Workflow and Methods of High-Content Time-Lapse Analysis for Quantifying Intracellular Calcium Signals - Fuhai Li; Xiaobo Zhou; Jinmin Zhu; Weiming Xia; Jinwen Ma; Stephen T. C. Wong (Neuroinformatics, 2008)

A Java-based fMRI Processing Pipeline Evaluation System for Assessment of Univariate General Linear Model and Multivariate Canonical Variate Analysis-based Pipelines - Jing Zhang; Lichen Liang; Jon R. Anderson; Lael Gatewood; David A. Rottenberg; Stephen C. Strother (Neuroinformatics, 2008)

Probabilistic Estimate of a Threshold for Eutrophication - Stephen R. Carpenter; Richard C. Lathrop (Ecosystems, 2008)

Comprehensive evaluation of the estrogen receptor α gene reveals further evidence for association with type 2 diabetes enriched for nephropathy in an African American population - Keith L. Keene; Josyf C. Mychaleckyj; Shelly G. Smith; Tennille S. Leak; Peter S. Perlegas; Carl D. Langefeld; David M. Herrington; Barry I. Freedman; Stephen S. Rich; Donald W. Bowden; Michèle M. Sale (Human Genetics, 2008)

Is bird song a reliable signal of aggressive intent? A reply - William A. Searcy; Rindy C. Anderson; Stephen Nowicki (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2008)

Scaling environmental change through the community‐level: a trait‐based response‐and‐effect framework for plants - KATHARINE N. SUDING; SANDRA LAVOREL; F. S. CHAPIN; JOHANNES H. C. CORNELISSEN; SANDRA DÍAZ; ERIC GARNIER; DEBORAH GOLDBERG; DAVID U. HOOPER; STEPHEN T. JACKSON; MARIE‐LAURE NAVAS (Global Change Biology, 2008)
Predicting ecosystem responses to global change is a major challenge in ecology. A critical step in that challenge is to understand how changing environmental conditions influence processes across levels of ecological organization. While direct scaling from individual to ecosystem dynamics can lead to robust and mechanistic predictions, new approaches are needed to appropriately translate questions through the community level. Species invasion, loss, and turnover all necessitate this scaling through community processes, but predicting how such changes may influence ecosystem function is notoriously difficult. We suggest that community‐level dynamics can be incorporated into scaling predictions using a trait‐based response–effect framework that differentiates the community response to environmental change (predicted by response traits) and the effect of that change on ecosystem processes (predicted by effect traits). We develop a response‐and‐effect functional framework, concentrating on how the relationships among species' response, effect, and abundance can lead to general predictions concerning the magnitude and direction of the influence of environmental change on function. We then detail several key research directions needed to better scale the effects of environmental change through the community level. These include (1) effect and response trait characterization, (2) linkages between response‐and‐effect traits, (3) the importance of species interactions on trait expression, and (4) incorporation of feedbacks across multiple temporal scales. Increasing rates of extinction and invasion that are modifying communities worldwide make such a research agenda imperative.

Automated postural responses are modified in a functional manner by instruction - Vivian Weerdesteyn; Andrew C. Laing; Stephen N. Robinovitch (Experimental Brain Research, 2008)

Impact of Fertilization on a Salt Marsh Food Web in Georgia - Caroline R. McFarlin; J. Stephen Brewer; Tracy L. Buck; Steven C. Pennings (Estuaries and Coasts, 2008)

Efficiency and regulation of recruitment during colony emigration by the ant Temnothorax curvispinosus - Stephen C. Pratt (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2008)

Pleistocene climatic cycling and diversification of the Andean treefrog, Hypsiboas andinus - DARIA KOSCINSKI; PAUL HANDFORD; PABLO L. TUBARO; SARAH SHARP; STEPHEN C. LOUGHEED (Molecular Ecology, 2008)
Our understanding of the causes of diversification of Neotropical organisms lags behind that of Northern Hemisphere biota, especially for montane and temperate regions of southern South America. We investigated the mitochondrial DNA genealogical patterns in 262 individuals of the frog Hypsiboas andinus from 26 sites across the eastern ranges of the Andes Mountains in Argentina and Bolivia. Our phylogenetic analyses indicate at least three distinct lineages: one representing H. andinus from Northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia, at least one H. andinus lineage from northern Bolivia, and one clade containing both H. andinus (from the southern portion of the species range) and its putative sister taxon Hypsiboas riojanus . Hypsiboas andinus samples from northern Bolivia are well differentiated and may represent distinct species. The northern Argentine H. andinus lineage and southern H. andinus / H. riojanus lineage likely diverged between 2 and 6 million years ago; their current sympatry may be the result of secondary contact due to range expansion after isolation during Andean uplift or may reflect cryptic species. Within the geographically extensive northern H. andinus clade, we found significant geographical structuring consistent with historical fragmentation and subsequent range expansion. The timing of this fragmentation and range expansion coincide with the Pleistocene, a time of extensive climatic cycling and vegetational shifts. Average divergence among clades is lower than those found for other Neotropical taxa, highlighting the potential importance of recent climatic history in diversification in the southern Andes.

15 N enrichment as an integrator of the effects of C and N on microbial metabolism and ecosystem function - Paul Dijkstra; Corinne M. LaViolette; Jeffrey S. Coyle; Richard R. Doucett; Egbert Schwartz; Stephen C. Hart; Bruce A. Hungate (Ecology Letters, 2008)
Organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are essential for heterotrophic soil microorganisms, and their bioavailability strongly influences ecosystem C and N cycling. We show here that the natural 15 N abundance of the soil microbial biomass is affected by both the availability of C and N and ecosystem N processing. Microbial 15 N enrichment correlated negatively with the C : N ratio of the soil soluble fraction and positively with net N mineralization for ecosystems spanning semiarid, temperate and tropical climates, grassland and forests, and over four million years of ecosystem development. In addition, during soil incubation, large increases in microbial 15 N enrichment corresponded to high net N mineralization rates. These results support the idea that the N isotope composition of an organism is determined by the balance between N assimilation and dissimilation. Thus, 15 N enrichment of the soil microbial biomass integrates the effects of C and N availability on microbial metabolism and ecosystem processes.

Anionic derivatives of xyloglucan function as acceptor but not donor substrates for xyloglucan endotransglucosylase activity - Takumi Takeda; Janice G. Miller; Stephen C. Fry (Planta, 2008)

Xyloglucan−pectin linkages are formed intra-protoplasmically, contribute to wall-assembly, and remain stable in the cell wall - Zoë A. Popper; Stephen C. Fry (Planta, 2008)

An Automated Method for Cell Detection in Zebrafish - Tianming Liu; Gang Li; Jingxin Nie; Ashley Tarokh; Xiaobo Zhou; Lei Guo; Jarema Malicki; Weiming Xia; Stephen T. C. Wong (Neuroinformatics, 2008)

Decentralized selection and participatory approaches in plant breeding for low-input systems - Julie C. Dawson; Kevin M. Murphy; Stephen S. Jones (Euphytica, 2008)

Second Generation Biofuels: High-Efficiency Microalgae for Biodiesel Production - Peer M. Schenk; Skye R. Thomas-Hall; Evan Stephens; Ute C. Marx; Jan H. Mussgnug; Clemens Posten; Olaf Kruse; Ben Hankamer (BioEnergy Research, 2008)

Locomotor Dysfunction and Pain: The Scylla and Charybdis of Fiber Sprouting After Spinal Cord Injury - Ronald Deumens; Elbert A. J. Joosten; Stephen G. Waxman; Bryan C. Hains (Molecular Neurobiology, 2008)

Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) detectability from helicopters and ramifications for estimating abundance - Matthew J. Butler; Warren B. Ballard; Mark C. Wallace; Stephen J. DeMaso (European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2008)

The tip of the tail: molecular identification of seahorses for sale in apothecary shops and curio stores in California - Jon G. Sanders; Jennifer E. Cribbs; Harris G. Fienberg; Greg C. Hulburd; Laure S. Katz; Stephen R. Palumbi (Conservation Genetics, 2008)

Hotspots of diversity in a clonal world — the Mediterranean moss Pleurochaete squarrosa in Central Europe - MICHAEL GRUNDMANN; STEPHEN W. ANSELL; STEPHEN J. RUSSELL; MARCUS A. KOCH; JOHANNES C. VOGEL (Molecular Ecology, 2008)
Diversity patterns of the dioecious haploid Mediterranean moss Pleurochaete squarrosa were analysed from Central and Northwest Europe using nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequencing and enzyme electrophoresis. Across 69 populations, 38 distinct haploid multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were detected, but nearly all populations were clonal. Only five MLGs occurred in more than two regions, and two diversity hotspots were detected. The Kaiserstuhl mountains in Southwest Germany harboured 34 MLGs, 25 being endemic within Central Europe. Levels of linkage disequilibrium and population structure in Kaiserstuhl populations were similar to levels and structure in sexually reproducing populations in the Mediterranean Basin. In the Moselle‐Nahe area, some 250 km north, a comparably high allelic diversity, but no evidence of recombination, was detected. Genetic diversity measures were significantly lower than estimates obtained in the Mediterranean Basin and a G ST of 0.89 signified extreme population differentiation. Mantel tests identified a positive correlation on genetic and geographical distance for distances up to 50 km. Seven nrITS and three cpDNA haplotypes were detected, their geographical structure mirroring enzyme data set results. Comparative analysis with Mediterranean data demonstrated multiple recolonization of Central Europe from both the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkans. A suture zone of genotypes was detected along the border of Belgium/France and Germany. Despite P. squarrosa having haploid spore and/or vegetative propagules dispersal, we found patterns of postglacial recolonization of Central Europe comparable with those reported in flowering plants and animals. This study demonstrates the importance of comparative research on population genetics and phylogeography of a diverse range of organisms.

Variation analysis and gene annotation of eight MHC haplotypes: The MHC Haplotype Project - Roger Horton; Richard Gibson; Penny Coggill; Marcos Miretti; Richard J. Allcock; Jeff Almeida; Simon Forbes; James G. R. Gilbert; Karen Halls; Jennifer L. Harrow; Elizabeth Hart; Kevin Howe; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2008)

Thermophilic microbial mats in a tropical geothermal location display pronounced seasonal changes but appear resilient to stochastic disturbance - Donnabella C. Lacap; Wilfredo Barraquio; Stephen B. Pointing (Environmental Microbiology, 2007)
Summary We demonstrate for the first time a dynamic seasonality within thermophilic mat communities in a tropical geothermal spring. Biomass fluctuated such that it is greatest in the dry season, before falling drastically as the summer rains arrive, and then re‐colonization culminates in a new climax in the following dry season. Species richness estimates based upon 16S rRNA gene environmental phylotypes mirrored this pattern, where those unique to the dry season disappear during the wet season only to reappear the following year, and vice versa. Relative abundance of some phototrophic phylotypes was also shown to vary seasonally. Environmental variables within the thermal environment that were most closely correlated to these variations were temperature and phosphate, with the latter a covariable to heavy seasonal tropical monsoon rainfall. Stochastic disturbance caused by a strong typhoon caused significant although temporary effects and both diversity and standing biomass recovered within a few months. Tropical hot spring communities clearly function under a fundamentally different set of abiotic variables from those in temperate locations which do not display seasonality. This is of particular relevance to bioprospecting efforts where targeting the most biodiverse niche is desired, because future sampling strategies for tropical thermal environments should consider diversity on temporal as well as spatial scales.

Control of diferulate formation in dicotyledonous and gramineous cell-suspension cultures - Shona E. Lindsay; Stephen C. Fry (Planta, 2007)

The CRF1 receptor antagonist antalarmin attenuates yohimbine-induced increases in operant alcohol self-administration and reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats - Peter W. Marinelli; Douglas Funk; Walter Juzytsch; Stephen Harding; Kenner C. Rice; Yavin Shaham; A. D. Lê (Psychopharmacology, 2007)

Genotype frequency and F ST analysis of polymorphisms in immunoregulatory genes in Chinese and Caucasian populations - Qing Lan; Min Shen; Dino Garcia-Rossi; Stephen Chanock; Tongzhang Zheng; Sonja I. Berndt; Vinita Puri; Guilan Li; Xingzhou He; Robert Welch; Shelia H. Zahm; Luoping Zhang; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2007)

The Biarsenical Dye Lumio™ Exhibits a Reduced Ability to Specifically Detect Tetracysteine-Containing Proteins Within Live Cells - Anna C. Hearps; Melinda J. Pryor; Henna V. Kuusisto; Stephen M. Rawlinson; Sabine C. Piller; David A. Jans (Journal of Fluorescence, 2007)

Toxicity of Two Pulsed Metal Exposures to Daphnia magna: Relative Effects of Pulsed Duration-Concentration and Influence of Interpulse Period - Tham C. Hoang; Jeffrey S. Gallagher; Joseph R. Tomasso; Stephen J. Klaine (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2007)

Modelling adaptive management strategies for coping with the impacts of climate variability and change on riverine algal blooms - NEIL R. VINEY; BRYSON C. BATES; STEPHEN P. CHARLES; IAN T. WEBSTER; MYRIAM BORMANS (Global Change Biology, 2007)
The impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources is one of the most critical issues facing the world in the next few decades. In particular, there is a need to quantify the risks associated with maintaining the security of resource quantity and quality, and to assess the effectiveness of potential management strategies. In this paper, we assess the impacts of climate variability and change on one aspect of river health. A simple model of Anabaena algal bloom occurrence at a weir pool in the lower Murrumbidgee River, Australia, has been coupled to a catchment model that is used to simulate streamflow, irrigation demand and diversions, dam water storage and releases, and decision‐making by both irrigators and managers. Long‐term climate data are obtained from a statistical downscaling algorithm, which, when applied to global climate model predictions can provide climate data suitable for driving the coupled model under a variety of climatic scenarios. The coupled model is then used to assess the impact of climate variability and projected climate change on the frequency, duration and magnitude of Anabaena blooms. The impact of two management strategies for bloom control are also assessed and it is shown that even a single, quite simple, resource‐neutral, adaptive management strategy has the potential to substantially reduce the occurrence and impact of algal blooms and to more than compensate for the deleterious impacts of climate change. This result supports the notion that planning for the future can lead to positive outcomes in the present.

Genetic population structure of the sagebrush Brewer’s sparrow, Spizella breweri breweri, in a fragmented landscape at the northern range periphery - Emily K. Croteau; Stephen C. Lougheed; Pamela G. Krannitz; Nancy A. Mahony; Brett L. Walker; Peter T. Boag (Conservation Genetics, 2007)

Estrogen delays the progression of salt-induced cardiac hypertrophy by influencing the renin-angiotensin system in heterozygous proANP gene-disrupted mice - S. Jeson Sangaralingham; M. Yat Tse; Stephen C. Pang (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2007)

Germ-line DNA copy number variation frequencies in a large North American population - George Zogopoulos; Kevin C. H. Ha; Faisal Naqib; Sara Moore; Hyeja Kim; Alexandre Montpetit; Frederick Robidoux; Philippe Laflamme; Michelle Cotterchio; Celia Greenwood; Stephen W. Scherer; Brent Zanke; et al. (Human Genetics, 2007)

Losing the Dark: a Case for a National Policy on Land Conservation - Robert F. Baldwin; Stephen C. Trombulak (Conservation Biology, 2007)

Are We Consuming Too Much—for What? - HERMAN E. DALY; BRIAN CZECH; DAVID L. TRAUGER; WILLIAM E. REES; MANSI GROVER; TRACY DOBSON; STEPHEN C. TROMBULAK (Conservation Biology, 2007)

A Meta‐Analysis of Bird Responses to Uniform Partial Harvesting across North America - MARK C. VANDERWEL; JAY R. MALCOLM; STEPHEN C. MILLS (Conservation Biology, 2007)
Most data on the effects of partial‐harvest silviculture (where live trees are purposely retained at the time of harvest) on birds come from one or a few discrete harvesting treatments. It is thus difficult to infer species responses across a continuous gradient of tree retention from individual studies. To quantify the levels of tree retention expected to produce specified changes in the relative abundance of individual species, we carried out a meta‐analysis of 42 studies that examined the impacts of uniform partial harvesting on North American birds. Of 34 species, sigmoidal models showed a negative effect of harvesting for 14 species and a positive effect for 6 species. Ovenbirds ( Seiurus aurocapilla ) and Brown Creepers ( Certhia americana ) were the species most sensitive to harvesting. Most of the 14 species that were negatively affected by harvesting showed 25%, 50%, and 75% reductions in abundance (relative to control sites) at tree retention levels ranging from 45 to 85%, 30–70%, and 15–50%, respectively. A few species, such as Yellow‐rumped Warblers ( Dendroica coronata ), exhibited these levels of response at lower tree retention or were not predicted to decrease by 75% in harvested stands. Five of the 6 species that were positively affected by harvesting showed at least a 50% increase in abundance at nearly all levels of tree retention, although other early successional bird species did not appear to benefit from the relatively small openings created by uniform partial harvesting. Three of 20 species exhibited stronger responses to harvesting at a given level of tree retention in boreal and northern mixed forests of North America than other regions of the continent, but, with these exceptions, lack of variation among forest regions supported the broad‐scale generality of species' responses to harvesting. The species response models we developed represent useful tools for evaluating stand‐level impacts of partial harvesting on birds within an adaptive management framework. Uniform partial harvesting at light and, to a lesser degree, moderate intensities may be effective approaches to managing habitat for late successional bird species as part of broader ecosystem‐based forest management.

Automated Axon Tracking of 3D Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Images Using Guided Probabilistic Region Merging - Ranga Srinivasan; Xiaobo Zhou; Eric Miller; Ju Lu; Jeff Litchman; Stephen T. C. Wong (Neuroinformatics, 2007)

Influence of Drought and Municipal Sewage Effluents on the Baseflow Water Chemistry of an Upper Piedmont River - Jin Hur; Mark A. Schlautman; Tanju Karanfil; John Smink; Hocheol Song; Stephen J. Klaine; John C. Hayes (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007)

Does terrestrial organic carbon subsidize the planktonic food web in a clear‐water lake? - Michael L. Pace; Stephen R. Carpenter; Jonathan J. Cole; James J. Coloso; James F. Kitchell; James R. Hodgson; Jack J. Middelburg; Nicholas D. Preston; Christopher T. Solomon; Brian C. Weidel (Limnology and Oceanography, 2007)
Allochthonous organic carbon can subsidize consumers in aquatic systems, but this subsidy may only be significant in relatively small systems with high organic matter loading. We tested the importance of allochthonous carbon to consumers in a relatively large (258,000 m 2 ) clear‐water lake by adding H 13 CO 3 daily for 56 d. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was substantially enriched in 13 C by the addition, but it was also variable over diel cycles because of exchange with the atmosphere and photosynthesis. By measuring the δ 13 C value of a physically separated phytoplankton concentrate as well as the δ 13 C of phospholipid fatty acids, we were able to follow 13 C‐labeling dynamics of specific groups of phytoplankton and bacteria. The δ 13 C values of particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), phytoplankton, bacteria, zooplankton, and the invertebrate predator, Chaoborus spp. all increased to a maximum during the addition and declined once the addition ceased. Autochthony (% C derived from internal primary production) of carbon pools (POC, DOC) and consumers was assessed by fitting dynamic models to time series of δ 13 C. Autochthonous carbon was the dominant source (88‐100%) for POC, gram‐positive bacteria, a copepod, zooplankton biomass, and Chaoborus spp. Autochthonous carbon provided a lower fraction (

Spatial patterns of flow and their modification within and around a giant kelp forest - Brian Gaylord; Johanna H. Rosman; Daniel C. Reed; Jeffrey R. Koseff; Jonathan Fram; Sally MacIntyre; Katie Arkema; Cameron McDonald; Mark A. Brzezinski; John L. Largier; Stephen G. Monismith; Peter T. Raimondi; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2007)
We present findings from two sets of measurements that quantified currents around and over the full extent of a giant kelp ( Macrocystis pyrifera ) forest located at Mohawk Reef, Santa Barbara, California. Velocities were damped inside this 200‐m X 300‐m forest, but not to the extent reported for larger (kilometer‐scale) kelp beds, suggesting that alongshore currents may play a greater role in exchange than has often been assumed. Secondary flow features that bear on the performance of forest organisms were observed, including a region along the forest’s outer boundary where velocities exceeded incident speeds by up to 200%. An offshore current on the order of 1 cm s −1 developed within the kelp bed, likely due to pressure gradients established across the forest coupled with topography. Wake recirculations that might have facilitated leeward retention of waterborne subsidies were not apparent. Calculations suggest that kelp beds can interact with (and thus potentially filter) substantial portions of impinging waters; in our study, 40–90% of arriving waters entered the upstream end, and 20–70% reached the center of the forest. Seasonal changes in the size and density of the forest modified the levels of flow damping and filtration. The sum of these effects suggests potential influences on organisms throughout the forest community.

The phylogeography of palm cockatoos, Probosciger aterrimus , in the dynamic Australo‐Papuan region - Stephen A. Murphy; Michael C. Double; Sarah M. Legge (Journal of Biogeography, 2007)
Aims We aimed to investigate the effects of historical land–sea boundary and vegetation dynamics in the Australo‐Papuan region on the genetic structure of palm cockatoo populations. In doing so, we also sought to clarify the intraspecific taxonomic status of palm cockatoos, and to examine the potential conservation implications of our results. Location New Guinea and northern Australia. Methods We examined mtDNA (domain III, control region) genetic structure in 71 palm cockatoos from 17 locations across their Australo‐Papuan range. Results Twenty polymorphic sites over 242‐base pairs defined 12 haplotypes that were arranged in a 95% confidence parsimony network of six one‐step clades. Half of these were linked in one clade that included birds from eastern New Guinea–Australia, and the other half included birds from western New Guinea. Nested clade analyses revealed strong and significant genetic structure between these two clades. The average nucleotide divergence between eastern and western birds is c. 3.3%. Within the western clade there was a non‐random distribution of haplotypes according to sampling location alone, but the locations did not cluster significantly, probably due to low sample sizes. A non‐random distribution of haplotypes emerged within one of the one‐step clades from the east of the range (once rare haplotypes were removed), although the historic mechanism that may have created this pattern is unclear. The underlying low nucleotide divergence (0.39%) among haplotypes within the eastern clade suggests relatively recent common ancestry. Main conclusions Our results suggest genetic isolation of the eastern and western clades sometime during the Pleistocene. The continual reappearance of land bridges associated with Pleistocene glacio‐eustatic cycles within the eastern part of the range provides an explanation for our results. We suggest that the occurrence of two deep marine troughs maintained a narrow mountainous barrier between eastern and western birds throughout much of the Pleistocene at a time when extensive land bridges formed elsewhere in the species’ range, and that this has maintained their genetic distinctiveness. Our results provide little support for the current accepted subspecies; the western clade is roughly congruent with Probosciger aterrimus goliath (with caveats), but the otherwise unstructured small genetic distances cast considerable doubt on the remaining subspecies. The eastern and western lineages are endemic to each area and should therefore be considered for independent conservation status and management.

The guild approach to categorizing estuarine fish assemblages: a global review - Michael Elliott; Alan K Whitfield; Ian C Potter; Stephen J M Blaber; Digby P Cyrus; Frank G Nordlie; Trevor D Harrison (Fish and Fisheries, 2007)
Many studies have recently described and interpreted the community structure and function of fishes inhabiting estuaries and other transitional waters in terms of categories or guilds. The latter describe the main features of the fishes’ biology and the way in which they use an estuary. However, the approach has been developed by different workers in different geographical areas and with differing emphasis such that there is now a need to review the guilds proposed and used worldwide. The previous wide use of the guild approach has involved increasing overlap and/or confusion between different studies, which therefore increases the need for standardization while at the same time providing the opportunity to reconsider the types and their use worldwide. Against a conceptual model of the importance of the main features of fish use in estuaries and other transitional waters, this review further develops the guild approach to community classification of fish communities inhabiting those areas. The approach increases the understanding of the use of estuaries by fishes, their interactions and connectivity with adjacent areas (the open sea, coastal zone and freshwater catchments) and the estuarine resources required by fishes. This paper gives a global perspective on this categorization by presenting new or refined definitions for the categories, lists the synonyms from the literature and illustrates the concepts using examples from geographical areas covering north and central America, north and southern Europe, central and southern Africa, Australia and the Indo‐Pacific.

Identification of small juvenile scombrids from northwest tropical Australia using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences - Mark D. Robertson; Jenny R. Ovenden; Stephen C. Barker (Ichthyological Research, 2007)

Projected Changes in Terrestrial Carbon Storage in Europe under Climate and Land-use Change, 1990–2100 - Sönke Zaehle; Alberte Bondeau; Timothy R. Carter; Wolfgang Cramer; Markus Erhard; I. Colin Prentice; I. Reginster; Mark D. A. Rounsevell; Stephen Sitch; Benjamin Smith; Pascalle C. Smith; Martin Sykes (Ecosystems, 2007)

Scale-specific correlations between habitat heterogeneity and soil fauna diversity along a landscape structure gradient - Adam J. Vanbergen; Allan D. Watt; Ruth Mitchell; Anne-Marie Truscott; Stephen C. F. Palmer; Eva Ivits; Paul Eggleton; T. Hefin Jones; José Paulo Sousa (Oecologia, 2007)

Yawning and hypothermia in rats: effects of dopamine D3 and D2 agonists and antagonists - Gregory T. Collins; Amy Hauck Newman; Peter Grundt; Kenner C. Rice; Stephen M. Husbands; Cédric Chauvignac; Jianyong Chen; Shaomeng Wang; James H. Woods (Psychopharmacology, 2007)

Analysis of EST sequences suggests recent origin of allotetraploid colonial and creeping bentgrasses - David Rotter; Arvind K. Bharti; Huaijun Michael Li; Chongyuan Luo; Stacy A. Bonos; Suleiman Bughrara; Geunhwa Jung; Joachim Messing; William A. Meyer; Stephen Rudd; Scott E. Warnke; Faith C. Belanger (Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2007)

Hedonic Analysis of Hunting Lease Revenue and Landowner Willingness to Provide Fee-Access Hunting - Anwar Hussain; Ian A. Munn; Stephen C. Grado; Ben C. West; W. Daryl Jones; Jeanne Jones (Forest Science, 2007)
Selling hunting access may supplement household income, yet only a small proportion of nonindustrial private (NIP) landowners in United States lease the right to hunt their land. Based on a survey of Mississippi landowners, the decision to lease hunting rights and factors influencing lease revenue per leased hectare were analyzed. The two issues were jointly modeled consistent with Heckman's sample selection model, and the lease revenue was specified in accordance with hedonic pricing theory. Empirical results showed that landowner concerns about loss of privacy, accident liability, and conflicts with personal use of land reduced the likelihood of leasing; total landownership and specific landowner characteristics increased it. With regards to factors explaining differences in lease revenue per leased hectare, bottomland hardwoods commanded a greater premium than many other land uses. In addition, lease revenue per hectare was distinctly higher where a landowner had expertise in managing a hunting lease enterprise. These findings have implications for landowners interested in managing wildlife-associated enterprises and public agencies engaged in the provision of natural resource-based recreation.

Mechanical shredding of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): Effects on water quality in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California - Ben K. Greenfield; Geoffrey S. Siemering; Joy C. Andrews; Michael Rajan; Stephen P. Andrews; David F. Spencer (Estuaries and Coasts, 2007)

Stereotyped and complex motor routines expressed during cocaine self-administration: results from a 24-h binge of unlimited cocaine access in rats - Stephen C. Fowler; Herbert E. Covington; Klaus A. Miczek (Psychopharmacology, 2007)

3-Hydroxyglutaric acid is transported via the sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter NaDC3 - Franziska Stellmer; Britta Keyser; Birgitta C. Burckhardt; Hermann Koepsell; Thomas Streichert; Markus Glatzel; Sabrina Jabs; Joachim Thiem; Wilhelm Herdering; David M. Koeller; Stephen I. Goodman; Zoltan Lukacs; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2007)

Approaches to resolving cephalopod movement and migration patterns - Jayson M. Semmens; Gretta T. Pecl; Bronwyn M. Gillanders; Claire M. Waluda; Elizabeth K. Shea; Didier Jouffre; Taro Ichii; Karsten Zumholz; Oleg N. Katugin; Stephen C. Leporati; Paul W. Shaw (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2007)

Biological activity of FGF-23 fragments - Theresa J. Berndt; Theodore A. Craig; Daniel J. McCormick; Beate Lanske; Despina Sitara; Mohammed S. Razzaque; Marlon Pragnell; Ann E. Bowe; Stephen P. O’Brien; Susan C. Schiavi; Rajiv Kumar (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2007)

Clozapine and prazosin slow the rhythm of head movements during focused stereotypy induced by d-amphetamine in rats - Stephen C. Fowler; Jonathan W. Pinkston; Elena Vorontsova (Psychopharmacology, 2007)

Season mediates herbivore effects on litter and soil microbial abundance and activity in a semi-arid woodland - Aimée T. Classen; Steven T. Overby; Stephen C. Hart; George W. Koch; Thomas G. Whitham (Plant and Soil, 2007)

Spatial patterns on the sagebrush steppe/Western juniper ecotone - Eva K. Strand; Andrew P. Robinson; Stephen C. Bunting (Plant Ecology, 2007)

An investigation of genome-wide associations of hypertension with microsatellite markers in the family blood pressure program (FBPP) - C. Charles Gu; Steven C. Hunt; Sharon Kardia; Stephen T. Turner; Aravinda Chakravarti; Nicholas Schork; Richard Olshen; David Curb; Cashell Jaquish; Eric Boerwinkle; D. C. Rao (Human Genetics, 2007)

Characterization of target nuclear DNA from faeces reduces technical issues associated with the assumptions of low-quality and quantity template - Mark C. Ball; Richard Pither; Micheline Manseau; Jeff Clark; Stephen D. Petersen; Steve Kingston; Natasha Morrill; Paul Wilson (Conservation Genetics, 2007)

Soft song in song sparrows: response of males and females to an enigmatic signal - Rindy C. Anderson; Stephen Nowicki; William A. Searcy (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2007)

Avoidance of native versus non‐native predator odours by migrating whitebait and juveniles of the common galaxiid, galaxias maculatus - Felicity McLean; Nicole C. Barbee; Stephen E. Swearer (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2007)
Avoidance of predator odours by migrating Galaxias maculatus was studied in the laboratory using a two‐chamber choice tank. The odours of a native predator (short‐finned eel, Anguilla australis) and an introduced predator (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss) were tested on both whitebait (i.e., new recruits) and juveniles. Both whitebait and juveniles exhibited avoidance behaviour when exposed to eel odours. There was no avoidance response from either the whitebait or juvenile G. maculatus when exposed to trout odours, which could suggest differences in the ability of G. maculatus to detect native and introduced predators. Observed negative effects of introduced predators on native species may be owing in part to the absence of innate avoidance behaviour in native prey species.

Cephalopod hatchling growth: the effects of initial size and seasonal temperatures - Stephen C. Leporati; Gretta T. Pecl; Jayson M. Semmens (Marine Biology, 2007)

Radionuclide Concentrations in Benthic Invertebrates from Amchitka and Kiska Islands in the Aleutian Chain, Alaska - Joanna Burger; Michael Gochfeld; Stephen C. Jewett (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007)

Interactions between tayras (Eira barbara) and red-handed howlers (Alouatta belzebul) in eastern Amazonia - Carolina C. Camargo; Stephen F. Ferrari (Primates, 2007)

Evolution of Hyperactive, Repetitive Antifreeze Proteins in Beetles - Laurie A. Graham; Wensheng Qin; Stephen C. Lougheed; Peter L. Davies; Virginia K. Walker (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2007)

Preliminary investigation of the effects of purse seine size on estimates of density and species richness of estuarine fishes - Mark A. Steele; Stephen C. Schroeter; Henry M. Page (Estuaries and Coasts, 2007)

Hydration of POPC bilayers studied by 1H-PFG-MAS-NOESY and neutron diffraction - Klaus Gawrisch; Holly C. Gaede; Mihaela Mihailescu; Stephen H. White (European Biophysics Journal, 2007)

Relationship between Spatial Distribution of Urban Sprawl and Species Imperilment: Response to Brown and Laband - ROBERT F. BALDWIN; JUSTINA C. RAY; STEPHEN C. TROMBULAK; GILLIAN WOOLMER (Conservation Biology, 2007)

How useful is DNA extracted from the legs of archived insects for microsatellite-based population genetic analyses? - Phillip C. Watts; David J. Thompson; Katherine A. Allen; Stephen J. Kemp (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2007)

Quality of race, Hispanic ethnicity, and immigrant status in population-based cancer registry data: implications for health disparity studies - Limin X. Clegg; Marsha E. Reichman; Benjamin F. Hankey; Barry A. Miller; Yi D. Lin; Norman J. Johnson; Stephen M. Schwartz; Leslie Bernstein; Vivien W. Chen; Marc T. Goodman; Scarlett L. Gomez; John J. Graff; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2007)

Estimation of structural element sizes in sand and compacted blocks of ground calcium carbonate using a void network model - Giuliano M. Laudone; G. Peter Matthews; Patrick A. C. Gane; Alexander G. Matthews; Cathy J. Ridgway; Joachim Schoelkopf; Stephen A. Huggett (Transport in Porous Media, 2007)

Uplift, Erosion, and Phosphorus Limitation in Terrestrial Ecosystems - Stephen Porder; Peter M. Vitousek; Oliver A. Chadwick; C. Page Chamberlain; George E. Hilley (Ecosystems, 2007)

Compatible genetic and ecological estimates of dispersal rates in insect ( Coenagrion mercuriale : Odonata: Zygoptera) populations: analysis of ‘neighbourhood size’ using a more precise estimator - PHILLIP C. WATTS; FRANÇOIS ROUSSET; ILIK J. SACCHERI; RAPHAËL LEBLOIS; STEPHEN J. KEMP; DAVID J. THOMPSON (Molecular Ecology, 2007)
Genetic and demographic estimates of dispersal are often thought to be inconsistent. In this study, we use the damselfly Coenagrion mercuriale (Odonata: Zygoptera) as a model to evaluate directly the relationship between estimates of dispersal rate measured during capture–mark–recapture fieldwork with those made from the spatial pattern of genetic markers in linear and two‐dimensional habitats. We estimate the ‘neighbourhood size’ ( Nb ) — the product of the mean axial dispersal rate between parent and offspring and the population density — by a previously described technique, here called the regression method. Because C. mercuriale is less philopatric than species investigated previously by the regression method we evaluate a refined estimator that may be more applicable for relatively mobile species. Results from simulations and empirical data sets reveal that the new estimator performs better under most situations, except when dispersal is very localized relative to population density. Analysis of the C. mercuriale data extends previous results which demonstrated that demographic and genetic estimates of Nb by the regression method are equivalent to within a factor of two at local scales where genetic estimates are less affected by habitat heterogeneity, stochastic processes and/or differential selective regimes. The corollary is that with a little insight into a species’ ecology the pattern of spatial genetic structure provides quantitative information on dispersal rates and/or population densities that has real value for conservation management.

Genetic structure of the widespread and common Mediterranean bryophyte Pleurochaete squarrosa (Brid.) Lindb. (Pottiaceae) — evidence from nuclear and plastidic DNA sequence variation and allozymes - MICHAEL GRUNDMANN; STEPHEN W. ANSELL; STEPHEN J. RUSSELL; MARCUS A. KOCH; JOHANNES C. VOGEL (Molecular Ecology, 2007)
The Mediterranean Basin as one the world's most biologically diverse regions provides an interesting area for the study of plant evolution and spatial structure in plant populations. The dioecious moss Pleurochaete squarrosa is a widespread and common bryophyte in the Mediterranean Basin. Thirty populations were sampled for a study on molecular diversity and genetic structure, covering most major islands and mainland populations from Europe and Africa. A significant decline in nuclear and chloroplast sequence and allozyme variation within populations from west to east was observed. While DNA sequence data showed patterns of isolation by distance, allozyme markers did not. Instead, their considerable interpopulation genetic differentiation appeared to be unrelated to geographic distance. Similar high values for coefficients of gene diversity ( G ST ) in all data sets provided evidence of geographic isolation and limited gene flow among populations (i) within islands, (ii) within mainland areas, and (iii) between islands and mainland. Notably, populations in continental Spain are strongly genetically isolated from all other investigated areas. Surprisingly, there was no difference in gene diversity and G ST between islands and mainland areas. Thus, we conclude that large Mediterranean islands may function as ‘mainland’ for bryophytes. This hypothesis and its implication for conservation biology of cryptogamic plants warrant further investigation. While sexually reproducing populations were found all over the Mediterranean Basin, high levels of multilocus linkage disequilibrium provide evidence of mainly vegetative propagation even in populations where sexual reproduction was observed.

Hypolithic community shifts occur as a result of liquid water availability along environmental gradients in China's hot and cold hyperarid deserts - Stephen B. Pointing; Kimberley A. Warren‐Rhodes; Donnabella C. Lacap; Kevin L. Rhodes; Christopher P. McKay (Environmental Microbiology, 2007)
Summary Hypolithic cyanobacterial communities occur in hot and cold hyperarid environments but the physical factors determining their diversity are not well understood. Here we report hypolithic diversity and colonization of a common quartz substrate at several hyperarid locations in the ancient deserts of north‐western China, that experience varying mean annual temperature, rainfall and concomitant availability of liquid water in soil. Microscopy and enrichment culture resulted only in Chroococcidiopsis morphotypes which were ubiquitous, but community phylogenetic analysis revealed considerable cyanobacterial and heterotrophic bacterial diversity. Species Richness and Shannon's Diversity Index displayed a significant positive linear correlation with availability of liquid water but not temperature or rainfall alone. Several taxonomic groups occurred only in specific climatically defined locations, while for Chroococcidiopsis , Deinococcus and Phormidium location specific lineages within these genera were also evident. Multivariate analysis was used to illustrate pronounced community shifts due to liquid water availability, although these did not significantly affect the predicted functional relationships within any given assemblage in either hot or cold, wet or dry hyperarid deserts. This study clearly demonstrates that availability of liquid water, rather than temperature or rainfall per se is the key determinant of hypolithic diversity in hyperarid locations, and furthermore that functionally similar yet taxonomically distinct communities occur, characterized by the presence of taxa that are specific to defined levels of aridity.

Molecular characterization of deletion breakpoints in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome - Rosanna Weksberg; Andrea C. Stachon; Jeremy A. Squire; Laura Moldovan; Jane Bayani; Stephen Meyn; Eva Chow; Anne S. Bassett (Human Genetics, 2007)

Southeastern Chukchi Sea (Alaska) macrobenthos - Howard M. Feder; Stephen C. Jewett; Arny L. Blanchard (Polar Biology, 2007)

Behavioral response as a predictor of seasonal depth distribution and vertical niche separation in freshwater phytoplanktonic flagellates - Mark R. Clegg; Stephen C. Maberly; Roger I. Jones (Limnology and Oceanography, 2007)
The distribution of phytoplanktonic flagellates in aquatic ecosystems has been widely attributed to a number of driving factors. In this study, we evaluated the influence of behavior on the daytime, seasonal depth distribution and vertical niche separation of five phylogenetically contrasting species of freshwater flagellates. A model predicting distribution was formulated using the dominant behavioral preferences for light, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, previously quantified in laboratory experiments, and was subsequently applied to the physical and chemical conditions measured in a small, strongly stratifying, hypertrophic lake. This model predicted the daytime depth distributions of natural populations of flagellates well, with an average areal fit of above 56% for all species; above 74% for Ceratium furcoides , Chlamydomonas sp., and Dinobryon sertularia ; and of up to 93% during stratification. Regression analyses showed no significant variation from a 1 : 1 relationship between the predicted and observed average depths of species in the water column. The model also predicted the constriction into discrete vertical niches upon stratification and delineated the progression from Plagioselmis nannoplanctica in surface waters, through C. furcoides and D. sertularia , to Chlamydomonas sp. and Euglena gracilis deeper in the water column. Changes in observed distributions could not be directly correlated with other members of the plankton community or explained by the segregation of nutrients. The model's wider, transferable applicability suggested that behavioral response to environmental gradients may predict many patterns of distribution, particularly during stratification. In addition to known physiological and biochemical influences, this investigation emphasized the importance of behavioral response in the functional ecology of phytoplanktonic flagellates.

Bottom‐up forcing and the decline of Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus ) in Alaska: assessing the ocean climate hypothesis - ANDREW W. TRITES; ARTHUR J. MILLER; HERBERT D. G. MASCHNER; MICHAEL A. ALEXANDER; STEVEN J. BOGRAD; JOHN A. CALDER; ANTONIETTA CAPOTONDI; KENNETH O. COYLE; EMANUELE DI LORENZO; BRUCE P. FINNEY; EDWARD J. GREGR; CHESTER E. GROSCH; et al. (Fisheries Oceanography, 2007)
Declines of Steller sea lion ( Eumetopias jubatus ) populations in the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska could be a consequence of physical oceanographic changes associated with the 1976–77 climate regime shift. Changes in ocean climate are hypothesized to have affected the quantity, quality, and accessibility of prey, which in turn may have affected the rates of birth and death of sea lions. Recent studies of the spatial and temporal variations in the ocean climate system of the North Pacific support this hypothesis. Ocean climate changes appear to have created adaptive opportunities for various species that are preyed upon by Steller sea lions at mid‐trophic levels. The east–west asymmetry of the oceanic response to climate forcing after 1976–77 is consistent with both the temporal aspect (populations decreased after the late 1970s) and the spatial aspect of the decline (western, but not eastern, sea lion populations decreased). These broad‐scale climate variations appear to be modulated by regionally sensitive biogeographic structures along the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska, which include a transition point from coastal to open‐ocean conditions at Samalga Pass westward along the Aleutian Islands. These transition points delineate distinct clusterings of different combinations of prey species, which are in turn correlated with differential population sizes and trajectories of Steller sea lions. Archaeological records spanning 4000 yr further indicate that sea lion populations have experienced major shifts in abundance in the past. Shifts in ocean climate are the most parsimonious underlying explanation for the broad suite of ecosystem changes that have been observed in the North Pacific Ocean in recent decades.

Significant linkage to airway responsiveness on chromosome 12q24 in families of children with asthma in Costa Rica - Juan C. Celedón; Manuel E. Soto-Quiros; Lydiana Avila; Stephen L. Lake; Catherine Liang; Eduardo Fournier; Mitzi Spesny; Craig P. Hersh; Jody S. Sylvia; Thomas J. Hudson; Andrei Verner; Barbara J. Klanderman; et al. (Human Genetics, 2006)

Elevated male European and female African contributions to the genomes of African American individuals - Joanne M. Lind; Holli B. Hutcheson-Dilks; Scott M. Williams; Jason H. Moore; Myron Essex; Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini; Douglas C. Wallace; Sarah A. Tishkoff; Stephen J. O’Brien; Michael W. Smith (Human Genetics, 2006)

Low Prevalence of BRCA1 Exon Rearrangements in Familial and Young Sporadic Breast Cancer Patients - David Ellis; Yogen Patel; Shu C. Yau; Shirley V. Hodgson; Stephen J. Abbs (Familial Cancer, 2006)

Spatial variability of denitrification potential and related soil properties in created, restored, and paired natural wetlands - Gregory L. Bruland; Curtis J. Richardson; Stephen C. Whalen (Wetlands, 2006)

Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests - Stephen C. Hart; Paul C. Selmants; Sarah I. Boyle; Steven T. Overby (Forest Science, 2006)
Ponderosa pine forests of the southwestern United States were historically characterized by relatively open, parklike stands with a bunchgrass-dominated understory. This forest structure was maintained by frequent, low-intensity surface fires. Heavy livestock grazing, fire suppression, and favorable weather conditions following Euro-American settlement in the late 19th century resulted in a dramatic increase in pine regeneration. Today, many of these forest stands have high stand densities with low understory production, and are susceptible to infrequent, stand-replacing fires. The primary objective of our study was to better characterize the contemporary carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling processes in relatively unmanaged southwestern ponderosa pine stands. We then compared these ecosystem conditions with those of an adjacent stand that had received an ecological restoration treatment that included thinning and prescribed burning. Our results suggest that N availability and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of trees in these forests are low compared to other forests. Restoration treatments decreased ANPP but increased the proportion of ANPP in woody tissues. These treatments also increased soil respiration, water availability, temperature, and net nitrification, but had no effect on net N mineralization and microbial N. We speculate that the understory response to restoration treatments is a key factor affecting the overall ecosystem response in these forests.

Experimental evaluation of biases associated with sampling estuarine fishes with seines - Mark A. Steele; Stephen C. Schroeter; Henry M. Pace (Estuaries and Coasts, 2006)

Validated age and growth of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo 1827) in the waters off Western Australia - Rory B. McAuley; Colin A. Simpfendorfer; Glenn A. Hyndes; Rick R. Allison; Justin A. Chidlow; Stephen J. Newman; Rod C. J. Lenanton (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2006)

Soil-mixing effects on inorganic nitrogen production and consumption in forest and shrubland soils - Mary S. Booth; John M. Stark; Stephen C. Hart (Plant and Soil, 2006)

Biocolloid retention in partially saturated soils - Tammo S. Steenhuis; Annette Dathe; Yuniati Zevi; Jennifer L. Smith; Bin Gao; Stephen B. Shaw; Dilkushi DeAlwis; Samary Amaro-Garcia; Rosemarie Fehrman; M. Ekrem Cakmak; Ian C. Toevs; Benjamin M. Liu; et al. (Biologia, 2006)

The impact of moderate daily alcohol consumption on aggression and the formation of dominance hierarchies in rats - Elizabeth A. Duncan; Kellie L. K. Tamashiro; Mary M. N. Nguyen; Stacy R. Gardner; Stephen C. Woods; Randall R. Sakai (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

Upregulation of persistent and ramp sodium current in dorsal horn neurons after spinal cord injury - Angelika Lampert; Bryan C. Hains; Stephen G. Waxman (Experimental Brain Research, 2006)

Tolerance of striped trumpeter Latris lineata embryos to ozonated seawater - Stephen C. Battaglene; David T. Morehead (Aquaculture International, 2006)

Mapping the central effects of ketamine in the rat using pharmacological MRI - Clare L. Littlewood; Nicholas Jones; Michael J. O’Neill; Stephen N. Mitchell; Mark Tricklebank; Steven C. R. Williams (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

A Bioenergetic Analysis of Factors Limiting Brown Trout Growth in an Ozark Tailwater River - Ronald L. Johnson; Steven C. Blumenshine; Stephen M. Coghlan (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2006)

Diurnal time-activity budgets of redheads (Aythya americana) wintering in seagrass beds and coastal ponds in Louisiana and Texas - Thomas C. Michot; Marc C. Woodin; Stephen E. Adair; E. Barry Moser (Hydrobiologia, 2006)

Molecular Mechanisms for the Variation of Mitochondrial Gene Content and Gene Arrangement Among Chigger Mites of the Genus Leptotrombidium (Acari: Acariformes) - Renfu Shao; Stephen C. Barker; Harumi Mitani; Mamoru Takahashi; Masahito Fukunaga (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2006)

Sampling characteristics and biases of enclosure traps for sampling fishes in estuaries - Mark A. Steele; Stephen C. Schroeter; Henry M. Page (Estuaries and Coasts, 2006)

A comparison of low-latitude cloud properties and their response to climate change in three AGCMs sorted into regimes using mid-tropospheric vertical velocity - Matthew C. Wyant; Christopher S. Bretherton; Julio T. Bacmeister; Jeffrey T. Kiehl; Isaac M. Held; Ming Zhao; Stephen A. Klein; Brian J. Soden (Climate Dynamics, 2006)

Nocturnal foraging by great skuas Stercorarius skua: implications for conservation of storm-petrel populations - Stephen C. Votier; Jonathan E. Crane; Stuart Bearhop; Ana de León; Claire A. McSorley; Eduardo Mínguez; Ian P. Mitchell; Matthew Parsons; Richard A. Phillips; Robert W. Furness (Journal of Ornithology, 2006)

Adventitious shoot regeneration of scotch spearmint (menthaxgracilis Sole) - Charleson R. Poovaiah; Stephen C. Weller; Matthew A. Jenks (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 2006)

Issues related to wetland delineation of a Texas, USA bottomland hardwood forest - Janet C. Dewey; Stephen H. Schoenholtz; James P. Shepard; Michael G. Messina (Wetlands, 2006)

An insect parasitoid carrying an ochratoxin producing fungus - Fernando E. Vega; Francisco Posada; Thomas J. Gianfagna; Fabio C. Chaves; Stephen W. Peterson (The Science of Nature, 2006)

Bird song as a signal of aggressive intent - William A. Searcy; Rindy C. Anderson; Stephen Nowicki (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2006)

Potential impacts of climate change on nitrogen transformations and greenhouse gas fluxes in forests: a soil transfer study - STEPHEN C. HART (Global Change Biology, 2006)
Relatively little research has been conducted on how climate change may affect the structure and function of arid to semiarid ecosystems of the American Southwest. Along the slopes of the San Francisco Peaks of Arizona, USA, I transferred intact soil cores from a spruce‐fir to a ponderosa pine forest 730 m lower in elevation to assess the potential impacts of climate change on soil N cycling and trace gas fluxes. The low‐elevation site has a mean annual soil temperature about 2.5°C higher than the high‐elevation site. Net rates of N transformations and trace gas fluxes were measured in high‐elevation soil cores incubated in situ and soil cores transferred to the low‐elevation site. Over a 13‐month period, volumetric soil water content was similar in transferred soil cores relative to soil cores incubated in situ . Net N mineralization and nitrification increased over 80% in transferred soil cores compared with in situ soil cores. Soil transfer significantly increased net CO 2 efflux (120%) and net CH 4 consumption (90%) relative to fluxes of these gases from soil cores incubated in situ . Soil net N 2 O fluxes were relatively low and were not generally altered by soil transfer. Although the soil microbial biomass as a whole decreased in transferred soil cores compared with in situ soil cores after the incubation period, active bacterial biomass increased. Transferring soil cores from the low‐elevation to the high‐elevation site (i.e. simulated global cooling) commonly, but not consistently, resulted in the opposite effects on soil pools and processes. In general, soil containment (root trenching) did not significantly affect soil measurements. My results suggest that small increases in mean annual temperature can have large impacts on soil N cycling, soil–atmosphere trace gas exchanges, and soil microbial communities even in ecosystems where water availability is a major limiting resource.

Worth the Wait - Stephen C. Trombulak (Conservation Biology, 2006)

Mapping the central effects of ketamine in the rat using pharmacological MRI - Clare L. Littlewood; Nicholas Jones; Michael J. O’Neill; Stephen N. Mitchell; Mark Tricklebank; Steven C. R. Williams (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

Feeding specialization in Herichthys minckleyi : a trophically polymorphic fish - C. D. Hulsey; J. Marks; D. A. Hendrickson; C. A. Williamson; A. E. Cohen; M. J. Stephens (Journal of Fish Biology, 2006)
Diet specialization in the trophically polymorphic cichlid fish Herichthys minckleyi was examined using gut contents. Individual H. minckleyi were categorized as having molariform, papilliform or undetermined pharyngeal jaws. The presence of enlarged flattened pharyngeal jaw teeth was used to categorize H. minckleyi as molariform, and the possession of only small pencil‐like pharyngeal teeth was used to classify fish as papilliform. Undetermined individuals ( L S ) were not assigned to one of the two larger morphotypes. Arthropods were found to be generally rare in H. minckleyi gut contents, but when present, they were most frequently recovered from undetermined individuals. The percentage of plant material consumed by undetermined H. minckleyi was not as great as papilliforms ingested on average, and snail crushing by undetermined H. minckleyi was not evident. A significantly greater mean percentage of plant detritus was recovered from papilliforms compared to molariforms. Snails were crushed by molariforms more frequently than by papilliforms. When only molariforms and papilliforms that had crushed snails were compared, a greater number of snails were crushed by molariforms. No relationship was found between molariform L S and the number of snails crushed, but greater molariform tooth number, adjusted for L S , was indicative of recent snail crushing. The maintenance of H. minckleyi pharyngeal jaw variation could be promoted by intraspecific diet differentiation.

Testing metabolic ecology theory for allometric scaling of tree size, growth and mortality in tropical forests - Helene C. Muller‐Landau; Richard S. Condit; Jerome Chave; Sean C. Thomas; Stephanie A. Bohlman; Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin; Stuart Davies; Robin Foster; Savitri Gunatilleke; Nimal Gunatilleke; Kyle E. Harms; Terese Hart; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2006)
The theory of metabolic ecology predicts specific relationships among tree stem diameter, biomass, height, growth and mortality. As demographic rates are important to estimates of carbon fluxes in forests, this theory might offer important insights into the global carbon budget, and deserves careful assessment. We assembled data from 10 old‐growth tropical forests encompassing censuses of 367 ha and > 1.7 million trees to test the theory's predictions. We also developed a set of alternative predictions that retained some assumptions of metabolic ecology while also considering how availability of a key limiting resource, light, changes with tree size. Our results show that there are no universal scaling relationships of growth or mortality with size among trees in tropical forests. Observed patterns were consistent with our alternative model in the one site where we had the data necessary to evaluate it, and were inconsistent with the predictions of metabolic ecology in all forests.

Comparing tropical forest tree size distributions with the predictions of metabolic ecology and equilibrium models - Helene C. Muller‐Landau; Richard S. Condit; Kyle E. Harms; Christian O. Marks; Sean C. Thomas; Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin; George Chuyong; Leonardo Co; Stuart Davies; Robin Foster; Savitri Gunatilleke; Nimal Gunatilleke; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2006)
Tropical forests vary substantially in the densities of trees of different sizes and thus in above‐ground biomass and carbon stores. However, these tree size distributions show fundamental similarities suggestive of underlying general principles. The theory of metabolic ecology predicts that tree abundances will scale as the −2 power of diameter. Demographic equilibrium theory explains tree abundances in terms of the scaling of growth and mortality. We use demographic equilibrium theory to derive analytic predictions for tree size distributions corresponding to different growth and mortality functions. We test both sets of predictions using data from 14 large‐scale tropical forest plots encompassing censuses of 473 ha and > 2 million trees. The data are uniformly inconsistent with the predictions of metabolic ecology. In most forests, size distributions are much closer to the predictions of demographic equilibrium, and thus, intersite variation in size distributions is explained partly by intersite variation in growth and mortality.

Differential support of lake food webs by three types of terrestrial organic carbon - Jonathan J. Cole; Stephen R. Carpenter; Michael L. Pace; Matthew C. Van de Bogert; James L. Kitchell; James R. Hodgson (Ecology Letters, 2006)
Organic carbon inputs from outside of ecosystem boundaries potentially subsidize recipient food webs. Four whole‐lake additions of dissolved inorganic 13 C were made to reveal the pathways of subsidies to lakes from terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (t‐DOC), terrestrial particulate organic carbon (t‐POC) and terrestrial prey items. Terrestrial DOC, the largest input, was a major subsidy of pelagic bacterial respiration, but little of this bacterial C was passed up the food web. Zooplankton received Chaoborus and fishes. This route supplied 33–73% of carbon flow to zooplankton and 20–50% to fishes in non‐fertilized lakes. Terrestrial prey, by far the smallest input, provided some fishes with >20% of their carbon. The results show that impacts of cross‐ecosystem subsidies depend on characteristics of the imported material, the route of entry into the food web, the types of consumers present, and the productivity of the recipient system.

Diurnal normobaric moderate hypoxia raises serum erythropoietin concentration but does not stimulate accelerated erythrocyte production - Spencer R. McLean; Jon C. Kolb; Stephen R. Norris; David J. Smith (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2006)

Geographical distribution and disease associations of the CD45 exon 6 138G variant - Victoria Ward; Branwen J. Hennig; Kouzo Hirai; Hideki Tahara; Akihiro Tamori; Ritu Dawes; Mineki Saito; Charles Bangham; Henry Stephens; Anne E. Goldfeld; Warunee Kunachiwa; Nipapan Leetrakool; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2006)

Community phylogenetic diversity of cyanobacterial mats associated with geothermal springs along a tropical intertidal gradient - Hongmei Jing; Donnabella C. Lacap; Chui Yim Lau; Stephen B. Pointing (Extremophiles, 2006)

Novel characteristics of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activities in maize: non-involvement of alcohol dehydrogenases in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis - Anna Kärkönen; Stephen C. Fry (Planta, 2006)

A photoacoustic method for rapid assessment of temperature effects on photosynthesis - Stephen K. Herbert; Karl Y. Biel; Thomas C Vogelmann (Photosynthesis Research, 2006)

Molecular Evolution of Cytochrome c Oxidase in High-Performance Fish (Teleostei: Scombroidei) - Anne C. Dalziel; Christopher D. Moyes; Emma Fredriksson; Stephen C. Lougheed (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2006)

Searching for signals of evolutionary selection in 168 genes related to immune function - Emily C. Walsh; Pardis Sabeti; Holli B. Hutcheson; Ben Fry; Stephen F. Schaffner; Paul I. W. de Bakker; Patrick Varilly; Alejandro A. Palma; Jessica Roy; Richard Cooper; Cheryl Winkler; Yi Zeng; et al. (Human Genetics, 2006)

Comparative influence of resuspended glacial sediment on physicochemical characteristics and primary production in two arctic lakes - Stephen C. Whalen; Brian A. Chalfant; Eric N. Fischer; Kenneth A. Fortino; Anne E. Hershey (Aquatic Sciences, 2006)

Comparative influence of resuspended glacial sediment on physicochemical characteristics and primary production in two arctic lakes - Stephen C. Whalen; Brian A. Chalfant; Eric N. Fischer; Kenneth A. Fortino; Anne E. Hershey (Aquatic Sciences, 2006)

Plants regenerated from embryo cultures of an apomictic clone of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. ‘Baron’) are not apomictic in origin - L. C. Stephens; S.-Z. Fei; Y. Xiong; C. F. Hodges (Euphytica, 2006)

Oxidative coupling of a feruloyl-arabinoxylan trisaccharide (FAXX) in the walls of living maize cells requires endogenous hydrogen peroxide and is controlled by a low-Mr apoplastic inhibitor - Antonio Encina; Stephen C. Fry (Planta, 2005)

Activity and Expression of Various Isoforms of Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferase are Differentially Regulated During Hepatic Regeneration in Rats - Hui Tian; Junhai Ou; Stephen C. Strom; Raman Venkataramanan (Pharmaceutical Research, 2005)

Foxy methoxy: A new drug of abuse - Susan C. Smolinske; Rahul Rastogi; Stephen Schenkel (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2005)

Purification and Characterization of Cry1Ac Toxin Binding Proteins from the Brush Border Membrane of Helicoverpa armigera Midgut - Chunyan Liao; Stephen C. Trowell; Ray Akhurst (Current Microbiology, 2005)

Oil pollution and climate have wide‐scale impacts on seabird demographics - Stephen C. Votier; Ben J. Hatchwell; Andrew Beckerman; Robin H. McCleery; Fiona M. Hunter; Jayne Pellatt; Mark Trinder; Tim R. Birkhead (Ecology Letters, 2005)
Oil spills often spell disaster for marine birds caught in slicks. However, the impact of oil pollution on seabird population parameters is poorly known because oil spills usually occur in wintering areas remote from breeding colonies where birds may be distributed over a wide area, and because it is difficult to separate the effects of oil pollution from the effect of natural environmental variation on seabird populations. Using a long‐term data set we show that over‐winter survival of adult common guillemots ( Uria aalge ) is negatively affected by both the incidence of four major oil‐spills in their wintering grounds and high values of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. After controlling for the effect of the NAO index, we show that winter mortality of adult guillemots is doubled by major oil pollution incidents. Our results demonstrate that oil pollution can have wide‐scale impacts on marine ecosystems that can be quantified using populations of marked individuals to estimate survival.

Conservation Science, Biodiversity, and the 2005 U.S. Forest Service Regulations - Barry R. Noon; Patrick Parenteau; Stephen C. Trombulak (Conservation Biology, 2005)

Hydraulic redistribution in three Amazonian trees - Rafael S. Oliveira; Todd E. Dawson; Stephen S. O. Burgess; Daniel C. Nepstad (Oecologia, 2005)

Aerial Monitoring of Marine Waterfowl in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea - Stephen R. Johnson; Lynn E. Noel; William J. Gazey; Virgil C. Hawkes (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2005)

A combined hydrologic simulation and landscape design model to prioritize sites for wetlands restoration - Stephen C. Newbold (Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 2005)

Dynamic Brain Activation Patterns for Face Recognition: A Magnetoencephalography Study - Dongwook Lee; Panagiotis Simos; Stephen M. Sawrie; Roy C. Martin; Robert C. Knowlton (Brain Topography, 2005)

Juvenile chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) growth on the central California coast during the 1998 El Niño and 1999 La Niña - R. BRUCE MACFARLANE; STEPHEN RALSTON; CHANTELL ROYER; ELIZABETH C. NORTON (Fisheries Oceanography, 2005)
We assessed growth in subyearling chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) during the 1998 El Niño and 1999 La Niña in the Gulf of the Farallones, a region of the continental shelf off central California seaward of the Golden Gate and the southernmost ocean entry point for the species in North America. Juvenile salmon demonstrated greater growth during this strong El Niño, when water temperature anomalies of more than +3°C were recorded at local buoys, than during the similarly strong 1999 La Niña. Slopes of regressions of weight on length, length on age, and weight on age were all significantly greater for juvenile salmon during the 1998 El Niño compared with those in the 1999 La Niña. Daily otolith increment widths, an estimator of somatic growth, corroborated population data. Between June 1 and August 9, mean increment widths for juvenile chinook salmon in 1998 were 3.54 ± 0.03 μ m, significantly larger than the 3.13 ± 0.03 μ m found in juveniles during the same time interval in 1999. Condition factor for juvenile chinook salmon entering the ocean at the Golden Gate was the same in both years, but became significantly greater in ocean fish during the 1998 El Niño than in ocean fish during the 1999 La Niña. Energy storage was significantly greater in ocean juvenile salmon during the 1998 El Niño as well. Mean triacylglycerol/cholesterol ratios increased following ocean entry in 1998, whereas they declined in ocean juveniles during 1999. Thus, not only was growth better in the El Niño period compared with La Niña, but lipid accumulation was also better. Oceanographic data for 1998 indicated elevated temperatures, lower salinity, greater freshwater outflow from San Francisco Bay, northerly flowing coastal currents, and positive upwelling index anomalies. This combination of environmental factors resulted in greater zooplankton productivity that, in conjunction with higher temperatures, allowed metabolic processes to enhance growth. Although El Niño events have certainly produced large‐scale, and often adverse, effects on ecosystems, the results of this study emphasize the importance of local oceanographic conditions to growth and other physiological and ecological processes.

Individual differences in initial sensitivity and acute tolerance predict patterns of chronic drug tolerance to nitrous-oxide-induced hypothermia in rats - Douglas S. Ramsay; Karl J. Kaiyala; Brian G. Leroux; Stephen C. Woods (Psychopharmacology, 2005)

Electrohydrodynamic Comminution: A Novel Technique for the Aerosolisation of Plasmid DNA - Lee A. Davies; Kevin Hannavy; Neville Davies; Alistair Pirrie; Ronald A. Coffee; Stephen C. Hyde; Deborah R. Gill (Pharmaceutical Research, 2005)

Interactions between atrial natriuretic peptide and the renin–angiotensin system during salt-sensitivity exhibited by the proANP gene-disrupted mouse - Ekaterini Angelis; M. Yat Tse; Stephen C. Pang (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2005)

Estimated Ultraviolet Radiation Doses in Wetlands in Six National Parks - Stephen A. Diamond; Peter C. Trenham; Michael J. Adams; Blake R. Hossack; Roland A. Knapp; Stacey L. Stark; David Bradford; P. Stephen Corn; Ken Czarnowski; Paul D. Brooks; Dan Fagre; Bob Breen; et al. (Ecosystems, 2005)

Coordinated Studies of Ultraviolet Radiation and Amphibians in Lentic Wetland Habitats - Peter C. Trenham; Stephen A. Diamond (Ecosystems, 2005)

Distribution Patterns of Lentic-Breeding Amphibians in Relation to Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure in Western North America - Michael J. Adams; Blake R. Hossack; Roland A. Knapp; Paul Stephen Corn; Stephen A. Diamond; Peter C. Trenham; Dan B. Fagre (Ecosystems, 2005)

Community phylogenetic analysis of moderately thermophilic cyanobacterial mats from China, the Philippines and Thailand - Jing Hongmei; Jonathan C. Aitchison; Donnabella C. Lacap; Yuwadee Peerapornpisal; Udomluk Sompong; Stephen B. Pointing (Extremophiles, 2005)

Evidence for a new species of Anisakis Dujardin, 1845: morphological description and genetic relationships between congeners (Nematoda: Anisakidae) - Simonetta Mattiucci; Giuseppe Nascetti; Murray Dailey; Stephen C. Webb; Nelio B. Barros; Rossella Cianchi; Luciano Bullini (Systematic Parasitology, 2005)

Achieving desired plant growth regulator levels in liquid plant tissue culture media that include activated carbon - Stephen C. Van Winkle; Gerald S. Pullman (Plant Cell Reports, 2005)

Novel Mitochondrial Gene Content and Gene Arrangement Indicate Illegitimate Inter-mtDNA Recombination in the Chigger Mite, Leptotrombidium pallidum - Renfu Shao; Harumi Mitani; Stephen C. Barker; Mamoru Takahashi; Masahito Fukunaga (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2005)

On the Closing Sounds of a Mechanical Heart Valve - Changfu Wu; Bruce A. Herman; Stephen M. Retta; Laurence W. Grossman; Jia-Shing Liu; Ned H. C. Hwang (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2005)

Changes in Concentrations of Major Elements and Trace Metals in Northeastern U.S.-Canadian Sub-Alpine Forest Floors - Gordon C. Evans; Stephen A. Norton; Ivan J. Fernandez; Jeffrey S. Kahl; Denis Hanson (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2005)

Mast cell deficient and neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice are protected from stress-induced hair growth inhibition - Petra C. Arck; Bori Handjiski; Arne Kuhlmei; Eva M. J. Peters; Maike Knackstedt; Anita Peter; Stephen P. Hunt; Burghard F. Klapp; Ralf Paus (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2005)

Science, Policy, and Stakeholders: Developing a Consensus Science Plan for Amchitka Island, Aleutians, Alaska - Joanna Burger; Michael Gochfeld; David Kosson; Charles W. Powers; Barry Friedlander; John Eichelberger; David Barnes; Lawrence K. Duffy; Stephen C. Jewett; Conrad D. Volz (Environmental Management, 2005)

Persistence of aquatic refugia between flow pulses in a dryland river system(Cooper Creek, Australia) - Stephen K. Hamilton; Stuart E. Bunn; Martin C. Thoms; Jonathan C. Marshall (Limnology and Oceanography, 2005)
In many dryland rivers with intermittent flow, relatively deep segments of the river channel serve as refugia for aquatic life during protracted intervals between flows. Semipermanent channel segments are known as waterholes in the semiarid Cooper Creek system of western Queensland. Fractional water loss by evaporation was estimated in 15 Cooper waterholes from the increase in conservative ion (Na + and Cl − ) concentrations and independently from evaporative fractionation of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in water. The major solute chemistry and isotope results indicated that evaporative water loss controlled the water levels between flows and that the surface waters were effectively isolated from underlying groundwater that had a distinctive chemical and isotopic composition. Fractional water loss rates combined with stage‐volume relationships for each basin showed a mean evaporative loss rate of 2.1 m yr −1 ; during that time (April‐October 2002), pan evaporation averaged 2.5 m yr −1 . Site‐specific extrapolation of those estimated evaporative loss rates indicated that the waterholes would dry to 10% of their bankfull volumes in 6‐23 months, although those estimates were based on sampling in 2002, when pan evaporation rates were 18% higher than the long‐term mean. These persistence times show the importance of occasional, irregular flow pulses in sustaining these aquatic refugia; the desiccation of waterholes could become more common if future water withdrawals reduce the frequency and intensity of river flows to the point where they occur less often than annually.

Southeastern Chukchi Sea (Alaska) epibenthos - Howard M. Feder; Stephen C. Jewett; Arny Blanchard (Polar Biology, 2005)

Time course of the effects of the serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor sertraline on central and peripheral serotonin neurochemistry in the rhesus monkey - George M. Anderson; Christina S. Barr; Stephen Lindell; Amy C. Durham; Ilya Shifrovich; J. Dee Higley (Psychopharmacology, 2005)

Rates and controls on denitrification in an agricultural soil fertilized with liquid lagoonal swine waste - Eric N. Fischer; Stephen C. Whalen (Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2005)

Evidence for a magmatic origin for Carlin-type gold deposits: isotopic composition of sulfur in the Betze-Post-Screamer Deposit, Nevada, USA - Stephen E. Kesler; Lee C. Riciputi; Zaojun Ye (Mineralium Deposita, 2005)

Pogonophora (Annelida): form and function - Eve C. Southward; Anja Schulze; Stephen L. Gardiner (Hydrobiologia, 2005)

Factors Influencing Mercury in Freshwater Surface Sediments of Northeastern North America - Neil C Kamman; Ann Chalmers; Thomas A. Clair; Andrew Major; Richard B. Moore; Stephen A. Norton; James B. Shanley (Ecotoxicology, 2005)

Deconstruction of Historic Mercury Accumulation in Lake Sediments, Northeastern United States - Ethan Perry; Stephen A. Norton; Neil C. Kamman; P. M. Lorey; Charles T. Driscoll (Ecotoxicology, 2005)

Introduction - Felice Cervone; Giuseppe Dalessandro; Stephen C Fry (Plant Biosystems, 2005)

Change in XET activities, cell wall extensibility and hypocotyl elongation of soybean seedlings at low water potential - Yajun Wu; Beong-Reong Jeong; Stephen C. Fry; John S. Boyer (Planta, 2005)

Dual-channel photobleaching FRET microscopy for improved resolution of protein association states in living cells - Andrew H. A. Clayton; Nectarios Klonis; Stephen H. Cody; Edouard C. Nice (European Biophysics Journal, 2005)

Relative Importance of Environmental Stress and Herbivory in Reducing Litter Fall in a Semiarid Woodland - Thomas D. Schuster; Neil S. Cobb; Thomas G. Whitham; Stephen C. Hart (Ecosystems, 2005)

Magnesian andesite and dacite lavas from Mt. Shasta, northern California: products of fractional crystallization of H2O-rich mantle melts - Timothy L. Grove; Michael B. Baker; Richard C. Price; Stephen W. Parman; Linda T. Elkins-Tanton; Nilanjan Chatterjee; Othmar Mntener (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2005)

A review of Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae) in New Zealand - J. M. C. Stephens; P. C. Molan; B. D. Clarkson (New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2005)
Information about Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae), the most widespread and important New Zealand indigenous shrub species, is reviewed. L. scoparium is a variable species, requiring more study of the genetically based differences between New Zealand populations and the affinity of these populations to Australian populations and other closely allied Australian species. Improved understanding of the species’ variation will assist both its conservation roles and economic uses, and the need to sustain genetically distinct varieties is emphasised. Ecologically, the species has a dominant role in infertile and poorly drained environments, and a wider occurrence as a seral shrub species in successions to forest where it may be regarded as a woody weed of pasture or a useful species for erosion control, carbon sesquestration, and vegetation restoration. The main economic products derived from the species are ornamental shrubs, essential oils, and honey. The species’ development as an ornamental plant and further definition of the pharmacologically active components are recommended as priority areas for research.

Crown‐stem dimension relationships in two New Zealand native forests - David A. Norton; C. Hamish Cochrane; Stephen D. Reay (New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2005)
The relationships between crown and stem dimensions of trees in two South Island, New Zealand, natural forests were investigated to determine whether they might explain differences in tree species composition estimates based on canopy area and basal area. Dacrydium cupressinum , a common canopy emergent at the lowland podocarp forest site, had the strongest relationship between crown and basal area and a significantly shallower slope than two common understorey trees at that site, Weinmannia racemosa and Quintinia acutifolia. Nothofagus solandri , the only canopy species at the montane beech forest site, showed an intermediate slope and level of correlation. We conclude that differences in estimates of species composition can be at least partly explained by species‐specific differences in the relationship between crown area and basal area and that caution is required in interpreting species relative abundances where different methods have been used to quantify abundance. However, the relationships are not strong enough to warrant the calculation of equations for the prediction of crown area from basal area, as has been done for several open‐grown tree species.

Homozygous loss of menin is well tolerated in liver, a tissue not affected in MEN1 - Peter C. Scacheri; Judy S. Crabtree; Alyssa L. Kennedy; Gary P. Swain; Jerrold M. Ward; Stephen J. Marx; Allen M. Spiegel; Francis S. Collins (Mammalian Genome, 2004)

Familial aggregation of melanoma risks in a large population-based sample of melanoma cases - Colin B. Begg; Amanda Hummer; Urvi Mujumdar; Bruce K. Armstrong; Anne Kricker; Loraine D. Marrett; Robert C. Millikan; Stephen B. Gruber; Hoda Anton-Culver; Judith B. Klotz; Roberto Zanetti; Richard P. Gallagher; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2004)

Familial aggregation of melanoma risks in a large population-based sample of melanoma cases - Colin B. Begg; Amanda Hummer; Urvi Mujumdar; Bruce K. Armstrong; Anne Kricker; Loraine D. Marrett; Robert C. Millikan; Stephen B. Gruber; Hoda Anton-Culver; Judith B. Klotz; Roberto Zanetti; Richard P. Gallagher; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2004)

System dynamics modeling for community-based water planning: Application to the Middle Rio Grande - Vincent C. Tidwell; Howard D. Passell; Stephen H. Conrad; Richard P. Thomas (Aquatic Sciences, 2004)

Human‐induced changes in US biogenic volatile organic compound emissions: evidence from long‐term forest inventory data - Drew W. Purves; John P. Caspersen; Paul R. Moorcroft; George C. Hurtt; Stephen W. Pacala (Global Change Biology, 2004)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by woody vegetation influence global climate forcing and the formation of tropospheric ozone. We use data from over 250 000 re‐surveyed forest plots in the eastern US to estimate emission rates for the two most important biogenic VOCs (isoprene and monoterpenes) in the 1980s and 1990s, and then compare these estimates to give a decadal change in emission rate. Over much of the region, particularly the southeast, we estimate that there were large changes in biogenic VOC emissions: half of the grid cells (1°× 1°) had decadal changes in emission rate outside the range −2.3% to +16.8% for isoprene, and outside the range 0.2–17.1% for monoterpenes. For an average grid cell the estimated decadal change in heatwave biogenic VOC emissions (usually an increase) was three times greater than the decadal change in heatwave anthropogenic VOC emissions (usually a decrease, caused by legislation). Leaf‐area increases in forests, caused by anthropogenic disturbance, were the most important process increasing biogenic VOC emissions. However, in the southeast, which had the largest estimated changes, there were substantial effects of ecological succession (which decreased monoterpene emissions and had location‐specific effects on isoprene emissions), harvesting (which decreased monoterpene emissions and increased isoprene emissions) and plantation management (which increased isoprene emissions, and decreased monoterpene emissions in some states but increased monoterpene emissions in others). In any given region, changes in a very few tree species caused most of the changes in emissions: the rapid changes in the southeast were caused almost entirely by increases in sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua ) and a few pine species. Therefore, in these regions, a more detailed ecological understanding of just a few species could greatly improve our understanding of the relationship between natural ecological processes, forest management, and biogenic VOC emissions.

Principles of Conservation Biology: Recommended Guidelines for Conservation Literacy from the Education Committee of the Society forConservation Biology* - STEPHEN C. TROMBULAK; KRISTIAN S. OMLAND; JULIE A. ROBINSON; JEFFREY J. LUSK; THOMAS L. FLEISCHNER; GLENN BROWN; MEG DOMROESE (Conservation Biology, 2004)

The Mouse Phenome Project - Molly A Bogue; Stephen C Grubb (Genetica, 2004)

Discussion of “Tectonic controls of Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc mineralization in orogenic forelands” by D.C. Bradley and D.L. Leach - Stephen E. Kesler; John T. Chesley; John N. Christensen; Richard D. Hagni; Wouter Heijlen; J. Richard Kyle; Phillipe Muchez; Kula C. Misra; Rob van der Voo (Mineralium Deposita, 2004)

A model of carbon evasion and sedimentation in temperate lakes - Paul C. Hanson; Amina I. Pollard; Darren L. Bade; Katie Predick; Stephen R. Carpenter; Jonathan A. Foley (Global Change Biology, 2004)
Lakes process terrigenous carbon. The carbon load processed by lakes may partially offset estimates made for terrestrial net ecosystem exchange ( NEE ). The balance within lakes between carbon burial and evasion to the atmosphere determines whether lakes are net sinks or net sources of atmospheric carbon. Here we develop a model to study processing of both autochthonous and allochthonous carbon sources in lakes. We run the model over gradients of dissolved organic carbon ( DOC ) and total phosphorus ( TP ) concentrations found in the Northern Highlands Lake District of Wisconsin. In our model, lakes processed between 5 and 28 g C m −2 (watershed) yr −1 derived from the watershed, which approximates one‐tenth of NEE for similar terrestrial systems without lakes. Most lakes were net heterotrophic and had carbon evasion in excess of carbon burial, making them net sources of carbon to the atmosphere. Only lakes low in DOC and moderate to high in TP were net autotrophic and net sinks of carbon from the atmosphere.

Genetic variation in a desert aquatic snail (Nymphophilus minckleyi) from Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, Mexico - Angela B. Moline; Stephen M. Shuster; Dean A. Hendrickson; Jane C. Marks (Hydrobiologia, 2004)

Elevated levels of dimethylated‐sulfur compounds in Lake Bonney, a poorly ventilated Antarctic lake - Peter A. Lee; John C. Priscu; Giacomo R. DiTullio; Sarah F. Riseman; Nicole Tursich; Stephen J. de Mora (Limnology and Oceanography, 2004)
Lake Bonney is a permanently ice‐covered lake in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. The lake has two chemically stratified lobes (referred to as the east and west lobes), each with distinct biogenic sulfur profiles. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP p ) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO p ) exceeded 32 and 2 nmol L −1 , respectively, in the photic surface waters of the lake. Maximum DMSP p levels occurred in the deep‐chlorophyll layer of both lobes, a zone dominated by chrysophytes and chlorophytes, which are thought to be the source of dimethylated sulfur in the deep waters of the lake following sedimentation and biogeochemical processing. Waters beneath the chemoclines of both lobes are cold ( 3 times seawater), suboxic, and devoid of phytoplankton biomass and activity. Dimethylsulfide (DMS) levels (>330 nmol L −1 ) in the deep west lobe are among the highest recorded in a natural aquatic ecosystem. In contrast, saline waters of the deep east lobe contain relatively little DMS ( −1 ) but high DMSO d (270 nmol L −1 ), with the latter being the highest observed in any natural aquatic ecosystem. We argue that the differences in the biogenic sulfur profiles between the deep waters of the two lobes arise principally from subtle differences in the redox conditions found in each lobe.

Controls of δ 13 C‐DIC in lakes: Geochemistry, lake metabolism, and morphometry - Darren L. Bade; Stephen R. Carpenter; Jonathan J. Cole; Paul C. Hanson; Raymond H. Hesslein (Limnology and Oceanography, 2004)
We investigated δ 13 carbon (C)‐dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) values in 72 lakes from diverse regions using literature data as well as new measurements for 32 lakes. δ 13 C‐DIC varied broadly among lakes from ~31 to +2.6‰. This variation of surface‐water δ 13 C‐DIC among lakes is greater than the seasonal variation within most lakes. Several statistical models account for a large portion of the interlake variation and indicate that geochemical (e.g., DIC, pH, alkalinity) and morphometric (area) variables are important, whereas biological (e.g., gross primary productivity [GPP], respiration [R], chlorophyll a) variables are generally not significant. A process‐based model including gas exchange with the atmosphere, inorganic carbon speciation, and ecosystem metabolism was also constructed. The model provides a reasonable fit to the data for lakes, in which respiration exceeded GPP (heterotrophic lakes; 75% of lakes sampled). Lakes for which GPP exceeded respiration (autotrophic) were not fit well by the process‐based model. The data and models indicate that metabolism creates substantial variation in δ 13 C‐DIC around the potential δ 13 C‐DIC that is set by geochemical factors of the watershed.

Extracellular cross-linking of xylan and xyloglucan in maize cell-suspension cultures: the role of oxidative phenolic coupling - Ellen M. Kerr; Stephen C. Fry (Planta, 2004)

Global Warming and Coastal Erosion - Keqi Zhang; Bruce C. Douglas; Stephen P. Leatherman (Climatic Change, 2004)

Radon fluxes in tropical forest ecosystems of Brazilian Amazonia: night‐time CO 2 net ecosystem exchange derived from radon and eddy covariance methods - Christopher S. Martens; Thomas J. Shay; Howard P. Mendlovitz; Daniel M. Matross; Scott R. Saleska; Steven C. Wofsy; W. Stephen Woodward; Mary C. Menton; José M. S. De Moura; Patrick M. Crill; Osvaldo L. L. De Moraes; Risonaldo L. Lima (Global Change Biology, 2004)
Radon‐222 (Rn‐222) is used as a transport tracer of forest canopy–atmosphere CO 2 exchange in an old‐growth, tropical rain forest site near km 67 of the Tapajós National Forest, Pará, Brazil. Initial results, from month‐long periods at the end of the wet season (June–July) and the end of the dry season (November–December) in 2001, demonstrate the potential of new Rn measurement instruments and methods to quantify mass transport processes between forest canopies and the atmosphere. Gas exchange rates yield mean canopy air residence times ranging from minutes during turbulent daytime hours to greater than 12 h during calm nights. Rn is an effective tracer for net ecosystem exchange of CO 2 (CO 2 NEE) during calm, night‐time hours when eddy covariance‐based NEE measurements are less certain because of low atmospheric turbulence. Rn‐derived night‐time CO 2 NEE (9.00±0.99 μmol m −2 s −1 in the wet season, 6.39±0.59 in the dry season) was significantly higher than raw uncorrected, eddy covariance‐derived CO 2 NEE (5.96±0.51 wet season, 5.57±0.53 dry season), but agrees with corrected eddy covariance results (8.65±1.07 wet season, 6.56±0.73 dry season) derived by filtering out lower NEE values obtained during calm periods using independent meteorological criteria. The Rn CO 2 results suggest that uncorrected eddy covariance values underestimate night‐time CO 2 loss at this site. If generalizable to other sites, these observations indicate that previous reports of strong net CO 2 uptake in Amazonian terra firme forest may be overestimated.

The performance of models relating species geographical distributions to climate is independent of trophic level - Brian Huntley; Rhys E. Green; Yvonne C. Collingham; Jane K. Hill; Stephen G. Willis; Patrick J. Bartlein; Wolfgang Cramer; Ward J. M. Hagemeijer; Christopher J. Thomas (Ecology Letters, 2004)
Species–climate ‘envelope’ models are widely used to evaluate potential climate change impacts upon species and biodiversity. Previous studies have used a variety of methods to fit models making it difficult to assess relative model performance for different taxonomic groups, life forms or trophic levels. Here we use the same climatic data and modelling approach for 306 European species representing three major taxa (higher plants, insects and birds), and including species of different life form and from four trophic levels. Goodness‐of‐fit measures showed that useful models were fitted for >96% of species, and that model performance was related neither to major taxonomic group nor to trophic level. These results confirm that such climate envelope models provide the best approach currently available for evaluating reliably the potential impacts of future climate change upon biodiversity.

Fine Root Carbon Allocation and Fates in Longleaf Pine Forests - Durwin C. Carter; Joseph J. Hendricks; Robert J. Mitchell; Stephen D. Pecot (Forest Science, 2004)
The patterns and mechanistic controls of fine root production and mortality in a 19-year-old longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Miller) plantation were assessed using minirhizotrons in a complete factorial design experiment that manipulated root carbon source and sink strengths. Carbon source strength to roots was manipulated through foliar scorching, carbon sink strength in roots was altered via nitrogen fertilization, and carbon transfer from roots to the soil organic matter pool was impacted using a general soil pesticide to distinguish between root mortality via herbivory and senescence. Fertilization significantly increased fine root nitrogen concentrations and mortality rates in the nonscorched plots across the last four sample intervals. Scorching significantly reduced fine root biomass. The influence of soil herbivores on fine root carbon allocation and fates could not be assessed in this study because the soil pesticide had no measurable effect on herbivorous nematode and insect larvae populations. The results of this study suggest that nitrogen increases fine root mortality via an increase in fine root carbon sink strength rather than a decrease in carbon allocation to fine roots. These findings support the constant allocation hypothesis regarding nitrogen controls on fine root carbon allocation and transfers in forest ecosystems. FOR. SCI. 50(2):177–187.

Variation in larval fish communities: implications for management and sampling designs in reservoir systems - M. C. Quist; K. R. Pember; C. S. Guy; J. L. Stephen (Fisheries Management and Ecology, 2004)
Understanding spatial and temporal patterns in larval fish distributions is important for investigating factors related to recruitment variability and for developing sampling methodologies. Variation in species diversity (Shannon index) and density (number 100 m −3 ) of larval fishes from nearshore and pelagic habitats in Glen Elder Reservoir, KS, USA, was assessed during 1999 and 2000. Species diversity and densities of individual taxa were significantly higher ( P Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur) was the most abundant taxon in nearshore and pelagic habitats during both years. In addition, larval gizzard shad was sampled for the longest duration in the upper water column and overlapped with all taxa collected. High densities of gizzard shad in both habitats suggested that the potential for competitive interactions was high, especially given the lack of aquatic vegetation and habitat heterogeneity in littoral habitats. Most of the variation in larval fish diversity and density was because of temporal variation. If sampling effort must be limited and the purpose of sampling is to monitor larval diversity or density, attention should focus on sampling the same location over long time periods rather than across a variety of sampling locations.

A second species of Arctic shark: Pacific sleeper shark Somniosus pacificus from Point Hope, Alaska - George W. Benz; Richard Hocking; Abraham Kowunna; Stephen A. Bullard; John C. George (Polar Biology, 2004)

A direct inversion scheme for deep resistivity sounding data using artificial neural networks - Jimmy Stephen; C. Manoj; S. B. Singh (Journal of Earth System Science, 2004)

Effects of Cooking on Radiocesium in Fish from the Savannah River: Exposure Differences for the Public - Joanna Burger; Karen F. Gaines; C. Shane Boring; J. Snodgrass; W. L. Stephens; M. Gochfeld (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2004)

Genetically based trait in a dominant tree affects ecosystem processes - Jennifer A. Schweitzer; Joseph K. Bailey; Brian J. Rehill; Gregory D. Martinsen; Stephen C. Hart; Richard L. Lindroth; Paul Keim; Thomas G. Whitham (Ecology Letters, 2004)
Fundamental links between genes and ecosystem processes have remained elusive, although they have the potential to place ecosystem sciences within a genetic and evolutionary framework. Utilizing common gardens with cottonwood trees of known genotype, we found that the concentration of condensed tannins is genetically based and is the best predictor of ecosystem‐level processes. Condensed tannin inputs from foliage explained 55–65% of the variation in soil net nitrogen (N) mineralization under both field and laboratory conditions. Alternative associations with litter lignin, soil moisture or soil temperature were relatively poor predictors of litter decomposition and net N mineralization. In contrast to the paradigm that the effects of genes are too diffuse to be important at the ecosystem‐level, here we show that plant genes had strong, immediate effects on ecosystem function via a tight coupling of plant polyphenols to rates of nitrogen cycling.

Effects of Forest Management on Amphibians and Reptiles in Missouri Ozark Forests - ROCHELLE B. RENKEN; WENDY K. GRAM; DEBRA K. FANTZ; STEPHEN C. RICHTER; TIMOTHY J. MILLER; KEVIN B. RICKE; BRADLEY RUSSELL; XIAOYIN WANG (Conservation Biology, 2004)
As part of the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP), we experimentally evaluated the impacts of forest management on the relative abundance of amphibians and reptiles in Missouri's Ozark forests (U.S.A.). Using large study sites (average size of 400 ha) as the experimental unit, we tested the effects of uneven‐aged and even‐aged forest management treatments compared with no‐harvest management (i.e., control) on the relative abundance of 13 focal amphibian and reptile species. Within even‐aged management sites, we also focused on the local‐scale effects of clearcutting on these species by comparing relative abundance among plots located within clearcut stands, 50 m away from clearcut stands, and 200 m away from clearcut stands. Pretreatment sampling of species abundance occurred from 1992 through 1995, and post‐treatment sampling occurred from 1997 through 2000. At the landscape scale, treatment significantly affected the abundance of Bufo americanus. This species declined less on even‐aged management sites than on control sites, but the general decline on all sites suggests that other factors may have contributed to this result. Within even‐aged management sites, most amphibian species declined and some reptile species increased relative to pretreatment abundances within clearcut stands. We found significant effects of distance from clearcut for two amphibian species, Ambystoma maculatum and Rana clamitans, and two reptile species, Scincella lateralis and Sceloporus undulatus. In general, we conclude that clearcuts within even‐aged management sites locally affected amphibian and reptile species but, at a larger spatial scale, we did not detect significant effects of even‐aged and uneven‐aged forest management. These findings represent relatively short‐term data but suggest that forest management and maintenance of biodiversity may be compatible when relatively small amounts of the landscape are disturbed.

Oxidative coupling of tyrosine and ferulic acid residues: Intra- and extra-protoplasmic occurrence, predominance of trimers and larger products, and possible role in inter-polymeric cross-linking - Stephen C. Fry (Phytochemistry Reviews, 2004)

Spectroscopic and computational characterization of the nickel-containing F430 cofactor of methyl-coenzyme M reductase - Jennifer L. Craft; Yih-Chern Horng; Stephen W. Ragsdale; Thomas C. Brunold (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2004)

A genome-wide search for allergic response (atopy) genes in three ethnic groups: Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma - Malcolm N. Blumenthal; Carl D. Langefeld; Terri H. Beaty; Eugene R. Bleecker; Carole Ober; Lucille Lester; Ethan Lange; Kathleen C. Barnes; Raoul Wolf; Richard A. King; Julian Solway; William Oetting; et al. (Human Genetics, 2004)

Detection of Huanglongbing (citrus greening disease) in Timor-Leste (East Timor) and in Papua New Guinea - M. P. Weinert; S. C. Jacobson; J. F. Grimshaw; G. A. Bellis; P. M. Stephens; T. G. Gunua; M. F. Kame; R. I. Davis (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2004)

Merging aquatic and terrestrial perspectives of nutrient biogeochemistry - Nancy B. Grimm; Sarah E. Gergel; William H. McDowell; Elizabeth W. Boyer; C. Lisa Dent; Peter Groffman; Stephen C. Hart; Judson Harvey; Carol Johnston; Emilio Mayorga; Michael E. McClain; Gilles Pinay (Oecologia, 2003)

Cardiotrophin-1: Expression in experimental myocardial infarction and potential role in post-MI wound healing - Darren H. Freed; Michael C. Moon; Anna M. Borowiec; Stephen C. Jones; Peter Zahradka; Ian M.C. Dixon (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2003)

Use of Human cDNA Microarrays for Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Atlantic Salmon Liver During Aeromonas salmonicida Infection - Stephen C. M. Tsoi; Jacqueline M. Cale; Ian M. Bird; Vanya Ewart; Laura L. Brown; Susan Douglas (Marine Biotechnology, 2003)

Phylogenetic Analysis of Vertebrate Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Multigene Families - Yi-Ju Li; Stephen C. -M. Tsoi; Hideyuki Mannen; Steven Shoei-lung Li (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2003)

Simple Spatial Modeling Tool for Prioritizing Prescribed Burning Activities at the Landscape Scale - J. KEVIN HIERS; STEPHEN C. LAINE; J. J. BACHANT; JAMES H. FURMAN; WELDON W. GREENE; VERNON COMPTON (Conservation Biology, 2003)
Resources for prescribed fire are frequently insufficient to manage public lands for all conservation and resource management objectives, necessitating prioritization of the application of fire across the landscape within any given year. Defining tradeoffs when applying prescribed fire to large landscapes is problematic not only because of the complexity of weighing competing management objectives at the landscape scale, but also because of the difficult nature of independently applying need‐to‐burn criteria to large areas. We present a case study of a simple modeling process implemented at Eglin Air Force Base in the Florida Panhandle (U.S.A.) to prioritize the application of prescribed fire. In a workshop setting, managers and biologists identified key conservation criteria and landscape management objectives that drive the application of prescribed fire. Remote sensing and other spatial data were developed to directly or indirectly represent all these criteria. Using geographic information system software, managers and biologists weighted each criterion according to its relative contribution to overall burn prioritization, and individual values for the criterion were scored according to how they influence the need to burn. Subsequently, this process has been validated and modified through ecological monitoring. This modeling process has also been applied to the 77,400‐ha Blackwater River State Forest, public land adjacent to Eglin Air Force Base, demonstrating its applicability to lands with varying management priorities. The advantages of this model‐based approach for prioritizing prescribed fire include the reliance on accessible, inexpensive software, the development of spatially explicit management objectives, the ease of transferability, and clearly stated assumptions about management that may be tested and reviewed through monitoring and public comment.

Behavioral sensitization to amphetamine in rats: changes in the rhythm of head movements during focused stereotypies - Stephen C. Fowler; Brenda Birkestrand; Rong Chen; Elena Vorontsova; Troy Zarcone (Psychopharmacology, 2003)

Linking nutrient limitation and water chemistry in upland lakes to catchment characteristics - Stephen C. Maberly; Lydia King; Christopher E. Gibson; Linda May; Roger I. Jones; Mitzi M. Dent; Crawford Jordan (Hydrobiologia, 2003)

Synonymy of Boophilus Curtice, 1891 with Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) - Anna Murrell; Stephen C. Barker (Systematic Parasitology, 2003)

Genetic evidence for female‐biased dispersal in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (Ranidae) - James D. Austin; José A. Dávila; Stephen C. Lougheed; Peter T. Boag (Molecular Ecology, 2003)
Sex‐biased dispersal is an important but unexplored area of amphibian ecology. We predicted female‐biased dispersal in the bullfrog ( Rana catesbeiana ) based on aspects of their mating system and tested this prediction using data from seven polymorphic DNA microsatellite loci. Allelic ( F ‐statistics) and genotypic [assignment index, ( AIc )] frequencies from nine Ontario populations support our prediction, although significant sex differences in inbreeding and variance of AIc were not detected. The diversity of mating systems found in amphibians represents an important avenue for investigating the relationship between reproductive systems, dispersal and phylogeny.

Widespread foliage δ 15 N depletion under elevated CO 2 : inferences for the nitrogen cycle - Hormoz BassiriRad; John V. H. Constable; John Lussenhop; Bruce A. Kimball; Richard J. Norby; Walter C. Oechel; Peter B. Reich; William H. Schlesinger; Stephen Zitzer; Harbans L. Sehtiya; Salim Silim (Global Change Biology, 2003)
Leaf 15 N signature is a powerful tool that can provide an integrated assessment of the nitrogen (N) cycle and whether it is influenced by rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration. We tested the hypothesis that elevated CO 2 significantly changes foliage δ 15 N in a wide range of plant species and ecosystem types. This objective was achieved by determining the δ 15 N of foliage of 27 field‐grown plant species from six free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) experiments representing desert, temperate forest, Mediterranean‐type, grassland prairie, and agricultural ecosystems. We found that within species, the δ 15 N of foliage produced under elevated CO 2 was significantly lower ( P δ 15 N by life form and growth habit revealed that the CO 2 effect was consistent across all functional groups tested. The examination of two chaparral shrubs grown for 6 years under a wide range of CO 2 concentrations (25–75 Pa) also showed a significant and negative correlation between growth CO 2 and leaf δ 15 N. In a select number of species, we measured bulk soil δ 15 N at a depth of 10 cm, and found that the observed depletion of foliage δ 15 N in response to elevated CO 2 was unrelated to changes in the soil δ 15 N. While the data suggest a strong influence of elevated CO 2 on the N cycle in diverse ecosystems, the exact site(s) at which elevated CO 2 alters fractionating processes of the N cycle remains unclear. We cannot rule out the fact that the pattern of foliage δ 15 N responses to elevated CO 2 reported here resulted from a general drop in δ 15 N of the source N, caused by soil‐driven processes. There is a stronger possibility, however, that the general depletion of foliage δ 15 N under high CO 2 may have resulted from changes in the fractionating processes within the plant/mycorrhizal system.

Solubilisation of tomato fruit pectins by ascorbate: a possible non-enzymic mechanism of fruit softening - Jo C. Dumville; Stephen C. Fry (Planta, 2003)

The mouse salivary androgen-binding protein (ABP) gene cluster on Chromosomes 7: characterization and evolutionary relationships - Christina M. Laukaitis; Stephen R. Dlouhy; Robert C. Karn (Mammalian Genome, 2003)

Ecological Monitoring for Assessing the State of the Nearshore and Open Waters of the Great Lakes - Melanie A. Neilson; D. Scott Painter; Glenn Warren; Ronald A. Hites; Ilora Basu; D.V. Chip Weseloh; D. Michael Whittle; Gavin Christie; Richard Barbiero; Marc Tuchman; Ora E. Johannsson; Thomas F. Nalepa; et al. (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2003)

Identification of the High-Virulence Clone of Group B Streptococci by Using a Probe Containing a Putative Aldolase Gene - Gerardo C. Palacios; Brenda C. Timmons; Elizabeth K. Eskew; Fortino Solórzano; Stephen J. Mattingly (Current Microbiology, 2003)

Effects of Experimental Forest Management on Density and Nesting Success of Bird Species in Missouri Ozark Forests - Wendy K. Gram; Paul A. Porneluzi; Richard L. Clawson; John Faaborg; Stephen C. Richter (Conservation Biology, 2003)
A critical step in understanding the relationship between forest management and bird populations is conducting studies that employ rigorous experimental designs, relate forest management to avian demography, and explore relationships at expanded temporal and spatial scales. The Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project ( MOFEP ) is a long‐term, large‐scale manipulative experiment that is testing the effects of even‐aged ( i.e., clearcutting ) and uneven‐aged ( i.e., selection cutting ) forest management on a suite of response variables in Missouri oak‐hickory forests. We report on the short‐term effects of these management systems on the density and reproductive success of birds by evaluating 5 years of preharvest and 3 years of postharvest data from MOFEP. Densities of mature forest species declined 24–69% on the control ( i.e., no timber harvest ) sites during post‐treatment years, confounding interpretation of treatment effects. Densities of both Kentucky Warblers ( Oporornis formosus ) and Worm‐eating Warblers ( Helmitheros vermivorus ) increased in treatment sites relative to control sites. Conversely, even‐aged management negatively affected Ovenbird ( Seiurus aurocapillus ) density. Treatment significantly and positively affected density of four of the six early successional species. Densities of Indigo Bunting ( Passerina cyanea ) and Yellow‐breasted Chat ( Icteria virens ) were significantly higher in both even‐aged and uneven‐aged treatments, whereas densities of Prairie Warbler ( Dendroica discolor ) and White‐eyed Vireo ( Vireo griseus ) were significantly higher in even‐aged treatments than in the controls. Nest success rates averaged 29% for all species and did not change significantly from pre‐ to post‐treatment years. Mature forest bird populations declined as trees were removed, but significant changes in nest predation and brood parasitism did not occur. In addition, openings associated with timber removal provided habitats for early successional species. We suggest that a mixed strategy of timber management may be necessary to support the full range of breeding birds in this region.

Phylogeny of the lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera) inferred from small subunit rRNA - Stephen C. Barker; Michael Whiting; Kevin P. Johnson; Anna Murrell (Zoologica Scripta, 2003)
There has been much argument about the phylogenetic relationships of the four suborders of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Lyal's study of the morphology of lice indicated that chewing/biting lice (Mallophaga) are paraphyletic with respect to sucking lice (Anoplura). To test this hypothesis we inferred the phylogeny of 33 species of lice from small subunit (SSU) rRNA sequences (18S rRNA). Liposcelis sp. from the Liposcelididae (Psocoptera) was used for outgroup reference. Phylogenetic relationships among the four suborders of lice inferred from these sequences were the same as those inferred from morphology. The Amblycera is apparently the sister‐group to all other lice whereas the Rhynchophthirina is apparently sister to the Anoplura; these two suborders are sister to the Ischnocera, i.e. (Amblycera (Ischnocera (Anoplura, Rhynchophthirina))). Thus, the Mallophaga (Amblycera, Ischnocera, Rhynchophthirina) is apparently paraphyletic with respect to the Anoplura. Our analyses also provide evidence that: (i) each of the three suborders of lice that are well represented in our study (the Amblycera, Ischnocera, and Anoplura) are monophyletic; (ii) the Boopiidae is monophyletic; (iii) the genera Heterodoxus and Latumcephalum (Boopiidae) are more closely related to one another than either is to the genus Boopia (also Boopiidae); (iv) the Ricinidae and Laemobothridae may be sister‐taxa; (v) the Philopteridae may be paraphyletic with respect to the Trichodectidae; (vi) the genera Pediculus and Pthirus are more closely related to each other than either is to the genus Pedicinus ; and (vii) in contrast to published data for mitochondrial genes, the rates of nucleotide substitution in the SSU rRNA of lice are not higher than those of other insects, nor do substitution rates in the suborders differ substantially from one another.

High internal resistance to CO2 uptake by submerged macrophytes that use HCO3 −: measurements in air, nitrogen and helium - Tom V. Madsen; Stephen C. Maberly (Photosynthesis Research, 2003)