Effects of invasive jumping worms (Amynthas spp.) on microhabitat and trophic interactions of native herpetofauna - Erin R. Crone; Erin L. Sauer; Bradley M. Herrick; David Drake; Daniel L. Preston (Biological Invasions, 2022)

Identification of a rapidly‐spreading triple mutant for high‐level metabolic insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae provides a real‐time molecular diagnostic for antimalarial intervention deployment - Harun Njoroge; Arjen van't Hof; Ambrose Oruni; Dimitra Pipini; Sanjay C. Nagi; Amy Lynd; Eric R. Lucas; Sean Tomlinson; Xavi Grau‐Bove; Daniel McDermott; Francis T. Wat'senga; Emile Z. Manzambi; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
Studies of insecticide resistance provide insights into the capacity of populations to show rapid evolutionary responses to contemporary selection. Malaria control remains heavily dependent on pyrethroid insecticides, primarily in long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Resistance in the major malaria vectors has increased in concert with the expansion of LLIN distributions. Identifying genetic mechanisms underlying high‐level resistance is crucial for the development and deployment of resistance‐breaking tools. Using the Anopheles gambiae 1000 genomes (Ag1000g) data we identified a very recent selective sweep in mosquitoes from Uganda which localized to a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes. Further interrogation revealed a haplotype involving a trio of mutations, a nonsynonymous point mutation in Cyp6p4 (I236M), an upstream insertion of a partial Zanzibar‐like transposable element (TE) and a duplication of the Cyp6aa1 gene. The mutations appear to have originated recently in An. gambiae from the Kenya‐Uganda border, with stepwise replacement of the double‐mutant (Zanzibar‐like TE and Cyp6p4‐236 M ) with the triple‐mutant haplotype (including Cyp6aa1 duplication), which has spread into the Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania. The triple‐mutant haplotype is strongly associated with increased expression of genes able to metabolize pyrethroids and is strongly predictive of resistance to pyrethroids most notably deltamethrin. Importantly, there was increased mortality in mosquitoes carrying the triple‐mutation when exposed to nets cotreated with the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Frequencies of the triple‐mutant haplotype remain spatially variable within countries, suggesting an effective marker system to guide deployment decisions for limited supplies of PBO‐pyrethroid cotreated LLINs across African countries.

Giant Tree Frog diversification in West and Central Africa: Isolation by physical barriers, climate, and reproductive traits - Kyle E. Jaynes; Edward A. Myers; Václav Gvoždík; David C. Blackburn; Daniel M. Portik; Eli Greenbaum; Gregory F. M. Jongsma; Mark‐Oliver Rödel; Gabriel Badjedjea; Abraham Bamba‐Kaya; Ninda L. Baptista; Jeannot B. Akuboy; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
Secondary sympatry amongst sister lineages is strongly associated with genetic and ecological divergence. This pattern suggests that for closely related species to coexist in secondary sympatry, they must accumulate differences in traits that mediate ecological and/or reproductive isolation. Here, we characterized inter‐ and intraspecific divergence in three giant tree frog species whose distributions stretch across West and Central Africa. Using genome‐wide single‐nucleotide polymorphism data, we demonstrated that species‐level divergence coincides temporally and geographically with a period of large‐scale forest fragmentation during the late Pliocene. Our environmental niche models further supported a dynamic history of climatic suitability and stability, and indicated that all three species occupy distinct environmental niches. We found modest morphological differentiation amongst the species with significant divergence in tympanum diameter and male advertisement call. In addition, we confirmed that two species occur in secondary sympatry in Central Africa but found no evidence of hybridization. These patterns support the hypothesis that cycles of genetic exchange and isolation across West and Central Africa have contributed to globally significant biodiversity. Furthermore, divergence in both ecology and reproductive traits appear to have played important roles in maintaining distinct lineages. At the intraspecific level, we found that climatic refugia, precipitation gradients, marine incursions, and potentially riverine barriers generated phylogeographic structure throughout the Pleistocene and into the Holocene. Further studies examining phenotypic divergence and secondary contact amongst these geographically structured populations may demonstrate how smaller scale and more recent biogeographic barriers contribute to regional diversification.

Evaluating expert‐based habitat suitability information of terrestrial mammals with GPS‐ tracking data - Maarten J. E. Broekman; Jelle P. Hilbers; Mark A. J. Huijbregts; Thomas Mueller; Abdullahi H. Ali; Henrik Andrén; Jeanne Altmann; Malin Aronsson; Nina Attias; Hattie L. A. Bartlam‐Brooks; Floris M. van Beest; Jerrold L. Belant; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2022)
Aim Macroecological studies that require habitat suitability data for many species often derive this information from expert opinion. However, expert‐based information is inherently subjective and thus prone to errors. The increasing availability of GPS tracking data offers opportunities to evaluate and supplement expert‐based information with detailed empirical evidence. Here, we compared expert‐based habitat suitability information from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with habitat suitability information derived from GPS‐tracking data of 1,498 individuals from 49 mammal species. Location Worldwide. Time period 1998–2021. Major taxa studied Forty‐nine terrestrial mammal species. Methods Using GPS data, we estimated two measures of habitat suitability for each individual animal: proportional habitat use (proportion of GPS locations within a habitat type), and selection ratio (habitat use relative to its availability). For each individual we then evaluated whether the GPS‐based habitat suitability measures were in agreement with the IUCN data. To that end, we calculated the probability that the ranking of empirical habitat suitability measures was in agreement with IUCN's classification into suitable, marginal and unsuitable habitat types. Results IUCN habitat suitability data were in accordance with the GPS data (> 95% probability of agreement) for 33 out of 49 species based on proportional habitat use estimates and for 25 out of 49 species based on selection ratios. In addition, 37 and 34 species had a > 50% probability of agreement based on proportional habitat use and selection ratios, respectively. Main conclusions We show how GPS‐tracking data can be used to evaluate IUCN habitat suitability data. Our findings indicate that for the majority of species included in this study, it is appropriate to use IUCN habitat suitability data in macroecological studies. Furthermore, we show that GPS‐tracking data can be used to identify and prioritize species and habitat types for re‐evaluation of IUCN habitat suitability data.

Interactive effects of multiscale diversification practices on farmland bird stress - Elissa M. Olimpi; Hallie Daly; Karina Garcia; Victoria M. Glynn; David J. Gonthier; Claire Kremen; Leithen K. M'Gonigle; Daniel S. Karp (Conservation Biology, 2022)
Farmland diversification practices (i.e., methods used to produce food sustainably by enhancing biodiversity in cropping systems) are sometimes considered beneficial to both agriculture and biodiversity, but most studies of these practices rely on species richness, diversity, or abundance as a proxy for habitat quality. Biodiversity assessments may miss early clues that populations are imperiled when species presence does not imply persistence. Physiological stress indicators may help identify low‐quality habitats before population declines occur. We explored how avian stress indicators respond to on‐farm management practices and surrounding seminatural area (1‐km radius) across 21 California strawberry farms. We examined whether commonly used biodiversity metrics correlate with stress responses in wild birds. We used ∼1000 blood and feather samples and body mass and wing chord measurements, mostly from passerines, to test the effects of diversification practices on four physiological stress indicators: heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (H:L), body condition, hematocrit values, and feather growth rates of individual birds. We then tested the relationship between physiological stress indicators and species richness, abundance, occurrence, and diversity derived from 285 bird point count surveys. After accounting for other biological drivers, landscape context mediated the effect of local farm management on H:L and body condition. Local diversification practices were associated with reduced individual stress in intensive agricultural landscapes but increased it in landscapes surrounded by relatively more seminatural area. Feathers grew more slowly in landscapes dominated by strawberry production, suggesting that nutritional condition was lower here than in landscapes with more crop types and seminatural areas. We found scant evidence that species richness, abundance, occurrence, or diversity metrics were correlated with the individual's physiological stress, suggesting that reliance on these metrics may obscure the impacts of management on species persistence. Our findings underscore the importance of considering landscape context when designing local management strategies to promote wildlife conservation.

Innovating the Blue Economy: A Novel Approach to Stakeholder Landscape Mapping of the Atlantic Area Sea Basin - Daniel Depellegrin; Aleksandra Zawalna-Geer; Allen Alexander; David Rodeiro-Pazos; Adrian Dios-Vicente; Boris Teillant; Amita Guneratman; Kate Hogan; Emanuel Mendonça; Ian Ashton; Lars Johanning (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
The Blue Economy is an emerging paradigm with the potential to foster balanced socio-economic development of the world’s oceans and coastal areas, but it requires an understanding of the stakeholder landscape at a national and at an international sea basin scale, so that we can model potential equitable and collaborative economic development. Applying a novel, mixed-method approach we collected, collated and analysed spatial and non-spatial stakeholder information from five countries (United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain and Portugal), that border the North East Atlantic sea basin. Through the development of Blue Economy stakeholder directory for the North East Atlantic area more than 600 local, regional, national and international (EU wide and global) stakeholders were analysed in terms of their Blue Economy alignment and to determine their respective enabling role (financier, service providers, research/innovators and regulators/policy makers). Results show 72% of the North East Atlantic sea basin stakeholders fail to recognise the socio-economic potential of the Blue Economy, regardless of the new policy instruments and a strategic focus from the European Commission. We also identify that public and research/academic institutions currently dominate the landscape of Blue Economy stakeholders; but note this is inconsistent, when compared with other economic sectors in maritime territories. Based on the results, we discuss the key challenges facing equitable growth of the Blue Economy in the North East Atlantic area.

Mismatches in scale between highly mobile marine megafauna and marine protected areas - Melinda G. Conners; Nicholas B. Sisson; Pierre D. Agamboue; Philip W. Atkinson; Alastair M. M. Baylis; Scott R. Benson; Barbara A. Block; Steven J. Bograd; Pablo Bordino; W. D. Bowen; Paul Brickle; Ignacio M. Bruno; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Marine protected areas (MPAs), particularly large MPAs, are increasing in number and size around the globe in part to facilitate the conservation of marine megafauna under the assumption that large-scale MPAs better align with vagile life histories; however, this alignment is not well established. Using a global tracking dataset from 36 species across five taxa, chosen to reflect the span of home range size in highly mobile marine megafauna, we show most MPAs are too small to encompass complete home ranges of most species. Based on size alone, 40% of existing MPAs could encompass the home ranges of the smallest ranged species, while only < 1% of existing MPAs could encompass those of the largest ranged species. Further, where home ranges and MPAs overlapped in real geographic space, MPAs encompassed < 5% of core areas used by all species. Despite most home ranges of mobile marine megafauna being much larger than existing MPAs, we demonstrate how benefits from MPAs are still likely to accrue by targeting seasonal aggregations and critical life history stages and through other management techniques.

Prioritization of hazards for risk and resilience management through elicitation of expert judgement - Ioanna Ioannou; Jaime E. Cadena; Willy Aspinall; David Lange; Daniel Honfi; Tiziana Rossetto (Natural Hazards, 2022)
Risk assessment in communities or regions typically relies on the determination of hazard scenarios and an evaluation of their impact on local systems and structures. One of the challenges of risk assessment for infrastructure operators is how to identify the most critical scenarios that are likely to represent unacceptable risks to such assets in a given time frame. This study develops a novel approach for prioritizing hazards for the risk assessment of infrastructure. Central to the proposed methodology is an expert elicitation technique termed paired comparison which is based on a formal mathematical technique for quantifying the range and variance in the judgements of a group of stakeholders. The methodology is applied here to identify and rank natural and operational hazard scenarios that could cause serious disruption or have disastrous effects to the infrastructure in the transnational Øresund region over a period of 5 years. The application highlighted substantial divergences of views among the stakeholders on identifying a single ‘most critical’ natural or operational hazard scenario. Despite these differences, it was possible to flag up certain cases as critical among the natural hazard scenarios, and others among the operational hazards.

Physical characteristics of northern forested lakes predict sensitivity to climate change - Mark B. Edlund; Joy M. Ramstack Hobbs; Adam J. Heathcote; Daniel R. Engstrom; Jasmine E. Saros; Kristin E. Strock; William O. Hobbs; Norman A. Andresen; David D. VanderMeulen (Hydrobiologia, 2022)
Evidence suggests that boreal-lake ecosystems are changing rapidly, but with variable ecological responses, due to climate warming. Paleolimnological analysis of 27 undeveloped northern forested lakes showed significant and potentially climate-mediated shifts in diatom communities and increased carbon and biogenic silica burial. We hypothesize the sensitivity of northern forested lakes to climate change will vary along two physical gradients: one reflecting direct, in-lake climate effects (propensity to thermally stratify), the other reflecting indirect watershed effects (watershed to lake-surface area ratio). We focus on the historical response of algal communities to test our two-dimensional sensitivity framework. Historical algal response was summarized by measures of diatom community turnover, changes in species and diagnostic species groups, and measures of siliceous algal and overall primary production (biogenic silica, carbon burial). Measures of algal production increased across all lake types, with carbon burial proportionately higher in polymictic lakes. Greater diatom community change occurred in deep, stratified lakes with smaller watersheds, whereas diatom species groups showed variable responses along our two-dimensional sensitivity framework. Physical characteristics of lakes and watersheds could serve as predictors of sensitivity to climate change based on paleo-indicators that are mechanistically linked to direct and indirect limnological effects of climate change.

Different mechanisms of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice response to ocean heat transport - Jake Aylmer; David Ferreira; Daniel Feltham (Climate Dynamics, 2022)
Understanding drivers of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice on multidecadal timescales is key to reducing uncertainties in long-term climate projections. Here we investigate the impact of ocean heat transport (OHT) on sea ice, using pre-industrial control simulations of 20 models participating in the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). In all models and in both hemispheres, sea ice extent is negatively correlated with poleward OHT. However, the similarity of the correlations in both hemispheres hides radically different underlying mechanisms. In the northern hemisphere, positive OHT anomalies primarily result in increased ocean heat convergence along the Atlantic sea ice edge, where most of the ice loss occurs. Such strong, localised heat fluxes ( $$\sim {}100~\text {W}~\text {m}^{-2}$$ ∼ 100 W m - 2 ) also drive increased atmospheric moist-static energy convergence at higher latitudes, resulting in a pan-Arctic reduction in sea ice thickness. In the southern hemisphere, increased OHT is released relatively uniformly under the Antarctic ice pack, so that associated sea ice loss is driven by basal melt with no direct atmospheric role. These results are qualitatively robust across models and strengthen the case for a substantial contribution of ocean forcing to sea ice uncertainty, and biases relative to observations, in climate models.

Factors associated with changes in exercise behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic - Caroline Himbert; Cassandra A. Hathaway; Bailee Daniels; Karen Salas; Anjelica Ashworth; Biljana Gigic; Tengda Lin; Richard Viskochil; Anne C. Kirchhoff; Douglas Grossman; Jennifer Ose; Jonathan Tward; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2022)

Galileo high accuracy service: initial definition and performance - Ignacio Fernandez-Hernandez; Adrián Chamorro-Moreno; Simón Cancela-Diaz; J. David Calle-Calle; Paolo Zoccarato; Daniel Blonski; Tommaso Senni; F. Javier de Blas; Carmelo Hernández; Javier Simón; Alvaro Mozo (GPS Solutions, 2022)

The effect of age, sex, and resource abundance on patterns of rake markings in resident killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) - Charli Grimes; Lauren J. N. Brent; Michael N. Weiss; Daniel W. Franks; Kenneth C. Balcomb; David K. Ellifrit; Samuel Ellis; Darren P. Croft (Marine Mammal Science, 2022)
Fluctuations in aggressive behavior of group‐living species can reflect social conflict and competition for resources faced by individuals throughout their lifespan and can negatively impact survival and reproduction. In marine mammals, where social interactions are difficult to observe, tooth rake marks can be used as an indicator of received aggression. Using 38 years of photographic data, we quantified the occurrence of tooth rake marks on wild resident killer whales ( Orcinus orca ), examining the effects of age, sex, and prey abundance on rake density. Our analysis revealed sex and age effects, with males exhibiting higher rake density than females and rake density declining significantly with age. Contrary to predictions, we observed an increase in rake density across the population as the abundance of their primary food resource, Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ), increased. These results provide indirect evidence of fluctuations in received aggression from conspecifics across the lifespan of an individual, possibly reflecting changes in patterns of social conflict which may be mediated by resource abundance. Our findings highlight the need for further research to examine the fitness consequences of aggression in killer whales and to understand the proximate mechanisms by which resource abundance influences rates of aggression in the population.

A review of the heterogeneous landscape of biodiversity databases: Opportunities and challenges for a synthesized biodiversity knowledge base - Xiao Feng; Brian J. Enquist; Daniel S. Park; Brad Boyle; David D. Breshears; Rachael V. Gallagher; Aaron Lien; Erica A. Newman; Joseph R. Burger; Brian S. Maitner; Cory Merow; Yaoqi Li; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2022)
Aim Addressing global environmental challenges requires access to biodiversity data across wide spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales. Availability of such data has increased exponentially recently with the proliferation of biodiversity databases. However, heterogeneous coverage, protocols, and standards have hampered integration among these databases. To stimulate the next stage of data integration, here we present a synthesis of major databases, and investigate (a) how the coverage of databases varies across taxonomy, space, and record type; (b) what degree of integration is present among databases; (c) how integration of databases can increase biodiversity knowledge; and (d) the barriers to database integration. Location Global. Time period Contemporary. Major taxa studied Plants and vertebrates. Methods We reviewed 12 established biodiversity databases that mainly focus on geographic distributions and functional traits at global scale. We synthesized information from these databases to assess the status of their integration and major knowledge gaps and barriers to full integration. We estimated how improved integration can increase the data coverage for terrestrial plants and vertebrates. Results Every database reviewed had a unique focus of data coverage. Exchanges of biodiversity information were common among databases, although not always clearly documented. Functional trait databases were more isolated than those pertaining to species distributions. Variation and potential incompatibility of taxonomic systems used by different databases posed a major barrier to data integration. We found that integration of distribution databases could lead to increased taxonomic coverage that corresponds to 23 years’ advancement in data accumulation, and improvement in taxonomic coverage could be as high as 22.4% for trait databases. Main conclusions Rapid increases in biodiversity knowledge can be achieved through the integration of databases, providing the data necessary to address critical environmental challenges. Full integration across databases will require tackling the major impediments to data integration: taxonomic incompatibility, lags in data exchange, barriers to effective data synchronization, and isolation of individual initiatives.

Towards Incorporation of Blue Carbon in Falkland Islands Marine Spatial Planning: A Multi-Tiered Approach - Narissa Bax; David K. A. Barnes; Santiago E. A. Pineda-Metz; Tabitha Pearman; Markus Diesing; Stefanie Carter; Rachel V. Downey; Chris D. Evans; Paul Brickle; Alastair M. M. Baylis; Alyssa M. Adler; Amy Guest; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Ecosystem-based conservation that includes carbon sinks, alongside a linked carbon credit system, as part of a nature-based solution to combating climate change, could help reduce greenhouse gas levels and therefore the impact of their emissions. Blue carbon habitats and pathways can also facilitate biodiversity retention, aiding sustainable fisheries and island economies. However, robust blue carbon research is often limited at the scale of regional governance and management, lacking both incentives and facilitation of policy-integration. The remote and highly biodiverse coastal ecosystems and surrounding continental shelf can be used to better inform long-term ecosystem-based management in the vast South Atlantic Ocean and sub-Antarctic, to synergistically protect both unique biodiversity and inform on the magnitude of nature-based benefits they provide. Understanding key ecosystem information such as their location, extent, and condition of habitat types, will be critical in understanding carbon pathways to sequestration, threats to this, and vulnerability. This paper considers the current status of blue carbon data and information available, and what is still required before blue carbon can be used as a conservation management tool integrated in national Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) initiatives. Our research indicates that the data and information gathered has enabled baselines for a number of different blue carbon ecosystems, and indicated potential threats and vulnerability that need to be managed. However, significant knowledge gaps remain across habitats, such as salt marsh, mudflats and the mesophotic zones, which hinders meaningful progress on the ground where it is needed most.

Correction to: Ataxia with Ocular Apraxia Type 1 (AOA1) (APTX, W279* Mutation): Neurological, Neuropsychological, and Molecular Outlining of a Heterogenous Phenotype in Four Colombian Siblings - David Aguillon; Daniel Vasquez; Lucia Madrigal; Sonia Moreno; Dora Hernández; Mario Isaza-Ruget; Juan Javier Lopez; Iván Landires; Virginia Nunez-Samudio; Carlos M. Restrepo; Oscar M. Vidal; Jorge I. Vélez; et al. (Molecular Neurobiology, 2022)

Ataxia with Ocular Apraxia Type 1 (AOA1) (APTX, W279* Mutation): Neurological, Neuropsychological, and Molecular Outlining of a Heterogenous Phenotype in Four Colombian Siblings - David Aguillon; Daniel Vasquez; Lucia Madrigal; Sonia Moreno; Dora Hernández; Mario Isaza-Ruget; Juan Javier Lopez; Iván Landires; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Carlos M. Restrepo; Oscar M. Vidal; Jorge I. Vélez; et al. (Molecular Neurobiology, 2022)

Comprehensive analysis of epigenetic clocks reveals associations between disproportionate biological ageing and hippocampal volume - Lidija Milicic; Michael Vacher; Tenielle Porter; Vincent Doré; Samantha C. Burnham; Pierrick Bourgeat; Rosita Shishegar; James Doecke; Nicola J. Armstrong; Rick Tankard; Paul Maruff; Colin L. Masters; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)
The concept of age acceleration, the difference between biological age and chronological age, is of growing interest, particularly with respect to age-related disorders, such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Whilst studies have reported associations with AD risk and related phenotypes, there remains a lack of consensus on these associations. Here we aimed to comprehensively investigate the relationship between five recognised measures of age acceleration, based on DNA methylation patterns (DNAm age), and cross-sectional and longitudinal cognition and AD-related neuroimaging phenotypes (volumetric MRI and Amyloid-β PET) in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Significant associations were observed between age acceleration using the Hannum epigenetic clock and cross-sectional hippocampal volume in AIBL and replicated in ADNI. In AIBL, several other findings were observed cross-sectionally, including a significant association between hippocampal volume and the Hannum and Phenoage epigenetic clocks. Further, significant associations were also observed between hippocampal volume and the Zhang and Phenoage epigenetic clocks within Amyloid-β positive individuals. However, these were not validated within the ADNI cohort. No associations between age acceleration and other Alzheimer’s disease-related phenotypes, including measures of cognition or brain Amyloid-β burden, were observed, and there was no association with longitudinal change in any phenotype. This study presents a link between age acceleration, as determined using DNA methylation, and hippocampal volume that was statistically significant across two highly characterised cohorts. The results presented in this study contribute to a growing literature that supports the role of epigenetic modifications in ageing and AD-related phenotypes.

Prediction of disability-free survival in healthy older people - Johannes Tobias Neumann; Le T. P. Thao; Anne M. Murray; Emily Callander; Prudence R. Carr; Mark R. Nelson; Rory Wolfe; Robyn L. Woods; Christopher M. Reid; Raj C. Shah; Anne B. Newman; Jeff D. Williamson; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)
Prolonging survival in good health is a fundamental societal goal. However, the leading determinants of disability-free survival in healthy older people have not been well established. Data from ASPREE, a bi-national placebo-controlled trial of aspirin with 4.7 years median follow-up, was analysed. At enrolment, participants were healthy and without prior cardiovascular events, dementia or persistent physical disability. Disability-free survival outcome was defined as absence of dementia, persistent disability or death. Selection of potential predictors from amongst 25 biomedical, psychosocial and lifestyle variables including recognized geriatric risk factors, utilizing a machine-learning approach. Separate models were developed for men and women. The selected predictors were evaluated in a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model and validated internally by bootstrapping. We included 19,114 Australian and US participants aged ≥65 years (median 74 years, IQR 71.6–77.7). Common predictors of a worse prognosis in both sexes included higher age, lower Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score, lower gait speed, lower grip strength and abnormal (low or elevated) body mass index. Additional risk factors for men included current smoking, and abnormal eGFR. In women, diabetes and depression were additional predictors. The biased-corrected areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the final prognostic models at 5 years were 0.72 for men and 0.75 for women. Final models showed good calibration between the observed and predicted risks. We developed a prediction model in which age, cognitive function and gait speed were the strongest predictors of disability-free survival in healthy older people. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01038583)

The impact of age, sex, cardio-respiratory fitness, and cardiovascular disease risk on dynamic cerebral autoregulation and baroreflex sensitivity - Joseph D. Maxwell; Daniel J. Bannell; Aine Brislane; Sophie E. Carter; Gemma D. Miller; Kirsty A. Roberts; Nicola D. Hopkins; David A. Low; Howard H. Carter; Andrew Thompson; Jurgen A. H. R. Claassen; Dick H. J. Thijssen; et al. (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2022)
Background Humans display an age-related decline in cerebral blood flow and increase in blood pressure (BP), but changes in the underlying control mechanisms across the lifespan are less well understood. We aimed to; (1) examine the impact of age, sex, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, and cardio-respiratory fitness on dynamic cerebral autoregulation and cardiac baroreflex sensitivity, and (2) explore the relationships between dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) and cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (cBRS). Methods 206 participants aged 18–70 years were stratified into age categories. Cerebral blood flow velocity was measured using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Repeated squat-stand manoeuvres were performed (0.10 Hz), and transfer function analysis was used to assess dCA and cBRS. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the influence of age, sex, CVD risk, and cardio-respiratory fitness on dCA and cBRS. Linear models determined the relationship between dCA and cBRS. Results Age, sex, CVD risk, and cardio-respiratory fitness did not impact dCA normalised gain, phase, or coherence with minimal change in all models ( P > 0.05). cBRS gain was attenuated with age when adjusted for sex and CVD risk (young–older; β = − 2.86 P < 0.001) along with cBRS phase (young–older; β = − 0.44, P < 0.001). There was no correlation between dCA normalised gain and phase with either parameter of cBRS. Conclusion Ageing was associated with a decreased cBRS, but dCA appears to remain unchanged. Additionally, our data suggest that sex, CVD risk, and cardio-respiratory fitness have little effect.

Investigation of metal mobility in gold and silver mine tailings by single-step and sequential extractions - Paramee Kumkrong; Eben Dy; Daniel D. Tyo; Cindy Jiang; Indu Gedara Pihilligawa; David Kingston; Patrick H. J. Mercier (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2022)
Metal leachate from mine tailings has the potential to release toxic metals into the surrounding environment. A single-step extraction procedure mimicking rainwater and a three-step BCR sequential extraction procedure (acid, reducing and oxidizing conditions) were applied to gold (GMT) and silver (SMT) mine tailings. Major (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Mn) and trace metals were monitored to better understand the mobility and geochemistry of these metals when exposed to various environmental leaching conditions. Rainwater extraction released only small quantities of metals, while the three-step BCR extraction was more effective in mobilizing metals from the tailings. Under the acidic conditions of BCR step 1, Ca, Mg, Cd, Cu, and Mn were released in high concentrations. The dissolution of Fe, Ca, and Mg were dominant along with Pb in step 2 (reducing conditions). In step 3 (oxidizing conditions), Fe was the most dominant species together with Co, Cu, Ni, and Se. A high fraction of Al, Be, Cr, Li, Mo, Sb, Tl, and V remained in the residue. From SMT, larger quantities of As, Ca, Cd, and Zn were released compared to GMT. The BCR extraction could be applied to tailings to predict the potential release of toxic metals from mine wastes; however, excessive amounts of Ca and Fe in the tailings could cause carry-overs and incomplete extraction and carry-overs, resulting in a misinterpretation of results.

Inundation of depressional wetlands declines under a changing climate - David W. Londe; Daniel Dvorett; Craig A. Davis; Scott R. Loss; Ellen P. Robertson (Climatic Change, 2022)

Components of the Female Sex Pheromone of the Newly-Described Canola Flower Midge, Contarinia brassicola - Daniel P. Bray; David R. Hall; Steven J. Harte; Dudley I. Farman; Meghan A. Vankosky; Boyd A. Mori (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2022)
The canola flower midge, Contarinia brassicola Sinclair (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a newly-described species that induces galls on canola, Brassica napus Linnaeus and Brassica rapa Linnaeus (Brassicaceae). Identification of the sex pheromone of C. brassicola is essential to developing monitoring tools to elucidate the geographic range and hosts of this new pest, and the extent to which it threatens the $30 billion Canadian canola industry. The aim of this study was to identify and synthesize the female-produced sex pheromone of C. brassicola and demonstrate its effectiveness in attracting males to traps in the field. Two peaks were identified through GC-EAG analysis of female-produced volatiles which elicited electrophysiological responses in male antennae. These peaks were initially characterized through GC–MS and synthesis as 2,7-diacetoxynonane (major component) and 2-acetoxynonane (minor component), and the racemic compounds elicited EAG responses in male antennae. All four stereoisomers of 2,7-diacetoxynonane were synthesized and the naturally-produced compound was shown to be primarily the (2 R, 7 S )-isomer by analysis on an enantioselective GC column, with a small amount of (2 R, 7 R )-2,7-diacetoxynonane also present. The configuration of the minor component could not be determined because of the small amount present, but this was assumed to be (2 R )-2-acetoxynonane by comparison with the configuration of the other two components. In field trials, none of the four stereoisomers of 2,7-diacetoxynonane, presented individually or as a racemic mixture, was attractive to male C. brassicola . However, dispensers loaded with a 10 µg:1 µg blend of (2 R, 7 S )- and (2 R, 7 R )-2,7-diacetoxynonane caught large numbers of male C. brassicola and significantly more than other blends tested. The addition of 0.5 µg of (2 R )-2-acetoxynonane to this blend further increased the number of males caught. In future work, we will seek to identify the optimum trapping protocol for the application of the pheromone in monitoring and surveillance.

The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database ( NAFMFD ): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States and Mexico - Emily M. Dean; Arthur R. Cooper; Lizhu Wang; Wesley Daniel; Solomon David; Clayton Ernzen; Keith B. Gido; Edward Hale; Tim J. Haxton; William Kelso; Nancy Leonard; Chris Lido; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2022)
Aim Migratory freshwater fishes are those that must access discrete habitats to complete their life cycles. Freshwater fish migrations occur around the world and provide numerous ecosystem services for humans and natural systems; however, many migratory species are in decline globally. A limiting factor to successfully conserve freshwater migratory fishes is that the migratory life histories of many species are unknown or only partially described. To provide researchers with critical and comprehensive information to conserve migratory fishes, we developed the North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD). Location Canada, Mexico and the United States. Taxon Freshwater fish. Methods To develop this database, we assigned migratory status, pattern and behaviour to a comprehensive list of freshwater fish species found throughout North America. We assembled the database which included assignments (i.e. migratory status, pattern and behaviour) as well as the sources used to make the assignments. Researchers and managers from across North America reviewed the database for completeness and accuracy on the migratory life histories of fishes. Results The database synthesizes current knowledge of migratory status, pattern and behaviour of native and non‐native freshwater fishes throughout North America, including 1250 species representing 79 families and 325 genera. Results showcase the diversity of migratory life histories of freshwater fishes on the continent, including that at least 25% of North American freshwater fishes are migratory, 23% are non‐migratory and 44% have undetermined migratory status. Main conclusions NAFMFD improves the quality of migratory data accessible to researchers, which supports a more holistic understanding of the threats encountered by migratory fishes, including habitat fragmentation. The approach we used in developing NAFMFD can provide guidance for developing similar databases in other regions. Collectively, our work offers new insights into the range of freshwater fish migratory life histories, stimulating a need to better understand this diversity globally.

The Open-Ocean Gulf of Mexico After Deepwater Horizon: Synthesis of a Decade of Research - Tracey T. Sutton; Rosanna J. Milligan; Kendra Daly; Kevin M. Boswell; April B. Cook; Maëlle Cornic; Tamara Frank; Kaitlin Frasier; Daniel Hahn; Frank Hernandez; John Hildebrand; Chuanmin Hu; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
The scale of the Deepwater Horizon disaster was and is unprecedented: geographic extent, pollutant amount, countermeasure scope, and of most relevance to this Research Topic issue, range of ecotypes affected. These ecotypes include coastal/nearshore, continental shelf, deep benthic, and open-ocean domains, the last of which is the subject of this synthesis. The open-ocean ecotype comprises ~90% of the volume of the Gulf of Mexico. The exact percentage of this ecotype contaminated with toxins is unknown due to its three-dimensional nature and dynamics, but estimates suggest that the footprint encompassed most of its eastern half. Further, interactions between the water column and the deep benthos may be persistent, making this synthesis one of time (a decade) rather than event conclusion. Here we examine key elements of the open-ocean ecosystem, with emphasis on vulnerability and resilience. Of paramount importance relative to the Gulf nearshore and shelf ecotypes, pre-disaster baseline data were lacking for most of the fauna. In such cases, inferences were drawn from post-disaster assessments. Both phytoplankton and mesozooplankton vulnerabilities were quite high, but resilience appeared equally so. The phytoplankton situation was a bit more complex in that toxin-imposed reductions may have been offset by nutrient injection via high freshwater discharge in 2010. Intermediate trophic levels exhibited population-level depressions, ostensibly due to high vulnerability and low resilience. Apex predator impacts were variable. Certain large epipelagic fishes may have avoided the highest concentrations of hydrocarbons/dispersant, and thus larval abundances returned to pre-disaster levels of variability and abundance within a few years after a steep initial decline. Oceanic cetaceans, particularly shallow-diving stenellid dolphins, did not appear to avoid oiled waters and exhibited strong declines in the northern Gulf. Given that population declines of many open-ocean taxa appear to be ongoing a decade later, we conclude that this largest of Gulf ecosystem components, like its deep-benthic counterpart, is as fragile as it is voluminous. This is particularly concerning given the rapid, and likely irreversible, shift to deeper waters by the US and Mexican oil industries in concert with the higher likelihood of accidents with increasing platform depth.

Prevalence and self-reported reasons of cannabis use for medical purposes in USA and Canada - Janni Leung; Gary Chan; Daniel Stjepanović; Jack Yiu Chak Chung; Wayne Hall; David Hammond (Psychopharmacology, 2022)
Rationale There has been increasing attention on cannabis use for medical purposes, but there is currently a lack of data on its epidemiology. Objectives To examine the epidemiology of self-reported cannabis use for medical purposes by (1) estimating its prevalence, (2) comparing gender and age differences, and (3) investigating what reasons they were used to manage. Methods Participants included 27,169 respondents (aged 16–65) who completed Wave 1 of The International Cannabis Policy Study (ICPS) conducted across Canada and the USA in 2018 via online surveys. Cannabis policy conditions were “US legal–recreational” (legal for both recreational and medical uses), “US legal–medical only”, “US illegal”, and “Canada–medical only”. Results The overall prevalence of self-reported ever cannabis use for medical purposes was 27%, with similar rates by sex and the highest prevalence in young adults. Prevalence was higher in US legal–recreational states (34%) than US illegal states (23%), US legal–medical only states (25%), and Canada (25%). The most common physical health reasons include use to manage pain (53%), sleep (46%), headaches/migraines (35%), appetite (22%), and nausea/vomiting (21%). For mental health reasons, the most common were for anxiety (52%), depression (40%), and PTSD/trauma (17%). There were 11% who reported using cannabis for managing other drug or alcohol use and 4% for psychosis. Conclusions A substantial proportion of the North American population self-reported cannabis use for medical purposes for a variety of medical reasons, including those living in jurisdictions without legal markets. Further research is needed to understand the safety and efficacy of these forms of medical cannabis use.

Velocity tracking of cardiac vector loops to identify signs of stress-induced ischaemia - Pablo Daniel Cruces; Mariano Llamedo Soria; Pedro David Arini (Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2022)

Cyphoderia ampulla (Cyphoderiidae: Rhizaria), a tale of freshwater sailors: The causes and consequences of ecological transitions through the salinity barrier in a family of benthic protists - Rubén González‐Miguéns; Carmen Soler‐Zamora; Fernando Useros; Sandra Nogal‐Prata; Cédric Berney; Andrés Blanco‐Rotea; María Isabel Carrasco‐Braganza; David de Salvador‐Velasco; Antonio Guillén‐Oterino; Daniel Tenorio‐Rodríguez; David Velázquez; Thierry J. Heger; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
The salinity barrier that separates marine and freshwater biomes is probably the most important division in biodiversity on Earth. Those organisms that successfully performed this transition had access to new ecosystems while undergoing changes in selective pressure, which often led to major shifts in diversification rates. While these transitions have been extensively investigated in animals, the tempo, mode, and outcome of crossing the salinity barrier have been scarcely studied in other eukaryotes. Here, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of the species complex Cyphoderia ampulla (Euglyphida: Cercozoa: Rhizaria) based on DNA sequences from the nuclear SSU rRNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene, obtained from publicly available environmental DNA data (GeneBank, EukBank) and isolated organisms. A tree calibrated with euglyphid fossils showed that four independent transitions towards freshwater systems occurred from the mid‐Miocene onwards, coincident with important fluctuations in sea level. Ancestral trait reconstructions indicated that the whole family Cyphoderiidae had a marine origin and suggest that ancestors of the freshwater forms were euryhaline and lived in environments with fluctuating salinity. Diversification rates did not show any obvious increase concomitant with ecological transitions, but morphometric analyses indicated that species increased in size and homogenized their morphology after colonizing the new environments. This suggests adaptation to changes in selective pressure exerted by life in freshwater sediments.

Multiple types of genomic variation contribute to adaptive traits in the mustelid subfamily Guloninae - Lorena Derežanin; Asta Blažytė; Pavel Dobrynin; David A. Duchêne; José Horacio Grau; Sungwon Jeon; Sergei Kliver; Klaus‐Peter Koepfli; Dorina Meneghini; Michaela Preick; Andrey Tomarovsky; Azamat Totikov; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
Species of the mustelid subfamily Guloninae inhabit diverse habitats on multiple continents, and occupy a variety of ecological niches. They differ in feeding ecologies, reproductive strategies and morphological adaptations. To identify candidate loci associated with adaptations to their respective environments, we generated a de novo assembly of the tayra ( Eira barbara ), the earliest diverging species in the subfamily, and compared this with the genomes available for the wolverine ( Gulo gulo ) and the sable ( Martes zibellina ). Our comparative genomic analyses included searching for signs of positive selection, examining changes in gene family sizes and searching for species‐specific structural variants. Among candidate loci associated with phenotypic traits, we observed many related to diet, body condition and reproduction. For example, for the tayra, which has an atypical gulonine reproductive strategy of aseasonal breeding, we observed species‐specific changes in many pregnancy‐related genes. For the wolverine, a circumpolar hypercarnivore that must cope with seasonal food scarcity, we observed many changes in genes associated with diet and body condition. All types of genomic variation examined (single nucleotide polymorphisms, gene family expansions, structural variants) contributed substantially to the identification of candidate loci. This argues strongly for consideration of variation other than single nucleotide polymorphisms in comparative genomics studies aiming to identify loci of adaptive significance.

Genomic evidence of an ancient inland temperate rainforest in the Pacific Northwest of North America - Megan Ruffley; Megan L. Smith; Anahí Espíndola; Daniel F. Turck; Niels Mitchell; Bryan Carstens; Jack Sullivan; David C. Tank (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
The disjunct temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest of North America (PNW) are characterized by late‐successional dominant tree species Thuja plicata (western redcedar) and Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock). The demographic histories of these species, along with the PNW rainforest ecosystem in its entirety, have been heavily impacted by geological and climatic changes the PNW has experienced over the last 5 million years, including mountain orogeny and repeated Pleistocene glaciations. These environmental events have ultimately shaped the history of these species, with inland populations potentially being extirpated during the Pleistocene glaciations. Here, we collect genomic data for both species across their ranges to test multiple demographic models, each reflecting a different phylogeographical hypothesis on how the ecosystem‐dominating species may have responded to dramatic climatic change. Our results indicate that inland and coastal populations in both species diverged ~2.5 million years ago in the early Pleistocene and experienced decreases in population size during glacial cycles, with subsequent population expansion. Importantly, we found evidence for gene flow between coastal and inland populations during the mid‐Holocene. It is likely that intermittent migration in these species during this time has prevented allopatric speciation via genetic drift alone. In conclusion, our results from combining genomic data and demographic inference procedures establish that populations of the ecosystem dominants Thuja plicata and Tsuga heterophylla persisted in refugia located in both the coastal and inland regions of the PNW throughout the Pleistocene, with populations expanding and contracting in response to glacial cycles with occasional gene flow.

Global maps of soil temperature - Jonas J. Lembrechts; Johan van den Hoogen; Juha Aalto; Michael B. Ashcroft; Pieter De Frenne; Julia Kemppinen; Martin Kopecký; Miska Luoto; Ilya M. D. Maclean; Thomas W. Crowther; Joseph J. Bailey; Stef Haesen; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1‐km 2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1‐km 2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse‐grained air temperature estimates from ERA5‐Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome‐specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near‐surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil‐related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.

MASTREE+: Time‐series of plant reproductive effort from six continents - Andrew Hacket‐Pain; Jessie J. Foest; Ian S. Pearse; Jalene M. LaMontagne; Walter D. Koenig; Giorgio Vacchiano; Michał Bogdziewicz; Thomas Caignard; Paulina Celebias; Joep van Dormolen; Marcos Fernández‐Martínez; Jose V. Moris; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Significant gaps remain in understanding the response of plant reproduction to environmental change. This is partly because measuring reproduction in long‐lived plants requires direct observation over many years and such datasets have rarely been made publicly available. Here we introduce MASTREE+, a data set that collates reproductive time‐series data from across the globe and makes these data freely available to the community. MASTREE+ includes 73,828 georeferenced observations of annual reproduction (e.g. seed and fruit counts) in perennial plant populations worldwide. These observations consist of 5971 population‐level time‐series from 974 species in 66 countries. The mean and median time‐series length is 12.4 and 10 years respectively, and the data set includes 1122 series that extend over at least two decades (≥20 years of observations). For a subset of well‐studied species, MASTREE+ includes extensive replication of time‐series across geographical and climatic gradients. Here we describe the open‐access data set, available as a.csv file, and we introduce an associated web‐based app for data exploration. MASTREE+ will provide the basis for improved understanding of the response of long‐lived plant reproduction to environmental change. Additionally, MASTREE+ will enable investigation of the ecology and evolution of reproductive strategies in perennial plants, and the role of plant reproduction as a driver of ecosystem dynamics.

Demographic composition, not demographic diversity, predicts biomass and turnover across temperate and tropical forests - Jessica F. Needham; Daniel J. Johnson; Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira; Norman Bourg; Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin; Nathalie Butt; Min Cao; Dairon Cárdenas; Chia‐Hao Chang‐Yang; Yu‐Yun Chen; George Chuyong; Handanakere S. Dattaraja; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
The growth and survival of individual trees determine the physical structure of a forest with important consequences for forest function. However, given the diversity of tree species and forest biomes, quantifying the multitude of demographic strategies within and across forests and the way that they translate into forest structure and function remains a significant challenge. Here, we quantify the demographic rates of 1961 tree species from temperate and tropical forests and evaluate how demographic diversity (DD) and demographic composition (DC) differ across forests, and how these differences in demography relate to species richness, aboveground biomass (AGB), and carbon residence time. We find wide variation in DD and DC across forest plots, patterns that are not explained by species richness or climate variables alone. There is no evidence that DD has an effect on either AGB or carbon residence time. Rather, the DC of forests, specifically the relative abundance of large statured species, predicted both biomass and carbon residence time. Our results demonstrate the distinct DCs of globally distributed forests, reflecting biogeography, recent history, and current plot conditions. Linking the DC of forests to resilience or vulnerability to climate change, will improve the precision and accuracy of predictions of future forest composition, structure, and function.

Predator–prey interactions of terrestrial invertebrates are determined by predator body size and species identity - Ana Miller‐ter Kuile; Austen Apigo; An Bui; Bartholomew DiFiore; Elizabeth S. Forbes; Michelle Lee; Devyn Orr; Daniel L. Preston; Rachel Behm; Taylor Bogar; Jasmine Childress; Rodolfo Dirzo; et al. (Ecology, 2022)
Predator–prey interactions shape ecosystems and can help maintain biodiversity. However, for many of the earth's most biodiverse and abundant organisms, including terrestrial arthropods, these interactions are difficult or impossible to observe directly with traditional approaches. Based on previous theory, it is likely that predator–prey interactions for these organisms are shaped by a combination of predator traits, including body size and species‐specific hunting strategies. In this study, we combined diet DNA metabarcoding data of 173 individual invertebrate predators from nine species (a total of 305 individual predator–prey interactions) with an extensive community body size data set of a well‐described invertebrate community to explore how predator traits and identity shape interactions. We found that (1) mean size of prey families in the field usually scaled with predator size, with species‐specific variation to a general size‐scaling relationship (exceptions likely indicating scavenging or feeding on smaller life stages). We also found that (2) although predator hunting traits, including web and venom use, are thought to shape predator–prey interaction outcomes, predator identity more strongly influenced our indirect measure of the relative size of predators and prey (predator:prey size ratios) than either of these hunting traits. Our findings indicate that predator body size and species identity are important in shaping trophic interactions in invertebrate food webs and could help predict how anthropogenic biodiversity change will influence terrestrial invertebrates, the earth's most diverse animal taxonomic group.

Limits to the three domains of life: lessons from community assembly along an Antarctic salinity gradient - Xiaoben Jiang; David J. Van Horn; Jordan G. Okie; Heather N. Buelow; Egbert Schwartz; Daniel R. Colman; Kelli L. Feeser; Cristina D. Takacs-Vesbach (Extremophiles, 2022)

First international workshop of the ATM and cancer risk group (4-5 December 2019) - Fabienne Lesueur; Douglas F. Easton; Anne-Laure Renault; Sean V. Tavtigian; Jonine L. Bernstein; Zsofia Kote-Jarai; Rosalind A. Eeles; Dijana Plaseska-Karanfia; Lidia Feliubadaló; Alejandro Moles-Fernández; Marta Santamariña-Pena; Alysson T. Sánchez; et al. (Familial Cancer, 2022)

Characteristics and large‐scale drivers of atmospheric rivers associated with extreme floods in New Zealand - Daniel G. Kingston; David A. Lavers; David M. Hannah (International Journal of Climatology, 2022)
The Southern Alps in the South Island of New Zealand are one of wettest places globally, making it critical to understand the mechanisms for delivery of extreme precipitation and river flooding. Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are recognized as key causes of extreme precipitation in New Zealand, but relatively little is known about their large‐scale meteorological drivers. Here, we aim to investigate these hydroclimatological connections for five major South Island catchments located from south–north along the axis of the Southern Alps: Te Anau, Matukituki, Pūkaki, Rakaia and Waiau Toa. For each catchment, the top eight flood events over a 38‐year period are characterized. Specifically, vertically integrated horizontal water vapour transport (IVT), 500 hPa geopotential and 300 hPa winds are examined to quantify the large‐scale atmospheric drivers of flood events. The Kidson synoptic weather classification is also employed to understand better the connection of IVT to New Zealand weather patterns. Intense IVT is associated with flood events for all five catchments and, in most instances, corresponds to AR‐type events. Spatial patterns of IVT display substantial variation between flood events and catchments; however, there are some generalizable patterns. First, clear AR‐type IVT patterns dominate for all catchments (except the Waiau Toa) with AR orientation ranging from westerly to northwesterly. For the most northerly catchment (Waiau Toa), cyclonic zones of high IVT occur instead for some events. Second, AR length varies from those restricted to the Tasman Sea (~2,000 km) to those extending to the west or north of Australia. Third, northwesterly ARs are associated with the passage of a depression in the general westerly circulation, characterized in particular by the Kidson “Trough” weather type. Finally, AR orientation is associated strongly with 300 hPa winds, and in many cases to the general wave characteristics of Southern Hemisphere circulation, particularly the Zonal Wave 3 pattern.

Effects of human footprint and biophysical factors on the body‐size structure of fished marine species - Nestor E. Bosch; Jacquomo Monk; Jordan Goetze; Shaun Wilson; Russell C. Babcock; Neville Barrett; Jock Clough; Leanne M. Currey‐Randall; David V. Fairclough; Rebecca Fisher; Brooke A. Gibbons; David Harasti; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2022)
Marine fisheries in coastal ecosystems in many areas of the world have historically removed large‐bodied individuals, potentially impairing ecosystem functioning and the long‐term sustainability of fish populations. Reporting on size‐based indicators that link to food‐web structure can contribute to ecosystem‐based management, but the application of these indicators over large (cross‐ecosystem) geographical scales has been limited to either fisheries‐dependent catch data or diver‐based methods restricted to shallow waters (

Transient Alterations in Streamwater Quality Induced by Pollution Incidents: Interim Losses Calculations and Compensation Alternatives Based on Habitat Equivalency Analysis - David Domingues Pavanelli; Daniel Ferreira Domingues; Paulo Gustavo Hoch; Caio Tadao Joko; Marcus Vinicius de Oliveira Andrade; Marcelo Carvalho Lasmar; Alexandre Bacellar Raupp; Nikolaos Voulvoulis (Environmental Management, 2022)

Learning Together for and with the Martuwarra Fitzroy River - Rosemary Hill; Pia Harkness; Nat Raisbeck-Brown; Ilisapeci Lyons; Jorge G. Álvarez-Romero; Milena Kiatkoski Kim; Dennis Chungalla; Heather Wungundin; Mary Aiken; Jean Malay; Bernadette Williams; Rachel Buissereth; et al. (Sustainability Science, 2022)
Co-production across scientific and Indigenous knowledge systems has become a cornerstone of research to enhance knowledge, practice, ethics, and foster sustainability transformations. However, the profound differences in world views and the complex and contested histories of nation-state colonisation on Indigenous territories, highlight both opportunities and risks for Indigenous people when engaging with knowledge co-production. This paper investigates the conditions under which knowledge co-production can lead to improved Indigenous adaptive environmental planning and management among remote land-attached Indigenous peoples through a case study with ten Traditional Owner groups in the Martuwarra (Fitzroy River) Catchment in Western Australia’s Kimberley region. The research team built a 3D map of the river and used it, together with an interactive table-top projector, to bring together both scientific and Indigenous spatial knowledge. Participatory influence mapping, aligned with Traditional Owner priorities to achieve cultural governance and management planning goals set out in the Fitzroy River Declaration, investigated power relations. An analytical framework, examining underlying mechanisms of social learning, knowledge promotion and enhancing influence, based on different theories of change, was applied to unpack the immediate outcomes from these activities. The analysis identified that knowledge co-production activities improved the accessibility of the knowledge, the experiences of the knowledge users, strengthened collective identity and partnerships, and strengthened Indigenous-led institutions. The focus on cultural governance and management planning goals in the Fitzroy River Declaration enabled the activities to directly affect key drivers of Indigenous adaptive environmental planning and management—the Indigenous-led institutions. The nation-state arrangements also gave some support to local learning and decision-making through a key Indigenous institution, Martuwarra Fitzroy River Council. Knowledge co-production with remote land-attached Indigenous peoples can improve adaptive environmental planning and management where it fosters learning together, is grounded in the Indigenous-led institutions and addresses their priorities.

Maternal lactational investment is higher for sons in chimpanzees - Iulia Bădescu; David P. Watts; M. Anne Katzenberg; Daniel W. Sellen (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2022)
Maternal lactational investment can affect female reproductive rates and offspring survival in mammals and can be biased towards infants of one sex. We compared estimates of lactation effort among mothers, assessed as their potential milk contribution to age-specific infant diets (mother-infant differences in fecal stable nitrogen isotopes, δ 15 N), to the timing of weaning (infant age at last nursing bout) and to maternal inter-birth interval lengths for male and female infant chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) at Ngogo, Uganda. Infant males had greater proportions of milk in their age-specific diets, indicated by higher mother-infant differences in δ 15 N (Generalized Estimating Equation, GEE: p p p Significance statement Maternal investment via lactation affects the reproductive success of female mammals and their offspring and can be biased towards infants of one sex. We investigated lactational variation among wild chimpanzees in relation to infant sex using three proxies for maternal lactational investment: fecal stable nitrogen isotopes, a physiological biomarker that may provide an estimate of lactation effort; observations of nursing, which we used to establish weaning ages; and the lengths of intervals between births of surviving infants. Chimpanzee mothers biased lactational investment toward sons on all three indicators and showed reduced fecundity due to longer inter-birth intervals for mothers of sons than for mothers of daughters. These results would be expected if greater maternal investment toward sons leads to better condition and higher reproductive success for sons later in life, thus to greater inclusive fitness for mothers.

Reduced ecosystem resilience quantifies fine‐scale heterogeneity in tropical forest mortality responses to drought - Donghai Wu; German Vargas G.; Jennifer S. Powers; Nate G. McDowell; Justin M. Becknell; Daniel Pérez‐Aviles; David Medvigy; Yanlan Liu; Gabriel G. Katul; Julio César Calvo‐Alvarado; Ana Calvo‐Obando; Arturo Sanchez‐Azofeifa; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Sensitivity of forest mortality to drought in carbon‐dense tropical forests remains fraught with uncertainty, while extreme droughts are predicted to be more frequent and intense. Here, the potential of temporal autocorrelation of high‐frequency variability in Landsat Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), an indicator of ecosystem resilience, to predict spatial and temporal variations of forest biomass mortality is evaluated against in situ census observations for 64 site‐year combinations in Costa Rican tropical dry forests during the 2015 ENSO drought. Temporal autocorrelation, within the optimal moving window of 24 months, demonstrated robust predictive power for in situ mortality (leave‐one‐out cross‐validation R 2 = 0.54), which allows for estimates of annual biomass mortality patterns at 30 m resolution. Subsequent spatial analysis showed substantial fine‐scale heterogeneity of forest mortality patterns, largely driven by drought intensity and ecosystem properties related to plant water use such as forest deciduousness and topography. Highly deciduous forest patches demonstrated much lower mortality sensitivity to drought stress than less deciduous forest patches after elevation was controlled. Our results highlight the potential of high‐resolution remote sensing to “fingerprint” forest mortality and the significant role of ecosystem heterogeneity in forest biomass resistance to drought.

Area‐based management of blue water fisheries: Current knowledge and research needs - Ray Hilborn; Vera N. Agostini; Milani Chaloupka; Serge M. Garcia; Leah R. Gerber; Eric Gilman; Quentin Hanich; Amber Himes‐Cornell; Alistair J. Hobday; David Itano; Michel J. Kaiser; Hilario Murua; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2022)
The pelagic fisheries beyond the continental shelves are currently managed with a range of tools largely based on regulating effort or target catch. These tools comprise both static and dynamic area‐based approaches to include gear limitations, closed areas and bycatch limits. There are increasing calls for additional area‐based interventions, particularly expansion of marine protected areas, with many now advocating closing 30% of the oceans to fishing. In this paper, we review the objectives, methods and successes of area‐based management of blue water fisheries across objectives related to food production and environmental, social and economic impacts. We also consider the methods used to evaluate the performance of area‐based regulations and provide a summary of the relative quality of evidence from alternative evaluation approaches. We found that few area‐based approaches have been rigorously evaluated, and that it is often difficult to obtain requisite observational data to define a counterfactual to infer any causal effect for such evaluation. Management agencies have been relatively successful at maintaining important commercial species at or near their target abundance, but success at meeting ecological or social goals is less clear. The high mobility of both target and bycatch species generally reduces the effectiveness of area‐based management, and shifting distributions due to climate change suggest that adaptive rather than static approaches will be preferred. We prioritize research and management actions that would make area‐based management more effective.

Cover Image: Volume 25 Number 3, March 2022 - Joseph A. Tobias; Catherine Sheard; Alex L. Pigot; Adam J. M. Devenish; Jingyi Yang; Ferran Sayol; Montague H. C. Neate‐Clegg; Nico Alioravainen; Thomas L. Weeks; Robert A. Barber; Patrick A. Walkden; Hannah E. A. MacGregor; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2022)

AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds - Joseph A. Tobias; Catherine Sheard; Alex L. Pigot; Adam J. M. Devenish; Jingyi Yang; Ferran Sayol; Montague H. C. Neate‐Clegg; Nico Alioravainen; Thomas L. Weeks; Robert A. Barber; Patrick A. Walkden; Hannah E. A. MacGregor; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2022)
Functional traits offer a rich quantitative framework for developing and testing theories in evolutionary biology, ecology and ecosystem science. However, the potential of functional traits to drive theoretical advances and refine models of global change can only be fully realised when species‐level information is complete. Here we present the AVONET dataset containing comprehensive functional trait data for all birds, including six ecological variables, 11 continuous morphological traits, and information on range size and location. Raw morphological measurements are presented from 90,020 individuals of 11,009 extant bird species sampled from 181 countries. These data are also summarised as species averages in three taxonomic formats, allowing integration with a global phylogeny, geographical range maps, IUCN Red List data and the eBird citizen science database. The AVONET dataset provides the most detailed picture of continuous trait variation for any major radiation of organisms, offering a global template for testing hypotheses and exploring the evolutionary origins, structure and functioning of biodiversity.

CropPol : A dynamic, open and global database on crop pollination - Alfonso Allen‐Perkins; Ainhoa Magrach; Matteo Dainese; Lucas A. Garibaldi; David Kleijn; Romina Rader; James R. Reilly; Rachael Winfree; Ola Lundin; Carley M. McGrady; Claire Brittain; David J. Biddinger; et al. (Ecology, 2022)
Seventy five percent of the world's food crops benefit from insect pollination. Hence, there has been increased interest in how global change drivers impact this critical ecosystem service. Because standardized data on crop pollination are rarely available, we are limited in our capacity to understand the variation in pollination benefits to crop yield, as well as to anticipate changes in this service, develop predictions, and inform management actions. Here, we present CropPol, a dynamic, open, and global database on crop pollination. It contains measurements recorded from 202 crop studies, covering 3,394 field observations, 2,552 yield measurements (i.e., berry mass, number of fruits, and fruit density [kg/ha], among others), and 47,752 insect records from 48 commercial crops distributed around the globe. CropPol comprises 32 of the 87 leading global crops and commodities that are pollinator dependent. Malus domestica is the most represented crop (32 studies), followed by Brassica napus (22 studies), Vaccinium corymbosum (13 studies), and Citrullus lanatus (12 studies). The most abundant pollinator guilds recorded are honey bees (34.22% counts), bumblebees (19.19%), flies other than Syrphidae and Bombyliidae (13.18%), other wild bees (13.13%), beetles (10.97%), Syrphidae (4.87%), and Bombyliidae (0.05%). Locations comprise 34 countries distributed among Europe (76 studies), North America (60), Latin America and the Caribbean (29), Asia (20), Oceania (10), and Africa (7). Sampling spans three decades and is concentrated on 2001–2005 (21 studies), 2006–2010 (40), 2011–2015 (88), and 2016–2020 (50). This is the most comprehensive open global data set on measurements of crop flower visitors, crop pollinators and pollination to date, and we encourage researchers to add more datasets to this database in the future. This data set is released for non‐commercial use only. Credits should be given to this paper (i.e., proper citation), and the products generated with this database should be shared under the same license terms (CC BY‐NC‐SA).

Screening of grapevine red blotch virus in two European ampelographic collections - Jean-Sébastien Reynard; Justine Brodard; Nathalie Dubuis; Isabelle Kellenberger; Anne-Sophie Spilmont; David Roquis; Varvara Maliogka; Cécile Marchal; Sandrine Dedet; Ophélie Gning; Daniel Croll; Katia Gindro; et al. (Journal of Plant Pathology, 2022)
Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) is a recently identified virus that infects grapevine and has a severe impact on the grape industry in North America. Since the first description of the virus 8 years ago, clear progress has been made regarding our understanding of the GRBV pathosystem. However, questions remain regarding the origin of this pathogen and its spread outside North America, especially in Europe. In this study, we present the results of a large-scale GRBV survey in two European repositories; we targeted Vitis spp. accessions with diverse geographical origins. Of 816 accessions from different origins (50 different countries around the world), six accessions were infected by GRBV, all of which originated from the United States. We investigated the DNA virome of 155 grapevine accessions from the Swiss grapevine collection using high-throughput sequencing. We observed that virome of the Swiss grapevine collection was composed of several RNA viruses. In contrast, we did not detect any DNA viruses in the 155 Swiss grapevine accessions. This finding suggests that the abundance of DNA viruses infecting grapevines in Switzerland is either very low or non-existent. Our results and the findings of studies published since 2008 show that GRBV most likely originated in North America and subsequently spread to other viticultural areas in the world via unintentional movement of infected cuttings. According to our data, the most plausible scenario for the origin of GRBV is that the virus evolved from non- Vitis vinifera hosts and underwent a host jump to Vitis vinifera after its introduction to North America in the 1600s.

Importance of Preserved Tricuspid Valve Function for Effective Soft Robotic Augmentation of the Right Ventricle in Cases of Elevated Pulmonary Artery Pressure - Isaac Wamala; Christopher J. Payne; Mossab Y. Saeed; Daniel Bautista-Salinas; David Van Story; Thomas Thalhofer; Steven J. Staffa; Sunil J. Ghelani; Pedro J. del Nido; Conor J. Walsh; Nikolay V. Vasilyev (Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology, 2022)
Purpose In clinical practice, many patients with right heart failure (RHF) have elevated pulmonary artery pressures and increased afterload on the right ventricle (RV). In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of RV augmentation using a soft robotic right ventricular assist device (SRVAD), in cases of increased RV afterload. Methods In nine Yorkshire swine of 65–80 kg, a pulmonary artery band was placed to cause RHF and maintained in place to simulate an ongoing elevated afterload on the RV. The SRVAD was actuated in synchrony with the ventricle to augment native RV output for up to one hour. Hemodynamic parameters during SRVAD actuation were compared to baseline and RHF levels. Results Median RV cardiac index (CI) was 1.43 (IQR, 1.37–1.80) L/min/m 2 and 1.26 (IQR 1.05–1.57) L/min/m 2 at first and second baseline. Upon PA banding RV CI fell to a median of 0.79 (IQR 0.63–1.04) L/min/m 2 . Device actuation improved RV CI to a median of 0.87 (IQR 0.78–1.01), 0.85 (IQR 0.64–1.59) and 1.11 (IQR 0.67–1.48) L/min/m 2 at 5 min ( p = 0.114), 30 min ( p = 0.013) and 60 ( p = 0.033) minutes respectively. Statistical GEE analysis showed that lower grade of tricuspid regurgitation at time of RHF ( p = 0.046), a lower diastolic pressure at RHF ( p = 0.019) and lower mean arterial pressure at RHF ( p = 0.024) were significantly associated with higher SRVAD effectiveness. Conclusions Short-term augmentation of RV function using SRVAD is feasible even in cases of elevated RV afterload. Moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation were associated with reduced device effectiveness.

Plant seeds and their use as test organisms for the assessment of toxicity of a model xenobiotic - David Daniel; Gilberto Dias de Alkimin; Bruno Nunes (Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2022)

Cover Image - Alain Maasri; Sonja C. Jähnig; Mihai C. Adamescu; Rita Adrian; Claudio Baigun; Donald J. Baird; Angelica Batista‐Morales; Núria Bonada; Lee E. Brown; Qinghua Cai; Joao V. Campos‐Silva; Viola Clausnitzer; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2022)

A global agenda for advancing freshwater biodiversity research - Alain Maasri; Sonja C. Jähnig; Mihai C. Adamescu; Rita Adrian; Claudio Baigun; Donald J. Baird; Angelica Batista‐Morales; Núria Bonada; Lee E. Brown; Qinghua Cai; Joao V. Campos‐Silva; Viola Clausnitzer; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2022)
Global freshwater biodiversity is declining dramatically, and meeting the challenges of this crisis requires bold goals and the mobilisation of substantial resources. While the reasons are varied, investments in both research and conservation of freshwater biodiversity lag far behind those in the terrestrial and marine realms. Inspired by a global consultation, we identify 15 pressing priority needs, grouped into five research areas, in an effort to support informed stewardship of freshwater biodiversity. The proposed agenda aims to advance freshwater biodiversity research globally as a critical step in improving coordinated actions towards its sustainable management and conservation.

Protease-activated receptor 2 activation induces behavioural changes associated with depression-like behaviour through microglial-independent modulation of inflammatory cytokines - Serge Moudio; Ashleigh Willis; Karolina Pytka; Roua Abulkassim; Ros R. Brett; Jack F. Webster; Christian Wozny; Mark Barbour; Hui-Rong Jiang; David G. Watson; Josie C. van Kralingen; Scott M. MacKenzie; et al. (Psychopharmacology, 2022)
Rationale Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide but currently prescribed treatments do not adequately ameliorate the disorder in a significant portion of patients. Hence, a better appreciation of its aetiology may lead to the development of novel therapies. Objectives In the present study, we have built on our previous findings indicating a role for protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in sickness behaviour to determine whether the PAR2 activator, AC264613, induces behavioural changes similar to those observed in depression-like behaviour. Methods AC264613-induced behavioural changes were examined using the open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and novel object recognition test (NOR). Whole-cell patch clamping was used to investigate the effects of PAR2 activation in the lateral habenula with peripheral and central cytokine levels determined using ELISA and quantitative PCR. Results Using a blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeable PAR2 activator, we reveal that AC-264613 (AC) injection leads to reduced locomotor activity and sucrose preference in mice but is without effect in anxiety and memory-related tasks. In addition, we show that AC injection leads to elevated blood sera IL-6 levels and altered cytokine mRNA expression within the brain. However, neither microglia nor peripheral lymphocytes are the source of these altered cytokine profiles. Conclusions These data reveal that PAR2 activation results in behavioural changes often associated with depression-like behaviour and an inflammatory profile that resembles that seen in patients with MDD and therefore PAR2 may be a target for novel antidepressant therapies.

Correction to: A Standards Organization for Open and FAIR Neuroscience: the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility - Mathew Birdsall Abrams; Jan G. Bjaalie; Samir Das; Gary F. Egan; Satrajit S. Ghosh; Wojtek J. Goscinski; Jeffrey S. Grethe; Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski; Eric Tatt Wei Ho; David N. Kennedy; Linda J. Lanyon; Trygve B. Leergaard; et al. (Neuroinformatics, 2022)

A Standards Organization for Open and FAIR Neuroscience: the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility - Mathew Birdsall Abrams; Jan G. Bjaalie; Samir Das; Gary F. Egan; Satrajit S. Ghosh; Wojtek J. Goscinski; Jeffrey S. Grethe; Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski; Eric Tatt Wei Ho; David N. Kennedy; Linda J. Lanyon; Trygve B. Leergaard; et al. (Neuroinformatics, 2022)
There is great need for coordination around standards and best practices in neuroscience to support efforts to make neuroscience a data-centric discipline. Major brain initiatives launched around the world are poised to generate huge stores of neuroscience data. At the same time, neuroscience, like many domains in biomedicine, is confronting the issues of transparency, rigor, and reproducibility. Widely used, validated standards and best practices are key to addressing the challenges in both big and small data science, as they are essential for integrating diverse data and for developing a robust, effective, and sustainable infrastructure to support open and reproducible neuroscience. However, developing community standards and gaining their adoption is difficult. The current landscape is characterized both by a lack of robust, validated standards and a plethora of overlapping, underdeveloped, untested and underutilized standards and best practices. The International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility (INCF), an independent organization dedicated to promoting data sharing through the coordination of infrastructure and standards, has recently implemented a formal procedure for evaluating and endorsing community standards and best practices in support of the FAIR principles. By formally serving as a standards organization dedicated to open and FAIR neuroscience, INCF helps evaluate, promulgate, and coordinate standards and best practices across neuroscience. Here, we provide an overview of the process and discuss how neuroscience can benefit from having a dedicated standards body.

Circulating levels of calprotectin, a signature of neutrophil activation in prediction of severe respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients: a multicenter, prospective study (CalCov study) - Luis García de Guadiana-Romualdo; Carlos Rodríguez Rojas; Daniel Morell-García; David Andaluz-Ojeda; María Dolores Rodríguez Mulero; Enrique Rodríguez-Borja; Antonieta Ballesteros-Vizoso; María Dolores Calvo; Lourdes Albert-Botella; Adela Pozo Giráldez; Isabel Llompart-Alabern; Cristina Bolado Jiménez; et al. (Inflammation Research, 2022)

Common, low-frequency, rare, and ultra-rare coding variants contribute to COVID-19 severity - Chiara Fallerini; Nicola Picchiotti; Margherita Baldassarri; Kristina Zguro; Sergio Daga; Francesca Fava; Elisa Benetti; Sara Amitrano; Mirella Bruttini; Maria Palmieri; Susanna Croci; Mirjam Lista; et al. (Human Genetics, 2022)
The combined impact of common and rare exonic variants in COVID-19 host genetics is currently insufficiently understood. Here, common and rare variants from whole-exome sequencing data of about 4000 SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals were used to define an interpretable machine-learning model for predicting COVID-19 severity. First, variants were converted into separate sets of Boolean features, depending on the absence or the presence of variants in each gene. An ensemble of LASSO logistic regression models was used to identify the most informative Boolean features with respect to the genetic bases of severity. The Boolean features selected by these logistic models were combined into an Integrated PolyGenic Score that offers a synthetic and interpretable index for describing the contribution of host genetics in COVID-19 severity, as demonstrated through testing in several independent cohorts. Selected features belong to ultra-rare, rare, low-frequency, and common variants, including those in linkage disequilibrium with known GWAS loci. Noteworthily, around one quarter of the selected genes are sex-specific. Pathway analysis of the selected genes associated with COVID-19 severity reflected the multi-organ nature of the disease. The proposed model might provide useful information for developing diagnostics and therapeutics, while also being able to guide bedside disease management.

Strong evidence supporting a relationship between colour pattern and apparent survival in common crossbills - Blanca Fernández-Eslava; Daniel Alonso; David Galicia; Juan Arizaga (Journal of Ornithology, 2022)
Carotenoid staining has been repeatedly shown to serve as a sexually selected individual quality signal. In different species, individuals that show brighter carotenoid-based signals have been found to have superior feeding abilities, recover faster from disease, and generally enjoy better body condition. In the common crossbill ( Loxia curvirostra ), the colour has also been related to the different populations, with northern and central European populations being described as redder than those in the Mediterranean region. A study in the Pyrenees showed that long-winged individuals had lower apparent survival, and the proportion of red individuals was higher in long-winged birds, concluding that they could be nomadic birds (that travel long distances). A priori, if the red crossbills are more mobile than the yellow and orange ones, their apparent survival will be lower. However, in our study, red males showed a greater survival than males of other colours and almost double than that of the yellow ones. These results suggest that red coloration is linked to higher quality individuals regardless of their mobility.

From anecdotes to quantification: advances in characterizing volcanic eruption impacts on the built environment - Natalia Irma Deligne; Susanna F. Jenkins; Elinor S. Meredith; George T. Williams; Graham S. Leonard; Carol Stewart; Thomas M. Wilson; Sébastien Biass; Daniel M. Blake; Russell J. Blong; Costanza Bonadonna; Rodrigo Calderon B.; et al. (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2022)

Marine protected areas are not representative of chondrichthyan species assemblages in the Southwest Atlantic - David E. Sabadin; Santiago A. Barbini; Daniel E. Figueroa; Luis O. Lucifora (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2022)

Distribution and abundance of common bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) over the French Mediterranean continental shelf - Hélène Labach; Caroline Azzinari; Maxime Barbier; Cathy Cesarini; Boris Daniel; Léa David; Frank Dhermain; Nathalie Di‐Méglio; Benjamin Guichard; Julie Jourdan; Valentin Lauret; Nicolas Robert; et al. (Marine Mammal Science, 2022)
The common bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) subpopulation in the Mediterranean is listed as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. This species is strictly protected in France and the designation of Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) is required under the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). However, little information is available about the structure and dynamics of bottlenose dolphins in French Mediterranean waters. We collected photo‐identification data over the whole French Mediterranean continental shelf year‐round between 2013 and 2015. We sighted 151 groups of bottlenose dolphins allowing the individual photo‐identification of 766 animals. The encounter rate distribution showed the presence of bottlenose dolphins over the whole continental shelf year‐round. We estimated for the first time, using capture‐recapture methods, the size of this bottlenose dolphin population at 2,350 individuals, 95% credible interval [1,827, 3,135]. Our results were used in support of the designation of a new dedicated SAC in the Gulf of Lion and provide a baseline for the bottlenose dolphin monitoring in the French Mediterranean waters in the context of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

Conditional filamentation as an adaptive trait of bacteria and its ecological significance in soils - David C. Karasz; Anna I. Weaver; Daniel H. Buckley; Roland C. Wilhelm (Environmental Microbiology, 2022)
Summary Bacteria can regulate cell morphology in response to environmental conditions, altering their physiological and metabolic characteristics to improve survival. Conditional filamentation, in which cells suspend division while continuing lateral growth, is a strategy with a range of adaptive benefits. Here, we review the causes and consequences of conditional filamentation with respect to bacterial physiology, ecology and evolution. We describe four major benefits from conditional filamentation: stress tolerance, surface colonization, gradient spanning and the facilitation of biotic interactions. Adopting a filamentous growth habit involves fitness trade‐offs which are also examined. We focus on the role of conditional filamentation in soil habitats, where filamentous morphotypes are highly prevalent and where environmental heterogeneity can benefit a conditional response. To illustrate the use of information presented in our review, we tested the conditions regulating filamentation by the forest soil isolate Paraburkholderia elongata 5N T . Filamentation by P. elongata was induced at elevated phosphate concentrations, and was associated with the accumulation of intracellular polyphosphate, highlighting the role of filamentation in a phosphate‐solubilizing bacterium. Conditional filamentation enables bacteria to optimize their growth and metabolism in environments that are highly variable, a trait that can impact succession, symbioses, and biogeochemistry in soil environments.

Maize production and nitrous oxide emissions from enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers - Yash P. Dang; Cristina Martinez; Daniel Smith; David Rowlings; Peter Grace; Mike Bell (Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2021)

Comparison of benthic macroinvertebrate assessment methods along a salinity gradient in headwater streams - Rachel A. Pence; Thomas R. Cianciolo; Damion R. Drover; Daniel L. McLaughlin; David J. Soucek; Anthony J. Timpano; Carl E. Zipper; Stephen H. Schoenholtz (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2021)

Establishment of a microsatellite genetic baseline for North American Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser o. oxyrhinchus) and range-wide analysis of population genetics - Shannon L. White; David C. Kazyak; Tanya L. Darden; Daniel J. Farrae; Barbara A. Lubinski; Robin L. Johnson; Michael S. Eackles; Matthew T. Balazik; Harold M. Brundage; Adam G. Fox; Dewayne A. Fox; Christian H. Hager; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2021)

Identifying and correcting biases in localized downscaling estimates of daily precipitation return values - Mark D. Risser; Daniel R. Feldman; Michael F. Wehner; David W. Pierce; Jeffrey R. Arnold (Climatic Change, 2021)
Extreme precipitation events are a major cause of economic damage and disruption, and need to be addressed for increasing resilience to a changing climate, particularly at the local scale. Practitioners typically want to understand local changes at spatial scales much smaller than the native resolution of most Global Climate Models, for which downscaling techniques are used to translate planetary-to-regional scale change information to local scales. However, users of statistically downscaled outputs should be aware that how the observational data used to train the statistical models is constructed determines key properties of the downscaled solutions. Specifically for one such downscaling approach, when considering seasonal return values of extreme daily precipitation, we find that the Localized Constructed Analogs (LOCA) method produces a significant low bias in return values due to choices made in building the observational data set used to train LOCA. The LOCA low biases in daily extremes are consistent across event extremity, but do not degrade the overall performance of LOCA-derived changes in extreme daily precipitation. We show that the low (negative) bias in daily extremes is a function of a time-of-day adjustment applied to the training data and the manner of gridding daily precipitation data. The effects of these choices are likely to affect other downscaling methods trained with observations made in the same way. The results developed here show that efforts to improve resilience at the local level using extreme precipitation projections can benefit from using products specifically created to properly capture the statistics of extreme daily precipitation events.

Correction to: Microphysics and Optical Attenuation in Fog: Observations from Two Coastal Sites - Qing Wang; Ryan T. Yamaguchi; John A. Kalogiros; Zachary Daniels; Denny P. Alappattu; Haflidi Jonsson; Oswaldo Alvarenga; Alex Olson; Benjamin J. Wauer; David G. Ortiz-Suslow; Harindra Joseph Fernando (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2021)

Microphysics and Optical Attenuation in Fog: Observations from Two Coastal Sites - Qing Wang; Ryan T. Yamaguchi; John A. Kalogiros; Zachary Daniels; Denny P. Alappattu; Haflidi Jonsson; Oswaldo Alvarenga; Alex Olson; Benjamin J. Wauer; David G. Ortiz-Suslow; Harindra Joseph Fernando (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2021)
A total of 15 fog events from two field campaigns are investigated: the High Energy Laser in Fog (HELFOG) project (central California) and the Toward Improving Coastal Fog Prediction (C-FOG) project (Ferryland Newfoundland). Nearly identical sensors were used in both projects to sample fog droplet-size spectra, wind, turbulence, and thermodynamic properties near the surface. Concurrent measurements of visibility were made by the present weather detector in both experiments, with the addition of a two-ended transmissometer in the HELFOG campaign. The analyses focused first on contrasting the observed fog microphysics and the associated thermodynamics from fog events in the two locations. The optical attenuation by fog was investigated using three methods: (1) derived from Mie theory using the measured droplet-size distribution, (2) parametrized as a function of fog liquid water content, and (3) parametrized in terms of total fog droplet number concentration. The consistency of these methods was investigated. The HELFOG data result in an empirical relationship between the meteorological range and liquid water content. Validation of such relationship is problematic using the C-FOG data due to the presence of rain and other factors. The parametrization with droplet number concentration only does not provide a robust visibility calculation since it cannot represent the effects of droplet size on visibility. Finally, a preliminary analysis of the mixed fog/rain case is presented to illustrate the nature of the problem to promote future research.

Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2021)

2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2021)

Stratification strength and light climate explain variation in chlorophyll a at the continental scale in a European multilake survey in a heatwave summer - Daphne Donis; Evanthia Mantzouki; Daniel F. McGinnis; Dominic Vachon; Irene Gallego; Hans‐Peter Grossart; Lisette N. de Senerpont Domis; Sven Teurlincx; Laura Seelen; Miquel Lürling; Yvon Verstijnen; Valentini Maliaka; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
To determine the drivers of phytoplankton biomass, we collected standardized morphometric, physical, and biological data in 230 lakes across the Mediterranean, Continental, and Boreal climatic zones of the European continent. Multilinear regression models tested on this snapshot of mostly eutrophic lakes (median total phosphorus [TP] = 0.06 and total nitrogen [TN] = 0.7 mg L −1 ), and its subsets (2 depth types and 3 climatic zones), show that light climate and stratification strength were the most significant explanatory variables for chlorophyll a (Chl a ) variance. TN was a significant predictor for phytoplankton biomass for shallow and continental lakes, while TP never appeared as an explanatory variable, suggesting that under high TP, light, which partially controls stratification strength, becomes limiting for phytoplankton development. Mediterranean lakes were the warmest yet most weakly stratified and had significantly less Chl a than Boreal lakes, where the temperature anomaly from the long‐term average, during a summer heatwave was the highest (+4°C) and showed a significant, exponential relationship with stratification strength. This European survey represents a summer snapshot of phytoplankton biomass and its drivers, and lends support that light and stratification metrics, which are both affected by climate change, are better predictors for phytoplankton biomass in nutrient‐rich lakes than nutrient concentrations and surface temperature.

Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact - Molly K. Grace; H. Resit Akçakaya; Elizabeth L. Bennett; Thomas M. Brooks; Anna Heath; Simon Hedges; Craig Hilton‐Taylor; Michael Hoffmann; Axel Hochkirch; Richard Jenkins; David A. Keith; Barney Long; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2021)
Recognizing the imperative to evaluate species recovery and conservation impact, in 2012 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) called for development of a “Green List of Species” (now the IUCN Green Status of Species). A draft Green Status framework for assessing species’ progress toward recovery, published in 2018, proposed 2 separate but interlinked components: a standardized method (i.e., measurement against benchmarks of species’ viability, functionality, and preimpact distribution) to determine current species recovery status (herein species recovery score ) and application of that method to estimate past and potential future impacts of conservation based on 4 metrics ( conservation legacy, conservation dependence , conservation gain , and recovery potential ). We tested the framework with 181 species representing diverse taxa, life histories, biomes, and IUCN Red List categories (extinction risk). Based on the observed distribution of species’ recovery scores, we propose the following species recovery categories : fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate. Fifty‐nine percent of tested species were considered largely or critically depleted. Although there was a negative relationship between extinction risk and species recovery score, variation was considerable. Some species in lower risk categories were assessed as farther from recovery than those at higher risk. This emphasizes that species recovery is conceptually different from extinction risk and reinforces the utility of the IUCN Green Status of Species to more fully understand species conservation status. Although extinction risk did not predict conservation legacy, conservation dependence, or conservation gain, it was positively correlated with recovery potential. Only 1.7% of tested species were categorized as zero across all 4 of these conservation impact metrics , indicating that conservation has, or will, play a role in improving or maintaining species status for the vast majority of these species. Based on our results, we devised an updated assessment framework that introduces the option of using a dynamic baseline to assess future impacts of conservation over the short term to avoid misleading results which were generated in a small number of cases, and redefines short term as 10 years to better align with conservation planning. These changes are reflected in the IUCN Green Status of Species Standard.

Animal Borne Ocean Sensors – AniBOS – An Essential Component of the Global Ocean Observing System - Clive R. McMahon; Fabien Roquet; Sophie Baudel; Mathieu Belbeoch; Sophie Bestley; Clint Blight; Lars Boehme; Fiona Carse; Daniel P. Costa; Michael A. Fedak; Christophe Guinet; Robert Harcourt; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Marine animals equipped with biological and physical electronic sensors have produced long-term data streams on key marine environmental variables, hydrography, animal behavior and ecology. These data are an essential component of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). The Animal Borne Ocean Sensors (AniBOS) network aims to coordinate the long-term collection and delivery of marine data streams, providing a complementary capability to other GOOS networks that monitor Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs), essential climate variables (ECVs) and essential biodiversity variables (EBVs). AniBOS augments observations of temperature and salinity within the upper ocean, in areas that are under-sampled, providing information that is urgently needed for an improved understanding of climate and ocean variability and for forecasting. Additionally, measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and dissolved oxygen concentrations are emerging. The observations AniBOS provides are used widely across the research, modeling and operational oceanographic communities. High latitude, shallow coastal shelves and tropical seas have historically been sampled poorly with traditional observing platforms for many reasons including sea ice presence, limited satellite coverage and logistical costs. Animal-borne sensors are helping to fill that gap by collecting and transmitting in near real time an average of 500 temperature-salinity-depth profiles per animal annually and, when instruments are recovered (∼30% of instruments deployed annually, n = 103 ± 34), up to 1,000 profiles per month in these regions. Increased observations from under-sampled regions greatly improve the accuracy and confidence in estimates of ocean state and improve studies of climate variability by delivering data that refine climate prediction estimates at regional and global scales. The GOOS Observations Coordination Group (OCG) reviews, advises on and coordinates activities across the global ocean observing networks to strengthen the effective implementation of the system. AniBOS was formally recognized in 2020 as a GOOS network. This improves our ability to observe the ocean’s structure and animals that live in them more comprehensively, concomitantly improving our understanding of global ocean and climate processes for societal benefit consistent with the UN Sustainability Goals 13 and 14: Climate and Life below Water. Working within the GOOS OCG framework ensures that AniBOS is an essential component of an integrated Global Ocean Observing System.

Hyperpolarized NMR study of the impact of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibition on the pyruvate dehydrogenase and TCA flux in type 2 diabetic rat muscle - Jae Mo Park; Sonal Josan; Ralph E. Hurd; James Graham; Peter J. Havel; David Bendahan; Dirk Mayer; Youngran Chung; Daniel M. Spielman; Thomas Jue (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2021)

Chemical and physical heterogeneity within native gold: implications for the design of gold particle studies - Robert John Chapman; David Archibald Banks; Michael Thomas Styles; Richard David Walshaw; Sandra Piazolo; Daniel Joseph Morgan; Matthew Russel Grimshaw; Carl Peter Spence-Jones; Thomas James Matthews; Olga Borovinskaya (Mineralium Deposita, 2021)
Studies of populations of gold particles are becoming increasingly common; however, interpretation of compositional data may not be straightforward. Natural gold is rarely homogenous. Alloy heterogeneity is present as microfabrics formed either during primary mineralization or by modification of pre-existing alloys by chemical and physical drivers during subsequent residence in either hypogene or surficial environments. In electron-probe-microanalysis (EPMA)-based studies, the combination of Cu, Hg, and Pd values and mineral inclusion suites may be diagnostic for source style of mineralization, but Ag alone is rarely sufficient. Gold characterization studies by laser-ablation-ICP mass spectrometry linked to both quadrupole and Time-of-Flight (ToF-MS) systems show that only Ag, Cu, and Hg form homogenous alloys with Au sufficiently often to act as generic discriminants. Where present, other elements are commonly distributed highly heterogeneously at the micron or submicron scale, either as mineral inclusions or in highly localized, but low concentrations. Drawing upon our own data derived from individual inspection and analyses of approximately 40,000 gold particles from 526 placer and in situ localities worldwide, we show that adequate characterization of gold from a specific locality normally requires study of a minimum of 150 particles via a two-stage approach comprising spatial characterization of compositional heterogeneity, plus crystallographic orientation mapping, that informs subsequent targeted acquisition of quantitative compositional data by EPMA and/or laser-ablation ICP-MS methods. Such data provide the platform to review current understanding of the genesis of gold particle characteristics, elevating future compositional studies from empirical descriptions to process-focused interpretations.

Geographic variation of mercury in breeding tidal marsh sparrows of the northeastern United States - Christopher J. Sayers; Mackenzie R. Roeder; Lindsay M. Forrette; Daniel Roche; Gaetan L. B. Dupont; Sam E. Apgar; Alison R. Kocek; Alexandra M. Cook; W. Gregory Shriver; Chris S. Elphick; Brian Olsen; David N. Bonter (Ecotoxicology, 2021)

Untangling local and remote influences in two major petrel habitats in the oligotrophic Southern Ocean - Daniel C. Jones; Filipe R. Ceia; Eugene Murphy; Karine Delord; Robert W. Furness; Ariane Verdy; Matthew Mazloff; Richard A. Phillips; Paul M. Sagar; Jean‐Baptiste Sallée; Ben Schreiber; David R. Thompson; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Ocean circulation connects geographically distinct ecosystems across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales via exchanges of physical and biogeochemical properties. Remote oceanographic processes can be especially important for ecosystems in the Southern Ocean, where the Antarctic Circumpolar Current transports properties across ocean basins through both advection and mixing. Recent tracking studies have indicated the existence of two large‐scale, open ocean habitats in the Southern Ocean used by grey petrels ( Procellaria cinerea ) from two populations (i.e., Kerguelen and Antipodes islands) during their nonbreeding season for extended periods during austral summer (i.e., October to February). In this work, we use a novel combination of large‐scale oceanographic observations, surface drifter data, satellite‐derived primary productivity, numerical adjoint sensitivity experiments, and output from a biogeochemical state estimate to examine local and remote influences on these grey petrel habitats. Our aim is to understand the oceanographic features that control these isolated foraging areas and to evaluate their ecological value as oligotrophic open ocean habitats. We estimate the minimum local primary productivity required to support these populations to be much

Establishing the Foundation for the Global Observing System for Marine Life - Erin V. Satterthwaite; Nicholas J. Bax; Patricia Miloslavich; Lavenia Ratnarajah; Gabrielle Canonico; Daniel Dunn; Samantha E. Simmons; Roxanne J. Carini; Karen Evans; Valerie Allain; Ward Appeltans; Sonia Batten; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Maintaining healthy, productive ecosystems in the face of pervasive and accelerating human impacts including climate change requires globally coordinated and sustained observations of marine biodiversity. Global coordination is predicated on an understanding of the scope and capacity of existing monitoring programs, and the extent to which they use standardized, interoperable practices for data management. Global coordination also requires identification of gaps in spatial and ecosystem coverage, and how these gaps correspond to management priorities and information needs. We undertook such an assessment by conducting an audit and gap analysis from global databases and structured surveys of experts. Of 371 survey respondents, 203 active, long-term (>5 years) observing programs systematically sampled marine life. These programs spanned about 7% of the ocean surface area, mostly concentrated in coastal regions of the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia. Seagrasses, mangroves, hard corals, and macroalgae were sampled in 6% of the entire global coastal zone. Two-thirds of all observing programs offered accessible data, but methods and conditions for access were highly variable. Our assessment indicates that the global observing system is largely uncoordinated which results in a failure to deliver critical information required for informed decision-making such as, status and trends, for the conservation and sustainability of marine ecosystems and provision of ecosystem services. Based on our study, we suggest four key steps that can increase the sustainability, connectivity and spatial coverage of biological Essential Ocean Variables in the global ocean: (1) sustaining existing observing programs and encouraging coordination among these; (2) continuing to strive for data strategies that follow FAIR principles (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable); (3) utilizing existing ocean observing platforms and enhancing support to expand observing along coasts of developing countries, in deep ocean basins, and near the poles; and (4) targeting capacity building efforts. Following these suggestions could help create a coordinated marine biodiversity observing system enabling ecological forecasting and better planning for a sustainable use of ocean resources.

Bumblebee electric charge stimulates floral volatile emissions in Petunia integrifolia but not in Antirrhinum majus - Clara Montgomery; Jozsef Vuts; Christine M. Woodcock; David M. Withall; Michael A. Birkett; John A. Pickett; Daniel Robert (The Science of Nature, 2021)
The timing of volatile organic compound (VOC) emission by flowering plants often coincides with pollinator foraging activity. Volatile emission is often considered to be paced by environmental variables, such as light intensity, and/or by circadian rhythmicity. The question arises as to what extent pollinators themselves provide information about their presence, in keeping with their long co-evolution with flowering plants. Bumblebees are electrically charged and provide electrical stimulation when visiting plants, as measured via the depolarisation of electric potential in the stem of flowers. Here we test the hypothesis that the electric charge of foraging bumblebees increases the floral volatile emissions of bee pollinated plants. We investigate the change in VOC emissions of two bee-pollinated plants ( Petunia integrifolia and Antirrhinum majus ) exposed to the electric charge typical of foraging bumblebees. P. integrifolia slightly increases its emissions of a behaviorally and physiologically active compound in response to visits by foraging bumblebees, presenting on average 121 pC of electric charge. We show that for P. integrifolia, strong electrical stimulation (600–700 pC) promotes increased volatile emissions, but this is not found when using weaker electrical charges more representative of flying pollinators (100 pC). Floral volatile emissions of A. majus were not affected by either strong (600–700 pC) or weak electric charges (100 pC). This study opens a new area of research whereby the electrical charge of flying insects may provide information to plants on the presence and phenology of their pollinators. As a form of electroreception, this sensory process would bear adaptive value, enabling plants to better ensure that their attractive chemical messages are released when a potential recipient is present.

Pendular Oscillation and Ocular Bobbing After Pontine Hemorrhage - Tzu-Pu Chang; Daniel R. Gold; Jorge Otero-Millan; Bor-Ren Huang; David S. Zee (The Cerebellum, 2021)

Correction to: How will artificial intelligence and bioinformatics change our understanding of IgA Nephropathy in the next decade? - Roman David Bülow; Daniel Dimitrov; Peter Boor; Julio Saez-Rodriguez (Seminars in Immunopathology, 2021)
A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s00281-021-00858-9

How will artificial intelligence and bioinformatics change our understanding of IgA Nephropathy in the next decade? - Roman David Bülow; Daniel Dimitrov; Peter Boor; Julio Saez-Rodriguez (Seminars in Immunopathology, 2021)
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common glomerulonephritis. It is characterized by the deposition of immune complexes containing immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the kidney’s glomeruli, triggering an inflammatory process. In many patients, the disease has a progressive course, eventually leading to end-stage kidney disease. The current understanding of IgAN’s pathophysiology is incomplete, with the involvement of several potential players, including the mucosal immune system, the complement system, and the microbiome. Dissecting this complex pathophysiology requires an integrated analysis across molecular, cellular, and organ scales. Such data can be obtained by employing emerging technologies, including single-cell sequencing, next-generation sequencing, proteomics, and complex imaging approaches. These techniques generate complex “big data,” requiring advanced computational methods for their analyses and interpretation. Here, we introduce such methods, focusing on the broad areas of bioinformatics and artificial intelligence and discuss how they can advance our understanding of IgAN and ultimately improve patient care. The close integration of advanced experimental and computational technologies with medical and clinical expertise is essential to improve our understanding of human diseases. We argue that IgAN is a paradigmatic disease to demonstrate the value of such a multidisciplinary approach.

RGS14 modulates locomotor behavior and ERK signaling induced by environmental novelty and cocaine within discrete limbic structures - Stephanie L. Foster; Daniel J. Lustberg; Nicholas H. Harbin; Sara N. Bramlett; John R. Hepler; David Weinshenker (Psychopharmacology, 2021)

The Chronic Oral Administration of Clobenzorex or Amphetamine Decreases Motor Behavior and Induces Glial Activation in the Striatum Without Dopaminergic Degeneration - Grego David Apóstol del Rosal; Ilhuicamina Daniel Limón; Isabel Martínez; Aleidy Patricio-Martínez (Neurotoxicity Research, 2021)

Identifying oceanographic conditions conducive to coastal impacts on temperate open coastal beaches - Chloe Leach; Ben S. Hague; David M. Kennedy; Rafael C. Carvalho; Daniel Ierodiaconou (Natural Hazards, 2021)

University of Alabama at Birmingham Nathan Shock Center: comparative energetics of aging - Steven N. Austad; Thomas W. Buford; David B. Allison; Scott. W. Ballinger; Andrew W. Brown; Christy S. Carter; Victor M. Darley-Usmar; John L. Hartman; Timothy R. Nagy; Daniel L. Smith; Liou Sun; Jianhua Zhang (GeroScience, 2021)

Hot and cold flavors of southern California’s Santa Ana winds: their causes, trends, and links with wildfire - Alexander Gershunov; Janin Guzman Morales; Benjamin Hatchett; Kristen Guirguis; Rosana Aguilera; Tamara Shulgina; John T. Abatzoglou; Daniel Cayan; David Pierce; Park Williams; Ivory Small; Rachel Clemesha; et al. (Climate Dynamics, 2021)
Santa Ana winds (SAWs) are associated with anomalous temperatures in coastal Southern California (SoCal). As dry air flows over SoCal’s coastal ranges on its way from the elevated Great Basin down to sea level, all SAWs warm adiabatically. Many but not all SAWs produce coastal heat events. The strongest regionally averaged SAWs tend to be cold. In fact, some of the hottest and coldest observed temperatures in coastal SoCal are linked to SAWs. We show that hot and cold SAWs are produced by distinct synoptic dynamics. High-amplitude anticyclonic flow around a blocking high pressure aloft anchored at the California coast produces hot SAWs. Cold SAWs result from anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking over the northwestern U.S. Hot SAWs are preceded by warming in the Great Basin and dry conditions across the Southwestern U.S. Precipitation over the Southwest, including SoCal, and snow accumulation in the Great Basin usually precede cold SAWs. Both SAW flavors, but especially the hot SAWs, yield low relative humidity at the coast. Although cold SAWs tend to be associated with the strongest winds, hot SAWs tend to last longer and preferentially favor wildfire growth. Historically, out of large (> 100 acres) SAW-spread wildfires, 90% were associated with hot SAWs, accounting for 95% of burned area. As health impacts of SAW-driven coastal fall, winter and spring heat waves and impacts of smoke from wildfires have been recently identified, our results have implications for designing early warning systems. The long-term warming trend in coastal temperatures associated with SAWs is focused on January–March, when hot and cold SAW frequency and temperature intensity have been increasing and decreasing, respectively, over our 71-year record.

A hybrid correlative‐mechanistic approach for modeling winter distributions of North American bat species - Meredith L. McClure; Catherine G. Haase; Carter Reed Hranac; David T. S. Hayman; Brett G. Dickson; Liam P. McGuire; Daniel Crowley; Nathan W. Fuller; Cori L. Lausen; Raina K. Plowright; Sarah H. Olson (Journal of Biogeography, 2021)
Aim The fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans and resultant white‐nose syndrome (WNS) continues to advance across North America, infecting new bat hibernacula. Western North America hosts the highest bat diversity in the United States and Canada, yet little is known about hibernacula and hibernation behaviour in this region. An improved understanding of the distribution of suitable hibernacula is critical for land managers to anticipate conservation needs of WNS‐susceptible species in currently uninfected regions. Location United States, Canada. Taxon Bats. Methods We estimated suitability of potential winter hibernaculum sites across five bat species' ranges. We estimated winter survival capacity from a mechanistic survivorship model based on bat bioenergetics and climate conditions. We then used boosted regression trees to relate these estimates, along with key landscape attributes, to bat occurrence data in a hybrid correlative‐mechanistic approach. Results Winter survival capacity, topography, land cover and access to subterranean features were important predictors of winter hibernaculum selection, but the shape and relative importance of these relationships varied amongst species. This suggests that the occurrence of bat hibernacula can, in part, be predicted from readily mapped above‐ground features, not just below‐ground characteristics for which spatial data are lacking. Furthermore, our mechanistic estimate of winter survivorship was, on average, the third strongest predictor of winter occurrence probability across focal species. Main conclusions Winter distributions of North American bat species were driven by their physiological capacity to survive winter conditions and duration in a given location, as well as selection for topographic and other landscape features but in species‐specific ways. The influence of winter survivorship on several species' distributions, the underlying influence of climate conditions on winter survivorship and the anticipated influence of WNS on bats' hibernation physiology and survivorship together suggest that North American bat distributions may undergo future shifts as these species are exposed not only to WNS but also to climate change.

Using expert knowledge to support Endangered Species Act decision‐making for data‐deficient species - Daniel B. Fitzgerald; David R. Smith; David C. Culver; Daniel Feller; Daniel W. Fong; Jeff Hajenga; Matthew L. Niemiller; Daniel C. Nolfi; Wil D. Orndorff; Barbara Douglas; Kelly O. Maloney; John A. Young (Conservation Biology, 2021)
Many questions relevant to conservation decision‐making are characterized by extreme uncertainty due to lack of empirical data and complexity of the underlying ecologic processes, leading to a rapid increase in the use of structured protocols to elicit expert knowledge. Published ecologic applications often employ a modified Delphi method, where experts provide judgments anonymously and mathematical aggregation techniques are used to combine judgments. The Sheffield elicitation framework (SHELF) differs in its behavioral approach to synthesizing individual judgments into a fully specified probability distribution for an unknown quantity. We used the SHELF protocol remotely to assess extinction risk of three subterranean aquatic species that are being considered for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. We provided experts an empirical threat assessment for each known locality over a video conference and recorded judgments on the probability of population persistence over four generations with online submission forms and R‐shiny apps available through the SHELF package. Despite large uncertainty for all populations, there were key differences between species’ risk of extirpation based on spatial variation in dominant threats, local land use and management practices, and species’ microhabitat. The resulting probability distributions provided decision makers with a full picture of uncertainty that was consistent with the probabilistic nature of risk assessments. Discussion among experts during SHELF's behavioral aggregation stage clearly documented dominant threats (e.g., development, timber harvest, animal agriculture, and cave visitation) and their interactions with local cave geology and species’ habitat. Our virtual implementation of the SHELF protocol demonstrated the flexibility of the approach for conservation applications operating on budgets and time lines that can limit in‐person meetings of geographically dispersed experts.

Conservation resource allocation, small population resiliency, and the fallacy of conservation triage - David A. Wiedenfeld; Allison C. Alberts; Ariadne Angulo; Elizabeth L. Bennett; Onnie Byers; Topiltzin Contreras‐MacBeath; Gláucia Drummond; Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca; Claude Gascon; Ian Harrison; Nicolas Heard; Axel Hochkirch; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2021)
Some conservation prioritization methods are based on the assumption that conservation needs overwhelm current resources and not all species can be conserved; therefore, a conservation triage scheme (i.e., when the system is overwhelmed, species should be divided into three groups based on likelihood of survival, and efforts should be focused on those species in the group with the best survival prospects and reduced or denied to those in the group with no survival prospects and to those in the group not needing special efforts for their conservation) is necessary to guide resource allocation. We argue that this decision‐making strategy is not appropriate because resources are not as limited as often assumed, and it is not evident that there are species that cannot be conserved. Small population size alone, for example, does not doom a species to extinction; plants, reptiles, birds, and mammals offer examples. Although resources dedicated to conserving all threatened species are insufficient at present, the world's economic resources are vast, and greater resources could be dedicated toward species conservation. The political framework for species conservation has improved, with initiatives such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals and other international agreements, funding mechanisms such as The Global Environment Facility, and the rise of many nongovernmental organizations with nimble, rapid‐response small grants programs. For a prioritization system to allow no extinctions, zero extinctions must be an explicit goal of the system. Extinction is not inevitable, and should not be acceptable. A goal of no human‐induced extinctions is imperative given the irreversibility of species loss.

Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in an ombrotrophic peatland: a benchmark for assessing change - Verity G. Salmon; Deanne J. Brice; Scott Bridgham; Joanne Childs; Jake Graham; Natalie A. Griffiths; Kirsten Hofmockel; Colleen M. Iversen; Terri M. Jicha; Randy K. Kolka; Joel E. Kostka; Avni Malhotra; et al. (Plant and Soil, 2021)

Genetic analyses of gynecological disease identify genetic relationships between uterine fibroids and endometrial cancer, and a novel endometrial cancer genetic risk region at the WNT4 1p36.12 locus - Pik Fang Kho; Sally Mortlock; Frederic Amant; Daniela Annibali; Katie Ashton; John Attia; Paul L. Auer; Matthias W. Beckmann; Amanda Black; Louise Brinton; Daniel D. Buchanan; Stephen J. Chanock; et al. (Human Genetics, 2021)

Bewegungszeit, Belastungsintensität und Bewegungsumfang im Sportunterricht - Jennifer Breithecker; David Jaitner; Julia Lohmann; Daniel Linke; Malte Siegle; Martin Lames; Hans Peter Brandl-Bredenbeck (German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 2021)
Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen zu Bewegungsanteilen im Sportunterricht unter Verwendung objektiver Verfahren sind in Deutschland selten. Sie sind jedoch sowohl aus gesundheits- und trainingswissenschaftlicher als auch aus sportpädagogischer Perspektive von Interesse, um Schulsportwirklichkeit systematisch analysieren zu können. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht Bewegungszeit (Minuten), Belastungsintensität (Herzschläge pro Minute) und Bewegungsumfang (Meter pro Minute) im Sportunterricht am Beispiel des Unterrichtsinhalts Fußball. Im Zentrum steht die Frage, ob sich Unterschiede für die Unterrichtsdauer (Einzelstunde/Doppelstunde), das Setting (indoor/outdoor) und das Geschlecht zeigen. Insgesamt nahmen 356 Schüler*innen (247 männlich, 109 weiblich) von der fünften bis zur zehnten Jahrgangsstufe ( M Alter = 12,4 Jahre) eines Gymnasiums in Bayern an der Untersuchung teil. Zum Einsatz kamen standardisierte Beobachtungsprotokolle, Herzfrequenzmesser und ein Trackingsystem (Local Position Measurement System [LPM-System]). Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die relative Bewegungszeit, die Belastungsintensität und der Bewegungsumfang in Einzelstunden am höchsten waren. Die relative Bewegungszeit war outdoor etwas höher als indoor. Die durchschnittliche Herzfrequenz unterschied sich nicht nach Setting und Geschlecht. Jungen erzielten einen höheren durchschnittlichen Bewegungsumfang im Vergleich zu Mädchen. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass der Sportunterricht mit dem Inhalt Fußball einen substanziellen Beitrag zum täglichen Gesundheits- und Bewegungsverhalten leisten kann.

Declining North American snow cover ablation frequency - Zachary J. Suriano; Daniel J. Leathers; Thomas L. Mote; Gina R. Henderson; Thomas W. Estilow; Lori J. Wachowicz; David A. Robinson (International Journal of Climatology, 2021)
At a continental scale, trends in aggregate ablation frequency inform changes in snow cover extent, however the variability and trends in the frequency and magnitude of snow ablation events at regional scales are less well understood. Determining such variability is critical in describing regional hydroclimate, where snow ablation can influence streamflow, soil moisture and groundwater supplies. This study uses a gridded dataset of United States and Canadian snow ablation events derived from 1960 to 2009 surface observations to examine spatial and temporal variations of snow ablation frequency. Here, we show a relatively narrow band of peak ablation frequency seasonally advances and recedes over North America, forced by variations in snow depth and meteorological conditions suitable for ablation. Particularly in more moist regions away from the continent's interior, hydrologically relevant ablation events of at least 10.0 cm occur on an approximately yearly basis. Collectively, ablation events became significantly less frequent with time, where events specifically in the Appalachians and in Great Lakes regions declined by as much as 75% over the 50‐year period. Decreases in ablation frequency across the study region are primarily driven by significant decreases in snow cover, inhibiting the potential for ablation to occur due to a lack of sufficiently deep snowpacks. These results point to important snow cover related changes in the hydrologic cycle in a warming climate and highlight specific areas of interest where more localized analysis of ablation trends and forcing mechanisms would be appropriate.

Round Robin Testing: Exploring Experimental Uncertainties through a Multifacility Comparison of a Hinged Raft Wave Energy Converter - Thomas Davey; Javier Sarmiento; Jérémy Ohana; Florent Thiebaut; Sylvain Haquin; Matthieu Weber; Sebastien Gueydon; Frances Judge; Eoin Lyden; Michael O’Shea; Roman Gabl; Laura-Beth Jordan; et al. (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2021)
The EU H2020 MaRINET2 project has a goal to improve the quality, robustness and accuracy of physical modelling and associated testing practices for the offshore renewable energy sector. To support this aim, a round robin scale physical modelling test programme was conducted to deploy a common wave energy converter at four wave basins operated by MaRINET2 partners. Test campaigns were conducted at each facility to a common specification and test matrix, providing the unique opportunity for intercomparison between facilities and working practices. A nonproprietary hinged raft, with a nominal scale of 1:25, was tested under a set of 12 irregular sea states. This allowed for an assessment of power output, hinge angles, mooring loads, and six-degree-of-freedom motions. The key outcome to be concluded from the results is that the facilities performed consistently, with the majority of variation linked to differences in sea state calibration. A variation of 5–10% in mean power was typical and was consistent with the variability observed in the measured significant wave heights. The tank depth (which varied from 2–5 m) showed remarkably little influence on the results, although it is noted that these tests used an aerial mooring system with the geometry unaffected by the tank depth. Similar good agreement was seen in the heave, surge, pitch and hinge angle responses. In order to maintain and improve the consistency across laboratories, we make recommendations on characterising and calibrating the tank environment and stress the importance of the device–facility physical interface (the aerial mooring in this case).

Consensus Guidelines for Advancing Coral Holobiont Genome and Specimen Voucher Deposition - Christian R. Voolstra; Kate M. Quigley; Sarah W. Davies; John Everett Parkinson; Raquel S. Peixoto; Manuel Aranda; Andrew C. Baker; Adam R. Barno; Daniel J. Barshis; Francesca Benzoni; Victor Bonito; David G. Bourne; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Coral research is being ushered into the genomic era. To fully capitalize on the potential discoveries from this genomic revolution, the rapidly increasing number of high-quality genomes requires effective pairing with rigorous taxonomic characterizations of specimens and the contextualization of their ecological relevance. However, to date there is no formal framework that genomicists, taxonomists, and coral scientists can collectively use to systematically acquire and link these data. Spurred by the recently announced “Coral symbiosis sensitivity to environmental change hub” under the “Aquatic Symbiosis Genomics Project” - a collaboration between the Wellcome Sanger Institute and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation to generate gold-standard genome sequences for coral animal hosts and their associated Symbiodiniaceae microalgae (among the sequencing of many other symbiotic aquatic species) - we outline consensus guidelines to reconcile different types of data. The metaorganism nature of the coral holobiont provides a particular challenge in this context and is a key factor to consider for developing a framework to consolidate genomic, taxonomic, and ecological (meta)data. Ideally, genomic data should be accompanied by taxonomic references, i.e., skeletal vouchers as formal morphological references for corals and strain specimens in the case of microalgal and bacterial symbionts (cultured isolates). However, exhaustive taxonomic characterization of all coral holobiont member species is currently not feasible simply because we do not have a comprehensive understanding of all the organisms that constitute the coral holobiont. Nevertheless, guidelines on minimal, recommended, and ideal-case descriptions for the major coral holobiont constituents (coral animal, Symbiodiniaceae microalgae, and prokaryotes) will undoubtedly help in future referencing and will facilitate comparative studies. We hope that the guidelines outlined here, which we will adhere to as part of the Aquatic Symbiosis Genomics Project sub-hub focused on coral symbioses, will be useful to a broader community and their implementation will facilitate cross- and meta-data comparisons and analyses.

Stoichiometric Modeling of Artificial String Chemistries Reveals Constraints on Metabolic Network Structure - Devlin Moyer; Alan R. Pacheco; David B. Bernstein; Daniel Segrè (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2021)
Uncovering the general principles that govern the structure of metabolic networks is key to understanding the emergence and evolution of living systems. Artificial chemistries can help illuminate this problem by enabling the exploration of chemical reaction universes that are constrained by general mathematical rules. Here, we focus on artificial chemistries in which strings of characters represent simplified molecules, and string concatenation and splitting represent possible chemical reactions. We developed a novel Python package, ARtificial CHemistry NEtwork Toolbox (ARCHNET), to study string chemistries using tools from the field of stoichiometric constraint-based modeling. In addition to exploring the topological characteristics of different string chemistry networks, we developed a network-pruning algorithm that can generate minimal metabolic networks capable of producing a specified set of biomass precursors from a given assortment of environmental nutrients. We found that the composition of these minimal metabolic networks was influenced more strongly by the metabolites in the biomass reaction than the identities of the environmental nutrients. This finding has important implications for the reconstruction of organismal metabolic networks and could help us better understand the rise and evolution of biochemical organization. More generally, our work provides a bridge between artificial chemistries and stoichiometric modeling, which can help address a broad range of open questions, from the spontaneous emergence of an organized metabolism to the structure of microbial communities.

Species status evaluation of Lirceus usdagalan, L. culveri, and L. hargeri populations (Isopoda; Asellidae) based on a large scale next-generation sequence data set - Daniel W. Fong; William Orndorff; David B. Carlini (Conservation Genetics, 2021)

Evaluating the congruence between DNA ‐based and morphological taxonomic approaches in water and sediment trap samples: Analyses of a 36‐month time series from a temperate monomictic lake - Joanna Gauthier; David Walsh; Daniel T. Selbie; Alyssa Bourgeois; Katherine Griffiths; Isabelle Domaizon; Irene Gregory‐Eaves (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
Paleolimnological studies are central for identifying long‐term changes, yet many studies rely on bioindicators that deposit detectable subfossils in sediments, such as diatoms and cladocerans. Emerging DNA‐based approaches are expanding the taxonomic diversity that can be investigated. However, as sedimentary DNA‐based approaches are expanding rapidly, calibration work is required to determine the advantages and limitations of these techniques. In this study, we assessed the congruence between morphological and DNA‐based approaches applied to sediment trap samples for diatoms and crustaceans using both intracellular and extracellular DNA. We also evaluated which taxa are deposited in sediment traps from the water column to identify potential paleolimnological bioindicators of environmental variations. Based on 18S rRNA gene amplicons, we developed and analyzed a micro‐eukaryotic, monthly time series that spanned 3 years and was comprised of paired water column and sediment trap samples from Cultus Lake, British Columbia, Canada. Comparisons of assemblages derived from our genetic and morphological analyses using RV coefficients revealed significant correlations for diatoms, but weaker correlations for crustaceans. Intracellular DNA reads correlated more strongly with diatom morphology, while extracellular DNA reads correlated more strongly with crustacean morphology. Additional analyses of amplicon sequence variants shared between water and sediment trap samples revealed a wide diversity of taxa to study in paleolimnology, including Ciliophora, Dinoflagellata, Chytridiomycota, Chrysophyceae, and Cryptophyceae. Partial RDAs identified significant environmental predictors of these shared assemblages. Overall, our study demonstrates the effectiveness of DNA‐based approaches to track community dynamics from sediment samples, an essential step for successful paleolimnological studies.

Increased connectivity and depth improve the effectiveness of marine reserves - Jordan S. Goetze; Shaun Wilson; Ben Radford; Rebecca Fisher; Tim J. Langlois; Jacquomo Monk; Nathan A. Knott; Hamish Malcolm; Leanne M. Currey‐Randall; Daniel Ierodiaconou; David Harasti; Neville Barrett; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Marine reserves are a key tool for the conservation of marine biodiversity, yet only ~2.5% of the world's oceans are protected. The integration of marine reserves into connected networks representing all habitats has been encouraged by international agreements, yet the benefits of this design has not been tested empirically. Australia has one of the largest systems of marine reserves, providing a rare opportunity to assess how connectivity influences conservation success. An Australia‐wide dataset was collected using baited remote underwater video systems deployed across a depth range from 0 to 100 m to assess the effectiveness of marine reserves for protecting teleosts subject to commercial and recreational fishing. A meta‐analytical comparison of 73 fished species within 91 marine reserves found that, on average, marine reserves had 28% greater abundance and 53% greater biomass of fished species compared to adjacent areas open to fishing. However, benefits of protection were not observed across all reserves (heterogeneity), so full subsets generalized additive modelling was used to consider factors that influence marine reserve effectiveness, including distance‐based and ecological metrics of connectivity among reserves. Our results suggest that increased connectivity and depth improve the aforementioned marine reserve benefits and that these factors should be considered to optimize such benefits over time. We provide important guidance on factors to consider when implementing marine reserves for the purpose of increasing the abundance and size of fished species, given the expected increase in coverage globally. We show that marine reserves that are highly protected (no‐take) and designed to optimize connectivity, size and depth range can provide an effective conservation strategy for fished species in temperate and tropical waters within an overarching marine biodiversity conservation framework.

Advancing Social Equity in and Through Marine Conservation - Nathan J. Bennett; Laure Katz; Whitney Yadao-Evans; Gabby N. Ahmadia; Scott Atkinson; Natalie C. Ban; Neil M. Dawson; Asha de Vos; Juno Fitzpatrick; David Gill; Mael Imirizaldu; Naia Lewis; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Substantial efforts and investments are being made to increase the scale and improve the effectiveness of marine conservation globally. Though it is mandated by international law and central to conservation policy, less attention has been given to how to operationalize social equity in and through the pursuit of marine conservation. In this article, we aim to bring greater attention to this topic through reviewing how social equity can be better integrated in marine conservation policy and practice. Advancing social equity in marine conservation requires directing attention to: recognition through acknowledgment and respect for diverse peoples and perspectives; fair distribution of impacts through maximizing benefits and minimizing burdens; procedures through fostering participation in decision-making and good governance; management through championing and supporting local involvement and leadership; the environment through ensuring the efficacy of conservation actions and adequacy of management to ensure benefits to nature and people; and the structural barriers to and institutional roots of inequity in conservation. We then discuss the role of various conservation organizations in advancing social equity in marine conservation and identify the capacities these organizations need to build. We urge the marine conservation community, including governments, non-governmental organizations and donors, to commit to the pursuit of socially equitable conservation.

The conservation status of the world’s freshwater molluscs - Monika Böhm; Nadia I. Dewhurst-Richman; Mary Seddon; Sophie E. H. Ledger; Christian Albrecht; David Allen; Arthur E. Bogan; Jay Cordeiro; Kevin S. Cummings; Annabelle Cuttelod; Gustavo Darrigran; Will Darwall; et al. (Hydrobiologia, 2021)

Impact of Mixed Reality Presentation on STEM Engagement and Comprehension: A Pilot Study on Adult Scientists - Peter Geller; Jaymie Stein; Daniel Du; Jason R. Webb; Zack Lieberman; David Shreiber; Biju Parekkadan (Biomedical Engineering Education, 2021)
Current educational presentation software used in STEM education fail to maximize student engagement and comprehension. Mixed reality presentation is one specific type of digital presentation software that has shown to significantly improve student engagement and comprehension. In this paper, we describe a pilot study on adult scientists which evaluates the usage of an integrated mixed reality presentation software in the Zyndo platform as an enhanced alternative to Adobe PDFs. A group of adult scientists ( N = 20), with higher education of at least a bachelor’s degree, from an academic research center at Harvard Medical School were randomized and asked to read two articles (one on Immunology and the other on Bioengineering) presented through either the mixed reality presentation or PDFs. Our results indicate that participants improved in nearly all metrics for engagement (ranging from + 4 to 51% improvement depending on engagement metric and subject matter) when viewing the mixed reality presentation over the traditional PDFs for both articles. Specifically, the participants demonstrated improved comprehension of the scientific content and time spent viewing the presentation in a content-dependent manner. Therefore, 3D mixed reality environments can potentially be applied to enhance student learning in STEM fields, particularly Biomedical Engineering in both on-line and in person classroom settings.

Persistence of the Swiss Needle Cast Outbreak in Oregon Coastal Douglas-Fir and New Insights from Research and Monitoring - David C Shaw; Gabriela Ritóková; Yung-Hsiang Lan; Doug B Mainwaring; Andrew Russo; Randy Comeleo; Sarah Navarro; Daniel Norlander; Ben Smith (Journal of Forestry, 2021)
Swiss needle cast (SNC), caused by Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii, is a foliage disease of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), that reduces growth in native stands and exotic plantations worldwide. An outbreak of SNC began in coastal Oregon in the mid-1990s and has persisted since that time. Here we review the current state of knowledge after 24 years of research and monitoring, with a focus on Oregon, although the disease is significant in coastal Washington and has recently emerged in southwestern British Columbia. We present new insights into SNC distribution, landscape patterns, disease epidemiology and ecology, host-pathogen interactions, trophic and hydrologic influences, and the challenges of Douglas-fir plantation management in the presence of the disease. In Oregon, the SNC outbreak has remained geographically contained but has intensified. Finally, we consider the implications of climate change and other recently emerged foliage diseases on the future of Douglas-fir plantation management.

Relative importance of tree species richness, tree functional type, and microenvironment for soil macrofauna communities in European forests - Pierre Ganault; Johanne Nahmani; Stephan Hättenschwiler; Lauren Michelle Gillespie; Jean-François David; Ludovic Henneron; Etienne Iorio; Christophe Mazzia; Bart Muys; Alain Pasquet; Luis Daniel Prada-Salcedo; Janna Wambsganss; et al. (Oecologia, 2021)

Genome-first approach to rare EYA4 variants and cardio-auditory phenotypes in adults - Shadi Ahmadmehrabi; Binglan Li; Joseph Park; Batsal Devkota; Marijana Vujkovic; Yi-An Ko; David Van Wagoner; W.H. Wilson Tang; Ian Krantz; Marylyn Ritchie; Jason Brant; Michael J. Ruckenstein; et al. (Human Genetics, 2021)

T lymphocyte depletion ameliorates age-related metabolic impairments in mice - Daniel W. Trott; Md Torikul Islam; David J. Buckley; Anthony J. Donato; Tavia Dutson; Eric S. Sorensen; Jinjin Cai; Venkateswara R. Gogulamudi; Tam T. T. Phuong; Lisa A. Lesniewski (GeroScience, 2021)

Diabetes medications as potential calorie restriction mimetics—a focus on the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose - Daniel L. Smith; Rachael M. Orlandella; David B. Allison; Lyse A. Norian (GeroScience, 2021)

Innovative, sustainable, and circular agricultural systems for the future - Gerold Rahmann; Khalid Azim; Irena Brányiková; Mahesh Chander; Wahyudi David; Jan Willem Erisman; Daniel Grimm; Andrew Hammermeister; Li Ji; Anja Kuenz; Anne-Kristin Løes; Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar; et al. (Organic Agriculture, 2021)
This special issue presents the outcomes from “ Designing sustainable and circular agricultural systems for the year 2100 ,” the joint scientific workshop of ISOFAR, the Thünen-Institute, and INRA-Morocco, which was held from November 14 to 16, 2019 in Marrakesh, Morocco. Nineteen scientists from a broad array of background and nationalities came together with the understanding that food security globally is at risk, especially in the post-2050 timeframe. Current concepts, strategies, measures, and scientific efforts carried out by governments, NGOs, businesses, and societies do not deliver satisfying solutions for how to sustainably produce enough healthy and affordable food to support the global population. With the economic and social impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, it became even more evident that food security is a challenge. This workshop took an innovative approach to addressing the challenges of future agriculture by considering sustainable, circular agricultural systems. Participants presented research results on algae-based food, edible insects, mushrooms, novel concepts for nutrient management, bioreactor-based farming, sustainable food culture, as well as sensor- and remote-controlled automatic food production. This special issue presents the papers contributed to the workshop and the results of the discussions.

Satellite Remote Sensing and the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network: Current Science and Future Steps - Maria Kavanaugh; Tom Bell; Dylan Catlett; Megan Cimino; Scott Doney; Willem Klajbor; Monique Messié; Enrique Montes; Frank Muller Karger; Daniel Otis; Jarrod Santora; Isaac Schroeder; et al. (Oceanography, 2021)
Coastal ecosystems are rapidly changing due to human-caused global warming, rising sea level, changing circulation patterns, sea ice loss, and acidification that in turn alter the productivity and composition of marine biological communities. In addition, regional pressures associated with growing human populations and economies result in changes in infrastructure, land use, and other development; greater extraction of fisheries and other natural resources; alteration of benthic seascapes; increased pollution; and eutrophication. Understanding biodiversity is fundamental to assessing and managing human activities that sustain ecosystem health and services and mitigate humankind’s indiscretions. Remote-sensing observations provide rapid and synoptic data for assessing biophysical interactions at multiple spatial and temporal scales and thus are useful for monitoring biodiversity in critical coastal zones. However, many challenges remain because of complex bio-optical signals, poor signal retrieval, and suboptimal algorithms. Here, we highlight four approaches in remote sensing that complement the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON). MBON observations help quantify plankton functional types, foundation species, and unique species habitat relationships, as well as inform species distribution models. In concert with in situ observations across multiple platforms, these efforts contribute to monitoring biodiversity changes in complex coastal regions by providing oceanographic context, contributing to algorithm and indicator development, and creating linkages between long-term ecological studies, the next generations of satellite sensors, and marine ecosystem management.

Future carbon emissions from global mangrove forest loss - Maria F. Adame; Rod M. Connolly; Mischa P. Turschwell; Catherine E. Lovelock; Temilola Fatoyinbo; David Lagomasino; Liza A. Goldberg; Jordan Holdorf; Daniel A. Friess; Sigit D. Sasmito; Jonathan Sanderman; Michael Sievers; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Mangroves have among the highest carbon densities of any tropical forest. These ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems can store large amounts of carbon for long periods, and their protection reduces greenhouse gas emissions and supports climate change mitigation. Incorporating mangroves into Nationally Determined Contributions to the Paris Agreement and their valuation on carbon markets requires predicting how the management of different land‐uses can prevent future greenhouse gas emissions and increase CO 2 sequestration. We integrated comprehensive global datasets for carbon stocks, mangrove distribution, deforestation rates, and land‐use change drivers into a predictive model of mangrove carbon emissions. We project emissions and foregone soil carbon sequestration potential under ‘business as usual’ rates of mangrove loss. Emissions from mangrove loss could reach 2391 Tg CO 2 eq by the end of the century, or 3392 Tg CO 2 eq when considering foregone soil carbon sequestration. The highest emissions were predicted in southeast and south Asia (West Coral Triangle, Sunda Shelf, and the Bay of Bengal) due to conversion to aquaculture or agriculture, followed by the Caribbean (Tropical Northwest Atlantic) due to clearing and erosion, and the Andaman coast (West Myanmar) and north Brazil due to erosion. Together, these six regions accounted for 90% of the total potential CO 2 eq future emissions. Mangrove loss has been slowing, and global emissions could be more than halved if reduced loss rates remain in the future. Notably, the location of global emission hotspots was consistent with every dataset used to calculate deforestation rates or with alternative assumptions about carbon storage and emissions. Our results indicate the regions in need of policy actions to address emissions arising from mangrove loss and the drivers that could be managed to prevent them.

Increasing aridity will not offset CO 2 fertilization in fast‐growing eucalypts with access to deep soil water - Daniel Nadal‐Sala; Belinda E. Medlyn; Nadine K. Ruehr; Craig V. M. Barton; David S. Ellsworth; Carles Gracia; David T. Tissue; Mark G. Tjoelker; Santi Sabaté (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Rising atmospheric [CO 2 ] ( C a ) generally enhances tree growth if nutrients are not limiting. However, reduced water availability and elevated evaporative demand may offset such fertilization. Trees with access to deep soil water may be able to mitigate such stresses and respond more positively to C a . Here, we sought to evaluate how increased vapor pressure deficit and reduced precipitation are likely to modify the impact of elevated C a (e C a ) on tree productivity in an Australian Eucalyptus saligna Sm. plantation with access to deep soil water. We parameterized a forest growth simulation model (GOTILWA+) using data from two field experiments on E. saligna : a 2‐year whole‐tree chamber experiment with factorial C a (ambient =380, elevated =620 μmol mol −1 ) and watering treatments, and a 10‐year stand‐scale irrigation experiment. Model evaluation showed that GOTILWA+ can capture the responses of canopy C uptake to (1) rising vapor pressure deficit ( D ) under both C a treatments; (2) alterations in tree water uptake from shallow and deep soil layers during soil dry‐down; and (3) the impact of irrigation on tree growth. Simulations suggest that increasing C a up to 700 μmol mol −1 alone would result in a 33% increase in annual gross primary production (GPP) and a 62% increase in biomass over 10 years. However, a combined 48% increase in D and a 20% reduction in precipitation would halve these values. Our simulations identify high D conditions as a key limiting factor for GPP. They also suggest that rising C a will compensate for increasing aridity limitations in E. saligna trees with access to deep soil water under non‐nutrient limiting conditions, thereby reducing the negative impacts of global warming upon this eucalypt species. Simulation models not accounting for water sources available to deep‐rooting trees are likely to overestimate aridity impacts on forest productivity and C stocks.

SNAPSHOT USA 2019: a coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States - Michael V. Cove; Roland Kays; Helen Bontrager; Claire Bresnan; Monica Lasky; Taylor Frerichs; Renee Klann; Thomas E. Lee; Seth C. Crockett; Anthony P. Crupi; Katherine C. B. Weiss; Helen Rowe; et al. (Ecology, 2021)
With the accelerating pace of global change, it is imperative that we obtain rapid inventories of the status and distribution of wildlife for ecological inferences and conservation planning. To address this challenge, we launched the SNAPSHOT USA project, a collaborative survey of terrestrial wildlife populations using camera traps across the United States. For our first annual survey, we compiled data across all 50 states during a 14‐week period (17 August–24 November of 2019). We sampled wildlife at 1,509 camera trap sites from 110 camera trap arrays covering 12 different ecoregions across four development zones. This effort resulted in 166,036 unique detections of 83 species of mammals and 17 species of birds. All images were processed through the Smithsonian’s eMammal camera trap data repository and included an expert review phase to ensure taxonomic accuracy of data, resulting in each picture being reviewed at least twice. The results represent a timely and standardized camera trap survey of the United States. All of the 2019 survey data are made available herein. We are currently repeating surveys in fall 2020, opening up the opportunity to other institutions and cooperators to expand coverage of all the urban–wild gradients and ecophysiographic regions of the country. Future data will be available as the database is updated at eMammal.si.edu/snapshot‐usa, as will future data paper submissions. These data will be useful for local and macroecological research including the examination of community assembly, effects of environmental and anthropogenic landscape variables, effects of fragmentation and extinction debt dynamics, as well as species‐specific population dynamics and conservation action plans. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this paper when using the data for publication.

Time to rethink trophic levels in aquaculture policy - Richard S. Cottrell; Marc Metian; Halley E. Froehlich; Julia L. Blanchard; Nis Sand Jacobsen; Peter B. McIntyre; Kirsty L. Nash; David R. Williams; Lex Bouwman; Jessica A. Gephart; Caitlin D. Kuempel; Daniel D. Moran; et al. (Reviews in Aquaculture, 2021)
Aquaculture policy often promotes production of low‐trophic level species for sustainable industry growth. Yet, the application of the trophic level concept to aquaculture is complex, and its value for assessing sustainability is further complicated by continual reformulation of feeds. The majority of fed farmed fish and invertebrate species are produced using human‐made compound feeds that can differ markedly from the diet of the same species in the wild and continue to change in composition. Using data on aquaculture feeds, we show that technical advances have substantially decreased the mean effective trophic level of farmed species, such as salmon (mean TL = 3.48 to 2.42) and tilapia (2.32 to 2.06), from 1995 to 2015. As farmed species diverge in effective trophic level from their wild counterparts, they are coalescing at a similar effective trophic level due to standardisation of feeds. This pattern blurs the interpretation of trophic level in aquaculture because it can no longer be viewed as a trait of the farmed species, but rather is a dynamic feature of the production system. Guidance based on wild trophic position or historical resource use is therefore misleading. Effective aquaculture policy needs to avoid overly simplistic sustainability indicators such as trophic level. Instead, employing empirically derived metrics based on the specific farmed properties of species groups, management techniques and advances in feed formulation will be crucial for achieving truly sustainable options for farmed seafood.

Yellowfin Tuna Behavioural Ecology and Catchability in the South Atlantic: The Right Place at the Right Time (and Depth) - Serena R. Wright; David Righton; Joachim Naulaerts; Robert J. Schallert; Chris A. Griffiths; Taylor Chapple; Daniel Madigan; Vladimir Laptikhovsky; Victoria Bendall; Rhys Hobbs; Doug Beare; Elizabeth Clingham; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
The yellowfin tuna ( Thunnus albacares: YFT) is a widely distributed, migratory species that supports valuable commercial fisheries. Landings of YFT are seasonally and spatially variable, reflecting changes in their availability and accessibility to different fleets and metiers which, in turn, has implications for sustainable management. Understanding the dynamics of YFT behaviour and how it is affected by biological and ecological factors is therefore of consequence to fisheries management design. Archival and pop-up satellite tags (PSAT) were used in the South Atlantic Ocean around St Helena between 2015 and 2020 to collect information on the movements, foraging and locomotory behaviour of YFT. The study aimed to (1) identify vertical behaviour of YFT within St Helena’s EEZ; (2) assess the timing and depth of potential feeding events and (3) to use the information to inform on the catchability of YFT to the local pole and line fishing fleet. Results indicate that the YFT daytime behaviour shifted between shallow with high incidence of fast starts in surface waters in summer months (December to April), to deep with high incidence of strikes at depth in colder months (May to November). Catchability of YFT was significantly reduced between May and November as YFT spent more time at depths below 100 m during the day, which coincides with a reduction in the quantity of YFT caught by the inshore fleet.

Corrigendum: OceanGliders: A Component of the Integrated GOOS - Pierre Testor; Brad de Young; Daniel L. Rudnick; Scott Glenn; Daniel Hayes; Craig M. Lee; Charitha Pattiaratchi; Katherine Hill; Emma Heslop; Victor Turpin; Pekka Alenius; Carlos Barrera; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)

Probing the oligomeric re-assembling of bacterial fimbriae in vitro: a small-angle X-ray scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation study - Alexandra S. Solovyova; Daniel T. Peters; Gema Dura; Helen Waller; Jeremy H. Lakey; David A. Fulton (European Biophysics Journal, 2021)
Capsular antigen fragment 1 (Caf1) is an oligomeric protein consisting of 15 kDa monomeric subunits that are non-covalently linked through exceptionally strong and kinetically inert interactions into a linear polymer chain. It has been shown that after its thermal depolymerisation into unfolded monomeric subunits, Caf1 is able to efficiently repolymerise in vitro to reform its polymeric structure. However, little is known about the nature of the repolymerisation process. An improved understanding of this process will lead to the development of methods to better control the lengths of the repolymerised species, and ultimately, to better design of the properties of Caf1-based materials. Here we utilize small-angle X-ray scattering to estimate the size of Caf1 polymers during the first 24 h of the re-polymerisation process. Analytical ultracentrifugation measurements were also used to investigate the process post-24 h, where the rate of repolymerisation becomes considerably slower. Results show that in vitro polymerisation proceeds in a linear manner with no evidence observed for the formation of a lateral polymer network or uncontrolled aggregates. The rate of Caf1 in vitro repolymerisation was found to be concentration-dependent. Importantly, the rate of polymer growth was found to be relatively fast over the first few hours, before continuing at a dramatically slower rate. This observation is not consistent with the previously proposed step-growth mechanism of in vitro polymerisation of Caf1, where a linear increase in polymer length would be expected with time. We speculate how our observations may support the idea that the polymerisation process may be occurring at the ends of the chains with monomers adding sequentially. Our findings will contribute towards the development of new biomaterials for 3D cell culture and bio-printing.

Evaluation of single and combined effects of two pharmaceuticals on the marine gastropod Phorcus lineatus enzymatic activity under two different exposure periods - David Daniel; Bruno Nunes (Ecotoxicology, 2021)

A leverage points perspective on social networks to understand sustainability transformations: evidence from Southern Transylvania - David P. M. Lam; Berta Martín-López; Andra I. Horcea-Milcu; Daniel J. Lang (Sustainability Science, 2021)
Sustainability transformations research increasingly recognizes the importance of local actors and their networks to foster fundamental societal change. Local actors have different types of relations between each other (e.g., sharing material resources, giving advice) through which they jointly intervene in different system characteristics. We conducted social network analyses of 32 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who drive initiatives to foster sustainability in Southern Transylvania, Romania. In so doing, we applied a leverage points perspective by differentiating between relations according to the system characteristic they address, such as the parameters, feedbacks, design and intent of the system. Additionally, we tested for differences of centrality metrics (i.e., weighted degree, betweenness, eigenvector) from NGOs that conduct different actions (i.e., amplification processes) to increase the impact of their sustainability initiatives. Our results reveal several NGOs that have central positions in their networks for intervening in both shallower (i.e., parameters and feedbacks) and deeper (i.e., design and intent of a system) system characteristics. We also identified NGOs that are only central for intervening in specific system characteristics. In addition, we found that specific groups of amplification processes (i.e., amplifying within and out ) are associated with the NGOs’ positions in the parameters, feedbacks, and design networks. We conclude that the leverage points perspective in social network analysis has the potential to identify key actors and shed light on the attributes of local actors for intervening in shallower and deeper system characteristics to foster sustainability transformations.

Hero Turned Villain: Identification of Components of the Sex Pheromone of the Tomato Bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis - David R. Hall; Steven J. Harte; Daniel P. Bray; Dudley I. Farman; Rob James; Celine X. Silva; Michelle T. Fountain (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2021)
Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Heteroptera: Miridae) is a tropical mirid bug used as a biocontrol agent in protected crops, including tomatoes. Although N. tenuis predates important insect pests, especially whitefly, it also causes damage by feeding on tomato plants when prey populations decline, resulting in significant economic losses for growers. The pest is now established in some all-year-round tomato crops in Europe and control measures involve the application of pesticides which are incompatible with current IPM programs. As part of future IPM strategies, the pheromone of N. tenuis was investigated. Volatile collections were made from groups and individuals of mated and unmated, females and males. In analyses of these collections by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic (EAG) recording from antennae of male bugs, two EAG-active components were detected and identified as 1-octanol and octyl hexanoate. Unlike other mirids, both male and female N. tenuis produced the two compounds, before and after mating, and both sexes gave EAG responses to both compounds. Furthermore, only octyl hexanoate was detected in whole body solvent washes from both sexes. These compounds are not related to the derivatives of 3-hydroxybutyrate esters found as pheromone components in other members of the Bryocrinae sub-family, and the latter could not be detected in volatiles from N. tenuis and did not elicit EAG responses. Nevertheless, experiments carried out in commercial glasshouses showed that traps baited with a blend of the synthetic pheromone components caught essentially only male N. tenuis , and significantly more than traps baited with octyl hexanoate alone. The latter caught significantly more N. tenuis than unbaited traps which generally caught very few bugs. Traps at plant height caught more N. tenuis males than traps 1 m above or at the base of the plants. The trap catches provided an indication of population levels of N. tenuis and were greatly reduced following an application of insecticide.

Impacts of Multiple Stressors on a Benthic Foraminiferal Community: A Long-Term Experiment Assessing Response to Ocean Acidification, Hypoxia and Warming - Joan M. Bernhard; Johannes C. Wit; Victoria R. Starczak; David J. Beaudoin; William G. Phalen; Daniel C. McCorkle (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Ocean chemistry is changing as a result of human activities. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations are increasing, causing an increase in oceanic p CO 2 that drives a decrease in oceanic pH, a process called ocean acidification (OA). Higher CO 2 concentrations are also linked to rising global temperatures that can result in more stratified surface waters, reducing the exchange between surface and deep waters; this stronger stratification, along with nutrient pollution, contributes to an expansion of oxygen-depleted zones (so called hypoxia or deoxygenation). Determining the response of marine organisms to environmental changes is important for assessments of future ecosystem functioning. While many studies have assessed the impact of individual or paired stressors, fewer studies have assessed the combined impact of p CO 2 , O 2 , and temperature. A long-term experiment (∼10 months) with different treatments of these three stressors was conducted to determine their sole or combined impact on the abundance and survival of a benthic foraminiferal community collected from a continental-shelf site. Foraminifera are well suited to such study because of their small size, relatively rapid growth, varied mineralogies and physiologies. Inoculation materials were collected from a ∼77-m deep site south of Woods Hole, MA. Very fine sediments (<53 μm) were used as inoculum, to allow the entire community to respond. Thirty-eight morphologically identified taxa grew during the experiment. Multivariate statistical analysis indicates that hypoxia was the major driving factor distinguishing the yields, while warming was secondary. Species responses were not consistent, with different species being most abundant in different treatments. Some taxa grew in all of the triple-stressor samples. Results from the experiment suggest that foraminiferal species’ responses will vary considerably, with some being negatively impacted by predicted environmental changes, while other taxa will tolerate, and perhaps even benefit, from deoxygenation, warming and OA.

Refining Fisheries Advice With Stock-Specific Ecosystem Information - Jacob W. Bentley; Mathieu G. Lundy; Daniel Howell; Steven E. Beggs; Alida Bundy; Francisco de Castro; Clive J. Fox; Johanna J. Heymans; Christopher P. Lynam; Debbi Pedreschi; Pia Schuchert; Natalia Serpetti; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Although frequently suggested as a goal for ecosystem-based fisheries management, incorporating ecosystem information into fisheries stock assessments has proven challenging. The uncertainty of input data, coupled with the structural uncertainty of complex multi-species models, currently makes the use of absolute values from such models contentious for short-term single-species fisheries management advice. Here, we propose a different approach where the standard assessment methodologies can be enhanced using ecosystem model derived information. Using a case study of the Irish Sea, we illustrate how stock-specific ecosystem indicators can be used to set an ecosystem-based fishing mortality reference point (F ECO ) within the “Pretty Good Yield” ranges for fishing mortality which form the present precautionary approach adopted in Europe by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). We propose that this new target, F ECO , can be used to scale fishing mortality down when the ecosystem conditions for the stock are poor and up when conditions are good. This approach provides a streamlined quantitative way of incorporating ecosystem information into catch advice and provides an opportunity to operationalize ecosystem models and empirical indicators, while retaining the integrity of current assessment models and the F MSY -based advice process.

Update on genomic and molecular landscapes of well-differentiated liposarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma - Jun Lu; David Wood; Evan Ingley; Sulev Koks; Daniel Wong (Molecular Biology Reports, 2021)

Mixture models as a method for comparative sociality: social networks and demographic change in resident killer whales - Samuel Ellis; Daniel W. Franks; Michael N. Weiss; Michael A. Cant; Paolo Domenici; Kenneth C. Balcomb; David K. Ellifrit; Darren P. Croft (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2021)
In studies of social behaviour, social bonds are usually inferred from rates of interaction or association. This approach has revealed many important insights into the proximate formation and ultimate function of animal social structures. However, it remains challenging to compare social structure between systems or time-points because extrinsic factors, such as sampling methodology, can also influence the observed rate of association. As a consequence of these methodological challenges, it is difficult to analyse how patterns of social association change with demographic processes, such as the death of key social partners. Here we develop and illustrate the use of binomial mixture models to quantitatively compare patterns of social association between networks. We then use this method to investigate how patterns of social preferences in killer whales respond to demographic change. Resident killer whales are bisexually philopatric, and both sexes stay in close association with their mother in adulthood. We show that mothers and daughters show reduced social association after the birth of the daughter’s first offspring, but not after the birth of an offspring to the mother. We also show that whales whose mother is dead associate more with their opposite sex siblings and with their grandmother than whales whose mother is alive. Our work demonstrates the utility of using mixture models to compare social preferences between networks and between species. We also highlight other potential uses of this method such as to identify strong social bonds in animal populations. Significance statement Comparing patters of social associations between systems, or between the same systems at different times, is challenging due to the confounding effects of sampling and methodological differences. Here we present a method to allow social associations to be robustly classified and then compared between networks using binomial mixture models. We illustrate this method by showing how killer whales change their patterns of social association in response to the birth of calves and the death of their mother. We show that after the birth of her calf, females associate less with their mother. We also show that whales’ whose mother is dead associate more with their opposite sex siblings and grandmothers than whales’ whose mother is alive. This clearly demonstrates how this method can be used to examine fine scale temporal processes in animal social systems.

The summer precipitation response of latewood tree‐ring chronologies in the southwestern United States - Ian M. Howard; David W. Stahle; Max C. A. Torbenson; Daniel Griffin (International Journal of Climatology, 2021)
Latewood width tree‐ring chronologies from arid‐site conifers in the southwestern United States are correlated with precipitation during portions of the summer monsoon season. The onset date and length of the monsoon season varies across the region, and these regional differences in summer rainfall climatology may impact the strength and timing of the warm season precipitation response of latewood chronologies. The optimal latewood response to summer precipitation is computed on a daily basis using 67 adjusted latewood chronologies (LWa) from the southwestern United States, adjusted to remove correlation with preceding earlywood growth. Most LWa chronologies are significantly correlated with precipitation summed over a period of approximately 4 weeks (29 days) in early summer. This early summer precipitation signal is present in most ponderosa pine chronologies across the study area. It is also evident in Douglas‐fir chronologies, but only from southern Arizona and New Mexico. The Julian date of summer precipitation onset increases from south to north in the instrumental precipitation data for the southwestern United States. The timing of the early summer season precipitation response in most LWa chronologies also tends to occur later in the summer from southeastern Arizona into northern New Mexico and eastern Colorado. Principal components analysis of the LWa chronologies reproduces two of the three most important spatial modes of early summer precipitation covariability seen in the instrumental data. The first PC of LWa is related to the same atmospheric circulation features associated with PC1 of instrumental early summer precipitation, including cyclonic circulation over the southwestern United States and moisture advection from the eastern Pacific. Correlation analyses between antecedent cool season precipitation and early summer rainfall using instrumental and tree‐ring reconstructed precipitation indicates that the tree‐ring data reproduce the multi‐decadal variability in correlation between seasons seen in the instrumental data.

Genetic variation reveals individual‐level climate tracking across the annual cycle of a migratory bird - Rachael A. Bay; Daniel S. Karp; James F. Saracco; William R. L. Anderegg; Luke O. Frishkoff; David Wiedenfeld; Thomas B. Smith; Kristen Ruegg (Ecology Letters, 2021)
For migratory species, seasonal movements complicate local climate adaptation, as it is unclear whether individuals track climate niches across the annual cycle. In the migratory songbird yellow warbler ( Setophaga petechia ), we find a correlation between individual‐level wintering and breeding precipitation, but not temperature. Birds wintering in the driest regions of the Neotropics breed in the driest regions of North America. Individuals from drier regions also possess distinct morphologies and population responses to varying rainfall. We find a positive association between bill size and breeding season precipitation which, given documented climate‐associated genomic variation, might reflect adaptation to local precipitation regimes. Relative abundance in the breeding range is linked to interannual fluctuations in precipitation, but the directionality of this response varies across geography. Together, our results suggest that variation in climate optima may exist across the breeding range of yellow warblers and provide a mechanism for selection across the annual cycle.

Range dynamics mediated by compensatory life stage responses to experimental climate manipulations - Meagan F. Oldfather; Michael J. Koontz; Daniel F. Doak; David D. Ackerly (Ecology Letters, 2021)
The expectations of polar or upslope distributional shifts of species ranges in response to warming climate conditions have been recently questioned. Diverse responses of different life stages to changing temperature and moisture regimes may alter these predicted range dynamics. Furthermore, the climate driver(s) influencing demographic rates, and the contribution of each demographic rate to population growth rate (λ), may shift across a species range. We investigated these demographic effects by experimentally manipulating climate and measuring responses of λ in nine populations spanning the elevation range of an alpine plant ( Ivesia lycopodioides ). Populations exhibited stable growth rates (λ ~ 1) under naturally wet conditions and declining rates (λ

Correlates of bird collisions with buildings across three North American countries - Jared A. Elmore; Stephen B. Hager; Bradley J. Cosentino; Timothy J. O'Connell; Corey S. Riding; Michelle L. Anderson; Marja H. Bakermans; Than J. Boves; David Brandes; Eric M. Butler; Michael W. Butler; Nicolette L. Cagle; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2021)
Collisions with buildings cause up to 1 billion bird fatalities annually in the United States and Canada. However, efforts to reduce collisions would benefit from studies conducted at large spatial scales across multiple study sites with standardized methods and consideration of species‐ and life‐history‐related variation and correlates of collisions. We addressed these research needs through coordinated collection of data on bird collisions with buildings at sites in the United States (35), Canada (3), and Mexico (2). We collected all carcasses and identified species. After removing records for unidentified carcasses, species lacking distribution‐wide population estimates, and species with distributions overlapping fewer than 10 sites, we retained 269 carcasses of 64 species for analysis. We estimated collision vulnerability for 40 bird species with ≥2 fatalities based on their North American population abundance, distribution overlap in study sites, and sampling effort. Of 10 species we identified as most vulnerable to collisions, some have been identified previously (e.g., Black‐throated Blue Warbler [ Setophaga caerulescens ]), whereas others emerged for the first time (e.g., White‐breasted Nuthatch [ Sitta carolinensis ]), possibly because we used a more standardized sampling approach than past studies. Building size and glass area were positively associated with number of collisions for 5 of 8 species with enough observations to analyze independently. Vegetation around buildings influenced collisions for only 1 of those 8 species (Swainson's Thrush [ Catharus ustulatus ]). Life history predicted collisions; numbers of collisions were greatest for migratory, insectivorous, and woodland‐inhabiting species. Our results provide new insight into the species most vulnerable to building collisions, making them potentially in greatest need of conservation attention to reduce collisions and into species‐ and life‐history‐related variation and correlates of building collisions, information that can help refine collision management.

Comparison of Oyster Aquaculture Methods and Their Potential to Enhance Microbial Nitrogen Removal From Coastal Ecosystems - Paraskevi Mara; Virginia P. Edgcomb; Taylor R. Sehein; David Beaudoin; Chuck Martinsen; Christina Lovely; Bridget Belcher; Rebecca Cox; Meghan Curran; Claire Farnan; Peter Giannini; Sarah Lott; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Coastal ecosystems are impacted by excessive nutrient inputs that cause degradation of water quality and impairments of ecosystem functioning. Regulatory and management efforts to enhance nutrient export from coastal ecosystems include sustainable oyster aquaculture that removes nitrogen in the form of oyster biomass and increases particulate export to underlying sediments where increased organic material may enhance microbial denitrification. To better understand the impacts of oyster aquaculture on nitrogen removal, we examined bacterial processes in sediments underlying three of the most common aquaculture methods that vary in the proximity of oysters to the sediments. Sediment samples underlying sites managed with these different aquaculture methods were examined using the 16S rRNA gene to assess microbial community structure, gene expression analyses to examine nitrogen and sulfur cycling genes, and nitrogen gas flux measurements. All sites were located in the same hydrodynamic setting within Waquoit Bay, MA during 2018 and 2019. Although sediments under the different oyster farming practices showed similar communities, ordination analysis revealed discrete community groups formed along the sampling season. Measured N 2 fluxes and expression of key genes involved in denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) increased during mid-summer and into fall in both years primarily under bottom cages. While all three oyster growing methods enhanced nitrogen removal relative to the control site, gene expression data indicate that the nitrogen retaining process of DNRA is particularly enhanced after end of July under bottom cages, and to a lesser extent, under suspended and floating bags. The choice of gear can also potentially increase processes that induce nitrogen retention in the form of ammonia in the underlying sediments over time, thus causing deviations from predicted nitrogen removal. If nitrogen removal is a primary objective, monitoring for these shifts is essential for making decisions about siting and size of aquaculture sites from year to year.

Overview of PAX gene family: analysis of human tissue-specific variant expression and involvement in human disease - Brian Thompson; Emily A. Davidson; Wei Liu; Daniel W. Nebert; Elspeth A. Bruford; Hongyu Zhao; Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis; David C. Thompson; Vasilis Vasiliou (Human Genetics, 2021)

Development of versatile and potent monoquaternary reactivators of acetylcholinesterase - Lukas Gorecki; Vendula Hepnarova; Jana Zdarova Karasova; Martina Hrabinova; Charlotte Courageux; José Dias; Tomas Kucera; Tereza Kobrlova; Lubica Muckova; Lukas Prchal; David Malinak; Daniel Jun; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2021)

Sharing and reporting benefits from biodiversity research - Emily Marden; Richard J. Abbott; Frédéric Austerlitz; Daniel Ortiz‐Barrientos; Regina S. Baucom; Pim Bongaerts; Aurélie Bonin; Camille Bonneaud; Luke Browne; C. Alex Buerkle; Ana L. Caicedo; David W. Coltman; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2021)

Impact of climate change on groundwater recharge in a Brazilian Savannah watershed - Arnaldo José Cambraia Neto; Lineu Neiva Rodrigues; Demetrius David da Silva; Daniel Althoff (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2021)

Consensus on Virtual Management of Vestibular Disorders: Urgent Versus Expedited Care - Aasef G. Shaikh; Adolfo Bronstein; Sergio Carmona; Yoon-Hee Cha; Catherine Cho; Fatema F. Ghasia; Daniel Gold; Kemar E. Green; Christoph Helmchen; Richard T. Ibitoye; Jorge Kattah; Ji-Soo Kim; et al. (The Cerebellum, 2021)

Predictors of invertebrate biomass and rate of advancement of invertebrate phenology across eight sites in the North American Arctic - Rebecca Shaftel; Daniel J. Rinella; Eunbi Kwon; Stephen C. Brown; H. River Gates; Steve Kendall; David B. Lank; Joseph R. Liebezeit; David C. Payer; Jennie Rausch; Sarah T. Saalfeld; Brett K. Sandercock; et al. (Polar Biology, 2021)
Average annual temperatures in the Arctic increased by 2–3 °C during the second half of the twentieth century. Because shorebirds initiate northward migration to Arctic nesting sites based on cues at distant wintering grounds, climate-driven changes in the phenology of Arctic invertebrates may lead to a mismatch between the nutritional demands of shorebirds and the invertebrate prey essential for egg formation and subsequent chick survival. To explore the environmental drivers affecting invertebrate availability, we modeled the biomass of invertebrates captured in modified Malaise-pitfall traps over three summers at eight Arctic Shorebird Demographics Network sites as a function of accumulated degree-days and other weather variables. To assess climate-driven changes in invertebrate phenology, we used data from the nearest long-term weather stations to hindcast invertebrate availability over 63 summers, 1950–2012. Our results confirmed the importance of both accumulated and daily temperatures as predictors of invertebrate availability while also showing that wind speed negatively affected invertebrate availability at the majority of sites. Additionally, our results suggest that seasonal prey availability for Arctic shorebirds is occurring earlier and that the potential for trophic mismatch is greatest at the northernmost sites, where hindcast invertebrate phenology advanced by approximately 1–2.5 days per decade. Phenological mismatch could have long-term population-level effects on shorebird species that are unable to adjust their breeding schedules to the increasingly earlier invertebrate phenologies.

Translating a Global Emission-Reduction Framework for Subnational Climate Action: A Case Study from the State of Georgia - Marilyn A. Brown; Blair Beasley; Fikret Atalay; Kim M. Cobb; Puneet Dwiveldi; Jeffrey Hubbs; David M. Iwaniek; Sudhagar Mani; Daniel Matisoff; Jaqueline E. Mohan; Jeffrey Mullen; Michael Oxman; et al. (Environmental Management, 2021)
Subnational entities are recognizing the need to systematically examine options for reducing their carbon footprints. However, few robust and comprehensive analyses are available that lay out how US states and regions can most effectively contribute. This paper describes an approach developed for Georgia—a state in the southeastern United States called “Drawdown Georgia”, our research involves (1) understanding Georgia’s baseline carbon footprint and trends, (2) identifying the universe of Georgia-specific carbon-reduction solutions that could be impactful by 2030, (3) estimating the greenhouse gas reduction potential of these high-impact 2030 solutions for Georgia, and (4) estimating associated costs and benefits while also considering how the solutions might impact societal priorities, such as economic development opportunities, public health, environmental benefits, and equity. We began by examining the global solutions identified by Project Drawdown. The resulting 20 high-impact 2030 solutions provide a strategy for reducing Georgia’s carbon footprint in the next decade using market-ready technologies and practices and including negative emission solutions. This paper describes our systematic and replicable process and ends with a discussion of its strengths, weaknesses, and planned future research.

Expression of the Tomato pot-1 Gene Confers Potato Virus Y (PVY) Resistance in Susceptible Potato Varieties - Chen Zhang; Kelly A. Zarka; Daniel G. Zarka; Jonathan L. Whitworth; David S. Douches (American Journal of Potato Research, 2021)

Erratum: Comparison of AR.Drone Quadricopter Video and the Visual CTLA Method for Urban Tree Hazard Rating - David L Kulhavy; Daniel R Unger; I-Kuai Hung; Yanli Zhang (Journal of Forestry, 2021)

Combining Ecosystem and Single-Species Modeling to Provide Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management Advice Within Current Management Systems - Daniel Howell; Amy M. Schueller; Jacob W. Bentley; Andre Buchheister; David Chagaris; Matthew Cieri; Katie Drew; Mathieu G. Lundy; Debbi Pedreschi; David G. Reid; Howard Townsend (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Although many countries have formally committed to Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM), actual progress toward these goals has been slow. This paper presents two independent case studies that have combined strategic advice from ecosystem modeling with the tactical advice of single-species assessment models to provide practical ecosystem-based management advice. With this approach, stock status, reference points, and initial target F are computed from a single-species model, then an ecosystem model rescales the target F according to ecosystem indicators without crossing pre-calculated single-species precautionary limits. Finally, the single-species model computes the quota advice from the rescaled target F , termed here F eco . Such a methodology incorporates both the detailed population reconstructions of the single-species model and the broader ecosystem perspective from ecosystem-based modeling, and fits into existing management schemes. The advocated method has arisen from independent work on EBFM in two international fisheries management systems: (1) Atlantic menhaden in the United States and (2) the multi species fisheries of the Irish Sea, in the Celtic Seas ecoregion. In the Atlantic menhaden example, the objective was to develop ecological reference points (ERPs) that account for the effect of menhaden harvest on predator populations and the tradeoffs associated with forage fish management. In the Irish Sea, the objective was to account for ecosystem variability when setting quotas for the individual target species. These two exercises were aimed at different management needs, but both arrived at a process of adjusting the target F used within the current single-species management. Although the approach has limitations, it represents a practical step toward EBFM, which can be adapted to a range of ecosystem objectives and applied within current management systems.

The climate commons dilemma: how can humanity solve the commons dilemma for the global climate commons? - Yang Li; David K. Sewell; Saam Saber; Daniel B. Shank; Yoshihisa Kashima (Climatic Change, 2021)

Can N 2 O emissions offset the benefits from soil organic carbon storage? - Bertrand Guenet; Benoit Gabrielle; Claire Chenu; Dominique Arrouays; Jérôme Balesdent; Martial Bernoux; Elisa Bruni; Jean‐Pierre Caliman; Rémi Cardinael; Songchao Chen; Philippe Ciais; Dominique Desbois; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
To respect the Paris agreement targeting a limitation of global warming below 2°C by 2100, and possibly below 1.5°C, drastic reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are mandatory but not sufficient. Large‐scale deployment of other climate mitigation strategies is also necessary. Among these, increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is an important lever because carbon in soils can be stored for long periods and land management options to achieve this already exist and have been widely tested. However, agricultural soils are also an important source of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), a powerful greenhouse gas, and increasing SOC may influence N 2 O emissions, likely causing an increase in many cases, thus tending to offset the climate change benefit from increased SOC storage. Here we review the main agricultural management options for increasing SOC stocks. We evaluate the amount of SOC that can be stored as well as resulting changes in N 2 O emissions to better estimate the climate benefits of these management options. Based on quantitative data obtained from published meta‐analyses and from our current level of understanding, we conclude that the climate mitigation induced by increased SOC storage is generally overestimated if associated N 2 O emissions are not considered but, with the exception of reduced tillage, is never fully offset. Some options (e.g. biochar or non‐pyrogenic C amendment application) may even decrease N 2 O emissions.

The Utility of Satellites and Autonomous Remote Sensing Platforms for Monitoring Offshore Aquaculture Farms: A Case Study for Canopy Forming Kelps - Tom W. Bell; Nick J. Nidzieko; David A. Siegel; Robert J. Miller; Kyle C. Cavanaugh; Norman B. Nelson; Daniel C. Reed; Dmitry Fedorov; Christopher Moran; Jordan N. Snyder; Katherine C. Cavanaugh; Christie E. Yorke; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)
The emerging sector of offshore kelp aquaculture represents an opportunity to produce biofuel feedstock to help meet growing energy demand. Giant kelp represents an attractive aquaculture crop due to its rapid growth and production, however precision farming over large scales is required to make this crop economically viable. These demands necessitate high frequency monitoring to ensure outplant success, maximum production, and optimum quality of harvested biomass, while the long distance from shore and large necessary scales of production makes in person monitoring impractical. Remote sensing offers a practical monitoring solution and nascent imaging technologies could be leveraged to provide daily products of the kelp canopy and subsurface structures over unprecedented spatial scales. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of remote sensing from satellites and aerial and underwater autonomous vehicles as potential monitoring platforms for offshore kelp aquaculture farms. Decadal-scale analyses of the Southern California Bight showed that high offshore summertime cloud cover restricts the ability of satellite sensors to provide high frequency direct monitoring of these farms. By contrast, daily monitoring of offshore farms using sensors mounted to aerial and underwater drones seems promising. Small Unoccupied Aircraft Systems (sUAS) carrying lightweight optical sensors can provide estimates of canopy area, density, and tissue nitrogen content on the time and space scales necessary for observing changes in this highly dynamic species. Underwater color imagery can be rapidly classified using deep learning models to identify kelp outplants on a longline farm and high acoustic returns of kelp pneumatocysts from side scan sonar imagery signal an ability to monitor the subsurface development of kelp fronds. Current sensing technologies can be used to develop additional machine learning and spectral algorithms to monitor outplant health and canopy macromolecular content, however future developments in vehicle and infrastructure technologies are necessary to reduce costs and transcend operational limitations for continuous deployment in an offshore setting.

Behavior and Ecology of Silky Sharks Around the Chagos Archipelago and Evidence of Indian Ocean Wide Movement - David J. Curnick; Samantha Andrzejaczek; David M. P. Jacoby; Daniel M. Coffey; Aaron B. Carlisle; Taylor K. Chapple; Francesco Ferretti; Robert J. Schallert; Timothy White; Barbara A. Block; Heather J. Koldewey; Ben Collen (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)
Silky sharks ( Carcharhinus falciformis ) represent a major component of global shark catch, both directly and as bycatch, and populations are declining as a result. An improved understanding of their movement ecology is needed to support conservation efforts. We deployed satellite and acoustic tags (2013–2018) and analyzed historical fisheries records (1997–2009), to investigate the spatial ecology of silky sharks in the central Indian Ocean and a large Marine Protected Area (MPA; 640,000 km 2 ) around the Chagos Archipelago. We observed high fidelity to the MPA, and a sustained diurnal association with a seamount complex, with individuals moving off at night and returning at sunrise. Yet, we also observed large-scale divergent movements in two satellite tagged individuals and documented the furthest recorded displacement distance for a satellite tagged silky shark to date, with one individual moving from the MPA to the Kenyan coast—a displacement distance of 3,549 km (track distance ∼4,782 km). Silky sharks undertook diel vertical migrations and oscillatory diving behavior, spending > 99% of their time in the top 100 m, and diving to depths of greater than 300 m, overlapping directly with typical deployments of purse seine and longline sets in the Indian Ocean. One individual was recorded to a depth of 1,112 m, the deepest recorded silky shark dive to date. Individuals spent 96% of their time at liberty within water temperatures between 24 and 30°C. Historic fisheries data revealed that silky sharks were a major component of the shark community around the archipelago, representing 13.69% of all sharks caught by longlines before the fishery closed in 2010. Over half (55.88%) of all individuals caught by longlines and purse seiners were juveniles. The large proportion of juveniles, coupled with the high site fidelity and residence observed in some individuals, suggests that the MPA could provide considerable conservation benefits for silky sharks, particularly during early life-history stages. However, their high mobility potential necessitates that large MPAs need to be considered in conjunction with fisheries regulations and conservation measures in adjacent EEZs and in areas beyond national jurisdiction.

Dysglycaemia and South Asian ethnicity: a proteomic discovery and confirmation analysis highlights differences in ZAG - Harriet M. Pearsey; Joseph Henson; Jack A. Sargeant; David Webb; Jason M. R. Gill; Carlos Celis-Morales; Toru Suzuki; Helen Waller; Kamlesh Khunti; Leong L. Ng; Kelly A. Bowden-Davies; Daniel J. Cuthbertson; et al. (Journal of Proteins and Proteomics, 2020)
Aims To (1) explore and verify differences in the plasma proteome of white European (WE) and South Asian (SA) adults with normal glycaemic control (NGC) or non-diabetic hyperglycaemia (NDH) and to (2) validate these findings using a separate WE and SA cohort at a high risk of NDH. Methods Mass spectrometry analysis was performed on fasted samples from 72 WE or SA men with NGC or NDH. These results were verified using specific biochemical assays and validated by repeating the analysis in an additional cohort of 30 WE and 30 SA adults. Proteomic results were analysed using independent samples t test and univariate analysis. The targeted assay results were analysed using generalised linear models with adjustment for appropriate covariates including age, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides and sex. Results Only zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAG) significantly differed between both ethnicities and glycaemic control groups. ZAG-specific biochemical assays verified the lower circulating ZAG in SAs (41.09 versus 37.07 (mg L −1 ); p = 0.014), but not the difference between NGC and NDH groups ( p = 0.539). Validation of the ethnicity difference in a separate cohort confirmed that, after adjustment for covariates, ZAG was lower in SAs ( p = 0.018). There was no association between ZAG and glycaemic control in the validation cohort. Conclusions Our analyses identified that ZAG is lower in SAs compared to WEs, but its difference between glycaemic control statuses was uncertain. Further research is needed to establish whether lower ZAG in SAs is associated with, or prognostic of, health outcomes, particularly regarding the risk of dysglycaemia.

Differential regulation of extracellular matrix proteins in three recurrent liver metastases of a single patient with colorectal cancer - Hannah Voß; Marcus Wurlitzer; Daniel J. Smit; Florian Ewald; Malik Alawi; Michael Spohn; Daniela Indenbirken; Maryam Omidi; Kerstin David; Hartmut Juhl; Ronald Simon; Guido Sauter; et al. (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2020)
Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients suffer from the second highest mortality among all cancer entities. In half of all CRC patients, colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) can be observed. Metastatic colorectal cancer is associated with poor overall survival and limited treatment options. Even after successful surgical resection of the primary tumor, metachronous liver metastases occur in one out of eight cases. The only available curative intended treatment is hepatic resection, but metachronous CRLM frequently recur after approximately 1 year. In this study, we performed a proteome analysis of three recurrent liver metastases of a single CRC patient by mass spectrometry. Despite surgical resection of the primary CRC and adjuvant chemotherapy plus cetuximab treatment, the patient developed three metachronous CRLM which occurred consecutively after 9, 21 and 31 months. We identified a set of 1132 proteins expressed in the three metachronous CRLM, of which 481 were differentially regulated, including 81 proteins that were associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM). 56 ECM associated proteins were identified as upregulated in the third metastasis, 26 (46%) of which were previously described as negative prognostic markers in CRC, including tenascin C, nidogen 1, fibulin 1 and vitronectin. These data may reflect an ascending trend of malignancy from the first to the third metachronous colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Additionally, the results indicate different ECM phenotypes for recurrent metachronous metastasis, associated with different grades of malignancy and highlights the importance of individual analysis of molecular features in different, consecutive metastatic events in a single patient.

Canine papillomavirus type 16 associated to squamous cell carcinoma in a dog: virological and pathological findings - Christian D. B. T. Alves; Matheus N. Weber; Lorena L. B. Guimarães; Samuel P. Cibulski; Flávio R. C. da Silva; Cíntia Daudt; Renata F. Budaszewski; Mariana S. Silva; Fabiana Q. Mayer; Ronaldo M. Bianchi; Claiton Ismael Schwertz; Carine R. Stefanello; et al. (Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2020)

A novel glycosidase plate-based assay for the quantification of galactosylation and sialylation on human IgG - Osmond D. Rebello; Richard A. Gardner; Paulina A. Urbanowicz; David N. Bolam; Lucy I. Crouch; David Falck; Daniel I. R. Spencer (Glycoconjugate Journal, 2020)
Changes in human IgG galactosylation and sialylation have been associated with several inflammatory diseases which are a major burden on the health care system. A large body of work on well-established glycomic and glycopeptidomic assays has repeatedly demonstrated inflammation-induced changes in IgG glycosylation. However, these assays are usually based on specialized analytical instrumentation which could be considered a technical barrier for uptake by some laboratories. Hence there is a growing demand for simple biochemical assays for analyzing these glycosylation changes. We have addressed this need by introducing a novel glycosidase plate-based assay for the absolute quantification of galactosylation and sialylation on IgG. IgG glycoproteins are treated with specific exoglycosidases to release the galactose and/or sialic acid residues. The released galactose monosaccharides are subsequently used in an enzymatic redox reaction that produces a fluorescence signal that is quantitative for the amount of galactosylation and, in-turn, sialylation on IgG. The glycosidase plate-based assay has the potential to be a simple, initial screening assay or an alternative assay to the usage of high-end analytical platforms such as HILIC-FLD-MSn when considering the analysis of galactosylation and sialylation on IgG. We have demonstrated this by comparing our assay to an industrial established HILIC-FLD-MSn glycomic analysis of 15 patient samples and obtained a Pearson’s r correlation coefficient of 0.8208 between the two methods.

Species delimitation in the Echinocereus pulchellus complex (Cactaceae) - Daniel Sánchez; David Gómez-Quintero; Ofelia Vargas-Ponce; Pablo Carrillo-Reyes; Patricia Dávila-Aranda (Brittonia, 2020)

2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Daniela Alioto; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Simon J. Anthony; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Tomáš Bartonička; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2020)

Greater topoclimatic control of above‐ versus below‐ground communities - Heidi K. Mod; Daniel Scherrer; Valeria Di Cola; Olivier Broennimann; Quentin Blandenier; Frank T. Breiner; Aline Buri; Jérôme Goudet; Nicolas Guex; Enrique Lara; Edward A. D. Mitchell; Hélène Niculita‐Hirzel; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Assessing the degree to which climate explains the spatial distributions of different taxonomic and functional groups is essential for anticipating the effects of climate change on ecosystems. Most effort so far has focused on above‐ground organisms, which offer only a partial view on the response of biodiversity to environmental gradients. Here including both above‐ and below‐ground organisms, we quantified the degree of topoclimatic control on the occurrence patterns of >1,500 taxa and phylotypes along a c. 3,000 m elevation gradient, by fitting species distribution models. Higher model performances for animals and plants than for soil microbes (fungi, bacteria and protists) suggest that the direct influence of topoclimate is stronger on above‐ground species than on below‐ground microorganisms. Accordingly, direct climate change effects are predicted to be stronger for above‐ground than for below‐ground taxa, whereas factors expressing local soil microclimate and geochemistry are likely more important to explain and forecast the occurrence patterns of soil microbiota. Detailed mapping and future scenarios of soil microclimate and microhabitats, together with comparative studies of interacting and ecologically dependent above‐ and below‐ground biota, are thus needed to understand and realistically forecast the future distribution of ecosystems.

Invasion costs, impacts, and human agency: response to Sagoff 2020 - Ross N. Cuthbert; Sven Bacher; Tim M. Blackburn; Elizabeta Briski; Christophe Diagne; Jaimie T. A. Dick; Franz Essl; Piero Genovesi; Phillip J. Haubrock; Guillaume Latombe; Bernd Lenzner; Yves Meinard; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2020)
Article impact statement : In an era of profound biodiversity crisis, invasion costs, invader impacts, and human agency should not be dismissed.

Public Perceptions of Mangrove Forests Matter for Their Conservation - Farid Dahdouh-Guebas; Gordon N. Ajonina; A. Aldrie Amir; Dominic A. Andradi-Brown; Irfan Aziz; Thorsten Balke; Edward B. Barbier; Stefano Cannicci; Simon M. Cragg; Marília Cunha-Lignon; David J. Curnick; Carlos M. Duarte; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Effect of different roughage sources associated banana pseudostem hay on the nutritional and behavioral parameters and performance of F1 Holstein/Zebu lactation cows - Walber de Oliveira Rabelo; Vicente Ribeiro Rocha Júnior; Flávio Pinto Monção; Natanael Mendes Costa; João Paulo Sampaio Rigueira; Bruno Pereira de Souza; Ana Marla Oliveira Durães; Dorismar David Alves; Felipe Shindy Aiura; Cinara da Cunha Siqueira Carvalho; Daniel Ananias de Assis Pires (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2020)

Noradrenergic circuits in the forebrain control affective responses to novelty - Daniel Lustberg; Rachel P. Tillage; Yu Bai; Molly Pruitt; L. Cameron Liles; David Weinshenker (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

A review of a decade of lessons from one of the world’s largest MPAs: conservation gains and key challenges - Graeme C. Hays; Heather J. Koldewey; Samantha Andrzejaczek; Martin J. Attrill; Shanta Barley; Daniel T. I. Bayley; Cassandra E. Benkwitt; Barbara Block; Robert J. Schallert; Aaron B. Carlisle; Pete Carr; Taylor K. Chapple; et al. (Marine Biology, 2020)

Effects of H2O2 on growth, metabolic activity and membrane integrity in three strains of Microcystis aeruginosa - Su Chern Foo; Ian J. Chapman; David M. Hartnell; Andrew D. Turner; Daniel J. Franklin (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020)

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics - Mariana Nagy‐Reis; Júlia Emi de Faria Oshima; Claudia Zukeran Kanda; Francesca Belem Lopes Palmeira; Fabiano Rodrigues de Melo; Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato; Lilian Bonjorne; Marcelo Magioli; Caroline Leuchtenberger; Fabio Rohe; Frederico Gemesio Lemos; Felipe Martello; et al. (Ecology, 2020)
Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non‐detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non‐governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer‐reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non‐detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio‐temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large‐scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics - Clarissa Alves da Rosa; Bruno R. Ribeiro; Vanesa Bejarano; Fernando Henrique Puertas; Adriana Bocchiglieri; Adriana Loeser dos Santos Barbosa; Adriano Garcia Chiarello; Adriano Pereira Paglia; Adriele Aparecida Pereira; Adryelle Francisca de Souza Moreira; Agnis Cristiane de Souza; Aiesca Pellegrin; et al. (Ecology, 2020)
Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal‐central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus , Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. ( n = 37,782), Sus scrofa ( n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris ( n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., S yncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans ). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set ( n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata , and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation‐related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data.

The importance of threatened host plants for arthropod diversity: the fauna associated with dendroid Euphorbia plants endemic to the Canary and Madeira archipelagos - David Hernández-Teixidor; Irene Santos; Daniel Suárez; Pedro Oromí (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2020)

The impact of mercury on North American songbirds: effects, trends, and predictive factors - Daniel A. Cristol; David C. Evers (Ecotoxicology, 2020)

Phosphonate cycling supports methane and ethylene supersaturation in the phosphate‐depleted western North Atlantic Ocean - Oscar A. Sosa; Timothy J. Burrell; Samuel T. Wilson; Rhea K. Foreman; David M. Karl; Daniel J. Repeta (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
In oligotrophic ocean regions, dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) plays a prominent role as a source of phosphorus (P) to microorganisms. An important bioavailable component of DOP is phosphonates, organophosphorus compounds with a carbon‐phosphorus (C‐P) bond, which are ubiquitous in high molecular weight dissolved organic matter (HMWDOM). In addition to being a source of P, the degradation of phosphonates by the bacterial C‐P lyase enzymatic pathway causes the release of trace hydrocarbon gases relevant to climate and atmospheric chemistry. In this study, we investigated the roles of phosphate and phosphonate cycling in the production of methane (CH 4 ) and ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) in the western North Atlantic Ocean, a region that features a transition in phosphate concentrations from coastal to open ocean waters. We observed an inverse relationship between phosphate and the saturation state of CH 4 and C 2 H 4 in the water column, and between phosphate and the relative abundance of the C‐P lyase marker gene phnJ . In phosphate‐depleted waters, methylphosphonate and 2‐hydroxyethylphosphonate, the C‐P lyase substrates that yield CH 4 and C 2 H 4 , respectively, were readily degraded in proportions consistent with their abundance and bioavailability in HMWDOM and with the concentrations of CH 4 and C 2 H 4 in the water column. We conclude that phosphonate degradation through the C‐P lyase pathway is an important source and a common production pathway of CH 4 and C 2 H 4 in the phosphate‐depleted surface waters of the western North Atlantic Ocean and that phosphate concentration can be an important control on the saturation state of these gases in the upper ocean.

Addressing Marine and Coastal Governance Conflicts at the Interface of Multiple Sectors and Jurisdictions - Manuel Bellanger; Cameron Speir; Fabian Blanchard; Kate Brooks; James R. A. Butler; Scott Crosson; Robert Fonner; Sophie Gourguet; Daniel S. Holland; Sakari Kuikka; Bertrand Le Gallic; Rebecca Lent; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

D’Arcy W. Thompson’s Cartesian transformations: a critical evaluation - Gerhard Scholtz; David Knötel; Daniel Baum (Zoomorphology, 2020)
The images of D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson’s book “On Growth and Form” got an iconic status and became influential for biometrics and other mathematical approaches to organismic form. In particular, this is true for those of the chapter on the theory of transformation, which even has an impact on art and humanities. Based on his approach, Thompson formulated far-reaching conclusions with a partly anti-Darwinian stance. Here, we use the example of Thompson’s transformation of crab carapaces to test to what degree the transformation of grids, landmarks, and shapes result in congruent images. For comparison, we applied the same series of tests to digitized carapaces of real crabs. Both approaches show similar results. Only the simple transformations show a reasonable form of congruence. In particular, the transformations to majoid spider crabs reveal a complicated transformation of grids with partly crossing lines. By contrast, the carapace of the lithodid species is relatively easily created despite the fact that it is no brachyuran, but evolved a spider crab-like shape convergently from a hermit crab ancestor.

Two new reliable immunohistochemical methods for simultaneous identification of capillaries, the three types of fibers and basal lamina in human skeletal muscle - Mélina Bailly; Léonard Féasson; Bruno Pereira; Amandine Boileau; Christophe Hourdé; Natacha Germain; Bogdan Galusca; Daniel Courteix; David Thivel; Julien Verney (Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 2020)

Full genome sequence of the first SARS-CoV-2 detected in Mexico - Fabiola Garcés-Ayala; Adnan Araiza-Rodríguez; Edgar Mendieta-Condado; Abril Paulina Rodríguez-Maldonado; Claudia Wong-Arámbula; Magaly Landa-Flores; Juan Carlos del Mazo-López; Maribel González-Villa; Noé Escobar-Escamilla; David Esaú Fragoso-Fonseca; María del Carmen Esteban-Valencia; Lourdes Lloret-Sánchez; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2020)

Quantifying the Multidimensional Impedance of the Shoulder During Volitional Contractions - David B. Lipps; Emma M. Baillargeon; Daniel Ludvig; Eric J. Perreault (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

Three principles for co-designing sustainability intervention strategies: Experiences from Southern Transylvania - David P. M. Lam; Andra I. Horcea-Milcu; Joern Fischer; Daniela Peukert; Daniel J. Lang (Ambio, 2020)
Transformational research frameworks provide understanding and guidance for fostering change towards sustainability. They comprise stages of system understanding, visioning and co-designing intervention strategies to foster change. Guidance and empirical examples for how to facilitate the process of co-designing intervention strategies in real-world contexts remain scarce, especially with regard to integrating local initiatives. We suggest three principles to facilitate the process of co-designing intervention strategies that integrate local initiatives: (1) Explore existing and envisioned initiatives fostering change towards the desired future; (2) Frame the intervention strategy to bridge the gap between the present state and desired future state(s), building on, strengthening and complementing existing initiatives; (3) Identify drivers, barriers and potential leverage points for how to accelerate progress towards sustainability. We illustrate our approach via a case study on sustainable development in Southern Transylvania. We conclude that our principles were useful in the case study, especially with regards to integrating initiatives, and could also be applied in other real-world contexts.

The global diversity and distribution of lizard clutch sizes - Shai Meiri; Luciano Avila; Aaron M. Bauer; David G. Chapple; Indraneil Das; Tiffany M. Doan; Paul Doughty; Ryan Ellis; Lee Grismer; Fred Kraus; Mariana Morando; Paul Oliver; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Clutch size is a key life‐history trait. In lizards, it ranges over two orders of magnitude. The global drivers of spatial and phylogenetic variation in clutch have been extensively studied in birds, but such tests in other organisms are lacking. To test the generality of latitudinal gradients in clutch size, and their putative drivers, we present the first global‐scale analysis of clutch sizes across lizard taxa. Location Global. Time period Recent. Major taxa studied Lizards (Reptilia, Squamata, Sauria). Methods We analysed clutch‐size data for over 3,900 lizard species, using phylogenetic generalized least‐square regression to study the relationships between clutch sizes and environmental (temperature, precipitation, seasonality, primary productivity, insularity) and ecological factors (body mass, insularity, activity times, and microhabitat use). Results Larger clutches are laid at higher latitudes and in more productive and seasonal environments. Insular taxa lay smaller clutches on average. Temperature and precipitation per se are unrelated to clutch sizes. In Africa, patterns differ from those on other continents. Lineages laying small fixed clutches are restricted to low latitudes. Main conclusions We suggest that the constraint imposed by a short activity season, coupled with abundant resources, is the main driver of large‐clutch evolution at high latitudes and in highly seasonal regions. We hypothesize that such conditions – which are unsuitable for species constrained to laying multiple small clutches – may limit the distribution of fixed‐clutch taxa.

Climate change considerations are fundamental to management of deep‐sea resource extraction - Lisa A. Levin; Chih‐Lin Wei; Daniel C. Dunn; Diva J. Amon; Oliver S. Ashford; William W. L. Cheung; Ana Colaço; Carlos Dominguez‐Carrió; Elva G. Escobar; Harriet R. Harden‐Davies; Jeffrey C. Drazen; Khaira Ismail; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Climate change manifestation in the ocean, through warming, oxygen loss, increasing acidification, and changing particulate organic carbon flux (one metric of altered food supply), is projected to affect most deep‐ocean ecosystems concomitantly with increasing direct human disturbance. Climate drivers will alter deep‐sea biodiversity and associated ecosystem services, and may interact with disturbance from resource extraction activities or even climate geoengineering. We suggest that to ensure the effective management of increasing use of the deep ocean (e.g., for bottom fishing, oil and gas extraction, and deep‐seabed mining), environmental management and developing regulations must consider climate change. Strategic planning, impact assessment and monitoring, spatial management, application of the precautionary approach, and full‐cost accounting of extraction activities should embrace climate consciousness. Coupled climate and biological modeling approaches applied in the water and on the seafloor can help accomplish this goal. For example, Earth‐System Model projections of climate‐change parameters at the seafloor reveal heterogeneity in projected climate hazard and time of emergence (beyond natural variability) in regions targeted for deep‐seabed mining. Models that combine climate‐induced changes in ocean circulation with particle tracking predict altered transport of early life stages (larvae) under climate change. Habitat suitability models can help assess the consequences of altered larval dispersal, predict climate refugia, and identify vulnerable regions for multiple species under climate change. Engaging the deep observing community can support the necessary data provisioning to mainstream climate into the development of environmental management plans. To illustrate this approach, we focus on deep‐seabed mining and the International Seabed Authority, whose mandates include regulation of all mineral‐related activities in international waters and protecting the marine environment from the harmful effects of mining. However, achieving deep‐ocean sustainability under the UN Sustainable Development Goals will require integration of climate consideration across all policy sectors.

Full lifetime perspectives on the costs and benefits of lay‐date variation in tree swallows - David W. Winkler; Kelly K. Hallinger; Teresa M. Pegan; Conor C. Taff; Mo A. Verhoeven; David Chang van Oordt; Maria Stager; Jennifer J. Uehling; Maren N. Vitousek; Michael J. Andersen; Daniel R. Ardia; Amos Belmaker; et al. (Ecology, 2020)
Animals must balance various costs and benefits when deciding when to breed. The costs and benefits of breeding at different times have received much attention, but most studies have been limited to investigating short‐term season‐to‐season fitness effects. However, breeding early, versus late, in a season may influence lifetime fitness over many years, trading off in complex ways across the breeder’s lifespan. In this study, we examined the complete life histories of 867 female tree swallows ( Tachycineta bicolor ) breeding in Ithaca, New York, between 2002 and 2016. Earlier breeders outperformed later breeders in short‐term measures of reproductive output and offspring quality. Though there were weak indications that females paid long‐term future survival costs for breeding early, lifetime fledgling output was markedly higher overall in early‐breeding birds. Importantly, older females breeding later in the season did not experience compensating life history advantages that suggested an alternative equal‐fitness breeding strategy. Rather, most or all of the swallows appear to be breeding as early as they can, and differences in lay dates appear to be determined primarily by differences in individual quality or condition. Lay date had a significant repeatability across breeding attempts by the same female, and the first lay date of females fledged in our population was strongly influenced by the first lay date of their mothers, indicating the potential for ongoing selection on lay date. By examining performance over the entire lifespan of a large number of individuals, we were able to clarify the relationship between timing of breeding and fitness and gain new insight into the sources of variability in this important life history trait.

The Type Locality Project: collecting genomic-quality, topotypic vouchers and training the next generation of specimen-based researchers - Rayna C. Bell; Daniel G. Mulcahy; Steve W. Gotte; Abigail J. Maley; Cerrie Mendoza; Gregory Steffensen; Joseph C. Barron II; Oliver Hyman; William Flint; Addison Wynn; Roy W. Mcdiarmid; David S. Mcleod (Systematics and Biodiversity, 2020)

Indication of cryptic taxa within the flat needlefish, Ablennes hians based on analysis of the cytochrome oxidase I region on a wide range of samples - Roni Tadmor-Levi; Lior David; Daniel Golani (Marine Biology Research, 2020)

Seasonal and individual event-responsiveness are key determinants of carbon exchange across plant functional types - Daniel E. Winkler; Jayne Belnap; Michael C. Duniway; David Hoover; Sasha C. Reed; Hannah Yokum; Richard Gill (Oecologia, 2020)

Diversity in the population of Fusarium graminearum isolated from wheat and corn in Alberta, Canada - Hafiz Ahmed; Qixing Zhou; Kher Zahr; Yalong Yang; Heting Fu; Alian Sarkes; Yingli Wang; Krista Zuzak; David Feindel; Greg C. Daniels; Michael W. Harding; Jie Feng (Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 2020)

The effect of STN DBS on modulating brain oscillations: consequences for motor and cognitive behavior - Fabian J. David; Miranda J. Munoz; Daniel M. Corcos (Experimental Brain Research, 2020)

Nutrient and microbial water quality of the upper Ganga River, India: identification of pollution sources - Michael J. Bowes; Daniel S. Read; Himanshu Joshi; Rajiv Sinha; Aqib Ansari; Moushumi Hazra; Monica Simon; Rajesh Vishwakarma; Linda K. Armstrong; David J. E. Nicholls; Heather D. Wickham; Jade Ward; et al. (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2020)

Potential poleward distribution shift of dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) along the southern California Current System - Christian Salvadeo; Daniel M. Auliz-Ortiz; David Petatán-Ramírez; Héctor Reyes-Bonilla; Antonina Ivanova-Bonchera; Eduardo Juárez-León (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2020)

Endothelial deletion of ADAM10, a key regulator of Notch signaling, causes impaired decidualization and reduced fertility in female mice - Nicole Lustgarten Guahmich; Gregory Farber; Shiva Shafiei; Dylan McNally; David Redmond; Eleni Kallinos; Heidi Stuhlmann; Daniel Dufort; Daylon James; Carl P. Blobel (Angiogenesis, 2020)

Novel Necropsy Findings Linked to Peracute Underwater Entrapment in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) - Alexandra L. Epple; Joanna T. Daniel; Susan G. Barco; David S. Rotstein; Alexander M. Costidis (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Central norepinephrine transmission is required for stress-induced repetitive behavior in two rodent models of obsessive-compulsive disorder - Daniel Lustberg; Alexa F. Iannitelli; Rachel P. Tillage; Molly Pruitt; L. Cameron Liles; David Weinshenker (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Differential production of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in liver fibrosis progression - Moisés Martínez-Castillo; Dorothy Rosique-Oramas; Zaira Medina-Avila; José Luis Pérez-Hernández; Fatima Higuera-De la Tijera; Daniel Santana-Vargas; Eduardo Esteban Montalvo-Jave; Francico Sanchez-Avila; Aldo Torre; David Kershenobich; Gabriela Gutierrez-Reyes (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2020)

First record of Bonnemaisonia hamifera (Bonnemaisoniales, Rhodophyta) in the South Pacific, from the South Island of New Zealand - David J. Garbary; Roberta D’Archino; Brendan Flack; Christopher D. Hepburn; Wendy A. Nelson; Daniel Pritchard; Judy. E. Sutherland (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2020)
The tetrasporophytic ‘ Trailliella ’ stage of the red algal genus Bonnemaisonia is reported for the first time from the Southern Hemisphere. Here we describe a bloom of the tetrasporophyte of B. hamifera from the mouth of the Waikouaiti River, Karitāne, South Island, where it occurred as thousands of free‐floating tufts up to 1 cm wide in shallow water, accumulated in windrows on sand banks and beaches, and in the water column at depths of 10–12 m on the adjacent open coast. Gametophytic stages have not yet been found in New Zealand. The material collected to date is strictly vegetative, and reproduction occurs via fragmentation. The identity of the New Zealand samples as B. hamifera was confirmed by both morphology and rbc L sequencing. The abundance and floating dispersal of B. hamifera suggests that it is invasive and will become widely distributed in New Zealand.

Estimating Nitrogen Runoff From Agriculture to Coastal Zones by a Rapid GIS and Remote Sensing-Based Method for a Case Study From the Irrigation District Río Mayo, Gulf of California, México - David A. González-Rivas; Felipe O. Tapia-Silva; José Jesús Bustillos-Guzmán; Daniel A. Revollo-Fernández; Luis F. Beltrán-Morales; Daniel B. Lluch-Cota; Alfredo Ortega-Rubio (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Evaluating Economic Impacts of Prescribed Fire in the Central Hardwood Region - David P Mann; Jan K Wiedenbeck; Daniel C Dey; Mike R Saunders (Journal of Forestry, 2020)
Surface fires are often prescribed to favor oak (Quercus) regeneration in eastern forests, but there is potential for fire to damage residual overstory timber. This study evaluated the potential economic effects of prescribed fire on sawtimber volume and value across 139 stands, each with a known history of one to six prescribed fires, on the Hoosier, Mark Twain, Wayne, and Daniel Boone National Forests. Sawtimber volume and value losses were highly variable, ranging from 0 to 2,269 bd ft ac–1 and from US$0 to US$272.95 ac–1, respectively, for stands that had received at least one prescribed fire. Volume and value losses increased linearly by +0.9 percent and +1.5 percent per burn, respectively, that a stand received over the past 25 years. Stands with south-facing aspects had greater relative volume and value losses (+1.4 to +1.5 percent, respectively), but this influence was statistically less important than the number of burns in predictive models. The eastern national forests had much lower average relative volume and value losses, <3.0 percent, than the more western Mark Twain National Forest (10–15 percent loss). Species composition affected value loss associated with prescribed fire; red oaks experienced significantly higher value loss than all other species groups.

Nutritional strategies for heifers under grazing system: productive and nutritional performance, metabolic profile and ovarian activity - Román Maza Ortega; Mário Fonseca Paulino; Edenio Detmann; Luciana Navajas Rennó; Deilen Sotelo Moreno; David Contreras Márquez; Daniel Mageste de Almeida; Luciano Prímola de Melo; Felipe Henrique Moura (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2020)

Methamphetamine increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens through calcium-dependent processes - Jordan T. Yorgason; David M. Hedges; J. Daniel Obray; Eun Young Jang; Kyle B. Bills; Mark Woodbury; Ben Williams; Mandy J. Parsons; Marilou A. Andres; Scott C. Steffensen (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Targeting endothelial thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) protects from metabolic disorder-related impairment of vascular function and post-ischemic revascularisation - Alison Domingues; Catherine Boisson-Vidal; Perrine Marquet de Rouge; Blandine Dizier; Jérémy Sadoine; Virginie Mignon; Emilie Vessières; Daniel Henrion; Virginie Escriou; Pascal Bigey; Catherine Chaussain; David M. Smadja; et al. (Angiogenesis, 2020)

A catastrophic tropical drought kills hydraulically vulnerable tree species - Jennifer S. Powers; German Vargas G.; Timothy J. Brodribb; Naomi B. Schwartz; Daniel Pérez‐Aviles; Chris M. Smith‐Martin; Justin M. Becknell; Filippo Aureli; Roger Blanco; Erick Calderón‐Morales; Julio C. Calvo‐Alvarado; Ana Julieta Calvo‐Obando; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Drought‐related tree mortality is now a widespread phenomenon predicted to increase in magnitude with climate change. However, the patterns of which species and trees are most vulnerable to drought, and the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive, in part due to the lack of relevant data and difficulty of predicting the location of catastrophic drought years in advance. We used long‐term demographic records and extensive databases of functional traits and distribution patterns to understand the responses of 20–53 species to an extreme drought in a seasonally dry tropical forest in Costa Rica, which occurred during the 2015 El Niño Southern Oscillation event. Overall, species‐specific mortality rates during the drought ranged from 0% to 34%, and varied little as a function of tree size. By contrast, hydraulic safety margins correlated well with probability of mortality among species, while morphological or leaf economics spectrum traits did not. This firmly suggests hydraulic traits as targets for future research.

Ecosystem effects of the world’s largest invasive animal - Jonathan B. Shurin; Nelson Aranguren-Riaño; Daniel Duque Negro; David Echeverri Lopez; Natalie T. Jones; Oscar Laverde‐R; Alexander Neu; Adriana Pedroza Ramos (Ecology, 2020)
The keystone roles of mega‐fauna in many terrestrial ecosystems have been lost to defaunation. Large predators and herbivores often play keystone roles in their native ranges, and some have established invasive populations in new biogeographic regions. However, few empirical examples are available to guide expectations about how mega‐fauna affect ecosystems in novel environmental and evolutionary contexts. We examined the impacts on aquatic ecosystems of an emerging population of hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus amphibus ) that has been growing in Colombia over the last 25 yr. Hippos in Africa fertilize lakes and rivers by grazing on land and excreting wastes in the water. Stable isotopes indicate that terrestrial sources contribute more carbon in Colombian lakes containing hippo populations, and daily dissolved oxygen cycles suggest that their presence stimulates ecosystem metabolism. Phytoplankton communities were more dominated by cyanobacteria in lakes with hippos, and bacteria, zooplankton, and benthic invertebrate communities were similar regardless of hippo presence. Our results suggest that hippos recapitulate their role as ecosystem engineers in Colombia, importing terrestrial organic matter and nutrients with detectable impacts on ecosystem metabolism and community structure in the early stages of invasion. Ongoing range expansion may pose a threat to water resources.

Understanding individuals’ incentives for climate change adaptation in Nicaragua's coffee sector - Aniseh S. Bro; David L. Ortega; Daniel C. Clay; Robert B. Richardson (Climate and Development, 2020)

Enhancing the Scientific Value of Industry Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) in Our Oceans - Dianne L. McLean; Miles J. G. Parsons; Andrew R. Gates; Mark C. Benfield; Todd Bond; David J. Booth; Michael Bunce; Ashley M. Fowler; Euan S. Harvey; Peter I. Macreadie; Charitha B. Pattiaratchi; Sally Rouse; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Halophyte ion regulation traits support saline adaptation of Lepidium latifolium, L. draba, and L. alyssoides - Geno A. Picchioni; Triston N. Hooks; Brian J. Schutte; Manoj K. Shukla; David L. Daniel (Plant Ecology, 2020)

Intracerebral Expression of AAV-APOE4 Is Not Sufficient to Alter Tau Burden in Two Distinct Models of Tauopathy - Emily J. Koller; Elsa Gonzalez De La Cruz; Mary Weinrich; Tosha Williams; Pedro E. Cruz; Daniel Ryu; Todd E. Golde; Patrick M. Sullivan; Jada Lewis; David R. Borchelt; Paramita Chakrabarty (Molecular Neurobiology, 2020)

Estimation of moult duration in birds with suspended moults: the case of the Red Crossbill and its relation to reproduction - Blanca Fernández-Eslava; Daniel Alonso; David Galicia; Juan Arizaga (Journal of Ornithology, 2020)

Usutu virus disease: a potential problem for North America? - Christine M. Gill; Ronak K. Kapadia; J. David Beckham; Amanda L. Piquet; Kenneth L. Tyler; Daniel M. Pastula (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2020)

Establishing Diorhabda carinulata: Impact of Release Disturbances on Pheromone Emission and Influence of Pheromone Lures on Establishment - Alexander M. Gaffke; Sharlene E. Sing; Tom L. Dudley; Daniel W. Bean; Justin A. Russak; Agenor Mafra-Neto; Robert K. D. Peterson; David K. Weaver (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2020)

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines decrease community-acquired alveolar pneumonia with and without pleural effusion in children <60 months in Southern Israel, 2002–2016 - Daniel Triadou; Noga Givon-Lavi; David Greenberg; Shalom Ben-Shimol (Infectious Diseases, 2020)

Application of Measurement While Drilling Technology to Predict Rock Mass Quality and Rock Support for Tunnelling - Jeroen van Eldert; Håkan Schunnesson; Daniel Johansson; David Saiang (Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2020)
A tunnelling project is normally initiated with a site investigation to determine the in situ rock mass conditions and to generate the basis for the tunnel design and rock support. However, since site investigations often are based on limited information (surface mapping, geophysical profiles, few bore holes, etc.), the estimation of the rock mass conditions may contain inaccuracies, resulting in underestimating the required rock support. The study hypothesised that these inaccuracies could be reduced using Measurement While Drilling (MWD) technology to assist in the decision-making process. A case study of two tunnels in the Stockholm bypass found the rock mass quality was severely overestimated by the site investigation; more than 45% of the investigated sections had a lower rock mass quality than expected. MWD data were recorded in 25 m grout holes and 6 m blast holes. The MWD data were normalised so that the long grout holes with larger hole diameters and the shorter blast holes with smaller hole diameters gave similar results. With normalised MWD data, it was possible to mimic the tunnel contour mapping; results showed good correlation with mapped Q -value and installed rock support. MWD technology can improve the accuracy of forecasting the rock mass ahead of the face. It can bridge the information gap between the early, somewhat uncertain geotechnical site investigation and the geological mapping done after excavation to optimise rock support.

Boron, zinc and manganese suppress rust on coffee plants grown in a nutrient solution - Cristian David Plaza Pérez; Edson Ampélio Pozza; Adélia Aziz Alexandre Pozza; Wade H. Elmer; Andreane Bastos Pereira; Daniel da Silva Gomes Guimarães; Ana Cristina Andrade Monteiro; Mário Lúcio Vilela de Rezende (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2020)

Impacts of climate change on the evaporation and availability of water in small reservoirs in the Brazilian savannah - Daniel Althoff; Lineu Neiva Rodrigues; Demetrius David da Silva (Climatic Change, 2020)

Elimination of galanin synthesis in noradrenergic neurons reduces galanin in select brain areas and promotes active coping behaviors - Rachel P. Tillage; Natale R. Sciolino; Nicholas W. Plummer; Daniel Lustberg; L. Cameron Liles; Madeline Hsiang; Jeanne M. Powell; Kathleen G. Smith; Patricia Jensen; David Weinshenker (Brain Structure and Function, 2020)