Risk of diabetes complications among those with diabetes receiving androgen deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer - Marie C. Bradley; Yingjun Zhou; Andrew N. Freedman; Marianne Ulcickas Yood; Charles P. Quesenbery; Reina Haque; Stephen K. Van Den Eeden; Andrea E. Cassidy-Bushrow; David Aaronson; Arnold L. Potosky (Cancer Causes & Control, 2018)

Stability of MRI metrics in the advanced research core of the NCAA-DoD concussion assessment, research and education (CARE) consortium - Andrew S. Nencka; Timothy B. Meier; Yang Wang; L. Tugan Muftuler; Yu-Chien Wu; Andrew J. Saykin; Jaroslaw Harezlak; M. Alison Brooks; Christopher C. Giza; John Difiori; Kevin M. Guskiewicz; Jason P. Mihalik; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2018)

Contribution of sea ice microbial production to Antarctic benthic communities is driven by sea ice dynamics and composition of functional guilds - Stephen R. Wing; James J. Leichter; Lucy C. Wing; Dale Stokes; Sal J. Genovese; Rebecca M. McMullin; Olya A. Shatova (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Organic matter produced by the sea ice microbial community ( SIMC o) is an important link between sea ice dynamics and secondary production in near‐shore food webs of Antarctica. Sea ice conditions in McMurdo Sound were quantified from time series of MODIS satellite images for Sept. 1 through Feb. 28 of 2007–2015. A predictable sea ice persistence gradient along the length of the Sound and evidence for a distinct change in sea ice dynamics in 2011 were observed. We used stable isotope analysis (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) of SIMC o, suspended particulate organic matter ( SPOM ) and shallow water (10–20 m) macroinvertebrates to reveal patterns in trophic structure of, and incorporation of organic matter from SIMC o into, benthic communities at eight sites distributed along the sea ice persistence gradient. Mass‐balance analysis revealed distinct trophic architecture among communities and large fluxes of SIMC o into the near‐shore food web, with the estimates ranging from 2 to 84% of organic matter derived from SIMC o for individual species. Analysis of patterns in density, and biomass of macroinvertebrate communities among sites allowed us to model net incorporation of organic matter from SIMC o, in terms of biomass per unit area (g/m 2 ), into benthic communities. Here, organic matter derived from SIMC o supported 39 to 71 per cent of total biomass. Furthermore, for six species, we observed declines in contribution of SIMC o between years with persistent sea ice (2008–2009) and years with extensive sea ice breakout (2012–2015). Our data demonstrate the vital role of SIMC o in ecosystem function in Antarctica and strong linkages between sea ice dynamics and near‐shore secondary productivity. These results have important implications for our understanding of how benthic communities will respond to changes in sea ice dynamics associated with climate change and highlight the important role of shallow water macroinvertebrate communities as sentinels of change for the Antarctic marine ecosystem.

Investigation of the effects of slow-release fertilizer and struvite in biodegradation in filter drains and potential application of treated water in irrigation of road verges - Stephen C. Theophilus; Fredrick U. Mbanaso; Ernest O. Nnadi; Kingsley T. Onyedeke (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018)

Developmental expression of the cucumber Cs-XTH1 and Cs-XTH3 genes, encoding xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases, can be influenced by mechanical stimuli - Robert Malinowski; Stephen C. Fry; Sabina Zuzga; Anita Wiśniewska; Michał Godlewski; Andrzej Noyszewski; Anna Barczak-Brzyżek; Stefan Malepszy; Marcin Filipecki (Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2018)

BioTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene - Maria Dornelas; Laura H. Antão; Faye Moyes; Amanda E. Bates; Anne E. Magurran; Dušan Adam; Asem A. Akhmetzhanova; Ward Appeltans; José Manuel Arcos; Haley Arnold; Narayanan Ayyappan; Gal Badihi; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Motivation The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community‐led open‐source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Main types of variables included The database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record. Spatial location and grain BioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km 2 (158 cm 2 ) to 100 km 2 (1,000,000,000,000 cm 2 ). Time period and grain BioTIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year. Major taxa and level of measurement BioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates. Software format .csv and .SQL.

Front Cover - James A. Lutz; Tucker J. Furniss; Daniel J. Johnson; Stuart J. Davies; David Allen; Alfonso Alonso; Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira; Ana Andrade; Jennifer Baltzer; Kendall M. L. Becker; Erika M. Blomdahl; Norman A. Bourg; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)

Global importance of large‐diameter trees - James A. Lutz; Tucker J. Furniss; Daniel J. Johnson; Stuart J. Davies; David Allen; Alfonso Alonso; Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira; Ana Andrade; Jennifer Baltzer; Kendall M. L. Becker; Erika M. Blomdahl; Norman A. Bourg; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Aim To examine the contribution of large‐diameter trees to biomass, stand structure, and species richness across forest biomes. Location Global. Time period Early 21st century. Major taxa studied Woody plants. Methods We examined the contribution of large trees to forest density, richness and biomass using a global network of 48 large (from 2 to 60 ha) forest plots representing 5,601,473 stems across 9,298 species and 210 plant families. This contribution was assessed using three metrics: the largest 1% of trees ≥ 1 cm diameter at breast height (DBH), all trees ≥ 60 cm DBH, and those rank‐ordered largest trees that cumulatively comprise 50% of forest biomass. Results Averaged across these 48 forest plots, the largest 1% of trees ≥ 1 cm DBH comprised 50% of aboveground live biomass, with hectare‐scale standard deviation of 26%. Trees ≥ 60 cm DBH comprised 41% of aboveground live tree biomass. The size of the largest trees correlated with total forest biomass ( r 2 = .62, p r 2 = .45, p r 2 = .33, p r 2 = .17, p = .002). The concentration of biomass in the largest 1% of trees declined with increasing absolute latitude ( r 2 = .46, p r 2 = .31, p r 2 = .26, p Main conclusions Because large‐diameter trees constitute roughly half of the mature forest biomass worldwide, their dynamics and sensitivities to environmental change represent potentially large controls on global forest carbon cycling. We recommend managing forests for conservation of existing large‐diameter trees or those that can soon reach large diameters as a simple way to conserve and potentially enhance ecosystem services.

Large uncertainty in carbon uptake potential of land‐based climate‐change mitigation efforts - Andreas Krause; Thomas A. M. Pugh; Anita D. Bayer; Wei Li; Felix Leung; Alberte Bondeau; Jonathan C. Doelman; Florian Humpenöder; Peter Anthoni; Benjamin L. Bodirsky; Philippe Ciais; Christoph Müller; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Most climate mitigation scenarios involve negative emissions, especially those that aim to limit global temperature increase to 2°C or less. However, the carbon uptake potential in land‐based climate change mitigation efforts is highly uncertain. Here, we address this uncertainty by using two land‐based mitigation scenarios from two land‐use models ( IMAGE and MA g PIE ) as input to four dynamic global vegetation models ( DGVM s; LPJ ‐ GUESS , ORCHIDEE , JULES , LPJ mL). Each of the four combinations of land‐use models and mitigation scenarios aimed for a cumulative carbon uptake of ~130 GtC by the end of the century, achieved either via the cultivation of bioenergy crops combined with carbon capture and storage ( BECCS ) or avoided deforestation and afforestation ( ADAFF ). Results suggest large uncertainty in simulated future land demand and carbon uptake rates, depending on the assumptions related to land use and land management in the models. Total cumulative carbon uptake in the DGVM s is highly variable across mitigation scenarios, ranging between 19 and 130 GtC by year 2099. Only one out of the 16 combinations of mitigation scenarios and DGVM s achieves an equivalent or higher carbon uptake than achieved in the land‐use models. The large differences in carbon uptake between the DGVM s and their discrepancy against the carbon uptake in IMAGE and MA g PIE are mainly due to different model assumptions regarding bioenergy crop yields and due to the simulation of soil carbon response to land‐use change. Differences between land‐use models and DGVM s regarding forest biomass and the rate of forest regrowth also have an impact, albeit smaller, on the results. Given the low confidence in simulated carbon uptake for a given land‐based mitigation scenario, and that negative emissions simulated by the DGVM s are typically lower than assumed in scenarios consistent with the 2°C target, relying on negative emissions to mitigate climate change is a highly uncertain strategy.

Progress in designing and delivering effective fishing industry–science data collection in the UK - Stephen C Mangi; Sven Kupschus; Steven Mackinson; Dale Rodmell; Alexandra Lee; Elizabeth Bourke; Tom Rossiter; Jim Masters; Stuart Hetherington; Thomas Catchpole; David Righton (Fish and Fisheries, 2018)
This study was undertaken to address the increasing need for a strategic approach to industry–science data collections in the face of reducing resources and growing need for evidence in fisheries management. The aim was to evaluate progress in the development of plans and procedures that can be employed to collect, record and use fishing industry knowledge and data in the evidence base for managing fisheries. This was achieved by reviewing industry‐led data initiatives already undertaken or ongoing within the United Kingdom to document how these projects have/are incorporating fishing industry data into the process of management decision‐making; canvassing stakeholder opinion on data gaps and whether these could be filled by data gathered by commercial fishing vessels; establishing what issues might prevent or stimulate commercial fishing vessels in collecting data when they have the opportunity; and describing guidance on a step‐by‐step process for gathering scientific information such that fishers are empowered to collect the right data, at the right times and in the right format for their fishery. Given recent advances in the collection, interpretation and application of fisheries‐dependent data, we compare progress made in the UK to other areas of the world. We conclude that there is considerable evidence of a paradigm shift from the conventional practice of scientists asking fishers to provide data for scientific analyses towards full engagement of key stakeholders in data collection.

Woody plants optimise stomatal behaviour relative to hydraulic risk - William R. L. Anderegg; Adam Wolf; Adriana Arango‐Velez; Brendan Choat; Daniel J. Chmura; Steven Jansen; Thomas Kolb; Shan Li; Frederick C. Meinzer; Pilar Pita; Víctor Resco de Dios; John S. Sperry; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2018)
Stomatal response to environmental conditions forms the backbone of all ecosystem and carbon cycle models, but is largely based on empirical relationships. Evolutionary theories of stomatal behaviour are critical for guarding against prediction errors of empirical models under future climates. Longstanding theory holds that stomata maximise fitness by acting to maintain constant marginal water use efficiency over a given time horizon, but a recent evolutionary theory proposes that stomata instead maximise carbon gain minus carbon costs/risk of hydraulic damage. Using data from 34 species that span global forest biomes, we find that the recent carbon‐maximisation optimisation theory is widely supported, revealing that the evolution of stomatal regulation has not been primarily driven by attainment of constant marginal water use efficiency. Optimal control of stomata to manage hydraulic risk is likely to have significant consequences for ecosystem fluxes during drought, which is critical given projected intensification of the global hydrological cycle.

Brood Production by Xyleborus glabratus in Bolts from Trees Infected and Uninfect ed with the Laurel Wilt Pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola - Stephen W Fraedrich; Thomas C Harrington; Qiong Huang; Stanley J Zarnoch; James L Hanula; Glenda Susan Best (Forest Science, 2018)

Correction to: Computed Free Energies of Peptide Insertion into Bilayers are Independent of Computational Method - James C. Gumbart; Martin B. Ulmschneider; Anthony Hazel; Stephen H. White; Jakob P. Ulmschneider (The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2018)

Computed Free Energies of Peptide Insertion into Bilayers are Independent of Computational Method - James C. Gumbart; Martin B. Ulmschneider; Anthony Hazel; Stephen H. White; Jakob P. Ulmschneider (The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2018)

Decreasing sea ice conditions in western Hudson Bay and an increase in abundance of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Churchill River - Katie R. N. Florko; Warren Bernhardt; C-Jae C. Breiter; Steven H. Ferguson; Meagan Hainstock; Brent G. Young; Stephen D. Petersen (Polar Biology, 2018)

Neutrophil, lymphocyte and platelet counts, and risk of prostate cancer outcomes in white and black men: results from the SEARCH database - Adriana C. Vidal; Lauren E. Howard; Amanda de Hoedt; Matthew R. Cooperberg; Christopher J. Kane; William J. Aronson; Martha K. Terris; Christopher L. Amling; Emanuela Taioli; Jay H. Fowke; Stephen J. Freedland (Cancer Causes & Control, 2018)

Optimal Transmission of Interface Vibration Wavelets—A Simulation of Seabed Seismic Responses - Richard A. Hazelwood; Patrick C. Macey; Stephen P. Robinson; Lian S. Wang (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2018)
Seismic interface waves generated by seabed impacts are believed to have biological importance. Previous work on the effects of ocean piling and dredging studied water motion adjacent to the seabed, using sediment measurements as reviewed in the literature. This new modelling work has idealised the sediment data to a simple model with few parameters, and has shown how this leads to filtration of the applied energy to propagate simple seismic vibration wavelets. These special wavelets remain compact with high peak levels of the associated water particle velocity as they ripple outward, and provide a means of assessing the worst-case environmental impact. The form of this wavelet morphs from a hump shape to a dip and back, via intermediate forms which are here described in mathematical terms based on the Ricker form. Whilst the model structure is idealised it is much closer to reality than the Rayleigh and Scholte half-space models, but with only two more parameters required. The resultant wavelet peaks are propagated with values given by the optimal limit case of cylindrical spreading (ignoring absorption) which results in a relatively widespread impact.

Multiple non-catalytic ADAMs are novel integrin α4 ligands - Lei Wang; Jason A. Hoggard; Erica D. Korleski; Gideon V. Long; Brandy C. Ree; Kenneth Hensley; Stephen R. Bond; Tyra G. Wolfsberg; JianMing Chen; Tonya N. Zeczycki; Lance C. Bridges (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2018)

Human-relevant potency threshold (HRPT) for ERα agonism - Christopher J. Borgert; John C. Matthews; Stephen P. Baker (Archives of Toxicology, 2018)

Genotypic differences in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) response under severe water deficit - Cora E. S. Loucks; William Deen; Amélie C. M. Gaudin; Hugh J. Earl; Stephen R. Bowley; Ralph C. Martin (Plant and Soil, 2018)

Effects of sprint interval training on ectopic lipids and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in men with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - Jack A. Sargeant; Stephen Bawden; Guruprasad P. Aithal; Elizabeth J. Simpson; Ian A. Macdonald; Mark C. Turner; Jessica Cegielski; Kenneth Smith; James L. Dorling; Penny A. Gowland; Myra A. Nimmo; James A. King (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2018)

Evidence of repeated long-distance movements by lake charr Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Huron - Stephen C. Riley; Thomas R. Binder; Taaja R. Tucker; Charles C. Krueger (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2018)

Pollen-vegetation richness and diversity relationships in the tropics - William D. Gosling; Adele C. M. Julier; Stephen Adu-Bredu; Gloria D. Djagbletey; Wesley T. Fraser; Phillip E. Jardine; Barry H. Lomax; Yadvinder Malhi; Emmanuel A. Manu; Francis E. Mayle; Sam Moore (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2018)

Thermal Properties of Consolidated Granular Salt as a Backfill Material - Laxmi P. Paneru; Stephen J. Bauer; John C. Stormont (Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2018)

New species of Semnoderidae (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Kentrorhagata) from the Gulf of Mexico - Martin V. Sørensen; Stephen C. Landers (Marine Biodiversity, 2018)

Transdisciplinary sea level rise risk communication and outreach strategies from stakeholder focus groups - Denise E. DeLorme; Sonia H. Stephens; Scott C. Hagen (Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 2018)

A test of the eavesdropping avoidance hypothesis as an explanation for the structure of low-amplitude aggressive signals in the song sparrow - Joseph M. Niederhauser; Adrienne L. DuBois; William A. Searcy; Stephen Nowicki; Rindy C. Anderson (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2018)

A genomic map of clinal variation across the European rabbit hybrid zone - Nima Rafati; José A. Blanco‐Aguiar; Carl J. Rubin; Shumaila Sayyab; Stephen J. Sabatino; Sandra Afonso; Chungang Feng; Paulo C. Alves; Rafael Villafuerte; Nuno Ferrand; Leif Andersson; Miguel Carneiro (Molecular Ecology, 2018)
Speciation is a process proceeding from weak to complete reproductive isolation. In this continuum, naturally hybridizing taxa provide a promising avenue for revealing the genetic changes associated with the incipient stages of speciation. To identify such changes between two subspecies of rabbits that display partial reproductive isolation, we studied patterns of allele frequency change across their hybrid zone using whole‐genome sequencing. To connect levels and patterns of genetic differentiation with phenotypic manifestations of subfertility in hybrid rabbits, we further investigated patterns of gene expression in testis. Geographic cline analysis revealed 253 regions characterized by steep changes in allele frequency across their natural region of contact. This catalog of regions is likely to be enriched for loci implicated in reproductive barriers and yielded several insights into the evolution of hybrid dysfunction in rabbits: (i) incomplete reproductive isolation is likely governed by the effects of many loci, (ii) protein–protein interaction analysis suggest that genes within these loci interact more than expected by chance, (iii) regulatory variation is likely the primary driver of incompatibilities, and (iv) large chromosomal rearrangements appear not to be a major mechanism underlying incompatibilities or promoting isolation in the face of gene flow. We detected extensive misregulation of gene expression in testis of hybrid males, but not a statistical overrepresentation of differentially expressed genes in candidate regions. Our results also did not support an X chromosome‐wide disruption of expression as observed in mice and cats, suggesting variation in the mechanistic basis of hybrid male reduced fertility among mammals.

A novel approach to wildlife transcriptomics provides evidence of disease‐mediated differential expression and changes to the microbiome of amphibian populations - Lewis J. Campbell; Stewart A. Hammond; Stephen J. Price; Manmohan D. Sharma; Trenton W. J. Garner; Inanc Birol; Caren C. Helbing; Lena Wilfert; Amber G. F. Griffiths (Molecular Ecology, 2018)
Ranaviruses are responsible for a lethal, emerging infectious disease in amphibians and threaten their populations throughout the world. Despite this, little is known about how amphibian populations respond to ranaviral infection. In the United Kingdom, ranaviruses impact the common frog ( Rana temporaria ). Extensive public engagement in the study of ranaviruses in the UK has led to the formation of a unique system of field sites containing frog populations of known ranaviral disease history. Within this unique natural field system, we used RNA sequencing ( RNA ‐Seq) to compare the gene expression profiles of R. temporaria populations with a history of ranaviral disease and those without. We have applied a RNA read‐filtering protocol that incorporates Bloom filters, previously used in clinical settings, to limit the potential for contamination that comes with the use of RNA ‐Seq in nonlaboratory systems. We have identified a suite of 407 transcripts that are differentially expressed between populations of different ranaviral disease history. This suite contains genes with functions related to immunity, development, protein transport and olfactory reception among others. A large proportion of potential noncoding RNA transcripts present in our differentially expressed set provide first evidence of a possible role for long noncoding RNA (lnc RNA ) in amphibian response to viruses. Our read‐filtering approach also removed significantly more bacterial reads from libraries generated from positive disease history populations. Subsequent analysis revealed these bacterial read sets to represent distinct communities of bacterial species, which is suggestive of an interaction between ranavirus and the host microbiome in the wild.

Size, growth, and density data for shallow‐water sea urchins from Mexico to the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, 1956–2016 - Thomas A. Ebert; Louis M. Barr; James L. Bodkin; Dirk Burcham; Dominique Bureau; Henry S. Carson; Nancy L. Caruso; Jennifer E. Caselle; Jeremy T. Claisse; Sabrina Clemente; Kathryn Davis; Paul M. Detwiler; et al. (Ecology, 2018)
Size, growth, and density have been studied for North American Pacific coast sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus , S. droebachiensis, S. polyacanthus , Mesocentrotus (Strongylocentrotus) franciscanus , Lytechinus pictus , Centrostephanus coronatus , and Arbacia stellata by various workers at diverse sites and for varying lengths of time from 1956 to present. Numerous peer‐reviewed publications have used some of these data but some data have appeared only in graduate theses or the gray literature. There also are data that have never appeared outside original data sheets. Motivation for studies has included fisheries management and environmental monitoring of sewer and power plant outfalls as well as changes associated with disease epidemics. Studies also have focused on kelp restoration, community effects of sea otters, basic sea urchin biology, and monitoring. The data sets presented here are a historical record of size, density, and growth for a common group of marine invertebrates in intertidal and nearshore environments that can be used to test hypotheses concerning future changes associated with fisheries practices, shifts of predator distributions, climate and ecosystem changes, and ocean acidification along the Pacific Coast of North America and islands of the north Pacific. No copyright restrictions apply. Please credit this paper when using the data.

Modelling Marine Sediment Biogeochemistry: Current Knowledge Gaps, Challenges, and Some Methodological Advice for Advancement - Gennadi Lessin; Yuri Artioli; Elin Almroth-Rosell; Jerry C. Blackford; Andrew W. Dale; Ronnie N. Glud; Jack J. Middelburg; Roberto Pastres; Ana M. Queirós; Christophe Rabouille; Pierre Regnier; Karline Soetaert; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2018)

Chronic Remote Ischemic Conditioning Is Cerebroprotective and Induces Vascular Remodeling in a VCID Model - Mohammad Badruzzaman Khan; Sherif Hafez; Md. Nasrul Hoda; Babak Baban; Jesse Wagner; Mohamed E. Awad; Hasith Sangabathula; Stephen Haigh; Mohammed Elsalanty; Jennifer L. Waller; David C. Hess (Translational Stroke Research, 2018)

Diet has independent effects on the pace and shape of aging in Drosophila melanogaster - C. Ruth Archer; Ugofilippo Basellini; John Hunt; Stephen J. Simpson; Kwang Pum Lee; Annette Baudisch (Biogerontology, 2018)

Climate change impacts on the conservation outlook of populations on the poleward periphery of species ranges: A case study of Canadian black‐tailed prairie dogs ( Cynomys ludovicianus ) - Tara Stephens; Sian C. Wilson; Ffion Cassidy; Darren Bender; David Gummer; Des H. V. Smith; Natasha Lloyd; Jana M. McPherson; Axel Moehrenschlager (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Given climate change, species' climatically suitable habitats are increasingly expected to shift poleward. Some imperilled populations towards the poleward edge of their species' range might therefore conceivably benefit from climate change. Interactions between climate and population dynamics may be complex, however, with climate exerting effects both indirectly via influence over food availability and more directly, via effects on physiology and its implications for survival and reproduction. A thorough understanding of these interactions is critical for effective conservation management. We therefore examine the relationship between climate, survival and reproduction in Canadian black‐tailed prairie dogs, a threatened keystone species in an imperilled ecosystem at the northern edge of the species' range. Our analyses considered 8 years of annual mark–recapture data (2007–2014) in relation to growing degree days, precipitation, drought status and winter severity, as well as year, sex, age and body mass. Survival was strongly influenced by the interaction of drought and body mass class, and winter temperature severity. Female reproductive status was associated with the interaction of growing degree days and growing season precipitation, with spring precipitation and with winter temperature severity. Results related to body mass suggested that climatic variables exerted their effects via regulation of food availability with potential linked effects of food quality, immunological and behavioural implications, and predation risk. Predictions of future increases in drought conditions in North America's grassland ecosystems have raised concerns for the outlook of Canadian black‐tailed prairie dogs. Insights gained from the analyses, however, point to mitigating species management options targeted at decoupling the mechanisms by which climate exerts its negative influence. Our approach highlights the importance of understanding the interaction between climate and population dynamics in peripheral populations whose viability might ultimately determine their species' ability to track climatically suitable space.

Forest biomass, productivity and carbon cycling along a rainfall gradient in West Africa - Sam Moore; Stephen Adu‐Bredu; Akwasi Duah‐Gyamfi; Shalom D. Addo‐Danso; Forzia Ibrahim; Armel T. Mbou; Agnès de Grandcourt; Riccardo Valentini; Giacomo Nicolini; Gloria Djagbletey; Kennedy Owusu‐Afriyie; Agne Gvozdevaite; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Net Primary Productivity ( NPP ) is one of the most important parameters in describing the functioning of any ecosystem and yet it arguably remains a poorly quantified and understood component of carbon cycling in tropical forests, especially outside of the Americas. We provide the first comprehensive analysis of NPP and its carbon allocation to woody, canopy and root growth components at contrasting lowland West African forests spanning a rainfall gradient. Using a standardized methodology to study evergreen ( EF ), semi‐deciduous ( SDF ), dry forests ( DF ) and woody savanna ( WS ), we find that (i) climate is more closely related with above and belowground C stocks than with NPP (ii) total NPP is highest in the SDF site, then the EF followed by the DF and WS and that (iii) different forest types have distinct carbon allocation patterns whereby SDF allocate in excess of 50% to canopy production and the DF and WS sites allocate 40%–50% to woody production. Furthermore, we find that (iv) compared with canopy and root growth rates the woody growth rate of these forests is a poor proxy for their overall productivity and that (v) residence time is the primary driver in the productivity‐allocation‐turnover chain for the observed spatial differences in woody, leaf and root biomass across the rainfall gradient. Through a systematic assessment of forest productivity we demonstrate the importance of directly measuring the main components of above and belowground NPP and encourage the establishment of more permanent carbon intensive monitoring plots across the tropics.

Networking our science to characterize the state, vulnerabilities, and management opportunities of soil organic matter - Jennifer W. Harden; Gustaf Hugelius; Anders Ahlström; Joseph C. Blankinship; Ben Bond‐Lamberty; Corey R. Lawrence; Julie Loisel; Avni Malhotra; Robert B. Jackson; Stephen Ogle; Claire Phillips; Rebecca Ryals; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Soil organic matter ( SOM ) supports the Earth's ability to sustain terrestrial ecosystems, provide food and fiber, and retains the largest pool of actively cycling carbon. Over 75% of the soil organic carbon ( SOC ) in the top meter of soil is directly affected by human land use. Large land areas have lost SOC as a result of land use practices, yet there are compensatory opportunities to enhance productivity and SOC storage in degraded lands through improved management practices. Large areas with and without intentional management are also being subjected to rapid changes in climate, making many SOC stocks vulnerable to losses by decomposition or disturbance. In order to quantify potential SOC losses or sequestration at field, regional, and global scales, measurements for detecting changes in SOC are needed. Such measurements and soil‐management best practices should be based on well established and emerging scientific understanding of processes of C stabilization and destabilization over various timescales, soil types, and spatial scales. As newly engaged members of the International Soil Carbon Network, we have identified gaps in data, modeling, and communication that underscore the need for an open, shared network to frame and guide the study of SOM and SOC and their management for sustained production and climate regulation.

Humoral Immunity Profiling of Subjects with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Using a Random Peptide Microarray Differentiates Cases from Controls with High Specificity and Sensitivity - Sahajpreet Singh; Phillip Stafford; Karen A. Schlauch; Richard R. Tillett; Martin Gollery; Stephen Albert Johnston; Svetlana F. Khaiboullina; Kenny L. De Meirleir; Shanti Rawat; Tatjana Mijatovic; Krishnamurthy Subramanian; András Palotás; et al. (Molecular Neurobiology, 2018)

Threat of Predation Does Not Affect Crassostrea virginica Filtration - Luke F. Dodd; Joseph C. Caracappa; Stephen R. Fegley; Jonathan H. Grabowski; Michael F. Piehler (Estuaries and Coasts, 2018)

The First Hop: Use of Beaufort Sea Deltas by Hatch-Year Semipalmated Sandpipers - Roy T. Churchwell; Steve Kendall; Stephen C. Brown; Arny L. Blanchard; Tuula E. Hollmen; Abby N. Powell (Estuaries and Coasts, 2018)

Resilience of fish assemblages in the Breede Estuary, South Africa, to environmental perturbations - Nicola C. James; Stephen J. Lamberth; Craig Midgley; Alan K. Whitfield (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2018)

Impact of nanomedicine on hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 activity: things to consider during pre-clinical and clinical studies - Kristina Jonsson-Schmunk; Stephen C. Schafer; Maria A. Croyle (Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 2018)

Freshwater eutrophication drives sharp reductions in temporal beta diversity - Stephen C. Cook; Lauren Housley; Jeffrey A. Back; Ryan S. King (Ecology, 2018)
Eutrophication has become one of the most widespread anthropogenic forces impacting freshwater biological diversity. One potentially important mechanism driving biodiversity changes in response to eutrophication is the alteration of seasonal patterns of succession, particularly among species with short, synchronous, life cycles. We tested the hypothesis that eutrophication reduces seasonally driven variation in species assemblages by focusing on an understudied aspect of biodiversity: temporal beta diversity (β t ). We estimated the effect of eutrophication on β t by sampling benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages bimonthly for two years across 35 streams spanning a steep gradient of total phosphorus (P) and benthic algal biomass (as chlorophyll a [chl a ]). Two widely used metrics of β diversity both declined sharply in response to increasing P and chl a , regardless of covariates. The most parsimonious explanatory model for β t included an interaction between P and macroinvertebrate biomass, which revealed that β t was lower when macroinvertebrate biomass was relatively high. Macroinvertebrate biomass explained a greater amount of deviance in β t at lower to moderate concentrations of P, providing additional explanatory power where P concentration alone was unable to fully explain declines in β t . Chl a explained similar amounts of deviance in β t in comparison to the best P model, but only when temperature variability, which was positively related to β t , also was included in the model. Declines in β t suggest that nutrient enrichment decreases the competitive advantage that specialists gain by occupying particular temporal niches, which leads to assemblages dominated by generalists that exhibit little seasonal turnover. The collapse of seasonal variation in assemblage composition we observed in our study suggests that treating dynamic communities as static assemblages is a simplification that may fail to detect the full impact of anthropogenic stressors. Our results show that eutrophication leads to more temporally homogenous communities and therefore degrades a fundamental facet of biodiversity.

High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Enables Large Scale Molecular Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter - Daniel Petras; Irina Koester; Ricardo Da Silva; Brandon M. Stephens; Andreas F. Haas; Craig E. Nelson; Linda W. Kelly; Lihini I. Aluwihare; Pieter C. Dorrestein (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2017)

A 16.7 kb deletion in Sipa1l3 is associated with juvenile cataract in mice - Lianna R. Walker; Emily R. Tosky; Kylee M. Sutton; Rhonda Griess; Marytza D. Abebe; Sarah Y. Barnes; Tom Cunnigham; Stephen D. Kachman; Merlyn K. Nielsen; Daniel C. Ciobanu (Mammalian Genome, 2017)

Relationships of depressive behavior and sertraline treatment with walking speed and activity in older female nonhuman primates - Jamie N. Justice; Marnie G. Silverstein-Metzler; Beth Uberseder; Susan E. Appt; Thomas B. Clarkson; Thomas C. Register; Stephen B. Kritchevsky; Carol A. Shively (GeroScience, 2017)

Glutamine supplementation reduces markers of intestinal permeability during running in the heat in a dose-dependent manner - Jamie N. Pugh; Stephen Sage; Mark Hutson; Dominic A. Doran; Simon C. Fleming; Jamie Highton; James P. Morton; Graeme L. Close (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2017)
Purpose To examine the dose–response effects of acute glutamine supplementation on markers of gastrointestinal (GI) permeability, damage and, secondary, subjective symptoms of GI discomfort in response to running in the heat. Methods Ten recreationally active males completed a total of four exercise trials; a placebo trial and three glutamine trials at 0.25, 0.5 and 0.9 g kg −1 of fat-free mass (FFM) consumed 2 h before exercise. Each exercise trial consisted of a 60-min treadmill run at 70% of $$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$ V ˙ O 2max in an environmental chamber set at 30 °C. GI permeability was measured using ratio of lactulose to rhamnose (L:R) in serum. Plasma glutamine and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) concentrations were determined pre and post exercise. Subjective GI symptoms were assessed 45 min and 24 h post-exercise. Results Relative to placebo, L:R was likely lower following 0.25 g kg −1 (mean difference: − 0.023; ± 0.021) and 0.5 g kg −1 (− 0.019; ± 0.019) and very likely following 0.9 g kg − 1 (− 0.034; ± 0.024). GI symptoms were typically low and there was no effect of supplementation. Discussion Acute oral glutamine consumption attenuates GI permeability relative to placebo even at lower doses of 0.25 g kg −1 , although larger doses may be more effective. It remains unclear if this will lead to reductions in GI symptoms. Athletes competing in the heat may, therefore, benefit from acute glutamine supplementation prior to exercise in order to maintain gastrointestinal integrity.

Immune competence assessment in marine medaka (Orzyias melastigma)—a holistic approach for immunotoxicology - Roy R. Ye; Drew R. Peterson; Frauke Seemann; Shin-Ichi Kitamura; J. S. Lee; Terrance C. K. Lau; Stephen K. W. Tsui; Doris W. T. Au (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017)

Energetic requirements of green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) feeding on burrowing shrimp (Neotrypaea californiensis) in estuaries: importance of temperature, reproductive investment, and residence time - Joshua M. Borin; Mary L. Moser; Adam G. Hansen; David A. Beauchamp; Stephen C. Corbett; Brett R. Dumbauld; Casey Pruitt; Jennifer L. Ruesink; Cinde Donoghue (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2017)

The Influence of Legacy P on Lake Water Quality in a Midwestern Agricultural Watershed - Melissa Motew; Xi Chen; Eric G. Booth; Stephen R. Carpenter; Pavel Pinkas; Samuel C. Zipper; Steven P. Loheide; Simon D. Donner; Kai Tsuruta; Peter A. Vadas; Christopher J. Kucharik (Ecosystems, 2017)

Erratum to: Constraints on oceanic meridional heat transport from combined measurements of oxygen and carbon - L. Resplandy; R. F. Keeling; B. B. Stephens; J. D. Bent; A. Jacobson; C. Rödenbeck; S. Khatiwala (Climate Dynamics, 2017)

Assessing robustness of designs for random effects parameters for nonlinear mixed-effects models - Stephen B. Duffull; Andrew C. Hooker (Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 2017)

Biogeography of mutualistic fungi cultivated by leafcutter ants - Ulrich G. Mueller; Heather D. Ishak; Sofia M. Bruschi; Chad C. Smith; Jacob J. Herman; Scott E. Solomon; Alexander S. Mikheyev; Christian Rabeling; Jarrod J. Scott; Michael Cooper; Andre Rodrigues; Adriana Ortiz; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2017)
Leafcutter ants propagate co‐evolving fungi for food. The nearly 50 species of leafcutter ants ( Atta , Acromyrmex ) range from Argentina to the United States, with the greatest species diversity in southern South America. We elucidate the biogeography of fungi cultivated by leafcutter ants using DNA sequence and microsatellite‐marker analyses of 474 cultivars collected across the leafcutter range. Fungal cultivars belong to two clades (Clade‐A and Clade‐B). The dominant and widespread Clade‐A cultivars form three genotype clusters, with their relative prevalence corresponding to southern South America, northern South America, Central and North America. Admixture between Clade‐A populations supports genetic exchange within a single species, Leucocoprinus gongylophorus . Some leafcutter species that cut grass as fungicultural substrate are specialized to cultivate Clade‐B fungi, whereas leafcutters preferring dicot plants appear specialized on Clade‐A fungi. Cultivar sharing between sympatric leafcutter species occurs frequently such that cultivars of Atta are not distinct from those of Acromyrmex . Leafcutters specialized on Clade‐B fungi occur only in South America. Diversity of Clade‐A fungi is greatest in South America, but minimal in Central and North America. Maximum cultivar diversity in South America is predicted by the Kusnezov–Fowler hypothesis that leafcutter ants originated in subtropical South America and only dicot‐specialized leafcutter ants migrated out of South America, but the cultivar diversity becomes also compatible with a recently proposed hypothesis of a Central American origin by postulating that leafcutter ants acquired novel cultivars many times from other nonleafcutter fungus‐growing ants during their migrations from Central America across South America. We evaluate these biogeographic hypotheses in the light of estimated dates for the origins of leafcutter ants and their cultivars.

Multiple hypotheses explain variation in extra‐pair paternity at different levels in a single bird family - Lyanne Brouwer; Martijn van de Pol; Nataly Hidalgo Aranzamendi; Glen Bain; Daniel T. Baldassarre; Lesley C. Brooker; Michael G. Brooker; Diane Colombelli‐Négrel; Erik Enbody; Kurt Gielow; Michelle L. Hall; Allison E. Johnson; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2017)
Extra‐pair paternity ( EPP ), where offspring are sired by a male other than the social male, varies enormously both within and among species. Trying to explain this variation has proved difficult because the majority of the interspecific variation is phylogenetically based. Ideally, variation in EPP should be investigated in closely related species, but clades with sufficient variation are rare. We present a comprehensive multifactorial test to explain variation in EPP among individuals in 20 populations of nine species over 89 years from a single bird family (Maluridae). Females had higher EPP in the presence of more helpers, more neighbours or if paired incestuously. Furthermore, higher EPP occurred in years with many incestuous pairs, populations with many helpers and species with high male density or in which males provide less care. Altogether, these variables accounted for 48% of the total and 89% of the interspecific and interpopulation variation in EPP . These findings indicate why consistent patterns in EPP have been so challenging to detect and suggest that a single predictor is unlikely to account for the enormous variation in EPP across levels of analysis. Nevertheless, it also shows that existing hypotheses can explain the variation in EPP well and that the density of males in particular is a good predictor to explain variation in EPP among species when a large part of the confounding effect of phylogeny is excluded.

No evidence for ecological segregation protecting native trout from invasive hybridization - Ryan P. Kovach; Clint C. Muhlfeld; Robert Al‐Chokhachy; Stephen J. Amish; Jeffrey L. Kershner; Robb F. Leary; Winsor H. Lowe; Gordon Luikart; Phil Matson; David A. Schmetterling; Bradley B. Shepard; Peter A. H. Westley; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2017)

Expression patterns of the native Shrunken-2 promoter in Sorghum bicolor visualised through use of the GFP reporter gene - Kyle C. Lamont; Stephen R. Mudge; Guoquan Liu; Ian D. Godwin (Plant Cell Reports, 2017)

Phytophthora infestans effector Pi14054 is a novel candidate suppressor of host silencing mechanisms - Ramesh R. Vetukuri; Stephen C. Whisson; Laura J. Grenville-Briggs (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2017)

“Internal tide pools” prolong kelp forest hypoxic events - Paul R. Leary; C. Brock Woodson; Michael E. Squibb; Mark W. Denny; Stephen G. Monismith; Fiorenza Micheli (Limnology and Oceanography, 2017)
This study uses field observations within a single kelp bed in southern Monterey Bay, California, to evaluate the retention of cold, hypoxic water within depressions in the rocky reef following relaxation of internal wave events. Just as tide pools in the rocky intertidal zone persist in depressions following the relaxation of surface waves and tides, “internal tide pools” persist in depressions in the subtidal reef following the relaxation of internal waves. When internal waves contain low dissolved oxygen (DO) water, the duration of hypoxic events can be extended for organisms within the pooling zone. Additionally, we suggest that internal wave run‐up can cause the early arrival of cold hypoxic water in these same areas, thereby extending hypoxic events further. Together, internal tide pools and wave run‐up extend event durations by 20% on average. However, some events are extended up to 160% of the regional‐scale event length, which may be more ecologically relevant than the mean extension. When internal waves contain other environmental covariates (e.g., low pH, nutrients), internal tide pools are expected to create a similar time extension and patchy landscape in these quantities. We attribute the slowing of the relaxation of sub‐thermocline water within pooling zones to retention within the reef itself rather than a drag effect of the kelp bed. Following hypoxic internal bores, internal tide pools cause a period of extreme spatial variability in the DO and temperature field which is likely to impact the distribution and behavior of local organisms.

Ecological regime shift drives declining growth rates of sea turtles throughout the West Atlantic - Karen A. Bjorndal; Alan B. Bolten; Milani Chaloupka; Vincent S. Saba; Cláudio Bellini; Maria A. G. Marcovaldi; Armando J. B. Santos; Luis Felipe Wurdig Bortolon; Anne B. Meylan; Peter A. Meylan; Jennifer Gray; Robert Hardy; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Somatic growth is an integrated, individual‐based response to environmental conditions, especially in ectotherms. Growth dynamics of large, mobile animals are particularly useful as bio‐indicators of environmental change at regional scales. We assembled growth rate data from throughout the West Atlantic for green turtles, Chelonia mydas , which are long‐lived, highly migratory, primarily herbivorous mega‐consumers that may migrate over hundreds to thousands of kilometers. Our dataset, the largest ever compiled for sea turtles, has 9690 growth increments from 30 sites from Bermuda to Uruguay from 1973 to 2015. Using generalized additive mixed models, we evaluated covariates that could affect growth rates; body size, diet, and year have significant effects on growth. Growth increases in early years until 1999, then declines by 26% to 2015. The temporal (year) effect is of particular interest because two carnivorous species of sea turtles—hawksbills, Eretmochelys imbricata, and loggerheads, Caretta caretta —exhibited similar significant declines in growth rates starting in 1997 in the West Atlantic, based on previous studies. These synchronous declines in productivity among three sea turtle species across a trophic spectrum provide strong evidence that an ecological regime shift ( ERS ) in the Atlantic is driving growth dynamics. The ERS resulted from a synergy of the 1997/1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation ( ENSO )—the strongest on record—combined with an unprecedented warming rate over the last two to three decades. Further support is provided by the strong correlations between annualized mean growth rates of green turtles and both sea surface temperatures ( SST ) in the West Atlantic for years of declining growth rates ( r = −.94) and the Multivariate ENSO Index ( MEI ) for all years ( r = .74). Granger‐causality analysis also supports the latter finding. We discuss multiple stressors that could reinforce and prolong the effect of the ERS . This study demonstrates the importance of region‐wide collaborations.

Legacy introductions and climatic variation explain spatiotemporal patterns of invasive hybridization in a native trout - Clint C. Muhlfeld; Ryan P. Kovach; Robert Al‐Chokhachy; Stephen J. Amish; Jeffrey L. Kershner; Robb F. Leary; Winsor H. Lowe; Gordon Luikart; Phil Matson; David A. Schmetterling; Bradley B. Shepard; Peter A. H. Westley; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Hybridization between invasive and native species, a significant threat to worldwide biodiversity, is predicted to increase due to climate‐induced expansions of invasive species. Long‐term research and monitoring are crucial for understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that modulate the effects of invasive species. Using a large, multidecade genetics dataset ( N = 582 sites, 12,878 individuals) with high‐resolution climate predictions and extensive stocking records, we evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of hybridization between native cutthroat trout and invasive rainbow trout, the world's most widely introduced invasive fish, across the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. Historical effects of stocking and contemporary patterns of climatic variation were strongly related to the spread of hybridization across space and time. The probability of occurrence, extent of, and temporal changes in hybridization increased at sites in close proximity to historical stocking locations with greater rainbow trout propagule pressure, warmer water temperatures, and lower spring precipitation. Although locations with warmer water temperatures were more prone to hybridization, cold sites were not protected from invasion; 58% of hybridized sites had cold mean summer water temperatures (

Field-based assessment of wetland condition, wetland extent, and the National Wetlands Inventory in Kentucky, USA - Michelle Guidugli-Cook; Stephen C. Richter; Barbara J. Scott; David R. Brown (Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2017)

Multimodal Neuroimaging in Schizophrenia: Description and Dissemination - C. J. Aine; H. J. Bockholt; J. R. Bustillo; J. M. Cañive; A. Caprihan; C. Gasparovic; F. M. Hanlon; J. M. Houck; R. E. Jung; J. Lauriello; J. Liu; A. R. Mayer; et al. (Neuroinformatics, 2017)

Efficacy of N-mixture models for surveying and monitoring white-tailed deer populations - Allison C. Keever; Conor P. McGowan; Stephen S. Ditchkoff; Peter K. Acker; James B. Grand; Chad H. Newbolt (Mammal Research, 2017)

The geographic distribution of seed-dispersal mutualisms in North America - Stephen B. Vander Wall; Sarah C. Barga; Amy E. Seaman (Evolutionary Ecology, 2017)

Invasive plants decrease microbial capacity to nitrify and denitrify compared to native California grassland communities - Chelsea J. Carey; Joseph C. Blankinship; Valerie T. Eviner; Carolyn M. Malmstrom; Stephen C. Hart (Biological Invasions, 2017)

Closing the gap: Avian lineage splits at a young, narrow seaway imply a protracted history of mixed population response - Steve A. Trewick; Stephen Pilkington; Lara D. Shepherd; Gillian C. Gibb; Mary Morgan‐Richards (Molecular Ecology, 2017)
The evolutionary significance of spatial habitat gaps has been well recognized since Alfred Russel Wallace compared the faunas of Bali and Lombok. Gaps between islands influence population structuring of some species, and flightless birds are expected to show strong partitioning even where habitat gaps are narrow. We examined the population structure of the most numerous living flightless land bird in New Zealand, Weka ( Gallirallus australis ). We surveyed Weka and their feather lice in native and introduced populations using genetic data gathered from DNA sequences of mitochondrial genes and nuclear β‐fibrinogen and five microsatellite loci. We found low genetic diversity among extant Weka population samples. Two genetic clusters were evident in the mt DNA from Weka and their lice, but partitioning at nuclear loci was less abrupt. Many formerly recognized subspecies/species were not supported; instead, we infer one subspecies for each of the two main New Zealand islands. Although currently range restricted, North Island Weka have higher mt DNA diversity than the more wide‐ranging southern Weka. Mismatch and neutrality statistics indicate North Island Weka experienced rapid and recent population reduction, while South Island Weka display the signature of recent expansion. Similar haplotype data from a widespread flying relative of Weka and other New Zealand birds revealed instances of North Island—South Island partitioning associated with a narrow habitat gap (Cook Strait). However, contrasting patterns indicate priority effects and other ecological factors have a strong influence on spatial exchange at this scale.

Quantifying the role of wood density in explaining interspecific variation in growth of tropical trees - Emily J. Francis; Helene C. Muller‐Landau; S. Joseph Wright; Marco D. Visser; Yoshiko Iida; Christine Fletcher; Stephen P. Hubbell; Abd. Rahman Kassim (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2017)
Aim To evaluate how wood density relates to tree growth rates in simple models and two tropical forests. Location Barro Colorado Island, Panama; and Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia. Time Period 1986–2010. Major Taxa Studied Trees. Methods We derived expected relationships of wood density with diameter growth at a given diameter under a null hypothesis that aboveground biomass growth is independent of wood density, and an alternative hypothesis that biomass growth scales with crown area, which itself increases with wood density. We tested these assumptions and predictions through analyses of interspecific relationships of wood density with height, crown area and diameter growth at constant diameter in two tropical forests. Results Height was unrelated to wood density, whereas crown areas showed a slightly positive relationship to wood density. Thus, the expected exponent of diameter growth with wood density was equal to minus one under the null hypothesis, and equal to the exponent of crown area with wood density minus one under the alternative hypothesis. Empirical relationships of diameter growth and biomass growth with wood density were broadly consistent with the null hypothesis that biomass growth is unrelated to wood density at both sites, except in trees Main conclusions Although most previous analyses of growth with wood density have examined linear relationships, simple models suggest that both tree diameter growth and tree biomass growth are power functions of wood density. Analyses in two tropical forests showed that aboveground biomass growth was approximately constant with wood density, and thus, that diameter growth was inversely proportional to wood density, for most tree sizes, although confidence intervals on the scaling exponents were broad. More negative relationships of growth with wood density at small sizes might reflect differential environmental filtering, in which higher wood density trees are found in less favourable understorey environments.

Intercomparison of Approaches to the Empirical Line Method for Vicarious Hyperspectral Reflectance Calibration - Joseph D. Ortiz; Dulcinea Avouris; Stephen Schiller; Jeffrey C. Luvall; John D. Lekki; Roger P. Tokars; Robert C. Anderson; Robert Shuchman; Michael Sayers; Richard Becker (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2017)

Typology of Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners and Forestry Behavior: Implications for Forest Carbon Sequestration in the Southern US - Puskar N. Khanal; Donald L. Grebner; Ian A. Munn; Stephen C. Grado; Robert K. Grala; James E. Henderson (Small-scale Forestry, 2017)

When our fascination with sharks was new - Maki H. J. C. Burgess; Stephen S. Crawford (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2017)

Climate, Topography, and Canopy Chemistry Exert Hierarchical Control Over Soil N Cycling in a Neotropical Lowland Forest - Brooke B. Osborne; Megan K. Nasto; Gregory P. Asner; Christopher S. Balzotti; Cory C. Cleveland; Benjamin W. Sullivan; Philip G. Taylor; Alan R. Townsend; Stephen Porder (Ecosystems, 2017)

Empruthotrema longipenis n. sp. (Monogenoidea: Monocotylidae: Merizocotylinae) from the olfactory sacs of the smooth butterfly ray Gymnura micrura (Bloch & Schneider) (Myliobatiformes: Gymnuridae) in the Gulf of Mexico - Delane C. Kritsky; Stephen A. Bullard; Carlos F. Ruiz; Micah B. Warren (Systematic Parasitology, 2017)

Identification and quantification of carbonyl-containing α-pinene ozonolysis products using O-tert-butylhydroxylamine hydrochloride - Stephen R. Jackson; Jason E. Ham; Joel C. Harrison; J. R. Wells (Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2017)

The Significant Surface-Water Connectivity of “Geographically Isolated Wetlands” - Aram J. K. Calhoun; David M. Mushet; Laurie C. Alexander; Edward S. DeKeyser; Laurie Fowler; Charles R. Lane; Megan W. Lang; Mark C. Rains; Stephen C. Richter; Susan C. Walls (Wetlands, 2017)

Investigation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids including their respective N-oxides in selected food products available in Hong Kong by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry - Stephen W. C. Chung; Aaron C. H. Lam (Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2017)

Tracking reveals limited interactions between Campbell Albatross and fisheries during the breeding season - Lisa A. Sztukowski; Mariëlle L. van Toor; Henri Weimerskirch; David R. Thompson; Leigh G. Torres; Paul M. Sagar; Peter A. Cotton; Stephen C. Votier (Journal of Ornithology, 2017)

An individual-based model of chaparral vegetation response to frequent wildfires - Timothy A. Lucas; Reanna A. Doña; Wancen Jiang; Garrett C. Johns; Dayna J. Mann; Cassandra Seubert; Noah B. C. Webster; Charlotte H. Willens; Stephen D. Davis (Theoretical Ecology, 2017)

DIMBOA levels in hexaploid Brazilian wheat are not associated with antibiosis against the cereal aphids Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae - Jorge F. Pereira; André L. F. Sarria; Stephen J. Powers; Gudbjorg I. Aradottir; John C. Caulfield; Janet Martin; Lesley E. Smart; John A. Pickett; Michael A. Birkett; Paulo R. V. S. Pereira (Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology, 2017)

Genetic associations with lipoprotein subfraction measures differ by ethnicity in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA) - Zhe Wang; Ani Manichukal; David C. Goff; Samia Mora; Jose M. Ordovas; Nicholas M. Pajewski; Wendy S. Post; Jerome I. Rotter; Michele M. Sale; Stephanie A. Santorico; David Siscovick; Michael Y. Tsai; et al. (Human Genetics, 2017)

Transient bacterial contamination of the dual-porosity aquifer at Walkerton, Ontario, Canada - Stephen R. H. Worthington; C. Christopher Smart (Hydrogeology Journal, 2017)

Surveying employment listings to inform curricula of environmental science degree programs - Mackenzie Wood; Stephen Taylor; Alex Carroll; Neil C. Hansen (Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 2017)

Ecological diversification of the Australian Coptotermes termites and the evolution of mound building - Timothy R. C. Lee; Theodore A. Evans; Stephen L. Cameron; Dieter F. Hochuli; Simon Y. W. Ho; Nathan Lo (Journal of Biogeography, 2017)
Aim The Australian Coptotermes (Family: Rhinotermitidae) are a small monophyletic group of termites, some of which build mounds. In this study, we construct predicted distributions based on environmental data (niche models) for all Australian species of Coptotermes to test whether specific environmental factors have contributed to the evolution of mound‐building behaviour and whether the degree of niche similarity and degree of phylogenetic similarity are correlated. Location The Australian mainland, including the known native ranges of all Australian species of Coptotermes . Methods We estimated the phylogenetic relationships between the species of Australian Coptotermes . We then generated and compared environmental niche models in a phylogenetic framework for all study species to test niche conservation. Our analyses were based on location data from our own sampling and from the Atlas of Living Australia, genetic data from a previous study of Australian Coptotermes , and environmental data from WorldClim and ASRIS . Results We found that no environmental variable differed consistently between mound‐building and non‐mound‐building taxa and that the differences in niches between pairs of Australian species of Coptotermes are uncorrelated with time since divergence. The environmental tolerances of the Australian Coptotermes termites are more restricted by rainfall than they are by soil or temperature. Main conclusions Our results show that mound‐building behaviour has not necessarily evolved in response to similar abiotic conditions. Our results are consistent with ecological speciation leading to niche divergence since Coptotermes first arrived in Australia ~12.5 million years ago.

Toward reassessing data‐deficient species - Lucie M. Bland; Jon Bielby; Stephen Kearney; C. David L. Orme; James E. M. Watson; Ben Collen (Conservation Biology, 2017)
One in 6 species (13,465 species) on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List is classified as data deficient due to lack of information on their taxonomy, population status, or impact of threats. Despite the chance that many are at high risk of extinction, data‐deficient species are typically excluded from global and local conservation priorities, as well as funding schemes. The number of data‐deficient species will greatly increase as the IUCN Red List becomes more inclusive of poorly known and speciose groups. A strategic approach is urgently needed to enhance the conservation value of data‐deficient assessments. To develop this, we reviewed 2879 data‐deficient assessments in 6 animal groups and identified 8 main justifications for assigning data‐deficient status (type series, few records, old records, uncertain provenance, uncertain population status or distribution, uncertain threats, taxonomic uncertainty, and new species). Assigning a consistent set of justification tags (i.e., consistent assignment to assessment justifications) to species classified as data deficient is a simple way to achieve more strategic assessments. Such tags would clarify the causes of data deficiency; facilitate the prediction of extinction risk; facilitate comparisons of data deficiency among taxonomic groups; and help prioritize species for reassessment. With renewed efforts, it could be straightforward to prevent thousands of data‐deficient species slipping unnoticed toward extinction.

Development of a QTL-environment-based predictive model for node addition rate in common bean - Li Zhang; Salvador A. Gezan; C. Eduardo Vallejos; James W. Jones; Kenneth J. Boote; Jose A. Clavijo-Michelangeli; Mehul Bhakta; Juan M. Osorno; Idupulapati Rao; Stephen Beebe; Elvin Roman-Paoli; Abiezer Gonzalez; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2017)

Endolithic microbial diversity in sandstone and granite from the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica - Stephen D. J. Archer; Asuncion de los Ríos; Kevin C. Lee; Thomas S. Niederberger; S. Craig Cary; Kathryn J. Coyne; Susanne Douglas; Donnabella C. Lacap-Bugler; Stephen B. Pointing (Polar Biology, 2017)

Abundance and distribution of sturgeon feeding pits in a Washington estuary - Mary L. Moser; Kim Patten; Stephen C. Corbett; Blake E. Feist; Steven T. Lindley (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2017)

Social-ecological system resonance: a theoretical framework for brokering sustainable solutions - Damon M. Hall; Andrea Feldpausch-Parker; Tarla Rai Peterson; Jennie C. Stephens; Elizabeth J. Wilson (Sustainability Science, 2017)

Persistent Organic Pollutant and Hormone Levels in Harbor Porpoise with B Cell Lymphoma - Stephanie A. Norman; Zach C. Winfield; Barry H. Rickman; Sascha Usenko; Matthew Klope; Susan Berta; Sandra Dubpernell; Howard Garrett; Mary Jo Adams; Dyanna Lambourn; Jessica L. Huggins; Nadine Lysiak; et al. (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2017)

Estimating the ecological, economic and social impacts of ocean acidification and warming on UK fisheries - Jose A Fernandes; Eleni Papathanasopoulou; Caroline Hattam; Ana M Queirós; William W W L Cheung; Andrew Yool; Yuri Artioli; Edward C Pope; Kevin J Flynn; Gorka Merino; Piero Calosi; Nicola Beaumont; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2017)
Assessments of the combined ecological impacts of ocean acidification and warming ( OAW ) and their social and economic consequences can help develop adaptive and responsive management strategies in the most sensitive regions. Here, available observational and experimental data, theoretical, and modelling approaches are combined to project and quantify potential effects of OAW on the future fisheries catches and resulting revenues and employment in the UK under different CO 2 emission scenarios. Across all scenarios, based on the limited available experimental results considered, the bivalve species investigated were more affected by OAW than the fish species considered, compared with ocean warming alone. Projected standing stock biomasses decrease between 10 and 60%. These impacts translate into an overall fish and shellfish catch decrease of between 10 and 30% by 2020 across all areas except for the Scotland >10 m fleet. This latter fleet shows average positive impacts until 2050, declining afterwards. The main driver of the projected decreases is temperature rise (0.5–3.3 °C), which exacerbate the impact of decreases in primary production (10–30%) in UK fishing waters. The inclusion of the effect of ocean acidification on the carbon uptake of primary producers had very little impact on the projections of potential fish and shellfish catches ( 10 m fleet by the end of the century in all countries. Overall, losses in revenue are estimated to range between 1 and 21% in the short term (2020–50) with England and Scotland being the most negatively impacted in absolute terms, and Wales and North Ireland in relative terms. Losses in total employment (fisheries and associated industries) may reach approximately 3–20% during 2020–50 with the >10 m fleet and associated industries bearing the majority of the losses.

An upstream migration fought with danger: freshwater sawfish fending off sharks and crocodiles - David L. Morgan; Ruchira Somaweera; Adrian C. Gleiss; Stephen J. Beatty; Jeff M. Whitty (Ecology, 2017)

Blueprints of Effective Biodiversity and Conservation Knowledge Products That Support Marine Policy - Lauren V. Weatherdon; Ward Appeltans; Nadine Bowles-Newark; Thomas M. Brooks; Frances E. Davis; Katherine Despot-Belmonte; Stephen Fletcher; Cristina Garilao; Craig Hilton-Taylor; Tim Hirsch; Diego Juffe-Bignoli; Kristin Kaschner; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2017)

Mutations in KIAA0753 cause Joubert syndrome associated with growth hormone deficiency - Joshi Stephen; Thierry Vilboux; Luhe Mian; Chulaluck Kuptanon; Courtney M. Sinclair; Deniz Yildirimli; Dawn M. Maynard; Joy Bryant; Roxanne Fischer; Meghana Vemulapalli; James C. Mullikin; Marjan Huizing; et al. (Human Genetics, 2017)

Environmental effects of crude oil spill on the physicochemical and hydrobiological characteristics of the Nun River, Niger Delta - Augustine O. Ifelebuegu; Justina E. Ukpebor; Anita U. Ahukannah; Ernest O. Nnadi; Stephen C. Theophilus (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2017)

Southern Ocean albedo, inter-hemispheric energy transports and the double ITCZ: global impacts of biases in a coupled model - Matt Hawcroft; Jim M. Haywood; Mat Collins; Andy Jones; Anthony C. Jones; Graeme Stephens (Climate Dynamics, 2017)

Variations in the structure of airborne bacterial communities in Tsogt-Ovoo of Gobi desert area during dust events - Teruya Maki; Yasunori Kurosaki; Kazunari Onishi; Kevin C. Lee; Stephen B. Pointing; Dulam Jugder; Norikazu Yamanaka; Hiroshi Hasegawa; Masato Shinoda (Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2017)

Three‐dimensional interstitial space mediates predator foraging success in different spatial arrangements - Stephen G. Hesterberg; C. Cole Duckett; Elizabeth A. Salewski; Susan S. Bell (Ecology, 2017)
Identifying and quantifying the relevant properties of habitat structure that mediate predator–prey interactions remains a persistent challenge. Most previous studies investigate effects of structural density on trophic interactions and typically quantify refuge quality using one or two‐dimensional metrics. Few consider spatial arrangement of components (i.e., orientation and shape) and often neglect to measure the total three‐dimensional (3D) space available as refuge. This study tests whether the three‐dimensionality of interstitial space, an attribute produced by the spatial arrangement of oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) shells, impacts the foraging success of nektonic predators (primary blue crab, Callinectes sapidus ) on mud crab prey ( Eurypanopeus depressus ) in field and mesocosm experiments. Interstices of 3D‐printed shell mimics were manipulated by changing either their orientation (angle) or internal shape (crevice or channel). In both field and mesocosm experiments, under conditions of constant structural density, predator foraging success was influenced by 3D aspects of interstitial space. Proportional survivorship of tethered mud crabs differed significantly as 3D interstitial space varied by orientation, displaying decreasing prey survivorship as angle of orientation increased (0° = 0.76, 22.5° = 0.13, 45° = 0.0). Tethered prey survivorship was high when 3D interstitial space of mimics was modified by internal shape (crevice survivorship = 0.89, channel survivorship = 0.96) and these values did not differ significantly. In mesocosms, foraging success of blue crabs varied with 3D interstitial space as mean proportional survivorship (± SE ) of mud crabs was significantly lower in 45° (0.27 ± 0.06) vs. 0° (0.86 ± 0.04) orientations and for crevice (0.52 ± 0.11) vs. channel shapes (0.95 ± 0.02). These results suggest that 3D aspects of interstitial space, which have direct relevance to refuge quality, can strongly influence foraging success in our oyster reef habitat. Our findings highlight the importance of spatial arrangement in mediating consumptive pathways in hard‐structured habitats and demonstrate how quantifying the three‐dimensionality of living space captures aspects of habitat structure that have been missing from previous empirical studies of trophic interactions and structural complexity.

The effect of mirtazapine on dopaminergic psychosis and dyskinesia in the parkinsonian marmoset - Adjia Hamadjida; Stephen G Nuara; Nicolas Veyres; Imane Frouni; Cynthia Kwan; Lamia Sid-Otmane; Mery-Jane Harraka; Jim C Gourdon; Philippe Huot (Psychopharmacology, 2017)

Soil Methane Uptake Increases under Continuous Throughfall Reduction in a Temperate Evergreen, Broadleaved Eucalypt Forest - Benedikt Fest; Nina Hinko-Najera; Joseph C. von Fischer; Stephen J. Livesley; Stefan K. Arndt (Ecosystems, 2017)

Biophysical connectivity explains population genetic structure in a highly dispersive marine species - Nathan K. Truelove; Andrew S. Kough; Donald C. Behringer; Claire B. Paris; Stephen J. Box; Richard F. Preziosi; Mark J. Butler (Coral Reefs, 2017)

Energy balance and obesity: what are the main drivers? - Isabelle Romieu; Laure Dossus; Simón Barquera; Hervé M. Blottière; Paul W. Franks; Marc Gunter; Nahla Hwalla; Stephen D. Hursting; Michael Leitzmann; Barrie Margetts; Chizuru Nishida; Nancy Potischman; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2017)

Research priorities for managing the impacts and dependencies of business upon food, energy, water and the environment - Jonathan M. H. Green; Gemma R. Cranston; William J. Sutherland; Hannah R. Tranter; Sarah J. Bell; Tim G. Benton; Eva Blixt; Colm Bowe; Sarah Broadley; Andrew Brown; Chris Brown; Neil Burns; et al. (Sustainability Science, 2017)

Transitions in climate and energy discourse between Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy - Emily M. Cody; Jennie C. Stephens; James P. Bagrow; Peter Sheridan Dodds; Christopher M. Danforth (Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 2017)

Denial of long‐term issues with agriculture on tropical peatlands will have devastating consequences - Lahiru S. Wijedasa; Jyrki Jauhiainen; Mari Könönen; Maija Lampela; Harri Vasander; Marie‐Claire Leblanc; Stephanie Evers; Thomas E. L. Smith; Catherine M. Yule; Helena Varkkey; Massimo Lupascu; Faizal Parish; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2017)

Islands in the ice stream: were spawning habitats for native salmonids in the Great Lakes created by paleo‐ice streams? - Stephen C Riley; Thomas R Binder; Taaja R Tucker; John Menzies; Nick Eyles; John Janssen; Andrew M Muir; Peter C Esselman; Nigel J Wattrus; Charles C Krueger (Fish and Fisheries, 2017)
Lake trout Salvelinus namaycush , lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis and cisco Coregonus artedi are salmonid fishes native to the Laurentian Great Lakes that spawn on rocky substrates in the fall and early winter. After comparing the locations of spawning habitat for these species in the main basin of Lake Huron with surficial substrates and the hypothesized locations of fast‐flowing Late Wisconsinan paleo‐ice streams, we hypothesize that much of the spawning habitat for these species in Lake Huron is the result of deposition and erosion by paleo‐ice streams. This hypothesis may represent a new framework for the identification and protection of spawning habitat for these native species, some of which are currently rare or extirpated in some of the Great Lakes. We further suggest that paleo‐ice streams may have been responsible for the creation of native salmonid spawning habitat elsewhere in the Great Lakes and in other glaciated landscapes.

Convergence of bark investment according to fire and climate structures ecosystem vulnerability to future change - Adam F. A. Pellegrini; William R. L. Anderegg; C. E. Timothy Paine; William A. Hoffmann; Tyler Kartzinel; Sam S. Rabin; Douglas Sheil; Augusto C. Franco; Stephen W. Pacala (Ecology Letters, 2017)
Fire regimes in savannas and forests are changing over much of the world. Anticipating the impact of these changes requires understanding how plants are adapted to fire. In this study, we test whether fire imposes a broad selective force on a key fire‐tolerance trait, bark thickness, across 572 tree species distributed worldwide. We show that investment in thick bark is a pervasive adaptation in frequently burned areas across savannas and forests in both temperate and tropical regions where surface fires occur. Geographic variability in bark thickness is largely explained by annual burned area and precipitation seasonality. Combining environmental and species distribution data allowed us to assess vulnerability to future climate and fire conditions: tropical rainforests are especially vulnerable, whereas seasonal forests and savannas are more robust. The strong link between fire and bark thickness provides an avenue for assessing the vulnerability of tree communities to fire and demands inclusion in global models.

The genetic architecture of tristyly and its breakdown to self‐fertilization - Ramesh Arunkumar; Wei Wang; Stephen I. Wright; Spencer C. H. Barrett (Molecular Ecology, 2017)
The floral polymorphism tristyly involves three style morphs with a reciprocal arrangement of stigma and anther heights governed by two diallelic loci ( S and M ). Tristyly functions to promote cross‐pollination, but modifications to stamen position commonly cause transitions to selfing. Here, we integrate whole‐genome sequencing and genetic mapping to investigate the genetic architecture of the M locus and the genetic basis of independent transitions to selfing in tristylous Eichhornia paniculata . We crossed independently derived semi‐homostylous selfing variants of the long‐ and mid‐styled morph fixed for alternate alleles at the M locus ( ssmm and ssMM , respectively), and backcrossed the F 1 to the parental ssmm genotype. We phenotyped and genotyped 462 backcross progeny using 1450 genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) markers and performed composite interval mapping to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) governing style‐length and anther‐height variation. A QTL associated with the primary style‐morph differences (style length and anther height) mapped to linkage group 5 and spanned ~13–27.5 Mbp of assembled sequence. Bulk segregant analysis identified 334 genes containing SNPs potentially linked to the M locus. The stamen modifications characterizing each selfing variant were governed by loci on different linkage groups. Our results provide an important step towards identifying the M locus and demonstrate that transitions to selfing have originated by independent sets of mating‐system modifier genes unlinked to the M locus, a pattern inconsistent with a recombinational origin of selfing variants at a putative supergene.

Contrasting genetic effects of red mangrove ( Rhizophora mangle L.) range expansion along West and East Florida - John Paul Kennedy; Lysel Garavelli; Nathan K. Truelove; Donna J. Devlin; Stephen J. Box; Laurent M. Chérubin; Ilka C. Feller (Journal of Biogeography, 2017)
Aim We evaluated underlying mechanisms and genetic effects of climate‐driven range expansion of Rhizophora mangle L., a coastal foundation species, along both West ( WFL ) and East ( EFL ) Florida, USA . Location Eight sites encompassing the entire Florida R. mangle range at a regional scale. Methods We characterized R. mangle population genetic structure with a combination of genetic analyses using seven microsatellite loci and model‐based propagule transport. We tested hypotheses on the genetic effects of range expansion along both WFL and EFL . Finally, we compared WFL and EFL range edges and assessed potential factors shaping observed differences. Results Regional‐scale Florida R. mangle genetic structure is shaped in part by the non‐independent effects of geographical distance and ocean currents that drive asymmetric propagule transport from WFL to EFL . WFL conformed to theoretical expectations of range expansion, with pronounced divergence at the range edge, whereas EFL deviated from expectations. Significant differences in diversity and differentiation at the WFL and EFL range edges were attributed to differences in migration rates, population size and founder effects. Main conclusions Contrasting genetic landscapes at the WFL and EFL range edges are in part the product of variation in ocean circulation and demographic history. These underlying mechanisms may have potential ecological and evolutionary consequences that need to be addressed with further empirical research.

Quality‐control of an hourly rainfall dataset and climatology of extremes for the UK - Stephen Blenkinsop; Elizabeth Lewis; Steven C. Chan; Hayley J. Fowler (International Journal of Climatology, 2017)
Sub‐daily rainfall extremes may be associated with flash flooding, particularly in urban areas but, compared with extremes on daily timescales, have been relatively little studied in many regions. This paper describes a new, hourly rainfall dataset for the UK based on ∼1600 rain gauges from three different data sources. This includes tipping bucket rain gauge data from the UK Environment Agency (EA), which has been collected for operational purposes, principally flood forecasting. Significant problems in the use of such data for the analysis of extreme events include the recording of accumulated totals, high frequency bucket tips, rain gauge recording errors and the non‐operation of gauges. Given the prospect of an intensification of short‐duration rainfall in a warming climate, the identification of such errors is essential if sub‐daily datasets are to be used to better understand extreme events. We therefore first describe a series of procedures developed to quality control this new dataset. We then analyse ∼380 gauges with near‐complete hourly records for 1992–2011 and map the seasonal climatology of intense rainfall based on UK hourly extremes using annual maxima, n ‐largest events and fixed threshold approaches. We find that the highest frequencies and intensities of hourly extreme rainfall occur during summer when the usual orographically defined pattern of extreme rainfall is replaced by a weaker, north–south pattern. A strong diurnal cycle in hourly extremes, peaking in late afternoon to early evening, is also identified in summer and, for some areas, in spring. This likely reflects the different mechanisms that generate sub‐daily rainfall, with convection dominating during summer. The resulting quality‐controlled hourly rainfall dataset will provide considerable value in several contexts, including the development of standard, globally applicable quality‐control procedures for sub‐daily data, the validation of the new generation of very high‐resolution climate models and improved understanding of the drivers of extreme rainfall.

Ecosystem fluxes of hydrogen in a mid‐latitude forest driven by soil microorganisms and plants - Laura K. Meredith; Róisín Commane; Trevor F. Keenan; Stephen T. Klosterman; J. William Munger; Pamela H. Templer; Jianwu Tang; Steven C. Wofsy; Ronald G. Prinn (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) is an atmospheric trace gas with a large microbe‐mediated soil sink, yet cycling of this compound throughout ecosystems is poorly understood. Measurements of the sources and sinks of H 2 in various ecosystems are sparse, resulting in large uncertainties in the global H 2 budget. Constraining the H 2 cycle is critical to understanding its role in atmospheric chemistry and climate. We measured H 2 fluxes at high frequency in a temperate mixed deciduous forest for 15 months using a tower‐based flux‐gradient approach to determine both the soil‐atmosphere and the net ecosystem flux of H 2 . We found that Harvard Forest is a net H 2 sink (−1.4 ± 1.1 kg H 2 ha −1 ) with soils as the dominant H 2 sink (−2.0 ± 1.0 kg H 2 ha −1 ) and aboveground canopy emissions as the dominant H 2 source (+0.6 ± 0.8 kg H 2 ha −1 ). Aboveground emissions of H 2 were an unexpected and substantial component of the ecosystem H 2 flux, reducing net ecosystem uptake by 30% of that calculated from soil uptake alone. Soil uptake was highly seasonal (July maximum, February minimum), positively correlated with soil temperature and negatively correlated with environmental variables relevant to diffusion into soils (i.e., soil moisture, snow depth, snow density). Soil microbial H 2 uptake was correlated with rhizosphere respiration rates ( r = 0.8, P 2 metabolism yielded up to 2% of the energy gleaned by microbes from carbon substrate respiration. Here, we elucidate key processes controlling the biosphere–atmosphere exchange of H 2 and raise new questions regarding the role of aboveground biomass as a source of atmospheric H 2 and mechanisms linking soil H 2 and carbon cycling. Results from this study should be incorporated into modeling efforts to predict the response of the H 2 soil sink to changes in anthropogenic H 2 emissions and shifting soil conditions with climate and land‐use change.

Historical foundations and future directions in macrosystems ecology - Kevin C. Rose; Rose A. Graves; Winslow D. Hansen; Brian J. Harvey; Jiangxiao Qiu; Stephen A. Wood; Carly Ziter; Monica G. Turner (Ecology Letters, 2017)
Macrosystems ecology is an effort to understand ecological processes and interactions at the broadest spatial scales and has potential to help solve globally important social and ecological challenges. It is important to understand the intellectual legacies underpinning macrosystems ecology: How the subdiscipline fits within, builds upon, differs from and extends previous theories. We trace the rise of macrosystems ecology with respect to preceding theories and present a new hypothesis that integrates the multiple components of macrosystems theory. The spatio‐temporal anthropogenic rescaling ( STAR ) hypothesis suggests that human activities are altering the scales of ecological processes, resulting in interactions at novel space–time scale combinations that are diverse and predictable. We articulate four predictions about how human actions are “ expanding ”, “ shrinking ”, “ speeding up ” and “ slowing down ” ecological processes and interactions, and thereby generating new scaling relationships for ecological patterns and processes. We provide examples of these rescaling processes and describe ecological consequences across terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Rescaling depends in part on characteristics including connectivity, stability and heterogeneity. Our STAR hypothesis challenges traditional assumptions about how the spatial and temporal scales of processes and interactions operate in different types of ecosystems and provides a lens through which to understand macrosystem‐scale environmental change.

Is Port Stephens, eastern Australia, a global hotspot for biodiversity of Aplysiidae (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia)? - Matt J. Nimbs; Richard C. Willan; Stephen D.A. Smith (Molluscan Research, 2017)

Response to varying the nicotine content of cigarettes in vulnerable populations: an initial experimental examination of acute effects - Stephen T. Higgins; Sarah H. Heil; Stacey C. Sigmon; Jennifer W. Tidey; Diann E. Gaalema; Maxine L. Stitzer; Hanna Durand; Janice Y. Bunn; Jeff S. Priest; Christopher A. Arger; Mollie E. Miller; Cecilia L. Bergeria; et al. (Psychopharmacology, 2017)

Modelling SOC response to land use change and management practices in sugarcane cultivation in South-Central Brazil - Adriana M. Silva-Olaya; Carlos E. P. Cerri; Stephen Williams; Carlos C. Cerri; Christian A. Davies; Keith Paustian (Plant and Soil, 2017)

The functionality of α-kafirin promoter and α-kafirin signal peptide - Guoquan Liu; Kyle C. Lamont; Norazlina Ahmad; Alison Tomkins; Stephen R. Mudge; Edward K. Gilding; Ian D. Godwin (Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2017)

Decadal predictions with the HiGEM high resolution global coupled climate model: description and basic evaluation - L. C. Shaffrey; D. Hodson; J. Robson; D. P. Stevens; E. Hawkins; I. Polo; I. Stevens; R. T. Sutton; G. Lister; A. Iwi; D. Smith; A. Stephens (Climate Dynamics, 2017)

cis-Jasmone Elicits Aphid-Induced Stress Signalling in Potatoes - Islam S. Sobhy; Christine M. Woodcock; Stephen J. Powers; John C. Caulfield; John A. Pickett; Michael A. Birkett (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2017)

The invasion of the azooxanthellate coral Tubastraea (Scleractinia: Dendrophylliidae) throughout the world: history, pathways and vectors - Joel C. Creed; Douglas Fenner; Paul Sammarco; Stephen Cairns; Kátia Capel; Andrea O. R. Junqueira; Igor Cruz; Ricardo J. Miranda; Lélis Carlos-Junior; Marcelo Checoli Mantelatto; Simone Oigman-Pszczol (Biological Invasions, 2017)

Genome‐wide association of functional traits linked with C ampylobacter jejuni survival from farm to fork - Koji Yahara; Guillaume Méric; Aidan J. Taylor; Stefan P. W. de Vries; Susan Murray; Ben Pascoe; Leonardos Mageiros; Alicia Torralbo; Ana Vidal; Anne Ridley; Sho Komukai; Helen Wimalarathna; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2017)
Summary Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, primarily associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry. C. jejuni lineages vary in host range and prevalence in human infection, suggesting differences in survival throughout the poultry processing chain. From 7343 MLST‐characterised isolates, we sequenced 600 C. jejuni and C. coli isolates from various stages of poultry processing and clinical cases. A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) in C. jejuni ST‐21 and ST‐45 complexes identified genetic elements over‐represented in clinical isolates that increased in frequency throughout the poultry processing chain. Disease‐associated SNPs were distinct in these complexes, sometimes organised in haplotype blocks. The function of genes containing associated elements was investigated, demonstrating roles for cj1377c in formate metabolism, nuoK in aerobic survival and oxidative respiration, and cj1368‐70 in nucleotide salvage. This work demonstrates the utility of GWAS for investigating transmission in natural zoonotic pathogen populations and provides evidence that major C. jejuni lineages have distinct genotypes associated with survival, within the host specific niche, from farm to fork.

Ecology under lake ice - Stephanie E. Hampton; Aaron W. E. Galloway; Stephen M. Powers; Ted Ozersky; Kara H. Woo; Ryan D. Batt; Stephanie G. Labou; Catherine M. O'Reilly; Sapna Sharma; Noah R. Lottig; Emily H. Stanley; Rebecca L. North; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2017)
Winter conditions are rapidly changing in temperate ecosystems, particularly for those that experience periods of snow and ice cover. Relatively little is known of winter ecology in these systems, due to a historical research focus on summer ‘growing seasons’. We executed the first global quantitative synthesis on under‐ice lake ecology, including 36 abiotic and biotic variables from 42 research groups and 101 lakes, examining seasonal differences and connections as well as how seasonal differences vary with geophysical factors. Plankton were more abundant under ice than expected; mean winter values were 43.2% of summer values for chlorophyll a , 15.8% of summer phytoplankton biovolume and 25.3% of summer zooplankton density. Dissolved nitrogen concentrations were typically higher during winter, and these differences were exaggerated in smaller lakes. Lake size also influenced winter‐summer patterns for dissolved organic carbon ( DOC ), with higher winter DOC in smaller lakes. At coarse levels of taxonomic aggregation, phytoplankton and zooplankton community composition showed few systematic differences between seasons, although literature suggests that seasonal differences are frequently lake‐specific, species‐specific, or occur at the level of functional group. Within the subset of lakes that had longer time series, winter influenced the subsequent summer for some nutrient variables and zooplankton biomass.

Do Men Receive Information Required for Shared Decision Making About PSA Testing? Results from a National Survey - Bryan Leyva; Alexander Persoskie; Allison Ottenbacher; Jada G. Hamilton; Jennifer D. Allen; Sarah C. Kobrin; Stephen H. Taplin (Journal of Cancer Education, 2016)

Radiation-Tolerant Bacteria Isolated from High Altitude Soil in Tibet - Subramanya Rao; Olivia W. Chan; Donnabella C. Lacap-Bugler; Stephen B. Pointing (Indian Journal of Microbiology, 2016)

Determination of tracer mass for effective groundwater tracer tests - Stephen R. H. Worthington; C. Christopher Smart (Carbonates and Evaporites, 2016)

Identifying sediment discontinuities and solving dating puzzles using monitoring and palaeolimnological records - Xuhui Dong; Carl D. Sayer; Helen Bennion; Stephen C. Maberly; Handong Yang; Richard W. Battarbee (Frontiers of Earth Science, 2016)

Aquatic food security: insights into challenges and solutions from an analysis of interactions between fisheries, aquaculture, food safety, human health, fish and human welfare, economy and environment - Simon Jennings; Grant D Stentiford; Ana M Leocadio; Keith R Jeffery; Julian D Metcalfe; Ioanna Katsiadaki; Neil A Auchterlonie; Stephen C Mangi; John K Pinnegar; Tim Ellis; Edmund J Peeler; Tiziana Luisetti; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2016)
Fisheries and aquaculture production, imports, exports and equitability of distribution determine the supply of aquatic food to people. Aquatic food security is achieved when a food supply is sufficient, safe, sustainable, shockproof and sound: sufficient, to meet needs and preferences of people; safe, to provide nutritional benefit while posing minimal health risks; sustainable, to provide food now and for future generations; shock‐proof, to provide resilience to shocks in production systems and supply chains; and sound, to meet legal and ethical standards for welfare of animals, people and environment. Here, we present an integrated assessment of these elements of the aquatic food system in the United Kingdom, a system linked to dynamic global networks of producers, processors and markets. Our assessment addresses sufficiency of supply from aquaculture, fisheries and trade; safety of supply given biological, chemical and radiation hazards; social, economic and environmental sustainability of production systems and supply chains; system resilience to social, economic and environmental shocks; welfare of fish, people and environment; and the authenticity of food. Conventionally, these aspects of the food system are not assessed collectively, so information supporting our assessment is widely dispersed. Our assessment reveals trade‐offs and challenges in the food system that are easily overlooked in sectoral analyses of fisheries, aquaculture, health, medicine, human and fish welfare, safety and environment. We highlight potential benefits of an integrated, systematic and ongoing process to assess security of the aquatic food system and to predict impacts of social, economic and environmental change on food supply and demand.

Enhancing conservation of A ustralian freshwater ecosystems: identification of freshwater flagship fishes and relevant target audiences - Brendan C Ebner; David L Morgan; Adam Kerezsy; Scott Hardie; Stephen J Beatty; Jamie E Seymour; James A Donaldson; Simon Linke; Stirling Peverell; David Roberts; Thomas Espinoza; Nadine Marshall; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2016)
Flagship species, especially mammals and birds, are commonly used to increase awareness of conservation issues in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. However, flagship species oriented programs are often ad hoc with initiatives scarce in the freshwater context. Here, we aim to identify potential flagship candidates that would appeal to a broad cross section of society at a continental scale where freshwater ecosystems are under threat from human impacts. We identified 19 species from a list of 299 Australian freshwater fishes on the basis of body size, trophic guild and threatened species status assuming these characteristics of flagship species are transferable from previous work on terrestrial flagship species. We considered the potential of species to be of international appeal but focused mostly on eight relevant interest groups within Australia. This followed the rationale that public engagement with conservation issues in freshwater systems might be more effective if the link between fish species and the decisions people make were better understood, and we acknowledge the diverging interests of stakeholders. This scoping work contributes towards addressing the challenges of connecting societies to the principles of sharing water resources with ecosystems, and represents the first continental‐scale assessment of its kind.

Erratum to: Temperature and human thermal comfort effects of street trees across three contrasting street canyon environments - Andrew M. Coutts; Emma C. White; Nigel J. Tapper; Jason Beringer; Stephen J. Livesley (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2016)

The Dual Role of Lipids of the Lipoproteins in Trumenba, a Self-Adjuvanting Vaccine Against Meningococcal Meningitis B Disease - Yin Luo; Olga V. Friese; Herbert A. Runnels; Lakshmi Khandke; Gary Zlotnick; Ann Aulabaugh; Thomas Gore; Eugene Vidunas; Stephen W. Raso; Elena Novikova; Emilia Byrne; Michael Schlittler; et al. (The AAPS Journal, 2016)

Assessing the impacts of sea-level rise and precipitation change on the surficial aquifer in the low-lying coastal alluvial plains and barrier islands, east-central Florida (USA) - Han Xiao; Dingbao Wang; Scott C. Hagen; Stephen C. Medeiros; Carlton R. Hall (Hydrogeology Journal, 2016)

Duff Distribution Influences Fire Severity and Post-Fire Vegetation Recovery in Sagebrush Steppe - Nathan I. Weiner; Eva K. Strand; Stephen C. Bunting; Alistair M. S. Smith (Ecosystems, 2016)

Constraints on oceanic meridional heat transport from combined measurements of oxygen and carbon - L. Resplandy; R. F. Keeling; B. B. Stephens; J. D. Bent; A. Jacobson; C. Rödenbeck; S. Khatiwala (Climate Dynamics, 2016)

A Stream Multimetric Macroinvertebrate Index (MMI) for the Sand Hills Ecoregion of the Southeastern Plains, USA - Ely Kosnicki; Stephen A. Sefick; Michael H. Paller; Miller S. Jerrell; Blair A. Prusha; Sean C. Sterrett; Tracey D. Tuberville; Jack W. Feminella (Environmental Management, 2016)

Stable isotopes and mtDNA reveal niche segregation but no evidence of intergradation along a habitat gradient in the Lesser Whitethroat complex (Sylvia curruca; Passeriformes; Aves) - Stephen C. Votier; Simon Aspinall; Stuart Bearhop; David Bilton; Jason Newton; Per Alström; Paul Leader; Geoff Carey; Robert W. Furnes; Urban Olsson (Journal of Ornithology, 2016)

Conversion from forests to pastures in the Colombian Amazon leads to contrasting soil carbon dynamics depending on land management practices - Diego Navarrete; Stephen Sitch; Luiz E. O. C. Aragão; Lucio Pedroni (Global Change Biology, 2016)
Strategies to mitigate climate change by reducing deforestation and forest degradation (e.g. REDD +) require country‐ or region‐specific information on temporal changes in forest carbon (C) pools to develop accurate emission factors. The soil C pool is one of the most important C reservoirs, but is rarely included in national forest reference emission levels due to a lack of data. Here, we present the soil organic C ( SOC ) dynamics along 20 years of forest‐to‐pasture conversion in two subregions with different management practices during pasture establishment in the Colombian Amazon: high‐grazing intensity ( HG ) and low‐grazing intensity ( LG ) subregions. We determined the pattern of SOC change resulting from the conversion from forest (C3 plants) to pasture (C4 plants) by analysing total SOC stocks and the natural abundance of the stable isotopes 13 C along two 20‐year chronosequences identified in each subregion. We also analysed soil N stocks and the natural abundance of 15 N during pasture establishment. In general, total SOC stocks at 30 cm depth in the forest were similar for both subregions, with an average of 47.1 ± 1.8 Mg C ha −1 in HG and 48.7 ± 3.1 Mg C ha −1 in LG . However, 20 years after forest‐to‐pasture conversion SOC in HG decreased by 20%, whereas in LG SOC increased by 41%. This net SOC decrease in HG was due to a larger reduction in C3‐derived input and to a comparatively smaller increase in C4‐derived C input. In LG both C3‐ and C4‐derived C input increased along the chronosequence. N stocks were generally similar in both subregions and soil N stock changes during pasture establishment were correlated with SOC changes. These results emphasize the importance of management practices involving low‐grazing intensity in cattle activities to preserve SOC stocks and to reduce C emissions after land‐cover change from forest to pasture in the Colombian Amazon.

Family Forest Owners’ Familiarity with Conservation Programs in Mississippi, USA - Edward Mutandwa; Robert K. Grala; Stephen C. Grado; Ian A. Munn (Small-scale Forestry, 2016)

Patterns in the percent sediment organic matter of arctic lakes - Kenneth Fortino; Stephen C. Whalen; Joseph M. Smoak (Hydrobiologia, 2016)

Pollutant emissions and environmental assessment of ethyl 3-ethoxybutyrate, a potential renewable fuel - John M. E. Storey; Michael P. Bunce; Edwina M. Clarke; Jennifer W. Edmonds; Robert H. Findlay; Stephen M. C. Ritchie; Laurent Eyers; Zackery A. McMurry; James C. Smoot (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016)

Infanticide in the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) - Ruiqiang Zheng; Leszek Karczmarski; Wenzhi Lin; Stephen C. Y. Chan; Wei-Lun Chang; Yuping Wu (Journal of Ethology, 2016)

Cell Wall Composition and Underlying QTL in an F1 Pseudo-Testcross Population of Switchgrass - Desalegn D. Serba; Robert W. Sykes; Erica L. Gjersing; Stephen R. Decker; Guillaume Daverdin; Katrien M. Devos; E. Charles Brummer; Malay C. Saha (BioEnergy Research, 2016)

Genome-wide association of familial prostate cancer cases identifies evidence for a rare segregating haplotype at 8q24.21 - Craig C. Teerlink; Daniel Leongamornlert; Tokhir Dadaev; Alun Thomas; James Farnham; Robert A. Stephenson; Shaun Riska; Shannon K. McDonnell; Daniel J. Schaid; William J. Catalona; S. Lilly Zheng; Kathleen A. Cooney; et al. (Human Genetics, 2016)

The importance of the timescale of the fitness metric for estimates of selection on phenotypic traits during a period of demographic change - Katherine Scranton; Virpi Lummaa; Stephen C. Stearns (Ecology Letters, 2016)
Although fitness is central to the evolutionary process, metrics vary by timescale. Different timescales may give rise to different estimates of selection, especially during demographic transitions caused by rapid environmental and socioeconomic change. In this study, we used a dataset of a human population in Finland from 1775 to 1950 to compare two fitness metrics and their estimates of selection pressures, before and during a demographic transition. Both metrics, lifetime reproductive success and an annual metric of individual performance, declined while selection on the ages at first and last reproduction remained nearly constant, favouring individuals with wider reproductive windows. The ability to partition the annual metric into contributions from reproduction and survival revealed the short‐term effects of a famine and the reversal of selection pressure via the survival component of annual fitness. Although the metrics generally agreed, the annual metric detected the effects of environmental variation and demographic change occurring within a generation.

Genomewide ancestry and divergence patterns from low‐coverage sequencing data reveal a complex history of admixture in wild baboons - Jeffrey D. Wall; Stephen A. Schlebusch; Susan C. Alberts; Laura A. Cox; Noah Snyder‐Mackler; Kimberly A. Nevonen; Lucia Carbone; Jenny Tung (Molecular Ecology, 2016)
Naturally occurring admixture has now been documented in every major primate lineage, suggesting its key role in primate evolutionary history. Active primate hybrid zones can provide valuable insight into this process. Here, we investigate the history of admixture in one of the best‐studied natural primate hybrid zones, between yellow baboons ( Papio cynocephalus ) and anubis baboons ( Papio anubis ) in the Amboseli ecosystem of Kenya. We generated a new genome assembly for yellow baboon and low‐coverage genomewide resequencing data from yellow baboons, anubis baboons and known hybrids ( n = 44). Using a novel composite likelihood method for estimating local ancestry from low‐coverage data, we found high levels of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation between the parent taxa, and excellent agreement between genome‐scale ancestry estimates and a priori pedigree, life history and morphology‐based estimates ( r 2 = 0.899). However, even putatively unadmixed Amboseli yellow individuals carried a substantial proportion of anubis ancestry, presumably due to historical admixture. Further, the distribution of shared vs. fixed differences between a putatively unadmixed Amboseli yellow baboon and an unadmixed anubis baboon, both sequenced at high coverage, is inconsistent with simple isolation–migration or equilibrium migration models. Our findings suggest a complex process of intermittent contact that has occurred multiple times in baboon evolutionary history, despite no obvious fitness costs to hybrids or major geographic or behavioural barriers. In combination with the extensive phenotypic data available for baboon hybrids, our results provide valuable context for understanding the history of admixture in primates, including in our own lineage.

A trait‐based approach for predicting species responses to environmental change from sparse data: how well might terrestrial mammals track climate change? - Luca Santini; Thomas Cornulier; James M. Bullock; Stephen C. F. Palmer; Steven M. White; Jenny A. Hodgson; Greta Bocedi; Justin M. J. Travis (Global Change Biology, 2016)
Estimating population spread rates across multiple species is vital for projecting biodiversity responses to climate change. A major challenge is to parameterise spread models for many species. We introduce an approach that addresses this challenge, coupling a trait‐based analysis with spatial population modelling to project spread rates for 15 000 virtual mammals with life histories that reflect those seen in the real world. Covariances among life‐history traits are estimated from an extensive terrestrial mammal data set using Bayesian inference. We elucidate the relative roles of different life‐history traits in driving modelled spread rates, demonstrating that any one alone will be a poor predictor. We also estimate that around 30% of mammal species have potential spread rates slower than the global mean velocity of climate change. This novel trait‐space‐demographic modelling approach has broad applicability for tackling many key ecological questions for which we have the models but are hindered by data availability.

The impacts of increasing drought on forest dynamics, structure, and biodiversity in the United States - James S. Clark; Louis Iverson; Christopher W. Woodall; Craig D. Allen; David M. Bell; Don C. Bragg; Anthony W. D'Amato; Frank W. Davis; Michelle H. Hersh; Ines Ibanez; Stephen T. Jackson; Stephen Matthews; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2016)
We synthesize insights from current understanding of drought impacts at stand‐to‐biogeographic scales, including management options, and we identify challenges to be addressed with new research. Large stand‐level shifts underway in western forests already are showing the importance of interactions involving drought, insects, and fire. Diebacks, changes in composition and structure, and shifting range limits are widely observed. In the eastern US , the effects of increasing drought are becoming better understood at the level of individual trees, but this knowledge cannot yet be confidently translated to predictions of changing structure and diversity of forest stands. While eastern forests have not experienced the types of changes seen in western forests in recent decades, they too are vulnerable to drought and could experience significant changes with increased severity, frequency, or duration in drought. Throughout the continental United States, the combination of projected large climate‐induced shifts in suitable habitat from modeling studies and limited potential for the rapid migration of tree populations suggests that changing tree and forest biogeography could substantially lag habitat shifts already underway. Forest management practices can partially ameliorate drought impacts through reductions in stand density, selection of drought‐tolerant species and genotypes, artificial regeneration, and the development of multistructured stands. However, silvicultural treatments also could exacerbate drought impacts unless implemented with careful attention to site and stand characteristics. Gaps in our understanding should motivate new research on the effects of interactions involving climate and other species at the stand scale and how interactions and multiple responses are represented in models. This assessment indicates that, without a stronger empirical basis for drought impacts at the stand scale, more complex models may provide limited guidance.

Editorial - Stephen C. Bowden; David W. Loring (Neuropsychology Review, 2016)

3D modelling and sheath folding at the Falun pyritic Zn-Pb-Cu-(Au-Ag) sulphide deposit and implications for exploration in a 1.9 Ga ore district, Fennoscandian Shield, Sweden - Tobias C. Kampmann; Michael B. Stephens; Pär Weihed (Mineralium Deposita, 2016)

Effects of Morphine on Behavioral Task Performance in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques - Joanne K. Marcario; Gurudutt Pendyala; Mariam Riazi; Kandace Fleming; Janet Marquis; Shannon Callen; Steven J. Lisco; Stephen C. Fowler; Paul D. Cheney; Shilpa J. Buch (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2016)

Spatial–Temporal Dynamics in Barrier Island Upland Vegetation: The Overlooked Coastal Landscape - Julie C. Zinnert; Sheri A. Shiflett; Stephen Via; Spencer Bissett; Benjamin Dows; Paul Manley; Donald R. Young (Ecosystems, 2016)

Cranial Shape and the Modularity of Hybridization in Dingoes and Dogs; Hybridization Does Not Spell the End for Native Morphology - William C. H. Parr; Laura A. B. Wilson; Stephen Wroe; Nicholas J. Colman; Mathew S. Crowther; Mike Letnic (Evolutionary Biology, 2016)

A temperature-sensitive allele of a putative mRNA splicing helicase down-regulates many cell wall genes and causes radial swelling in Arabidopsis thaliana - Paul A. Howles; Leigh K. Gebbie; David A. Collings; Arvind Varsani; Ronan C. Broad; Stephen Ohms; Rosemary J. Birch; Ann H. Cork; Tony Arioli; Richard E. Williamson (Plant Molecular Biology, 2016)

Hybridization of downregulated-COMT transgenic switchgrass lines with field-selected switchgrass for improved biomass traits - Holly L. Baxter; Lisa W. Alexander; Mitra Mazarei; Ellen Haynes; Geoffrey B. Turner; Robert W. Sykes; Stephen R. Decker; Mark F. Davis; Richard A. Dixon; Zeng-Yu Wang; C. Neal Stewart (Euphytica, 2016)

Species Interactions in Constructed Wetlands Result in Population Sinks for Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) while Benefitting Eastern Newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) - Chelsea S. Kross; Stephen C. Richter (Wetlands, 2016)

Temperature and human thermal comfort effects of street trees across three contrasting street canyon environments - Andrew M. Coutts; Emma C. White; Nigel J. Tapper; Jason Beringer; Stephen J. Livesley (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2016)

Communities and change in the anthropocene: understanding social-ecological vulnerability and planning adaptations to multiple interacting exposures - Nathan James Bennett; Jessica Blythe; Stephen Tyler; Natalie C. Ban (Regional Environmental Change, 2016)

Age exacerbates HIV-associated white matter abnormalities - Talia R. Seider; Assawin Gongvatana; Adam J. Woods; Huaihou Chen; Eric C. Porges; Tiffany Cummings; Stephen Correia; Karen Tashima; Ronald A. Cohen (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2016)

Landsat-based wheat mapping in the heterogeneous cropping system of Punjab, Pakistan - Ahmad Khan; Matthew C. Hansen; Peter Potapov; Stephen V. Stehman; Ashfaq Ahmad Chatta (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2016)

Advancing Product Quality: a Summary of the Second FDA/PQRI Conference - Lawrence X. Yu; Ilgaz Akseli; Barbara Allen; Gregory Amidon; Tara Gooen Bizjak; Ashley Boam; Margaret Caulk; David Doleski; Joseph Famulare; Adam C. Fisher; Scott Furness; Brian Hasselbalch; et al. (The AAPS Journal, 2016)

Editorial - David W. Loring; Stephen C. Bowden (Neuropsychology Review, 2016)

Microbial Diversity in Soil, Sand Dune and Rock Substrates of the Thar Monsoon Desert, India - Subramanya Rao; Yuki Chan; Donnabella C. Bugler-Lacap; Ashish Bhatnagar; Monica Bhatnagar; Stephen B. Pointing (Indian Journal of Microbiology, 2016)

The pace of past climate change vs. potential bird distributions and land use in the United States - Brooke L. Bateman; Anna M. Pidgeon; Volker C. Radeloff; Jeremy VanDerWal; Wayne E. Thogmartin; Stephen J. Vavrus; Patricia J. Heglund (Global Change Biology, 2016)
Climate change may drastically alter patterns of species distributions and richness, but predicting future species patterns in occurrence is challenging. Significant shifts in distributions have already been observed, and understanding these recent changes can improve our understanding of potential future changes. We assessed how past climate change affected potential breeding distributions for landbird species in the conterminous United States. We quantified the bioclimatic velocity of potential breeding distributions, that is, the pace and direction of change for each species’ suitable climate space over the past 60 years. We found that potential breeding distributions for landbirds have shifted substantially with an average velocity of 1.27 km yr −1 , about double the pace of prior distribution shift estimates across terrestrial systems globally (0.61 km yr −1 ). The direction of shifts was not uniform. The majority of species’ distributions shifted west, northwest, and north. Multidirectional shifts suggest that changes in climate conditions beyond mean temperature were influencing distributional changes. Indeed, precipitation variables that were proxies for extreme conditions were important variables across all models. There were winners and losers in terms of the area of distributions; many species experienced contractions along west and east distribution edges, and expansions along northern distribution edges. Changes were also reflected in the potential species richness, with some regions potentially gaining species (Midwest, East) and other areas potentially losing species (Southwest). However, the degree to which changes in potential breeding distributions are manifested in actual species richness depends on landcover. Areas that have become increasingly suitable for breeding birds due to changing climate are often those attractive to humans for agriculture and development. This suggests that many areas might have supported more breeding bird species had the landscape not been altered. Our study illustrates that climate change is not only a future threat, but something birds are already experiencing.

Positive effects of neighborhood complementarity on tree growth in a Neotropical forest - Yuxin Chen; S. Joseph Wright; Helene C. Muller‐Landau; Stephen P. Hubbell; Yongfan Wang; Shixiao Yu (Ecology, 2016)
Numerous grassland experiments have found evidence for a complementarity effect, an increase in productivity with higher plant species richness due to niche partitioning. However, empirical tests of complementarity in natural forests are rare. We conducted a spatially explicit analysis of 518 433 growth records for 274 species from a 50‐ha tropical forest plot to test neighborhood complementarity, the idea that a tree grows faster when it is surrounded by more dissimilar neighbors. We found evidence for complementarity: focal tree growth rates increased by 39.8% and 34.2% with a doubling of neighborhood multi‐trait dissimilarity and phylogenetic dissimilarity, respectively. Dissimilarity from neighbors in maximum height had the most important effect on tree growth among the six traits examined, and indeed, its effect trended much larger than that of the multi‐trait dissimilarity index. Neighborhood complementarity effects were strongest for light‐demanding species, and decreased in importance with increasing shade tolerance of the focal individuals. Simulations demonstrated that the observed neighborhood complementarities were sufficient to produce positive stand‐level biodiversity–productivity relationships. We conclude that neighborhood complementarity is important for productivity in this tropical forest, and that scaling down to individual‐level processes can advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying stand‐level biodiversity–productivity relationships.

Sustainability of crop production from polluted lands - P. C. Abhilash; Vishal Tripathi; Sheikh Adil Edrisi; Rama Kant Dubey; Mansi Bakshi; Pradeep K. Dubey; H. B. Singh; Stephen D. Ebbs (Energy, Ecology and Environment, 2016)

Macroecological relationships reveal conservation hotspots and extinction‐prone species in A ustralia's freshwater fishes - Matthew C. Le Feuvre; Tim Dempster; James J. Shelley; Stephen E. Swearer (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2016)
Aim We (1) investigate the relationship between range size and body size for all Australian freshwater fish, (2) test whether this relationship changes with dispersal capacity, (3) assess whether this macroecological pattern can be used to detect potentially vulnerable, but currently unprotected, species, and (4) identify hotspots of freshwater fish conservation concern in A ustralia. Location All A ustralian river basins. Methods We test for relationships between geographic range size and body size in all A ustralian freshwater fishes, using quantile regression. We then investigate how these relationships vary with conservation status and dispersal capacity. We identify currently unlisted freshwater fishes that share traits with currently listed species and map their distribution, along with freshwater fish research effort, across A ustralia. Results We found a positive, triangular relationship between range size and body size. Potamodromous species and species endemic to New G uinea and A ustralia had the largest geographic ranges, while diadromous and globally distributed species had the smallest geographic ranges. For a given body size, conservation‐listed species had a range less than one‐tenth the size of unlisted species. Based on this relationship, we identified 55 species that may be vulnerable to extinction. Most of these species are restricted to northern A ustralia, a climatically sensitive and poorly researched region on the verge of major development. Main conclusion Despite differences in environments, levels of connectivity and life‐history strategies, freshwater fishes exhibit a positive relationship between geographic range size and body size consistent with that found in terrestrial fauna. By identifying northern A ustralia as a hotspot of potentially vulnerable species, we provide an important context for guiding targeted research and informing future conservation management of A ustralia's freshwater fishes. We suggest macroecological relationships are likely to be useful for identifying species at risk of extinction across most taxa when detailed ecological data are absent.

A mitochondrial redox oxygen sensor in the pulmonary vasculature and ductus arteriosus - Kimberly J. Dunham-Snary; Zhigang G. Hong; Ping Y. Xiong; Joseph C. Del Paggio; Julia E. Herr; Amer M. Johri; Stephen L. Archer (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2016)

Farm gate level nitrogen balance and use efficiency changes post implementation of the EU Nitrates Directive - Cathal Buckley; David P. Wall; Brian Moran; Stephen O’Neill; Paul N. C. Murphy (Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2016)

Alternative approaches for addressing non-permanence in carbon projects: an application to afforestation and reforestation under the Clean Development Mechanism - Christopher S. Galik; Brian C. Murray; Stephen Mitchell; Phil Cottle (Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2016)

Social foraging European shags: GPS tracking reveals birds from neighbouring colonies have shared foraging grounds - Julian C. Evans; Sasha R. X. Dall; Mark Bolton; Ellie Owen; Stephen C. Votier (Journal of Ornithology, 2016)

Interpretation of umbrella cloud growth and morphology: implications for flow regimes of short-lived and long-lived eruptions - Solène Pouget; Marcus Bursik; Christopher G. Johnson; Andrew J. Hogg; Jeremy C. Phillips; R. Stephen J. Sparks (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2016)

Sustainability spaces for complex agri-food systems - Stephen Whitfield; Tim G. Benton; Martin Dallimer; Les G. Firbank; Guy M. Poppy; Susannah M. Sallu; Lindsay C. Stringer (Food Security, 2015)

Population genetic structure at the northern range limit of the threatened eastern hog-nosed snake (Heterodon platirhinos) - Amanda T. J. Xuereb; Jeremy D. Rouse; Glenn Cunnington; Stephen C. Lougheed (Conservation Genetics, 2015)

Risk of colorectal cancer for people with a mutation in both a MUTYH and a DNA mismatch repair gene - Aung Ko Win; Jeanette C. Reece; Daniel D. Buchanan; Mark Clendenning; Joanne P. Young; Sean P. Cleary; Hyeja Kim; Michelle Cotterchio; James G. Dowty; Robert J. MacInnis; Katherine M. Tucker; Ingrid M. Winship; et al. (Familial Cancer, 2015)

Childhood cancers in families with and without Lynch syndrome - John A. Heath; Jeanette C. Reece; Daniel D. Buchanan; Graham Casey; Carol A. Durno; Steven Gallinger; Robert W. Haile; Polly A. Newcomb; John D. Potter; Stephen N. Thibodeau; Loïc Le Marchand; Noralane M. Lindor; et al. (Familial Cancer, 2015)

Exploring, exploiting and evolving diversity of aquatic ecosystem models: a community perspective - Annette B. G. Janssen; George B. Arhonditsis; Arthur Beusen; Karsten Bolding; Louise Bruce; Jorn Bruggeman; Raoul-Marie Couture; Andrea S. Downing; J. Alex Elliott; Marieke A. Frassl; Gideon Gal; Daan J. Gerla; et al. (Aquatic Ecology, 2015)

Using scenarios to project the changing profitability of fisheries under climate change - Miranda C Jones; Stephen R Dye; John K Pinnegar; Rachel Warren; William W L Cheung (Fish and Fisheries, 2015)
Over‐exploitation and economic underperformance are widespread in the world's fisheries. Global climate change is further affecting the distribution of marine species, raising concern for the persistence of biodiversity and presenting additional challenges to fisheries management. However, few studies have attempted to extend bioclimatic projections to assess the socio‐economic impacts of climate‐induced range shifts. This study investigates the potential implications of changes in relative environmental suitability and fisheries catch potential on UK fisheries by linking species distribution modelling with cost‐benefit analyses. We develop scenarios and apply a multimodel approach to explore the economic sensitivity of UK fisheries and key sources of uncertainty in the modelling procedure. We projected changes in maximum potential catch of key species and the resulting responses in terms of net present value ( NPV ) over a 45‐year period under scenarios of change in fuel price, discount rate and government subsidies. Results suggest that total maximum potential catch will decrease within the UK EEZ by 2050, resulting in a median decrease in NPV of 10%. This value decreases further when trends of fuel price change are extrapolated into the future, becoming negative when capacity‐enhancing subsidies are removed. Despite the variation in predictions from alternative models and data input, the direction of change in NPV is robust. This study highlights key factors influencing future profitability of UK fisheries and the importance of enhancing adaptive capacity in UK fisheries.

Prioritization of knowledge needs for sustainable aquaculture: a national and global perspective - Aisla C Jones; Angela Mead; Michel J Kaiser; Melanie C V Austen; Alex W Adrian; Neil A Auchterlonie; Kenneth D Black; Lucy R Blow; Charlotte Bury; Janet H Brown; Gavin M Burnell; Elaine Connolly; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2015)
Aquaculture is currently the fastest expanding global animal food production sector and is a key future contributor to food security. An increase in food security will be dependent upon the development and improvement of sustainable practices. A prioritization exercise was undertaken, focusing on the future knowledge needs to underpin UK sustainable aquaculture (both domestic and imported products) using a ‘task force’ group of 36 ‘practitioners’ and 12 ‘research scientists’ who have an active interest in sustainable aquaculture. A long list of 264 knowledge needs related to sustainable aquaculture was developed in conjunction with the task force. The long list was further refined through a three stage process of voting and scoring, including discussions of each knowledge need. The top 25 knowledge needs are presented, as scored separately by ‘practitioners’ or ‘research scientists’. There was similar agreement in priorities identified by these two groups. The priority knowledge needs will provide guidance to structure ongoing work to make science accessible to practitioners and help to prioritize future science policy needs and funding. The process of knowledge exchange, and the mechanisms by which this can be achieved, effectively emerged as the top priority for sustainable aquaculture. Viable alternatives to wild fish‐based aquaculture feeds, resource constraints that will potentially limit expansion of aquaculture, sustainable offshore aquaculture and the treatment of sea lice also emerged as strong priorities. Although the exercise was focused on UK needs for sustainable aquaculture, many of the emergent issues are considered to have global application.

Relating belowground microbial composition to the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional trait distributions of trees in a tropical forest - Albert Barberán; Krista L. McGuire; Jeffrey A. Wolf; F. Andrew Jones; Stuart Joseph Wright; Benjamin L. Turner; Adam Essene; Stephen P. Hubbell; Brant C. Faircloth; Noah Fierer (Ecology Letters, 2015)
The complexities of the relationships between plant and soil microbial communities remain unresolved. We determined the associations between plant aboveground and belowground (root) distributions and the communities of soil fungi and bacteria found across a diverse tropical forest plot. Soil microbial community composition was correlated with the taxonomic and phylogenetic structure of the aboveground plant assemblages even after controlling for differences in soil characteristics, but these relationships were stronger for fungi than for bacteria. In contrast to expectations, the species composition of roots in our soil core samples was a poor predictor of microbial community composition perhaps due to the patchy, ephemeral, and highly overlapping nature of fine root distributions. Our ability to predict soil microbial composition was not improved by incorporating information on plant functional traits suggesting that the most commonly measured plant traits are not particularly useful for predicting the plot‐level variability in belowground microbial communities.

Copy number variants in patients with intellectual disability affect the regulation of ARX transcription factor gene - Minaka Ishibashi; Elizabeth Manning; Cheryl Shoubridge; Monika Krecsmarik; Thomas A. Hawkins; Jean Giacomotto; Ting Zhao; Thomas Mueller; Patricia I. Bader; Sau W. Cheung; Pawel Stankiewicz; Nicole L. Bain; et al. (Human Genetics, 2015)

The effects of height and BMI on prostate cancer incidence and mortality: a Mendelian randomization study in 20,848 cases and 20,214 controls from the PRACTICAL consortium - Neil M. Davies; Tom R. Gaunt; Sarah J. Lewis; Jeff Holly; Jenny L. Donovan; Freddie C. Hamdy; John P. Kemp; Rosalind Eeles; Doug Easton; Zsofia Kote-Jarai; Ali Amin Al Olama; Sara Benlloch; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2015)

Long‐term individual foraging site fidelity—why some gannets don't change their spots - Ewan D. Wakefield; Ian R. Cleasby; Stuart Bearhop; Thomas W. Bodey; Rachel D. Davies; Peter I. Miller; Jason Newton; Stephen C. Votier; Keith C. Hamer (Ecology, 2015)
Many established models of animal foraging assume that individuals are ecologically equivalent. However, it is increasingly recognized that populations may comprise individuals who differ consistently in their diets and foraging behaviors. For example, recent studies have shown that individual foraging site fidelity (IFSF, when individuals consistently forage in only a small part of their population's home range) occurs in some colonial breeders. Short‐term IFSF could result from animals using a win–stay, lose–shift foraging strategy. Alternatively, it may be a consequence of individual specialization. Pelagic seabirds are colonial central‐place foragers, classically assumed to use flexible foraging strategies to target widely dispersed, spatiotemporally patchy prey. However, tracking has shown that IFSF occurs in many seabirds, although it is not known whether this persists across years. To test for long‐term IFSF and to examine alternative hypotheses concerning its cause, we repeatedly tracked 55 Northern Gannets ( Morus bassanus ) from a large colony in the North Sea within and across three successive breeding seasons. Gannets foraged in neritic waters, predictably structured by tidal mixing and thermal stratification, but subject to stochastic, wind‐induced overturning. Both within and across years, coarse to mesoscale (tens of kilometers) IFSF was significant but not absolute, and foraging birds departed the colony in individually consistent directions. Carbon stable isotope ratios in gannet blood tissues were repeatable within years and nitrogen ratios were also repeatable across years, suggesting long‐term individual dietary specialization. Individuals were also consistent across years in habitat use with respect to relative sea surface temperature and in some dive metrics, yet none of these factors accounted for IFSF. Moreover, at the scale of weeks, IFSF did not decay over time and the magnitude of IFSF across years was similar to that within years, suggesting that IFSF is not primarily the result of win–stay, lose–shift foraging. Rather, we hypothesize that site familiarity, accrued early in life, causes IFSF by canalizing subsequent foraging decisions. Evidence from this and other studies suggests that IFSF may be common in colonial central‐place foragers, with far‐reaching consequences for our attempts to understand and conserve these animals in a rapidly changing environment.

Maternal hypertension programs increased cerebral tissue damage following stroke in adult offspring - Nicole M. Ventura; Albert Y. Jin; M. Yat Tse; Nichole T. Peterson; R. David Andrew; Jeffrey D. Mewburn; Stephen C. Pang (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2015)

The nuclear localization pattern and interaction partners of GTF2IRD1 demonstrate a role in chromatin regulation - Paulina Carmona-Mora; Jocelyn Widagdo; Florence Tomasetig; Cesar P. Canales; Yeojoon Cha; Wei Lee; Abdullah Alshawaf; Mirella Dottori; Renee M. Whan; Edna C. Hardeman; Stephen J. Palmer (Human Genetics, 2015)

Marine bacterioplankton community turnover within seasonally hypoxic waters of a subtropical sound: D evil's H ole, B ermuda - Rachel J. Parsons; Craig E. Nelson; Craig A. Carlson; Carmen C. Denman; Andreas J. Andersson; Andrew L. Kledzik; Kevin L. Vergin; Sean P. McNally; Alexander H. Treusch; Stephen J. Giovannoni (Environmental Microbiology, 2015)
Summary Understanding bacterioplankton community dynamics in coastal hypoxic environments is relevant to global biogeochemistry because coastal hypoxia is increasing worldwide. The temporal dynamics of bacterioplankton communities were analysed throughout the illuminated water column of D evil's H ole, B ermuda during the 6‐week annual transition from a strongly stratified water column with suboxic and high‐ pCO 2 bottom waters to a fully mixed and ventilated state during 2008. A suite of culture‐independent methods provided a quantitative spatiotemporal characterization of bacterioplankton community changes, including both direct counts and rRNA gene sequencing. During stratification, the surface waters were dominated by the SAR 11 clade of A lphaproteobacteria and the cyanobacterium S ynechococcus . In the suboxic bottom waters, cells from the order C hlorobiales prevailed, with gene sequences indicating members of the genera C hlorobium and P rosthecochloris – anoxygenic photoautotrophs that utilize sulfide as a source of electrons for photosynthesis. Transitional zones of hypoxia also exhibited elevated levels of methane‐ and sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria relative to the overlying waters. The abundance of both T haumarcheota and E uryarcheota were elevated in the suboxic bottom waters (> 10 9 cells l −1 ). Following convective mixing, the entire water column returned to a community typical of oxygenated waters, with E uryarcheota only averaging 5% of cells, and C hlorobiales and T haumarcheota absent.

An Integrated Method for Upscaling Pore-Network Characterization and Permeability Estimation: Example from the Mississippian Barnett Shale - Sheng Peng; Jijin Yang; Xianghui Xiao; Bob Loucks; Stephen C. Ruppel; Tongwei Zhang (Transport in Porous Media, 2015)

High-resolution physical and biogeochemical variability from a shallow back reef on Ofu, American Samoa: an end-member perspective - David A. Koweek; Robert B. Dunbar; Stephen G. Monismith; David A. Mucciarone; C. Brock Woodson; Lianna Samuel (Coral Reefs, 2015)

Field Evaluation of Transgenic Switchgrass Plants Overexpressing PvMYB4 for Reduced Biomass Recalcitrance - Holly L. Baxter; Charleson R. Poovaiah; Kelsey L. Yee; Mitra Mazarei; Miguel Rodriguez; Olivia A. Thompson; Hui Shen; Geoffrey B. Turner; Stephen R. Decker; Robert W. Sykes; Fang Chen; Mark F. Davis; et al. (BioEnergy Research, 2015)

Re-classification of the causal agent of white grain disorder on wheat as three separate species of Eutiarosporella - Elisha Thynne; Megan C. McDonald; Margaret Evans; Hugh Wallwork; Stephen Neate; Peter S. Solomon (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2015)

Approaches to fully documented fisheries: practical issues and stakeholder perceptions - Stephen C Mangi; Paul J Dolder; Thomas L Catchpole; Dale Rodmell; Nathan de Rozarieux (Fish and Fisheries, 2015)
The Common Fisheries Policy ( CFP ) reform sets out a move to a land‐all catch policy in European Union waters with a requirement for full reporting of fishing and on‐board processing activity. We explore the merits, stakeholder perceptions and applicability of different technology and approaches to the full documentation of fisheries that might be considered in the context of implementing the CFP reform. While recent efforts have focused on demonstrating how remote electronic monitoring ( REM ) systems can be utilized in fully documented fisheries ( FDF ), other technologies and approaches such as reference fleet and self‐sampling exist that could contribute to delivering FDF . Perceptions of fishers show that they would prefer using a reference fleet or self‐sampling to REM systems as a future method of implementing FDF . In general, there is support from the fishing industry for data collection and enhancement, but there remains some mistrust concerning the use of the data. Findings show that the most appropriate means and methods of FDF will depend on the circumstances and objectives for full documentation whether in enforcing a discard ban, documentation of total catch or data enhancement. We conclude that any technology or approach that will be used to deliver the monitoring requirements for FDF needs to make practical and commercial sense at the fishing vessel level.

Environmental impacts and constraints associated with the production of major food crops in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia - Travis W. Reynolds; Stephen R. Waddington; C. Leigh Anderson; Alexander Chew; Zoe True; Alison Cullen (Food Security, 2015)

Geographic and temporal dynamics of a global radiation and diversification in the killer whale - Phillip A. Morin; Kim M. Parsons; Frederick I. Archer; María C. Ávila‐Arcos; Lance G. Barrett‐Lennard; Luciano Dalla Rosa; Sebastián Duchêne; John W. Durban; Graeme M. Ellis; Steven H. Ferguson; John K. Ford; Michael J. Ford; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
Global climate change during the Late Pleistocene periodically encroached and then released habitat during the glacial cycles, causing range expansions and contractions in some species. These dynamics have played a major role in geographic radiations, diversification and speciation. We investigate these dynamics in the most widely distributed of marine mammals, the killer whale ( Orcinus orca ), using a global data set of over 450 samples. This marine top predator inhabits coastal and pelagic ecosystems ranging from the ice edge to the tropics, often exhibiting ecological, behavioural and morphological variation suggestive of local adaptation accompanied by reproductive isolation. Results suggest a rapid global radiation occurred over the last 350 000 years. Based on habitat models, we estimated there was only a 15% global contraction of core suitable habitat during the last glacial maximum, and the resources appeared to sustain a constant global effective female population size throughout the Late Pleistocene. Reconstruction of the ancestral phylogeography highlighted the high mobility of this species, identifying 22 strongly supported long‐range dispersal events including interoceanic and interhemispheric movement. Despite this propensity for geographic dispersal, the increased sampling of this study uncovered very few potential examples of ancestral dispersal among ecotypes. Concordance of nuclear and mitochondrial data further confirms genetic cohesiveness, with little or no current gene flow among sympatric ecotypes. Taken as a whole, our data suggest that the glacial cycles influenced local populations in different ways, with no clear global pattern, but with secondary contact among lineages following long‐range dispersal as a potential mechanism driving ecological diversification.

Advancing Product Quality: a Summary of the Inaugural FDA/PQRI Conference - Lawrence X. Yu; Jeffrey Baker; Susan C. Berlam; Ashley Boam; E. J. Brandreth; Lucinda Buhse; Thomas Cosgrove; David Doleski; Lynne Ensor; Joseph Famulare; Mohan Ganapathy; Gustavo Grampp; et al. (The AAPS Journal, 2015)

Fish community dynamics following dam removal in a fragmented agricultural stream - Matthew S. Kornis; Brian C. Weidel; Stephen M. Powers; Matthew W. Diebel; Timothy J. Cline; Justin M. Fox; James F. Kitchell (Aquatic Sciences, 2015)

Molecular evolution patterns reveal life history features of mycoplasma‐related endobacteria associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi - Kevin H. Toomer; Xiuhua Chen; Mizue Naito; Stephen J. Mondo; Henk C. den Bakker; Nicholas W. VanKuren; Ylva Lekberg; Joseph B. Morton; Teresa E. Pawlowska (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
The mycoplasma‐related endobacteria ( MRE ), representing a recently discovered lineage of Mollicutes, are widely distributed across arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( AMF , Glomeromycota). AMF colonize roots of most terrestrial plants and improve plant mineral nutrient uptake in return for plant‐assimilated carbon. The role of MRE in the biology of their fungal hosts is unknown. To start characterizing this association, we assessed partitioning of MRE genetic diversity within AMF individuals and across the AMF phylogeographic range. We further used molecular evolution patterns to make inferences about MRE codivergence with AMF , their lifestyle and antiquity of the Glomeromycota– MRE association. While we did not detect differentiation between MRE derived from different continents, high levels of diversity were apparent in MRE populations within AMF host individuals. MRE exhibited significant codiversification with AMF over ecological time and the absence of codivergence over evolutionary time. Moreover, genetic recombination was evident in MRE . These patterns indicate that, while MRE transmission is predominantly vertical, their complex intrahost populations are likely generated by horizontal transmission and recombination. Based on predictions of evolutionary theory, we interpreted these observations as a suggestion that MRE may be antagonists of AMF . Finally, we detected a marginally significant signature of codivergence of MRE with Glomeromycota and the Endogone lineage of Mucoromycotina, implying that the symbiosis between MRE and fungi may predate the divergence between these two groups of fungi.

Corrigendum: â€œTwo new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexicoâ€ - Martin V. SÃ¸rensen; Stephen C. Landers (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2015)

Vertical sediment distribution of methanogenic pathways in two shallow Arctic Alaskan lakes - Dendy D. Lofton; Stephen C. Whalen; Anne E. Hershey (Polar Biology, 2015)

Predicting the habitat expansion of the invasive roach Rutilus rutilus (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae), in Great Britain - J. Alex Elliott; Peter Henrys; Maliko Tanguy; Jonathan Cooper; Stephen C. Maberly (Hydrobiologia, 2015)

The effect of long-term regional pumping on hydrochemistry and dissolved gas content in an undeveloped shale-gas-bearing aquifer in southwestern Ontario, Canada - Stewart M. Hamilton; Stephen E. Grasby; Jennifer C. McIntosh; Stephen G. Osborn (Hydrogeology Journal, 2015)

The Role and Value of Conservation Agency Research - Dirk J. Roux; Richard T. Kingsford; Stephen F. McCool; Melodie A. McGeoch; Llewellyn C. Foxcroft (Environmental Management, 2015)

Mechanistic relationships between hepatic genotoxicity and carcinogenicity in male B6C3F1 mice treated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures - Tracie D. Phillips; Molly Richardson; Yi-Shing Lisa Cheng; Lingyu He; Thomas J. McDonald; Leslie H. Cizmas; Stephen H. Safe; Kirby C. Donnelly; Fen Wang; Bhagavatula Moorthy; Guo-Dong Zhou (Archives of Toxicology, 2015)

Physical oceanography of the deep seas around New Zealand: a review - Stephen M Chiswell; Helen C Bostock; Philip JH Sutton; Michael JM Williams (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2015)
We review the advances in ‘blue water’ physical oceanography of the seas around New Zealand since the last major review in 1985. By 1985, a basic description had been made of the circulation around New Zealand. Since then, dramatic increases in data from satellites, hydrographic cruises, surface drifters and profiling floats have improved knowledge on the locations, strengths and variability of the currents, water masses and fronts in the region. We have better estimates of the surface and deep circulation, and a better understanding of the dynamical processes driving this circulation and its variability. This review covers the open ocean, including water masses, ocean currents, tides and numerical modelling, and discusses the future of New Zealand oceanography.

Climate remains an important driver of post‐European vegetation change in the eastern United States - Neil Pederson; Anthony W. D'Amato; James M. Dyer; David R. Foster; David Goldblum; Justin L. Hart; Amy E. Hessl; Louis R. Iverson; Stephen T. Jackson; Dario Martin‐Benito; Brian C. McCarthy; Ryan W. McEwan; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)

Topographic controls on soil nitrogen availability in a lowland tropical forest - Samantha R. Weintraub; Philip G. Taylor; Stephen Porder; Cory C. Cleveland; Gregory P. Asner; Alan R. Townsend (Ecology, 2015)
Geomorphic position often correlates with nutrient cycling across landscapes. In tropical forests, topography is known to influence phosphorus (P) availability, but its effect on nitrogen (N) cycling has received less exploration, especially in lowland forests where widespread N richness is frequently assumed. Here, we report significant effects of topographic slope and landscape position on multiple aspects of the N cycle across a highly dissected lowland tropical forest on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. A suite of N cycle metrics measured along a topographic sequence revealed a distinct gradient in N availability. Values of soil δ 15 N, inorganic N pools, net nitrification rates, and nitrification potentials were all substantially lower on a flanking steep hillslope (~28°) compared to a relatively flat ridge top (~6°), indicating lower N availability and a less open N cycle in steep parts of the landscape. Slope soils also hosted smaller total carbon and nitrogen stocks and notably less weathered soil minerals than did ridge soils. These latter findings suggest that elevated N loss resulting from high rates of soil and particulate organic matter erosion could underpin the spatial variation in N cycling and availability. Expanding our analysis to the larger study landscape, a strong negative linear relationship between soil δ 15 N values and surface slope angles was observed. N isotope mass balance models suggest that this pattern is most plausibly explained by an increase in N loss via erosive, non‐fractioning pathways from steep zones, as most other variables commonly assumed to affect soil δ 15 N values (such as temperature, precipitation, and vegetation type) did not vary across the sampled region. Together, these results reveal notable hillslope‐scale variation in N richness and suggest an important role for non‐fractionating N loss in the maintenance of this pattern. Such findings highlight the importance of geomorphology and the significant capacity of erosion to influence N availability in steepland ecosystems.

Assessing the impacts of human uncertainty in the accuracy assessment of land-cover maps using linguistic scales and fuzzy intervals - Pedro Sarmento; Cidália C. Fonte; Joel Dinis; Stephen V. Stehman; Mário Caetano (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2015)