam C. Parslow; Sze Ting Lee; Hui K. Gan; Andrew M. Scott (The AAPS Journal, 2018)

Genic simple sequence repeat markers for measuring genetic diversity in a native food crop: a case study of Australian Kunzea pomifera F.Muell. (muntries) - Chi M. Do; Leah C. Panakera-Thorpe; Kate L. Delaporte; Adam E. Croxford; Carolyn J. Schultz (Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2018)

Potential impacts of climate warming and increased summer heat stress on the electric grid: a case study for a large power transformer (LPT) in the Northeast United States - Xiang Gao; C. Adam Schlosser; Eric R. Morgan (Climatic Change, 2018)

Non-communicable chronic diseases and timely breast cancer screening among women of the Eastern Caribbean Health Outcomes Research Network (ECHORN) Cohort Study - K. H. Wang; T. A. Thompson; D. Galusha; H. Friedman; C. M. Nazario; M. Nunez; R. G. Maharaj; O. P. Adams; M. Nunez-Smith (Cancer Causes & Control, 2018)

Recreational sea fishing in Europe in a global context—Participation rates, fishing effort, expenditure, and implications for monitoring and assessment - Kieran Hyder; Marc Simon Weltersbach; Mike Armstrong; Keno Ferter; Bryony Townhill; Anssi Ahvonen; Robert Arlinghaus; Andrei Baikov; Manuel Bellanger; Janis Birzaks; Trude Borch; Giulia Cambie; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2018)
Marine recreational fishing ( MRF ) is a high‐participation activity with large economic value and social benefits globally, and it impacts on some fish stocks. Although reporting MRF catches is a European Union legislative requirement, estimates are only available for some countries. Here, data on numbers of fishers, participation rates, days fished, expenditures, and catches of two widely targeted species were synthesized to provide European estimates of MRF and placed in the global context. Uncertainty assessment was not possible due to incomplete knowledge of error distributions; instead, a semi‐quantitative bias assessment was made. There were an estimated 8.7 million European recreational sea fishers corresponding to a participation rate of 1.6%. An estimated 77.6 million days were fished, and expenditure was €5.9 billion annually. There were higher participation, numbers of fishers, days fished and expenditure in the Atlantic than the Mediterranean, but the Mediterranean estimates were generally less robust. Comparisons with other regions showed that European MRF participation rates and expenditure were in the mid‐range, with higher participation in Oceania and the United States, higher expenditure in the United States, and lower participation and expenditure in South America and Africa. For both northern European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax , Moronidae) and western Baltic cod ( Gadus morhua , Gadidae) stocks, MRF represented 27% of the total removals. This study highlights the importance of MRF and the need for bespoke, regular and statistically sound data collection to underpin European fisheries management. Solutions are proposed for future MRF data collection in Europe and other regions to support sustainable fisheries management.

Effects of plant species on stream bacterial communities via leachate from leaf litter - Adam S. Wymore; Elena Salpas; Giorgio Casaburi; Cindy M. Liu; Lance B. Price; Bruce A. Hungate; William H. McDowell; Jane C. Marks (Hydrobiologia, 2018)

A lengthy solution to the optimal propagule size problem in the large-bodied South American freshwater turtle, Podocnemis unifilis - Tibisay Escalona; Dean C. Adams; Nicole Valenzuela (Evolutionary Ecology, 2018)

In vivo neuroimaging and behavioral correlates in a rat model of chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction - Robert L. Barry; Nellie E. Byun; M. Noor Tantawy; Chase A. Mackey; George H. Wilson; Adam J. Stark; Michael P. Flom; Laura C. Gee; C. Chad Quarles (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2018)

When does invasive species removal lead to ecological recovery? Implications for management success - Kirsten M. Prior; Damian C. Adams; Kier D. Klepzig; Jiri Hulcr (Biological Invasions, 2018)

Alternative splicing associated with phenotypic plasticity in the bumble bee Bombus terrestris - J. Price; M. C. Harrison; R. L. Hammond; S. Adams; J. F. Gutierrez‐Marcos; E. B. Mallon (Molecular Ecology, 2018)
Phenotypic plasticity is when one genome can produce more than one phenotype. The caste system found in many social insects is an important example of plasticity. Several studies have examined gene expression in social insect developmental and caste differences. Changes in gene expression, however, are not the only source of phenotypic plasticity. Here, we investigate the role of alternative splicing in the buff‐tailed bumble bee Bombus terrestris . We found that 5,458 genes in B. terrestris (40%) express more than one isoform. Larvae have the lowest level of splicing events, followed by adults and then pupae. We found that when an isoform is expressed in a given caste in the larval stage, it tends to be expressed in all castes at the larval stage. The same is true at the pupal stage. However, we see more complicated interactions between the adult castes with reproductive females showing different isoform expression compared to nonreproductive females and male adults showing the most distinct patterns. We found 455 isoform switching genes, that is genes, where one developmental stage, sex or caste uses a specific isoform and another type uses a different isoform. Among genes displaying isoform switching are some involved in the ecdysteriod pathway, an important system in insect behaviour.

The impact of a small-scale riverine obstacle on the upstream migration of Atlantic Salmon - M. Newton; J. A. Dodd; J. Barry; P. Boylan; C. E. Adams (Hydrobiologia, 2018)

Spatial patterns of genetic diversity among Australian alpine flora communities revealed by comparative phylogenomics - Nicholas Bell; Philippa C. Griffin; Ary A. Hoffmann; Adam D. Miller (Journal of Biogeography, 2018)
Aim The alpine region of mainland Australia is one of the world's 187 biodiversity hotspots. Genetic analyses of Australian alpine fauna indicate high levels of endemism on fine spatial scales, unlike Northern Hemisphere alpine systems where shallow genetic differentiation is typically observed among populations. These discrepancies have been attributed to differences in elevation and influence from glacial activity, and point to a unique phylogeographic history affecting Australian alpine biodiversity. To test generality of these findings across Australian alpine biota, we assessed patterns of genetic structure across plant species. Location The Australian Alps, Victoria, eastern Australia. Methods We used an economical pooled genotyping‐by‐sequencing ( GBS ) approach to examine patterns of genetic diversity among seven widespread species including shrubs and forbs from 16 mountain summits in the Australian Alpine National Park. Patterns of genetic structure among summit populations for each species were inferred from an average of 2,778 independent SNP loci using Bayesian phylogenomic inference and clustering approaches. Results SNP results were consistent across species in identifying deep evolutionary splits among summit communities from the Northern and Central Victorian Alpine regions. These patterns of genetic structure are also consistent with those previously reported for invertebrate and mammal taxa. However, local genetic structure was less pronounced in the plants, supporting the notion that population connectivity tends to be higher in plant species. Main conclusion There is deep lineage diversification between the North and Central Victorian Alpine regions, reflecting a high level of endemism. These findings differ from those reported for alpine biodiversity from New South Wales and much of the Northern Hemisphere, and support the notion that genetic diversity is typically greatest in areas least affected by historical ice sheet formation. We discuss the implications of our findings in the context of conservation planning, and highlight the benefits of this rapid and cost‐effective genome scan approach for characterizing evolutionary processes at multispecies and landscape scales.

Continental mapping of forest ecosystem functions reveals a high but unrealised potential for forest multifunctionality - Fons van der Plas; Sophia Ratcliffe; Paloma Ruiz‐Benito; Michael Scherer‐Lorenzen; Kris Verheyen; Christian Wirth; Miguel A. Zavala; Evy Ampoorter; Lander Baeten; Luc Barbaro; Cristina C. Bastias; Jürgen Bauhus; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2018)
Humans require multiple services from ecosystems, but it is largely unknown whether trade‐offs between ecosystem functions prevent the realisation of high ecosystem multifunctionality across spatial scales. Here, we combined a comprehensive dataset (28 ecosystem functions measured on 209 forest plots) with a forest inventory dataset (105,316 plots) to extrapolate and map relationships between various ecosystem multifunctionality measures across Europe. These multifunctionality measures reflected different management objectives, related to timber production, climate regulation and biodiversity conservation/recreation. We found that trade‐offs among them were rare across Europe, at both local and continental scales. This suggests a high potential for ‘win‐win’ forest management strategies, where overall multifunctionality is maximised. However, across sites, multifunctionality was on average 45.8‐49.8% below maximum levels and not necessarily highest in protected areas. Therefore, using one of the most comprehensive assessments so far, our study suggests a high but largely unrealised potential for management to promote multifunctional forests.

One giant leap for mankind: can ecopoiesis avert mine tailings disasters? - Adam T. Cross; Jason C. Stevens; Kingsley W. Dixon (Plant and Soil, 2017)

The Oxygen Paradox, the French Paradox, and age-related diseases - Joanna M. S. Davies; Josiane Cillard; Bertrand Friguet; Enrique Cadenas; Jean Cadet; Rachael Cayce; Andrew Fishmann; David Liao; Anne-Laure Bulteau; Frédéric Derbré; Amélie Rébillard; Steven Burstein; et al. (GeroScience, 2017)

Trace-metal contamination in the glacierized Rio Santa watershed, Peru - Alexandre Guittard; Michel Baraer; Jeffrey M. McKenzie; Bryan G. Mark; Oliver Wigmore; Alfonso Fernandez; Alejo C. Rapre; Elizabeth Walsh; Jeffrey Bury; Mark Carey; Adam French; Kenneth R. Young (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2017)

Energetic requirements of green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) feeding on burrowing shrimp (Neotrypaea californiensis) in estuaries: importance of temperature, reproductive investment, and residence time - Joshua M. Borin; Mary L. Moser; Adam G. Hansen; David A. Beauchamp; Stephen C. Corbett; Brett R. Dumbauld; Casey Pruitt; Jennifer L. Ruesink; Cinde Donoghue (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2017)

Biogeography of mutualistic fungi cultivated by leafcutter ants - Ulrich G. Mueller; Heather D. Ishak; Sofia M. Bruschi; Chad C. Smith; Jacob J. Herman; Scott E. Solomon; Alexander S. Mikheyev; Christian Rabeling; Jarrod J. Scott; Michael Cooper; Andre Rodrigues; Adriana Ortiz; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2017)
Leafcutter ants propagate co‐evolving fungi for food. The nearly 50 species of leafcutter ants ( Atta , Acromyrmex ) range from Argentina to the United States, with the greatest species diversity in southern South America. We elucidate the biogeography of fungi cultivated by leafcutter ants using DNA sequence and microsatellite‐marker analyses of 474 cultivars collected across the leafcutter range. Fungal cultivars belong to two clades (Clade‐A and Clade‐B). The dominant and widespread Clade‐A cultivars form three genotype clusters, with their relative prevalence corresponding to southern South America, northern South America, Central and North America. Admixture between Clade‐A populations supports genetic exchange within a single species, Leucocoprinus gongylophorus . Some leafcutter species that cut grass as fungicultural substrate are specialized to cultivate Clade‐B fungi, whereas leafcutters preferring dicot plants appear specialized on Clade‐A fungi. Cultivar sharing between sympatric leafcutter species occurs frequently such that cultivars of Atta are not distinct from those of Acromyrmex . Leafcutters specialized on Clade‐B fungi occur only in South America. Diversity of Clade‐A fungi is greatest in South America, but minimal in Central and North America. Maximum cultivar diversity in South America is predicted by the Kusnezov–Fowler hypothesis that leafcutter ants originated in subtropical South America and only dicot‐specialized leafcutter ants migrated out of South America, but the cultivar diversity becomes also compatible with a recently proposed hypothesis of a Central American origin by postulating that leafcutter ants acquired novel cultivars many times from other nonleafcutter fungus‐growing ants during their migrations from Central America across South America. We evaluate these biogeographic hypotheses in the light of estimated dates for the origins of leafcutter ants and their cultivars.

Enrichment of putatively damaging rare variants in the DYX2 locus and the reading-related genes CCDC136 and FLNC - Andrew K. Adams; Shelley D. Smith; Dongnhu T. Truong; Erik G. Willcutt; Richard K. Olson; John C. DeFries; Bruce F. Pennington; Jeffrey R. Gruen (Human Genetics, 2017)

MAM-E17 rat model impairments on a novel continuous performance task: effects of potential cognitive enhancing drugs - Adam C. Mar; Simon R. O. Nilsson; Begoña Gamallo-Lana; Ming Lei; Theda Dourado; Johan Alsiö; Lisa M. Saksida; Timothy J. Bussey; Trevor W. Robbins (Psychopharmacology, 2017)

The VALiDATe29 MRI Based Multi-Channel Atlas of the Squirrel Monkey Brain - Kurt G. Schilling; Yurui Gao; Iwona Stepniewska; Tung-Lin Wu; Feng Wang; Bennett A. Landman; John C. Gore; Li Min Chen; Adam W. Anderson (Neuroinformatics, 2017)

Gulf War illness (GWI) as a neuroimmune disease - Apostolos P. Georgopoulos; Lisa M. James; Adam F. Carpenter; Brian E. Engdahl; Arthur C. Leuthold; Scott M. Lewis (Experimental Brain Research, 2017)

Evaluating mechanisms of diversification in a Guineo‐Congolian tropical forest frog using demographic model selection - Daniel M. Portik; Adam D. Leaché; Danielle Rivera; Michael F. Barej; Marius Burger; Mareike Hirschfeld; Mark‐Oliver Rödel; David C. Blackburn; Matthew K. Fujita (Molecular Ecology, 2017)
The accumulation of biodiversity in tropical forests can occur through multiple allopatric and parapatric models of diversification, including forest refugia, riverine barriers and ecological gradients. Considerable debate surrounds the major diversification process, particularly in the West African Lower Guinea forests, which contain a complex geographic arrangement of topographic features and historical refugia. We used genomic data to investigate alternative mechanisms of diversification in the Gaboon forest frog, Scotobleps gabonicus , by first identifying population structure and then performing demographic model selection and spatially explicit analyses. We found that a majority of population divergences are best explained by allopatric models consistent with the forest refugia hypothesis and involve divergence in isolation with subsequent expansion and gene flow. These population divergences occurred simultaneously and conform to predictions based on climatically stable regions inferred through ecological niche modelling. Although forest refugia played a prominent role in the intraspecific diversification of S. gabonicus , we also find evidence for potential interactions between landscape features and historical refugia, including major rivers and elevational barriers such as the Cameroonian Volcanic Line. We outline the advantages of using genomewide variation in a model‐testing framework to distinguish between alternative allopatric hypotheses, and the pitfalls of limited geographic and molecular sampling. Although phylogeographic patterns are often species‐specific and related to life‐history traits, additional comparative studies incorporating genomic data are necessary for separating shared historical processes from idiosyncratic responses to environmental, climatic and geological influences on diversification.

Phenotypic distribution models corroborate species distribution models: A shift in the role and prevalence of a dominant prairie grass in response to climate change - Adam B. Smith; Jacob Alsdurf; Mary Knapp; Sara G. Baer; Loretta C. Johnson (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Phenotypic distribution within species can vary widely across environmental gradients but forecasts of species’ responses to environmental change often assume species respond homogenously across their ranges. We compared predictions from species and phenotype distribution models under future climate scenarios for Andropogon gerardii, a widely distributed, dominant grass found throughout the central United States. Phenotype data on aboveground biomass, height, leaf width, and chlorophyll content were obtained from 33 populations spanning a ~1000 km gradient that encompassed the majority of the species’ environmental range. Species and phenotype distribution models were trained using current climate conditions and projected to future climate scenarios. We used permutation procedures to infer the most important variable for each model. The species‐level response to climate was most sensitive to maximum temperature of the hottest month, but phenotypic variables were most sensitive to mean annual precipitation. The phenotype distribution models predict that A. gerardii could be largely functionally eliminated from where this species currently dominates, with biomass and height declining by up to ~60% and leaf width by ~20%. By the 2070s, the core area of highest suitability for A. gerardii is projected to shift up to ~700 km northeastward. Further, short‐statured phenotypes found in the present‐day short grass prairies on the western periphery of the species’ range will become favored in the current core ~800 km eastward of their current location. Combined, species and phenotype models predict this currently dominant prairie grass will decline in prevalence and stature. Thus, sourcing plant material for grassland restoration and forage should consider changes in the phenotype that will be favored under future climate conditions. Phenotype distribution models account for the role of intraspecific variation in determining responses to anticipated climate change and thereby complement predictions from species distributions models in guiding climate adaptation strategies.

Comparison of groundwater recharge estimation techniques in an alluvial aquifer system with an intermittent/ephemeral stream (Queensland, Australia) - Adam C. King; Matthias Raiber; Malcolm E. Cox; Dioni I. Cendón (Hydrogeology Journal, 2017)

Optimizing angles of rooftop photovoltaics, ratios of solar to vegetated roof systems, and economic benefits, in Portland, Oregon, USA - Nicole E. Statler; Amanda M. Adams; Ted C. Eckmann (Environment Systems and Decisions, 2017)

The effect of foraging and ontogeny on the prevalence and intensity of the invasive parasite Anguillicola crassus in the European eel Anguilla anguilla - J Barry; M Newton; J A Dodd; D Evans; J Newton; C E Adams (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2017)
Infection patterns of the invasive Anguillicola crassus nematode were investigated in a population of the European eel Anguilla anguilla where parasite invasion is very recent , Loch Lomond, Scotland. Intensity levels of the parasite were associated with differences in fish ontogeny and trophic ecology. Although eels foraged on both fish and invertebrates, individuals which were smaller and fed on invertebrates (>70% contribution to diet) were found to contain a greater number of swim bladder parasites compared to larger eel with a predominance of fish (>60% contribution) in their diet. Within affected fish, a significant negative relationship was found between fish length and parasite intensity, with smaller individuals having higher parasite intensity than larger individuals. This study indicates that food intake and infection risk are linked in this recently infected host–parasite system. From a management perspective increasing our understanding of how infection intensity and repeated exposure is linked to resource use in an ecosystem is important for the future management of this endangered species in Europe.

An Australian provenance for the eastern Otago Schist protolith, South Island, New Zealand: evidence from detrital zircon age patterns and implications for the origin of its gold - C. J. Adams; H. J. Campbell; W. L. Griffin (Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2017)

Carbon Input and Accumulation in Freshwater to Brackish Marshes on the Barrier Islands of Virginia, USA - Nathan Sedghi; Emily C. Adams; Frank P. Day (Wetlands, 2017)

Papua New Guinea terrestrial‐vertebrate richness: elevation matters most for all except reptiles - Oliver Tallowin; Allen Allison; Adam C. Algar; Fred Kraus; Shai Meiri (Journal of Biogeography, 2017)
Aims To examine species richness patterns in Papua New Guinea's terrestrial vertebrates and test for geographical congruence between the four classes, and between lizard and snake subgroups. To assess the environmental correlates of Papua New Guinean terrestrial‐vertebrate richness, and contrast effects of varying analytical resolution and correction for spatial autocorrelation. We predict congruence in the bird, mammal and to a lesser extent amphibian richness, with weak congruence or incongruence between reptiles and the other taxonomic groups. We further predict these patterns will stem from relative or in the case of reptiles dissimilar, correlative trends with environmental predictors such as elevation and temperature. Location Papua New Guinea. Methods Having created and updated distribution maps for reptiles, we compare them with known ranges of amphibians, birds and mammals and generate species richness grids at quarter‐, half‐ and one‐ degree spatial resolutions. We examine congruence in species richness between vertebrate groups and between reptile subgroups. We employed spreading‐dye models to simulate species richness according to eight environmental predictors and one random model. We accounted for spatial autocorrelation in all analyses. Results Papua New Guinean amphibian, bird and mammal species richness are spatially congruent, a trend which strengthens with decreasing spatial resolution. Reptiles and the lizard and snake subgroups reveal remarkably different spatial‐richness trends. Elevational predictors, particularly elevational range at coarse resolutions, provide the strongest correlates of species richness. Terrestrial‐vertebrate richness increases with elevation, whereas reptile richness decreases. Main conclusions Congruent species richness gradients in Papua New Guinea are observed in most terrestrial vertebrates, except reptiles. Topographic heterogeneity and associated climatic clines promote diversity in most terrestrial vertebrates but appear to strongly constrain reptile diversity. The topographical complexity and climatic stratification of tropical mountains clearly present a wealth of opportunities for diversification in most terrestrial vertebrate groups. As reptiles are strongly constrained by temperature, tropical mountains present more of a diversification barrier for them.

Mother–infant interactions and regional brain volumes in infancy: an MRI study - Vaheshta Sethna; Inês Pote; Siying Wang; Maria Gudbrandsen; Anna Blasi; Caroline McCusker; Eileen Daly; Emily Perry; Kerrie P. H. Adams; Maria Kuklisova-Murgasova; Paula Busuulwa; Sarah Lloyd-Fox; et al. (Brain Structure and Function, 2017)

Wildfire size alters long‐term vegetation trajectories in boreal forests of eastern North America - Cécile C. Remy; Martin Lavoie; Martin P. Girardin; Christelle Hély; Yves Bergeron; Pierre Grondin; France Oris; Hugo Asselin; Adam A. Ali (Journal of Biogeography, 2017)
Aim Wildfire activity is projected to increase under global warming in many parts of the world. Knowledge of the role of these disturbances in shaping the composition of boreal forests is needed to better anticipate their future impacts. Here, we investigate the incidence of wildfire activity (burned biomass, frequency and size) on multi‐millennia vegetation trajectories in two coniferous boreal forest regions that display different types of vegetation composition and relief. We hypothesize that this difference in vegetation results from dissimilar wildfire activity during the Holocene. Location Conifer‐dominated boreal forests in Quebec‐Labrador, eastern North America. Methods Fire and vegetation histories during the last 8000 years were reconstructed and compared through analyses of charcoal and pollen records extracted from nine lacustrine deposits located in two spruce‐moss forests: the western region, co‐dominated by Pinus banksiana, and the eastern region, co‐dominated by Abies balsamea . Results Between 7000 and 2000 cal. yr bp , the western region experienced fewer fires than the eastern region, but they were larger in size. The main species adapted to fire, P. banksiana and Alnus viridis ssp. crispa, progressively co‐dominated with Picea sp.. Conversely, in the eastern region, P. banksiana and A. viridis ssp. crispa were very rare, and Picea sp. co‐dominated with non‐fire‐adapted A. balsamea and Betula sp.. Then, around 2000 cal. yr bp , fires decreased in frequency but were larger in size in the eastern region than in the western one, thus allowing densification of P. banksiana and A. viridis ssp. crispa in these landscapes. Main conclusions In the coniferous boreal forests of eastern North America, fire size was relatively more important in determining the long‐term vegetation trajectories in comparison with fire frequency. Changes in the rate of occurrence of large‐fire episodes will have significant impacts on vegetation dynamics over the next decades under continuing warming.

Patterns and mechanisms of invasive plant impacts on North American birds: a systematic review - Scott B. Nelson; Jaime J. Coon; Courtney J. Duchardt; Jason D. Fischer; Samniqueka J. Halsey; Adam J. Kranz; Christine M. Parker; Sarah C. Schneider; Timothy M. Swartz; James R. Miller (Biological Invasions, 2017)

Persistent Organic Pollutant and Hormone Levels in Harbor Porpoise with B Cell Lymphoma - Stephanie A. Norman; Zach C. Winfield; Barry H. Rickman; Sascha Usenko; Matthew Klope; Susan Berta; Sandra Dubpernell; Howard Garrett; Mary Jo Adams; Dyanna Lambourn; Jessica L. Huggins; Nadine Lysiak; et al. (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2017)

Emissions and Partitioning of Intermediate-Volatility and Semi-Volatile Polar Organic Compounds (I/SV-POCs) During Laboratory Combustion of Boreal and Sub-Tropical Peat - Reddy L. N. Yatavelli; L.-W. Antony Chen; Joseph Knue; Vera Samburova; Madhu Gyawali; Adam C. Watts; Rajan K. Chakrabarty; Hans Moosmüller; Alma Hodzic; Xiaoliang Wang; Barbara Zielinska; Judith C. Chow; et al. (Aerosol Science and Engineering, 2017)

Nitrite in processed meat products in Khartoum, Sudan and dietary intake - Aziza Hussein Bakheit Adam; Nazik Eltayeb Musa Mustafa; Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens (Food Additives & Contaminants Part B-Surveillance, 2017)

A Mechanistic Model for Secchi Disk Depth, Driven by Light Scattering Constituents - Steven W. Effler; Christopher Strait; David M. O’Donnell; Adam J.P. Effler; Feng Peng; Anthony R. Prestigiacomo; Susan M. O’Donnell; MaryGail Perkins; Steve C. Chapra (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2017)

Canopy trees in an urban landscape – viable forests or long-lived gardens? - Adam C. Labatore; David J. Spiering; Daniel L. Potts; Robert J. Warren (Urban Ecosystems, 2017)

The evolution of the natural killer complex; a comparison between mammals using new high-quality genome assemblies and targeted annotation - John C. Schwartz; Mark S. Gibson; Dorothea Heimeier; Sergey Koren; Adam M. Phillippy; Derek M. Bickhart; Timothy P. L. Smith; Juan F. Medrano; John A. Hammond (Immunogenetics, 2017)

A Fluorescence-Based High-Throughput Coupled Enzymatic Assay for Quantitation of Isoaspartate in Proteins and Peptides - Aastha Puri; Yong Quan; Ajit S. Narang; Monica Adams; Rajesh Gandhi; Vishal C. Nashine (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2017)

Stoichiometry of Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus , and small eukaryotic populations in the western North Atlantic Ocean - Steven E. Baer; Michael W. Lomas; Kristina X. Terpis; Céline Mouginot; Adam C. Martiny (Environmental Microbiology, 2017)
Summary In the North Atlantic Ocean, we found that natural populations of Prochlorococcus adhered to Redfield ratio dimensions when comparing cell quotas of carbon to nitrogen, but had flexible composition under nutrient and light stress, allowing for a broad range of cellular carbon‐ and nitrogen‐to‐phosphorus ratios. Synechococcus populations also exhibited a wide range of elemental stoichiometry, including carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratios and increased their carbon‐to‐phosphorus ratios in response to low dissolved phosphorus availability. Small eukaryotic populations tended to have lower carbon‐to‐phosphorus ratios than single cell cyanobacterial groups, with the exception of one group of samples, which highlights the importance of community composition when determining how biological diversity influences bulk particle stoichiometry. The ratio of dissolved nitrogen:phosphorus fluxes into the euphotic zone was not correlated to nitrogen:phosphorus cellular quotas. The lack of a homeostatic relationship implies that other mechanisms, such as species‐specific adaptation to oligotrophic phosphorus concentrations, control elemental particle ratios.

Golden Eagle fatalities and the continental‐scale consequences of local wind‐energy generation - Todd E. Katzner; David M. Nelson; Melissa A. Braham; Jacqueline M. Doyle; Nadia B. Fernandez; Adam E. Duerr; Peter H. Bloom; Matthew C. Fitzpatrick; Tricia A. Miller; Renee C. E. Culver; Loan Braswell; J. Andrew DeWoody (Conservation Biology, 2017)
Renewable energy production is expanding rapidly despite mostly unknown environmental effects on wildlife and habitats. We used genetic and stable isotope data collected from Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) killed at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (APWRA) in California in demographic models to test hypotheses about the geographic extent and demographic consequences of fatalities caused by renewable energy facilities. Geospatial analyses of δ 2 H values obtained from feathers showed that ≥25% of these APWRA‐killed eagles were recent immigrants to the population, most from long distances away (>100 km). Data from nuclear genes indicated this subset of immigrant eagles was genetically similar to birds identified as locals from the δ 2 H data. Demographic models implied that in the face of this mortality, the apparent stability of the local Golden Eagle population was maintained by continental‐scale immigration. These analyses demonstrate that ecosystem management decisions concerning the effects of local‐scale renewable energy can have continental‐scale consequences.

Investigation of early mussel ( Perna canaliculus ) development using histology, SEM imaging, immunochemistry and confocal microscopy - Adam B. Rusk; Andrea C. Alfaro; Tim Young; Ellie Watts; Serean L. Adams (Marine Biology Research, 2017)

Groups of roving midnight parrotfish (Scarus coelestinus) prey on sergeant major damselfish (Abudefduf saxatilis) nests - Thomas C. Adam; Megan Kelley; Benjamin I. Ruttenberg; Deron E. Burkepile (Marine Biodiversity, 2017)

SimVascular: An Open Source Pipeline for Cardiovascular Simulation - Adam Updegrove; Nathan M. Wilson; Jameson Merkow; Hongzhi Lan; Alison L. Marsden; Shawn C. Shadden (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2017)

Effect of Anconeus Muscle Blocking on Elbow Kinematics: Electromyographic, Inertial Sensors and Finite Element Study - Israel Miguel-Andres; Teresa Alonso-Rasgado; Alan Walmsley; Adam C. Watts (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2017)

Convergence of bark investment according to fire and climate structures ecosystem vulnerability to future change - Adam F. A. Pellegrini; William R. L. Anderegg; C. E. Timothy Paine; William A. Hoffmann; Tyler Kartzinel; Sam S. Rabin; Douglas Sheil; Augusto C. Franco; Stephen W. Pacala (Ecology Letters, 2017)
Fire regimes in savannas and forests are changing over much of the world. Anticipating the impact of these changes requires understanding how plants are adapted to fire. In this study, we test whether fire imposes a broad selective force on a key fire‐tolerance trait, bark thickness, across 572 tree species distributed worldwide. We show that investment in thick bark is a pervasive adaptation in frequently burned areas across savannas and forests in both temperate and tropical regions where surface fires occur. Geographic variability in bark thickness is largely explained by annual burned area and precipitation seasonality. Combining environmental and species distribution data allowed us to assess vulnerability to future climate and fire conditions: tropical rainforests are especially vulnerable, whereas seasonal forests and savannas are more robust. The strong link between fire and bark thickness provides an avenue for assessing the vulnerability of tree communities to fire and demands inclusion in global models.

Angiopoietins as serum biomarkers for lymphatic anomalies - Timothy D. Le Cras; Paula S. Mobberley-Schuman; Mary Broering; Lin Fei; Cameron C. Trenor; Denise M. Adams (Angiogenesis, 2017)

Assessing uncertainties in land cover projections - Peter Alexander; Reinhard Prestele; Peter H. Verburg; Almut Arneth; Claudia Baranzelli; Filipe Batista e Silva; Calum Brown; Adam Butler; Katherine Calvin; Nicolas Dendoncker; Jonathan C. Doelman; Robert Dunford; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Understanding uncertainties in land cover projections is critical to investigating land‐based climate mitigation policies, assessing the potential of climate adaptation strategies and quantifying the impacts of land cover change on the climate system. Here, we identify and quantify uncertainties in global and European land cover projections over a diverse range of model types and scenarios, extending the analysis beyond the agro‐economic models included in previous comparisons. The results from 75 simulations over 18 models are analysed and show a large range in land cover area projections, with the highest variability occurring in future cropland areas. We demonstrate systematic differences in land cover areas associated with the characteristics of the modelling approach, which is at least as great as the differences attributed to the scenario variations. The results lead us to conclude that a higher degree of uncertainty exists in land use projections than currently included in climate or earth system projections. To account for land use uncertainty, it is recommended to use a diverse set of models and approaches when assessing the potential impacts of land cover change on future climate. Additionally, further work is needed to better understand the assumptions driving land use model results and reveal the causes of uncertainty in more depth, to help reduce model uncertainty and improve the projections of land cover.

Rehabilitation of community-owned, mixed-use rangelands: lessons from the Ewaso ecosystem in Kenya - David W. Kimiti; Anne-Marie C. Hodge; Jeffrey E. Herrick; Adam W. Beh; Laurie E. Abbott (Plant Ecology, 2017)

Growth of four tropical tree species in petroleum-contaminated soil and effects of crude oil contamination - I. Pérez-Hernández; S. Ochoa-Gaona; R. H. Adams; M. C. Rivera-Cruz; V. Pérez-Hernández; A. Jarquín-Sánchez; V. Geissen; P. Martínez-Zurimendi (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017)

Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) presence and proliferation on former surface coal mines in Eastern USA - Adam J. Oliphant; R. H. Wynne; C. E. Zipper; W. M. Ford; P. F. Donovan; Jing Li (Biological Invasions, 2017)

Louis M. Herman 1930–2016 - Adam A. Pack; Elia Y. K. Herman; C. Scott Baker; Gordon B. Bauer; Phillip J. Clapham; Richard C. Connor; Alison S. Craig; Paul H. Forestell; Adam S. Frankel; Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara; Matthias Hoffmann‐Kuhnt; Eduardo Mercado; et al. (Marine Mammal Science, 2017)

Decontamination treatments to eliminate problem biota from macroalgal tank cultures of Osmundea pinnatifida, Palmaria palmata and Ulva lactuca - Philip D. Kerrison; Hau Nhu Le; Gail C. Twigg; Duncan R. Smallman; Rory MacPhee; Fiona A. B. Houston; Adam D. Hughes (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2016)

Morphological, ecological and behavioural differentiation of sympatric profundal and pelagic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in Loch Dughaill Scotland - O. E. Hooker; J. Barry; T. E. Van Leeuwen; A. Lyle; J. Newton; P. Cunningham; C. E. Adams (Hydrobiologia, 2016)

Multipoint genome-wide linkage scan for nonword repetition in a multigenerational family further supports chromosome 13q as a locus for verbal trait disorders - D. T. Truong; L. D. Shriberg; S. D. Smith; K. L. Chapman; A. R. Scheer-Cohen; M. M. C. DeMille; A. K. Adams; A. Q. Nato; E. M. Wijsman; J. D. Eicher; J. R. Gruen (Human Genetics, 2016)

Changes in resting mitogen-activated protein kinases following resistance exercise overreaching and overtraining - Justin X. Nicoll; Andrew C. Fry; Andrew J. Galpin; Adam J. Sterczala; Donald B. Thomason; Christopher A. Moore; Lawrence W. Weiss; Loren Z. F. Chiu (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2016)

Diplomacy for science: strategies to promote international collaboration - Igor Linkov; Sankar Basu; Cathleen Fisher; Nancy Jackson; Adam C. Jones; Maija M. Kuklja; Benjamin D. Trump (Environment Systems and Decisions, 2016)

Evolutionary Connectionism: Algorithmic Principles Underlying the Evolution of Biological Organisation in Evo-Devo, Evo-Eco and Evolutionary Transitions - Richard A. Watson; Rob Mills; C. L. Buckley; Kostas Kouvaris; Adam Jackson; Simon T. Powers; Chris Cox; Simon Tudge; Adam Davies; Loizos Kounios; Daniel Power (Evolutionary Biology, 2016)

Concurrence of lower jaw skeletal anomalies in triploid Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) and the effect on growth in freshwater - G Amoroso; J M Cobcroft; M B Adams; T Ventura; C G Carter (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2016)
Triploid Atlantic salmon populations are associated with higher prevalence of lower jaw skeletal anomalies affecting fish performance, welfare and value deleteriously. Anomalous lower jaw can be curved downward ( LJD ), shortened ( SJ ) or misaligned ( MA ). Two separate groups of triploid Atlantic salmon (~12 g) with either normal lower jaw ( NOR ) or SJ were visually assessed four times over three months for presence and concurrence of jaw anomalies (with severity classified) and opercular shortening to understand the relatedness of these anomalous developmental processes. The prevalence of jaw anomalies increased in both groups over time ( NOR group – SJ , LJD and MA combined 0–24.5%; SJ group – LJD and MA combined 17–31%). SJ and LJD occurred both independently and concurrently whereas MA exclusively concurred with them. All three anomalies could be concurrent. Severity of both LJD and SJ increased in the SJ group only. Opercular shortening recovery was observed in both groups but at a slower rate in the SJ group. The SJ group specific growth rate ( SGR ) was significantly ( P 0.05) lower than the NOR group. This study demonstrated the concurrence of SJ , LJD and MA and showed possible deleterious consequences deriving from the conditions.

Enhancing conservation of A ustralian freshwater ecosystems: identification of freshwater flagship fishes and relevant target audiences - Brendan C Ebner; David L Morgan; Adam Kerezsy; Scott Hardie; Stephen J Beatty; Jamie E Seymour; James A Donaldson; Simon Linke; Stirling Peverell; David Roberts; Thomas Espinoza; Nadine Marshall; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2016)
Flagship species, especially mammals and birds, are commonly used to increase awareness of conservation issues in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. However, flagship species oriented programs are often ad hoc with initiatives scarce in the freshwater context. Here, we aim to identify potential flagship candidates that would appeal to a broad cross section of society at a continental scale where freshwater ecosystems are under threat from human impacts. We identified 19 species from a list of 299 Australian freshwater fishes on the basis of body size, trophic guild and threatened species status assuming these characteristics of flagship species are transferable from previous work on terrestrial flagship species. We considered the potential of species to be of international appeal but focused mostly on eight relevant interest groups within Australia. This followed the rationale that public engagement with conservation issues in freshwater systems might be more effective if the link between fish species and the decisions people make were better understood, and we acknowledge the diverging interests of stakeholders. This scoping work contributes towards addressing the challenges of connecting societies to the principles of sharing water resources with ecosystems, and represents the first continental‐scale assessment of its kind.

Characterization of fresh and weathered petroleum for potential impacts to soil fertility - C. M. Morales-Bautista; R. H. Adams; J. R. Hernández-Barajas; C. E. Lobato-García; J. G. Torres-Torres (International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2016)

What caused the spring intensification and winter demise of the 2011 drought over Texas? - D. Nelun Fernando; Kingtse C. Mo; Rong Fu; Bing Pu; Adam Bowerman; Bridget R. Scanlon; Ruben S. Solis; Lei Yin; Robert E. Mace; John R. Mioduszewski; Tong Ren; Kai Zhang (Climate Dynamics, 2016)

Evidence for extensive but variable nutrient limitation in New Zealand lakes - Amy C. Krist; Adam D. Kay; Elizabeth Scherber; Katelyn Larkin; Bennett J. Brown; Diana Lu; Donald T. Warren; Ruth Riedl; Maurine Neiman (Evolutionary Ecology, 2016)

An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of CO2 Distribution in the Upper Airways During Nasal High Flow Therapy - S. C. Van Hove; J. Storey; C. Adams; K. Dey; P. H. Geoghegan; N. Kabaliuk; S. D. Oldfield; C. J. T. Spence; M. C. Jermy; V. Suresh; J. E. Cater (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2016)

Genetic dissection of chlorate respiration in P seudomonas stutzeri PDA reveals syntrophic (per)chlorate reduction - Iain C. Clark; Matt Youngblut; Gillian Jacobsen; Kelly M. Wetmore; Adam Deutschbauer; Lauren Lucas; John D. Coates (Environmental Microbiology, 2016)
Summary Genes important for growth of P seudomonas stutzeri PDA on chlorate were identified using a randomly DNA bar‐coded transposon mutant library. During chlorate reduction, mutations in genes encoding the chlorate reductase clrABC , predicted molybdopterin cofactor chaperon clrD , molybdopterin biosynthesis and two genes of unknown function ( clrE , clrF ) had fitness defects in pooled mutant assays (Bar‐seq). Markerless in‐frame deletions confirmed that clrA, clrB and clrC were essential for chlorate reduction, while clrD , clrE and clrF had less severe growth defects. Interestingly, the key detoxification gene cld was essential for chlorate reduction in isogenic pure culture experiments, but showed only minor fitness defects in Bar‐seq experiments. We hypothesized this was enabled through chlorite dismutation by the community, as most strains in the Bar‐seq library contained an intact cld . In support of this, Δ cld grew with wild‐type PDA or Δ clrA , and purified Cld also restored growth to the Δ cld mutant. Expanding on this, wild‐type PDA and a Δ cld mutant of the perchlorate reducer A zospira suillum PS grew on perchlorate in co‐culture, but not individually. These results demonstrate that co‐occurrence of cld and a chloroxyanion reductase within a single organism is not necessary and raises the possibility of syntrophic (per)chlorate respiration in the environment.

Erratum to: The continuous performance test (rCPT) for mice: a novel operant touchscreen test of attentional function - Chi Hun Kim; Martha Hvoslef-Eide; Simon R. O. Nilsson; Mark R. Johnson; Bronwen R. Herbert; Trevor W. Robbins; Lisa M. Saksida; Timothy J. Bussey; Adam C. Mar (Psychopharmacology, 2016)

Pilot Study of the Importance of Factors Affecting Emergency Department Opioid Analgesic Prescribing Decisions - Adam C. Pomerleau; Justin D. Schrager; Brent W. Morgan (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2016)

Climate Change and Ecosystem Services Output Efficiency in Southern Loblolly Pine Forests - Andres Susaeta; Damian C. Adams; Douglas R. Carter; Puneet Dwivedi (Environmental Management, 2016)

Response of herbivore functional groups to sequential perturbations in Moorea, French Polynesia - Xueying Han; Thomas C. Adam; Russell J. Schmitt; Andrew J. Brooks; Sally J. Holbrook (Coral Reefs, 2016)

HU histone-like DNA-binding protein from Thermus thermophilus: structural and evolutionary analyses - Anna C. Papageorgiou; Panagiotis S. Adam; Philemon Stavros; George Nounesis; Rob Meijers; Kyriacos Petratos; Constantinos E. Vorgias (Extremophiles, 2016)

Does size matter? A test of size‐specific mortality in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts tagged with acoustic transmitters - M. Newton; J. Barry; J. A. Dodd; M. C. Lucas; P. Boylan; C. E. Adams (Journal of Fish Biology, 2016)
Mortality rates of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts implanted with acoustic transmitters were assessed to determine if mortality was size dependent. The routinely accepted, but widely debated, ‘2% transmitter mass: body mass’ rule in biotelemetry was tested by extending the transmitter burden up to 12·7% of body mass in small [mean fork length ( L F ) 138·3 mm, range 115–168 mm] downstream migrating S. salar smolts. Over the short timescale of emigration (range 11·9–44·5 days) through the lower river and estuary, mortality was not related to S. salar size, nor was a relationship found between mortality probability and transmitter mass: body mass or transmitter length: L F ratios. This study provides further evidence that smolt migration studies can deviate from the ‘2% rule’ of thumb, to more appropriate study‐specific measures, which enables the use of fishes representative of the body size in natural populations without undue effects.

Target position relative to the head is essential for predicting head movement during head-free gaze pursuit - Adam C. Pallus; Edward G. Freedman (Experimental Brain Research, 2016)

Modeling and experiments of polydisperse particle clouds - Adrian C. H. Lai; Ruo-Qian Wang; Adrian Wing-Keung Law; E. Eric Adams (Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 2016)

Fertilization limitation of Diadema antillarum on coral reefs in the Florida Keys - Colette J. Feehan; Michael S. Brown; William C. Sharp; Jean‐Sébastien Lauzon‐Guay; Diane K. Adams (Ecology, 2016)
Mass mortality of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum due to disease outbreaks in 1983 and 1991 decimated populations in the Florida Keys, and they have yet to recover. Here, we use a coupled advection–diffusion and fertilization–kinetics model to test the hypothesis that these populations are fertilization limited. We found that fertilization success was ≥ 96% prior to the first disease outbreak, decreased substantially following recurrent disease to 3%, and has since remained low. By investigating the combined effects of physical factors (population spatial extent and current velocity) and sea urchin behavior (aggregation) on density‐dependent fertilization success, we show that fertilization success at a given density increases with increasing population spatial extent and decreasing current velocity, and is greater under simulated aggregation behavior of D. antillarum . However, at present population densities, the increase in fertilization success due to aggregation is D. antillarum restocking program to obtain reproductively viable populations.

Novel genetic risk factors for asthma in African American children: Precision Medicine and the SAGE II Study - Marquitta J. White; O. Risse-Adams; P. Goddard; M. G. Contreras; J. Adams; D. Hu; C. Eng; S. S. Oh; A. Davis; K. Meade; E. Brigino-Buenaventura; M. A. LeNoir; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2016)

Characterization of pollution transport into Texas using OMI and TES satellite, GIS and in situ data, and HYSPLIT back trajectory analyses: implications for TCEQ State Implementation Plans - D. Bella; J. Culpepper; J. Khaimova; N. Ahmed; Adam Belkalai; I. Arroyo; J. Andrews; S. Gentle; S. Emmanuel; M. Lahmouh; J. Ealy; Zayna King; et al. (Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2016)

Area, climate heterogeneity, and the response of climate niches to ecological opportunity in island radiations of A nolis lizards - Adam C. Algar; D. Luke Mahler (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2016)
Aim Rates of climate niche evolution underlie numerous fundamental ecological processes and patterns. However, while climate niche conservatism varies markedly among regions and clades, the source of this variation remains poorly understood. We tested whether ecological opportunity can stimulate radiation within climate niche space at biogeographic scales, predicting that rates of climate niche evolution will scale with geographic area and climate heterogeneity. Location Caribbean Methods We quantified two temperature axes (mean temperature and temperature seasonality of species' localities) of the climate niche for 130 A nolis species on C uba, H ispaniola, P uerto R ico, J amaica and the northern and southern L esser A ntilles. Using a species‐level phylogeny, we fitted macroevolutionary models that either constrained rates of climate niche evolution or allowed them to vary among regions. Next, we regressed region‐specific evolutionary rates against area, species richness and climate heterogeneity. We evaluated whether results were robust to uncertainty in phylogenetic and biogeographic reconstructions and the assumed mode of evolution. Results For both niche axes, an O rnstein‐ U hlenbeck model that allowed the net rate of evolution (σ 2 ) to vary among island groups fit the data considerably better than a single‐rate B rownian motion model. Nagelkerke pseudo‐ R 2 values of the fit of these OU models to mean temperature and seasonality axes were 0.43 and 0.66, respectively. Evolutionary rates for both axes were higher in larger areas, which also have more species. Only the rate of mean occupied temperature evolution was positively related to climate heterogeneity, and only after accounting for region size. Conclusions Rates of climate niche evolution scale consistently with the area available for radiation, but responses to climate heterogeneity vary among niche axes. For the mean temperature axis, climate heterogeneity generated additional opportunities for radiation, but for seasonality it did not. Overall, the physical setting in which a clade diversifies can influence where it falls on the evolutionary continuum, from climate niche conservatism to radiation.

The effects of increasing dietary levels of amino acid-supplemented soy protein concentrate and constant dietary supplementation of phosphorus on growth, composition and immune responses of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) - C. Metochis; V. O. Crampton; K. Ruohonen; J. G. Bell; A. Adams; K. D. Thompson (Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2016)

Predictors of biospecimen donation in the Black Women’s Health Study - Lucile L. Adams-Campbell; Chiranjeev Dash; Julie R. Palmer; Manuela V. Wiedemeier; Cordelia W. Russell; Lynn Rosenberg; Yvette C. Cozier (Cancer Causes & Control, 2016)

Testosterone enables growth and hypertrophy in fusion impaired myoblasts that display myotube atrophy: deciphering the role of androgen and IGF-I receptors - David C. Hughes; Claire E. Stewart; Nicholas Sculthorpe; Hannah F. Dugdale; Farzad Yousefian; Mark P. Lewis; Adam P. Sharples (Biogerontology, 2016)

Skeletal muscle cells possess a ‘memory’ of acute early life TNF-α exposure: role of epigenetic adaptation - Adam P. Sharples; Ioanna Polydorou; David C. Hughes; Daniel J. Owens; Thomas M. Hughes; Claire E. Stewart (Biogerontology, 2016)

Evaluation of the onset and length of growing season to define planting date—‘a case study for Mali (West Africa)’ - F. M. Akinseye; S. O. Agele; P. C. S. Traore; M. Adam; A. M. Whitbread (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2016)

Adaptive divergence despite strong genetic drift: genomic analysis of the evolutionary mechanisms causing genetic differentiation in the island fox ( Urocyon littoralis ) - W. Chris Funk; Robert E. Lovich; Paul A. Hohenlohe; Courtney A. Hofman; Scott A. Morrison; T. Scott Sillett; Cameron K. Ghalambor; Jesus E. Maldonado; Torben C. Rick; Mitch D. Day; Nicholas R. Polato; Sarah W. Fitzpatrick; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2016)
The evolutionary mechanisms generating the tremendous biodiversity of islands have long fascinated evolutionary biologists. Genetic drift and divergent selection are predicted to be strong on islands and both could drive population divergence and speciation. Alternatively, strong genetic drift may preclude adaptation. We conducted a genomic analysis to test the roles of genetic drift and divergent selection in causing genetic differentiation among populations of the island fox ( Urocyon littoralis ). This species consists of six subspecies, each of which occupies a different California Channel Island. Analysis of 5293 SNP loci generated using Restriction‐site Associated DNA ( RAD ) sequencing found support for genetic drift as the dominant evolutionary mechanism driving population divergence among island fox populations. In particular, populations had exceptionally low genetic variation, small N e (range = 2.1–89.7; median = 19.4), and significant genetic signatures of bottlenecks. Moreover, islands with the lowest genetic variation (and, by inference, the strongest historical genetic drift) were most genetically differentiated from mainland grey foxes, and vice versa, indicating genetic drift drives genome‐wide divergence. Nonetheless, outlier tests identified 3.6–6.6% of loci as high F ST outliers, suggesting that despite strong genetic drift, divergent selection contributes to population divergence. Patterns of similarity among populations based on high F ST outliers mirrored patterns based on morphology, providing additional evidence that outliers reflect adaptive divergence. Extremely low genetic variation and small N e in some island fox populations, particularly on San Nicolas Island, suggest that they may be vulnerable to fixation of deleterious alleles, decreased fitness and reduced adaptive potential.

Synchronous genetic turnovers across Western Eurasia in Late Pleistocene collared lemmings - Eleftheria Palkopoulou; Mateusz Baca; Natalia I. Abramson; Mikhail Sablin; Paweł Socha; Adam Nadachowski; Stefan Prost; Mietje Germonpré; Pavel Kosintsev; Nickolay G. Smirnov; Sergey Vartanyan; Dmitry Ponomarev; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2016)
Recent palaeogenetic studies indicate a highly dynamic history in collared lemmings ( Dicrostonyx spp.), with several demographical changes linked to climatic fluctuations that took place during the last glaciation. At the western range margin of D. torquatus , these changes were characterized by a series of local extinctions and recolonizations. However, it is unclear whether this pattern represents a local phenomenon, possibly driven by ecological edge effects, or a global phenomenon that took place across large geographical scales. To address this, we explored the palaeogenetic history of the collared lemming using a next‐generation sequencing approach for pooled mitochondrial DNA amplicons. Sequences were obtained from over 300 fossil remains sampled across Eurasia and two sites in North America. We identified five mitochondrial lineages of D. torquatus that succeeded each other through time across Europe and western Russia, indicating a history of repeated population extinctions and recolonizations, most likely from eastern Russia, during the last 50 000 years. The observation of repeated extinctions across such a vast geographical range indicates large‐scale changes in the steppe‐tundra environment in western Eurasia during the last glaciation. All Holocene samples, from across the species' entire range, belonged to only one of the five mitochondrial lineages. Thus, extant D. torquatus populations only harbour a small fraction of the total genetic diversity that existed across different stages of the Late Pleistocene. In North American samples, haplotypes belonging to both D. groenlandicus and D. richardsoni were recovered from a Late Pleistocene site in south‐western Canada. This suggests that D. groenlandicus had a more southern and D. richardsoni a more northern glacial distribution than previously thought. This study provides significant insights into the population dynamics of a small mammal at a large geographical scale and reveals a rather complex demographical history, which could have had bottom‐up effects in the Late Pleistocene steppe‐tundra ecosystem.