Anisotropic Mesh Adaptivity and Control Volume Finite Element Methods for Numerical Simulation of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media - Peyman Mostaghimi; James R. Percival; Dimitrios Pavlidis; Richard J. Ferrier; Jefferson L. M. A. Gomes; Gerard J. Gorman; Matthew D. Jackson; Stephen J. Neethling; Christopher C. Pain (Mathematical Geosciences, 2015)

Evaluating changes in stream fish species richness over a 50-year time-period within a landscape context - Stephen R. Midway; Tyler Wagner; Bryn H. Tracy; Gabriela M. Hogue; Wayne C. Starnes (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2015)

Diversity and bioprospection of fungal community present in oligotrophic soil of continental Antarctica - Valéria M. Godinho; Vívian N. Gonçalves; Iara F. Santiago; Hebert M. Figueredo; Gislaine A. Vitoreli; Carlos E. G. R. Schaefer; Emerson C. Barbosa; Jaquelline G. Oliveira; Tânia M. A. Alves; Carlos L. Zani; Policarpo A. S. Junior; Silvane M. F. Murta; et al. (Extremophiles, 2015)

Inferring social structure from temporal data - Ioannis Psorakis; Bernhard Voelkl; Colin J. Garroway; Reinder Radersma; Lucy M. Aplin; Ross A. Crates; Antica Culina; Damien R. Farine; Josh A. Firth; Camilla A. Hinde; Lindall R. Kidd; Nicole D. Milligan; et al. (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2015)

Flexibility of collective decision making during house hunting in Temnothorax ants - Takao Sasaki; Blake Colling; Anne Sonnenschein; May M Boggess; Stephen C. Pratt (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2015)

Quantitative trait locus mapping identifies candidate alleles involved in adaptive introgression and range expansion in a wild sunflower - Kenneth D. Whitney; Karl W. Broman; Nolan C. Kane; Stephen M. Hovick; Rebecca A. Randell; Loren H. Rieseberg (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
The wild North American sunflowers Helianthus annuus and H. debilis are participants in one of the earliest identified examples of adaptive trait introgression, and the exchange is hypothesized to have triggered a range expansion in H. annuus . However, the genetic basis of the adaptive exchange has not been examined. Here, we combine quantitative trait locus ( QTL ) mapping with field measurements of fitness to identify candidate H. debilis QTL alleles likely to have introgressed into H. annuus to form the natural hybrid lineage H. a. texanus . Two 500‐individual BC 1 mapping populations were grown in central Texas, genotyped for 384 single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP ) markers and then phenotyped in the field for two fitness and 22 herbivore resistance, ecophysiological, phenological and architectural traits. We identified a total of 110 QTL , including at least one QTL for 22 of the 24 traits. Over 75% of traits exhibited at least one H. debilis QTL allele that would shift the trait in the direction of the wild hybrid H. a. texanus . We identified three chromosomal regions where H. debilis alleles increased both female and male components of fitness; these regions are expected to be strongly favoured in the wild. QTL for a number of other ecophysiological, phenological and architectural traits colocalized with these three regions and are candidates for the actual traits driving adaptive shifts. G × E interactions played a modest role, with 17% of the QTL showing potentially divergent phenotypic effects between the two field sites. The candidate adaptive chromosomal regions identified here serve as explicit hypotheses for how the genetic architecture of the hybrid lineage came into existence.

Temporal patterns in adult salmon migration timing across southeast Alaska - Ryan P. Kovach; Stephen C. Ellison; Sanjay Pyare; David A. Tallmon (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Pacific salmon migration timing can drive population productivity, ecosystem dynamics, and human harvest. Nevertheless, little is known about long‐term variation in salmon migration timing for multiple species across broad regions. We used long‐term data for five Pacific salmon species throughout rapidly warming southeast Alaska to describe long‐term changes in salmon migration timing, interannual phenological synchrony, relationships between climatic variation and migratory timing, and to test whether long‐term changes in migration timing are related to glaciation in headwater streams. Temporal changes in the median date of salmon migration timing varied widely across species. Most sockeye populations are migrating later over time (11 of 14), but pink, chum, and especially coho populations are migrating earlier than they did historically (16 of 19 combined). Temporal trends in duration and interannual variation in migration timing were highly variable across species and populations. The greatest temporal shifts in the median date of migration timing were correlated with decreases in the duration of migration timing, suggestive of a loss of phenotypic variation due to natural selection. Pairwise interannual correlations in migration timing varied widely but were generally positive, providing evidence for weak region‐wide phenological synchrony. This synchrony is likely a function of climatic variation, as interannual variation in migration timing was related to climatic phenomenon operating at large‐ (Pacific decadal oscillation), moderate‐ (sea surface temperature), and local‐scales (precipitation). Surprisingly, the presence or the absence of glaciers within a watershed was unrelated to long‐term shifts in phenology. Overall, there was extensive heterogeneity in long‐term patterns of migration timing throughout this climatically and geographically complex region, highlighting that future climatic change will likely have widely divergent impacts on salmon migration timing. Although salmon phenological diversity will complicate future predictions of migration timing, this variation likely acts as a major contributor to population and ecosystem resiliency in southeast Alaska.

BAAD: a Biomass And Allometry Database for woody plants - Daniel S. Falster; Remko A. Duursma; Masae I. Ishihara; Diego R. Barneche; Richard G. FitzJohn; Angelica Vårhammar; Masahiro Aiba; Makoto Ando; Niels Anten; Michael J. Aspinwall; Jennifer L. Baltzer; Christopher Baraloto; et al. (Ecology, 2015)
Understanding how plants are constructed—i.e., how key size dimensions and the amount of mass invested in different tissues varies among individuals—is essential for modeling plant growth, carbon stocks, and energy fluxes in the terrestrial biosphere. Allocation patterns can differ through ontogeny, but also among coexisting species and among species adapted to different environments. While a variety of models dealing with biomass allocation exist, we lack a synthetic understanding of the underlying processes. This is partly due to the lack of suitable data sets for validating and parameterizing models. To that end, we present the Biomass And Allometry Database (BAAD) for woody plants. The BAAD contains 259 634 measurements collected in 176 different studies, from 21 084 individuals across 678 species. Most of these data come from existing publications. However, raw data were rarely made public at the time of publication. Thus, the BAAD contains data from different studies, transformed into standard units and variable names. The transformations were achieved using a common workflow for all raw data files. Other features that distinguish the BAAD are: (i) measurements were for individual plants rather than stand averages; (ii) individuals spanning a range of sizes were measured; (iii) plants from 0.01–100 m in height were included; and (iv) biomass was estimated directly, i.e., not indirectly via allometric equations (except in very large trees where biomass was estimated from detailed sub‐sampling). We included both wild and artificially grown plants. The data set contains the following size metrics: total leaf area; area of stem cross‐section including sapwood, heartwood, and bark; height of plant and crown base, crown area, and surface area; and the dry mass of leaf, stem, branches, sapwood, heartwood, bark, coarse roots, and fine root tissues. We also report other properties of individuals (age, leaf size, leaf mass per area, wood density, nitrogen content of leaves and wood), as well as information about the growing environment (location, light, experimental treatment, vegetation type) where available. It is our hope that making these data available will improve our ability to understand plant growth, ecosystem dynamics, and carbon cycling in the world's vegetation.

Constraints on Hf and Zr mobility in high-sulfidation epithermal systems: formation of kosnarite, KZr2(PO4)3, in the Chaquicocha gold deposit, Yanacocha district, Peru - Artur P. Deditius; Satoshi Utsunomiya; Pablo Sanchez-Alfaro; Martin Reich; Rodney C. Ewing; Stephen E. Kesler (Mineralium Deposita, 2015)

Effects of flow regime on growth rate in freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens - Stephen J. Jacquemin; Jason C. Doll; Mark Pyron; Michael Allen; Dustin A. S. Owen (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2015)

Integrating Landscape Carbon Cycling: Research Needs for Resolving Organic Carbon Budgets of Lakes - Paul C. Hanson; Michael L. Pace; Stephen R. Carpenter; Jonathan J. Cole; Emily H. Stanley (Ecosystems, 2015)

Genetic evidence from the spiny lobster fishery supports international cooperation among Central American marine protected areas - Nathan K. Truelove; Sarah Griffiths; Kim Ley-Cooper; James Azueta; Isaias Majil; Stephen J. Box; Donald C. Behringer; Mark J. Butler; Richard F. Preziosi (Conservation Genetics, 2015)

BioEarth: Envisioning and developing a new regional earth system model to inform natural and agricultural resource management - Jennifer C. Adam; Jennie C. Stephens; Serena H. Chung; Michael P. Brady; R. David Evans; Chad E. Kruger; Brian K. Lamb; Mingliang Liu; Claudio O. Stöckle; Joseph K. Vaughan; Kirti Rajagopalan; John A. Harrison; et al. (Climatic Change, 2015)

Overuse Activity in the Presence of Scapular Dyskinesis Leads to Shoulder Tendon Damage in a Rat Model - Katherine E. Reuther; Stephen J. Thomas; Jennica J. Tucker; Rameen P. Vafa; Joshua A. Gordon; Stephen S. Liu; Adam C. Caro; Sarah M. Yannascoli; Andrew F. Kuntz; Louis J. Soslowsky (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2015)

The Narrow-Spectrum HDAC Inhibitor Entinostat Enhances NKG2D Expression Without NK Cell Toxicity, Leading to Enhanced Recognition of Cancer Cells - Shiguo Zhu; Cecele J. Denman; Zehra S. Cobanoglu; Simin Kiany; Ching C. Lau; Stephen M. Gottschalk; Dennis P. M. Hughes; Eugenie S. Kleinerman; Dean A. Lee (Pharmaceutical Research, 2015)

Multiple Roles of a Male-Specific Compound in the Sexual Behavior of the Dried Bean Beetle, Acanthoscelides Obtectus - József Vuts; Stephen J. Powers; John C. Caulfield; John A. Pickett; Michael A. Birkett (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2015)

Synthesis: climate effects on biodiversity, abundance and distribution of marine organisms in the B enguela - Astrid Jarre; Laurence Hutchings; Stephen P. Kirkman; Anja Kreiner; Pedro C.M. Tchipalanga; Paulus Kainge; Uatjavi Uanivi; Anja K. van der Plas; Laura K. Blamey; Janet C. Coetzee; Tarron Lamont; Toufiek Samaai; et al. (Fisheries Oceanography, 2015)
The N ans C lim project (2010–2013) represented a regional collaboration to assess the effects of climate on B enguela dynamics. Based on in situ (since the 1960s in N amibia and S outh A frica and 1985 in A ngola) and satellite (since the 1980s) observations, the project focussed on four subsystems, namely the A ngola subtropical, northern B enguela upwelling, southern B enguela upwelling and A gulhas B ank. This contribution summarizes the findings for selected key questions, ranging from changes in the physico‐chemical habitats, plankton, pelagic and demersal fish communities, to cross‐cutting evaluation at subsystem and regional scales. The results underline the overriding importance to of considering the combined effects of climate and fishing as drivers of the dynamics of the ecosystem components. Each subsystem currently continues to function largely as a separate entity as described in earlier reviews. However, some changes have been observed across several subsystems, e.g., a coherent shift from one relatively stable period to another occurred in the northern and southern B enguela in the mid‐1990s. Future climate change could weaken the boundaries between the four subystems. The findings underline the need for continued regional research collaboration and regional surveys focussed at ecosystem, rather than resource, assessment. Our conclusions include implications for ecosystem‐based fisheries management, and recommendations for future regional research.

clpC operon regulates cell architecture and sporulation in Bacillus anthracis - Lalit K. Singh; Neha Dhasmana; Andaleeb Sajid; Prasun Kumar; Asani Bhaduri; Mitasha Bharadwaj; Sheetal Gandotra; Vipin C. Kalia; Taposh K. Das; Ajay K. Goel; Andrei P. Pomerantsev; Richa Misra; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2015)
Summary The clpC operon is known to regulate several processes such as genetic competence, protein degradation and stress survival in bacteria. Here, we describe the role of clpC operon in B acillus anthracis . We generated knockout strains of the clpC operon genes to investigate the impact of CtsR , McsA , McsB and ClpC deletion on essential processes of B . anthracis. We observed that growth, cell division, sporulation and germination were severely affected in mcsB and clpC deleted strains, while none of deletions affected toxin secretion. Growth defect in these strains was pronounced at elevated temperature. The growth pattern gets restored on complementation of mcsB and clpC in respective mutants. Electron microscopic examination revealed that mcsB and clpC deletion also causes defect in septum formation leading to cell elongation. These vegetative cell deformities were accompanied by inability of mutant strains to generate morphologically intact spores. Higher levels of polyhydroxybutyrate granules accumulation were also observed in these deletion strains, indicating a defect in sporulation process. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the vital role played by McsB and ClpC in physiology of B . anthracis and open up further interest on this operon, which might be of importance to success of B . anthracis as pathogen.

Growth maximization trumps maintenance of leaf conductance in the tallest angiosperm - George W. Koch; Stephen C. Sillett; Marie E. Antoine; Cameron B. Williams (Oecologia, 2015)

Using extended pedigrees to identify novel autism spectrum disorder (ASD) candidate genes - Marc Woodbury-Smith; Andrew D. Paterson; Bhooma Thiruvahindrapduram; Anath C. Lionel; Christian R. Marshall; Daniele Merico; Bridget A. Fernandez; Eric Duku; James S. Sutcliffe; Irene O’Conner; Christina Chrysler; Ann Thompson; et al. (Human Genetics, 2015)

CTFS ‐Forest GEO : a worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change - Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira; Stuart J. Davies; Amy C. Bennett; Erika B. Gonzalez‐Akre; Helene C. Muller‐Landau; S. Joseph Wright; Kamariah Abu Salim; Angélica M. Almeyda Zambrano; Alfonso Alonso; Jennifer L. Baltzer; Yves Basset; Norman A. Bourg; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Global change is impacting forests worldwide, threatening biodiversity and ecosystem services including climate regulation. Understanding how forests respond is critical to forest conservation and climate protection. This review describes an international network of 59 long‐term forest dynamics research sites ( CTFS ‐Forest GEO ) useful for characterizing forest responses to global change. Within very large plots (median size 25 ha), all stems ≥1 cm diameter are identified to species, mapped, and regularly recensused according to standardized protocols. CTFS ‐Forest GEO spans 25°S–61°N latitude, is generally representative of the range of bioclimatic, edaphic, and topographic conditions experienced by forests worldwide, and is the only forest monitoring network that applies a standardized protocol to each of the world's major forest biomes. Supplementary standardized measurements at subsets of the sites provide additional information on plants, animals, and ecosystem and environmental variables. CTFS ‐Forest GEO sites are experiencing multifaceted anthropogenic global change pressures including warming (average 0.61 °C), changes in precipitation (up to ±30% change), atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur compounds (up to 3.8 g N m −2 yr −1 and 3.1 g S m −2 yr −1 ), and forest fragmentation in the surrounding landscape (up to 88% reduced tree cover within 5 km). The broad suite of measurements made at CTFS ‐Forest GEO sites makes it possible to investigate the complex ways in which global change is impacting forest dynamics. Ongoing research across the CTFS ‐Forest GEO network is yielding insights into how and why the forests are changing, and continued monitoring will provide vital contributions to understanding worldwide forest diversity and dynamics in an era of global change.

Species–area relationships are modulated by trophic rank, habitat affinity, and dispersal ability - C. G. E. (Toos) van Noordwijk; Wilco C. E. P. Verberk; Hans Turin; Theodoor Heijerman; Kees Alders; Wouter Dekoninck; Karsten Hannig; Eugenie Regan; Stephen McCormack; Mark J. F. Brown; Eva Remke; Henk Siepel; et al. (Ecology, 2015)
In the face of ongoing habitat fragmentation, species–area relationships (SARs) have gained renewed interest and are increasingly used to set conservation priorities. An important question is how large habitat areas need to be to optimize biodiversity conservation. The relationship between area and species richness is explained by colonization–extinction dynamics, whereby smaller sites harbor smaller populations, which are more prone to extinction than the larger populations sustained by larger sites. These colonization–extinction dynamics are predicted to vary with trophic rank, habitat affinity, and dispersal ability of the species. However, empirical evidence for the effect of these species characteristics on SARs remains inconclusive. In this study we used carabid beetle data from 58 calcareous grassland sites to investigate how calcareous grassland area affects species richness and activity density for species differing in trophic rank, habitat affinity, and dispersal ability. In addition, we investigated how SARs are affected by the availability of additional calcareous grassland in the surrounding landscape. Beetle species richness and activity density increased with calcareous grassland area for zoophagous species that are specialists for dry grasslands and, to a lesser extent, for zoophagous habitat generalists. Phytophagous species and zoophagous forest and wet‐grassland specialists were not affected by calcareous grassland area. The dependence of species on large single sites increased with decreasing dispersal ability for species already vulnerable to calcareous grassland area. Additional calcareous grassland in the landscape had a positive effect on local species richness of both dry‐grassland specialists and generalists, but this effect was restricted to a few hundred meters. Our results demonstrate that SARs are affected by trophic rank, habitat affinity, and dispersal ability. These species characteristics do not operate independently, but should be viewed in concert. In addition, species' responses depend on the landscape context. Our study suggests that the impact of habitat area on trophic interactions may be larger than previously anticipated. In small habitat fragments surrounded by a hostile matrix, food chains may be strongly disrupted. This highlights the need to conserve continuous calcareous grassland patches of at least several hectares in size.

On the significance of incorporating shoreline changes for evaluating coastal hydrodynamics under sea level rise scenarios - Davina L. Passeri; Scott C. Hagen; Matthew V. Bilskie; Stephen C. Medeiros (Natural Hazards, 2015)

Molecular adaptations in vasoactive systems during acute stroke in salt-induced hypertension - Nicole M. Ventura; Nichole T. Peterson; M. Yat Tse; R. David Andrew; Stephen C. Pang; Albert Y. Jin (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2015)

Fish community structure as an indicator of the long-term effects of the damming of an Amazonian river - Júlio C. Sá-Oliveira; Victoria J. Isaac; Stephen F. Ferrari (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2015)

Differential effects of two explosive compounds on seed germination and seedling morphology of a woody shrub, Morella cerifera - Stephen M. Via; Julie C. Zinnert; Donald R. Young (Ecotoxicology, 2015)

Potential impact of invasive alien species on ecosystem services provided by a tropical forested ecosystem: a case study from Montserrat - Kelvin S.-H. Peh; Andrew Balmford; Jennifer C. Birch; Claire Brown; Stuart H. M. Butchart; James Daley; Jeffrey Dawson; Gerard Gray; Francine M. R. Hughes; Stephen Mendes; James Millett; Alison J. Stattersfield; et al. (Biological Invasions, 2015)

Extreme daily loads: role in annual phosphorus input to a north temperate lake - Stephen R. Carpenter; Eric G. Booth; Christopher J. Kucharik; Richard C. Lathrop (Aquatic Sciences, 2015)

Dissipation and mixing during the onset of stratification in a temperate lake, W indermere - John H. Simpson; Natasha S. Lucas; Ben Powell; Stephen C. Maberly (Limnology and Oceanography, 2015)

Fire in Australian savannas: from leaf to landscape - Jason Beringer; Lindsay B. Hutley; David Abramson; Stefan K. Arndt; Peter Briggs; Mila Bristow; Josep G. Canadell; Lucas A. Cernusak; Derek Eamus; Andrew C. Edwards; Bradley J. Evans; Benedikt Fest; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Savanna ecosystems comprise 22% of the global terrestrial surface and 25% of Australia (almost 1.9 million km 2 ) and provide significant ecosystem services through carbon and water cycles and the maintenance of biodiversity. The current structure, composition and distribution of Australian savannas have coevolved with fire, yet remain driven by the dynamic constraints of their bioclimatic niche. Fire in Australian savannas influences both the biophysical and biogeochemical processes at multiple scales from leaf to landscape. Here, we present the latest emission estimates from Australian savanna biomass burning and their contribution to global greenhouse gas budgets. We then review our understanding of the impacts of fire on ecosystem function and local surface water and heat balances, which in turn influence regional climate. We show how savanna fires are coupled to the global climate through the carbon cycle and fire regimes. We present new research that climate change is likely to alter the structure and function of savannas through shifts in moisture availability and increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in turn altering fire regimes with further feedbacks to climate. We explore opportunities to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions from savanna ecosystems through changes in savanna fire management.

Ecological genomics meets community‐level modelling of biodiversity: mapping the genomic landscape of current and future environmental adaptation - Matthew C. Fitzpatrick; Stephen R. Keller (Ecology Letters, 2015)
Local adaptation is a central feature of most species occupying spatially heterogeneous environments, and may factor critically in responses to environmental change. However, most efforts to model the response of species to climate change ignore intraspecific variation due to local adaptation. Here, we present a new perspective on spatial modelling of organism–environment relationships that combines genomic data and community‐level modelling to develop scenarios regarding the geographic distribution of genomic variation in response to environmental change. Rather than modelling species within communities, we use these techniques to model large numbers of loci across genomes. Using balsam poplar ( Populus balsamifera ) as a case study, we demonstrate how our framework can accommodate nonlinear responses of loci to environmental gradients. We identify a threshold response to temperature in the circadian clock gene GIGANTEA ‐5 ( GI 5 ), suggesting that this gene has experienced strong local adaptation to temperature. We also demonstrate how these methods can map ecological adaptation from genomic data, including the identification of predicted differences in the genetic composition of populations under current and future climates. Community‐level modelling of genomic variation represents an important advance in landscape genomics and spatial modelling of biodiversity that moves beyond species‐level assessments of climate change vulnerability.

Maturation shifts in a temperate marine fish population cannot be explained by simulated changes in temperature-dependent growth and maturity - Peter J. Wright; Stephen C. F. Palmer; C. Tara Marshall (Marine Biology, 2014)

Littoral and benthic macroinvertebrate community responses to contrasting stressors in a large New Zealand river - Kevin J Collier; Mark P Hamer; Stephen C Moore (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2014)
Large rivers present major challenges for biomonitoring and the development of biocriteria because of difficulties obtaining samples representative of the range of habitats present and a paucity of information on taxa responses to environmental conditions. We sampled littoral and deepwater benthic habitats to investigate macroinvertebrate community composition associated with organic, sediment and heated water discharges at 22 transects along a 73 km section of the lower Waikato River, North Island, New Zealand. Significant community differences in near‐field exposure versus no exposure sites were found only in littoral habitats, partly reflecting changes in relative abundances of Crustacea and Oligochaeta. Littoral and benthic habitats supported different macroinvertebrate communities, particularly downstream of the sediment input and following the onset of a river‐floodplain morphology which may have enhanced deposition of suspended sediment. Distance down river was a significant covariate for most metrics derived from benthic samples, but did not influence the relative abundance of most macroinvertebrate groups in littoral samples. Collectively, these results suggest that littoral habitats are likely to be more suitable than benthic habitats for biomonitoring since macroinvertebrate faunas were responsive to near‐field stressor exposure and were less likely to be influenced by longitudinal changes in river conditions.

Using Strategic Foresight to Assess Conservation Opportunity - CARLY N. COOK; BONNIE C. WINTLE; STEPHEN C. ALDRICH; BRENDAN A. WINTLE (Conservation Biology, 2014)
The nature of conservation challenges can foster a reactive, rather than proactive approach to decision making. Failure to anticipate problems before they escalate results in the need for more costly and time‐consuming solutions. Proactive conservation requires forward‐looking approaches to decision making that consider possible futures without being overly constrained by the past. Strategic foresight provides a structured process for considering the most desirable future and for mapping the most efficient and effective approaches to promoting that future with tools that facilitate creative thinking. The process involves 6 steps: setting the scope, collecting inputs, analyzing signals, interpreting the information, determining how to act, and implementing the outcomes. Strategic foresight is ideal for seeking, recognizing, and realizing conservation opportunities because it explicitly encourages a broad‐minded, forward‐looking perspective on an issue. Despite its potential value, the foresight process is rarely used to address conservation issues, and previous attempts have generally failed to influence policy. We present the strategic foresight process as it can be used for proactive conservation planning, describing some of the key tools in the foresight tool kit and how they can be used to identify and exploit different types of conservation opportunities. Scanning is an important tool for collecting and organizing diverse streams of information and can be used to recognize new opportunities and those that could be created. Scenario planning explores how current trends, drivers of change, and key uncertainties might influence the future and can be used to identify barriers to opportunities. Backcasting is used to map out a path to a goal and can determine how to remove barriers to opportunities. We highlight how the foresight process was used to identify conservation opportunities during the development of a strategic plan to address climate change in New York State. The plan identified solutions that should be effective across a range of possible futures. Illustrating the application of strategic foresight to identify conservation opportunities should provide the impetus for decision makers to explore strategic foresight as a way to support more proactive conservation policy, planning, and management.

Phenotypic variation in shell form in the intertidal acorn barnacle Chthamalus montagui: distribution, response to predators and life history trade-offs - Jefferson Murua; Michael T. Burrows; Roger N. Hughes; Stephen J. Hawkins; Richard C. Thompson; Stuart R. Jenkins (Marine Biology, 2014)

Individual and interactive effects of Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on herbs in a deciduous forest in the eastern United States - Cory C. Christopher; Stephen F. Matter; Guy N. Cameron (Biological Invasions, 2014)

Assessing the responses of aquatic macrophytes to the application of a lanthanum modified bentonite clay, at Loch Flemington, Scotland, UK - Iain D. M. Gunn; Sebastian Meis; Stephen C. Maberly; Bryan M. Spears (Hydrobiologia, 2014)

Effects of enzyme inducers efavirenz and tipranavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of the HIV integrase inhibitor dolutegravir - Ivy Song; Julie Borland; Shuguang Chen; Phyllis Guta; Yu Lou; David Wilfret; Toshihiro Wajima; Paul Savina; Amanda Peppercorn; Stephen Castellino; David Wagner; Louise Hosking; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2014)

Huckleberry Gold: A Specialty Market Potato Cultivar with Purple-Skin, Yellow-Flesh, High Tuber Antioxidants, and Resistance to Potato Cyst Nematode (H1) and Potato virus X (Nb and Rx1) - Jonathan L. Whitworth; Richard G. Novy; Jeffrey C. Stark; Stephen L. Love; Michael K. Thornton; Brian A. Charlton; Solomon Yilma; N. Richard Knowles; Mark J. Pavek; Xiaohong Wang; Joseph J. Pavek (American Journal of Potato Research, 2014)

Climate change and Southern Ocean ecosystems I: how changes in physical habitats directly affect marine biota - Andrew J. Constable; Jessica Melbourne‐Thomas; Stuart P. Corney; Kevin R. Arrigo; Christophe Barbraud; David K. A. Barnes; Nathaniel L. Bindoff; Philip W. Boyd; Angelika Brandt; Daniel P. Costa; Andrew T. Davidson; Hugh W. Ducklow; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2014)
Antarctic and Southern Ocean ( ASO ) marine ecosystems have been changing for at least the last 30 years, including in response to increasing ocean temperatures and changes in the extent and seasonality of sea ice; the magnitude and direction of these changes differ between regions around Antarctica that could see populations of the same species changing differently in different regions. This article reviews current and expected changes in ASO physical habitats in response to climate change. It then reviews how these changes may impact the autecology of marine biota of this polar region: microbes, zooplankton, salps, Antarctic krill, fish, cephalopods, marine mammals, seabirds, and benthos. The general prognosis for ASO marine habitats is for an overall warming and freshening, strengthening of westerly winds, with a potential pole‐ward movement of those winds and the frontal systems, and an increase in ocean eddy activity. Many habitat parameters will have regionally specific changes, particularly relating to sea ice characteristics and seasonal dynamics. Lower trophic levels are expected to move south as the ocean conditions in which they are currently found move pole‐ward. For Antarctic krill and finfish, the latitudinal breadth of their range will depend on their tolerance of warming oceans and changes to productivity. Ocean acidification is a concern not only for calcifying organisms but also for crustaceans such as Antarctic krill; it is also likely to be the most important change in benthic habitats over the coming century. For marine mammals and birds, the expected changes primarily relate to their flexibility in moving to alternative locations for food and the energetic cost of longer or more complex foraging trips for those that are bound to breeding colonies. Few species are sufficiently well studied to make comprehensive species‐specific vulnerability assessments possible. Priorities for future work are discussed.

Seventy‐One Important Questions for the Conservation of Marine Biodiversity - E. C. M. PARSONS; BRETT FAVARO; A. ALONSO AGUIRRE; AMY L. BAUER; LOUISE K. BLIGHT; JOHN A. CIGLIANO; MELINDA A. COLEMAN; ISABELLE M. CÔTÉ; MEGAN DRAHEIM; STEPHEN FLETCHER; MELISSA M. FOLEY; REBECCA JEFFERSON; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2014)
The ocean provides food, economic activity, and cultural value for a large proportion of humanity. Our knowledge of marine ecosystems lags behind that of terrestrial ecosystems, limiting effective protection of marine resources. We describe the outcome of 2 workshops in 2011 and 2012 to establish a list of important questions, which, if answered, would substantially improve our ability to conserve and manage the world's marine resources. Participants included individuals from academia, government, and nongovernment organizations with broad experience across disciplines, marine ecosystems, and countries that vary in levels of development. Contributors from the fields of science, conservation, industry, and government submitted questions to our workshops, which we distilled into a list of priority research questions. Through this process, we identified 71 key questions. We grouped these into 8 subject categories, each pertaining to a broad component of marine conservation: fisheries, climate change, other anthropogenic threats, ecosystems, marine citizenship, policy, societal and cultural considerations, and scientific enterprise. Our questions address many issues that are specific to marine conservation, and will serve as a road map to funders and researchers to develop programs that can greatly benefit marine conservation. Setenta y Un Preguntas Importantes para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad Marina

Biochemical and biophysical CO2 concentrating mechanisms in two species of freshwater macrophyte within the genus Ottelia (Hydrocharitaceae) - Yizhi Zhang; Liyan Yin; Hong-Sheng Jiang; Wei Li; Brigitte Gontero; Stephen C. Maberly (Photosynthesis Research, 2014)

Beef cattle body temperature during climatic stress: a genome-wide association study - Jeremy T. Howard; Stephen D. Kachman; Warren M. Snelling; E. John Pollak; Daniel C. Ciobanu; Larry A. Kuehn; Matthew L. Spangler (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2014)

Defining the Reference Condition for Wadeable Streams in the Sand Hills Subdivision of the Southeastern Plains Ecoregion, USA - Ely Kosnicki; Stephen A. Sefick; Michael H. Paller; Miller S. Jarrell; Blair A. Prusha; Sean C. Sterrett; Tracey D. Tuberville; Jack W. Feminella (Environmental Management, 2014)

Potential Applicability of Persuasive Communication to Light-Glow Reduction Efforts: A Case Study of Marine Turtle Conservation - Ruth L. Kamrowski; Stephen G. Sutton; Renae C. Tobin; Mark Hamann (Environmental Management, 2014)

Mean diffusivity as a potential diffusion tensor biomarker of motor rehabilitation after electrical stimulation incorporating task specific exercise in stroke: a pilot study - Erin L. Boespflug; Judd M. Storrs; Jane B. Allendorfer; Martine Lamy; James C. Eliassen; Stephen Page (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2014)

You are what you eat: fatty acid profiles as a method to track the habitat movement of an insect - Stephen K. Bayes; Marc K. Hellerstein; Mark Fitch; Nicholas J. Mills; Stephen C. Welter (Oecologia, 2014)

Recurring patterns in stationary intervals of abdominal uterine electromyograms during gestation - Luigi Yuri Di Marco; Costanzo Di Maria; Wing-Chiu Tong; Michael J. Taggart; Stephen C. Robson; Philip Langley (Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2014)

The association between race and prostate cancer risk on initial biopsy in an equal access, multiethnic cohort - Alexis R. Gaines; Elizabeth L. Turner; Patricia G. Moorman; Stephen J. Freedland; Christopher J. Keto; Megan E. McPhail; Delores J. Grant; Adriana C. Vidal; Cathrine Hoyo (Cancer Causes & Control, 2014)

What is the relationship between soil methane oxidation and other C compounds? - Benjamin W. Sullivan; Paul C. Selmants; Stephen C. Hart (Global Change Biology, 2014)

Deletion of the GABAA α2-subunit does not alter self administration of cocaine or reinstatement of cocaine seeking - C. I. Dixon; B. Halbout; S. L. King; D. N. Stephens (Psychopharmacology, 2014)

Reproduction, birth seasonality, and calf survival of bottlenose dolphins in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand - Shaun D. Henderson; Stephen M. Dawson; Rohan J. C. Currey; David Lusseau; Karsten Schneider (Marine Mammal Science, 2014)
Understanding the reproductive parameters of very small or declining populations is of clear importance to conservation. From 1995 to 2011 we recorded calf production ( n = 71) and calf survival for 27 breeding females in the bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) population in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand; a population with a recent history of declining abundance. Overall, 67% of calves survived their first year, and 40% survived to 3 yr (or are 2 yr old and still alive). Most calves that died in the first year died in their first month (87%). Multiparous mothers ( n = 18) showed high variation in calf survival. The most successful six had all but one of their 20 calves (95%) survive to 1 yr. Fourteen of the 20 (70%) survived to 3 yr, and another four are still alive and are 1 or 2 yr old. In contrast, the least successful seven mothers produced a similar number of calves (21), eight of which (38%) survived to 1 yr, and none to 3 yr. Here we describe calving seasonality and calf survival, observed over 16 yr, and show that large variation in reproductive success of individual females is an example of extreme demographic stochasticity in this small, endangered population.

Temporal variability of forest communities: empirical estimates of population change in 4000 tree species - Ryan A. Chisholm; Richard Condit; K. Abd. Rahman; Patrick J. Baker; Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin; Yu‐Yun Chen; George Chuyong; H. S. Dattaraja; Stuart Davies; Corneille E. N. Ewango; C. V. S. Gunatilleke; I. A. U. Nimal Gunatilleke; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2014)
Long‐term surveys of entire communities of species are needed to measure fluctuations in natural populations and elucidate the mechanisms driving population dynamics and community assembly. We analysed changes in abundance of over 4000 tree species in 12 forests across the world over periods of 6–28 years. Abundance fluctuations in all forests are large and consistent with population dynamics models in which temporal environmental variance plays a central role. At some sites we identify clear environmental drivers, such as fire and drought, that could underlie these patterns, but at other sites there is a need for further research to identify drivers. In addition, cross‐site comparisons showed that abundance fluctuations were smaller at species‐rich sites, consistent with the idea that stable environmental conditions promote higher diversity. Much community ecology theory emphasises demographic variance and niche stabilisation; we encourage the development of theory in which temporal environmental variance plays a central role.

Movement and habitat use of the snapping turtle in an urban landscape - Travis J. Ryan; William E. Peterman; Jessica D. Stephens; Sean C. Sterrett (Urban Ecosystems, 2014)

Diving capabilities of diving petrels - Joan Navarro; Stephen C. Votier; Richard A. Phillips (Polar Biology, 2014)

Gestational hypertension and the developmental origins of cardiac hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction - David W. J. Armstrong; M. Yat Tse; Philip G. Wong; Nicole M. Ventura; Jalna A. Meens; Amer M. Johri; Murray F. Matangi; Stephen C. Pang (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2014)

HIV subtype is not associated with dementia among individuals with moderate and advanced immunosuppression in Kampala, Uganda - Ned Sacktor; Noeline Nakasujja; Andrew D. Redd; Jordyn Manucci; Oliver Laeyendecker; Sarah K. Wendel; Stephen F Porcella; Craig Martens; Daniel Bruno; Richard L. Skolasky; Ozioma C. Okonkwo; Kevin Robertson; et al. (Metabolic Brain Disease, 2014)

Reinterpretation of the vibrational spectroscopy of the medicinal bioinorganic synthon c,c,t-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2(OH)2] - Timothy C. Johnstone; Stephen J. Lippard (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2014)

The ENIGMA Consortium: large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data - Paul M. Thompson; Jason L. Stein; Sarah E. Medland; Derrek P. Hibar; Alejandro Arias Vasquez; Miguel E. Renteria; Roberto Toro; Neda Jahanshad; Gunter Schumann; Barbara Franke; Margaret J. Wright; Nicholas G. Martin; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2014)

Reduced lignin content and altered lignin composition in the warm season forage grass Paspalum dilatatum by down-regulation of a Cinnamoyl CoA Reductase Gene - Andrea Giordano; Zhiqian Liu; Stephen N. Panter; Adam M. Dimech; Yongjin Shang; Hewage Wijesinghe; Karen Fulgueras; Yidong Ran; Aidyn Mouradov; Simone Rochfort; Nicola J. Patron; German C. Spangenberg (Transgenic Research, 2014)

The Evolution of Hermaphroditism from Dioecy in Crustaceans: Selfing Hermaphroditism Described in a Fourth Spinicaudatan Genus - Stephen C. Weeks; Justin S. Brantner; Timothy I. Astrop; Donald W. Ott; Nicolas Rabet (Evolutionary Biology, 2014)

Development of 15 microsatellite loci from mulloway, Argyrosomus japonicus (Pisces: Sciaenidae) using next generation sequencing and an assessment of their cross amplification in other sciaenids - Thomas C. Barnes; Christopher Izzo; Terry Bertozzi; Kathleen M. Saint; Stephen Donnellan; Michael P. Hammer; Bronwyn M. Gillanders (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2014)

The Achilles heel for spiny lobsters: the energetics of the non‐feeding post‐larval stage - Quinn P Fitzgibbon; Andrew G Jeffs; Stephen C Battaglene (Fish and Fisheries, 2014)
Spiny lobsters are highly valuable seafood species that are captured and marketed in more than 90 countries. After more than 30 years of stable catches, spiny lobster fisheries in many parts of the world are declining due to decreased recruitment. The planktonic larvae spend up to 2 years in offshore waters, accumulating energy stores to fuel the non‐feeding post‐larva, or puerulus, to actively migrate onshore and settle. The total energy required by spiny lobster pueruli for cross‐shelf migration has not been accurately determined. Recent advances in larval culture have provided the opportunity for the first detailed examination of the swimming performance, respiratory metabolism and nitrogen excretion of spiny lobster ( Sagmariasus verreauxi ) throughout the puerulus stage. The routine and active metabolic rates of pueruli were lower than for most other decapod larvae, probably to provide greater energy efficiency. However, pueruli were found to have limited time, swimming ability and fuel for active cross‐shelf migration. It is estimated that S. verreauxi pueruli require at least 13.8 mg of stored lipid to provide sufficient energy (18.4% DW ) to complete the puerulus stage and recruit to coastal habitats. The ability of the preceding phyllosoma larvae to accumulate these reserves, and the presence of favourable oceanographic conditions during the limited time available to the migrating puerulus, are both crucial to subsequent successful recruitment. Spiny lobster recruitment processes appear to be particularly vulnerable to changes in oceanic climate which is likely to contribute to the recent large‐scale declines in recruitment to valuable fished populations.

Two new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico - Martin V. SÃ¸rensen; Stephen C. Landers (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2014)

Stand-replacing wildfires increase nitrification for decades in southwestern ponderosa pine forests - Valerie J. Kurth; Stephen C. Hart; Christopher S. Ross; Jason P. Kaye; Peter Z. Fulé (Oecologia, 2014)

Erratum to: A genome-wide association study of prostate cancer in West African men - Michael Blaise Cook; Zhaoming Wang; Edward D. Yeboah; Yao Tettey; Richard B. Biritwum; Andrew A. Adjei; Evelyn Tay; Ann Truelove; Shelley Niwa; Charles C. Chung; Annand P. Chokkalingam; Lisa W. Chu; et al. (Human Genetics, 2014)

A genome-wide association study of prostate cancer in West African men - Michael Blaise Cook; Zhaoming Wang; Edward D. Yeboah; Yao Tettey; Richard B. Biritwum; Andrew A. Adjei; Evelyn Tay; Ann Truelove; Shelley Niwa; Charles C. Chung; Annand P. Chokkalingam; Lisa W. Chu; et al. (Human Genetics, 2014)

Classification of HHV-6A and HHV-6B as distinct viruses - Dharam Ablashi; Henri Agut; Roberto Alvarez-Lafuente; Duncan A. Clark; Stephen Dewhurst; Dario DiLuca; Louis Flamand; Niza Frenkel; Robert Gallo; Ursula A. Gompels; Per Höllsberg; Steven Jacobson; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2014)

Cryptic ecology among host generalist Campylobacter jejuni in domestic animals - Samuel K. Sheppard; Lu Cheng; Guillaume Méric; Caroline P. A. de Haan; Ann‐Katrin Llarena; Pekka Marttinen; Ana Vidal; Anne Ridley; Felicity Clifton‐Hadley; Thomas R. Connor; Norval J. C. Strachan; Ken Forbes; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2014)
Homologous recombination between bacterial strains is theoretically capable of preventing the separation of daughter clusters, and producing cohesive clouds of genotypes in sequence space. However, numerous barriers to recombination are known. Barriers may be essential such as adaptive incompatibility, or ecological, which is associated with the opportunities for recombination in the natural habitat. Campylobacter jejuni is a gut colonizer of numerous animal species and a major human enteric pathogen. We demonstrate that the two major generalist lineages of C. jejuni do not show evidence of recombination with each other in nature, despite having a high degree of host niche overlap and recombining extensively with specialist lineages. However, transformation experiments show that the generalist lineages readily recombine with one another in vitro. This suggests ecological rather than essential barriers to recombination, caused by a cryptic niche structure within the hosts.

Carbon storage in tropical forests correlates with taxonomic diversity and functional dominance on a global scale - Kyle C. Cavanaugh; J. Stephen Gosnell; Samantha L. Davis; Jorge Ahumada; Patrick Boundja; David B. Clark; Badru Mugerwa; Patrick A. Jansen; Timothy G. O'Brien; Francesco Rovero; Douglas Sheil; Rodolfo Vasquez; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2014)
Aim We examined (1) the relationships between aboveground tropical forest C storage, biodiversity and environmental drivers and (2) how these relationships inform theory concerning ecosystem function and biodiversity. Experiments have shown that there is a positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, but intense debate exists on the underlying mechanisms. While some argue that mechanisms such as niche complementarity increase ecosystem function, others argue that these relationships are a selection effect. Location Eleven tropical forests in the A mericas, A frica and A sia. Methods We analysed the correlates of biodiversity and carbon storage in tropical forests using data from 59 1‐ha tree plots from a standardized global tropical forest biodiversity‐monitoring network. We examined taxonomic and functional diversity, aboveground C storage and environmental variables in order to determine the relationships between biodiversity and carbon storage in natural (non‐plantation) tropical forests. Results We found that aboveground C storage in tropical forests increased with both taxonomic diversity and functional dominance, specifically the dominance of genera with large maximum diameters, after potential environmental drivers were accounted for (final model R 2 = 0.38, P Main conclusions Our results suggest that niche complementarity and the selection effect are not mutually exclusive: they both play a role in structuring tropical forests. While previous studies have documented relationships between diversity and C storage, these have largely been conducted on small scales in biomes that are relatively species poor compared with tropical forests (e.g. grasslands and temperate or boreal forests). Our results demonstrate that these positive biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships are also present in hyperdiverse systems on spatial scales relevant to conservation and management. This insight can be used to inform the conservation and management of tropical forests, which play a critical role in the global carbon cycle and are some of the biologically richest ecosystems on the planet.

Surveillance of Disease and Injury in Wisconsin Dairy Farmers and Workers - Matthew C. Keifer; Scott Sandberg; Iris Anne Reyes; Stephen C. Waring; Bruce H. Alexander; Susan G. Gerberich (Journal of Agromedicine, 2014)

Advancing climate compatible development: lessons from southern Africa - Lindsay C. Stringer; Andrew J. Dougill; Jen C. Dyer; Katharine Vincent; Florian Fritzsche; Julia Leventon; Mario Paulo Falcão; Pascal Manyakaidze; Stephen Syampungani; Philip Powell; Gabriel Kalaba (Regional Environmental Change, 2014)

Pyrogeography, historical ecology, and the human dimensions of fire regimes - Christopher I. Roos; David M. J. S. Bowman; Jennifer K. Balch; Paulo Artaxo; William J. Bond; Mark Cochrane; Carla M. D'Antonio; Ruth DeFries; Michelle Mack; Fay H. Johnston; Meg A. Krawchuk; Christian A. Kull; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2014)
In our 2011 synthesis (Bowman et al ., Journal of Biogeography , 2011, 38 , 2223–2236), we argued for a holistic approach to human issues in fire science that we term ‘pyrogeography’. Coughlan & Petty ( Journal of Biogeography , 2013, 40 , 1010–1012) critiqued our paper on the grounds that our ‘pyric phase’ model was built on outdated views of cultural development, claiming we developed it to be the unifying explanatory framework for all human–fire sciences. Rather, they suggest that ‘historical ecology’ could provide such a framework. We used the ‘pyric transition’ for multiple purposes but did not offer it as an exclusive explanatory framework for pyrogeography. Although ‘historical ecology’ is one of many useful approaches to studying human–fire relationships, scholars should also look to political and evolutionary ecology, ecosystems and complexity theories, as well as empirical generalizations to build an interdisciplinary fire science that incorporates human, ecological and biophysical dimensions of fire regimes.

Capital and income breeding: the role of food supply - Philip A. Stephens; Alasdair I. Houston; Karin C. Harding; Ian L. Boyd; John M. McNamara (Ecology, 2014)
An aspect of life history that has seen increasing attention in recent years is that of strategies for financing the costs of offspring production. These strategies are often described by a continuum ranging from capital breeding, in which costs are met purely from endogenous reserves, to income breeding, in which costs are met purely from concurrent intake. A variety of factors that might drive strategies toward a given point on the capital–income continuum has been reviewed, and assessed using analytical models. However, aspects of food supply, including seasonality and unpredictability, have often been cited as important drivers of capital and income breeding, but are difficult to assess using analytical models. Consequently, we used dynamic programming to assess the role of the food supply in shaping offspring provisioning strategies. Our model is parameterized for a pinniped (one taxon remarkable for the range of offspring‐provisioning strategies that it illustrates). We show that increased food availability, increased seasonality, and, to a lesser extent, increased unpredictability can all favor the emergence of capital breeding. In terms of the conversion of energy into offspring growth, the shorter periods of care associated with capital breeding are considerably more energetically efficient than income breeding, because shorter periods of care are associated with a higher ratio of energy put into offspring growth to energy spent on parent and offspring maintenance metabolism. Moreover, no clear costs are currently associated with capital accumulation in pinnipeds. This contrasts with general assumptions about endotherms, which suggest that income breeding will usually be preferred. Our model emphasizes the role of seasonally high abundances of food in enabling mothers to pursue an energetically efficient capital‐breeding strategy. We discuss the importance of offspring development for dictating strategies for financing offspring production.

Sex‐Biased Inbreeding Effects on Reproductive Success and Home Range Size of the Critically Endangered Black Rhinoceros - BRADLEY CAIN; ANTONY B. WANDERA; SUSAN G. SHAWCROSS; W. EDWIN HARRIS; BARRY STEVENS‐WOOD; STEPHEN J. KEMP; BENSON OKITA‐OUMA; PHILLIP C. WATTS (Conservation Biology, 2014)
A central premise of conservation biology is that small populations suffer reduced viability through loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding. However, there is little evidence that variation in inbreeding impacts individual reproductive success within remnant populations of threatened taxa, largely due to problems associated with obtaining comprehensive pedigree information to estimate inbreeding. In the critically endangered black rhinoceros, a species that experienced severe demographic reductions, we used model selection to identify factors associated with variation in reproductive success (number of offspring). Factors examined as predictors of reproductive success were age, home range size, number of nearby mates, reserve location, and multilocus heterozygosity (a proxy for inbreeding). Multilocus heterozygosity predicted male reproductive success (p 58%) and correlated with male home range size ( p r 2 > 44%). Such effects were not apparent in females, where reproductive success was determined by age ( p Efectos de la Endogamia Sesgada por el Sexo sobre el Éxito Reproductivo y el Rango del Tamaño de Hábitat del Rinoceronte Negro, Especie en Peligro Crítico

New Frontiers—Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS): Recommendation for Best Practices and Harmonization from Global Bioanalysis Consortium Harmonization Team - Graeme C. Young; Mark Seymour; Stephen R. Dueker; Philip Timmerman; Ali Arjomand; Kohei Nozawa (The AAPS Journal, 2014)

Association analysis of 9,560 prostate cancer cases from the International Consortium of Prostate Cancer Genetics confirms the role of reported prostate cancer associated SNPs for familial disease - Craig C. Teerlink; Stephen N. Thibodeau; Shannon K. McDonnell; Daniel J. Schaid; Antje Rinckleb; Christiane Maier; Walther Vogel; Geraldine Cancel-Tassin; Christophe Egrot; Olivier Cussenot; William D. Foulkes; Graham G. Giles; et al. (Human Genetics, 2014)

Next generation sequencing-based molecular diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa: identification of a novel genotype-phenotype correlation and clinical refinements - Feng Wang; Hui Wang; Han-Fang Tuan; Duy H. Nguyen; Vincent Sun; Vafa Keser; Sara J. Bowne; Lori S. Sullivan; Hongrong Luo; Ling Zhao; Xia Wang; Jacques E. Zaneveld; et al. (Human Genetics, 2014)

An Object-Based Image Analysis of Pinyon and Juniper Woodlands Treated to Reduce Fuels - April Hulet; Bruce A. Roundy; Steven L. Petersen; Ryan R. Jensen; Stephen C. Bunting (Environmental Management, 2014)

Anticholinesterase and mutagenic evaluation of in vitro-regenerated Agapanthus praecox grown ex vitro - Ponnusamy Baskaran; Jude C. Chukwujekwu; Stephen O. Amoo; Johannes Van Staden (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 2014)

New microsatellite loci for the threatened eastern hog-nosed snake (Heterodon platirhinos) in Ontario, Canada - Amanda T. J. Xuereb; James D. Austin; Stephen C. Lougheed (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2014)

Effects of early auditory experience on the development of local song preference in female swamp sparrows - Rindy C. Anderson; Susan Peters; Stephen Nowicki (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2014)

Investigating a crow die-off in January–February 2011 during the introduction of a new clade of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 into Bangladesh - Salah Uddin Khan; LaShondra Berman; Najmul Haider; Nancy Gerloff; Md Z. Rahman; Bo Shu; Mustafizur Rahman; Tapan Kumar Dey; Todd C. Davis; Bidhan Chandra Das; Amanda Balish; Ausraful Islam; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2014)

Assessing nutrient limitation in complex forested ecosystems: alternatives to large‐scale fertilization experiments - Benjamin W. Sullivan; Silvia Alvarez-Clare; Sarah C. Castle; Stephen Porder; Sasha C. Reed; Laura Schreeg; Alan R. Townsend; Cory C. Cleveland (Ecology, 2014)
Quantifying nutrient limitation of primary productivity is a fundamental task of terrestrial ecosystem ecology, but in a high carbon dioxide environment it is even more critical that we understand potential nutrient constraints on plant growth. Ecologists often manipulate nutrients with fertilizer to assess nutrient limitation, yet for a variety of reasons, nutrient fertilization experiments are either impractical or incapable of resolving ecosystem responses to some global changes. The challenges of conducting large, in situ fertilization experiments are magnified in forests, especially the high‐diversity forests common throughout the lowland tropics. A number of methods, including fertilization experiments, could be seen as tools in a toolbox that ecologists may use to attempt to assess nutrient limitation, but there has been no compilation or synthetic discussion of those methods in the literature. Here, we group these methods into one of three categories (indicators of soil nutrient supply, organismal indicators of nutrient limitation, and lab‐based experiments and nutrient depletions), and discuss some of the strengths and limitations of each. Next, using a case study, we compare nutrient limitation assessed using these methods to results obtained using large‐scale fertilizations across the Hawaiian Archipelago. We then explore the application of these methods in high‐diversity tropical forests. In the end, we suggest that, although no single method is likely to predict nutrient limitation in all ecosystems and at all scales, by simultaneously utilizing a number of the methods we describe, investigators may begin to understand nutrient limitation in complex and diverse ecosystems such as tropical forests. In combination, these methods represent our best hope for understanding nutrient constraints on the global carbon cycle, especially in tropical forest ecosystems.

Wetland Reserve Program Enhances Site Occupancy and Species Richness in Assemblages of Anuran Amphibians in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, USA - Susan C. Walls; J. Hardin Waddle; Stephen P. Faulkner (Wetlands, 2014)

Temporal change in the herbaceous understory community of an old-growth forest: from seasons to decades - Stephen J. Murphy; Brian C. McCarthy (Plant Ecology, 2014)

The evaluation and adoption of annual legumes by smallholder maize farmers for soil fertility maintenance and food diversity in central Malawi - Bernard C. G. Kamanga; George Y. Kanyama-Phiri; Stephen R. Waddington; Cornelia J. M. Almekinders; Ken E. Giller (Food Security, 2014)

Spatial and temporal patterns of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus in surface waters of a multi-land use basin - Daniel M. Evans; Stephen H. Schoenholtz; Parker J. Wigington; Stephen M. Griffith; William C. Floyd (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2014)

Effect of temperature on methane dynamics and evaluation of methane oxidation kinetics in shallow Arctic Alaskan lakes - Dendy D. Lofton; Stephen C. Whalen; Anne E. Hershey (Hydrobiologia, 2014)

Clinical and economic burden of invasive fungal diseases in Europe: focus on pre-emptive and empirical treatment of Aspergillus and Candida species - L. Drgona; A. Khachatryan; J. Stephens; C. Charbonneau; M. Kantecki; S. Haider; R. Barnes (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2014)

Pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir in HIV-seronegative subjects with severe renal impairment - Stephen Weller; Julie Borland; Shuguang Chen; Mark Johnson; Paul Savina; Brian Wynne; Toshihiro Wajima; Amanda F. Peppercorn; Stephen C. Piscitelli (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2014)

The equine CD1 gene family is the largest and most diverse yet identified - Robson G. Dossa; Debra C. Alperin; Melissa T. Hines; Stephen A. Hines (Immunogenetics, 2014)

Behavioral transitions with the evolution of cooperative nest founding by harvester ant queens - Rick Overson; Juergen Gadau; Rebecca M. Clark; Stephen C. Pratt; Jennifer H. Fewell (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2014)

Phosphorus loading, transport and concentrations in a lake chain: a probabilistic model to compare management options - Stephen R. Carpenter; Richard C. Lathrop (Aquatic Sciences, 2014)

Isolation and characterisation of Mauritius lowland day gecko Phelsuma guimbeaui microsatellite loci - Steeves Buckland; Gavin J. Horsburgh; Deborah A. Dawson; Nik C. Cole; Andrew P. Krupa; Laura E. Gallagher; Sion M. Henshaw; Jim J. Groombridge; Stephen Harris (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2013)

Food web de‐synchronization in E ngland's largest lake: an assessment based on multiple phenological metrics - Stephen J. Thackeray; Peter A. Henrys; Heidrun Feuchtmayr; Ian D. Jones; Stephen C. Maberly; Ian J. Winfield (Global Change Biology, 2013)
Phenological changes have been observed globally for marine, freshwater and terrestrial species, and are an important element of the global biological ‘fingerprint’ of climate change. Differences in rates of change could desynchronize seasonal species interactions within a food web, threatening ecosystem functioning. Quantification of this risk is hampered by the rarity of long‐term data for multiple interacting species from the same ecosystem and by the diversity of possible phenological metrics, which vary in their ecological relevance to food web interactions. We compare phenological change for phytoplankton (chlorophyll a ), zooplankton ( D aphnia ) and fish (perch, P erca fluviatilis ) in two basins of Windermere over 40 years and determine whether change has differed among trophic levels, while explicitly accounting for among‐metric differences in rates of change. Though rates of change differed markedly among the nine metrics used, seasonal events shifted earlier for all metrics and trophic levels: zooplankton advanced most, and fish least, rapidly. Evidence of altered synchrony was found in both lake basins, when combining information from all phenological metrics. However, comparisons based on single metrics did not consistently detect this signal. A multimetric approach showed that across trophic levels, earlier phenological events have been associated with increasing water temperature. However, for phytoplankton and zooplankton, phenological change was also associated with changes in resource availability. Lower silicate, and higher phosphorus, concentrations were associated with earlier phytoplankton growth, and earlier phytoplankton growth was associated with earlier zooplankton growth. The developing trophic mismatch detected between the dominant fish species in Windermere and important zooplankton food resources may ultimately affect fish survival and portend significant impacts upon ecosystem functioning. We advocate that future studies on phenological synchrony combine data from multiple phenological metrics, to increase confidence in assessments of change and likely ecological consequences.

Early and late Holocene glacial fluctuations and tephrostratigraphy, Cabin Lake, Alaska - PAUL D. ZANDER; DARRELL S. KAUFMAN; STEPHEN C. KUEHN; KRISTI L. WALLACE; R. SCOTT ANDERSON (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2013)
Marked changes in sediment types deposited in Cabin Lake, near Cordova, Alaska, represent environmental shifts during the early and late Holocene, including fluctuations in the terminal position of Sheridan Glacier. Cabin Lake is situated to receive meltwater during periods when the outwash plain of the advancing Sheridan Glacier had aggraded. A brief early Holocene advance from 11.2 to 11.0 cal ka is represented by glacial rock flour near the base of the sediment core. Non‐glacial lake conditions were restored for about 1000 years before the water level in Cabin Lake lowered and the core site became a fen. The fen indicates drier‐than‐present conditions leading up to the Holocene thermal maximum. An unconformity spanning 5400 years during the mid‐Holocene is overlain by peat until 1110 CE when meltwater from Sheridan Glacier returned to the basin. Three intervals of an advanced Sheridan Glacier are recorded in the Cabin Lake sediments during the late Holocene: 1110–1180, 1260–1540 and 1610–1780 CE. The sedimentary sequence also contains the first five reported tephra deposits from the Copper River delta region, and their geochemical signatures suggest that the sources are the Cook Inlet volcanoes Redoubt, Augustine and Crater Peak, and possibly Mt Churchill in the Wrangell Volcanic field.

Ideal free distribution of fixed dispersal phenotypes in a wing dimorphic beetle in heterogeneous landscapes - Frederik Hendrickx; Stephen C. F. Palmer; Justin M. J. Travis (Ecology, 2013)
According to the ideal free distribution (IFD) theory, individuals that are able to perceive the quality of different patches in a landscape and disperse freely are expected to redistribute themselves proportionally to the carrying capacities of heterogeneous patches. Here, we argue that, when dispersal is unconditional and genetically fixed, a coalition of sedentary and dispersing phenotypes can attain an IFD under spatiotemporally uncorrelated variation in fitness. This not only leads to a stable polymorphism of both dispersal phenotypes, but also implies that the number of dispersing individuals should on average be equal among patches and determined by the carrying capacity of the smallest local populations in the landscape. Differences in carrying capacity among patches are thus only reflected by changes in the number of sedentary individuals. Individual‐based simulations show that this mechanism can be generalized over a wide range of spatiotemporal conditions and dispersal strategies. Moreover, these expectations are in strong agreement with empirical data on the density of both dispersal phenotypes of the wing dimorphic ground beetle Pterostichus vernalis within and among 10 different landscapes. Hence, for the first time, these results demonstrate that this mechanism serves as a plausible alternative to the competition‐colonization model to explain the spatial distribution of fixed dispersal phenotypes in heterogeneous landscapes. Understanding of the frequency distributions of individuals expressing discrete dispersal morphs moreover improves our predictive and management capabilities for a broad range of species, for which we currently typically rely on using mean dispersal rates.

The new sequencer on the block: comparison of Life Technology’s Proton sequencer to an Illumina HiSeq for whole-exome sequencing - Joseph F. Boland; Charles C. Chung; David Roberson; Jason Mitchell; Xijun Zhang; Kate M. Im; Ji He; Stephen J. Chanock; Meredith Yeager; Michael Dean (Human Genetics, 2013)

Priority research questions for the UK food system - John S. I. Ingram; Hugh L. Wright; Lucy Foster; Timothy Aldred; David Barling; Tim G. Benton; Paul M. Berryman; Charles S. Bestwick; Alice Bows-Larkin; Tim F. Brocklehurst; Judith Buttriss; John Casey; et al. (Food Security, 2013)
The rise of food security up international political, societal and academic agendas has led to increasing interest in novel means of improving primary food production and reducing waste. There are however, also many ‘post-farm gate’ activities that are critical to food security, including processing, packaging, distributing, retailing, cooking and consuming. These activities all affect a range of important food security elements, notably availability, affordability and other aspects of access, nutrition and safety. Addressing the challenge of universal food security, in the context of a number of other policy goals (e.g. social, economic and environmental sustainability), is of keen interest to a range of UK stakeholders but requires an up-to-date evidence base and continuous innovation. An exercise was therefore conducted, under the auspices of the UK Global Food Security Programme, to identify priority research questions with a focus on the UK food system (though the outcomes may be broadly applicable to other developed nations). Emphasis was placed on incorporating a wide range of perspectives (‘world views’) from different stakeholder groups: policy, private sector, non-governmental organisations, advocacy groups and academia. A total of 456 individuals submitted 820 questions from which 100 were selected by a process of online voting and a three-stage workshop voting exercise. These 100 final questions were sorted into 10 themes and the ‘top’ question for each theme identified by a further voting exercise. This step also allowed four different stakeholder groups to select the top 7–8 questions from their perspectives. Results of these voting exercises are presented. It is clear from the wide range of questions prioritised in this exercise that the different stakeholder groups identified specific research needs on a range of post-farm gate activities and food security outcomes. Evidence needs related to food affordability, nutrition and food safety (all key elements of food security) featured highly in the exercise. While there were some questions relating to climate impacts on production, other important topics for food security (e.g. trade, transport, preference and cultural needs) were not viewed as strongly by the participants.

Adaptive Immune Responses in CNS Autoimmune Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities - Rhoanne C. McPherson; Stephen M. Anderton (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2013)

Does increasing the spatial resolution of a regional climate model improve the simulated daily precipitation? - Steven C. Chan; Elizabeth J. Kendon; Hayley J. Fowler; Stephen Blenkinsop; Christopher A. T. Ferro; David B. Stephenson (Climate Dynamics, 2013)

Diverse Perceptions of Stakeholder Engagement within an Environmental Modeling Research Team - Elizabeth Allen; Chad Kruger; Fok-Yan Leung; Jennie C. Stephens (Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 2013)

The influence of landscape on gene flow in the eastern massasauga rattlesnake ( Sistrurus c. catenatus ): insight from computer simulations - Michelle F. DiLeo; Jeremy D. Rouse; José A. Dávila; Stephen C. Lougheed (Molecular Ecology, 2013)
Understanding how gene flow shapes contemporary population structure requires the explicit consideration of landscape composition and configuration. New landscape genetic approaches allow us to link such heterogeneity to gene flow within and among populations. However, the attribution of cause is difficult when landscape features are spatially correlated, or when genetic patterns reflect past events. We use spatial Bayesian clustering and landscape resistance analysis to identify the landscape features that influence gene flow across two regional populations of the eastern massasauga rattlesnake, S istrurus c. catenatus . Based on spatially explicit simulations, we inferred how habitat distribution modulates gene flow and attempted to disentangle the effects of spatially confounded landscape features. We found genetic clustering across one regional landscape but not the other, and also local differences in the effect of landscape on gene flow. Beyond the effects of isolation‐by‐distance, water bodies appear to underlie genetic differentiation among individuals in one regional population. Significant effects of roads were additionally detected locally, but these effects are possibly confounded with the signal of water bodies. In contrast, we found no signal of isolation‐by‐distance or landscape effects on genetic structure in the other regional population. Our simulations imply that these local differences have arisen as a result of differences in population density or tendencies for juvenile rather than adult dispersal. Importantly, our simulations also demonstrate that the ability to detect the consequences of contemporary anthropogenic landscape features (e.g. roads) on gene flow may be compromised when long‐standing natural features (e.g. water bodies) co‐exist on the landscape.

Beta diversity of marine bacteria depends on temporal scale - Stephen M. Hatosy; Jennifer B. H. Martiny; Rohan Sachdeva; Joshua Steele; Jed A. Fuhrman; Adam C. Martiny (Ecology, 2013)
Factors controlling the spatial distribution of bacterial diversity have been intensely studied, whereas less is known about temporal changes. To address this, we tested whether the mechanisms that underlie bacterial temporal β‐diversity vary across different scales in three marine microbial communities. While seasonal turnover was detected, at least 73% of the community variation occurred at intra‐seasonal temporal scales, suggesting that episodic events are important in structuring marine microbial communities. In addition, turnover at different temporal scales appeared to be driven by different factors. Intra‐seasonal turnover was significantly correlated to environmental variables such as phosphate and silicate concentrations, while seasonal and interannual turnover were related to nitrate concentration and temporal distance. We observed a strong link between the magnitude of environmental variation and bacterial β‐diversity in different communities. Analogous to spatial biogeography, we found different rates of community changes across temporal scales.

New antimicrobial, mosquito larvicidal and other metabolites from two Artabotrys species - Stephen S. Nyandoro; Cosam C. Joseph; Mayunga H.H. Nkunya; Kenneth M.M. Hosea (Natural Product Research, 2013)

Palatability of salt marsh forbs and grasses to the purple marsh crab (Sesarma reticulatum) and the potential for re-vegetation of herbivory-induced salt marsh dieback areas in cape cod (Massachusetts, USA) - Stephen M. Smith; Megan C. Tyrrell; Melanie Congretel (Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2013)

CS1 (SLAMF7) inhibits production of proinflammatory cytokines by activated monocytes - Jong R. Kim; Nathan C. Horton; Stephen O. Mathew; Porunelloor A. Mathew (Inflammation Research, 2013)

Combined walking exercise and alkali therapy in patients with CKD4–5 regulates intramuscular free amino acid pools and ubiquitin E3 ligase expression - Emma L. Watson; George C. Kosmadakis; Alice C. Smith; Joao L. Viana; Jeremy R. Brown; Karen Molyneux; Izabella Z. A. Pawluczyk; Michael Mulheran; Nicolette C. Bishop; Susan Shirreffs; Ronald J. Maughan; Paul J. Owen; et al. (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2013)

Plant functional types and traits as biodiversity indicators for tropical forests: two biogeographically separated case studies including birds, mammals and termites - Andrew N. Gillison; David E. Bignell; Kenneth R. W. Brewer; Erick C. M. Fernandes; David T. Jones; Douglas Sheil; Peter H. May; Allan D. Watt; Reginaldo Constantino; Eduardo G. Couto; Kurniatun Hairiah; Paul Jepson; et al. (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2013)

Phylogeography and postglacial recolonization of Europe by Rhinolophus hipposideros : evidence from multiple genetic markers - Serena E. Dool; Sébastien J. Puechmaille; Christian Dietz; Javier Juste; Carlos Ibáñez; Pavel Hulva; Stéphane G. Roué; Eric J. Petit; Gareth Jones; Danilo Russo; Roberto Toffoli; Andrea Viglino; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2013)
The demographic history of Rhinolophus hipposideros (lesser horseshoe bat) was reconstructed across its European, North African and Middle‐Eastern distribution prior to, during and following the most recent glaciations by generating and analysing a multimarker data set. This data set consisted of an X‐linked nuclear intron (Bgn; 543 bp), mitochondrial DNA (cytb‐ tRNA ‐control region; 1630 bp) and eight variable microsatellite loci for up to 373 individuals from 86 localities. Using this data set of diverse markers, it was possible to determine the species’ demography at three temporal stages. Nuclear intron data revealed early colonization into Europe from the east, which pre‐dates the Quaternary glaciations. The mtDNA data supported multiple glacial refugia across the Mediterranean, the largest of which were found in the Ibero‐Maghreb region and an eastern location (Anatolia/Middle East)–that were used by R. hipposideros during the most recent glacial cycles. Finally, microsatellites provided the most recent information on these species’ movements since the Last Glacial Maximum and suggested that lineages that had diverged into glacial refugia, such as in the Ibero‐Maghreb region, have remained isolated. These findings should be used to inform future conservation management strategies for R. hipposideros and show the power of using a multimarker data set for phylogeographic studies.

A basic residue in the proximal C-terminus is necessary for efficient activation of the M-channel subunit Kv7.2 by PI(4,5)P2 - Vsevolod Telezhkin; Alison M. Thomas; Stephen C. Harmer; Andrew Tinker; David A. Brown (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2013)

Does dissolved organic carbon regulate biological methane oxidation in semiarid soils? - Benjamin W. Sullivan; Paul C. Selmants; Stephen C. Hart (Global Change Biology, 2013)
In humid ecosystems, the rate of methane ( CH 4 ) oxidation by soil‐dwelling methane‐oxidizing bacteria ( MOB ) is controlled by soil texture and soil water holding capacity, both of which limit the diffusion of atmospheric CH 4 into the soil. However, it remains unclear whether these same mechanisms control CH 4 oxidation in more arid soils. This study was designed to measure the proximate controls of potential CH 4 oxidation in semiarid soils during different seasons. Using a unique and well‐constrained 3‐million‐year‐old semiarid substrate age gradient, we were able to hold state factors constant while exploring the relationship between seasonal potential CH 4 oxidation rates and soil texture, soil water holding capacity, and dissolved organic carbon ( DOC ). We measured unexpectedly higher rates of potential CH 4 oxidation in the wet season than the dry season. Although other studies have attributed low CH 4 oxidation rates in dry soils to desiccation of MOB , we present several lines of evidence that this may be inaccurate. We found that soil DOC concentration explained CH 4 oxidation rates better than soil physical factors that regulate the diffusion of CH 4 from the atmosphere into the soil. We show evidence that MOB facultatively incorporated isotopically labeled glucose into their cells, and MOB utilized glucose in a pattern among our study sites that was similar to wet‐season CH 4 oxidation rates. This evidence suggests that DOC , which is utilized by MOB in other environments with varying effects on CH 4 oxidation rates, may be an important regulator of CH 4 oxidation rates in semiarid soils. Our collective understanding of the facultative use of DOC by MOB is still in its infancy, but our results suggest it may be an important factor controlling CH 4 oxidation in soils from dry ecosystems.

Incorporating the uncertainty of linguistic-scale reference data to assess accuracy of land-cover maps using fuzzy intervals - Pedro Sarmento; Cidália C. Fonte; Mário Caetano; Stephen V. Stehman (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2013)

Association of germline microRNA SNPs in pre-miRNA flanking region and breast cancer risk and survival: the Carolina Breast Cancer Study - Jeannette T. Bensen; Chiu Kit Tse; Sarah J. Nyante; Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan; Stephen R. Cole; Robert C. Millikan (Cancer Causes & Control, 2013)

Genomic patterns of introgression in rainbow and westslope cutthroat trout illuminated by overlapping paired‐end RAD sequencing - Paul A. Hohenlohe; Mitch D. Day; Stephen J. Amish; Michael R. Miller; Nick Kamps‐Hughes; Matthew C. Boyer; Clint C. Muhlfeld; Fred W. Allendorf; Eric A. Johnson; Gordon Luikart (Molecular Ecology, 2013)
Rapid and inexpensive methods for genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP ) discovery and genotyping are urgently needed for population management and conservation. In hybridized populations, genomic techniques that can identify and genotype thousands of species‐diagnostic markers would allow precise estimates of population‐ and individual‐level admixture as well as identification of ‘super invasive’ alleles, which show elevated rates of introgression above the genomewide background (likely due to natural selection). Techniques like restriction‐site‐associated DNA ( RAD ) sequencing can discover and genotype large numbers of SNP s, but they have been limited by the length of continuous sequence data they produce with Illumina short‐read sequencing. We present a novel approach, overlapping paired‐end RAD sequencing, to generate RAD contigs of >300–400 bp. These contigs provide sufficient flanking sequence for design of high‐throughput SNP genotyping arrays and strict filtering to identify duplicate paralogous loci. We applied this approach in five populations of native westslope cutthroat trout that previously showed varying (low) levels of admixture from introduced rainbow trout ( RBT ). We produced 77 141 RAD contigs and used these data to filter and genotype 3180 previously identified species‐diagnostic SNP loci. Our population‐level and individual‐level estimates of admixture were generally consistent with previous microsatellite‐based estimates from the same individuals. However, we observed slightly lower admixture estimates from genomewide markers, which might result from natural selection against certain genome regions, different genomic locations for microsatellites vs . RAD ‐derived SNP s and/or sampling error from the small number of microsatellite loci ( n = 7). We also identified candidate adaptive super invasive alleles from RBT that had excessively high admixture proportions in hybridized cutthroat trout populations.

Distinguishing natural from anthropogenic stress in plants: physiology, fluorescence and hyperspectral reflectance - Julie C. Zinnert; Stephen M. Via; Donald R Young (Plant and Soil, 2013)

Florivores prefer white versus pink petal color morphs in wild radish, Raphanus sativus - Andrew C. McCall; Stephen J. Murphy; Colin Venner; Monique Brown (Oecologia, 2013)

Tracing the history and biogeography of the Australian blindsnake radiation - Julie Marin; Stephen C. Donnellan; S. Blair Hedges; Paul Doughty; Mark N. Hutchinson; Corinne Cruaud; Nicolas Vidal (Journal of Biogeography, 2013)
Aim We investigated the biogeographical history of Australian blindsnakes ( Ramphotyphlops ) with reference to Australia's palaeoclimatic history over the past 20 Myr, particularly the development of an extensive arid zone over this period. Terrestrial vertebrate lineages dating back to the Miocene or earlier are predicted to display some or all of the following patterns: (1) for taxa including mesic, arid and monsoonal representatives, a mesic distribution should be phylogenetically ancestral; (2) mesic and monsoon tropical lineages should have diverged before the onset of aridification (with arid lineages appearing later); and (3) refuges may have allowed local persistence and diversification of lineages in the monsoon tropical and mesic zones since the mid‐Miocene. Location Continental Australia. Methods We compiled a molecular data set comprising one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes for 107 individuals belonging to 28 blindsnake species. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference with RA x ML and MrBayes , respectively. Divergence times were assessed using multidivtime . Ancestral habitat states (arid and non arid) were reconstructed using the maximum likelihood method implemented in Mesquite . Results The age of the Australian Ramphotyphlops radiation was estimated at 21.9 Ma (95% credibility interval: 30.2–15.1 Ma). Mesic and monsoon tropical lineages are older than the onset of aridification, with mesic distribution appearing as ancestral on phylogenies. After the onset of aridification, lineages persisted and diversified in mesic, tropical and/or rocky refugia. Arid lineages diversified more recently ( Main conclusions Australian blindsnakes join several other Australian squamate lineages with tropical‐mesic origins that successfully adapted to the expansion of aridity since the mid‐Miocene ( c . 17 Ma) and now show evidence of multiple relatively recent evolutionary radiations across Australia. We further demonstrate that localized refugia permitted persistence and diversification of mesic taxa, with arid lineages diversifying much later (

A physical map of the Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) genome and its integration with the genetic map - Guang-Chen Fang; Barbara P. Blackmon; Margaret E. Staton; C. Dana Nelson; Thomas L. Kubisiak; Bode A. Olukolu; David Henry; Tatyana Zhebentyayeva; Christopher A. Saski; Chun-Huai Cheng; Megan Monsanto; Stephen Ficklin; et al. (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2013)

Genetic variants associated with VLDL, LDL and HDL particle size differ with race/ethnicity - Alexis C. Frazier-Wood; Ani Manichaikul; Stella Aslibekyan; Ingrid B. Borecki; David C. Goff; Paul N. Hopkins; Chao-Qiang Lai; Jose M. Ordovas; Wendy S. Post; Stephen S. Rich; Michèle M. Sale; David Siscovick; et al. (Human Genetics, 2013)

Histological analysis of spindle and spheroid root galls caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae - Derek C. Rennie; Victor P. Manolii; Marcie Plishka; Stephen E. Strelkov (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2013)

Dietary esterified astaxanthin effects on color, carotenoid concentrations, and compositions of clown anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris, skin - Adeljean L. F. C. Ho; Stephen K. O’Shea; Harold F. Pomeroy (Aquaculture International, 2013)

Cryptic species and phylogeographical structure in the tree Cedrela odorata L. throughout the Neotropics - Stephen Cavers; A. Telford; F. Arenal Cruz; A. J. Pérez Castañeda; R. Valencia; C. Navarro; A. Buonamici; A. J. Lowe; G. G. Vendramin (Journal of Biogeography, 2013)
Aim The origins of much Neotropical biodiversity remain a topic of debate, with both palaeogeographical and more recent climatic drivers playing a role in diversification both among and within species. Here we use a combination of molecular data to assess genetic variation within and among species in the Neotropical tree genus Cedrela , with a focus on Cedrela odorata , to test hypotheses on the drivers of diversification, to place known ecotypic variation in context and to detect intraspecific phylogeographical structure. Location Central and South America, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Trinidad and Guadeloupe. Methods Samples were collected from the field, existing collections and herbaria from across the geographical range, including a total of 528 individuals from 72 sites. A phylogenetic framework was constructed using internal transcribed spacer ( ITS ) sequence data (intergenic spacers plus flanking 18S and 26S regions), and genetic structure was analysed using a combination of chloroplast DNA sequences ( trn C– ycf 6, trn H– psb A) and chloroplast and nuclear microsatellite (single sequence repeat, SSR ) loci. Phylogenetic reconstruction was undertaken using a combination of Bayesian and parsimony‐based approaches; divergence times were estimated for major nodes. Geographical structure in chloroplast SSR data was analysed using SAMOVA , while that in nuclear SSR data was assessed using a combination of Bayesian clustering and principal coordinates analysis. Results ITS sequence data supported phylogenetic distinctiveness of four morphologically cryptic species within C. odorata . Chloroplast sequence and microsatellite data showed geographical structuring both among and within species, suggesting the influence of climatic and geographical drivers. Intraspecific genetic divergence was also present in nuclear microsatellite data, suggesting contemporary gene flow limitation across sea and mountain barriers. Main conclusions The data support diversification of the genus Cedrela in South America with subsequent recolonization into Central America prior to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. At least four morphologically cryptic taxa were evident within C. odorata and within‐species phylogeographical divergence across the Andes and within Central America was present, the latter suggestive of Pleistocene climatic influence. Previously recognized ecotypes in Central America should be elevated to species level. The new molecular data support the recent reclassification and will support the monitoring of exploitation in the genus.

Estimates of soil carbon concentration in tropical and temperate forest and woodland from available GIS data on three continents - Brenton Ladd; Shawn W. Laffan; Wulf Amelung; Pablo L. Peri; Lucas C. R. Silva; Pina Gervassi; Stephen P. Bonser; Marcelo Navall; Douglas Sheil (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2013)
Aim Concern about climate change, with the subsequent emergence of carbon markets and policy initiatives such as REDD (reducing carbon emissions by decreasing deforestation and forest degradation), have focused attention on assessing and monitoring terrestrial carbon reserves. Most effort has focused on above‐ground forest biomass. Soil has received less attention despite containing more carbon than above‐ground terrestrial biomass and the atmosphere combined. Our aim was to explore how well soil carbon concentration could be estimated on three continents from existing climate, topography and vegetation‐cover data. Location P eru, B razil, A rgentina, A ustralia, C hina. Methods Soil carbon concentration and leaf area index ( LAI ) as well as GIS ‐derived climate and topography variables for 65 temperate and 43 tropical, forest and woodland ecosystems, were either directly measured or estimated from freely available global datasets. We then used multiple regressions to determine how well soil carbon concentration could be predicted from LAI , climate and topography at a given site. We compared our measurements with top soil carbon estimates from the F ood and A griculture O rganization of the U nited N ations ( FAO ) harmonized world soil map. Results Our empirical model based on estimates of temperature, water availability and plant productivity provided a good estimate of soil carbon concentrations ( R 2 = 0.79). In contrast, the values of topsoil carbon concentrations from the FAO harmonized world soil map correlated poorly with the measured values of soil carbon concentration ( R 2 = 0.0011). Main conclusions The lack of correlation between the measured values of soil carbon and the values from the FAO harmonized world soil map indicate that substantial improvements in the production of soil carbon maps are needed and possible. Our results demonstrate that the inclusion of freely available GIS data offers improved estimates of soil carbon and will allow the creation of more accurate soil carbon maps.

QTL involved in the modification of cyanidin compounds in black and red raspberry fruit - J. M. Bushakra; C. Krieger; D. Deng; M. J. Stephens; A. C. Allan; R. Storey; V. V. Symonds; D. Stevenson; T. McGhie; D. Chagné; E. J. Buck; S. E. Gardiner (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2013)

Polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale inhibit TNF-α-induced apoptosis in A-253 cell line - L. Xiang; C. W. Stephen Sze; T. B. Ng; Y. Tong; P. C. Shaw; C. W. Sydney Tang; Y. B. Kalin Zhang (Inflammation Research, 2013)

Redefining the major peanut allergens - Yonghua Zhuang; Stephen C. Dreskin (Immunologic Research, 2013)

Polymorphisms in genes related to one-carbon metabolism are not related to pancreatic cancer in PanScan and PanC4 - Max Leenders; Samsiddhi Bhattacharjee; Paolo Vineis; Victoria Stevens; H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita; Xiao-Ou Shu; Laufey Amundadottir; Myron Gross; Geoffrey S. Tobias; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Alan A. Arslan; Eric J. Duell; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2013)

Sex-specific differences in natriuretic peptide and nitric oxide synthase expression in ANP gene-disrupted mice - Philip G. Wong; David W. J. Armstrong; M. Yat Tse; Emily P. A. Brander; Stephen C. Pang (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2013)

Long-term population size of the North Atlantic humpback whale within the context of worldwide population structure - Kristen Ruegg; Howard C. Rosenbaum; Eric C. Anderson; Marcia Engel; Anna Rothschild; C. Scott Baker; Stephen R. Palumbi (Conservation Genetics, 2013)

Progressive genome‐wide introgression in agricultural Campylobacter coli - Samuel K. Sheppard; Xavier Didelot; Keith A. Jolley; Aaron E. Darling; Ben Pascoe; Guillaume Meric; David J. Kelly; Alison Cody; Frances M. Colles; Norval J. C. Strachan; Iain D. Ogden; Ken Forbes; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2013)
Hybridization between distantly related organisms can facilitate rapid adaptation to novel environments, but is potentially constrained by epistatic fitness interactions among cell components. The zoonotic pathogens C ampylobacter coli and C . jejuni differ from each other by around 15% at the nucleotide level, corresponding to an average of nearly 40 amino acids per protein‐coding gene. Using whole genome sequencing, we show that a single C. coli lineage, which has successfully colonized an agricultural niche, has been progressively accumulating C. jejuni DNA . Members of this lineage belong to two groups, the ST ‐828 and ST ‐1150 clonal complexes. The ST ‐1150 complex is less frequently isolated and has undergone a substantially greater amount of introgression leading to replacement of up to 23% of the C. coli core genome as well as import of novel DNA . By contrast, the more commonly isolated ST ‐828 complex bacteria have 10–11% introgressed DNA , and C. jejuni and nonagricultural C. coli lineages each have C. coli that colonize agriculture, and consequently cause most human disease, have hybrid origin, but this cross‐species exchange has so far not had a substantial impact on the gene pools of either C. jejuni or nonagricultural C. coli . These findings also indicate remarkable interchangeability of basic cellular machinery after a prolonged period of independent evolution.

Historical fire and bamboo dynamics in western Amazonia - Crystal H. McMichael; Mark B. Bush; Miles R. Silman; Dolores R. Piperno; Marco Raczka; Luiz C. Lobato; Monica Zimmerman; Stephen Hagen; Michael Palace (Journal of Biogeography, 2013)
Aim To determine if recurrent fire accounts for bamboo‐dominated forests that cover about 180,000 km 2 of western Amazonia. Location Western Amazonia, including Los Amigos and Cocha Cashu, Peru, and Acre, Brazil. Methods We identified bamboo (B+) and closed‐canopy forests (B−) using a combination of MODIS imagery, Landsat TM imagery and field surveys. Local‐scale and landscape‐scale patterns of historical bamboo dynamics were analysed by collecting soil cores from B+ and B− sites across three regions. Soil charcoal within cores was used to document previous fire, and phytoliths were employed to reconstruct vegetational patterns through time. Results Fire occurred in B+ and B− sites with approximately equal frequencies in each region sampled. Between regions, fire signals were most prevalent at Los Amigos, with Cocha Cashu and Acre sites typically containing only trace amounts of charcoal. Vegetational state remained constant through time in both B+ and B− forests of Cocha Cashu and Acre. The persistence of bamboo through time is less clear at Los Amigos, with bamboo presence changing both spatially and temporally. Main conclusions Fire does not appear to be the driving mechanism behind current bamboo distributions, although it may facilitate bamboo invasion. Once established in an area, bamboo persistently dominates the vegetation structure over historical time‐scales at some sites (Cocha Cashu and Acre), but not at others (Los Amigos), which is likely to be a function of patch origin. Increasing human activity, including fire and deforestation, combined with predicted Amazonian drought, may allow bamboo to expand from its current distribution and replace typical Amazonian closed‐canopy forests. These structural changes in the forests have important implications for carbon storage, as Amazonian forests are currently the largest terrestrial carbon sink in the world.

Linear models for estimating annual and growing season reference evapotranspiration using averages of weather variables - Nicoleta C. Cristea; Stephanie K. Kampf; Stephen J. Burges (International Journal of Climatology, 2013)
We develop linear regression equations to estimate location‐specific average annual reference evapotranspiration (ET o ) using one or more of annual averages of: incoming solar radiation ( R s ), air temperature ( T ), relative humidity (RH), and wind speed ( U ). We also provide two sets of equations to estimate growing season ET o , either using one or more of annual averages of R s , T , RH, and U , or using growing season averages of the same variables. The equations are developed using the FAO‐56 Penman–Monteith model ET o estimates as a reference. Supporting weather data to develop the regression equations were from 102 locations (494 station‐years) across the contiguous United States. The models were tested with additional data from 32 stations (114 station‐years). To illustrate potential applications of the regression models, we estimate spatial patterns of annual ET o and growing season ET o across the contiguous United States using existing spatial datasets of annual averages of R s , T , RH, and U. Other applications of the models provided may include rapid assessments of historical annual and growing season ET o , evaluation of past ET o trends, or evaluation of ET o projected trends based on output from global climate models. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society

Dehydrin, alcohol dehydrogenase, and central metabolite levels are associated with cold tolerance in diploid strawberry (Fragaria spp.) - Jahn Davik; Gage Koehler; Britta From; Torfinn Torp; Jens Rohloff; Petter Eidem; Robert C. Wilson; Anita Sønsteby; Stephen K. Randall; Muath Alsheikh (Planta, 2013)

HOXB13 is a susceptibility gene for prostate cancer: results from the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ICPCG) - Jianfeng Xu; Ethan M. Lange; Lingyi Lu; Siqun L. Zheng; Zhong Wang; Stephen N. Thibodeau; Lisa A. Cannon-Albright; Craig C. Teerlink; Nicola J. Camp; Anna M. Johnson; Kimberly A. Zuhlke; Janet L. Stanford; et al. (Human Genetics, 2013)

A genome-wide association study of breast cancer in women of African ancestry - Fang Chen; Gary K. Chen; Daniel O. Stram; Robert C. Millikan; Christine B. Ambrosone; Esther M. John; Leslie Bernstein; Wei Zheng; Julie R. Palmer; Jennifer J. Hu; Tim R. Rebbeck; Regina G. Ziegler; et al. (Human Genetics, 2013)

Using variance components to estimate power in a hierarchically nested sampling design - Maria C. Dzul; Philip M. Dixon; Michael C. Quist; Stephen J. Dinsmore; Michael R. Bower; Kevin P. Wilson; D. Bailey Gaines (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2013)

Current state of knowledge regarding the world’s wetlands and their future under global climate change: a synthesis - Wolfgang J. Junk; Shuqing An; C. M. Finlayson; Brij Gopal; Jan Květ; Stephen A. Mitchell; William J. Mitsch; Richard D. Robarts (Aquatic Sciences, 2013)

Rapid identification of novel functional promoters for gene therapy - Ian A. Pringle; Deborah R. Gill; Mary M. Connolly; Anna E. Lawton; Anne-Marie Hewitt; Graciela Nunez-Alonso; Seng H. Cheng; Ronald K. Scheule; Lee A. Davies; Stephen C. Hyde (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2012)

Developing an Interactive Web-Based Learning Program on Skin Cancer: the Learning Experiences of Clinical Educators - Waqas R. Shaikh; Alan Geller; Gwen Alexander; Maryam M. Asgari; Gunther J. Chanange; Stephen Dusza; Melody J. Eide; Suzanne W. Fletcher; Jacqueline M. Goulart; Allan C. Halpern; Shoshana Landow; Ashfaq A. Marghoob; et al. (Journal of Cancer Education, 2012)

Epidemiology and potential associated risk factors of drug-related problems in hospitalised children in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia - Asia N. Rashed; Antje Neubert; Stephen Tomlin; John Jackman; Hani Alhamdan; Adnan AlShaikh; Ahmed Attar; Mohammed Aseeri; Lynda Wilton; Ian C. K. Wong (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2012)

Multiple jejunal cancers resulting from combination of germline APC and MLH1 mutations - Noralane M. Lindor; Tom C. Smyrk; Sheila Buehler; Shanaka R. Gunawardena; Brittany C. Thomas; Paul Limburg; Salman Kirmani; Stephen N. Thibodeau (Familial Cancer, 2012)

Contrasting effects of sunitinib within in vivo models of metastasis - Jonathan C. Welti; Thomas Powles; Shane Foo; Morgane Gourlaouen; Natasha Preece; Julie Foster; Sophia Frentzas; Demelza Bird; Kevin Sharpe; Antoinette van Weverwijk; David Robertson; Julie Soffe; et al. (Angiogenesis, 2012)

Serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotype is associated with cortisol responsivity to naloxone challenge - Mary Ann C. Stephens; Mary E. McCaul; Elise M. Weerts; Gary Wand (Psychopharmacology, 2012)

Spatial heterogeneity strongly affects estimates of ecosystem metabolism in two north temperate lakes - Matthew C. Van de Bogert; Darren L. Bade; Stephen R. Carpenter; Jonathan J. Cole; Michael L. Pace; Paul C. Hanson; Owen C. Langman (Limnology and Oceanography, 2012)
To characterize the spatial variability of metabolism estimates (gross primary production [GPP], respiration [R], and net ecosystem production [NEP]) in two Northern Wisconsin lakes, we collected data from 27 and 35 dissolved oxygen sensors placed in a two‐dimensional array throughout the upper mixed layers over a period of 10 d per lake in midsummer. Averaged over the deployment, aerial metabolism estimates among sensor locations varied 1–2 orders of magnitude and were largely unrelated to physical habitat within the lake. For all sites and days, 76–90% of the explainable variance in GPP and R was attributable to location in the lake rather than day of the deployment. NEP, on the other hand, was less affected by location, with 79–93% of the explained variance attributable to the day of the deployment. Single‐location estimates can yield errors of more than an order of magnitude in estimates of daily GPP and R and can mischaracterize the trophic status of the lake. Using a rarefaction approach, we found that using four randomly placed sensors increased the precision of the resulting daily metabolism estimates fourfold over single‐location measures in both lakes.

Maximising return on conservation investment in the conterminous USA - John C. Withey; Joshua J. Lawler; Stephen Polasky; Andrew J. Plantinga; Erik J. Nelson; Peter Kareiva; Chad B. Wilsey; Carrie A. Schloss; Theresa M. Nogeire; Aaron Ruesch; Jorge Ramos; Walter Reid (Ecology Letters, 2012)
Efficient conservation planning requires knowledge about conservation targets, threats to those targets, costs of conservation and the marginal return to additional conservation efforts. Systematic conservation planning typically only takes a small piece of this complex puzzle into account. Here, we use a return‐on‐investment ( ROI ) approach to prioritise lands for conservation at the county level in the conterminous USA. Our approach accounts for species richness, county area, the proportion of species' ranges already protected, the threat of land conversion and land costs. Areas selected by a complementarity‐based greedy heuristic using our full ROI approach provided greater averted species losses per dollar spent compared with areas selected by heuristics accounting for richness alone or richness and cost, and avoided acquiring lands not threatened with conversion. In contrast to traditional prioritisation approaches, our results highlight conservation bargains, opportunities to avert the threat of development and places where conservation efforts are currently lacking.

Using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence microchemistry to infer migratory life history of Atlantic sturgeon - Matthew T. Balazik; Stephen P. McIninch; Greg C. Garman; Michael L. Fine; Clint B. Smith (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2012)

Recovery of ponderosa pine ecosystem carbon and water fluxes from thinning and stand‐replacing fire - Sabina Dore; Mario Montes‐Helu; Stephen C. Hart; Bruce A. Hungate; George W. Koch; John B. Moon; Alex J. Finkral; Thomas E. Kolb (Global Change Biology, 2012)
Carbon uptake by forests is a major sink in the global carbon cycle, helping buffer the rising concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere, yet the potential for future carbon uptake by forests is uncertain. Climate warming and drought can reduce forest carbon uptake by reducing photosynthesis, increasing respiration, and by increasing the frequency and intensity of wildfires, leading to large releases of stored carbon. Five years of eddy covariance measurements in a ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa )‐dominated ecosystem in northern Arizona showed that an intense wildfire that converted forest into sparse grassland shifted site carbon balance from sink to source for at least 15 years after burning. In contrast, recovery of carbon sink strength after thinning, a management practice used to reduce the likelihood of intense wildfires, was rapid. Comparisons between an undisturbed‐control site and an experimentally thinned site showed that thinning reduced carbon sink strength only for the first two posttreatment years. In the third and fourth posttreatment years, annual carbon sink strength of the thinned site was higher than the undisturbed site because thinning reduced aridity and drought limitation to carbon uptake. As a result, annual maximum gross primary production occurred when temperature was 3 °C higher at the thinned site compared with the undisturbed site. The severe fire consistently reduced annual evapotranspiration (range of 12–30%), whereas effects of thinning were smaller and transient, and could not be detected in the fourth year after thinning. Our results show large and persistent effects of intense fire and minor and short‐lived effects of thinning on southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystem carbon and water exchanges.

Securing the Demographic and Genetic Future of Tuatara through Assisted Colonization - KIMBERLY A. MILLER; HILARY C. MILLER; JENNIFER A. MOORE; NICOLA J. MITCHELL; ALISON CREE; FRED W. ALLENDORF; STEPHEN D. SARRE; SUSAN N. KEALL; NICOLA J. NELSON (Conservation Biology, 2012)
Climate change poses a particular threat to species with fragmented distributions and little or no capacity to migrate. Assisted colonization, moving species into regions where they have not previously occurred, aims to establish populations where they are expected to survive as climatic envelopes shift. However, adaptation to the source environment may affect whether species successfully establish in new regions. Assisted colonization has spurred debate among conservation biologists and ecologists over whether the potential benefits to the threatened species outweigh the potential disruption to recipient communities. In our opinion, the debate has been distracted by controversial examples, rather than cases where assisted colonization may be a viable strategy. We present a strategic plan for the assisted migration of tuatara ( Sphenodon punctatus ), an endemic New Zealand reptile. The plan includes use of extant populations as reference points for comparisons with assisted‐colonization populations with respect to demography, phenotypic plasticity, and phenology; optimization of genetic variation; research to fill knowledge gaps; consideration of host and recipient communities; and inclusion of stakeholders in the planning stage. When strategically planned and monitored, assisted colonization could meet conservation and research goals and ultimately result in the establishment of long‐term sustainable populations capable of persisting during rapid changes in climate.

Impact of varenicline on cue-specific craving assessed in the natural environment among treatment-seeking smokers - Julie C. Gass; Jennifer M. Wray; Larry W. Hawk; Martin C. Mahoney; Stephen T. Tiffany (Psychopharmacology, 2012)

Sex-specific variation in brown-headed cowbird immunity following acute stress: a mechanistic approach - Loren Merrill; Frédéric Angelier; Adrian L. O’Loghlen; Stephen I. Rothstein; John C. Wingfield (Oecologia, 2012)

Identification of germline genomic copy number variation in familial pancreatic cancer - Wigdan Al-Sukhni; Sarah Joe; Anath C. Lionel; Nora Zwingerman; George Zogopoulos; Christian R. Marshall; Ayelet Borgida; Spring Holter; Aaron Gropper; Sara Moore; Melissa Bondy; Alison P. Klein; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

Insight in glioma susceptibility through an analysis of 6p22.3, 12p13.33-12.1, 17q22-23.2 and 18q23 SNP genotypes in familial and non-familial glioma - Yanhong Liu; Beatrice S. Melin; Preetha Rajaraman; Zhaoming Wang; Martha Linet; Sanjay Shete; Christopher I. Amos; Ching C. Lau; Michael E. Scheurer; Spiridon Tsavachidis; Georgina N. Armstrong; Richard S. Houlston; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

“Modeling the impact of natural resource-based poverty traps on food security in Kenya: The Crops, Livestock and Soils in Smallholder Economic Systems (CLASSES) model” - Emma C. Stephens; Charles F. Nicholson; Douglas R. Brown; David Parsons; Christopher B. Barrett; Johannes Lehmann; David Mbugua; Solomon Ngoze; Alice N. Pell; Susan J. Riha (Food Security, 2012)

Diffusion tensor imaging in moderate-to-severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: changes within an 18 month post-injury interval - Elisabeth A. Wilde; Kareem W. Ayoub; Erin D. Bigler; Zili D. Chu; Jill V. Hunter; Trevor C. Wu; Stephen R. McCauley; Harvey S. Levin (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2012)

Facial asymmetry is negatively related to condition in female macaque monkeys - Anthony C. Little; Annika Paukner; Ruth A. Woodward; Stephen J. Suomi (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2012)

Dissolved carbon dioxide concentration controls baseline stable carbon isotope signatures of a lake food web - Peter M. Smyntek; Stephen C. Maberly; Jonathan Grey (Limnology and Oceanography, 2012)
Temporal variation in the baseline stable carbon isotope ( δ 13 C) value of a well‐studied, productive lake was examined over a 26‐yr period using archived samples of the herbivorous zooplankter Daphnia galeata as a proxy because of its phytoplankton diet. The baseline δ 13 C value was strongly correlated with pH and the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in the lake as well as with the δ 13 C value of a predatory zooplankter. An isotopic fractionation model incorporating algal physiology (the growth rate, surface area, and carbon content of the main phytoplankton species) and the dissolved carbon dioxide concentration in the lake was used to predict, successfully, the baseline δ 13 C values of the lake over the study period. In aquatic ecosystems where the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide is temporally variable, the baseline δ 13 C value can be more clearly defined by taking the concentration of CO 2 into account. This approach will allow food web relationships to be quantified more accurately.

Hypolithic microbial communities: between a rock and a hard place - Yuki Chan; Donnabella C. Lacap; Maggie C. Y. Lau; Kong Ying Ha; Kimberley A. Warren‐Rhodes; Charles S. Cockell; Donald A. Cowan; Christopher P. McKay; Stephen B. Pointing (Environmental Microbiology, 2012)
Summary Drylands are the largest terrestrial biome on Earth and a ubiquitous feature is desert pavement terrain, comprising rocks embedded in the mineral soil surface. Quartz and other translucent rocks are common and microbial communities termed hypoliths develop as biofilms on their ventral surfaces. In extreme deserts these represent major concentrations of biomass, and are emerging as key to geobiological processes and soil stabilization. These highly specialized communities are dominated by cyanobacteria that support diverse heterotrophic assemblages. Here we identify global‐scale trends in the ecology of hypoliths that are strongly related to climate, particularly with regard to shifts in cyanobacterial assemblages. A synthesis of available data revealed a linear trend for colonization with regard to climate, and we suggest potential application for hypoliths as ‘biomarkers’ of aridity on a landscape scale. The potential to exploit the soil‐stabilizing properties of hypolithic colonization in environmental engineering on dryland soils is also discussed.

Pannexin 1 Ohnologs in the Teleost Lineage - Stephen R. Bond; Nan Wang; Luc Leybaert; Christian C. Naus (The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2012)

Pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) mortality and response to water addition across a three million year substrate age gradient in northern Arizona, USA - Christopher E. Looney; Benjamin W. Sullivan; Thomas E. Kolb; Jeffrey M. Kane; Stephen C. Hart (Plant and Soil, 2012)

Ecosystem Carbon Remains Low for Three Decades Following Fire and Constrains Soil CO2 Responses to Precipitation in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests - Christopher S. Ross; Jason P. Kaye; Margot W. Kaye; Valerie J. Kurth; Rachel Brimmer; Stephen C. Hart; Peter Z. Fulé (Ecosystems, 2012)

Effect of nutritional interventions and resistance exercise on aging muscle mass and strength - Darren G. Candow; Scott C. Forbes; Jonathan P. Little; Stephen M. Cornish; Craig Pinkoski; Philip D. Chilibeck (Biogerontology, 2012)

Meeting the Meat Crisis - Stephen C. Aldrich (Conservation Biology, 2012)

Validation of prostate cancer risk-related loci identified from genome-wide association studies using family-based association analysis: evidence from the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ICPCG) - Guangfu Jin; Lingyi Lu; Kathleen A. Cooney; Anna M. Ray; Kimberly A. Zuhlke; Ethan M. Lange; Lisa A. Cannon-Albright; Nicola J. Camp; Craig C. Teerlink; Liesel M. FitzGerald; Janet L. Stanford; Kathleen E. Wiley; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

Fish body condition and recruitment success reflect antecedent flows in an Australian dryland river - Stephen R. Balcombe; Jaye S. Lobegeiger; Sharon M. Marshall; Jonathan C. Marshall; Diana Ly; Darryl N. Jones (Fisheries Science, 2012)

A metabolomics based test of independent action and concentration addition using the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus - A. J. Baylay; D. J. Spurgeon; C. Svendsen; J. L. Griffin; Suresh C. Swain; Stephen R. Sturzenbaum; O. A. H. Jones (Ecotoxicology, 2012)

Green energy clusters and socio-technical transitions: analysis of a sustainable energy cluster for regional economic development in Central Massachusetts, USA - Stephen M. McCauley; Jennie C. Stephens (Sustainability Science, 2012)

Towards an integrated global framework to assess the impacts of land use and management change on soil carbon: current capability and future vision - Pete Smith; Christian A. Davies; Stephen Ogle; Giuliana Zanchi; Jessica Bellarby; Neil Bird; Robert M. Boddey; Niall P. McNamara; David Powlson; Annette Cowie; Meine van Noordwijk; Sarah C. Davis; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2012)
I ntergovernmental P anel on C limate C hange ( IPCC ) T ier 1 methodologies commonly underpin project‐scale carbon accounting for changes in land use and management and are used in frameworks for L ife C ycle A ssessment and carbon footprinting of food and energy crops. These methodologies were intended for use at large spatial scales. This can introduce error in predictions at finer spatial scales. There is an urgent need for development and implementation of higher tier methodologies that can be applied at fine spatial scales (e.g. farm/project/plantation) for food and bioenergy crop greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting to facilitate decision making in the land‐based sectors. Higher tier methods have been defined by IPCC and must be well evaluated and operate across a range of domains (e.g. climate region, soil type, crop type, topography), and must account for land use transitions and management changes being implemented. Furthermore, the data required to calibrate and drive the models used at higher tiers need to be available and applicable at fine spatial resolution, covering the meteorological, soil, cropping system and management domains, with quantified uncertainties. Testing the reliability of the models will require data either from sites with repeated measurements or from chronosequences. We review current global capability for estimating changes in soil carbon at fine spatial scales and present a vision for a framework capable of quantifying land use change and management impacts on soil carbon, which could be used for addressing issues such as bioenergy and biofuel sustainability, food security, forest protection, and direct/indirect impacts of land use change. The aim of this framework is to provide a globally accepted standard of carbon measurement and modelling appropriate for GHG accounting that could be applied at project to national scales (allowing outputs to be scaled up to a country level), to address the impacts of land use and land management change on soil carbon.

What and when to “want”? Amygdala-based focusing of incentive salience upon sugar and sex - Stephen V. Mahler; Kent C. Berridge (Psychopharmacology, 2012)

Mixotrophic and photoautotrophic cultivation of 14 microalgae isolates from Saskatchewan, Canada: potential applications for wastewater remediation for biofuel production - Kyoung C. Park; Crystal Whitney; Jesse C. McNichol; Kathryn E. Dickinson; Scott MacQuarrie; Blair P. Skrupski; Jitao Zou; Kenneth E. Wilson; Stephen J. B. O’Leary; Patrick J. McGinn (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2012)

Zebrafish: a model for the study of addiction genetics - Eric W. Klee; Henning Schneider; Karl J. Clark; Margot A. Cousin; Jon O. Ebbert; W. Michael Hooten; Victor M. Karpyak; David O. Warner; Stephen C. Ekker (Human Genetics, 2012)

Methods for estimating peak physiological performance and correlating performance measures - Austen W. Head; Johanna S. Hardin; Stephen C. Adolph (Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 2012)

Linear complementarity formulation for 3D frictional sliding problems - J. Ole Kaven; Stephen H. Hickman; Nicholas C. Davatzes; Ovunc Mutlu (Computational Geosciences, 2012)

Serial measurement of memory and diffusion tensor imaging changes within the first week following uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury - Elisabeth A. Wilde; Stephen R. McCauley; Amanda Barnes; Trevor C. Wu; Zili Chu; Jill V. Hunter; Erin D. Bigler (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2012)

Characterization of 17 microsatellite loci for use in population genetic and mating system studies of the endangered North American passerine, loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) - Angela Coxon; Amy A. Chabot; Stephen C. Lougheed; José Antonio Dávila; Bradley White (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2012)

A Microfluidic System for Testing the Responses of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tissue Biopsies to Treatment with Chemotherapy Drugs - Samantha M. Hattersley; Deborah C. Sylvester; Charlotte E. Dyer; Nicholas D. Stafford; Stephen J. Haswell; John Greenman (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2012)

Overcoming the issue of small sample sizes in fragmentation genetics - MATTHEW J. STRUEBIG; STEVEN C. LE COMBER; STEPHEN J. ROSSITER (Molecular Ecology, 2012)
Nazareno & Jump (2012) highlight potential issues with using small sample sizes in population genetic studies. By reanalysing allelic richness data from our recent publication on habitat fragmentation (Struebig et al. 2011), they assert that the observed relationship has been driven by three sites with the lowest number of individuals sampled. While sample size issues have been raised before in the genetic literature, Nazareno & Jump’s (2012) comment serves as a useful reminder to us all. Nevertheless, we disagree that our findings were significantly biased by sampling limitations. Here, we demonstrate by jackknifing that, contrary to the claims of Nazareno & Jump (2012), our correlations of allelic richness and fragment area are not driven solely by sites with low sample sizes. We maintain that small sample sizes can be accounted for in fragmentation studies and that sampling limitations should not detract from undertaking conservation genetic research.

Resistant ticks inhibit Metarhizium infection prior to haemocoel invasion by reducing fungal viability on the cuticle surface - Dana Ment; Alice C. L. Churchill; Galina Gindin; Eduard Belausov; Itamar Glazer; Stephen A. Rehner; Asael Rot; Bruno G. G. Donzelli; Michael Samish (Environmental Microbiology, 2012)
Summary We studied disease progression of, and host responses to, four species in the Metarhizium anisopliae complex expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). We compared development and determined their relative levels of virulence against two susceptible arthropods, the cattle tick Rhipicephalus annulatus and the lepidopteran Galleria mellonella , and two resistant ticks, Hyalomma excavatum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus . Metarhizium brunneum Ma7 caused the greatest mortality of R. annulatus , Metarhizium robertsii ARSEF 2575 and Metarhizium pingshaense PPRC51 exhibited intermediate levels of virulence, and Metarhizium majus PPRC27 caused low mortality of cattle ticks. Conidia of all four species germinated on all hosts examined, but on resistant hosts, sustained hyphal growth was inhibited and GFP emission steadily and significantly decreased over time, suggesting a loss of fungal viability. Cuticle penetration was observed only for the three most virulent species infecting susceptible hosts. Cuticles of resistant and susceptible engorged female ticks showed significant increases in red autofluorescence at sites immediately under fungal hyphae. This is the first report (i) of tick mortality occurring after cuticle penetration but prior to haemocoel colonization and (ii) that resistant ticks do not support development of Metarhizium germlings on the outer surface of the cuticle. Whether reduced Metarhizium viability on resistant tick cuticles is due to antibiosis or limited nutrient availability is unknown.

The roles of competition and environmental heterogeneity in the maintenance of behavioral variation and covariation - Ned A. Dochtermann; Stephen H. Jenkins; Maryke J. Swartz; Allison C. Hargett (Ecology, 2012)
Many models of selection predict that populations will lose variation in traits that affect fitness. Nonetheless, phenotypic variation is commonly observed in natural populations. We tested the influences of competition and spatial heterogeneity on behavioral variation within and among populations of Merriam's kangaroo rats ( Dipodomys merriami ) and tested for the differential expression of trait correlations. We found that populations of D. merriami exhibited more aggression at sites with more competition. Contrary to theoretical predictions and empirical results in other systems, the sites with the greatest spatial heterogeneity and highest levels of competition did not exhibit the most behavioral variation among individuals. However, the greatest within‐individual behavioral variability in boldness (response to cues of predator presence) was exhibited where spatial heterogeneity was highest. Aggression and boldness of D. merriami were highly repeatable, that is, individuals behaved in a consistent manner over time, and the two behaviors were also highly correlated. Interestingly, the strength of this correlation was greatest where the competitive community was least diverse. These findings add to increasing evidence that natural populations of animals exhibit patterns of behavioral covariance, or personality structure, and suggest that competitive variation may act to erode personality structure.

Risk factors associated with adverse drug reactions in hospitalised children: international multicentre study - Asia N. Rashed; Ian C. K. Wong; Noel Cranswick; Stephen Tomlin; Wolfgang Rascher; Antje Neubert (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2012)

Control of foliar diseases in barley: towards an integrated approach - Dale R. Walters; Anna Avrova; Ian J. Bingham; Fiona J. Burnett; James Fountaine; Neil D. Havis; Stephen P. Hoad; Gareth Hughes; Mark Looseley; Simon J. P. Oxley; Alan Renwick; Cairistiona F. E. Topp; et al. (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2012)

Comparing volunteer and professionally collected monitoring data from the rocky subtidal reefs of Southern California, USA - David J. Gillett; Daniel J. Pondella; Jan Freiwald; Kenneth C. Schiff; Jennifer E. Caselle; Craig Shuman; Stephen B. Weisberg (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2012)

Bacterial community profiles from sediments of the Anacostia River using metabolic and molecular analyses - Karen L. Bushaw-Newton; Evan C. Ewers; David J. Velinsky; Jeffrey T. F. Ashley; Stephen E. MacAvoy (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2012)

Panmixia supports divergence with gene flow in Darwin’s small ground finch, Geospiza fuliginosa , on Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands - TOBY H. GALLIGAN; STEPHEN C. DONNELLAN; FRANK J. SULLOWAY; ALISON J. FITCH; TERRY BERTOZZI; SONIA KLEINDORFER (Molecular Ecology, 2012)
The divergence‐with‐gene‐flow model of speciation has a strong theoretical basis with a growing number of plausible examples in nature, but remains hotly debated. Darwin’s finches of the Galápagos Archipelago have played an important role in our understanding of speciation processes. Recent studies suggest that this group may also provide insights into speciation via divergence with gene flow. On the island of Santa Cruz, recent studies found evidence for adaptive divergence in Darwin’s small ground finch, Geospiza fuliginosa , between ecologically contrasting arid and humid zones. Despite the short geographical distance between these zones, strong disruptive selection during low rainfall periods is expected to generate and maintain adaptive divergence. Conversely, during high rainfall periods, when disruptive selection is predicted to be weakened, population divergence in adaptive traits is expected to break down. Because periods of low and high rainfall irregularly alternate, the geographical pattern of adaptive divergence can be assumed to break down and, importantly, regenerate in situ. Here, we use microsatellite allele frequency data to assess the genetic population structure of G. fuliginosa on Santa Cruz. We sample 21 sites and four ecological zones across the island. We reject hypotheses of population substructure linked to ecological and geographical differences among sites in favour of a single panmictic population. Panmixia implies high levels of gene flow within Santa Cruz, which favours selection over genetic drift as a valid process generating phenotypic divergence in G. fuliginosa on Santa Cruz. We discuss how our findings may support classic adaptation, phenotypic plasticity, matching habitat choice or any combination of these three processes.

Genome‐wide analysis of longevity in nutrient‐deprived Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals importance of recycling in maintaining cell viability - Hazel M. Davey; Emma J. M. Cross; Christopher, L. Davey; Konstantinos Gkargkas; Daniela Delneri; David C. Hoyle; Stephen G. Oliver; Douglas B. Kell; Gareth W. Griffith (Environmental Microbiology, 2012)
Summary Although typically cosseted in the laboratory with constant temperatures and plentiful nutrients, microbes are frequently exposed to much more stressful conditions in their natural environments where survival and competitive fitness depend upon both growth rate when conditions are favourable and on persistence in a viable and recoverable state when they are not. In order to determine the role of genetic heterogeneity in environmental fitness we present a novel approach that combines the power of fluorescence‐activated cell sorting with barcode microarray analysis and apply this to determining the importance of every gene in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome in a high‐throughput, genome‐wide fitness screen. We have grown > 6000 heterozygous mutants together and exposed them to a starvation stress before using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting to identify and isolate those individual cells that have not survived the stress applied. Barcode array analysis of the sorted and total populations reveals the importance of cellular recycling mechanisms (autophagy, pexophagy and ribosome breakdown) in maintaining cell viability during starvation and provides compelling evidence for an important role for fatty acid degradation in maintaining viability. In addition, we have developed a semi‐batch fermentor system that is a more realistic model of environmental fitness than either batch or chemostat culture. Barcode array analysis revealed that arginine biosynthesis was important for fitness in semi‐batch culture and modelling of this regime showed that rapid emergence from lag phase led to greatly increased fitness. One hundred and twenty‐five strains with deletions in unclassified proteins were identified as being over‐represented in the sorted fraction, while 27 unclassified proteins caused a haploinsufficient phenotype in semi‐batch culture. These methods thus provide a screen to identifying other genes and pathways that have a role in maintaining cell viability.

Upper Mantle Seismic Structure Beneath Southern Africa: Constraints on the Buoyancy Supporting the African Superswell - Martin B. C. Brandt; Stephen P. Grand; Andrew A. Nyblade; Paul H. G. M. Dirks (Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2012)

Low-diversity fungal assemblage in an Antarctic Dry Valleys soil - Subramanya Rao; Yuki Chan; Donnabella C. Lacap; Kevin D. Hyde; Stephen B. Pointing; Roberta L. Farrell (Polar Biology, 2012)

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the medicinal plant Centaurea montana - Wissam A. Abou-Alaiwi; Shobha D. Potlakayala; Stephen L. Goldman; Puthiyaparambil C. Josekutty; Deepkamal N. Karelia; Sairam V. Rudrabhatla (Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2012)

MEG-SIM: A Web Portal for Testing MEG Analysis Methods using Realistic Simulated and Empirical Data - C. J. Aine; L. Sanfratello; D. Ranken; E. Best; J. A. MacArthur; T. Wallace; K. Gilliam; C. H. Donahue; R. Montaño; J. E. Bryant; A. Scott; J. M. Stephen (Neuroinformatics, 2012)

A genome-wide association study of osteochondritis dissecans in the Thoroughbred - Laura J. Corbin; Sarah C. Blott; June E. Swinburne; Charlene Sibbons; Laura Y. Fox-Clipsham; Maud Helwegen; Tim D. H. Parkin; J. Richard Newton; Lawrence R. Bramlage; C. Wayne McIlwraith; Stephen C. Bishop; John A. Woolliams; et al. (Mammalian Genome, 2012)

A novel approach of homozygous haplotype sharing identifies candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder - Jillian P. Casey; Tiago Magalhaes; Judith M. Conroy; Regina Regan; Naisha Shah; Richard Anney; Denis C. Shields; Brett S. Abrahams; Joana Almeida; Elena Bacchelli; Anthony J. Bailey; Gillian Baird; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

No evidence of extra-pair paternity or intraspecific brood parasitism in the Imperial Shag Phalacrocorax atriceps - Luciano Calderón; Walter S. Svagelj; Flavio Quintana; Stephen C. Lougheed; Pablo L. Tubaro (Journal of Ornithology, 2012)

Identification and Synthesis of a Male-Produced Pheromone for the Neotropical Root Weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus - Stephen L. Lapointe; Rocco T. Alessandro; Paul S. Robbins; Ashot Khrimian; Ales Svatos; Joseph C. Dickens; Fernando Otálora-Luna; Fatma Kaplan; Hans T. Alborn; Peter E. Teal (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2012)

Assessing a decade of phosphorus management in the Lake Mendota, Wisconsin watershed and scenarios for enhanced phosphorus management - Emily L. Kara; Chad Heimerl; Tess Killpack; Matthew C. Van de Bogert; Hiroko Yoshida; Stephen R. Carpenter (Aquatic Sciences, 2012)

Soil-mediated local adaptation alters seedling survival and performance - David Solance Smith; Jennifer A. Schweitzer; Philip Turk; Joseph K. Bailey; Stephen C. Hart; Stephen M. Shuster; Thomas G. Whitham (Plant and Soil, 2012)

Population genetics of the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) in the western Atlantic - Stephen A. Karl; Andrey L. F. Castro; Ricardo C. Garla (Marine Biology, 2012)

Frontogenesis and Frontal Progression of a Trapping-Generated Estuarine Convergence Front and Its Influence on Mixing and Stratification - Sarah N. Giddings; Derek A. Fong; Stephen G. Monismith; C. Chris Chickadel; Kathleen A. Edwards; William J. Plant; Bing Wang; Oliver B. Fringer; Alexander R. Horner-Devine; Andrew T. Jessup (Estuaries and Coasts, 2012)

Structural changes in the hippocampus and amygdala at first episode of psychosis - David R. Watson; Feng Bai; Suzanne L. Barrett; Aidan Turkington; Teresa M. Rushe; Ciaran C. Mulholland; Stephen J. Cooper (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2012)

Fourteen novel microsatellite markers for the gopher frog, Lithobates capito (Amphibia: Ranidae) - Schyler O. Nunziata; Stephen C. Richter; Robert D. Denton; John M. Yeiser; Danielle E. Wells; Kenneth L. Jones; Cris Hagen; Stacey L. Lance (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2012)