A lipid normalization model for the analysis of stable isotopes in baleen whale earplugs - Farzaneh Mansouri; Danielle D. Crain; Zach C. Winfield; Richard Sabin; Charles W. Potter; Ren Zhang; Stephen J. Trumble; Sascha Usenko (Marine Mammal Science, 2021)

Patterns of mortality in endangered Cook Inlet beluga whales: Insights from pairing a long‐term photo‐identification study with stranding records - Tamara L. McGuire; Kim E. W. Shelden; Gina K. Himes Boor; Amber D. Stephens; John R. McClung; Christopher Garner; Caroline E. C. Goertz; Kathleen A. Burek‐Huntington; Greg O'Corry‐Crowe; Bruce Wright (Marine Mammal Science, 2021)
Mortality is a demographic metric crucial for understanding the dynamics of endangered populations such as Cook Inlet beluga whales (CIBWs, Delphinapterus leucas ), but patterns of mortality are currently not well understood for CIBWs, making decisions about recovery actions challenging. We combined long‐term photo‐ID data from approximately 420 individual belugas identified during the period 2005–2017 with stranding data from 95 dead belugas to identify patterns of mortality with respect to age, sex, geographic range, cause of death, and to estimate minimum mortality rates. Reported mortality was greatest for adults of reproductive age, followed by calves, with fewer subadults and no adults older than 49 years in the stranding data set despite lifespans of 70+ years reported in other beluga populations. Dead females and males were evenly represented. Live stranding was the predominant assigned cause of death but represented only ~33% of deaths of known cause. Causal factors for the majority of deaths and live strandings are unknown. Annual mortality estimated from reported carcasses relative to total population size averaged 2.2%. Our analysis advances our current understanding of mortality patterns in CIBWs but linking a greater proportion of carcasses to photo‐ID individuals would further improve our understanding; we conclude with recommendations for achieving this.

The setup and relaxation of spring upwelling in a deep, rotationally influenced lake - Derek C. Roberts; Galen C. Egan; Alexander L. Forrest; John L. Largier; Fabian A. Bombardelli; Bernard E. Laval; Stephen G. Monismith; Geoffrey Schladow (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
Strong and sustained winds can drive dramatic hydrodynamic responses in density‐stratified lakes, with the associated transport and mixing impacting water quality, ecosystem function, and the stratification itself. Analytical expressions offer insight into the dynamics of stratified lakes during severe wind events. However, it can be difficult to predict the aggregate response of a natural system to the superposition of hydrodynamic phenomena in the presence of complex bathymetry and when forced by variable wind patterns. Using an array of current, temperature, and water quality measurements at the upwind shore, we detail the hydrodynamic response of deep, rotationally influenced Lake Tahoe to three strong wind events during late spring. Sustained southwesterly winds in excess of 10 m s −1 drove upwelling at the upwind shore (characteristic of non‐rotational upwelling setup), with upward excursions of deep water exceeding 70 m for the strongest event. Hypolimnetic water, with elevated concentrations of chlorophyll a and nitrate, was advected toward the nearshore, but this water rapidly returned to depth with the relaxation of upwelling after the winds subsided. The relaxation of upwelling exhibited rotational influence, highlighted by an along‐shore, cyclonic front characteristic of a Kelvin wave‐driven coastal jet, with velocities exceeding 25 cm s −1 . The rotational front also produced downwelling to 100 m, transporting dissolved oxygen to depth. More complex internal wave features followed the passage of these powerful internal waves. Results emphasize the complexity of these superimposed hydrodynamic phenomena in natural systems, providing a conceptual reference for the role upwelling events may play in lake ecosystems.

Late Quaternary chironomid community structure shaped by rate and magnitude of climate change - Roseanna J. Mayfield; Peter G. Langdon; C. Patrick Doncaster; John A. Dearing; Rong Wang; Gaute Velle; Kimberley L. Davies; Stephen J. Brooks (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2021)
Much is known about how climate change impacts ecosystem richness and turnover, but we have less understanding of its influence on ecosystem structures. Here, we use ecological metrics (beta diversity, compositional disorder and network skewness) to quantify the community structural responses of temperature‐sensitive chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) during the Late Glacial (14 700–11 700 cal a bp ) and Holocene (11 700 cal a bp to present). Analyses demonstrate high turnover (beta diversity) of chironomid composition across both epochs; however, structural metrics stayed relatively intact. Compositional disorder and skewness show greatest structural change in the Younger Dryas, following the rapid, high‐magnitude climate change at the Bølling–Allerød to Younger Dryas transition. There were fewer climate‐related structural changes across the early to mid–late Holocene, where climate change was more gradual and lower in magnitude. The reduced impact on structural metrics could be due to greater functional resilience provided by the wider chironomid community, or to the replacement of same functional‐type taxa in the network structure. These results provide insight into how future rapid climate change may alter chironomid communities and could suggest that while turnover may remain high under a rapidly warming climate, community structural dynamics retain some resilience.

Assessing the State of Coupled Social-Ecological Modeling in Support of Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management in the United States - Stephen Kasperski; Geret S. DePiper; Alan C. Haynie; Suzana Blake; Lisa L. Colburn; Amy Freitag; Michael Jepson; Mandy Karnauskas; Kirsten M. Leong; Douglas Lipton; Michelle Masi; Cameron Speir; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
There has been a proliferation of coupled social-ecological systems (SES) models created and published in recent years. However, the degree of coupling between natural and social systems varies widely across the different coupled models and is often a function of the disciplinary background of the team conducting the research. This manuscript examines models developed for and used by NOAA Fisheries in support of Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) in the United States. It provides resource managers and interdisciplinary scientists insights on the strengths and weaknesses of the most commonly used SES models: end-to-end models, conceptual models, bioeconomic models, management strategy evaluations (MSEs), fisher behavior models, integrated social vulnerability models, and regional economic impact models. These model types are not unique to the literature, but allow us to differentiate between one-way coupled models – where outputs from one model are inputs into a second model of another discipline with no feedback to the first model, and two-way coupled models – where there are linkages between the natural and social system models. For a model to provide useful strategic or tactical advice, it should only be coupled to the degree necessary to understand the important dynamics/responses of the system and to create management-relevant performance metrics or potential risks from an (in)action. However, one key finding is to not wait to integrate! This paper highlights the importance of “when” the coupling happens, as timing affects the ability to fully address management questions and multi-sectoral usage conflicts that consider the full SES for EBFM or ecosystem based management (EBM) more generally.

Long-term inter- and intraspecific dietary variation in sibling seabird species - William F. Mills; Tim I. Morley; Stephen C. Votier; Richard A. Phillips (Marine Biology, 2021)

Forgoing transesophageal echocardiogram in selected patients with complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia - John C. Lam; Daniel B. Gregson; Ranjani Somayaji; Stephen Robinson; John M. Conly; Lisa Welikovitch; Michael D. Parkins (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2021)

Alternative Biogeochemical States of River Pools Mediated by Hippo Use and Flow Variability - Christopher L. Dutton; Amanda L. Subalusky; Stephen K. Hamilton; Ella C. Bayer; Laban Njoroge; Emma J. Rosi; David M. Post (Ecosystems, 2021)

Climate change impacts and strategies for adaptation for water resource management in Indiana - Keith A. Cherkauer; Laura C. Bowling; Kyuhyun Byun; Indrajeet Chaubey; Natalie Chin; Darren L. Ficklin; Alan F. Hamlet; Stephen J. Kines; Charlotte I. Lee; Ram Neupane; Garett W. Pignotti; Sanoar Rahman; et al. (Climatic Change, 2021)

A new virus of the family Tombusviridae infecting sugarcane - Muhammad N. Tahir; Stephen Bolus; Samuel C. Grinstead; Sharon A. McFarlane; Dimitre Mollov (Archives of Virology, 2021)

The GenTree Leaf Collection: Inter‐ and intraspecific leaf variation in seven forest tree species in Europe - Raquel Benavides; Bárbara Carvalho; Cristina C. Bastias; David López‐Quiroga; Antonio Mas; Stephen Cavers; Alan Gray; Audrey Albet; Ricardo Alía; Olivier Ambrosio; Filippos Aravanopoulos; Francisco Auñón; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2021)
Motivation Trait variation within species can reveal plastic and/or genetic responses to environmental gradients, and may indicate where local adaptation has occurred. Here, we present a dataset of rangewide variation in leaf traits from seven of the most ecologically and economically important tree species in Europe. Sample collection and trait assessment are embedded in the GenTree project (EU‐Horizon 2020), which aims at characterizing the genetic and phenotypic variability of forest tree species to optimize the management and sustainable use of forest genetic resources. Our dataset captures substantial intra‐ and interspecific leaf phenotypic variability, and provides valuable information for studying the relationship between ecosystem functioning and trait variability of individuals, and the response and resilience of species to environmental changes. Main types of variable contained We chose morphological and chemical characters linked to trade‐offs between acquisition and conservation of resources and water use, namely specific leaf area, leaf size, carbon and nitrogen content and their ratio, and the isotopic signature of stable isotope 13 C and 15 N in leaves. Spatial location and grain We surveyed between 18 and 22 populations per species, 141 in total, across Europe. Time period Leaf sampling took place between 2016 and 2017. Major taxa and level of measurement We sampled at least 25 individuals in each population, 3,569 trees in total, and measured traits in 35,755 leaves from seven European tree species, i.e. the conifers Picea abies , Pinus pinaster and Pinus sylvestris , and the broadleaves Betula pendula , Fagus sylvatica , Populus nigra and Quercus petraea . Software format The data files are in ASCII text, tab delimited, not compressed.

Changes to the structure and function of an albacore fishery reveal shifting social‐ecological realities for Pacific Northwest fishermen - Timothy H. Frawley; Barbara A. Muhling; Stephanie Brodie; Mary C. Fisher; Desiree Tommasi; Gwendal Le Fol; Elliott L. Hazen; Stephen S. Stohs; Elena M. Finkbeiner; Michael G. Jacox (Fish and Fisheries, 2021)
Marine fisheries around the globe are increasingly exposed to external drivers of social and ecological change. Though diversification and flexibility have historically helped marine resource users negotiate risk and adversity, much of modern fisheries management treats fishermen as specialists using specific gear types to target specific species. Here, we describe the evolution of harvest portfolios amongst Pacific Northwest fishermen over 35+ years with explicit attention to changes in the structure and function of the albacore ( Thunnus alalunga, Scombridae) troll and pole‐and‐line fishery. Our analysis indicates that recent social–ecological changes have had heterogenous impacts upon the livelihood strategies favoured by different segments of regional fishing fleets. As ecological change and regulatory reform have restricted access to a number of fisheries, many of the regional small ( 60 ft) targeting albacore are more specialized now than previously observed, even as participation in multiple fisheries has become increasingly common for this size class. In describing divergent trajectories associated with the albacore fishery, one of the US West Coast's last open‐access fisheries, we highlight the diverse strategies and mechanisms utilized to sustain fisheries livelihoods in the modern era while arguing that alternative approaches to management and licensing may be required to maintain the viability of small‐scale fishing operations worldwide moving forward.

Forest responses to last‐millennium hydroclimate variability are governed by spatial variations in ecosystem sensitivity - Christine R. Rollinson; Andria Dawson; Ann M. Raiho; John W. Williams; Michael C. Dietze; Thomas Hickler; Stephen T. Jackson; Jason McLachlan; David JP Moore; Benjamin Poulter; Tristan Quaife; Jörg Steinkamp; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2021)
Forecasts of future forest change are governed by ecosystem sensitivity to climate change, but ecosystem model projections are under‐constrained by data at multidecadal and longer timescales. Here, we quantify ecosystem sensitivity to centennial‐scale hydroclimate variability, by comparing dendroclimatic and pollen‐inferred reconstructions of drought, forest composition and biomass for the last millennium with five ecosystem model simulations. In both observations and models, spatial patterns in ecosystem responses to hydroclimate variability are strongly governed by ecosystem sensitivity rather than climate exposure. Ecosystem sensitivity was higher in models than observations and highest in simpler models. Model‐data comparisons suggest that interactions among biodiversity, demography and ecophysiology processes dampen the sensitivity of forest composition and biomass to climate variability and change. Integrating ecosystem models with observations from timescales extending beyond the instrumental record can better understand and forecast the mechanisms regulating forest sensitivity to climate variability in a complex and changing world.

Assessing the impact of taxon resolution on network structure - David R. Hemprich‐Bennett; Hernani F. M. Oliveira; Steven C. Le Comber; Stephen J. Rossiter; Elizabeth L. Clare (Ecology, 2021)
Constructing ecological networks has become an indispensable approach in understanding how different taxa interact. However, the methods used to generate data in network research vary widely among studies, potentially limiting our ability to compare results meaningfully. In particular, methods of classifying nodes vary in their precision, likely altering the architecture of the network studied. For example, rather than being classified as Linnaean species, taxa are regularly assigned to morphospecies in observational studies, or to molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) in molecular studies, with the latter defined based on an arbitrary threshold of sequence similarity. Although the use of MOTUs in ecological networks holds great potential, especially for allowing rapid construction of large data sets of interactions, it is unclear how the choice of clustering threshold can influence the conclusions obtained. To test the impact of taxonomic precision on network architecture, we obtained and analyzed 16 data sets of ecological interactions, inferred from metabarcoding and observations. Our comparisons of networks constructed under a range of sequence thresholds for assigning taxa demonstrate that even small changes in node resolution can cause wide variation in almost all key metric values. Moreover, relative values of commonly used metrics such as robustness were seen to fluctuate continuously with node resolution, thereby potentially causing error in conclusions drawn when comparing multiple networks. In observational networks, we found that changing node resolution could, in some cases, lead to substantial changes to measurements of network topology. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of classifying nodes to the greatest precision possible, and demonstrate the need for caution when comparing networks that differ with respect to node resolution, even where taxonomic groups and interaction types are similar. In such cases, we recommend that comparisons of networks should focus on relative differences rather than absolute values between the networks studied.

Can crown variables increase the generality of individual tree biomass equations? - David I. Forrester; Ian C. Dumbrell; Stephen R. Elms; Keryn I. Paul; Elizabeth A. Pinkard; Stephen H. Roxburgh; Thomas G. Baker (Trees, 2021)

Genetic analysis of oviposition deterrence to orange wheat blossom midge in spring wheat - Dinushika Thambugala; Curtis J. Pozniak; Santosh Kumar; Andrew J. Burt; Ian L. Wise; Marjorie A. H. Smith; Stephen L. Fox; Alejandro C. Costamagna; Curt A. McCartney (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2021)

The impact of three weeks of pre-quit varenicline on reinforcing value and craving for cigarettes in a laboratory choice procedure - Schuyler C. Lawson; Julie C. Gass; Robert K. Cooper; Sarah S. Tonkin; Craig R. Colder; Martin C. Mahoney; Stephen T. Tiffany; Larry W. Hawk (Psychopharmacology, 2021)

Updates to the Regional Seismic Travel Time (RSTT) Model: 2. Path-dependent Travel-time Uncertainty - Michael L. Begnaud; Dale N. Anderson; Stephen C. Myers; Brian Young; James R. Hipp; W. Scott Phillips (Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2021)
The regional seismic travel time (RSTT) model and software were developed to improve travel-time prediction accuracy by accounting for three-dimensional crust and upper mantle structure. Travel-time uncertainty estimates are used in the process of associating seismic phases to events and to accurately calculate location uncertainty bounds (i.e. event location error ellipses). We improve on the current distance-dependent uncertainty parameterization for RSTT using a random effects model to estimate slowness (inverse velocity) uncertainty as a mean squared error for each model parameter. The random effects model separates the error between observed slowness and model predicted slowness into bias and random components. The path-specific travel-time uncertainty is calculated by integrating these mean squared errors along a seismic-phase ray path. We demonstrate that event location error ellipses computed for a 90% coverage ellipse metric (used by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization International Data Centre (IDC)), and using the path-specific travel-time uncertainty approach, are more representative (median 82.5% ellipse percentage) of true location error than error ellipses computed using distance-dependent travel-time uncertainties (median 70.1%). We also demonstrate measurable improvement in location uncertainties using the RSTT method compared to the current station correction approach used at the IDC (median 74.3% coverage ellipse).

Predictors of invertebrate biomass and rate of advancement of invertebrate phenology across eight sites in the North American Arctic - Rebecca Shaftel; Daniel J. Rinella; Eunbi Kwon; Stephen C. Brown; H. River Gates; Steve Kendall; David B. Lank; Joseph R. Liebezeit; David C. Payer; Jennie Rausch; Sarah T. Saalfeld; Brett K. Sandercock; et al. (Polar Biology, 2021)
Average annual temperatures in the Arctic increased by 2–3 °C during the second half of the twentieth century. Because shorebirds initiate northward migration to Arctic nesting sites based on cues at distant wintering grounds, climate-driven changes in the phenology of Arctic invertebrates may lead to a mismatch between the nutritional demands of shorebirds and the invertebrate prey essential for egg formation and subsequent chick survival. To explore the environmental drivers affecting invertebrate availability, we modeled the biomass of invertebrates captured in modified Malaise-pitfall traps over three summers at eight Arctic Shorebird Demographics Network sites as a function of accumulated degree-days and other weather variables. To assess climate-driven changes in invertebrate phenology, we used data from the nearest long-term weather stations to hindcast invertebrate availability over 63 summers, 1950–2012. Our results confirmed the importance of both accumulated and daily temperatures as predictors of invertebrate availability while also showing that wind speed negatively affected invertebrate availability at the majority of sites. Additionally, our results suggest that seasonal prey availability for Arctic shorebirds is occurring earlier and that the potential for trophic mismatch is greatest at the northernmost sites, where hindcast invertebrate phenology advanced by approximately 1–2.5 days per decade. Phenological mismatch could have long-term population-level effects on shorebird species that are unable to adjust their breeding schedules to the increasingly earlier invertebrate phenologies.

Monocyte counts and prostate cancer outcomes in white and black men: results from the SEARCH database - Azeb Yirga; Taofik Oyekunle; Lauren E. Howard; Amanda M. De Hoedt; Matthew R. Cooperberg; Christopher J. Kane; William J. Aronson; Martha K. Terris; Christopher L. Amling; Emanuela Taioli; Jay H. Fowke; Zachary Klaanssen; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2021)

Persistent COVID-19-associated neurocognitive symptoms in non-hospitalized patients - Joanna Hellmuth; T. Allen Barnett; Breton M. Asken; J. Daniel Kelly; Leonel Torres; Melanie L. Stephens; Bryan Greenhouse; Jeffrey N. Martin; Felicia C. Chow; Steven G. Deeks; Meredith Greene; Bruce L. Miller; et al. (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2021)
As cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mount worldwide, attention is needed on potential long-term neurologic impacts for the majority of patients who experience mild to moderate illness managed as outpatients. To date, there has not been discussion of persistent neurocognitive deficits in patients with milder COVID-19. We present two cases of non-hospitalized patients recovering from COVID-19 with persistent neurocognitive symptoms. Commonly used cognitive screens were normal, while more detailed testing revealed working memory and executive functioning deficits. An observational cohort study of individuals recovering from COVID-19 (14 or more days following symptom onset) identified that among the first 100 individuals enrolled, 14 were non-hospitalized patients reporting persistent cognitive issues. These 14 participants had a median age of 39 years (interquartile range: 35–56), and cognitive symptoms were present for at least a median of 98 days (interquartile range: 71–120 following acute COVID-19 symptoms); no participants with follow-up evaluation reported symptom resolution. We discuss potential mechanisms to be explored in future studies, including direct viral effects, indirect consequences of immune activation, and immune dysregulation causing auto-antibody production.

Anti-Herbivore Activity of Oregonin, a Diarylheptanoid Found in Leaves and Bark of Red Alder (Alnus rubra) - Carmen S. Lea; Stephen G. Bradbury; C. Peter Constabel (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2021)

The potential role of reproductive interference in the decline of native green treefrogs following Cuban treefrog invasions - Joseph G. C. Kennedy; Steve A. Johnson; J. Stephen Brewer; Christopher J. Leary (Biological Invasions, 2021)

Rose virus R, a cytorhabdovirus infecting rose - Stephen Bolus; Maher Al Rwahnih; Samuel C. Grinstead; Dimitre Mollov (Archives of Virology, 2021)

Long‐term change in the avifauna of undisturbed Amazonian rainforest: ground‐foraging birds disappear and the baseline shifts - Philip C Stouffer; Vitek Jirinec; Cameron L. Rutt; Richard O. Bierregaard; Angélica Hernández‐Palma; Erik I. Johnson; Stephen R. Midway; Luke L. Powell; Jared D. Wolfe; Thomas E. Lovejoy (Ecology Letters, 2021)
How are rainforest birds faring in the Anthropocene? We use bird captures spanning > 35 years from 55 sites within a vast area of intact Amazonian rainforest to reveal reduced abundance of terrestrial and near‐ground insectivores in the absence of deforestation, edge effects or other direct anthropogenic landscape change. Because undisturbed forest includes far fewer terrestrial and near‐ground insectivores than it did historically, today’s fragments and second growth are more impoverished than shown by comparisons with modern ‘control’ sites. Any goals for bird community recovery in Amazonian second growth should recognise that a modern bird community will inevitably differ from a baseline from > 35 years ago. Abundance patterns driven by landscape change may be the most conspicuous manifestation of human activity, but biodiversity declines in undisturbed forest represent hidden losses, possibly driven by climate change, that may be pervasive in intact Amazonian forests and other systems considered to be undisturbed.

A Synthesis of the Biology and Ecology of Sculpin Species in the Laurentian Great Lakes and Implications for the Adaptive Capacity of the Benthic Ecosystem - Kelly F. Robinson; Charles R. Bronte; David B. Bunnell; Peter T. Euclide; Darryl W. Hondorp; John A. Janssen; Matthew S. Kornis; Derek H. Ogle; Will Otte; Stephen C. Riley; Mark R. Vinson; Shea L. Volkel; et al. (Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 2021)

Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Management of Texas Coral Snake (Micrurus tener) Envenomations Reported to the North American Snakebite Registry - Spencer Greene; Anne-Michelle Ruha; Sharan Campleman; Jeffrey Brent; Paul Wax; Kim Aldy; Peter Akpunonu; Vikhyat S. Bebarta; Gillian A. Beauchamp; Michael C. Beuhler; Mary Billington; William Boroughf; et al. (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2021)

Climate and food web effects on the spring clear‐water phase in two north‐temperate eutrophic lakes - Shin‐Ichiro S. Matsuzaki; Richard C. Lathrop; Stephen R. Carpenter; Jake R. Walsh; M. Jake Vander Zanden; Mark R. Gahler; Emily H. Stanley (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
Although climate change has shifted the phenological timing of plankton in lakes, few studies have explicitly addressed the relative contributions of climate change and other factors, including planktivory and nutrient availability. The spring clear‐water phase is a period of marked reduction in algal biomass and increased water transparency observed in many lakes. Here, we quantified the phenological patterns in the start date, maximum date, duration, and magnitude of the clear‐water phase over 38 yr in Lakes Mendota and Monona, and examined the effects of water temperature, total phosphorus, and food web structure (proportion of large‐bodied Daphnia pulicaria and density of invasive Bythotrephes ) and interactions between temperature and other predictors on these clear‐water phase metrics. We found that climate and food web structure affected the clear‐water phase, but the effects differed among the metrics. Higher water temperature led to earlier clear‐water phase start dates and maximum dates in both lakes. The proportion of D. pulicaria affected all clear‐water phase metrics in both lakes. When D. pulicaria proportion was higher, the clear‐water phase occurred earlier, lasted longer, and the water was clearer. Moreover, high Bythotrephes density delayed clear‐water phase start dates (both lakes), and decreased clear‐water phase duration (Lake Mendota) in the following year. These results suggest that variation in food web structure changes the full phenological dynamics of the clear‐water phase, while variation in climate condition affects clear‐water phase timing only. Our findings highlight the importance of large‐bodied grazers for managing water quality under climate change.

A global analysis of complexity–biodiversity relationships on marine artificial structures - Elisabeth M. A. Strain; Peter D. Steinberg; Maria Vozzo; Emma L. Johnston; Marco Abbiati; Moises A. Aguilera; Laura Airoldi; J. David Aguirre; Gail Ashton; Maritina Bernardi; Paul Brooks; Benny K. K. Chan; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2021)
Aim Topographic complexity is widely accepted as a key driver of biodiversity, but at the patch‐scale, complexity–biodiversity relationships may vary spatially and temporally according to the environmental stressors complexity mitigates, and the species richness and identity of potential colonists. Using a manipulative experiment, we assessed spatial variation in patch‐scale effects of complexity on intertidal biodiversity. Location 27 sites within 14 estuaries/bays distributed globally. Time period 2015–2017. Major taxa studied Functional groups of algae, sessile and mobile invertebrates. Methods Concrete tiles of differing complexity (flat; 2.5‐cm or 5‐cm complex) were affixed at low–high intertidal elevation on coastal defence structures, and the richness and abundance of the colonizing taxa were quantified after 12 months. Results The patch‐scale effects of complexity varied spatially and among functional groups. Complexity had neutral to positive effects on total, invertebrate and algal taxa richness, and invertebrate abundances. However, effects on the abundance of algae ranged from positive to negative, depending on location and functional group. The tidal elevation at which tiles were placed accounted for some variation. The total and invertebrate richness were greater at low or mid than at high intertidal elevations. Latitude was also an important source of spatial variation, with the effects of complexity on total richness and mobile mollusc abundance greatest at lower latitudes, whilst the cover of sessile invertebrates and sessile molluscs responded most strongly to complexity at higher latitudes. Conclusions After 12 months, patch‐scale relationships between biodiversity and habitat complexity were not universally positive. Instead, the relationship varied among functional groups and according to local abiotic and biotic conditions. This result challenges the assumption that effects of complexity on biodiversity are universally positive. The variable effect of complexity has ramifications for community and applied ecology, including eco‐engineering and restoration that seek to bolster biodiversity through the addition of complexity.

Hemolymph Proteomics and Gut Microbiota of Horseshoe Crabs Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda - Zhe Qu; Thomas C. N. Leung; Wenyan Nong; Ho Yin Yip; Ivy H. T. Lee; Siu Gin Cheung; Ngai Sai Ming; Wai Lok So; William G. Bendena; Stephen S. Tobe; Jerome H. L. Hui (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)
Horseshoe crabs are a group of marine chelicerates that contain only four extant species, some of which are endangered. Their hemolymph has been widely used in medical applications for endotoxin detection. Nevertheless, there is limited information on the profiles of their hemolymph proteins and their gut microbial diversity. In this study, we performed the first detailed investigation of the hemolymph proteomics and gut microbiota of two Asian horseshoe crabs Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda . Among the identified proteins being cataloged in the juvenile and adult hemolymph, unexpectedly, sesquiterpenoid signaling pathway proteins including Heat shock protein 83 (HSP83), Chd64, and a juvenile hormone binding protein (JHBP) were revealed. This provides evidence for the presence of functional sesquiterpenoid hormonal systems in these marine chelicerates. consumption of certain horseshoe crab species often leads to tetrodotoxin poisoning and the horseshoe crab is thought to possess a tetrodotoxin resistance mechanism. As such, sodium channels were analyzed and found to have critical amino acid residues that are similar to the toxin resistant pufferfish sodium channels. The source of the toxin is unknown so we investigated the gut microbiota, and found that Clostridium and Vibrio were the most dominant bacteria in T. tridentatus and C. rotundicauda , respectively. Together, this study provides a framework for further understanding of sesquiterpenoids and gut microbiota of these marine chelicerates.

Variation in Tree Growth along Soil Formation and Microtopographic Gradients in Riparian Forests - Christian O. Marks; Brian C. Yellen; Stephen A. Wood; Erik H. Martin; Keith H. Nislow (Wetlands, 2020)

Linking changes in ejido land tenure to changes in landscape patterns over 30 years across Yucatán, México - Ted J. Lawrence; Stephen J. Morreale; Richard C. Stedman; Leo V. Louis (Regional Environmental Change, 2020)

Development of a method for treating lower-eyelid carcinomas using superficial high dose rate brachytherapy - H. Stephens; C. Deans; D. Schlect; T. Kairn (Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 2020)

Negative Food Effect of Danirixin: Use of PBPK Modelling to Explore the Effect of Formulation and Meal Type on Clinical PK - Richard S. Lloyd; Martin I. Hingle; Jackie C. Bloomer; Stephen J. Charles; James M. Butler; Alan Paul; Xiaofeng Zhu; Bruce Miller; Donald D’Amico; Alison Donald; Ruth Tal-Singer; Claire Ambery (Pharmaceutical Research, 2020)

The clinical and genetic features of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) in central South Africa—three novel pathogenic variants - Tendaishe T. Mutize; Riaz Y. Seedat; Johannes K. Ploos van Amstel; Johannes J. Mager; Stephen C. Brown; Fekade Gebremariam; Marius J. Coetzee (Molecular Biology Reports, 2020)

Shallow groundwater flow and inverted fresh/saline-water interface in a hypersaline endorheic basin (Great Basin, USA) - Alan L. Mayo; David G. Tingey; Kevin A. Rey; Tony D. Winkel; John H. McBride; Stephen T. Nelson; Gregory T. Carling; Jiri Bruthans; Erik C. Petersen (Hydrogeology Journal, 2020)
Pilot Valley is an 828-km 2 arid-region endorheic basin in western USA. Bounding mountain ranges rise as much as 1,900 m above the nearly flat 379-km 2 playa floor. Up to 3.8 m of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville mud and thin oolitic sand layers form the surface layer of the basin floor. Groundwater conditions were evaluated using data from shallow monitoring wells and borings, springs, infiltrometer measurements, slug and dilution tests, geophysical transects, and precision elevation surveys. Alluvial fan groundwater discharges at fan/playa interface springs and underflows to the shallow basin sediments along the western side of the basin; the groundwater only underflows along the eastern side. Precision surveying established a Lake Bonneville shore-line break in slope as the cause of the spring discharges. Tectonic tilting causes groundwater to flow from east to west and to the topographic low. Monthly measured and pressure transducer data established seasonal pressure responses and upward groundwater gradients. All basin groundwater is lost to evapotranspiration at the topographic low, where a thin salt pan has developed. Groundwater evolves from fresh to hypersaline near the alluvial fan/playa interface where there is an inverted salinity gradient and a groundwater pressure ridge. The pressure ridge and inverted salinity interface are due to: (1) osmotic pressure established between the oolitic sand of high hydraulic conductivity and the overlying low-hydraulic-conductivity lake mud at the fan/playa interface, and (2) the collision between fresh groundwater flow driven by a steep hydraulic head and hypersaline groundwater flow driven by a nearly flat hydraulic head.

Co-administration of Selenium Nanoparticles and Metformin Abrogate Testicular Oxidative Injury by Suppressing Redox Imbalance, Augmenting Sperm Quality and Nrf2 Protein Expression in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats - Azubuike P. Ebokaiwe; Kebe E. Obeten; Stephen O. Okori; Ebuka E. David; Olasehinde Olusanya; Chukwuma J. Chukwu; Nworie Okoro; Richard C. Ehiri (Biological Trace Element Research, 2020)

Trevor Alleyne Thorpe: His academic life and scientific legacy - Prakash P. Kumar; Stephen F. Chandler; Indra S. Harry; Chin-yi Lu; Claudio Stasolla; Edward C. Yeung (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 2020)

Monoamine oxidase A inhibition with moclobemide enhances the anti-parkinsonian effect of L-DOPA in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset - Adjia Hamadjida; Stephen G. Nuara; Cynthia Kwan; Imane Frouni; Dominique Bédard; Jim C. Gourdon; Philippe Huot (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2020)

Monoamine oxidase A inhibition as monotherapy reverses parkinsonism in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset - Adjia Hamadjida; Stephen G. Nuara; Imane Frouni; Cynthia Kwan; Dominique Bédard; Jim C. Gourdon; Philippe Huot (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2020)

A review of a decade of lessons from one of the world’s largest MPAs: conservation gains and key challenges - Graeme C. Hays; Heather J. Koldewey; Samantha Andrzejaczek; Martin J. Attrill; Shanta Barley; Daniel T. I. Bayley; Cassandra E. Benkwitt; Barbara Block; Robert J. Schallert; Aaron B. Carlisle; Pete Carr; Taylor K. Chapple; et al. (Marine Biology, 2020)

Does size matter? The relationship between predictive power of single-subject morphometric networks to spatial scale and edge weight - Pradeep Reddy Raamana; Stephen C. Strother (Brain Structure and Function, 2020)

Coastal carbon cycle changes following mangrove loss - James Z. Sippo; Christian J. Sanders; Isaac R. Santos; Luke C. Jeffrey; Mitchell Call; Yota Harada; Kylie Maguire; Dylan Brown; Stephen R. Conrad; Damien T. Maher (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
Global mangrove loss is occurring from deforestation and extreme climatic events, but changes to the coastal carbon cycle following mangrove mortality and/or loss are not well understood. In 2015/2016, a massive climate‐driven mangrove dieback event occurred over ~ 1000 km of Australian coastline. To assess carbon loss following mortality, carbon fluxes in adjacent living and dead forest areas were compared 8 and 20 months postforest dieback. Dead areas experienced an increase in soil CO 2 efflux by ~ 189%, and a decrease in oceanic dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) outwelling of ~ 50% relative to living areas. DIC outwelling (predominantly carbonate alkalinity) and soil CO 2 efflux accounted for 81% and 16% of losses from the living forest, in comparison to 51% and 47%, respectively, from the dead forest. The dieback drove a shift from a dominance of oceanic carbon outwelling to increased atmospheric CO 2 emissions and decreased alkalinity exports. This shift was likely driven by increased oxygen sediment permeation and the loss of mangrove net primary productivity. Combining our new observations with literature data, we found a logarithmic relationship between soil carbon loss and time since mangrove loss. Using this relationship, we estimate ongoing global carbon losses from historical mangrove deforestation and dieback could be 13.7 ± 9.4 Tg C yr −1 , which is eightfold higher than previous estimates and offsets global mangrove carbon burial by ~ 60%. Even if no future deforestation occurred, we estimate ongoing carbon losses to the atmosphere and ocean from current global mangrove losses of 27 Tg C over the next 30 yr.

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics - Clarissa Alves da Rosa; Bruno R. Ribeiro; Vanesa Bejarano; Fernando Henrique Puertas; Adriana Bocchiglieri; Adriana Loeser dos Santos Barbosa; Adriano Garcia Chiarello; Adriano Pereira Paglia; Adriele Aparecida Pereira; Adryelle Francisca de Souza Moreira; Agnis Cristiane de Souza; Aiesca Pellegrin; et al. (Ecology, 2020)
Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal‐central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus , Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. ( n = 37,782), Sus scrofa ( n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris ( n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., S yncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans ). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set ( n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata , and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation‐related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data.

Fin Whale Song Patterns Shift Over Time in the Central North Pacific - Tyler A. Helble; Regina A. Guazzo; Gabriela C. Alongi; Cameron R. Martin; Stephen W. Martin; E. Elizabeth Henderson (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

The yellow stingray (Urobatis jamaicensis) can discriminate the geomagnetic cues necessary for a bicoordinate magnetic map - Kyle C. Newton; Stephen M. Kajiura (Marine Biology, 2020)

Stable Isotope Values in South American Fur Seal Pup Whiskers as Proxies of Year-round Maternal Foraging Ecology - Kayleigh A. Jones; Alastair. M. M. Baylis; Rachael A. Orben; Norman Ratcliffe; Stephen C. Votier; Jason Newton; Iain J. Staniland (Marine Biology, 2020)
Natural selection should favour strategies that maximise reproductive success. Females may use different resources during progressive stages of reproduction according to energetic demands, behavioural constraints and prey availability. We used South American fur seal, Arctocephalus australis australis , pup whisker isotope values as proxies for maternal diet and habitat use to determine how resource use (1) changes throughout pup development from in utero growth to mid-end of lactation and (2) how it differs among individuals. The longest whisker was cut from 5 male and 5 female fur seal pups (of approximately 8 months of age) at Bird Island, Falkland Islands, in 2018, and δ 15 N values and δ 13 C values were analysed every 5 mm along the length of each whisker. Patterns in δ 13 C values indicated that mothers used different habitats during the annual cycle, likely coinciding with seasonal shifts in prey availability or distribution. The individual specialisation index based on δ 13 C values was 0.34, indicating that adult females used different habitats, which could reduce intra-specific competition and ultimately enhance pup growth and survival. An increase in δ 15 N values occurred along every pup whisker from pup birth to mid-end of lactation, which likely reflected trophic enrichment related to suckling and fasting by pups, overriding the maternal isotopic signature. Pup whisker stable isotopes are useful proxies of maternal foraging ecology. However, physiological processes complicate interpretations by altering δ 15 N values. Interpreting these values therefore requires additional knowledge of the species’ ecology and physiology.

Genetic monitoring of the greater stick-nest rat meta-population for strategic supplementation planning - Lauren C. White; Vicki A. Thomson; Rebecca West; Laura Ruykys; Kym Ottewell; John Kanowski; Katherine E. Moseby; Margaret Byrne; Stephen C. Donnellan; Peter Copley; Jeremy J. Austin (Conservation Genetics, 2020)
Translocation is an increasingly common component of species conservation efforts. However, translocated populations often suffer from loss of genetic diversity and increased inbreeding, and thus may require active management to establish gene flow across isolated populations. Assisted gene flow can be laborious and costly, so recipient and source populations should be carefully chosen to maximise genetic diversity outcomes. The greater stick-nest rat (GSNR, Leporillus conditor ), a threatened Australian rodent, has been the focus of a translocation program since 1985, resulting in five extant translocated populations (St Peter Island, Reevesby Island, Arid Recovery, Salutation Island and Mt Gibson), all derived from a remnant wild population on the East and West Franklin Islands. We evaluated the genetic diversity in all extant GSNR populations using a large single nucleotide polymorphism dataset with the explicit purpose of informing future translocation planning. Our results show varying levels of genetic divergence, inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity in all translocated populations relative to the remnant source on the Franklin Islands. All translocated populations would benefit from supplementation to increase genetic diversity, but two—Salutation Island and Mt Gibson—are of highest priority. We recommend a targeted admixture approach, in which animals for supplementation are sourced from populations that have low relatedness to the recipient population. Subject to assessment of contemporary genetic diversity, St Peter Island and Arid Recovery are the most appropriate source populations for genetic supplementation. Our study demonstrates an effective use of genetic surveys for data-driven management of threatened species.

Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats - Annie P. S. Wong; Susan E. Wijffels; Stephen C. Riser; Sylvie Pouliquen; Shigeki Hosoda; Dean Roemmich; John Gilson; Gregory C. Johnson; Kim Martini; David J. Murphy; Megan Scanderbeg; T. V. S. Udaya Bhaskar; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Coastal Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Sea Level Rise Adaptation Planning in the Northern Gulf of Mexico - Sonia H. Stephens; Denise E. DeLorme; Scott C. Hagen (Environmental Management, 2020)

Triphenyl phosphate is a selective PPARγ modulator that does not induce brite adipogenesis in vitro and in vivo - Stephanie Kim; Nabil Rabhi; Benjamin C. Blum; Ryan Hekman; Kieran Wynne; Andrew Emili; Stephen Farmer; Jennifer J. Schlezinger (Archives of Toxicology, 2020)

Neurotoxicity of Tityus bahiensis (brown scorpion) venom in sympathetic vas deferens preparations and neuronal cells - Rita de Cássia Collaço; Stephen Hyslop; Thalita Rocha; Valquiria A. C. Dorce; Edward G. Rowan; Edson Antunes (Archives of Toxicology, 2020)
Systemic scorpion envenomation is characterized by massive neurotransmitter release from peripheral nerves mediated primarily by scorpion venoms neurotoxins. Tityus bahiensis is one of the medically most important species in Brazil, but its venom pharmacology, especially regarding to peripheral nervous system, is poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the T. bahiensis venom activity on autonomic (sympathetic) neurotransmission by using a variety of approaches, including vas deferens twitch-tension recordings, electrophysiological measurements (resting membrane potentials, spontaneous excitatory junctional potentials and whole-cell patch-clamp), calcium imaging and histomorphological analysis. Low concentrations of venom (≤ 3 μg/mL) facilitated the electrically stimulated vas deferens contractions without affecting postsynaptic receptors or damaging the smooth muscle cells. Transient TTX-sensitive sustained contractions and resting membrane depolarization were mediated mainly by massive spontaneous ATP release. High venom concentrations (≥ 10 μg/mL) blocked the muscle contractions and induced membrane depolarization. In neuronal cells (ND7-23 wt ), the venom increased the peak sodium current, modified the current-voltage relationship by left-shifting the Na v -channel activation curve, thereby facilitating the opening of these channels. The venom also caused a time-dependent increase in neuronal calcium influx. These results indicate that the sympathetic hyperstimulation observed in systemic envenomation is presynaptically driven, probably through the interaction of α- and β-toxins with neuronal sodium channels.

Effects of ocean climate on spatiotemporal variation in sea urchin settlement and recruitment - Daniel K. Okamoto; Stephen C. Schroeter; Daniel C. Reed (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
Sea urchins are voracious herbivores that influence the ecological structure and function of nearshore ecosystems throughout the world. Like many species that produce planktonic larvae, their recruitment is thought to be particularly sensitive to climatic fluctuations that directly or indirectly affect adult reproduction and larval transport and survival. Yet how climate alters sea urchin populations in space and time by modifying larval recruitment and year‐class strength on the time‐scales that regulate populations remains understudied. Using a, spatially replicated weekly‐biweekly data set spanning 27 yr and 1100 km of coastline, we characterized seasonal, interannual, and spatial patterns of larval settlement of the purple sea urchin ( Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ). We show that large spatial differences in temporal patterns of larval settlement were associated with different responses to fluctuations in ocean temperature and climate. Importantly, we found a strong correlation between larval settlement and regional year class strength suggesting that such temporal and spatial variation in settlement plays an important role in controlling population dynamics. These results provide strong evidence over extensive temporal and spatial domains that climatic fluctuations shape broad‐scale patterns of larval settlement and subsequent population structure of an important marine herbivore known to control the productivity, community state, and provisioning services of marine ecosystems.

Pantropical geography of lightning‐caused disturbance and its implications for tropical forests - Evan M. Gora; Jeffrey C. Burchfield; Helene C. Muller‐Landau; Phillip M. Bitzer; Stephen P. Yanoviak (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Lightning is a major agent of disturbance, but its ecological effects in the tropics are unquantified. Here we used ground and satellite sensors to quantify the geography of lightning strikes in terrestrial tropical ecosystems, and to evaluate whether spatial variation in lightning frequency is associated with variation in tropical forest structure and dynamics. Between 2013 and 2018, tropical terrestrial ecosystems received an average of 100.4 million lightning strikes per year, and the frequency of strikes was spatially autocorrelated at local‐to‐continental scales. Lightning strikes were more frequent in forests, savannas, and urban areas than in grasslands, shrublands, and croplands. Higher lightning frequency was positively associated with woody biomass turnover and negatively associated with aboveground biomass and the density of large trees (trees/ha) in forests across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Extrapolating from the only tropical forest study that comprehensively assessed tree damage and mortality from lightning strikes, we estimate that lightning directly damages c. 832 million trees in tropical forests annually, of which c. 194 million die. The similarly high lightning frequency in tropical savannas suggests that lightning also influences savanna tree mortality rates and ecosystem processes. These patterns indicate that lightning‐caused disturbance plays a major and largely unappreciated role in pantropical ecosystem dynamics and global carbon cycling.

Kinorhynch communities from Alabama coastal waters - Stephen C. Landers; Randall D. Bassham; Jonathan M. Miller; Jeroen Ingels; Nuria Sánchez; Martin V. Sørensen (Marine Biology Research, 2020)

“A reference genome assembly and adaptive trait analysis of Castanea mollissima ‘Vanuxem,’ a source of resistance to chestnut blight in restoration breeding” - Margaret Staton; Charles Addo-Quaye; Nathaniel Cannon; Jiali Yu; Tetyana Zhebentyayeva; Matthew Huff; Nurul Islam-Faridi; Shenghua Fan; Laura L. Georgi; C. Dana Nelson; Emily Bellis; Sara Fitzsimmons; et al. (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2020)

The weight of it all: symbiotic dinoflagellates in Caribbean reef-building corals - Dustin W. Kemp; Stephen C. Kempf; William K. Fitt (Marine Biology, 2020)

Effects of dietary restriction on lifespan, growth, and reproduction of the clam shrimp Eulimnadia texana - Stephen C. Weeks (Hydrobiologia, 2020)

Supplementing selection decisions in a hybrid wheat breeding program by using F2 yield as a proxy of F1 performance - Anil Adhikari; Amir M. H. Ibrahim; Jackie C. Rudd; P. Stephen Baenziger; Amanda Easterly; Nick Garst; Vikas Belamkar; Jean-Benoit Sarazin (Euphytica, 2020)

Survey of Phthalate Mitigation and Distribution in Water, Sediment, and Typha in a Fully Operational Constructed Wetland: A Pilot Study - Geneva Diepenheim; Stephen C. Gift; Christopher Harb; Madeleine Wallace; Julie Layshock (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2020)

Plio‐Pleistocene sea‐level changes drive speciation of freshwater fishes in north‐western Australia - James J. Shelley; Stephen E. Swearer; Tim Dempster; Mark Adams; Matthew C. Le Feuvre; Michael P. Hammer; Peter J. Unmack (Journal of Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Despite the influence of sea‐level changes on biogeographic/phylogeographic patterns in freshwater ecosystems being well documented, studies that explicitly link the influence of sea‐level change with speciation are rare. We aim to test the hypothesis that sea‐level changes during the Pliocene and Pleistocene have driven speciation in north‐western Australia's (NWA’s) largest freshwater fish family, Terapontidae, building upon a body of evolutionary literature focussed on the family. Location North‐western Australian rivers including those draining the Kimberley Plateau. Taxon Grunters (Family: Terapontidae, Genera: Hannia , Hephaestus , Leiopotherapon , Syncomistes ). Methods A GIS was used to reconstruct palaeodrainages during lowered sea levels and to delineate regions of high connectivity during low and high (current) sea‐level conditions. For seven species, the degree of phylogenetic divergence among river basins in different regions was evaluated using a maximum likelihood phylogeny and analyses of the proportion of genetic divergence expressed with 601 base pairs of the mtDNA cytochrome b (cytb) gene. Results A low proportion of cytb haplotypes were shared among catchments not connected by the same receiving waters (e.g. estuaries) under current (high) sea levels, indicating that contemporary dispersal is limited over fine spatial scales. Deeper phylogeographic patterns were largely congruent with reconstructed low sea‐level (LSL) drainage arrangements indicating that historic among‐catchment connectivity was far more widespread under LSL conditions. Main Conclusions The NWA landscape represents a geographic template that has shaped patterns of broad dispersal under low sea levels, and fine‐scale isolation under high sea levels. The weight of evidence from recent literature on species boundaries and evolutionary patterns within the terapontids suggests that most NWA species were derived rapidly and recently from a series of spatio‐temporal vicariant events caused by such sea‐level fluctuations during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene. Together, the findings provide a rare, comprehensively tested example of sea‐level change driving speciation in the tropics.

Allometric constraints and competition enable the simulation of size structure and carbon fluxes in a dynamic vegetation model of tropical forests (LM3PPA‐TV) - Isabel Martínez Cano; Elena Shevliakova; Sergey Malyshev; S. Joseph Wright; Matteo Detto; Stephen W. Pacala; Helene C. Muller‐Landau (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Tropical forests are a key determinant of the functioning of the Earth system, but remain a major source of uncertainty in carbon cycle models and climate change projections. In this study, we present an updated land model (LM3PPA‐TV) to improve the representation of tropical forest structure and dynamics in Earth system models (ESMs). The development and parameterization of LM3PPA‐TV drew on extensive datasets on tropical tree traits and long‐term field censuses from Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. The model defines a new plant functional type (PFT) based on the characteristics of shade‐tolerant, tropical tree species, implements a new growth allocation scheme based on realistic tree allometries, incorporates hydraulic constraints on biomass accumulation, and features a new compartment for tree branches and branch fall dynamics. Simulation experiments reproduced observed diurnal and seasonal patterns in stand‐level carbon and water fluxes, as well as mean canopy and understory tree growth rates, tree size distributions, and stand‐level biomass on BCI. Simulations at multiple sites captured considerable variation in biomass and size structure across the tropical forest biome, including observed responses to precipitation and temperature. Model experiments suggested a major role of water limitation in controlling geographic variation forest biomass and structure. However, the failure to simulate tropical forests under extreme conditions and the systematic underestimation of forest biomass in Paleotropical locations highlighted the need to incorporate variation in hydraulic traits and multiple PFTs that capture the distinct floristic composition across tropical domains. The continued pressure on tropical forests from global change demands models which are able to simulate alternative successional pathways and their pace to recovery. LM3PPA‐TV provides a tool to investigate geographic variation in tropical forests and a benchmark to continue improving the representation of tropical forests dynamics and their carbon storage potential in ESMs.

Ensuring tests of conservation interventions build on existing literature - William J. Sutherland; Sergio Ticul Alvarez‐Castañeda; Tatsuya Amano; Roberto Ambrosini; Philip Atkinson; John M. Baxter; Alexander L. Bond; Philip J. Boon; Katherine L. Buchanan; Jos Barlow; Giuseppe Bogliani; Olivia M. Bragg; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2020)

Bayesian Inverse Transient Analysis for Pipeline Condition Assessment: Parameter Estimation and Uncertainty Quantification - Chi Zhang; Martin F. Lambert; Jinzhe Gong; Aaron C. Zecchin; Angus R. Simpson; Mark L. Stephens (Water Resources Management, 2020)

Light-Weight Portable Electroantennography Device as a Future Field-Based Tool for Applied Chemical Ecology - Stephen M. Pawson; Jessica L. Kerr; Brooke C. O’Connor; Philippe Lucas; Dominique Martinez; Jeremy D. Allison; Tara M. Strand (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2020)

Extracellular Matrix-Based Biomaterials and Their Influence Upon Cell Behavior - Madeline C. Cramer; Stephen F. Badylak (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

Plant‐mediated methane transport in emergent and floating‐leaved species of a temperate freshwater mineral‐soil wetland - Jorge A. Villa; Yang Ju; Taylor Stephen; Camilo Rey‐Sanchez; Kelly C. Wrighton; Gil Bohrer (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
Methane flux from freshwater mineral‐soil (FWMS) wetlands and its variability among sites is largely modulated by plant‐mediated transport. However, plant‐mediated transport processes are rarely resolved in land surface models and are poorly parametrized for plants commonly found in FWMS wetlands. Here, relationships between methane flux and CO 2 uptake, as well as plant conductance of methane were evaluated for three plant species and two characteristic functional types: emergent (narrow‐leaved cattail) and floating‐leaved (American lotus and water lily). We found significant but contrasting correlations between methane flux and CO 2 uptake in cattails ( r 2 = 0.51, slope = −0.16, during morning) and water lily ( r 2 = 0.32, slope = 0.064, after midday). This relationship was not significant in American lotus, showing that stomata regulation of methane fluxes is species‐specific and not generalizable across the floating‐leaved plant functional type. Conductance of methane per leaf area showed distinct seasonal dynamics across species. Conductance was similar among the floating‐leaved species (6.2 × 10 −3 m d −1 in lotus and 7.2 × 10 −3 m d −1 in water lily) and higher than conductance in the emergent species (2.7 × 10 −3 m d −1 ). Our results provide direct observations of plant conductance rates and identify the vegetation parameters (leaf area, stomatal conductance) that modify them. Our results further suggest that models of methane emissions from FWMS should parameterize plant‐mediated transport in different plant functional types, scaled by leaf area and with variable seasonal phenological dynamics, and consider possible species‐specific mechanisms that control methane transport through plants.

Modelling the water level of the alluvial aquifer of an ephemeral river in south-western Zimbabwe - Sibonakaliso C. Mpala; Alexandre S. Gagnon; Martin G. Mansell; Stephen W. Hussey (Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2020)

Rapid Assessment of Wetland Condition Reflects Amphibian Community Composition - Kari Dupler; Michelle Guidugli-Cook; David R. Brown; Stephen C. Richter (Wetlands, 2020)

Divergent field metabolic rates highlight the challenges of increasing temperatures and energy limitation in aquatic ectotherms - Karissa O. Lear; David L. Morgan; Jeff M. Whitty; Nicholas M. Whitney; Evan E. Byrnes; Stephen J. Beatty; Adrian C. Gleiss (Oecologia, 2020)

Accounting for Carbon Flux to Mycorrhizal Fungi May Resolve Discrepancies in Forest Carbon Budgets - Andrew P. Ouimette; Scott V. Ollinger; Lucie C. Lepine; Ryan B. Stephens; Rebecca J. Rowe; Matthew A. Vadeboncoeur; Shersingh J. Tumber-Davila; Erik A. Hobbie (Ecosystems, 2020)

Contemporary range position predicts the range‐wide pattern of genetic diversity in balsam poplar ( Populus balsamifera L.) - Andrew V. Gougherty; Vikram E. Chhatre; Stephen R. Keller; Matthew C. Fitzpatrick (Journal of Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Patterns of genetic diversity within species’ ranges can reveal important insights into effects of past climate on species’ biogeography and current population dynamics. While numerous biogeographic hypotheses have been proposed to explain patterns of genetic diversity within species’ ranges, formal comparisons and rigorous statistical tests of these hypotheses remain rare. Here, we compared seven hypotheses for their abilities to describe the geographic pattern of two metrics of genetic diversity in balsam poplar ( Populus balsamifera ), a northern North American tree species. Location North America. Taxon Balsam poplar ( Populus balsamifera L.). Methods We compared seven hypotheses, representing effects of past climate and current range position, for their ability to describe the geographic pattern of expected heterozygosity and per cent polymorphic loci across 85 populations of balsam poplar. We tested each hypothesis using spatial and non‐spatial least‐squares regression to assess the importance of spatial autocorrelation on model performance. Results We found that both expected heterozygosity and per cent polymorphic loci could best be explained by the current range position and genetic structure of populations within the contemporary range. Genetic diversity showed a clear gradient of being highest near the geographic and climatic range centre and lowest near range edges. Hypotheses accounting for the effects of past climate (e.g. past climatic suitability, distance from the southern edge), in contrast, had comparatively little support. Model ranks were similar among spatial and non‐spatial models, but residuals of all non‐spatial models were significantly autocorrelated, violating the assumption of independence in least‐squares regression. Main conclusions Our work adds strong support for the “Central‐Periphery Hypothesis” as providing a predictive framework for understanding the forces structuring genetic diversity across species’ ranges, and illustrates the value of applying a robust comparative model selection framework and accounting for spatial autocorrelation when comparing biogeographic models of genetic diversity.

Polar bear denning distribution in the Canadian Arctic - Katie R. N. Florko; Andrew E. Derocher; C-Jae C. Breiter; Maha Ghazal; Daryll Hedman; Jeff W. Higdon; Evan S. Richardson; Vicki Sahanatien; Vicki Trim; Stephen D. Petersen (Polar Biology, 2020)
Declines in Arctic sea ice associated with climate change have resulted in habitat loss for ice-adapted species, while facilitating increased human development at higher latitudes. Development increases land-use and shipping traffic, which can threaten ecologically and culturally important species. Female polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ) and cubs are susceptible to disturbance during denning; a better understanding of denning habitat distribution may aid management. We compiled existing location data on polar bear denning ( n = 64 sources) in Canada between 1967 and 2018, including traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) studies, government and consultant reports, peer-reviewed scientific articles, and unpublished data acquired through data-sharing agreements. We synthesized these data to create a map of known denning locations. Most coastal regions in northern Canada supported denning, but large areas exist where denning is unreported. Gaps remain in the knowledge of polar bear denning in Canada and filling these will aid the conservation and management of polar bears in a changing Arctic.

Coordinate Rotation–Amplification in the Uncertainty and Bias in Non-orthogonal Sonic Anemometer Vertical Wind Speeds - John M. Frank; William J. Massman; W. Stephen Chan; Keith Nowicki; Scot C. R. Rafkin (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2020)

Storm impacts on phytoplankton community dynamics in lakes - Jason D. Stockwell; Jonathan P. Doubek; Rita Adrian; Orlane Anneville; Cayelan C. Carey; Laurence Carvalho; Lisette N. De Senerpont Domis; Gaël Dur; Marieke A. Frassl; Hans‐Peter Grossart; Bas W. Ibelings; Marc J. Lajeunesse; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
In many regions across the globe, extreme weather events such as storms have increased in frequency, intensity, and duration due to climate change. Ecological theory predicts that such extreme events should have large impacts on ecosystem structure and function. High winds and precipitation associated with storms can affect lakes via short‐term runoff events from watersheds and physical mixing of the water column. In addition, lakes connected to rivers and streams will also experience flushing due to high flow rates. Although we have a well‐developed understanding of how wind and precipitation events can alter lake physical processes and some aspects of biogeochemical cycling, our mechanistic understanding of the emergent responses of phytoplankton communities is poor. Here we provide a comprehensive synthesis that identifies how storms interact with lake and watershed attributes and their antecedent conditions to generate changes in lake physical and chemical environments. Such changes can restructure phytoplankton communities and their dynamics, as well as result in altered ecological function (e.g., carbon, nutrient and energy cycling) in the short‐ and long‐term. We summarize the current understanding of storm‐induced phytoplankton dynamics, identify knowledge gaps with a systematic review of the literature, and suggest future research directions across a gradient of lake types and environmental conditions.

Food and temperature stressors have opposing effects in determining flexible migration decisions in brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) - Louise C. Archer; Stephen A. Hutton; Luke Harman; Stephen D. McCormick; Michael N. O’Grady; Joseph P. Kerry; W. Russell Poole; Patrick Gargan; Philip McGinnity; Thomas E. Reed (Global Change Biology, 2020)
With rapid global change, organisms in natural systems are exposed to a multitude of stressors that likely co‐occur, with uncertain impacts. We explored individual and cumulative effects of co‐occurring environmental stressors on the striking, yet poorly understood, phenomenon of facultative migration. We reared offspring of a brown trout population that naturally demonstrates facultative anadromy (sea migration), under different environmental stressor treatments and measured life history responses in terms of migratory tactics and freshwater maturation rates. Juvenile fish were exposed to reduced food availability, temperatures elevated to 1.8°C above natural conditions or both treatments in combination over 18 months of experimental tank rearing. When considered in isolation, reduced food had negative effects on the size, mass and condition of fish across the experiment. We detected variable effects of warm temperatures (negative effects on size and mass, but positive effect on lipids). When combined with food restriction, temperature effects on these traits were less pronounced, implying antagonistic stressor effects on morphological traits. Stressors combined additively, but had opposing effects on life history tactics: migration increased and maturation rates decreased under low food conditions, whereas the opposite occurred in the warm temperature treatment. Not all fish had expressed maturation or migration tactics by the end of the study, and the frequency of these ‘unassigned’ fish was higher in food deprivation treatments, but lower in warm treatments. Fish showing migration tactics were smaller and in poorer condition than fish showing maturation tactics, but were similar in size to unassigned fish. We further detected effects of food restriction on hypo‐osmoregulatory function of migrants that may influence the fitness benefits of the migratory tactic at sea. We also highlight that responses to multiple stressors may vary depending on the response considered. Collectively, our results indicate contrasting effects of environmental stressors on life history trajectories in a facultatively migratory species.

Design catalogue for eco-engineering of coastal artificial structures: a multifunctional approach for stakeholders and end-users - Kathryn A. O’Shaughnessy; Stephen J. Hawkins; Ally J. Evans; Mick E. Hanley; Paul Lunt; Richard C. Thompson; Robert A. Francis; Simon P. G. Hoggart; Pippa J. Moore; Gregorio Iglesias; David Simmonds; James Ducker; et al. (Urban Ecosystems, 2020)
Coastal urbanisation, energy extraction, food production, shipping and transportation have led to the global proliferation of artificial structures within the coastal and marine environments (sensu “ocean sprawl”), with subsequent loss of natural habitats and biodiversity. To mitigate and compensate impacts of ocean sprawl, the practice of eco-engineering of artificial structures has been developed over the past decade. Eco-engineering aims to create sustainable ecosystems that integrate human society with the natural environment for the benefit of both. The science of eco-engineering has grown markedly, yet synthesis of research into a user-friendly and practitioner-focused format is lacking. Feedback from stakeholders has repeatedly stated that a “photo user guide” or “manual” covering the range of eco-engineering options available for artificial structures would be beneficial. However, a detailed and structured “user guide” for eco-engineering in coastal and marine environments is not yet possible; therefore we present an accessible review and catalogue of trialled eco-engineering options and a summary of guidance for a range of different structures tailored for stakeholders and end-users as the first step towards a structured manual. This work can thus serve as a potential template for future eco-engineering guides. Here we provide suggestions for potential eco-engineering designs to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and services of coastal artificial structures with the following structures covered: (1) rock revetment, breakwaters and groynes composed of armour stones or concrete units; (2) vertical and sloping seawalls; (3) over-water structures (i.e., piers) and associated support structures; and (4) tidal river walls.

Integrating an individual-based model with approximate Bayesian computation to predict the invasion of a freshwater fish provides insights into dispersal and range expansion dynamics - Victoria Dominguez Almela; Stephen C. F. Palmer; Phillipa K. Gillingham; Justin M. J. Travis; J. Robert Britton (Biological Invasions, 2020)
Short-distance dispersal enables introduced alien species to colonise and invade local habitats following their initial introduction, but is often poorly understood for many freshwater taxa. Knowledge gaps in range expansion of alien species can be overcome using predictive approaches such as individual based models (IBMs), especially if predictions can be improved through fitting to empirical data, but this can be challenging for models having multiple parameters. We therefore estimated the parameters of a model implemented in the RangeShifter IBM platform by approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) in order to predict the further invasion of a lowland river (Great Ouse, England) by a small-bodied invasive fish (bitterling Rhodeus sericeus ). Prior estimates for parameters were obtained from the literature and expert opinion. Model fitting was conducted using a time-series (1983 to 2018) of sampling data at fixed locations and revealed that for 5 of 11 model parameters, the posterior distributions differed markedly from prior assumptions. In particular, sub-adult maximum emigration probability was substantially higher in the posteriors than priors. Simulations of bitterling range expansion predicted that following detection in 1984, their early expansion involved a relatively high population growth rate that stabilised after 5 years. The pattern of bitterling patch occupancy was sigmoidal, with 20% of the catchment occupied after 20 years, increasing to 80% after 30 years. Predictions were then for 95% occupancy after 69 years. The development of this IBM thus successfully simulated the range expansion dynamics of this small-bodied invasive fish, with ABC improving the simulation precision. This combined methodology also highlighted that sub-adult dispersal was more likely to contribute to the rapid colonisation rate than expert opinion suggested. These results emphasise the importance of time-series data for refining IBM parameters generally and increasing our understanding of dispersal behaviour and range expansion dynamics specifically.

Optimizing Integrated Electrode Design for Irreversible Electroporation of Implanted Polymer Scaffolds - Francisco Pelaez; Qi Shao; Pegah Ranjbartehrani; Tiffany Lam; Hak Rae Lee; Stephen O’Flanagan; Abby Silbaugh; John C. Bischof; Samira M. Azarin (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

To Feed or Not to Feed? Coral Reef Fish Responses to Artificial Feeding and Stakeholder Perceptions in the Aitutaki Lagoon, Cook Islands - Natalie Prinz; Richard Story; Stephen Lyon; Sebastian C. A. Ferse; Sonia Bejarano (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

mGluR5 Allosteric Modulation Promotes Neurorecovery in a 6-OHDA-Toxicant Model of Parkinson’s Disease - Kyle Farmer; Khaled S. Abd-Elrahman; Alexa Derksen; Elyn M. Rowe; Ashley M. Thompson; Christopher A. Rudyk; Natalie A. Prowse; Zachary Dwyer; Samantha C. Bureau; Teresa Fortin; Stephen S.G. Ferguson; Shawn Hayley (Molecular Neurobiology, 2020)

Foraging ecology of Mediterranean juvenile loggerhead turtles: insights from C and N stable isotope ratios - Julia C. Haywood; Paolo Casale; Daniela Freggi; Wayne J. Fuller; Brendan J. Godley; Bojan Lazar; Dimitris Margaritoulis; ALan F. Rees; Jamie D. Shutler; Robin T. Snape; Nathalie R. Swain-Diaz; Stephen Widdicombe; et al. (Marine Biology, 2020)
Bycatch is one of the key threats to juvenile marine turtles in the Mediterranean Sea. As fishing methods are regional or habitat specific, the susceptibility of marine turtles may differ according to inter- and intra-population variations in foraging ecology. An understanding of these variations is necessary to assess bycatch susceptibility and to implement region-specific management. To determine if foraging ecology differs with region, sex, and size of juvenile loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ), stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen was performed on 171 juveniles from a range of foraging regions across the central and eastern Mediterranean Sea. Isotope ratios differed with geographical region, likely due to baseline variations in δ 13 C and δ 15 N values. The absence of sex-specific differences suggests that within an area, all comparably sized animals likely exploit similar foraging strategies, and therefore, their susceptibility to fisheries threats will likely be similar. The isotope ratios of juveniles occupying the North East Adriatic and North Levantine basin increased with size, potentially due to increased consumption of more prey items at higher trophic levels from a more neritic source. Isotope ratios of juveniles with access to both neritic and oceanic habitats did not differ with size which is consistent with them consuming prey items from both habitats interchangeably. With foraging habitats exploited differently among size classes in a population, the susceptibility to fisheries interactions will likely differ with size; therefore, region-specific management approaches will be needed.

The yellow stingray (Urobatis jamaicensis) can use magnetic field polarity to orient in space and solve a maze - Kyle C. Newton; Stephen M. Kajiura (Marine Biology, 2020)

Long-term trends in albatross diets in relation to prey availability and breeding success - William F. Mills; José C. Xavier; Stuart Bearhop; Yves Cherel; Stephen C. Votier; Claire M. Waluda; Richard A. Phillips (Marine Biology, 2020)

Effects of Elevated Sea Levels and Waves on Southern California Estuaries During the 2015–2016 El Niño - Madeleine E. Harvey; Sarah N. Giddings; Eric D. Stein; Jeffrey A. Crooks; Christine Whitcraft; Timu Gallien; John L. Largier; Liesl Tiefenthaler; Hallee Meltzer; Geno Pawlak; Karen Thorne; Karina Johnston; et al. (Estuaries and Coasts, 2020)
The 2015–2016 El Niño provided insight into how low-inflow estuaries might respond to future climate regimes, including high sea levels and more intense waves. High waves and water levels coupled with low rainfall along the Southern California coastline provided the opportunity to examine how extreme ocean forcing impacts estuaries independently from fluvial events. From November 2015 to April 2016, water levels were measured in 13 Southern California estuaries, including both intermittently closed and perennially open estuaries with varying watershed size, urban development, and management practices. Elevated ocean water levels caused raised water levels and prolonged inundation in all of the estuaries studied. Water levels inside perennially open estuaries mirrored ocean water levels, while those inside intermittently closed estuaries (ICEs) exhibited enhanced higher-high water levels during large waves, and tides were truncated at low tides due to a wave-built sand sill at the mouth, resulting in elevated detided water levels. ICEs closed when sufficient wave-driven sand accretion formed a barrier berm across the mouth separating the estuary from the ocean, the height of which can be estimated using estuarine lower-low water levels. During the 2015–2016 El Niño, a greater number of Southern California ICEs closed than during a typical year and ICEs that close annually experienced longer than normal closures. Overall, sill accretion and wave exposure were important contributing factors to individual estuarine response to ocean conditions. Understanding how estuaries respond to increased sea levels and waves and the factors that influence closures will help managers develop appropriate adaptation strategies.

Can fossil fuel energy be recovered and used without any CO2 emissions to the atmosphere? - Breda Novotnik; Arpita Nandy; Senthil Velan Venkatesan; Jagoš R. Radović; Juan De la Fuente; Siavash Nejadi; Renzo C. Silva; Angela Kouris; Venkataraman Thangadurai; Steven Bryant; Kunal Karan; Roman Shor; et al. (Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 2020)

Circumpolar terrestrial arthropod monitoring: A review of ongoing activities, opportunities and challenges, with a focus on spiders - Mark A. K. Gillespie; Matthias Alfredsson; Isabel C. Barrio; Joe Bowden; Peter Convey; Stephen J. Coulson; Lauren E. Culler; Martin T. Dahl; Kathryn M. Daly; Seppo Koponen; Sarah Loboda; Yuri Marusik; et al. (Ambio, 2020)

Status and trends of terrestrial arthropod abundance and diversity in the North Atlantic region of the Arctic - Mark A. K. Gillespie; Matthias Alfredsson; Isabel C. Barrio; Joseph J. Bowden; Peter Convey; Lauren E. Culler; Stephen J. Coulson; Paul Henning Krogh; Amanda M. Koltz; Seppo Koponen; Sarah Loboda; Yuri Marusik; et al. (Ambio, 2020)

Population genetics of fruit bat reservoir informs the dynamics, distribution and diversity of Nipah virus - Kevin J. Olival; Alice Latinne; Ariful Islam; Jonathan H. Epstein; Rebecca Hersch; Rachel C. Engstrand; Emily S. Gurley; George Amato; Stephen P. Luby; Peter Daszak (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
The structure and connectivity of wildlife host populations may influence zoonotic disease dynamics, evolution and therefore spillover risk to people. Fruit bats in the genus Pteropus , or flying foxes, are the primary natural reservoir for henipaviruses—a group of emerging paramyxoviruses that threaten livestock and public health. In Bangladesh, Pteropus medius is the reservoir for Nipah virus—and viral spillover has led to human fatalities nearly every year since 2001. Here, we use mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellite markers to measure the population structure, demographic history and phylogeography of P. medius in Bangladesh. We combine this with a phylogeographic analysis of all known Nipah virus sequences and strains currently available to better inform the dynamics, distribution and evolutionary history of Nipah virus. We show that P. medius is primarily panmictic, but combined analysis of microsatellite and morphological data shows evidence for differentiation of two populations in eastern Bangladesh, corresponding to a divergent strain of Nipah virus also found in bats from eastern Bangladesh. Our demographic analyses indicate that a large, expanding population of flying foxes has existed in Bangladesh since the Late Pleistocene, coinciding with human population expansion in South Asia, suggesting repeated historical spillover of Nipah virus likely occurred. We present the first evidence of mitochondrial introgression, or hybridization, between P. medius and flying fox species found in South‐East Asia ( P. vampyrus and P. hypomelanus ), which may help to explain the distribution of Nipah virus strains across the region.

Trace metals in Antarctic clam shells record the chemical dynamics of changing sea ice conditions - Stephen R. Wing; Sorrel A. O'Connell‐Milne; Lucy C. Wing; Malcolm R. Reid (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
The dynamics of freeze and thaw events in Antarctic sea ice impart chemical changes in the underlying sea water. Trace metals in sea ice and accumulated through deposition of dust are released into sea water as sea ice breaks up in spring. Clams such as Laternula elliptica incorporate a record of these and associated chemical dynamics in their carbonate shells. In 2012, we collected samples of L. elliptica from three sites along a sea ice persistence gradient in McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea Antarctica. Concentrations of trace metals in the chondrophore of each shell were measured by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Ablations transected annual growth increments creating time series ranging in length from 13 to 25 yr. An 8‐yr time period of persistent sea ice, associated with presence of the B‐15 and C‐19 icebergs at the entrance of McMurdo Sound, was clearly resolved in the trace element time series. Conservative trace metals (Sr, Ba) were found at higher concentrations, and highly scavenged elements (Pb, Cu) were found at lower concentrations at sites with more persistent sea ice and during the 8‐yr period of iceberg‐influenced sea ice persistence. Bioactive trace metals (Fe, Ni) were found in higher concentrations during ice free conditions, associated with a period of high pelagic productivity. Our results provide an important case study for understanding the chemical signature of changing sea ice dynamics as reflected in bivalve shell material under a changing Antarctic climate.

Testing for changes in biomass dynamics in large‐scale forest datasets - Ervan Rutishauser; Stuart J. Wright; Richard Condit; Stephen P. Hubbell; Stuart J. Davies; Helene C. Muller‐Landau (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Tropical forest responses to climate and atmospheric change are critical to the future of the global carbon budget. Recent studies have reported increases in estimated above‐ground biomass (EAGB) stocks, productivity, and mortality in old‐growth tropical forests. These increases could reflect a shift in forest functioning due to global change and/or long‐lasting recovery from past disturbance. We introduce a novel approach to disentangle the relative contributions of these mechanisms by decomposing changes in whole‐plot biomass fluxes into contributions from changes in the distribution of gap‐successional stages and changes in fluxes for a given stage. Using 30 years of forest dynamic data at Barro Colorado Island, Panama, we investigated temporal variation in EAGB fluxes as a function of initial EAGB (EAGB i ) in 10 × 10 m quadrats. Productivity and mortality fluxes both increased strongly with initial quadrat EAGB. The distribution of EAGB (and thus EAGB i ) across quadrats hardly varied over 30 years (and seven censuses). EAGB fluxes as a function of EAGB i varied largely and significantly among census intervals, with notably higher productivity in 1985–1990 associated with recovery from the 1982–1983 El Niño event. Variation in whole‐plot fluxes among census intervals was explained overwhelmingly by variation in fluxes as a function of EAGB i , with essentially no contribution from changes in EAGB i distributions. The high observed temporal variation in productivity and mortality suggests that this forest is very sensitive to climate variability. There was no consistent long‐term trend in productivity, mortality, or biomass in this forest over 30 years, although the temporal variability in productivity and mortality was so strong that it could well mask a substantial trend. Accurate prediction of future tropical forest carbon budgets will require accounting for disturbance‐recovery dynamics and understanding temporal variability in productivity and mortality.

Signaling from below: rodents select for deeper fruiting truffles with stronger volatile emissions - Ryan B. Stephens; Amy M. Trowbridge; Andrew P. Ouimette; W. Berk Knighton; Erik A. Hobbie; Paul C. Stoy; Rebecca J. Rowe (Ecology, 2020)
Many plant and fungal species use volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as chemical signals to convey information about the location or quality of their fruits or fruiting bodies to animal dispersers. Identifying the environmental factors and biotic interactions that shape fruit selection by animals is key to understanding the evolutionary processes that underpin chemical signaling. Using four Elaphomyces truffle species, we explored the role of fruiting depth, VOC emissions, and protein content in selection by five rodent species. We used stable isotope analysis of nitrogen (δ 15 N) in truffles to estimate fruiting depth, proton‐transfer‐reaction mass spectrometry to determine volatile emission composition, and nitrogen concentrations to calculate digestible protein of truffles. We coupled field surveys of truffle availability with truffle spore loads in rodent scat to determine selection by rodents. Despite presumably easier access to the shallow fruiting species, E. americanus (0.5‐cm depth) and E. verruculosus (2.5‐cm depth), most rodents selected for truffles fruiting deeper in the soil, E. macrosporus (4.1‐cm depth) and E. bartlettii (5.0‐cm depth). The deeper fruiting species had distinct VOC profiles and produced significantly higher quantities of odiferous compounds. Myodes gapperi (southern red‐backed vole), a fungal specialist, also selected for truffles with high levels of digestible protein, E. verruculosus and E. macrosporus . Our results highlight the importance of chemical signals in truffle selection by rodents and suggest that VOCs are under strong selective pressures relative to protein rewards. Strong chemical signals likely allow detection of truffles deep within the soil and reduce foraging effort by rodents. For rodents that depend on fungi as a major food source, protein content may also be important in selecting truffles.

Development and validation of an analytical method for the analysis of Sterigmatocystin in roasted coffee beans and black pepper using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry - Stephen W. C. Chung; Andy H. T. Wu (Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2020)

Differential rearing alters taste reactivity to ethanol, sucrose, and quinine - Thomas J. Wukitsch; Emma C. Brase; Theodore J. Moser; Stephen W. Kiefer; Mary E. Cain (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Field evaluation of a novel oral reservoir-targeted vaccine against Borrelia burgdorferi utilizing an inactivated whole-cell bacterial antigen expression vehicle - Kirby C. Stafford; Scott C. Williams; Jolieke G. van Oosterwijk; Megan A. Linske; Steve Zatechka; Luciana M. Richer; Goudarz Molaei; Chris Przybyszewski; Stephen K. Wikel (Experimental and Applied Acarology, 2020)

The pharmacokinetics of meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactam during sustained low efficiency haemodiafiltration (SLED-HDF) - Sine Donnellan; Daniel F. B. Wright; Jason A. Roberts; Stephen B. Duffull; John B. W. Schollum; Tracey L. Putt; Steven C. Wallis; Robert J. Walker (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020)

Climatic vulnerabilities and ecological preferences of soil invertebrates across biomes - Felipe Bastida; David J. Eldridge; Sebastián Abades; Fernando D. Alfaro; Antonio Gallardo; Laura García‐Velázquez; Carlos García; Stephen C. Hart; Cecilia A. Pérez; Fernanda Santos; Pankaj Trivedi; Mark A. Williams; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
Unlike plants and vertebrates, the ecological preferences, and potential vulnerabilities of soil invertebrates to environmental change, remain poorly understood in terrestrial ecosystems globally. We conducted a cross‐biome survey including 83 locations across six continents to advance our understanding of the ecological preferences and vulnerabilities of the diversity of dominant and functionally important soil invertebrate taxa, including nematodes, arachnids and rotifers. The diversity of invertebrates was analyzed through amplicon sequencing. Vegetation and climate drove the diversity and dominant taxa of soil invertebrates. Our results suggest that declines in forest cover and plant diversity, and reductions in plant production associated with increases in aridity, can result in reductions of the diversity of soil invertebrates in a drier and more managed world. We further developed global atlases of the diversity of these important soil invertebrates, which were cross‐validated using an independent database. Our study advances the current knowledge of the ecological preferences and vulnerabilities of the diversity and presence of functionally important soil invertebrates in soils from across the globe. This information is fundamental for improving and prioritizing conservation efforts of soil genetic resources and management policies.

Integrated Modeling to Evaluate Climate Change Impacts on Coupled Social-Ecological Systems in Alaska - Anne Babcock Hollowed; Kirstin Kari Holsman; Alan C. Haynie; Albert J. Hermann; Andre E. Punt; Kerim Aydin; James N. Ianelli; Stephen Kasperski; Wei Cheng; Amanda Faig; Kelly A. Kearney; Jonathan C. P. Reum; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Frontiers in Molecular Evolutionary Medicine - Stephen C. Stearns (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2020)

Alcohol intake, tobacco smoking, and esophageal adenocarcinoma survival: a molecular pathology epidemiology cohort study - R. Stephen McCain; Damian T. McManus; Stephen McQuaid; Jacqueline A. James; Manuel Salto-Tellez; Nathan B. Reid; Stephanie Craig; Chintapuza Chisambo; Victoria Bingham; Eamon McCarron; Eileen Parkes; Richard C. Turkington; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2020)
Purpose To investigate the association between cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and esophageal adenocarcinoma survival, including stratified analysis by selected prognostic biomarkers. Methods A population-representative sample of 130 esophageal adenocarcinoma patients (n = 130) treated at the Northern Ireland Cancer Centre between 2004 and 2012. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to evaluate associations between smoking status, alcohol intake, and survival. Secondary analyses investigated these associations across categories of p53, HER2, CD8, and GLUT-1 biomarker expression. Results In esophageal adenocarcinoma patients, there was a significantly increased risk of cancer-specific mortality in ever, compared to never, alcohol drinkers in unadjusted (HR 1.96 95% CI 1.13–3.38) but not adjusted (HR 1.70 95% CI 0.95–3.04) analysis. This increased risk of death observed for alcohol consumers was more evident in patients with normal p53 expression, GLUT-1 positive or CD-8 positive tumors. There were no significant associations between survival and smoking status in esophageal adenocarcinoma patients. Conclusions In esophageal adenocarcinoma patients, cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption was not associated with a significant difference in survival in comparison with never smokers and never drinkers in fully adjusted analysis. However, in some biomarker-selected subgroups, ever-alcohol consumption was associated with a worsened survival in comparison with never drinkers. Larger studies are needed to investigate these findings, as these lifestyle habits may not only be linked to cancer risk but also cancer survival.

Scavenger communities and fisheries waste: North Sea discards support 3 million seabirds, 2 million fewer than in 1990 - Richard B. Sherley; Hannah Ladd‐Jones; Stefan Garthe; Olivia Stevenson; Stephen C. Votier (Fish and Fisheries, 2020)
Every year fisheries discard >10 million tonnes of fish. This provides a bounty for scavengers, yet the ecological impact of discarding is understudied. Seabirds are the best‐studied discard scavengers and fisheries have shaped their movement ecology, demography and community structure. However, we know little about the number of scavenging seabirds that discards support, how this varies over time or might change as stocks and policy change. Here, we use a Bayesian bioenergetics model to estimate the number of scavenging birds potentially supported by discards in the North Sea (one of the highest discard‐producing regions) in 1990, around the peak of production, and again after discard declines in 2010. We estimate that North Sea discards declined by 48% from 509,840 tonnes in 1990 to 267,549 tonnes in 2010. This waste had the potential to support 5.66 (95% credible intervals: 3.33–9.74) million seabirds in the 1990s, declining by 39% to 3.45 (1.98–5.78) million birds by 2010. Our study reveals the potential for fishery discards to support very large scavenging seabird communities but also shows how this has declined over recent decades. Discard bans, like the European Union's Landing Obligation, may reduce inflated scavenger communities, but come against a backdrop of gradual declines potentially buffering deleterious impacts. More work is required to reduce uncertainty and to generate global estimates, but our study highlights the magnitude of scavenger communities potentially supported by discards and thus the importance of understanding the wider ecological consequences of dumping fisheries waste.

Testis-specific Arf promoter expression in a transposase-aided BAC transgenic mouse model - Caroline Y. Sung; Yen-Ting Liu; Lynda B. Bennett; Caitlin C. Devitt; Stephen X. Skapek (Molecular Biology Reports, 2019)

Automated lifespan determination across Caenorhabditis strains and species reveals assay-specific effects of chemical interventions - Stephen A. Banse; Mark Lucanic; Christine A. Sedore; Anna L. Coleman-Hulbert; W. Todd Plummer; Esteban Chen; Jason L. Kish; David Hall; Brian Onken; Michael P. Presley; E. Grace Jones; Benjamin W. Blue; et al. (GeroScience, 2019)
The goal of the Caenorhabditis Intervention Testing Program is to identify robust and reproducible pro-longevity interventions that are efficacious across genetically diverse cohorts in the Caenorhabditis genus. The project design features multiple experimental replicates collected by three different laboratories. Our initial effort employed fully manual survival assays. With an interest in increasing throughput, we explored automation with flatbed scanner-based Automated Lifespan Machines (ALMs). We used ALMs to measure survivorship of 22 Caenorhabditis strains spanning three species. Additionally, we tested five chemicals that we previously found extended lifespan in manual assays. Overall, we found similar sources of variation among trials for the ALM and our previous manual assays, verifying reproducibility of outcome. Survival assessment was generally consistent between the manual and the ALM assays, although we did observe radically contrasting results for certain compound interventions. We found that particular lifespan outcome differences could be attributed to protocol elements such as enhanced light exposure of specific compounds in the ALM, underscoring that differences in technical details can influence outcomes and therefore interpretation. Overall, we demonstrate that the ALMs effectively reproduce a large, conventionally scored dataset from a diverse test set, independently validating ALMs as a robust and reproducible approach toward aging-intervention screening.

A prospective comparative study of children with gastroenteritis: emergency department compared with symptomatic care at home - Otto G. Vanderkooi; Jianling Xie; Bonita E. Lee; Xiao-Li Pang; Linda Chui; Daniel C. Payne; Judy MacDonald; Samina Ali; Shannon MacDonald; Steve Drews; Lara Osterreicher; Kelly Kim; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2019)

A conceptual framework for the identification and characterization of lacustrine spawning habitats for native lake charr Salvelinus namaycush - Stephen C. Riley; J. Ellen Marsden; Mark S. Ridgway; Christopher P. Konrad; Steven A. Farha; Thomas R. Binder; Trevor A. Middel; Peter C. Esselman; Charles C. Krueger (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2019)

Coenzyme Q10 Alleviates Chronic Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Induced Premature Endothelial Senescence - Yi-Fan Chen; Valeria Y. Hebert; Krisztian Stadler; Stephen Y. Xue; Kate Slaybaugh; Elliot Luttrell-Williams; Mitzi C. Glover; David M. Krzywanski; Tammy R. Dugas (Cardiovascular Toxicology, 2019)

The maize α-zein promoter can be utilized as a strong inducer of cellulase enzyme expression in maize kernels - Deborah Vicuna Requesens; Maria Elena Gonzalez Romero; Shivakumar P. Devaiah; Yeun-Kyung Chang; Ashley Flory; Stephen Streatfield; Rebecca Ring; Cassie Phillips; Nathan C. Hood; Cyrus Dean Marbaniang; John A. Howard; Elizabeth E. Hood (Transgenic Research, 2019)

Transitioning the NASA SLR network to Event Timing Mode for reduced systematics, improved stability and data precision - Thomas Varghese; Randall L. Ricklefs; Erricos C. Pavlis; Magdalena Kuzmicz-Cieslak; Stephen M. Merkowitz (Journal of Geodesy, 2019)

Contrasting scales of local persistence between monsoonal and arid biomes in closely related, low‐dispersal vertebrates - Sally Potter; Ana C. Afonso Silva; Jason G. Bragg; Sarah R. Catalano; Stephen Donnellan; Paul Doughty; Mitchell L. Scott; Craig Moritz (Journal of Biogeography, 2019)
Aim Focussing on pairs of sister species across three genera of scincid lizards, we use genomic evidence to test for larger‐scale, late‐Pleistocene changes in distributions of lizards in the Australian arid zone (AZ) than in the adjacent monsoonal tropics (MT). Location Northern and central Australia. Taxon Scincidae: Squamata. Methods We sequenced ~2000 nuclear exons and one mitochondrial gene across the distributions of species with primarily MT or AZ distributions from three genera of lizards. Using phylogenetic analysis and population structure analyses we identified major phylogeographic lineages and then compared the spatial scale of structuring and tested for recent demographic expansions. Results Two genera in particular, Proablepharus and Morethia , showed deeper and more geographically localized phylogeographic diversity in the MT than the AZ. In the MT, localized diversity was prevalent in the relatively mesic regions. By contrast, the AZ was characterized by widespread and often genetically uniform lineages and a higher proportion of these had signals of recent population expansion. Main conclusions Consistent with other recent, but mostly less genetically extensive studies, our results point to deeper and more localized diversity in MT compared to AZ. In turn, this suggests higher local persistence in more mesic and topographically diverse biome through the late Quaternary climate fluctuations. For the AZ, geographically extensive range expansions have likely contributed to the low spatial turnover of this exceptionally rich lizard fauna.

The Kimberley, north‐western Australia, as a cradle of evolution and endemic biodiversity: An example using grunters (Terapontidae) - James J. Shelley; Peter J. Unmack; Tim Dempster; Matthew C. Le Feuvre; Stephen E. Swearer (Journal of Biogeography, 2019)
Aim To test two prominent, alternate hypotheses that provide explanations for the great accumulation of endemic species in the Kimberley bioregion in north‐western Australia, using an extensively sampled, region wide phylogeny of northern Australia's most species‐rich freshwater fish family, Terapontidae. Specifically, we test whether the Kimberley may act as (1) a “museum” accumulating taxa and endemic species over time or (2) a “cradle” of more recent diversification and neoendemism. Location The Australian monsoonal tropics. Taxon Grunters (Terapontidae). Methods We obtained a robust and well‐supported Bayesian phylogeny for the family using DNA sequences from mtDNA and nuclear gene regions. We performed molecular phylogenetic analyses using species tree methods including molecular dating analysis, ancestral range reconstruction and diversification analysis. Results Based on our phylogeny, the combined molecular clock estimates and likelihood‐based historical‐biogeographic reconstructions suggest that terapontids recently transitioned into the Kimberley from the east during the late‐Miocene. We found that 80% of Kimberley terapontids diversified within the Kimberley in the last 3 Ma. Furthermore, diversification analyses identified a single significant shift in diversification rates ~1.4 Ma that corresponds with a change in global climate midway through the Pleistocene that was predominantly driven by speciation in the Kimberley. Main conclusions The weight of evidence suggests that the Kimberley has been a “cradle” of evolution for Terapontidae, rather than a “museum”. Our analysis provides strong evidence for a geologically recent transition of terapontids into the Kimberley from regions to the east during the late‐Miocene followed by a significant increase in speciation rates during the Pleistocene, driven by speciation in the Kimberley. The results provide important insight into the evolutionary and biogeographical processes that have shaped the regions unique biota, which will inform land managers working to protect and conserve both species and the processes responsible for generating and sustaining them.

Refugia under threat: Mass bleaching of coral assemblages in high‐latitude eastern Australia - Sun W. Kim; Eugenia M. Sampayo; Brigitte Sommer; Carrie A. Sims; Maria del C. Gómez‐Cabrera; Steve J. Dalton; Maria Beger; Hamish A. Malcolm; Renata Ferrari; Nicola Fraser; Will F. Figueira; Stephen D. A. Smith; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Environmental anomalies that trigger adverse physiological responses and mortality are occurring with increasing frequency due to climate change. At species' range peripheries, environmental anomalies are particularly concerning because species often exist at their environmental tolerance limits and may not be able to migrate to escape unfavourable conditions. Here, we investigated the bleaching response and mortality of 14 coral genera across high‐latitude eastern Australia during a global heat stress event in 2016. We evaluated whether the severity of assemblage‐scale and genus‐level bleaching responses was associated with cumulative heat stress and/or local environmental history, including long‐term mean temperatures during the hottest month of each year (SST LTMAX ), and annual fluctuations in water temperature (SST VAR ) and solar irradiance (PARZ VAR ). The most severely‐bleached genera included species that were either endemic to the region ( Pocillopora aliciae ) or rare in the tropics (e.g. Porites heronensis ). Pocillopora spp., in particular, showed high rates of immediate mortality. Bleaching severity of Pocillopora was high where SST LTMAX was low or PARZ VAR was high, whereas bleaching severity of Porites was directly associated with cumulative heat stress. While many tropical Acropora species are extremely vulnerable to bleaching, the Acropora species common at high latitudes, such as A. glauca and A. solitaryensis , showed little incidence of bleaching and immediate mortality. Two other regionally‐abundant genera, Goniastrea and Turbinaria , were also largely unaffected by the thermal anomaly. The severity of assemblage‐scale bleaching responses was poorly explained by the environmental parameters we examined. Instead, the severity of assemblage‐scale bleaching was associated with local differences in species abundance and taxon‐specific bleaching responses. The marked taxonomic disparity in bleaching severity, coupled with high mortality of high‐latitude endemics, point to climate‐driven simplification of assemblage structures and progressive homogenisation of reef functions at these high‐latitude locations.

Availability of Logging Residues and Likelihood of Their Utilization for Electricity Production in the US South - Raju Pokharel; Robert K Grala; Gregory S Latta; Donald L Grebner; Stephen C Grado; Jagdish Poudel (Journal of Forestry, 2019)
This study estimated quantities of logging residues that can physically be recovered from harvest sites and utilized for electricity production in the US South. Because of a small number of mills utilizing logging residues, this study determined their willingness to utilize additional logging residues to produce electricity as a function of woody residue utilization characteristics of a mill and mill management’s attitudes toward factors limiting utilization of this feedstock. Approximately 98 percent of logging residues occur within a 35-mile hauling distance from mills. Although almost all physically available logging residues could be recovered with a relatively short hauling distance, a mail survey indicated that only 4 percent of mills utilized this feedstock. Willingness to utilize additional logging residues to produce electricity by mill management was positively associated with the quantity of woody residues already used and anticipated equipment upgrades to facilitate electricity production, whereas it was negatively related with the quantity of generated mill residues. Mill management that considered a lack of storage space an important limitation was less likely to utilize additional logging residues. Increased utilization of logging residues for electricity production will be contingent on the implementation of bioenergy favorable policies and availability of technical and financial assistance to mills.

Are Current Seedling Demographics Poised to Regenerate Northern US Forests? - Lance A Vickers; William H McWilliams; Benjamin O Knapp; Anthony W D’Amato; Daniel C Dey; Yvette L Dickinson; John M Kabrick; Laura S Kenefic; Christel C Kern; David R Larsen; Alejandro A Royo; Michael R Saunders; et al. (Journal of Forestry, 2019)
Securing desirable regeneration is essential to sustainable forest management, yet failures are common. Detailed seedling measurements from a forest inventory across 24 northern US states were examined for plausible regeneration outcomes following overstory removal. The examination included two fundamental regeneration objectives: 1) stand replacement- securing future forest and 2) species maintenance- securing upper canopy species. Almost half the plots lacked adequate seedlings to regenerate a stand after canopy removal and over half risked compositional shifts. Based on those advance reproduction demographics, regeneration difficulties could occur on two-thirds of the plots examined. The remaining one-third were regeneration-ready. However, compared to historical norms, increased small-tree mortality rates reduces that proportion. Not all forest types rely on advance reproduction and results varied among the forest types examined. Some variability was associated with browsing intensity, as areas of high deer browsing had a lower proportion of regeneration-ready plots.

Deep decarbonization and renewable energy in the Appalachian Mountains (DDREAM): a socio-ecological systems approach to evaluating ecological governance - Stephen P. Mainzer; C. A. Cole; Travis Flohr (Socio-Ecological Practice Research, 2019)

Terrestrial Behavior in Titi Monkeys (Callicebus, Cheracebus, and Plecturocebus): Potential Correlates, Patterns, and Differences between Genera - João Pedro Souza-Alves; Italo Mourthe; Renato R. Hilário; Júlio César Bicca-Marques; Jennifer Rehg; Carla C. Gestich; Adriana C. Acero-Murcia; Patrice Adret; Rolando Aquino; Mélissa Berthet; Mark Bowler; Armando M. Calouro; et al. (International Journal of Primatology, 2019)

GPT2 mutations in autosomal recessive developmental disability: extending the clinical phenotype and population prevalence estimates - Qing Ouyang; Brian C. Kavanaugh; Lena Joesch-Cohen; Bethany Dubois; Qing Wu; Michael Schmidt; Ozan Baytas; Stephen F. Pastore; Ricardo Harripaul; Sasmita Mishra; Abrar Hussain; Katherine H. Kim; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

White matter hyperintensities are associated with falls in older people with dementia - Morag E. Taylor; Stephen R. Lord; Kim Delbaere; Wei Wen; Jiyang Jiang; Henry Brodaty; Susan E. Kurrle; A. Stefanie Mikolaizak; Jacqueline C. T. Close (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2019)

Response of cyanobacteria and phytoplankton abundance to warming, extreme rainfall events and nutrient enrichment - Jessica Richardson; Heidrun Feuchtmayr; Claire Miller; Peter D. Hunter; Stephen C. Maberly; Laurence Carvalho (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Cyanobacterial blooms are an increasing threat to water quality and global water security caused by the nutrient enrichment of freshwaters. There is also a broad consensus that blooms are increasing with global warming, but the impacts of other concomitant environmental changes, such as an increase in extreme rainfall events, may affect this response. One of the potential effects of high rainfall events on phytoplankton communities is greater loss of biomass through hydraulic flushing. Here we used a shallow lake mesocosm experiment to test the combined effects of: warming (ambient vs. +4°C increase), high rainfall (flushing) events (no events vs. seasonal events) and nutrient loading (eutrophic vs. hypertrophic) on total phytoplankton chlorophyll‐ a and cyanobacterial abundance and composition. Our hypotheses were that: (a) total phytoplankton and cyanobacterial abundance would be higher in heated mesocosms; (b) the stimulatory effects of warming on cyanobacterial abundance would be enhanced in higher nutrient mesocosms, resulting in a synergistic interaction; (c) the recovery of biomass from flushing induced losses would be quicker in heated and nutrient‐enriched treatments, and during the growing season. The results supported the first and, in part, the third hypotheses: total phytoplankton and cyanobacterial abundance increased in heated mesocosms with an increase in common bloom‐forming taxa— Microcystis spp. and Dolichospermum spp. Recovery from flushing was slowest in the winter, but unaffected by warming or higher nutrient loading. Contrary to the second hypothesis, an antagonistic interaction between warming and nutrient enrichment was detected for both cyanobacteria and chlorophyll‐ a demonstrating that ecological surprises can occur, dependent on the environmental context. While this study highlights the clear need to mitigate against global warming, oversimplification of global change effects on cyanobacteria should be avoided; stressor gradients and seasonal effects should be considered as important factors shaping the response.

Integrated Risk Assessment for the Blue Economy - Emma E. Hodgson; Timothy E. Essington; Jameal F. Samhouri; Edward H. Allison; Nathan J. Bennett; Ann Bostrom; Alison C. Cullen; Stephen Kasperski; Phillip S. Levin; Melissa R. Poe (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Coral Reef Monitoring, Reef Assessment Technologies, and Ecosystem-Based Management - David O. Obura; Greta Aeby; Natchanon Amornthammarong; Ward Appeltans; Nicholas Bax; Joe Bishop; Russell E. Brainard; Samuel Chan; Pamela Fletcher; Timothy A. C. Gordon; Lew Gramer; Mishal Gudka; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Bambara groundnut: an exemplar underutilised legume for resilience under climate change - Sean Mayes; Wai Kuan Ho; Hui Hui Chai; Xiuqing Gao; Aloyce C. Kundy; Kumbirai I. Mateva; Muhammad Zahrulakmal; Mohd Khairul Izwan Mohd Hahiree; Presidor Kendabie; Luis C. S. Licea; Festo Massawe; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi; et al. (Planta, 2019)

Utility of High Resolution NMR Methods to Probe the Impact of Chemical Modifications on Higher Order Structure of Monoclonal Antibodies in Relation to Antigen Binding - Subhabrata Majumder; Andrew Saati; Shibu Philip; Lucy L. Liu; Elaine Stephens; Jason C. Rouse; Arun Alphonse Ignatius (Pharmaceutical Research, 2019)

Distribution of contaminants in the environment and wildlife habitat use: a case study with lead and waterfowl on the Upper Texas Coast - Brian Kearns; Stephen McDowell; Jena Moon; Elizabeth Rigby; Warren C. Conway; David Haukos (Ecotoxicology, 2019)

Athelia rolfsii causes sett rots and germination failure in sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid): pathogenicity and symptomatology - Shamsul A. Bhuiyan; Priyanka Wickramasinghe; Stephen R. Mudge; Prakash Adhikari; Robert C. Magarey (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2019)

Connectivity, Dispersal, and Recruitment: Connecting Benthic Communities and the Coastal Ocean - J. Wilson White; Mark Carr; Jennifer Caselle; Libe Washburn; C. Brock Woodson; Stephen Palumbi; Peter Carlson; Robert Warner; Bruce Menge; John Barth; Carol Blanchette; Peter Raimondi; et al. (Oceanography, 2019)

Toward the Integrated Marine Debris Observing System - Nikolai Maximenko; Paolo Corradi; Kara Lavender Law; Erik Van Sebille; Shungudzemwoyo P. Garaba; Richard Stephen Lampitt; Francois Galgani; Victor Martinez-Vicente; Lonneke Goddijn-Murphy; Joana Mira Veiga; Richard C. Thompson; Christophe Maes; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

A BGC-Argo Guide: Planning, Deployment, Data Handling and Usage - Henry C. Bittig; Tanya L. Maurer; Joshua N. Plant; Catherine Schmechtig; Annie P. S. Wong; Hervé Claustre; Thomas W. Trull; T. V. S. Udaya Bhaskar; Emmanuel Boss; Giorgio Dall’Olmo; Emanuele Organelli; Antoine Poteau; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Measuring Global Ocean Heat Content to Estimate the Earth Energy Imbalance - Benoit Meyssignac; Tim Boyer; Zhongxiang Zhao; Maria Z. Hakuba; Felix W. Landerer; Detlef Stammer; Armin Köhl; Seiji Kato; Tristan L’Ecuyer; Michael Ablain; John Patrick Abraham; Alejandro Blazquez; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Ocean Observations to Improve Our Understanding, Modeling, and Forecasting of Subseasonal-to-Seasonal Variability - Aneesh C. Subramanian; Magdalena A. Balmaseda; Luca Centurioni; Rajib Chattopadhyay; Bruce D. Cornuelle; Charlotte DeMott; Maria Flatau; Yosuke Fujii; Donata Giglio; Sarah T. Gille; Thomas M. Hamill; Harry Hendon; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

SMART Cables for Observing the Global Ocean: Science and Implementation - Bruce M. Howe; Brian K. Arbic; Jérome Aucan; Christopher R. Barnes; Nigel Bayliff; Nathan Becker; Rhett Butler; Laurie Doyle; Shane Elipot; Gregory C. Johnson; Felix Landerer; Stephen Lentz; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

On the Future of Argo: A Global, Full-Depth, Multi-Disciplinary Array - Dean Roemmich; Matthew H. Alford; Hervé Claustre; Kenneth Johnson; Brian King; James Moum; Peter Oke; W. Brechner Owens; Sylvie Pouliquen; Sarah Purkey; Megan Scanderbeg; Toshio Suga; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Population variation in the intensity of fruit infestation and pre-dispersal seed predation in Yucca schidigera (Asparagaceae) by its obligate pollinator - Leonardo De la Rosa-Conroy; Maria C. Arteaga; Stephen H. Bullock; Luis E. Eguiarte; Rafael Bello-Bedoy (Plant Ecology, 2019)

Pycnophyidae (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico: Fujuriphyes viserioni sp. nov. and a redescription of Leiocanthus langi (Higgins, 1964), with notes on its intraspecific variation - Nuria Sánchez; Martin V. Sørensen; Stephen C. Landers (Marine Biodiversity, 2019)

Carbon dynamics, net primary productivity and human‐appropriated net primary productivity across a forest–cocoa farm landscape in West Africa - Alexandra C. Morel; Michael Adu Sasu; Stephen Adu‐Bredu; Marvin Quaye; Christine Moore; Rebecca Ashley Asare; John Mason; Mark Hirons; Constance L. McDermott; Elizabeth J. Z. Robinson; Emily Boyd; Ken Norris; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Terrestrial net primary productivity ( NPP ) is an important metric of ecosystem functioning; however, there are little empirical data on the NPP of human‐modified ecosystems, particularly smallholder, perennial crops like cocoa ( Theobroma cacao ), which are extensive across the tropics. Human‐appropriated NPP ( HANPP ) is a measure of the proportion of a natural system's NPP that has either been reduced through land‐use change or harvested directly and, previously, has been calculated to estimate the scale of the human impact on the biosphere. Additionally, human modification can create shifts in NPP allocation and decomposition, with concomitant impacts on the carbon cycle. This study presents the results of 3 years of intensive monitoring of forest and smallholder cocoa farms across disturbance, management intensity, distance from forest and farm age gradients. We measured among the highest reported NPP values in tropical forest, 17.57 ± 2.1 and 17.7 ± 1.6 Mg C ha −1 year −1 for intact and logged forest, respectively; however, the average NPP of cocoa farms was still higher, 18.8 ± 2.5 Mg C ha −1 year −1 , which we found was driven by cocoa pod production. We found a dramatic shift in litterfall residence times, where cocoa leaves decomposed more slowly than forest leaves and shade tree litterfall decomposed considerably faster, indicating significant changes in rates of nutrient cycling. The average HANPP value for all cocoa farms was 2.1 ± 1.1 Mg C ha −1 year −1 ; however, depending on the density of shade trees, it ranged from −4.6 to 5.2 Mg C ha −1 year −1 . Therefore, rather than being related to cocoa yield, HANPP was reduced by maintaining higher shade levels. Across our monitored farms, 18.9% of farm NPP was harvested (i.e., whole cocoa pods) and only 1.1% (i.e., cocoa beans) was removed from the system, suggesting that the scale of HANPP in smallholder cocoa agroforestry systems is relatively small.

Four priorities for new links between conservation science and accounting research - Clément Feger; Laurent Mermet; Bhaskar Vira; Prue F.E. Addison; Richard Barker; Frank Birkin; John Burns; Stuart Cooper; Denis Couvet; Thomas Cuckston; Gretchen C. Daily; Colin Dey; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2019)
Article impact statement : New collaborations with accounting research can improve conservation impact of ecosystem‐based information systems.

Ocean Reanalyses: Recent Advances and Unsolved Challenges - Andrea Storto; Aida Alvera-Azcárate; Magdalena A. Balmaseda; Alexander Barth; Matthieu Chevallier; Francois Counillon; Catia M. Domingues; Marie Drevillon; Yann Drillet; Gaël Forget; Gilles Garric; Keith Haines; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Observational Needs for Improving Ocean and Coupled Reanalysis, S2S Prediction, and Decadal Prediction - Stephen G. Penny; Santha Akella; Magdalena A. Balmaseda; Philip Browne; James A. Carton; Matthieu Chevallier; Francois Counillon; Catia Domingues; Sergey Frolov; Patrick Heimbach; Patrick Hogan; Ibrahim Hoteit; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Correction to: Genetic variant predictors of gene expression provide new insight into risk of colorectal cancer - Stephanie A. Bien; Yu-Ru Su; David V. Conti; Tabitha A. Harrison; Conghui Qu; Xingyi Guo; Yingchang Lu; Demetrius Albanes; Paul L. Auer; Barbara L. Banbury; Sonja I. Berndt; Stéphane Bézieau; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

Substantial increase in minimum lake surface temperatures under climate change - R. Iestyn Woolway; Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer; Martin Schmid; Martin T. Dokulil; Elvira de Eyto; Stephen C. Maberly; Linda May; Christopher J. Merchant (Climatic Change, 2019)

Electroreception in marine fishes: chondrichthyans - Kyle C. Newton; Andrew B. Gill; Stephen M. Kajiura (Journal of Fish Biology, 2019)
Electroreception in marine fishes occurs across a variety of taxa and is best understood in the chondrichthyans (sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras). Here, we present an up‐to‐date review of what is known about the biology of passive electroreception and we consider how electroreceptive fishes might respond to electric and magnetic stimuli in a changing marine environment. We briefly describe the history and discovery of electroreception in marine Chondrichthyes, the current understanding of the passive mode, the morphological adaptations of receptors across phylogeny and habitat, the physiological function of the peripheral and central nervous system components, and the behaviours mediated by electroreception. Additionally, whole genome sequencing, genetic screening and molecular studies promise to yield new insights into the evolution, distribution, and function of electroreceptors across different environments. This review complements that of electroreception in freshwater fishes in this special issue, which provides a comprehensive state of knowledge regarding the evolution of electroreception. We conclude that despite our improved understanding of passive electroreception, several outstanding gaps remain which limits our full comprehension of this sensory modality. Of particular concern is how electroreceptive fishes will respond and adapt to a marine environment that is being increasingly altered by anthropogenic electric and magnetic fields.

Connectivity in coastal systems: Barrier island vegetation influences upland migration in a changing climate - Julie C. Zinnert; Stephen M. Via; Benjamin P. Nettleton; Philip A. Tuley; Laura J. Moore; Jon Anthony Stallins (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Due to their position at the land–sea interface, barrier islands are vulnerable to both oceanic and atmospheric climate change‐related drivers. In response to relative sea‐level rise, barrier islands tend to migrate landward via overwash processes which deposit sediment onto the backbarrier marsh, thus maintaining elevation above sea level. In this paper, we assess the importance of interior upland vegetation and sediment transport (from upland to marsh) on the movement of the marsh–upland boundary in a transgressive barrier system along the mid‐Atlantic Coast. We hypothesize that recent woody expansion is altering the rate of marsh to upland conversion. Using Landsat imagery over a 32 year time period (1984–2016), we quantify transitions between land cover (bare, grassland, woody vegetation, and marsh) and the marsh–upland boundary. We find that the Virginia Barrier Islands have both gains and losses in backbarrier marsh and upland, with 19% net loss from the system during the timeframe of the study and increased variance in marsh to upland conversion. This is consistent with recent work indicating a shift toward increasing rates of landward barrier island migration. Despite a net loss of upland area, macroclimatic winter warming resulted in 41% increase in woody vegetation in protected, low‐elevation areas, introducing new ecological scenarios that increase resistance to sediment movement from upland to marsh. Our analysis demonstrates how the interplay between elevation and interior island vegetative cover influences landward migration of the boundary between upland and marsh (a previously underappreciated indicator that an island is migrating), and thus, the importance of including ecological processes in the island interior into coastal modeling of barrier island migration and sediment movement across the barrier landscape.

Carbon control on terrestrial ecosystem function across contrasting site productivities: the carbon connection revisited - Nicholas C. Dove; John M. Stark; Gregory S. Newman; Stephen C. Hart (Ecology, 2019)
Understanding how altered soil organic carbon ( SOC ) availability affects microbial communities and their function is imperative in predicting impacts of global change on soil carbon (C) storage and ecosystem function. However, the response of soil microbial communities and their function to depleted C availability in situ is unclear. We evaluated the role of soil C inputs in controlling microbial biomass, community composition, physiology, and function by (1) experimentally excluding plant C inputs in situ for 9 yr in four temperate forest ecosystems along a productivity gradient in Oregon, USA ; and (2) integrating these findings with published data from similar C‐exclusion studies into a global meta‐analysis. Excluding plant C inputs for 9 yr resulted in a 13% decrease in SOC across the four Oregon sites and an overall shift in the microbial community composition, with a 45% decrease in the fungal : bacterial ratio and a 13% increase in Gram‐positive : Gram‐negative bacterial ratio. Although gross N mineralization decreased under C exclusion, decreases in gross N immobilization were greater, resulting in increased net N mineralization rates in all but the lowest‐productivity site. Microbial biomass showed a variable response to C exclusion that was method dependent; however, we detected a 29% decrease in C‐use efficiency across the sites, with greater declines occurring in less‐productive sites. Although extracellular enzyme activity increased with C exclusion, C exclusion resulted in a 31% decrease in microbial respiration across all sites. Our meta‐analyses of published data with similar C‐exclusion treatments were largely consistent with our experimental results, showing decreased SOC , fungal : bacterial ratios, and microbial respiration, and increased Gram‐positive : Gram‐negative bacterial ratio following exclusion of C inputs to soil. Effect sizes of SOC and respiration correlated negatively with the duration of C exclusion; however, there were immediate effects of C exclusion on microbial community composition and biomass that were unaltered by duration of treatment. Our field‐based experimental results and analyses demonstrate unequivocally the dominant control of C availability on soil microbial biomass, community composition, and function, and provide additional insight into the mechanisms for these effects in forest ecosystems.

Radiological Estimation of Intracranial Blood Volume and Occurrence of Hydrocephalus Determines Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - Joshua A Santucci; Stephen R Ross; John C Greenert; Faranak Aghaei; Lance Ford; Kimberly M Hollabaugh; Benjamin O Cornwell; Dee H Wu; Bin Zheng; Bradley N Bohnstedt; Bappaditya Ray (Translational Stroke Research, 2019)

Publisher Correction to: Expanding the size of multi-parameter metasomatic footprints in gold exploration: utilization of mafic dykes in the Canadian Malartic district, Québec, Canada - Stéphane Perrouty; Robert L. Linnen; C. Michael Lesher; Gema R. Olivo; Stephen J. Piercey; Nicolas Gaillard; James R. Clark; Randolph J. Enkin (Mineralium Deposita, 2019)

Expanding the size of multi-parameter metasomatic footprints in gold exploration: utilization of mafic dykes in the Canadian Malartic district, Québec, Canada - Stéphane Perrouty; Robert L. Linnen; C. Michael Lesher; Gema R. Olivo; Stephen J. Piercey; Nicolas Gaillard; James R. Clark; Randolph J. Enkin (Mineralium Deposita, 2019)

Integrating team science into interdisciplinary graduate education: an exploration of the SESYNC Graduate Pursuit - Kenneth E. Wallen; Karen Filbee-Dexter; Jeremy B. Pittman; Stephen M. Posner; Steven M. Alexander; Chelsie L. Romulo; Drew E. Bennett; Elizabeth C. Clark; Stella J.M. Cousins; Bradford A. Dubik; Margaret Garcia; Heather A. Haig; et al. (Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 2019)

CAR T Cell Immunotherapy in Human and Veterinary Oncology: Changing the Odds Against Hematological Malignancies - Jonathan P. Mochel; Stephen C. Ekker; Chad M. Johannes; Albert E. Jergens; Karin Allenspach; Agnes Bourgois-Mochel; Michael Knouse; Sebastien Benzekry; Wesley Wierson; Amy K. LeBlanc; Saad S. Kenderian (The AAPS Journal, 2019)

Immune stimulation of rainbow trout reveals divergent regulation of MH class II-associated invariant chain isoforms - Shawna L. Semple; George Heath; Darah Christie; Marsela Braunstein; Stephen C. Kales; Brian Dixon (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Securing a Just Space for Small-Scale Fisheries in the Blue Economy - Philippa J. Cohen; Edward H. Allison; Neil L. Andrew; Joshua Cinner; Louisa S. Evans; Michael Fabinyi; Len R. Garces; Stephen J. Hall; Christina C. Hicks; Terry P. Hughes; Svein Jentoft; David J. Mills; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Genetic variant predictors of gene expression provide new insight into risk of colorectal cancer - Stephanie A. Bien; Yu-Ru Su; David V. Conti; Tabitha A. Harrison; Conghui Qu; Xingyi Guo; Yingchang Lu; Demetrius Albanes; Paul L. Auer; Barbara L. Banbury; Sonja I. Berndt; Stéphane Bézieau; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

Molecular identification of Botryosphaeria dothidea as a fungal associate of the gall midge Asphondylia prosopidis on mesquite in the United States - Ikju Park; Soum Sanogo; Stephen F. Hanson; David C. Thompson (BioControl, 2019)

Root biomass variation of cocoa and implications for carbon stocks in agroforestry systems - Kira A. Borden; Luke C. N. Anglaaere; Stephen Adu-Bredu; Marney E. Isaac (Agroforestry Systems, 2019)

Chronic spearfishing may indirectly affect reef health through reductions in parrotfish bite rates - Christina Skinner; Steven P. Newman; Stephen Box; Andrzej Narozanski; Nicholas V. C. Polunin (Journal of Fish Biology, 2019)
The grazing behaviour of two Caribbean parrotfish, a fished species, the stoplight parrotfish Sparisoma viride and a non‐fished species, the striped parrotfish Scarus iseri , were studied in the presence (fished site) and absence (marine reserve) of chronic spearfishing activity. Diurnal feeding periodicity did not differ between the sites in either species: roving individuals had significantly higher bite rates in the afternoon, while territorial individuals foraged consistently throughout the day. Mean bite rate varied between sites in both species. Abundance, biomass and bite rates of S. viride were all significantly higher within the reserve, except for roving S. viride which had a higher mean bite rate in the afternoon outside the reserve compared with within it, attributable to maximisation of feeding in the afternoon when fishing risk was lower. Scarus iseri mean abundance and bite rate were greater outside the reserve, potentially because reduction in large territorial herbivores allowed S. iseri to feed more rapidly. By reducing the grazing potential of the remaining S. viride individuals the effect of fishing is greater than would be predicted from biomass changes alone. Less grazing by S. viride would not be compensated for by the increase in grazing by S. iseri because the latter feeds on different algae. Spearfishing of key parrotfish species reduces grazing potential directly by extraction and indirectly by changing behaviour.

Assemblage structure, vertical distributions and stable‐isotope compositions of anguilliform leptocephali in the Gulf of Mexico - Andrea M. Quattrini; Jennifer McClain‐Counts; Stephen J. Artabane; Adela Roa‐Varón; Tara C. McIver; Michael Rhode; Steve W. Ross (Journal of Fish Biology, 2019)
In August 2007, October 2008 and September–October 2010, 241 Tucker trawl and plankton net tows were conducted at the surface to depths of 1377 m at six locations in the northern and eastern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) to document leptocephalus diversity and determine how assemblage structure, larval size, abundance and isotopic signatures differ across the region and with depth. Overall, 2696 leptocephali representing 59 distinct taxa from 10 families were collected. Five families accounted for 96% of the total catch with Congridae and Ophichthidae being the most abundant. The top four most abundant species composed 59% of the total catch and included: Ariosoma balearicum , Paraconger caudilimbatus , Rhynchoconger flavus and Ophichthus gomesii . Four anguilliform species not previously documented in the GOM as adults or leptocephali were collected in this study, including Monopenchelys acuta , Quassiremus ascensionis , Saurenchelys stylura and one leptocephalus only known from its larval stage, Leptocephalus proboscideus . Leptocephalus catches were significantly greater at night than during the day. Catches at night were concentrated in the upper 200 m of the water column and significantly declined with increasing depth. Leptocephali abundances and assemblages were significantly different between sites on the upper continental slope ( c . 500 m depth) and sites on the middle to lower continental slope ( c . 1500–2300 m). Sites on the lower continental slope had a mixture of deep‐sea demersal, bathypelagic and coastal species, whereas upper‐slope sites contained several numerically dominant species ( e.g ., A. balearicum , P. caudilimbatus ) that probably spawn over the continental shelf and upper slope of the GOM. Standard lengths of the four dominant species differed between sites and years, indicating heterochronic reproduction and potential larval source pools within and outside of the GOM. Stable‐isotope analyses (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) conducted on 185 specimens from six families revealed that leptocephali had a wide range of isotopic values at the family and size‐class levels. Species in the families Muraenidae, Congridae and Ophichthidae had similar δ 15 N values compared with the broad range of δ 15 N values seen in the deep‐sea families Nemichthyidae, Nettastomatidae and Synaphobranchidae. Stable‐isotope values were variably related to length, with δ 15 N values being positively size correlated in ophichthids and δ 13 C values being negatively size correlated in A. balearicum and P. caudilimbatus . Results suggest that leptocephali feed in various water depths and masses, and on different components of POM, which could lead to niche partitioning. Ecological aspects of these important members of the plankton community provide insight into larval connectivity in the GOM as well as the early life history of Anguilliformes.

The North Atlantic Aerosol and Marine Ecosystem Study (NAAMES): Science Motive and Mission Overview - Michael J. Behrenfeld; Richard H. Moore; Chris A. Hostetler; Jason Graff; Peter Gaube; Lynn M. Russell; Gao Chen; Scott C. Doney; Stephen Giovannoni; Hongyu Liu; Christopher Proctor; Luis M. Bolaños; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Future Directions in Conservation Research on Petrels and Shearwaters - Airam Rodríguez; José M. Arcos; Vincent Bretagnolle; Maria P. Dias; Nick D. Holmes; Maite Louzao; Jennifer Provencher; André F. Raine; Francisco Ramírez; Beneharo Rodríguez; Robert A. Ronconi; Rebecca S. Taylor; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Volatile release, mobility, and mortality of diapausing Halyomorpha halys during simulated shipping movements and temperature changes - Laura J. Nixon; Amy Tabb; William R. Morrison; Kevin B. Rice; Eckehard G. Brockerhoff; Tracy C. Leskey; Chikako van Koten; Stephen Goldson; Michael Rostás (Journal of Pest Science, 2019)

Risk and dynamics of unprecedented hot months in South East China - Vikki Thompson; Nick J. Dunstone; Adam A. Scaife; Doug M. Smith; Steven C. Hardiman; Hong-Li Ren; Bo Lu; Stephen E. Belcher (Climate Dynamics, 2019)

Better estimates of soil carbon from geographical data: a revised global approach - Sandra Duarte-Guardia; Pablo L. Peri; Wulf Amelung; Douglas Sheil; Shawn W. Laffan; Nils Borchard; Michael I. Bird; Wouter Dieleman; David A. Pepper; Brian Zutta; Esteban Jobbagy; Lucas C. R. Silva; et al. (Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2019)

Comparative population genomics confirms little population structure in two commercially targeted carcharhinid sharks - Claudia Junge; Stephen C. Donnellan; Charlie Huveneers; Corey J. A. Bradshaw; Alexis Simon; Michael Drew; Clinton Duffy; Grant Johnson; Geremy Cliff; Matias Braccini; Scott C. Cutmore; Paul Butcher; et al. (Marine Biology, 2019)

Leveraging linkage evidence to identify low-frequency and rare variants on 16p13 associated with blood pressure using TOPMed whole genome sequencing data - Karen Y. He; Xiaoyin Li; Tanika N. Kelly; Jingjing Liang; Brian E. Cade; Themistocles L. Assimes; Lewis C. Becker; Amber L. Beitelshees; Adam P. Bress; Yen-Pei Christy Chang; Yii-Der Ida Chen; Paul S. de Vries; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

Salt dissolution and permeability in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin - Blake Woroniuk; Kristl Tipton; Stephen E. Grasby; Jennifer C. McIntosh; Grant Ferguson (Hydrogeology Journal, 2019)

5-HT2A blockade for dyskinesia and psychosis in Parkinson’s disease: is there a limit to the efficacy of this approach? A study in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset and a literature mini-review - Cynthia Kwan; Imane Frouni; Dominique Bédard; Stephen G. Nuara; Jim C. Gourdon; Adjia Hamadjida; Philippe Huot (Experimental Brain Research, 2019)

Correction to: The International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC): a functional catalogue of the mammalian genome that informs conservation - Violeta Muñoz-Fuentes; Pilar Cacheiro; Terrence F. Meehan; Juan Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel; Arthur L. Beaudet; Steve D. M. Brown; Mary E. Dickinson; Ann M. Flenniken; Paul Flicek; Antonella Galli; Hamed Haseli Mashhadi; Jason D. Heaney; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2019)

Characterisation of the NRF2 transcriptional network and its response to chemical insult in primary human hepatocytes: implications for prediction of drug-induced liver injury - Ian M. Copple; Wouter den Hollander; Giulia Callegaro; Fiona E. Mutter; James L. Maggs; Amy L. Schofield; Lucille Rainbow; Yongxiang Fang; Jeffrey J. Sutherland; Ewa C. Ellis; Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg; Stephen W. Fenwick; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2019)

Limited anti-HIV neutralizing antibody breadth and potency before and after HIV superinfection in Danish men who have sex with men - Andrew D. Redd; Marie Helleberg; Matthew Sievers; Stephen D. Schmidt; Nicole A. Doria-Rose; Daniel Bruno; Shelby Traeger; Craig Martens; Jannik Fonager; Gitte Kronborg; Zoe Packman; John R. Mascola; et al. (Infectious Diseases, 2019)

Seasonal and Long-Term Dynamics in Stream Water Sodium Chloride Concentrations and the Effectiveness of Road Salt Best Management Practices - Victoria R. Kelly; Stuart E. Findlay; Stephen K. Hamilton; Gary M. Lovett; Kathleen C. Weathers (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2019)

Molecular characterization and analysis of conserved potyviral motifs in bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) for RNAi-mediated protection - Elizabeth A. Worrall; Alice C. Hayward; Stephen J. Fletcher; Neena Mitter (Archives of Virology, 2019)

Molecular signatures of divergence and selection in closely related pine taxa - Witold Wachowiak; Julia Zaborowska; Bartosz Łabiszak; Annika Perry; Giovanni M. Zucca; Santiago C. González-Martínez; Stephen Cavers (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2018)

Nefazodone reduces dyskinesia, but not psychosis-like behaviours, in the parkinsonian marmoset - Adjia Hamadjida; Stephen G. Nuara; Dominique Bédard; Imane Frouni; Cynthia Kwan; Jim C. Gourdon; Philippe Huot (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2018)

Developmental origins of pregnancy-induced cardiac changes: establishment of a novel model using the atrial natriuretic peptide gene-disrupted mice - Nicole M. Ventura; Terry Y. Li; M. Yat Tse; Logan Richard; Chandrakant Tayade; Albert Y. Jin; R. David Andrew; Stephen C. Pang (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2018)

Meta-analysis identifies mitochondrial DNA sequence variants associated with walking speed - Todd M. Manini; Thomas W. Buford; John A. Kairalla; Mary M. McDermott; Carlos A. Vaz Fragoso; Roger A. Fielding; Fang-Chi Hsu; Neil Johannsen; Stephen Kritchevsky; Tamara B. Harris; Anne B. Newman; Steven R. Cummings; et al. (GeroScience, 2018)

Real-World Variability in the Prediction of Intracranial Aneurysm Wall Shear Stress: The 2015 International Aneurysm CFD Challenge - Kristian Valen-Sendstad; Aslak W. Bergersen; Yuji Shimogonya; Leonid Goubergrits; Jan Bruening; Jordi Pallares; Salvatore Cito; Senol Piskin; Kerem Pekkan; Arjan J. Geers; Ignacio Larrabide; Saikiran Rapaka; et al. (Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology, 2018)

Quantifying the legacy of snowmelt timing on soil greenhouse gas emissions in a seasonally dry montane forest - Joseph C. Blankinship; Emma P. McCorkle; Matthew W. Meadows; Stephen C. Hart (Global Change Biology, 2018)
The release of water during snowmelt orchestrates a variety of important belowground biogeochemical processes in seasonally snow‐covered ecosystems, including the production and consumption of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by soil microorganisms. Snowmelt timing is advancing rapidly in these ecosystems, but there is still a need to isolate the effects of earlier snowmelt on soil GHG fluxes. For an improved mechanistic understanding of the biogeochemical effects of snowmelt timing during the snow‐free period, we manipulated a high‐elevation forest that typically receives over two meters of snowfall but little summer precipitation to influence legacy effects of snowmelt timing. We altered snowmelt rates for two years using black sand to accelerate snowmelt and white fabric to postpone snowmelt, thus creating a two‐ to three‐week disparity in snowmelt timing. Soil microclimate and fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) were monitored weekly to monthly during the snow‐free period. Microbial abundances were estimated by potential assays near the end of each snow‐free period. Although earlier snowmelt caused soil drying, we found no statistically significant effects ( p 2 or N 2 O, or soil microbial abundances. Soil CH 4 fluxes, however, did respond to snowmelt timing, with 18% lower rates of CH 4 uptake in the earlier snowmelt treatment, but only after a dry winter. Cumulative CO 2 emission and CH 4 uptake were 43% and 88% greater, respectively, after the dry winter. We conclude that soil GHG fluxes can be surprisingly resistant to hydrological changes associated with earlier snowmelt, likely because of persistent moisture and microbial activities in deeper mineral soils. As a result, a drier California in the future may cause seasonally snow‐covered soils in the Sierra Nevada to emit more GHGs, not less.

Hierarchies of evolutionary radiation in the world’s most species rich vertebrate group, the Neotropical Pristimantis leaf litter frogs - Emily H. Waddell; Marco Crotti; Stephen C. Lougheed; David C. Cannatella; Kathryn R. Elmer (Systematics and Biodiversity, 2018)

Different CO2 acclimation strategies in juvenile and mature leaves of Ottelia alismoides - Wen Min Huang; Hui Shao; Si Ning Zhou; Qin Zhou; Wen Long Fu; Ting Zhang; Hong Sheng Jiang; Wei Li; Brigitte Gontero; Stephen C. Maberly (Photosynthesis Research, 2018)

Genetic modifiers of radon-induced lung cancer risk: a genome-wide interaction study in former uranium miners - Albert Rosenberger; Rayjean J. Hung; David C. Christiani; Neil E. Caporaso; Geoffrey Liu; Stig E. Bojesen; Loic Le Marchand; Ch. A. Haiman; Demetrios Albanes; Melinda C. Aldrich; Adonina Tardon; G. Fernández-Tardón; et al. (International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2018)

Physical and chemical impacts of a major storm on a temperate lake: a taste of things to come? - R. Iestyn Woolway; John H. Simpson; David Spiby; Heidrun Feuchtmayr; Ben Powell; Stephen C. Maberly (Climatic Change, 2018)

Effects of Level, Loading Rate, Injury and Repair on Biomechanical Response of Ovine Cervical Intervertebral Discs - Rose G. Long; Ivan Zderic; Boyko Gueorguiev; Stephen J. Ferguson; Mauro Alini; Sibylle Grad; James C. Iatridis (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2018)

Pan‐tropical prediction of forest structure from the largest trees - Jean‐François Bastin; Ervan Rutishauser; James R. Kellner; Sassan Saatchi; Raphael Pélissier; Bruno Hérault; Ferry Slik; Jan Bogaert; Charles De Cannière; Andrew R. Marshall; John Poulsen; Patricia Alvarez‐Loyayza; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Aim Large tropical trees form the interface between ground and airborne observations, offering a unique opportunity to capture forest properties remotely and to investigate their variations on broad scales. However, despite rapid development of metrics to characterize the forest canopy from remotely sensed data, a gap remains between aerial and field inventories. To close this gap, we propose a new pan‐tropical model to predict plot‐level forest structure properties and biomass from only the largest trees. Location Pan‐tropical. Time period Early 21st century. Major taxa studied Woody plants. Methods Using a dataset of 867 plots distributed among 118 sites across the tropics, we tested the prediction of the quadratic mean diameter, basal area, Lorey's height, community wood density and aboveground biomass (AGB) from the i th largest trees. Results Measuring the largest trees in tropical forests enables unbiased predictions of plot‐ and site‐level forest structure. The 20 largest trees per hectare predicted quadratic mean diameter, basal area, Lorey's height, community wood density and AGB with 12, 16, 4, 4 and 17.7% of relative error, respectively. Most of the remaining error in biomass prediction is driven by differences in the proportion of total biomass held in medium‐sized trees (50–70 cm diameter at breast height), which shows some continental dependency, with American tropical forests presenting the highest proportion of total biomass in these intermediate‐diameter classes relative to other continents. Main conclusions Our approach provides new information on tropical forest structure and can be used to generate accurate field estimates of tropical forest carbon stocks to support the calibration and validation of current and forthcoming space missions. It will reduce the cost of field inventories and contribute to scientific understanding of tropical forest ecosystems and response to climate change.

Climate and plant controls on soil organic matter in coastal wetlands - Michael J. Osland; Christopher A. Gabler; James B. Grace; Richard H. Day; Meagan L. McCoy; Jennie L. McLeod; Andrew S. From; Nicholas M. Enwright; Laura C. Feher; Camille L. Stagg; Stephen B. Hartley (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Coastal wetlands are among the most productive and carbon‐rich ecosystems on Earth. Long‐term carbon storage in coastal wetlands occurs primarily belowground as soil organic matter (SOM). In addition to serving as a carbon sink, SOM influences wetland ecosystem structure, function, and stability. To anticipate and mitigate the effects of climate change, there is a need to advance understanding of environmental controls on wetland SOM. Here, we investigated the influence of four soil formation factors: climate, biota, parent materials, and topography. Along the northern Gulf of Mexico, we collected wetland plant and soil data across elevation and zonation gradients within 10 estuaries that span broad temperature and precipitation gradients. Our results highlight the importance of climate–plant controls and indicate that the influence of elevation is scale and location dependent. Coastal wetland plants are sensitive to climate change; small changes in temperature or precipitation can transform coastal wetland plant communities. Across the region, SOM was greatest in mangrove forests and in salt marshes dominated by graminoid plants. SOM was lower in salt flats that lacked vascular plants and in salt marshes dominated by succulent plants. We quantified strong relationships between precipitation, salinity, plant productivity, and SOM. Low precipitation leads to high salinity, which limits plant productivity and appears to constrain SOM accumulation. Our analyses use data from the Gulf of Mexico, but our results can be related to coastal wetlands across the globe and provide a foundation for predicting the ecological effects of future reductions in precipitation and freshwater availability. Coastal wetlands provide many ecosystem services that are SOM dependent and highly vulnerable to climate change. Collectively, our results indicate that future changes in SOM and plant productivity, regulated by cascading effects of precipitation on freshwater availability and salinity, could impact wetland stability and affect the supply of some wetland ecosystem services.

Effects of multiple stressors on cyanobacteria abundance vary with lake type - Jessica Richardson; Claire Miller; Stephen C. Maberly; Philip Taylor; Lidija Globevnik; Peter Hunter; Erik Jeppesen; Ute Mischke; S. Jannicke Moe; Agnieszka Pasztaleniec; Martin Søndergaard; Laurence Carvalho (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Blooms of cyanobacteria are a current threat to global water security that is expected to increase in the future because of increasing nutrient enrichment, increasing temperature and extreme precipitation in combination with prolonged drought. However, the responses to multiple stressors, such as those above, are often complex and there is contradictory evidence as to how they may interact. Here we used broad scale data from 494 lakes in central and northern Europe, to assess how cyanobacteria respond to nutrients (phosphorus), temperature and water retention time in different types of lakes. Eight lake types were examined based on factorial combinations of major factors that determine phytoplankton composition and sensitivity to nutrients: alkalinity (low and medium‐high), colour (clear and humic) and mixing intensity (polymictic and stratified). In line with expectations, cyanobacteria increased with temperature and retention time in five of the eight lake types. Temperature effects were greatest in lake types situated at higher latitudes, suggesting that lakes currently not at risk could be affected by warming in the future. However, the sensitivity of cyanobacteria to temperature, retention time and phosphorus varied among lake types highlighting the complex responses of lakes to multiple stressors. For example, in polymictic, medium‐high alkalinity, humic lakes cyanobacteria biovolume was positively explained by retention time and a synergy between TP and temperature, while in polymictic, medium‐high alkalinity, clear lakes only retention time was identified as an explanatory variable. These results show that, although climate change will need to be accounted for when managing the risk of cyanobacteria in lakes, a “one‐size fits‐all” approach is not appropriate. When forecasting the response of cyanobacteria to future environmental change, including changes caused by climate and local management, it will be important to take this differential sensitivity of lakes into account.

Disease where you dine: plant species and floral traits associated with pathogen transmission in bumble bees - Lynn S. Adler; Kristen M. Michaud; Stephen P. Ellner; Scott H. McArt; Philip C. Stevenson; Rebecca E. Irwin (Ecology, 2018)
Hotspots of disease transmission can strongly influence pathogen spread. Bee pathogens may be transmitted via shared floral use, but the role of plant species and floral trait variation in shaping transmission dynamics is almost entirely unexplored. Given the importance of pathogens for the decline of several bee species, understanding whether and how plant species and floral traits affect transmission could give us important tools for predicting which plant species may be hotspots for disease spread. We assessed variation in transmission via susceptibility (probability of infection) and mean intensity (cell count of infected bees) of the trypanosomatid gut pathogen Crithidia bombi to uninfected Bombus impatiens workers foraging on 14 plant species, and assessed the role of floral traits, bee size and foraging behavior on transmission. We also conducted a manipulative experiment to determine how the number of open flowers affected transmission on three plant species, Penstemon digitalis , Monarda didyma , and Lythrum salicaria . Plant species differed fourfold in the overall mean abundance of Crithidia in foraging bumble bees (mean including infected and uninfected bees). Across plant species, bee susceptibility and mean intensity increased with the number of reproductive structures per inflorescence (buds, flowers and fruits); smaller bees and those that foraged longer were also more susceptible. Trait‐based models were as good or better than species‐based models at predicting susceptibility and mean intensity based on AIC values. Surprisingly, floral size and morphology did not significantly predict transmission across species. In the manipulative experiment, more open flowers increased mean pathogen abundance fourfold in Monarda , but had no effect in the other two plant species. Our results suggest that variation among plant species, through their influence on pathogen transmission, may shape bee disease dynamics. Given widespread investment in pollinator‐friendly plantings to support pollinators, understanding how plant species affect disease transmission is important for recommending plant species that optimize pollinator health.

Enhancing National Climate Services (ENACTS) for development in Africa - Tufa Dinku; Madeleine C. Thomson; Rémi Cousin; John del Corral; Pietro Ceccato; James Hansen; Stephen J. Connor (Climate and Development, 2018)

Emission of volatile halogenated compounds, speciation and localization of bromine and iodine in the brown algal genome model Ectocarpus siliculosus - Frithjof C. Küpper; Eric P. Miller; Stephen J. Andrews; Claire Hughes; Lucy J. Carpenter; Wolfram Meyer-Klaucke; Chiaki Toyama; Yasuyuki Muramatsu; Martin C. Feiters; Carl J. Carrano (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2018)

Genome-wide association study of primary open-angle glaucoma in continental and admixed African populations - Pieter W. M. Bonnemaijer; Adriana I. Iglesias; Girish N. Nadkarni; Anna J. Sanyiwa; Hassan G. Hassan; Colin Cook; Mark Simcoe; Kent D. Taylor; Claudia Schurmann; Gillian M. Belbin; Eimear E. Kenny; Erwin P. Bottinger; et al. (Human Genetics, 2018)

Staphylococcus aureus colonisation and its relationship with skin and soft tissue infection in New Zealand children - Mark R. Hobbs; Cameron C. Grant; Mark G. Thomas; Sarah Berry; Susan M. B. Morton; Emma Marks; Stephen R. Ritchie (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2018)

Deficiencies in estimating the extinction date of the thylacine with mixed certainty data - Barry W. Brook; Stephen R. Sleightholme; Cameron R. Campbell; Jessie C. Buettel (Conservation Biology, 2018)
Article impact statement :Due to reporting biases, it is premature to conclude that thylacine extinction occurred soon after the last captive specimen died.

Mississippi Private Landowner Willingness for Diverting Land to Growing Short Rotation Woody Crops for Bioenergy Enterprises - Ian A Munn; Anwar Hussain; Donald L Grebner; Stephen C Grado; Marcus K Measells (Forest Science, 2018)

What are the Conditions of Riparian Ecosystems? Identifying Impaired Floodplain Ecosystems across the Western U.S. Using the Riparian Condition Assessment (RCA) Tool - William W. Macfarlane; Jordan T. Gilbert; Joshua D. Gilbert; William C. Saunders; Nate Hough-Snee; Chalese Hafen; Joseph M. Wheaton; Stephen N. Bennett (Environmental Management, 2018)

Diel and seasonal variation in heterobranch sea slug assemblages within an embayment in temperate eastern Australia - Meryl F. Larkin; Stephen D. A. Smith; Richard C. Willan; Tom R. Davis (Marine Biodiversity, 2018)

Discovery of a novel iflavirus sequence in the eastern paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus - Caitlin A. O’Brien; Sonja Hall-Mendelin; Jody Hobson-Peters; Georgia Deliyannis; Andy Allen; Ala Lew-Tabor; Manuel Rodriguez-Valle; Dayana Barker; Stephen C. Barker; Roy A. Hall (Archives of Virology, 2018)

Recent ecological change in ancient lakes - Stephanie E. Hampton; Suzanne McGowan; Ted Ozersky; Salvatore G. P. Virdis; Tuong Thuy Vu; Trisha L. Spanbauer; Benjamin M. Kraemer; George Swann; Anson W. Mackay; Stephen M. Powers; Michael F. Meyer; Stephanie G. Labou; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2018)
Ancient lakes are among the best archivists of past environmental change, having experienced more than one full glacial cycle, a wide range of climatic conditions, tectonic events, and long association with human settlements. These lakes not only record long histories of environmental variation and human activity in their sediments, but also harbor very high levels of biodiversity and endemism. Yet, ancient lakes are faced with a familiar suite of anthropogenic threats, which may degrade the unusual properties that make them especially valuable to science and society. In all ancient lakes for which data exist, significant warming of surface waters has occurred, with a broad range of consequences. Eutrophication threatens both native species assemblages and regional economies reliant on clean surface water, fisheries, and tourism. Where sewage contributes nutrients and heavy metals, one can anticipate the occurrence of less understood emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and microplastics that negatively affect lake biota and water quality. Human populations continue to increase in most of the ancient lakes’ watersheds, which will exacerbate these concerns. Further, human alterations of hydrology, including those produced through climate change, have altered lake levels. Co‐occurring with these impacts have been intentional and unintentional species introductions, altering biodiversity. Given that the distinctive character of each ancient lake is strongly linked to age, there may be few options to remediate losses of species or other ecosystem damage associated with modern ecological change, heightening the imperative for understanding these systems.

Under what circumstances does the capture and tagging of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts affect probability of return as adults? - William D. Riley; Anton T. Ibbotson; Stephen D. Gregory; Ian C. Russell; Rasmus B. Lauridsen; William R. C. Beaumont; Alastair C. Cook; David L. Maxwell (Journal of Fish Biology, 2018)
Adult return rates for wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts captured in a rotary screw trap and tagged with coded wire (CW) tags were compared with a control group, using detections from passive integrated transponder (PIT) antennae systems over 7 years in a small chalk stream in southern England, U.K. Compared with control smolts, capture and CW‐tagging of experimental smolts affected detected return rates only under certain conditions, with a decreased return probability for smolts caught and tagged following mild winter river temperature anomalies and during the night. Similarly, analysis of the experimental smolts revealed that capture and CW‐tagging following mild winters decreased their probability of return as adults. There were also marginal positive effects of length at PIT‐tagging as parr and length at CW‐tagging as smolts, on individual probability of return as adult. The results support the hypothesis that the effect of procedures involving the capture and tagging of migrating wild S. salar smolts will vary with the circumstances under which they are performed. The implications of the findings are considered in the context of ongoing investigations to derive and report marine return rates for S. salar in support of national and international stock assessments and in developing best practice.

Remotely sensed canopy nitrogen correlates with nitrous oxide emissions in a lowland tropical rainforest - Fiona M. Soper; Benjamin W. Sullivan; Megan K. Nasto; Brooke B. Osborne; David Bru; Christopher S. Balzotti; Phillip G. Taylor; Gregory P. Asner; Alan R. Townsend; Laurent Philippot; Stephen Porder; Cory C. Cleveland (Ecology, 2018)
Tropical forests exhibit significant heterogeneity in plant functional and chemical traits that may contribute to spatial patterns of key soil biogeochemical processes, such as carbon storage and greenhouse gas emissions. Although tropical forests are the largest ecosystem source of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), drivers of spatial patterns within forests are poorly resolved. Here, we show that local variation in canopy foliar N, mapped by remote‐sensing image spectroscopy, correlates with patterns of soil N 2 O emission from a lowland tropical rainforest. We identified ten 0.25 ha plots (assemblages of 40–70 individual trees) in which average remotely‐sensed canopy N fell above or below the regional mean. The plots were located on a single minimally‐dissected terrace ( 2 ) where soil type, vegetation structure and climatic conditions were relatively constant. We measured N 2 O fluxes monthly for 1 yr and found that high canopy N species assemblages had on average three‐fold higher total mean N 2 O fluxes than nearby lower canopy N areas. These differences are consistent with strong differences in litter stoichiometry, nitrification rates and soil nitrate concentrations. Canopy N status was also associated with microbial community characteristics: lower canopy N plots had two‐fold greater soil fungal to bacterial ratios and a significantly lower abundance of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea, although genes associated with denitrification ( nirS, nirK, nosZ ) showed no relationship with N 2 O flux. Overall, landscape emissions from this ecosystem are at the lowest end of the spectrum reported for tropical forests, consist with multiple metrics indicating that these highly productive forests retain N tightly and have low plant‐available losses. These data point to connections between canopy and soil processes that have largely been overlooked as a driver of denitrification. Defining relationships between remotely‐sensed plant traits and soil processes offers the chance to map these processes at large scales, potentially increasing our ability to predict N 2 O emissions in heterogeneous landscapes.

Using palaeoecological records to disentangle the effects of multiple stressors on floodplain wetlands - Michael A. Reid; Stephen Chilcott; Martin C. Thoms (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2018)

Neuromotor and cognitive responses of adults with autism spectrum disorder compared to neurotypical adults - Steven Morrison; Cortney N. Armitano; C. Teal Raffaele; Stephen I. Deutsch; Serina A. Neumann; Hope Caracci; Maria R. Urbano (Experimental Brain Research, 2018)

Influence of dietary nitrate supplementation on local sweating and cutaneous vascular responses during exercise in a hot environment - Tatsuro Amano; Dai Okushima; Brynmor C. Breese; Stephen J. Bailey; Shunsaku Koga; Narihiko Kondo (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2018)

Modest Gaseous Nitrogen Losses Point to Conservative Nitrogen Cycling in a Lowland Tropical Forest Watershed - Fiona M. Soper; Phillip G. Taylor; William R. Wieder; Samantha R. Weintraub; Cory C. Cleveland; Stephen Porder; Alan R. Townsend (Ecosystems, 2018)

The International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC): a functional catalogue of the mammalian genome that informs conservation - Violeta Muñoz-Fuentes; Pilar Cacheiro; Terrence F. Meehan; Juan Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel; Steve D. M. Brown; Ann M. Flenniken; Paul Flicek; Antonella Galli; Hamed Haseli Mashhadi; Martin Hrabě de Angelis; Jong Kyoung Kim; K. C. Kent Lloyd; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2018)
The International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) is building a catalogue of mammalian gene function by producing and phenotyping a knockout mouse line for every protein-coding gene. To date, the IMPC has generated and characterised 5186 mutant lines. One-third of the lines have been found to be non-viable and over 300 new mouse models of human disease have been identified thus far. While current bioinformatics efforts are focused on translating results to better understand human disease processes, IMPC data also aids understanding genetic function and processes in other species. Here we show, using gorilla genomic data, how genes essential to development in mice can be used to help assess the potentially deleterious impact of gene variants in other species. This type of analyses could be used to select optimal breeders in endangered species to maintain or increase fitness and avoid variants associated to impaired-health phenotypes or loss-of-function mutations in genes of critical importance. We also show, using selected examples from various mammal species, how IMPC data can aid in the identification of candidate genes for studying a condition of interest, deliver information about the mechanisms involved, or support predictions for the function of genes that may play a role in adaptation. With genotyping costs decreasing and the continued improvements of bioinformatics tools, the analyses we demonstrate can be routinely applied.