Bioethanol Production from UK Seaweeds: Investigating Variable Pre-treatment and Enzyme Hydrolysis Parameters - Emily T. Kostas; Daniel A. White; David J. Cook (BioEnergy Research, 2020)
This study describes the method development for bioethanol production from three species of seaweed. Laminaria digitata , Ulva lactuca and for the first time Dilsea carnosa were used as representatives of brown, green and red species of seaweed, respectively. Acid thermo-chemical and entirely aqueous (water) based pre-treatments were evaluated, using a range of sulphuric acid concentrations (0.125–2.5 M) and solids loading contents (5–25 % [w/v]; biomass: reactant) and different reaction times (5–30 min), with the aim of maximising the release of glucose following enzyme hydrolysis. A pre-treatment step for each of the three seaweeds was required and pre-treatment conditions were found to be specific to each seaweed species. Dilsea carnosa and U. lactuca were more suited with an aqueous (water-based) pre-treatment (yielding 125.0 and 360.0 mg of glucose/g of pre-treated seaweed, respectively), yet interestingly non pre-treated D. carnosa yielded 106.4 g g −1 glucose. Laminaria digitata required a dilute acid thermo-chemical pre-treatment in order to liberate maximal glucose yields (218.9 mg glucose/g pre-treated seaweed). Fermentations with S. cerevisiae NCYC2592 of the generated hydrolysates gave ethanol yields of 5.4 g L −1 , 7.8 g L −1 and 3.2 g L −1 from D. carnosa , U. lactuca and L. digitata , respectively. This study highlighted that entirely aqueous based pre-treatments are effective for seaweed biomass, yet bioethanol production alone may not make such bio-processes economically viable at large scale.

Megacity development and the demise of coastal coral communities: Evidence from coral skeleton δ 15 N records in the Pearl River estuary - Nicolas N. Duprey; Tony X. Wang; Taihun Kim; Jonathan D. Cybulski; Hubert B. Vonhof; Paul J. Crutzen; Gerald H. Haug; Daniel M. Sigman; Alfredo Martínez‐García; David M. Baker (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Historical coral skeleton (CS) δ 18 O and δ 15 N records were produced from samples recovered from sedimentary deposits, held in natural history museum collections, and cored into modern coral heads. These records were used to assess the influence of global warming and regional eutrophication, respectively, on the decline of coastal coral communities following the development of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) megacity, China. We find that, until 2007, ocean warming was not a major threat to coral communities in the Pearl River estuary; instead, nitrogen (N) inputs dominated impacts. The high but stable CS‐δ 15 N values (9‰–12‰ vs. air) observed from the mid‐Holocene until 1980 indicate that soil and stream denitrification reduced and modulated the hydrologic inputs of N, blunting the rise in coastal N sources during the early phase of the Pearl River estuary urbanization. However, an unprecedented CS‐δ 15 N peak was observed from 1987 to 1993 (>13‰ vs. air), concomitant to an increase of NH 4 + concentration, consistent with the rapid Pearl River estuary urbanization as the main cause for this eutrophication event. We suggest that widespread discharge of domestic sewage entered directly into the estuary, preventing removal by natural denitrification hotspots. We argue that this event caused the dramatic decline of the Pearl River estuary coral communities reported from 1980 to 2000. Subsequently, the coral record shows that the implementation of improved wastewater management policies succeeded in bringing down both CS‐δ 15 N and NH 4 + concentrations in the early 2000s. This study points to the potential importance of eutrophication over ocean warming in coral decline along urbanized coastlines and in particular in the vicinity of megacities.

Effect of β‐1/3,1/6‐glucan upon immune responses and bacteria in the gut of healthy common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) - Sarah J. Harris; Daniel P. Bray; Mikolaj Adamek; David R. Hulse; Dieter Steinhagen; David Hoole (Journal of Fish Biology, 2020)
β‐glucans are frequently included in the diet of healthy common carp Cyprinus carpio as a pre‐emptive measure for combatting disease. In order to study the effect this has on the relationship between the gut bacteria and host immune response, carp were maintained on either a β‐glucan free diet or feed containing 0.1% MacroGard®, a β‐1/3, 1/6‐glucan, for up to 7 weeks and analysis of innate immune gene expression and molecular analysis of the gut bacteria was performed. The data reveals feeding of MacroGard® to healthy carp does not induce bactericidal innate immune gene expression in the gut but does appear to alter bacterial species richness that did not have a negative effect on overall health. Analysis of innate immune gene expression within the upper midgut revealed that there were significant changes over time in the expression of Interleukin ( il ) ‐1β , inducible nitric oxide synthase ( inos ), mucin ( muc2 ) and C‐reactive protein ( crp2 ). Diet did not affect the number of copies of the bacterial 16s rDNA gene in the gut, used as a as a measure of total bacteria population size. However, PCR‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed a shift in bacterial species richness with MacroGard feeding. Bactericidal immune gene expression of crp2 , muc2 and il‐1β was weakly correlated with gut bacteria population size indicating a potentially limited role of these genes in interacting with the gut bacteria in healthy carp in order to maintain gut homeostatic conditions. These findings highlight the importance of considering both host immunity and the microbiome together in order to fully elucidate the effeect of immunomodulants, such as β‐glucans, upon gut health.

Northeastern Family Forest Owner Gender Differences in Land-Based Estate Planning and the Role of Self-Efficacy - Marla Markowski-Lindsay; Paul Catanzaro; Rebekah Zimmerer; David Kittredge; Ezra Markowitz; Daniel A Chapman (Journal of Forestry, 2020)
Understanding family forest owner (FFO) estate planning decisionmaking is fundamental to ensuring the survival of landscapes that provide many public goods, but little is known about how land-based estate planning differs by gender. Analyses of a survey of FFOs in northeastern United States indicated that female FFOs rate themselves with lower levels of land-based estate planning self-efficacy—being less prepared, confident, and financially able to move forward with planning the future of their land than males. Of the FFOs who had positive levels of land-based estate planning self-efficacy, females were more likely to want to keep their land undeveloped than males. Our research suggests that increasing land-based estate planning self-efficacy of female FFOs may lead to higher rates of keeping land undeveloped for regions with FFOs similar to those of the northeast. We recommend ways in which foresters and programs could play an important role in increasing land-based estate planning self-efficacy.

Correction to: Neural correlates of reward magnitude and delay during a probabilistic delay discounting task in alcohol use disorder - Laura E. Dennis; Milky Kohno; Holly D. McCready; Daniel L. Schwartz; Britta Schwartz; David Lahna; Bonnie J. Nagel; Suzanne H. Mitchell; William F. Hoffman (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Neural correlates of reward magnitude and delay during a probabilistic delay discounting task in alcohol use disorder - Laura E. Dennis; Milky Kohno; Holly D. McCready; Daniel L. Schwartz; Britta Schwartz; David Lahna; Bonnie J. Nagel; Suzanne H. Mitchell; William F. Hoffman (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Loss of Potential Aquatic-Terrestrial Subsidies Along the Missouri River Floodplain - Jeff S. Wesner; David L. Swanson; Mark D. Dixon; Daniel A. Soluk; Danielle J. Quist; Lisa A. Yager; Jerry W. Warmbold; Erika Oddy; Tyler C. Seidel (Ecosystems, 2020)

Crossing new frontiers: extending tephrochronology as a global geoscientific research tool - Peter M. Abbott; Britta J. L. Jensen; David J. Lowe; Takehiko Suzuki; Daniel Veres (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2020)

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access - Jens Kattge; Gerhard Bönisch; Sandra Díaz; Sandra Lavorel; Iain Colin Prentice; Paul Leadley; Susanne Tautenhahn; Gijsbert D. A. Werner; Tuomas Aakala; Mehdi Abedi; Alicia T. R. Acosta; George C. Adamidis; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.

The Duration of Nerve Block from Local Anesthetic Formulations in Male and Female Rats - Kathleen Cullion; Laura C. Petishnok; Tianjiao Ji; David Zurakowski; Daniel S. Kohane (Pharmaceutical Research, 2019)

Synthesis of dehydro-α-lapachones, α- and β-lapachones, and screening against cancer cell lines - Caroline dos S. Moreira; Caroline D. Nicoletti; Daniel P. Pinheiro; Leonardo G. C. de Moraes; Debora O. Futuro; Vitor F. Ferreira; Claudia do Ó Pessoa; David R. da Rocha (Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2019)

Automated lifespan determination across Caenorhabditis strains and species reveals assay-specific effects of chemical interventions - Stephen A. Banse; Mark Lucanic; Christine A. Sedore; Anna L. Coleman-Hulbert; W. Todd Plummer; Esteban Chen; Jason L. Kish; David Hall; Brian Onken; Michael P. Presley; E. Grace Jones; Benjamin W. Blue; et al. (GeroScience, 2019)
The goal of the Caenorhabditis Intervention Testing Program is to identify robust and reproducible pro-longevity interventions that are efficacious across genetically diverse cohorts in the Caenorhabditis genus. The project design features multiple experimental replicates collected by three different laboratories. Our initial effort employed fully manual survival assays. With an interest in increasing throughput, we explored automation with flatbed scanner-based Automated Lifespan Machines (ALMs). We used ALMs to measure survivorship of 22 Caenorhabditis strains spanning three species. Additionally, we tested five chemicals that we previously found extended lifespan in manual assays. Overall, we found similar sources of variation among trials for the ALM and our previous manual assays, verifying reproducibility of outcome. Survival assessment was generally consistent between the manual and the ALM assays, although we did observe radically contrasting results for certain compound interventions. We found that particular lifespan outcome differences could be attributed to protocol elements such as enhanced light exposure of specific compounds in the ALM, underscoring that differences in technical details can influence outcomes and therefore interpretation. Overall, we demonstrate that the ALMs effectively reproduce a large, conventionally scored dataset from a diverse test set, independently validating ALMs as a robust and reproducible approach toward aging-intervention screening.

A clinically applicable tool for rapidly estimating muscle volume using ultrasound images - Daniel T. Rothwell; Daniel T. P. Fong; Sarah A. Stapley; David J. Williams (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2019)
Purpose This study aimed to identify a safe, rapid, and accessible method of estimating muscle volume of key lower limb muscle groups to reduce the time-demand of acquiring this measurement and potentially facilitate its application as a clinical monitoring tool. Methods Unilateral MRI images were acquired from the 12th thoracic vertebrae to the base of the foot in 18 recreationally active males. Panoramic B-mode ultrasound images were acquired from the same leg at the mid-hip, 25%, 50%, and 75% of thigh length, and 25% of shank length. Body mass, height, limb lengths, and circumferences at the sites corresponding to the ultrasound images were acquired. A single investigator manually analysed all images. Regression analyses were conducted to identify models for estimating volume of the hip extensor, knee extensor and flexor, and ankle plantarflexor muscle groups. Results Models were developed for estimating hip extensor (SEE = 8.92%, R 2 = 0.690), knee extensor (SEE = 5.24%, R 2 = 0.707) and flexor (SEE = 7.89%, R 2 = 0.357), and ankle plantarflexor (SEE = 10.78%, R 2 = 0.387) muscle group volumes. The hip and knee extensor models showed good potential for generalisation. Systematic error was observed for the knee flexor and ankle plantarflexor models. Conclusions Hip extensor, knee extensor and flexor, and ankle plantarflexor muscle group volumes can be estimated using B-mode ultrasound images and anthropometric measurements. The error shown for each of the models was sufficient to identify previously reported differences in muscle volume due to training or injury, supporting their clinical application.

Anemia measurements to distinguish between viral and bacterial infections in the emergency department - Yael Steuerman; Asaf Wasserman; David Zeltser; Itzhak Shapira; Daniel Trotzky; Pinchas Halpern; Ahuva Meilik; Eli Raykhshtat; Shlomo Berliner; Ori Rogowski; Irit Gat-Viks; Shani Shenhar-Tsarfaty (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2019)

Microbial Transformation of A Sulfonamide Antibiotic Under Various Background Nutrient Conditions - Rachel E. Levine; Yuping Zhang; Yifei Leng; Daniel D. Snow; David Cassada; Lisa M. Durso; Xu Li (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2019)

The End of an El Niño: A View from Palau - Martha Schönau; Hemantha Wijesekera; William Teague; Patrick Colin; Ganesh Gopalakrishnan; Daniel Rudnick; Bruce Cornuelle; Zachariah Hallock; David Wang (Oceanography, 2019)

FLEAT: A Multiscale Observational and Modeling Program to Understand How Topography Affects Flows in the Western North Pacific - Shaun Johnston; Martha Schönau; Terri Paluszkiewicz; Jennifer MacKinnon; Brian Arbic; Patrick Colin; Matthew Alford; Magdalena Andres; Luca Centurioni; Hans Graber; Karl Helfrich; Verena Hormann; et al. (Oceanography, 2019)

Long‐term changes in the water quality of a deep temperate oligotrophic lake in response to catchment disturbance: evidence from sediment cores - Alfred Theodore N. K. Kpodonu; David P. Hamilton; Christopher H. Lusk; Adam Hartland; Daniel C. Laughlin; Piet Verburg (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2019)
This study examined long‐term stability in water quality of Lake Okataina, North Island, New Zealand, inferred from sediments deposited from 1836 to 2009, during which time there was a pyroclastic volcanic eruption (Tarawera 1886) and successive introductions of invasive mammals. Multiple geochemical proxies were analysed stratigraphically for organic matter loading, primary productivity, redox potential and phosphorus retention capacity. Organic matter loading to the lake is mostly authochthonous (algae) although there was increased allochthonous (terrestrial) loading immediately after the Tarawera eruption. After 1920, there was a sustained increase in inorganic erosion flux. Primary productivity appeared to increase considerably about 1960, but has remained relatively unchanged more recently. Our results suggest that the lake could recover from the impact of the volcanic eruption within a few decades, but the introduction of mammals may affect its resilience and lead to more pervasive impacts on the biogeochemistry.

Climate change impact on a wine‐producing region using a dynamical downscaling approach: Climate parameters, bioclimatic indices and extreme indices - Daniel Blanco‐Ward; Alexandra Monteiro; Myriam Lopes; Carlos Borrego; Carlos Silveira; Carolina Viceto; Alfredo Rocha; António Ribeiro; João Andrade; Manuel Feliciano; João Castro; David Barreales; et al. (International Journal of Climatology, 2019)
Climate change is of major relevance to wine production as most of the wine‐growing regions of the world are located within relatively narrow latitudinal bands with average growing‐season temperatures (GSTs) limited to 13–21°C. This study focuses on the incidence of climate variables and indices that are relevant both for climate change assessment and for grape production, with emphasis on grapevine bioclimatic indices and extreme events (e.g., cold waves, storms, heatwaves). Dynamical downscaling of European Reanalysis‐Interim and Max Planck Institute Earth System low‐resolution global simulations forced with a Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) greenhouse gas emission scenario was performed with the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model to a regional scale including the Douro Valley of Portugal for recent‐past (1986–2005) and future periods (2046–2065, 2081–2100). The number, duration and intensity of events were superimposed over critical phenological phases estimated by using a specific local grapevine varietal phenological model in order to assess their positive or negative implications for wine production in the region. An assessment of the relevance of climate parameters and indices and their progression in recent‐past and future climate scenarios with regard to the potential impact on wine production was performed. Results indicate a positive relation between higher growing‐season heat accumulations and greater vintage yields. A moderate incidence of very hot days (daily maximum temperature above 35°C) and drought from pre‐ véraison phenological conditions have a positive association with vintage ratings. However, the mid‐ and long‐term WRF‐MPI RCP8.5 future climate scenarios reveal shifts to warmer and drier conditions, with the mean GST not remaining within range for quality wine production in the long‐term future climate scenario. These results indicate potential impacts that suggest a range of strategies to maintain wine production and quality in the region.

Angiosperm symbioses with non‐mycorrhizal fungal partners enhance N acquisition from ancient organic matter in a warming maritime Antarctic - Paul W. Hill; Richard Broughton; Jeremy Bougoure; William Havelange; Kevin K. Newsham; Helen Grant; Daniel V. Murphy; Peta Clode; Soshila Ramayah; Karina A. Marsden; Richard S. Quilliam; Paula Roberts; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2019)
In contrast to the situation in plants inhabiting most of the world’s ecosystems, mycorrhizal fungi are usually absent from roots of the only two native vascular plant species of maritime Antarctica, Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis . Instead, a range of ascomycete fungi, termed dark septate endophytes (DSEs), frequently colonise the roots of these plant species. We demonstrate that colonisation of Antarctic vascular plants by DSEs facilitates not only the acquisition of organic nitrogen as early protein breakdown products, but also as non‐proteinaceous d ‐amino acids and their short peptides, accumulated in slowly‐decomposing organic matter, such as moss peat. Our findings suggest that, in a warming maritime Antarctic, this symbiosis has a key role in accelerating the replacement of formerly dominant moss communities by vascular plants, and in increasing the rate at which ancient carbon stores laid down as moss peat over centuries or millennia are returned to the atmosphere as CO 2 .

Collaborative Database to Track Mass Mortality Events in the Mediterranean Sea - Joaquim Garrabou; Daniel Gómez-Gras; Jean-Baptiste Ledoux; Cristina Linares; Nathaniel Bensoussan; Paula López-Sendino; Hocein Bazairi; Free Espinosa; Mohamed Ramdani; Samir Grimes; Mouloud Benabdi; Jamila Ben Souissi; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation increases fixational saccades during movement preparation: evidence for impaired preparatory set - Lisa C. Goelz; Maya Cottongim; Leonard Verhagen Metman; Daniel M. Corcos; Fabian J. David (Experimental Brain Research, 2019)

Overhauling Ocean Spatial Planning to Improve Marine Megafauna Conservation - Ana Micaela Martins Sequeira; Graeme Clive Hays; David W. Sims; Víctor M. Eguíluz; Jorge P. Rodríguez; Michelle R. Heupel; Rob Harcourt; Hannah Calich; Nuno Queiroz; Daniel Paul Costa; Juan Fernández-Gracia; Luciana C. Ferreira; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Closing the oxygen mass balance in shallow coastal ecosystems - Matthew H. Long; Jennie E. Rheuban; Daniel C. McCorkle; David J. Burdige; Richard C. Zimmerman (Limnology and Oceanography, 2019)
The oxygen concentration in marine ecosystems is influenced by production and consumption in the water column and fluxes across both the atmosphere–water and benthic–water boundaries. Each of these fluxes has the potential to be significant in shallow ecosystems due to high fluxes and low water volumes. This study evaluated the contributions of these three fluxes to the oxygen budget in two contrasting ecosystems, a Zostera marina (eelgrass) meadow in Virginia, U.S.A., and a coral reef in Bermuda. Benthic oxygen fluxes were evaluated by eddy covariance. Water column oxygen production and consumption were measured using an automated water incubation system. Atmosphere–water oxygen fluxes were estimated by parameterizations based on wind speed or turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates. We observed significant contributions of both benthic fluxes and water column processes to the oxygen mass balance, despite the often‐assumed dominance of the benthic communities. Water column rates accounted for 45% and 58% of the total oxygen rate, and benthic fluxes accounted for 23% and 39% of the total oxygen rate in the shallow (~ 1.5 m) eelgrass meadow and deeper (~ 7.5 m) reef site, respectively. Atmosphere–water fluxes were a minor component at the deeper reef site (3%) but a major component at the shallow eelgrass meadow (32%), driven by diel changes in the sign and strength of atmosphere–water gradient. When summed, the measured benthic, atmosphere–water, and water column rates predicted, with 85–90% confidence, the observed time rate of change of oxygen in the water column and provided an accurate, high temporal resolution closure of the oxygen mass balance.

Are Current Seedling Demographics Poised to Regenerate Northern US Forests? - Lance A Vickers; William H McWilliams; Benjamin O Knapp; Anthony W D’Amato; Daniel C Dey; Yvette L Dickinson; John M Kabrick; Laura S Kenefic; Christel C Kern; David R Larsen; Alejandro A Royo; Michael R Saunders; et al. (Journal of Forestry, 2019)
Securing desirable regeneration is essential to sustainable forest management, yet failures are common. Detailed seedling measurements from a forest inventory across 24 northern US states were examined for plausible regeneration outcomes following overstory removal. The examination included two fundamental regeneration objectives: 1) stand replacement- securing future forest and 2) species maintenance- securing upper canopy species. Almost half the plots lacked adequate seedlings to regenerate a stand after canopy removal and over half risked compositional shifts. Based on those advance reproduction demographics, regeneration difficulties could occur on two-thirds of the plots examined. The remaining one-third were regeneration-ready. However, compared to historical norms, increased small-tree mortality rates reduces that proportion. Not all forest types rely on advance reproduction and results varied among the forest types examined. Some variability was associated with browsing intensity, as areas of high deer browsing had a lower proportion of regeneration-ready plots.

Corrigendum: A Response to Scientific and Societal Needs for Marine Biological Observations - Nicholas J. Bax; Patricia Miloslavich; Frank Edgar Muller-Karger; Valerie Allain; Ward Appeltans; Sonia Dawn Batten; Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi; Pier Luigi Buttigieg; Sanae Chiba; Daniel Paul Costa; J. Emmett Duffy; Daniel C. Dunn; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

OceanGliders: A Component of the Integrated GOOS - Pierre Testor; Brad de Young; Daniel L. Rudnick; Scott Glenn; Daniel Hayes; Craig M. Lee; Charitha Pattiaratchi; Katherine Hill; Emma Heslop; Victor Turpin; Pekka Alenius; Carlos Barrera; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)
The OceanGliders program started in 2016 to support active coordination and enhancement of global glider activity. OceanGliders contributes to the international efforts of the Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS) for Climate, Ocean Health, and Operational Services. It brings together marine scientists and engineers operating gliders around the world: (1) to observe the long-term physical, biogeochemical, and biological ocean processes and phenomena that are relevant for societal applications; and, (2) to contribute to the GOOS through real-time and delayed mode data dissemination. The OceanGliders program is distributed across national and regional observing systems and significantly contributes to integrated, multi-scale and multi-platform sampling strategies. OceanGliders shares best practices, requirements, and scientific knowledge needed for glider operations, data collection and analysis. It also monitors global glider activity and supports the dissemination of glider data through regional and global databases, in real-time and delayed modes, facilitating data access to the wider community. OceanGliders currently supports national, regional and global initiatives to maintain and expand the capabilities and application of gliders to meet key global challenges such as improved measurement of ocean boundary currents, water transformation and storm forecast.

Floral Odors and the Interaction between Pollinating Ceratopogonid Midges and Cacao - Sarah E. J. Arnold; Samantha J. Forbes; David R. Hall; Dudley I. Farman; Puran Bridgemohan; Gustavo R. Spinelli; Daniel P. Bray; Garvin B. Perry; Leroy Grey; Steven R. Belmain; Philip C. Stevenson (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2019)
Most plant species depend upon insect pollination services, including many cash and subsistence crops. Plants compete to attract those insects using visual cues and floral odor which pollinators associate with a reward. The cacao tree, Theobroma cacao , has a highly specialized floral morphology permitting pollination primarily by Ceratopogonid midges. However, these insects do not depend upon cacao flowers for their life cycle, and can use other sugar sources. To understand how floral cues mediate pollination in cacao we developed a method for rearing Ceratopogonidae through several complete lifecycles to provide material for bioassays. We carried out collection and analysis of cacao floral volatiles, and identified a bouquet made up exclusively of saturated and unsaturated, straight-chain hydrocarbons, which is unusual among floral odors. The most abundant components were tridecane, pentadecane, ( Z )-7-pentadecene and ( Z )-8-heptadecene with a heptadecadiene and heptadecatriene as minor components. We presented adult midges, Forcipomyia sp. (subgen . Forcipomyia ) , Culicoides paraensis and Dasyhelea borgmeieri, with natural and synthetic cacao flower odors in choice assays. Midges showed weak attraction to the complete natural floral odor in the assay, with no significant evidence of interspecific differences. This suggests that cacao floral volatiles play a role in pollinator behavior. Midges were not attracted to a synthetic blend of the above four major components of cacao flower odor, indicating that a more complete blend is required for attraction. Our findings indicate that cacao pollination is likely facilitated by the volatile blend released by flowers, and that the system involves a generalized odor response common to different species of Ceratopogonidae.

Ability of known susceptibility SNPs to predict colorectal cancer risk for persons with and without a family history - Mark A. Jenkins; Aung K. Win; James G. Dowty; Robert J. MacInnis; Enes Makalic; Daniel F. Schmidt; Gillian S. Dite; Mirosl Kapuscinski; Mark Clendenning; Christophe Rosty; Ingrid M. Winship; Jon D. Emery; et al. (Familial Cancer, 2019)

Effects of 21st‐century climate, land use, and disturbances on ecosystem carbon balance in California - Benjamin M. Sleeter; David C. Marvin; D. Richard Cameron; Paul C. Selmants; A.LeRoy Westerling; Jason Kreitler; Colin J. Daniel; Jinxun Liu; Tamara S. Wilson (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Terrestrial ecosystems are an important sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), sequestering ~30% of annual anthropogenic emissions and slowing the rise of atmospheric CO 2 . However, the future direction and magnitude of the land sink is highly uncertain. We examined how historical and projected changes in climate, land use, and ecosystem disturbances affect the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in California over the period 2001–2100. We modeled 32 unique scenarios, spanning 4 land use and 2 radiative forcing scenarios as simulated by four global climate models. Between 2001 and 2015, carbon storage in California's terrestrial ecosystems declined by −188.4 Tg C, with a mean annual flux ranging from a source of −89.8 Tg C/year to a sink of 60.1 Tg C/year. The large variability in the magnitude of the state's carbon source/sink was primarily attributable to interannual variability in weather and climate, which affected the rate of carbon uptake in vegetation and the rate of ecosystem respiration. Under nearly all future scenarios, carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems was projected to decline, with an average loss of −9.4% (−432.3 Tg C) by the year 2100 from current stocks. However, uncertainty in the magnitude of carbon loss was high, with individual scenario projections ranging from −916.2 to 121.2 Tg C and was largely driven by differences in future climate conditions projected by climate models. Moving from a high to a low radiative forcing scenario reduced net ecosystem carbon loss by 21% and when combined with reductions in land‐use change (i.e., moving from a high to a low land‐use scenario), net carbon losses were reduced by 55% on average. However, reconciling large uncertainties associated with the effect of increasing atmospheric CO 2 is needed to better constrain models used to establish baseline conditions from which ecosystem‐based climate mitigation strategies can be evaluated.

Reconciling the contribution of environmental and stochastic structuring of tropical forest diversity through the lens of imaging spectroscopy - Boris Bongalov; David F. R. P. Burslem; Tommaso Jucker; Samuel E. D. Thompson; James Rosindell; Tom Swinfield; Reuben Nilus; Daniel Clewley; Oliver L. Phillips; David A. Coomes (Ecology Letters, 2019)
Both niche and stochastic dispersal processes structure the extraordinary diversity of tropical plants, but determining their relative contributions has proven challenging. We address this question using airborne imaging spectroscopy to estimate canopy β‐diversity for an extensive region of a Bornean rainforest and challenge these data with models incorporating niches and dispersal. We show that remotely sensed and field‐derived estimates of pairwise dissimilarity in community composition are closely matched, proving the applicability of imaging spectroscopy to provide β‐diversity data for entire landscapes of over 1000 ha containing contrasting forest types. Our model reproduces the empirical data well and shows that the ecological processes maintaining tropical forest diversity are scale dependent. Patterns of β‐diversity are shaped by stochastic dispersal processes acting locally whilst environmental processes act over a wider range of scales.

Challenges for Sustained Observing and Forecasting Systems in the Mediterranean Sea - Joaquín Tintoré; Nadia Pinardi; Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul; Eva Aguiar; Diego Álvarez-Berastegui; Marco Bajo; Rosa Balbin; Roberto Bozzano; Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli; Vanessa Cardin; Benjamin Casas; Miguel Charcos-Llorens; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Balanced harvest: concept, policies, evidence, and management implications - Shijie Zhou; Jeppe Kolding; Serge M. Garcia; Michael J. Plank; Alida Bundy; Anthony Charles; Cecilie Hansen; Mikko Heino; Daniel Howell; Nis S. Jacobsen; David G. Reid; Jake C. Rice; et al. (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2019)

Values in transformational sustainability science: four perspectives for change - Andra-Ioana Horcea-Milcu; David J. Abson; Cristina I. Apetrei; Ioana Alexandra Duse; Rebecca Freeth; Maraja Riechers; David P. M. Lam; Christian Dorninger; Daniel J. Lang (Sustainability Science, 2019)

A comparison of organic fungicides: alternatives for reducing scab on pecan - Clive H. Bock; Michael W. Hotchkiss; David I. Shapiro-Ilan; Jason H. Brock; Timothy B. Brenneman; Bryan Wilkins; Daniel E. Wells; Lenny Wells; Russ F. Mizell (Organic Agriculture, 2019)

Fish community responses to invasive fish removal and installation of an exclusion barrier at Lake Ohinewai, Waikato - Grant W. Tempero; Brendan J. Hicks; Nicholas Ling; Dai Morgan; Adam J. Daniel; Deniz Özkundakci; Bruno David (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2019)
Introduced common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) are a recognised threat to New Zealand’s freshwater ecosystems. In 2011, an invasive fish removal programme was undertaken in 16.8 ha Lake Ohinewai, a Waikato riverine lake. Active fish removal using netting and boat electrofishing was supported by installation of a one‐way exclusion barrier on the outflow to Lake Ohinewai. The barrier was designed to allow fish passage downstream out of the lake, while preventing adult carp from moving upstream. The estimated carp population was reduced from 8,548 fish (5,863–12,937, 95% confidence limits) in 2011–454 fish (251–889, 95% CL) in 2014. However, by 2016 the carp population had recovered to 2,063 fish (1,070–4,328, 95% CL) with increased abundance in invasive brown bullhead catfish ( Ameiurus nebulosus ) also observed. This research demonstrates that carp populations can be reduced to low abundances in the short to medium term, but continued removal will be required for on‐going control.

Shrub persistence and increased grass mortality in response to drought in dryland systems - Daniel E. Winkler; Jayne Belnap; David Hoover; Sasha C. Reed; Michael C. Duniway (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Droughts in the southwest United States have led to major forest and grassland die‐off events in recent decades, suggesting plant community and ecosystem shifts are imminent as native perennial grass populations are replaced by shrub‐ and invasive plant‐dominated systems. These patterns are similar to those observed in arid and semiarid systems around the globe, but our ability to predict which species will experience increased drought‐induced mortality in response to climate change remains limited. We investigated meteorological drought‐induced mortality of nine dominant plant species in the Colorado Plateau Desert by experimentally imposing a year‐round 35% precipitation reduction for eight continuous years. We distributed experimental plots across numerous plant, soil, and parent material types, resulting in 40 distinct sites across a 4,500 km 2 region of the Colorado Plateau Desert. For all 8 years, we tracked c. 400 individual plants and evaluated mortality responses to treatments within and across species, and through time. We also examined the influence of abiotic and biotic site factors in driving mortality responses. Overall, high mortality trends were driven by dominant grass species, including Achnatherum hymenoides , Pleuraphis jamesii , and Sporobolus cryptandrus . Responses varied widely from year to year and dominant shrub species were generally resistant to meteorological drought, likely due to their ability to access deeper soil water. Importantly, mortality increased in the presence of invasive species regardless of treatment, and native plant die‐off occurred even under ambient conditions, suggesting that recent climate changes are already negatively impacting dominant species in these systems. Results from this long‐term drought experiment suggest major shifts in community composition and, as a result, ecosystem function. Patterns also show that, across multiple soil and plant community types, native perennial grass species may be replaced by shrubs and invasive annuals in the Colorado Plateau Desert.

It’s about time: A synthesis of changing phenology in the Gulf of Maine ecosystem - Michelle D. Staudinger; Katherine E. Mills; Karen Stamieszkin; Nicholas R. Record; Christine A. Hudak; Andrew Allyn; Antony Diamond; Kevin D. Friedland; Walt Golet; Meghan Elisabeth Henderson; Christina M. Hernandez; Thomas G. Huntington; et al. (Fisheries Oceanography, 2019)
The timing of recurring biological and seasonal environmental events is changing on a global scale relative to temperature and other climate drivers. This study considers the Gulf of Maine ecosystem, a region of high social and ecological importance in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and synthesizes current knowledge of (a) key seasonal processes, patterns, and events; (b) direct evidence for shifts in timing; (c) implications of phenological responses for linked ecological‐human systems; and (d) potential phenology‐focused adaptation strategies and actions. Twenty studies demonstrated shifts in timing of regional marine organisms and seasonal environmental events. The most common response was earlier timing, observed in spring onset, spring and winter hydrology, zooplankton abundance, occurrence of several larval fishes, and diadromous fish migrations. Later timing was documented for fall onset, reproduction and fledging in Atlantic puffins, spring and fall phytoplankton blooms, and occurrence of additional larval fishes. Changes in event duration generally increased and were detected in zooplankton peak abundance, early life history periods of macro‐invertebrates, and lobster fishery landings. Reduced duration was observed in winter–spring ice‐affected stream flows. Two studies projected phenological changes, both finding diapause duration would decrease in zooplankton under future climate scenarios. Phenological responses were species‐specific and varied depending on the environmental driver, spatial, and temporal scales evaluated. Overall, a wide range of baseline phenology and relevant modeling studies exist, yet surprisingly few document long‐term shifts. Results reveal a need for increased emphasis on phenological shifts in the Gulf of Maine and identify opportunities for future research and consideration of phenological changes in adaptation efforts.

Remotely Sensed Winds and Wind Stresses for Marine Forecasting and Ocean Modeling - Mark A. Bourassa; Thomas Meissner; Ivana Cerovecki; Paul S. Chang; Xiaolong Dong; Giovanna De Chiara; Craig Donlon; Dmitry S. Dukhovskoy; Jocelyn Elya; Alexander Fore; Melanie R. Fewings; Ralph C. Foster; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

What We Have Learned From the Framework for Ocean Observing: Evolution of the Global Ocean Observing System - Toste Tanhua; Andrea McCurdy; Albert Fischer; Ward Appeltans; Nicholas Bax; Kim Currie; Brad DeYoung; Daniel Dunn; Emma Heslop; Linda K. Glover; John Gunn; Katherine Hill; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Identification of Female Sex Pheromone for Monitoring the Barred Tooth Striped Moth, Trichopteryx polycommata, a Priority Conservation Species - Ashen Oleander; David R. Hall; Daniel P. Bray; Joseph P. J. Burman (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2019)

Lead contamination in Chinese surface soils: Source identification, spatial-temporal distribution and associated health risks - Yunhui Zhang; Deyi Hou; David O’Connor; Zhengtao Shen; Peili Shi; Yong Sik Ok; Daniel C. W. Tsang; Yang Wen; Mina Luo (Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019)

Cooperative membership and coffee productivity in Rwanda’s specialty coffee sector - David L. Ortega; Aniseh S. Bro; Daniel C. Clay; Maria Claudia Lopez; Espoir Tuyisenge; Ruth Ann Church; Alfred R. Bizoza (Food Security, 2019)

Coral bleaching impacts from back-to-back 2015–2016 thermal anomalies in the remote central Indian Ocean - Catherine E. I. Head; Daniel T. I. Bayley; Gwilym Rowlands; Ronan C. Roche; David M. Tickler; Alex D. Rogers; Heather Koldewey; John R. Turner; Dominic A. Andradi-Brown (Coral Reefs, 2019)

Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) – a community perspective - Günter Blöschl; Marc F.P. Bierkens; Antonio Chambel; Christophe Cudennec; Georgia Destouni; Aldo Fiori; James W. Kirchner; Jeffrey J. McDonnell; Hubert H.G. Savenije; Murugesu Sivapalan; Christine Stumpp; Elena Toth; et al. (Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2019)

Validating an Operational Flood Forecast Model Using Citizen Science in Hampton Roads, VA, USA - Jon Derek Loftis; Molly Mitchell; Daniel Schatt; David R. Forrest; Harry V. Wang; David Mayfield; William A. Stiles (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2019)
Changes in the eustatic sea level have enhanced the impact of inundation events in the coastal zone, ranging in significance from tropical storm surges to pervasive nuisance flooding events. The increased frequency of these inundation events has stimulated the production of interactive web-map tracking tools to cope with changes in our changing coastal environment. Tidewatch Maps, developed by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), is an effective example of an emerging street-level inundation mapping tool. Leveraging the Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydro-science Integrated System Model (SCHISM) as the engine, Tidewatch operationally disseminates 36-h inundation forecast maps with a 12-h update frequency. SCHISM’s storm tide forecasts provide surge guidance for the legacy VIMS Tidewatch Charts sensor-based tidal prediction platform, while simultaneously providing an interactive and operationally functional forecast mapping tool with hourly temporal resolution and a 5 m spatial resolution throughout the coastal plain of Virginia, USA. This manuscript delves into the hydrodynamic modeling and geospatial methods used at VIMS to automate the 36-h street-level flood forecasts currently available via Tidewatch Maps, and the paradigm-altering efforts involved in validating the spatial, vertical, and temporal accuracy of the model.

A Response to Scientific and Societal Needs for Marine Biological Observations - Nicholas J. Bax; Patricia Miloslavich; Frank Edgar Muller-Karger; Valerie Allain; Ward Appeltans; Sonia Dawn Batten; Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi; Pier Luigi Buttigieg; Sanae Chiba; Daniel Paul Costa; J. Emmett Duffy; Daniel C. Dunn; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Estuarine Dissolved Oxygen History Inferred from Sedimentary Trace Metal and Organic Matter Preservation - Geoffrey M. Johnson; David A. Sutherland; Josh J. Roering; Nathan Mathabane; Daniel G. Gavin (Estuaries and Coasts, 2019)

Correction to: Genetic variant predictors of gene expression provide new insight into risk of colorectal cancer - Stephanie A. Bien; Yu-Ru Su; David V. Conti; Tabitha A. Harrison; Conghui Qu; Xingyi Guo; Yingchang Lu; Demetrius Albanes; Paul L. Auer; Barbara L. Banbury; Sonja I. Berndt; Stéphane Bézieau; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

Integrating Drones into a Natural-Resource Curriculum at Stephen F. Austin State University - Daniel R Unger; David L Kulhavy; I-Kuai Hung; Yanli Zhang; Pat Stephens Williams (Journal of Forestry, 2019)
Faculty within the Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture (ATCOFA) at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas are integrating drone technology into their curriculum to introduce students to the use of high-end technology within a natural-resource-based decisionmaking process. Drones are currently being integrated across the curriculum within ATCOFA, including 10 geographic information systems (GIS) courses for students pursuing the B.S. in Spatial Science and within six non-GIS specific courses for students pursuing the B.S. in Forestry. Results indicate that drone technology can be an effective tool in enhancing a student’s academic experience and provides students with a skill set required for future natural-resource professionals.

Evaluating prepared core assemblages with three-dimensional methods: a case study from the Middle Paleolithic at Skhūl (Israel) - Kathryn L. Ranhorn; David R. Braun; Rebecca E. Biermann Gürbüz; Elliot Greiner; Daniel Wawrzyniak; Alison S. Brooks (Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2019)

Phosphate‐limited ocean regions select for bacterial populations enriched in the carbon–phosphorus lyase pathway for phosphonate degradation - Oscar A. Sosa; Daniel J. Repeta; Edward F. DeLong; Mohammad D. Ashkezari; David M. Karl (Environmental Microbiology, 2019)
Summary In tropical and subtropical oceanic surface waters phosphate scarcity can limit microbial productivity. However, these environments also have bioavailable forms of phosphorus incorporated into dissolved organic matter (DOM) that microbes with the necessary transport and hydrolysis metabolic pathways can access to supplement their phosphorus requirements. In this study we evaluated how the environment shapes the abundance and taxonomic distribution of the bacterial carbon–phosphorus (C–P) lyase pathway, an enzyme complex evolved to extract phosphate from phosphonates. Phosphonates are organophosphorus compounds characterized by a highly stable C–P bond and are enriched in marine DOM. Similar to other known bacterial adaptions to low phosphate environments, C–P lyase was found to become more prevalent as phosphate concentrations decreased. C–P lyase was particularly enriched in the Mediterranean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, two regions that feature sustained periods of phosphate depletion. In these regions, C–P lyase was prevalent in several lineages of Alphaproteobacteria ( Pelagibacter , SAR116, Roseobacter and Rhodospirillales ), Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria . The global scope of this analysis supports previous studies that infer phosphonate catabolism via C–P lyase is an important adaptive strategy implemented by bacteria to alleviate phosphate limitation and expands the known geographic extent and taxonomic affiliation of this metabolic pathway in the ocean.

Scaling issues of neutral theory reveal violations of ecological equivalence for dominant Amazonian tree species - Edwin Pos; Juan Ernesto Guevara; Jean‐François Molino; Daniel Sabatier; Olaf S. Bánki; Nigel C.A. Pitman; Hugo F. Mogollón; Roosevelt García‐Villacorta; David Neill; Oliver L. Phillips; Carlos Cerón; Marcos Ríos Paredes; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2019)
Neutral models are often used as null models, testing the relative importance of niche versus neutral processes in shaping diversity. Most versions, however, focus only on regional scale predictions and neglect local level contributions. Recently, a new formulation of spatial neutral theory was published showing an incompatibility between regional and local scale fits where especially the number of rare species was dramatically under‐predicted. Using a forward in time semi‐spatially explicit neutral model and a unique large‐scale Amazonian tree inventory data set, we show that neutral theory not only underestimates the number of rare species but also fails in predicting the excessive dominance of species on both regional and local levels. We show that although there are clear relationships between species composition, spatial and environmental distances, there is also a clear differentiation between species able to attain dominance with and without restriction to specific habitats. We conclude therefore that the apparent dominance of these species is real, and that their excessive abundance can be attributed to fitness differences in different ways, a clear violation of the ecological equivalence assumption of neutral theory.

Animal-Borne Telemetry: An Integral Component of the Ocean Observing Toolkit - Rob Harcourt; Ana M. M. Sequeira; Xuelei Zhang; Fabien Roquet; Kosei Komatsu; Michelle Heupel; Clive McMahon; Fred Whoriskey; Mark Meekan; Gemma Carroll; Stephanie Brodie; Colin Simpfendorfer; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

A participatory epidemiological study of major cattle diseases amongst Maasai pastoralists living in wildlife-livestock interfaces in Maasai Mara, Kenya - Daniel Nthiwa; Silvia Alonso; David Odongo; Eucharia Kenya; Bernard Bett (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2019)

Comparison of Methods to Distinguish Diploid and Tetraploid Potato in Applied Diploid Breeding - Maher Alsahlany; Daniel Zarka; Joseph Coombs; David S. Douches (American Journal of Potato Research, 2019)

Global Observing Needs in the Deep Ocean - Lisa A. Levin; Brian J. Bett; Andrew R. Gates; Patrick Heimbach; Bruce M. Howe; Felix Janssen; Andrea McCurdy; Henry A. Ruhl; Paul Snelgrove; Karen I. Stocks; David Bailey; Simone Baumann-Pickering; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Retrieval of Atmospheric Parameters and Surface Reflectance from Visible and Shortwave Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy Data - David R. Thompson; Luis Guanter; Alexander Berk; Bo-Cai Gao; Rudolf Richter; Daniel Schläpfer; Kurtis J. Thome (Surveys in Geophysics, 2019)

Species‐level predation network uncovers high prey specificity in a Neotropical army ant community - Philipp O. Hoenle; Nico Blüthgen; Adrian Brückner; Daniel J.C. Kronauer; Brigitte Fiala; David A. Donoso; M. Alex Smith; Bryan Ospina Jara; Christoph von Beeren (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
Army ants are among the top arthropod predators and considered keystone species in tropical ecosystems. During daily mass raids with many thousand workers, army ants hunt live prey, likely exerting strong top‐down control on prey species. Many tropical sites exhibit a high army ant species diversity (>20 species), suggesting that sympatric species partition the available prey niches. However, whether and to what extent this is achieved has not been intensively studied yet. We therefore conducted a large‐scale diet survey of a community of surface‐raiding army ants at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. We systematically collected 3,262 prey items from eleven army ant species (genera Eciton , Nomamyrmex and Neivamyrmex ). Prey items were classified as ant prey or non‐ant prey. The prey nearly exclusively consisted of other ants (98%), and most booty was ant brood (87%). Using morphological characters and DNA barcoding, we identified a total of 1,103 ant prey specimens to the species level. One hundred twenty‐nine ant species were detected among the army ant prey, representing about 30% of the known local ant diversity. Using weighted bipartite network analyses, we show that prey specialization in army ants is unexpectedly high and prey niche overlap very small. Besides food niche differentiation, we uncovered a spatiotemporal niche differentiation in army ant raid activity. We discuss competition‐driven multidimensional niche differentiation and predator–prey arms races as possible mechanisms underlying prey specialization in army ants. By combining systematic prey sampling with species‐level prey identification and network analyses, our integrative approach can guide future research by portraying how predator–prey interactions in complex communities can be reliably studied, even in cases where morphological prey identification is infeasible.

Redefining temperate forest responses to climate and disturbance in the eastern United States: New insights at the mesoscale - Daniel L. Druckenbrod; Dario Martin‐Benito; David A. Orwig; Neil Pederson; Benjamin Poulter; Katherine M. Renwick; Herman H. Shugart (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2019)
Aim Climate and disturbance alter forest dynamics, from individual trees to biomes and from years to millennia, leaving legacies that vary with local, meso‐ and macroscales. Motivated by recent insights in temperate forests, we argue that temporal and spatial extents equivalent to that of the underlying drivers are necessary to characterize forest dynamics across scales. We focus specifically on characterizing mesoscale forest dynamics because they bridge fine‐scale (local) processes and the continental scale (macrosystems) in ways that are highly relevant for climate change science and ecosystem management. We revisit ecological concepts related to spatial and temporal scales and discuss approaches to gain a better understanding of climate–forest dynamics across scales. Location Eastern USA. Time period Last century to present. Major taxa studied Temperate broadleaf forests. Methods We review regional literature of past tree mortality studies associated with climate to identify mesoscale climate‐driven disturbance events. Using a dynamic vegetation model, we then simulate how these forests respond to a typical climate‐driven disturbance. Results By identifying compound disturbance events from both a literature review and simulation modelling, we find that synchronous patterns of drought‐driven mortality at mesoscales have been overlooked within these forests. Main conclusions As ecologists, land managers and policy‐makers consider the intertwined drivers of climate and disturbance, a focus on spatio‐temporal scales equivalent to those of the drivers will provide insight into long‐term forest change, such as drought impacts. Spatially extensive studies should also have a long temporal scale to provide insight into pathways for forest change, evaluate predictions from dynamic forest models and inform development of global vegetation models. We recommend integrating data collected from spatially well‐replicated networks (e.g., archaeological, historical or palaeoecological data), consisting of centuries‐long, high‐resolution records, with models to characterize better the mesoscale response of forests to climate change in the past and in the future.

Sex Differences in Gene and Protein Expression After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice - Yongqiu Xie; Yi-Ju Li; Beilei Lei; Dawn Kernagis; Wen-Wei Liu; Ellen R. Bennett; Talagnair Venkatraman; Christopher D. Lascola; Daniel T. Laskowitz; David S. Warner; Michael L. James (Translational Stroke Research, 2019)

Ecology of the threatened Harbison’s dun skipper (Euphyes vestris harbisoni) for conservation efforts within a habitat conservation plan - Daniel A. Marschalek; David K. Faulkner; Douglas H. Deutschman (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2019)

Genetic variant predictors of gene expression provide new insight into risk of colorectal cancer - Stephanie A. Bien; Yu-Ru Su; David V. Conti; Tabitha A. Harrison; Conghui Qu; Xingyi Guo; Yingchang Lu; Demetrius Albanes; Paul L. Auer; Barbara L. Banbury; Sonja I. Berndt; Stéphane Bézieau; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

Fluorescence microscope light source stability - Firas Mubaid; Daniel Kaufman; Tse-Luen Wee; Dong-Son Nguyen-Huu; David Young; Maria Anghelopoulou; Claire M. Brown (Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 2019)

Spatial and feature-based attention to expressive faces - Kestutis Kveraga; David De Vito; Cody Cushing; Hee Yeon Im; Daniel N. Albohn; Reginald B. Adams (Experimental Brain Research, 2019)

Determinants of adoption of sustainable production practices among smallholder coffee producers in Nicaragua - Aniseh S. Bro; Daniel C. Clay; David L. Ortega; Maria C. Lopez (Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2019)

Discovery of an Extensive Deep-Sea Fossil Serpulid Reef Associated With a Cold Seep, Santa Monica Basin, California - Magdalena N. Georgieva; Charles K. Paull; Crispin T. S. Little; Mary McGann; Diana Sahy; Daniel Condon; Lonny Lundsten; Jack Pewsey; David W. Caress; Robert C. Vrijenhoek (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Toward a better understanding of freshwater fish responses to an increasingly drought-stricken world - Robert J. Lennox; David A. Crook; Peter B. Moyle; Daniel P. Struthers; Steven J. Cooke (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2019)

A review on thermal analyses of cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin complexes - Nicoleta G. Hădărugă; Geza N. Bandur; Ioan David; Daniel I. Hădărugă (Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2019)

Does climate change influence people’s migration decisions in Maldives? - Ilan Kelman; Justyna Orlowska; Himani Upadhyay; Robert Stojanov; Christian Webersik; Andrea C. Simonelli; David Procházka; Daniel Němec (Climatic Change, 2019)

Oxime K203: a drug candidate for the treatment of tabun intoxication - Lukas Gorecki; Ondrej Soukup; Tomas Kucera; David Malinak; Daniel Jun; Kamil Kuca; Kamil Musilek; Jan Korabecny (Archives of Toxicology, 2019)

The dependence of synchrony on timescale and geography in freshwater plankton - Thomas L. Anderson; Lawrence W. Sheppard; Jonathan A. Walter; Susan P. Hendricks; Todd D. Levine; David S. White; Daniel C. Reuman (Limnology and Oceanography, 2019)
Spatial synchrony is defined by related fluctuations through time in population abundances measured at different locations. The degree of relatedness typically declines with increasing distance between sampling locations. Standard approaches for assessing synchrony assume isotropy in space and uniformity across timescales of analysis, but it is now known that spatial variability and timescale structure in population dynamics are common features. We tested for spatial and timescale structure in the patterns of synchrony of freshwater plankton in Kentucky Lake, U.S.A. We also evaluated whether different mechanisms may drive synchrony and its spatial structure on different timescales. Using wavelet techniques and matrix regression, we analyzed phytoplankton biomass and abundances of seven zooplankton taxa at 16 locations sampled from 1990 to 2015. We found that zooplankton abundances and phytoplankton biomass exhibited synchrony at multiple timescales. Timescale structure in the potential mechanisms of synchrony was revealed primarily through networks of relationships among zooplankton taxa, which differed by timescale. We found substantial interspecific variability in geographic structures of synchrony and their causes: all mechanisms we considered strongly explained geographic structure in synchrony for at least one species, while Euclidean distance between sampling locations was generally less well supported than more mechanistic explanations. Geographic structure in synchrony and its underlying mechanisms also depended on timescale for a minority of the taxa tested. Overall, our results show substantial and complex but interpretable variation in structures of synchrony across three variables: space, timescale, and taxon. It seems likely these aspects of synchrony are important general features of freshwater systems.

Skin Mucus Fatty Acid Composition of Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus Aurata): A Descriptive Study in Fish Fed Low and High Fish Meal Diets - Silvia Torrecillas; Daniel Montero; David Domínguez; Lidia Robaina; Marisol Izquierdo (Fishes, 2019)
Terrestrial protein and lipid sources are commonly used as substitutes for marine fishery-derived raw ingredients in fish diets. However, their use is related with several side-effects on marine fish performance, health, or disease resistance. Physical barriers of the skin, gills, and gut constitute the primary defense mechanism of fish. Skin mucus mucosal mucins, water, proteins, ions, and lipids determine the physical, chemical, and protective characteristics of skin mucus. Very little is known about the influence of diet composition on fish skin mucus fatty acid profile. Gilthead sea bream skin mucus contained 10% of total lipids (TL), which consisted of 50–60% neutral (NL) and 40–50% polar lipids (PL) fractions. Σn−3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) deposition was preferential in the NL fraction, whereas Σn−6LC-PUFA accumulation was similar in both lipid classes. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n−3) was the main LC-PUFA stored in skin mucus (14% TL) in relation to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n−3) (2–3% TL) and arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n−6) (2% TL). This study denotes the importance of DHA as component of skin mucus lipids compared to other essential fatty acids, such as EPA and ARA, as well as importance of maintaining an adequate Σn−3/ Σn−6 ratio, regardless of dietary intake.

Above Water Electric Potential Signatures of Submerged Naval Vessels - David Schaefer; Christian Thiel; Jens Doose; Andreas Rennings; Daniel Erni (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2019)
In this paper, we investigate the fundamental linkage between underwater electric potential (UEP) signatures and their related electric fields above the waterline, which are introduced as above water electric potential (AEP) signatures. As a first step, the field distribution for an underwater point source excitation (fundamental solution) is derived analytically, using an adjusted method of images. Subsequently a numerical approach is introduced, whereby the calculation of the stationary current density distribution and electrostatic fields are coupled within an FEM simulation. Simulation results are presented for the aforementioned point source, as well as for a submarine model, where the latter includes considering non-linear polarization curves to model the electrochemical behavior at the metal–seawater interface. Finally, the relevance of AEP signatures in the context of anti-submarine warfare (ASW) is discussed. Our results show that AEP signatures inevitably occur along with UEP signatures, and could therefore in principal be used to detect submerged submarines via airborne sensors. However, an estimation of the expectable signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) suggests that AEP signatures are difficult to exploit and therefore entail a much lower risk compared to other signatures.

Acute and chronic effects of paracetamol exposure on Daphnia magna: how oxidative effects may modulate responses at distinct levels of organization in a model species - David Daniel; Ricardo Dionísio; Gilberto Dias de Alkimin; Bruno Nunes (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019)

Tree rings and rainfall in the equatorial Amazon - Daniela Granato-Souza; David W. Stahle; Ana Carolina Barbosa; Song Feng; Max C. A. Torbenson; Gabriel de Assis Pereira; Jochen Schöngart; Joao Paulo Barbosa; Daniel Griffin (Climate Dynamics, 2019)

Parkinson’s disease with mild cognitive impairment: severe cortical thinning antedates dementia - Carmen Gasca-Salas; Daniel García-Lorenzo; David Garcia-Garcia; Pedro Clavero; José A. Obeso; Stephane Lehericy; María C. Rodríguez-Oroz (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2019)

Media representation of hemlock woolly adelgid management risks: a case study of science communication and invasive species control - Christy Leppanen; David M. Frank; John J. Lockyer; Casey J. Fellhoelter; Anna Killeen Cameron; Bevin A. Hardy; Lucas Jeffrey Smith; Macey R. Clevenger; Daniel Simberloff (Biological Invasions, 2019)

Skin sensitization testing needs and data uses by US regulatory and research agencies - Judy Strickland; Amber B. Daniel; David Allen; Cecilia Aguila; Surender Ahir; Simona Bancos; Evisabel Craig; Dori Germolec; Chandramallika Ghosh; Naomi L. Hudson; Abigail Jacobs; David M. Lehmann; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2019)

Weather effects on birds of different size are mediated by long‐term climate and vegetation type in endangered temperate woodlands - David B. Lindenmayer; Peter Lane; Mason Crane; Daniel Florance; Claire N. Foster; Karen Ikin; Damian Michael; Chloe F. Sato; Ben C. Scheele; Martin J. Westgate (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Species occurrence is influenced by a range of factors including habitat attributes, climate, weather, and human landscape modification. These drivers are likely to interact, but their effects are frequently quantified independently. Here, we report the results of a 13‐year study of temperate woodland birds in south‐eastern Australia to quantify how different‐sized birds respond to the interacting effects of: (a) short‐term weather (rainfall and temperature in the 12 months preceding our surveys), (b) long‐term climate (average rainfall and maximum and minimum temperatures over the period 1970–2014), and (c) broad structural forms of vegetation (old‐growth woodland, regrowth woodland, and restoration plantings). We uncovered significant interactions between bird body size, vegetation type, climate, and weather. High short‐term rainfall was associated with decreased occurrence of large birds in old‐growth and regrowth woodland, but not in restoration plantings. Conversely, small bird occurrence peaked in wet years, but this effect was most pronounced in locations with a history of high rainfall, and was actually reversed (peak occurrence in dry years) in restoration plantings in dry climates. The occurrence of small birds was depressed—and large birds elevated—in hot years, except in restoration plantings which supported few large birds under these circumstances. Our investigation suggests that different mechanisms may underpin contrasting responses of small and large birds to the interacting effects of climate, weather, and vegetation type. A diversity of vegetation cover is needed across a landscape to promote the occurrence of different‐sized bird species in agriculture‐dominated landscapes, particularly under variable weather conditions. Climate change is predicted to lead to widespread drying of our study region, and restoration plantings—especially currently climatically wet areas—may become critically important for conserving bird species, particularly small‐bodied taxa.

Nutritional planning for Nellore heifers post-weaning to conception at 15 months of age: performance and nutritional, metabolic, and reproductive responses - Daniel Mageste de Almeida; Marcos Inácio Marcondes; Luciana Navajas Rennó; Luiz Henrique Pereira Silva; Leandro Soares Martins; David Esteban Contreras Marquez; Faider Alberto Castaño Villadiego; Felipe Velez Saldarriaga; Julian David Castaño Franco; Deilen Paff Sotelo Moreno; Felipe Henrique de Moura; Mário Fonseca Paulino (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2019)

Histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of enzymes involved in phenolic metabolism during berry development in Vitis vinifera L. - María Eugenia Molero de Ávila; María Victoria Alarcón; David Uriarte; Luis Alberto Mancha; Daniel Moreno; Javier Francisco-Morcillo (Protoplasma, 2019)

Quantitative analysis of contents and volatile emissions from α-copaene and quercivorol lures, and longevity for attraction of Euwallacea nr. fornicatus in Florida - David Owens; Paul E. Kendra; Nurhayat Tabanca; Teresa I. Narvaez; Wayne S. Montgomery; Elena Q. Schnell; Daniel Carrillo (Journal of Pest Science, 2019)

Prospects and challenges of environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring in freshwater ponds - Lynsey R. Harper; Andrew S. Buxton; Helen C. Rees; Kat Bruce; Rein Brys; David Halfmaerten; Daniel S. Read; Hayley V. Watson; Carl D. Sayer; Eleanor P. Jones; Victoria Priestley; Elvira Mächler; et al. (Hydrobiologia, 2019)

Unidirectional monosynaptic connections from auditory areas to the primary visual cortex in the marmoset monkey - Piotr Majka; Marcello G. P. Rosa; Shi Bai; Jonathan M. Chan; Bing-Xing Huo; Natalia Jermakow; Meng K. Lin; Yeonsook S. Takahashi; Ianina H. Wolkowicz; Katrina H. Worthy; Ramesh Rajan; David H. Reser; et al. (Brain Structure and Function, 2019)

Botryosphaeriales associated with stem blight and dieback of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) in New South Wales and Western Australia - Kelly A. Scarlett; Lucas A. Shuttleworth; Damian Collins; Chris T. Rothwell; David I. Guest; Rosalie Daniel (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2019)

Catch and yield trends of the Portuguese purse seine fishery (2006-2018) - Diana Feijó; Ana Marçalo; Laura Wise; Tiago Bento; Jorge Barra; Mário Correira; Daniel Pinto; Rubén Lechuga; Inês Dias; Mónica Felício; David Dinis; Mónica Inácio; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Estimation of daily milk yield of Nellore cows grazing tropical pastures - Daniel Mageste de Almeida; Marcos Inácio Marcondes; Luciana Navajas Rennó; Lívia Vieira de Barros; Carla Heloísa Avelino Cabral; Leandro Soares Martins; David Esteban Contreras Marquez; Felipe Vélez Saldarriaga; Faider Alberto Castaño Villadiego; Manuela Acevedo Cardozo; Roman Maza Ortega; Javier Enrique Garces Cardenas; et al. (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2018)

Supplementation strategies for Nellore female calves in creep feeding to improve the performance: nutritional and metabolic responses - Daniel Mageste de Almeida; Marcos Inácio Marcondes; Luciana Navajas Rennó; Leandro Soares Martins; David Esteban Contreras Marquez; Faider Castaño Villadiego; Felipe Velez Saldarriaga; Román Maza Ortega; Deilen Paff Sotelo Moreno; Sidnei Antônio Lopes; Manuela Acevedo Cardozo; Mário Fonseca Paulino (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2018)

Effect of overnight smoking abstinence on a marker for microglial activation: a [11C]DAA1106 positron emission tomography study - Arthur L. Brody; Daniel Gehlbach; Lizette Y. Garcia; Ryutaro Enoki; Carl Hoh; David Vera; Kishore K. Kotta; Edythe D. London; Kyoji Okita; Erika L. Nurmi; Lauren C. Seaman; Mark A. Mandelkern (Psychopharmacology, 2018)

Chromosome 18 gene dosage map 2.0 - Jannine D. Cody; Patricia Heard; David Rupert; Minire Hasi-Zogaj; Annice Hill; Courtney Sebold; Daniel E. Hale (Human Genetics, 2018)

Warming and Elevated CO2 Interact to Alter Seasonality and Reduce Variability of Soil Water in a Semiarid Grassland - Dana M. Blumenthal; Kevin E. Mueller; Julie A. Kray; Daniel R. LeCain; Elise Pendall; Sara Duke; T. Jane Zelikova; Feike A. Dijkstra; David G. Williams; Jack A. Morgan (Ecosystems, 2018)

Science questions and knowledge gaps to study microbial transport and survival in Asian and African dust plumes reaching North America - Andrew C. Schuerger; David J. Smith; Dale W. Griffin; Daniel A. Jaffe; Boris Wawrik; Susannah M. Burrows; Brent C. Christner; Cristina Gonzalez-Martin; Erin K. Lipp; David G. Schmale III; Hongbin Yu (Aerobiologia, 2018)

Comparative genomics and physiology of the genus Methanohalophilus , a prevalent methanogen in hydraulically fractured shale - Mikayla A. Borton; Rebecca A. Daly; Bridget O'Banion; David W. Hoyt; Daniel N. Marcus; Susan Welch; Sybille S. Hastings; Tea Meulia; Richard A. Wolfe; Anne E. Booker; Shikha Sharma; David R. Cole; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2018)
Summary About 60% of natural gas production in the United States comes from hydraulic fracturing of unconventional reservoirs, such as shales or organic‐rich micrites. This process inoculates and enriches for halotolerant microorganisms in these reservoirs over time, resulting in a saline ecosystem that includes methane producing archaea. Here, we survey the biogeography of methanogens across unconventional reservoirs, and report that members of genus Methanohalophilus are recovered from every hydraulically fractured unconventional reservoir sampled by metagenomics. We provide the first genomic sequencing of three isolate genomes, as well as two metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs). Utilizing six other previously sequenced isolate genomes and MAGs, we perform comparative analysis of the 11 genomes representing this genus. This genomic investigation revealed distinctions between surface and subsurface derived genomes that are consistent with constraints encountered in each environment. Genotypic differences were also uncovered between isolate genomes recovered from the same well, suggesting niche partitioning among closely related strains. These genomic substrate utilization predictions were then confirmed by physiological investigation. Fine‐scale microdiversity was observed in CRISPR‐Cas systems of Methanohalophilus , with genomes from geographically distinct unconventional reservoirs sharing spacers targeting the same viral population. These findings have implications for augmentation strategies resulting in enhanced biogenic methane production in hydraulically fractured unconventional reservoirs.

Mental fatigue does not alter performance or neuromuscular fatigue development during self-paced exercise in recreationally trained cyclists - Marcos David Silva-Cavalcante; Patrícia Guimaraes Couto; Rafael de Almeida Azevedo; Renata Gonçalves Silva; Daniel Boari Coelho; Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva; Romulo Bertuzzi (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2018)

Phytotoxicity Evaluation of Wastewater from Rice Parboiling - Michel David Gerber; Daniel Ricardo Arsand; Thomaz Lucia; Érico Kunde Correa (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2018)

Recent multivariate changes in the North Atlantic climate system, with a focus on 2005–2016 - Jon Robson; Rowan T. Sutton; Alex Archibald; Fenwick Cooper; Matthew Christensen; Lesley J. Gray; N. Penny Holliday; Claire Macintosh; Malcolm McMillan; Ben Moat; Maria Russo; Rachel Tilling; et al. (International Journal of Climatology, 2018)
Major changes are occurring across the North Atlantic climate system, including in the atmosphere, ocean and cryosphere, and many observed changes are unprecedented in instrumental records. As the changes in the North Atlantic directly affect the climate and air quality of the surrounding continents, it is important to fully understand how and why the changes are taking place, not least to predict how the region will change in the future. To this end, this article characterizes the recent observed changes in the North Atlantic region, especially in the period 2005–2016, across many different aspects of the system including: atmospheric circulation; atmospheric composition; clouds and aerosols; ocean circulation and properties; and the cryosphere. Recent changes include: an increase in the speed of the North Atlantic jet stream in winter; a southward shift in the North Atlantic jet stream in summer, associated with a weakening summer North Atlantic Oscillation; increases in ozone and methane; increases in net absorbed radiation in the mid‐latitude western Atlantic, linked to an increase in the abundance of high level clouds and a reduction in low level clouds; cooling of sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre, concomitant with increases in the western subtropical gyre, and a decline in the Atlantic Ocean's overturning circulation; a decline in Atlantic sector Arctic sea ice and rapid melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet. There are many interactions between these changes, but these interactions are poorly understood. This article concludes by highlighting some of the key outstanding questions.

Pan‐tropical prediction of forest structure from the largest trees - Jean‐François Bastin; Ervan Rutishauser; James R. Kellner; Sassan Saatchi; Raphael Pélissier; Bruno Hérault; Ferry Slik; Jan Bogaert; Charles De Cannière; Andrew R. Marshall; John Poulsen; Patricia Alvarez‐Loyayza; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Aim Large tropical trees form the interface between ground and airborne observations, offering a unique opportunity to capture forest properties remotely and to investigate their variations on broad scales. However, despite rapid development of metrics to characterize the forest canopy from remotely sensed data, a gap remains between aerial and field inventories. To close this gap, we propose a new pan‐tropical model to predict plot‐level forest structure properties and biomass from only the largest trees. Location Pan‐tropical. Time period Early 21st century. Major taxa studied Woody plants. Methods Using a dataset of 867 plots distributed among 118 sites across the tropics, we tested the prediction of the quadratic mean diameter, basal area, Lorey's height, community wood density and aboveground biomass (AGB) from the i th largest trees. Results Measuring the largest trees in tropical forests enables unbiased predictions of plot‐ and site‐level forest structure. The 20 largest trees per hectare predicted quadratic mean diameter, basal area, Lorey's height, community wood density and AGB with 12, 16, 4, 4 and 17.7% of relative error, respectively. Most of the remaining error in biomass prediction is driven by differences in the proportion of total biomass held in medium‐sized trees (50–70 cm diameter at breast height), which shows some continental dependency, with American tropical forests presenting the highest proportion of total biomass in these intermediate‐diameter classes relative to other continents. Main conclusions Our approach provides new information on tropical forest structure and can be used to generate accurate field estimates of tropical forest carbon stocks to support the calibration and validation of current and forthcoming space missions. It will reduce the cost of field inventories and contribute to scientific understanding of tropical forest ecosystems and response to climate change.

Troubled waters: Threats and extinction risk of the sharks, rays and chimaeras of the Arabian Sea and adjacent waters - Rima W. Jabado; Peter M. Kyne; Riley A. Pollom; David A. Ebert; Colin A. Simpfendorfer; Gina M. Ralph; Shaikha S. Al Dhaheri; K. V. Akhilesh; Khadeeja Ali; Mohamud Hassan Ali; Tariq M. S. Al Mamari; K. K. Bineesh; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2018)
The extinction risk of sharks, rays and chimaeras is higher than that for most other vertebrates due to low intrinsic population growth rates of many species and the fishing intensity they face. The Arabian Sea and adjacent waters border some of the most important chondrichthyan fishing and trading nations globally, yet there has been no previous attempt to assess the conservation status of species occurring here. Using IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Categories and Criteria and their guidelines for application at the regional level, we present the first assessment of extinction risk for 153 species of sharks, rays and chimaeras. Results indicate that this region, home to 15% of described chondrichthyans including 30 endemic species, has some of the most threatened chondrichthyan populations in the world. Seventy‐eight species (50.9%) were assessed as threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable), and 27 species (17.6%) as Near Threatened. Twenty‐nine species (19%) were Data Deficient with insufficient information to assess their status. Chondrichthyan populations have significantly declined due to largely uncontrolled and unregulated fisheries combined with habitat degradation. Further, there is limited political will and national and regional capacities to assess, manage, conserve or rebuild stocks. Outside the few deepsea locations that are lightly exploited, the prognosis for the recovery of most species is poor in the near‐absence of management. Concerted national and regional management measures are urgently needed to ensure extinctions are avoided, the sustainability of more productive species is secured, and to avoid the continued thinning of the regional food security portfolio.

Light social drinkers are more distracted by irrelevant information from an induced attentional bias than heavy social drinkers - Helen C. Knight; Daniel T. Smith; David C. Knight; Amanda Ellison (Psychopharmacology, 2018)

Intra-articular delivery of a nanocomplex comprising salmon calcitonin, hyaluronic acid, and chitosan using an equine model of joint inflammation - Svenja Sladek; Clodagh Kearney; Daniel Crean; Pieter A. J. Brama; Lidia Tajber; Karolina Fawcett; Margot C. Labberte; Bernadette Leggett; David J. Brayden (Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 2018)

Racial variation in receipt of quality radiation therapy for prostate cancer - Daniel J. Lee; Zhiguo Zhao; Li-Ching Huang; Tatsuki Koyoma; Matthew J. Resnick; David F. Penson; Daniel A. Barocas; Karen E. Hoffman (Cancer Causes & Control, 2018)

Effects of urbanization on the population structure of freshwater turtles across the United States - David R. Bowne; Bradley J. Cosentino; Laurel J. Anderson; Christopher P. Bloch; Sandra Cooke; Patrick W. Crumrine; Jason Dallas; Alexandra Doran; Jerald J. Dosch; Daniel L. Druckenbrod; Richard D. Durtsche; Danielle Garneau; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2018)
Landscape‐scale alterations that accompany urbanization may negatively affect the population structure of wildlife species such as freshwater turtles. Changes to nesting sites and higher mortality rates due to vehicular collisions and increased predator populations may particularly affect immature turtles and mature female turtles. We hypothesized that the proportions of adult female and immature turtles in a population will negatively correlate with landscape urbanization. As a collaborative effort of the Ecological Research as Education Network (EREN), we sampled freshwater turtle populations in 11 states across the central and eastern United States. Contrary to expectations, we found a significant positive relationship between proportions of mature female painted turtles ( Chrysemys picta ) and urbanization. We did not detect a relationship between urbanization and proportions of immature turtles. Urbanization may alter the thermal environment of nesting sites such that more females are produced as urbanization increases. Our approach of creating a collaborative network of scientists and students at undergraduate institutions proved valuable in terms of testing our hypothesis over a large spatial scale while also allowing students to gain hands‐on experience in conservation science.

Identification of powdery mildew resistance QTL in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) - Helen M. Cockerton; Robert J. Vickerstaff; Amanda Karlström; Fiona Wilson; Maria Sobczyk; Joe Q. He; Daniel J. Sargent; Andy J. Passey; Kirsty J. McLeary; Katalin Pakozdi; Nicola Harrison; Maria Lumbreras-Martinez; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2018)

Factors affecting field performance of pheromone traps for tobacco beetle, Lasioderma serricorne, and tobacco moth, Ephestia elutella - Christos Athanassiou; Daniel P. Bray; David R. Hall; Charles Phillips; Thomas N. Vassilakos (Journal of Pest Science, 2018)

Engineering meets institutions: an interdisciplinary approach to the management of resilience - Nader Naderpajouh; David J. Yu; Daniel P. Aldrich; Igor Linkov; Juri Matinheikki (Environment Systems and Decisions, 2018)

Environmental DNA detection of aquatic invasive plants in lab mesocosm and natural field conditions - Crysta A. Gantz; Mark A. Renshaw; Daniel Erickson; David M. Lodge; Scott P. Egan (Biological Invasions, 2018)

The role of dissolved oxygen content as a modulator of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis - Warren Blunt; Richard Sparling; Daniel J. Gapes; David B. Levin; Nazim Cicek (World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2018)

Climate research priorities for policy-makers, practitioners, and scientists in Georgia, USA - Murray A. Rudd; Althea F. P. Moore; Daniel Rochberg; Lisa Bianchi-Fossati; Marilyn A. Brown; David D’Onofrio; Carrie A. Furman; Jairo Garcia; Ben Jordan; Jennifer Kline; L. Mark Risse; Patricia L. Yager; et al. (Environmental Management, 2018)

Toxicity, recovery, and resilience in a 3D dopaminergic neuronal in vitro model exposed to rotenone - Georgina Harris; Melanie Eschment; Sebastian Perez Orozco; J. Michael McCaffery; Richard Maclennan; Daniel Severin; Marcel Leist; Andre Kleensang; David Pamies; Alexandra Maertens; Helena T. Hogberg; Dana Freeman; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2018)

Consensus guidelines for the use and interpretation of angiogenesis assays - Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska; Kari Alitalo; Elizabeth Allen; Andrey Anisimov; Alfred C. Aplin; Robert Auerbach; Hellmut G. Augustin; David O. Bates; Judy R. van Beijnum; R. Hugh F. Bender; Gabriele Bergers; Andreas Bikfalvi; et al. (Angiogenesis, 2018)

Do elevated blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids modify effects of particulate air pollutants on fibrinogen? - Daniel Croft; Robert Block; Scott J. Cameron; Kristin Evans; Charles J. Lowenstein; Frederick Ling; Wojciech Zareba; Philip K. Hopke; Mark J. Utell; Sally W. Thurston; Kelly Thevenet-Morrison; David Q. Rich (Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2018)

Monitoring age‐related trends in genomic diversity of Australian lungfish - Daniel J. Schmidt; Stewart Fallon; David T. Roberts; Thomas Espinoza; Andrew McDougall; Steven G. Brooks; Peter K. Kind; Nick R. Bond; Mark J. Kennard; Jane M. Hughes (Molecular Ecology, 2018)
An important challenge for conservation science is to detect declines in intraspecific diversity so that management action can be guided towards populations or species at risk. The lifespan of Australian lungfish ( Neoceratodus forsteri ) exceeds 80 years, and human impacts on breeding habitat over the last half century may have impeded recruitment, leaving populations dominated by old postreproductive individuals, potentially resulting in a small and declining breeding population. Here, we conduct a “single‐sample” evaluation of genetic erosion within contemporary populations of the Australian lungfish. Genetic erosion is a temporal decline in intraspecific diversity due to factors such as reduced population size and inbreeding. We examined whether young individuals showed signs of reduced genetic diversity and/or inbreeding using a novel bomb radiocarbon dating method to age lungfish nonlethally, based on 14 C ratios of scales. A total of 15,201 single nucleotide polymorphic ( SNP ) loci were genotyped in 92 individuals ranging in age from 2 to 77 years old. Standardized individual heterozygosity and individual inbreeding coefficients varied widely within and between riverine populations, but neither was associated with age, so perceived problems with recruitment have not translated into genetic erosion that could be considered a proximate threat to lungfish populations. Conservation concern has surrounded Australian lungfish for over a century. However, our results suggest that long‐lived threatened species can maintain stable levels of intraspecific variability when sufficient reproductive opportunities exist over the course of a long lifespan.

Sky, sea, and forest islands: Diversification in the African leaf‐folding frog Afrixalus paradorsalis (Anura: Hyperoliidae) of the Lower Guineo‐Congolian rain forest - Kristin L. Charles; Rayna C. Bell; David C. Blackburn; Marius Burger; Matthew K. Fujita; Václav Gvoždík; Gregory F.M. Jongsma; Marcel Talla Kouete; Adam D. Leaché; Daniel M. Portik (Journal of Biogeography, 2018)
Aim To investigate how putative barriers, forest refugia, and ecological gradients across the lower Guineo‐Congolian rain forest shape genetic and phenotypic divergence in the leaf‐folding frog Afrixalus paradorsalis , and examine the role of adjacent land bridge and sky‐islands in diversification. Location The Lower Guineo‐Congolian Forest, the Cameroonian Volcanic Line (CVL), and Bioko Island, Central Africa. Taxon Afrixalus paradorsalis (Family: Hyperoliidae), an African leaf‐folding frog. Methods We used molecular and phenotypic data to investigate diversity and divergence among the A. paradorsalis species complex distributed across lowland rain forests, a land bridge island, and mountains in Central Africa. We examined the coincidence of population boundaries, landscape features, divergence times, and spatial patterns of connectivity and diversity, and subsequently performed demographic modelling using genome‐wide SNP variation to distinguish among divergence mechanisms in mainland (riverine barriers, forest refugia, ecological gradients) and land bridge island populations (vicariance, overwater dispersal). Results We detected four genetically distinct allopatric populations corresponding to Bioko Island, the CVL, and two lowland rain forest populations split by the Sanaga River. Although lowland populations are phenotypically indistinguishable, pronounced body size evolution occurs at high elevation, and the timing of the formation of the high elevation population coincides with mountain uplift in the CVL. Spatial analyses and demographic modelling revealed population divergence across mainland Lower Guinea is best explained by forest refugia rather than riverine barriers or ecological gradients, and that the Bioko Island population divergence is best explained by vicariance (marine incursion) rather than overseas dispersal. Main conclusions We provide growing support for the important role of forest refugia in driving intraspecific divergences in the Guineo‐Congolian rain forest. In A. paradorsalis , sky‐islands in the CVL have resulted in greater genetic and phenotypic divergences than marine incursions of the land bridge Bioko Island, highlighting important differences in patterns of island‐driven diversification in Lower Guinea.

Revealing life‐history traits by contrasting genetic estimations with predictions of effective population size - Gili Greenbaum; Sharon Renan; Alan R. Templeton; Amos Bouskila; David Saltz; Daniel I. Rubenstein; Shirli Bar‐David (Conservation Biology, 2018)
Effective population size, a central concept in conservation biology, is now routinely estimated from genetic surveys and can also be theoretically predicted from demographic, life‐history, and mating‐system data. By evaluating the consistency of theoretical predictions with empirically estimated effective size, insights can be gained regarding life‐history characteristics and the relative impact of different life‐history traits on genetic drift. These insights can be used to design and inform management strategies aimed at increasing effective population size. We demonstrated this approach by addressing the conservation of a reintroduced population of Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus) . We estimated the variance effective size ( N ev ) from genetic data ( ) and formulated predictions for the impacts on N ev of demography, polygyny, female variance in lifetime reproductive success (RS), and heritability of female RS. By contrasting the genetic estimation with theoretical predictions, we found that polygyny was the strongest factor affecting genetic drift because only when accounting for polygyny were predictions consistent with the genetically measured N ev . The comparison of effective‐size estimation and predictions indicated that 10.6% of the males mated per generation when heritability of female RS was unaccounted for (polygyny responsible for 81% decrease in N ev ) and 19.5% mated when female RS was accounted for (polygyny responsible for 67% decrease in N ev ). Heritability of female RS also affected N ev ; (heritability responsible for 41% decrease in N ev ). The low effective size is of concern, and we suggest that management actions focus on factors identified as strongly affecting , namely, increasing the availability of artificial water sources to increase number of dominant males contributing to the gene pool. This approach, evaluating life‐history hypotheses in light of their impact on effective population size, and contrasting predictions with genetic measurements, is a general, applicable strategy that can be used to inform conservation practice.

Spatial scales and the invasion paradox: a test using fish assemblages in a Neotropical floodplain - Daniel Alves dos Santos; David Joseph Hoeinghaus; Luiz Carlos Gomes (Hydrobiologia, 2018)

The effects of different durations of static stretching within a comprehensive warm-up on voluntary and evoked contractile properties - Jonathan C. Reid; Rebecca Greene; James D. Young; Daniel D. Hodgson; Anthony J. Blazevich; David G. Behm (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2018)

Mercury Exposure in Humboldt (Spheniscus humboldti) and Chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarcticus) Penguins Throughout the Chilean Coast and Antarctica - Rocío Álvarez-Varas; David Morales-Moraga; Daniel González-Acuña; Sebastián A. Klarian; Juliana A. Vianna (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2018)

BioTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene - Maria Dornelas; Laura H. Antão; Faye Moyes; Amanda E. Bates; Anne E. Magurran; Dušan Adam; Asem A. Akhmetzhanova; Ward Appeltans; José Manuel Arcos; Haley Arnold; Narayanan Ayyappan; Gal Badihi; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Motivation The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community‐led open‐source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Main types of variables included The database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record. Spatial location and grain BioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km 2 (158 cm 2 ) to 100 km 2 (1,000,000,000,000 cm 2 ). Time period and grain BioTIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year. Major taxa and level of measurement BioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates. Software format .csv and .SQL.

Front Cover - James A. Lutz; Tucker J. Furniss; Daniel J. Johnson; Stuart J. Davies; David Allen; Alfonso Alonso; Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira; Ana Andrade; Jennifer Baltzer; Kendall M. L. Becker; Erika M. Blomdahl; Norman A. Bourg; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)

Global importance of large‐diameter trees - James A. Lutz; Tucker J. Furniss; Daniel J. Johnson; Stuart J. Davies; David Allen; Alfonso Alonso; Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira; Ana Andrade; Jennifer Baltzer; Kendall M. L. Becker; Erika M. Blomdahl; Norman A. Bourg; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Aim To examine the contribution of large‐diameter trees to biomass, stand structure, and species richness across forest biomes. Location Global. Time period Early 21st century. Major taxa studied Woody plants. Methods We examined the contribution of large trees to forest density, richness and biomass using a global network of 48 large (from 2 to 60 ha) forest plots representing 5,601,473 stems across 9,298 species and 210 plant families. This contribution was assessed using three metrics: the largest 1% of trees ≥ 1 cm diameter at breast height (DBH), all trees ≥ 60 cm DBH, and those rank‐ordered largest trees that cumulatively comprise 50% of forest biomass. Results Averaged across these 48 forest plots, the largest 1% of trees ≥ 1 cm DBH comprised 50% of aboveground live biomass, with hectare‐scale standard deviation of 26%. Trees ≥ 60 cm DBH comprised 41% of aboveground live tree biomass. The size of the largest trees correlated with total forest biomass ( r 2 = .62, p r 2 = .45, p r 2 = .33, p r 2 = .17, p = .002). The concentration of biomass in the largest 1% of trees declined with increasing absolute latitude ( r 2 = .46, p r 2 = .31, p r 2 = .26, p Main conclusions Because large‐diameter trees constitute roughly half of the mature forest biomass worldwide, their dynamics and sensitivities to environmental change represent potentially large controls on global forest carbon cycling. We recommend managing forests for conservation of existing large‐diameter trees or those that can soon reach large diameters as a simple way to conserve and potentially enhance ecosystem services.

Empowering high seas governance with satellite vessel tracking data - Daniel C Dunn; Caroline Jablonicky; Guillermo O Crespo; Douglas J McCauley; David A Kroodsma; Kristina Boerder; Kristina M Gjerde; Patrick N Halpin (Fish and Fisheries, 2018)
Between 1950 and 1989, marine fisheries catch in the open‐ocean and deep‐sea beyond 200 nautical miles from shore increased by a factor of more than 10. While high seas catches have since plateaued, fishing effort continues to increase linearly. The combination of increasing effort and illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing has led to overfishing of target stocks and declines in biodiversity. To improve management, there have been numerous calls to increase monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS). However, MCS has been unevenly implemented, undermining efforts to sustainably use high seas and straddling stocks and protect associated species and ecosystems. The United Nations General Assembly is currently negotiating a new international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). The new treaty offers an excellent opportunity to address discrepancies in how MCS is applied across regional fisheries management organizations ( RFMO s). This paper identifies ways that automatic identification system ( AIS ) data can inform MCS on the high seas and thereby enhance conservation and management of biodiversity beyond national jurisdictions. AIS data can be used to (i) identify gaps in governance to underpin the importance of a holistic scope for the new agreement; (ii) monitor area‐based management tools; and (iii) increase the capacity of countries and RFMO s to manage via the technology transfer. Any new BBNJ treaty should emphasize MCS and the role of electronic monitoring including the use of AIS data, as well as government–industry–civil society partnerships to ensure critically important technology transfer and capacity building.

Advancing Marine Biological Observations and Data Requirements of the Complementary Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) and Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) Frameworks - Frank E. Muller-Karger; Patricia Miloslavich; Nicholas J. Bax; Samantha Simmons; Mark J. Costello; Isabel Sousa Pinto; Gabrielle Canonico; Woody Turner; Michael Gill; Enrique Montes; Benjamin D. Best; Jay Pearlman; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2018)

Inter- and intra-species intercropping of barley cultivars and legume species, as affected by soil phosphorus availability - Tegan Darch; Courtney D. Giles; Martin S. A. Blackwell; Timothy S. George; Lawrie K. Brown; Daniel Menezes-Blackburn; Charles A. Shand; Marc I. Stutter; David G. Lumsdon; Malika M. Mezeli; Renate Wendler; Hao Zhang; et al. (Plant and Soil, 2018)

Opportunities for mobilizing recalcitrant phosphorus from agricultural soils: a review - Daniel Menezes-Blackburn; Courtney Giles; Tegan Darch; Timothy S. George; Martin Blackwell; Marc Stutter; Charles Shand; David Lumsdon; Patricia Cooper; Renate Wendler; Lawrie Brown; Danilo S. Almeida; et al. (Plant and Soil, 2018)

Combining pixel and object based image analysis of ultra-high resolution multibeam bathymetry and backscatter for habitat mapping in shallow marine waters - Daniel Ierodiaconou; Alexandre C. G. Schimel; David Kennedy; Jacquomo Monk; Grace Gaylard; Mary Young; Markus Diesing; Alex Rattray (Marine Geophysical Research, 2018)

Correction to: Anaphylactoid Reactions to Intravenous N-Acetylcysteine during Treatment for Acetaminophen Poisoning - Mark Yarema; Puja Chopra; Marco L. A. Sivilotti; David Johnson; Alberto Nettel-Aguirre; Benoit Bailey; Charlemaigne Victorino; Sophie Gosselin; Roy Purssell; Margaret Thompson; Daniel Spyker; Barry Rumack (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2018)

Anaphylactoid Reactions to Intravenous N-Acetylcysteine during Treatment for Acetaminophen Poisoning - Mark Yarema; Puja Chopra; Marco L. A. Sivilotti; David Johnson; Alberto Nettel-Aguirre; Benoit Bailey; Charlemaigne Victorino; Sophie Gosselin; Roy Purssell; Margaret Thompson; Daniel Spyker; Barry Rumack (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2018)

Comparative, collaborative, and integrative risk governance for emerging technologies - Igor Linkov; Benjamin D. Trump; Elke Anklam; David Berube; Patrick Boisseasu; Christopher Cummings; Scott Ferson; Marie-Valentine Florin; Bernard Goldstein; Danail Hristozov; Keld Alstrup Jensen; Georgios Katalagarianakis; et al. (Environment Systems and Decisions, 2018)

Evaluation of eDNA for groundwater invertebrate detection and monitoring: a case study with endangered Stygobromus (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) - Matthew L. Niemiller; Megan L. Porter; Jenna Keany; Heather Gilbert; Daniel W. Fong; David C. Culver; Christopher S. Hobson; K. Denise Kendall; Mark A. Davis; Steven J. Taylor (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2018)

Essential ocean variables for global sustained observations of biodiversity and ecosystem changes - Patricia Miloslavich; Nicholas J. Bax; Samantha E. Simmons; Eduardo Klein; Ward Appeltans; Octavio Aburto‐Oropeza; Melissa Andersen Garcia; Sonia D. Batten; Lisandro Benedetti‐Cecchi; David M. Checkley; Sanae Chiba; J. Emmett Duffy; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Sustained observations of marine biodiversity and ecosystems focused on specific conservation and management problems are needed around the world to effectively mitigate or manage changes resulting from anthropogenic pressures. These observations, while complex and expensive, are required by the international scientific, governance and policy communities to provide baselines against which the effects of human pressures and climate change may be measured and reported, and resources allocated to implement solutions. To identify biological and ecological essential ocean variables ( EOV s) for implementation within a global ocean observing system that is relevant for science, informs society, and technologically feasible, we used a driver‐pressure‐state‐impact‐response ( DPSIR ) model. We (1) examined relevant international agreements to identify societal drivers and pressures on marine resources and ecosystems, (2) evaluated the temporal and spatial scales of variables measured by 100+ observing programs, and (3) analysed the impact and scalability of these variables and how they contribute to address societal and scientific issues. EOV s were related to the status of ecosystem components (phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and diversity, and abundance and distribution of fish, marine turtles, birds and mammals), and to the extent and health of ecosystems (cover and composition of hard coral, seagrass, mangrove and macroalgal canopy). Benthic invertebrate abundance and distribution and microbe diversity and biomass were identified as emerging EOV s to be developed based on emerging requirements and new technologies. The temporal scale at which any shifts in biological systems will be detected will vary across the EOV s, the properties being monitored and the length of the existing time‐series. Global implementation to deliver useful products will require collaboration of the scientific and policy sectors and a significant commitment to improve human and infrastructure capacity across the globe, including the development of new, more automated observing technologies, and encouraging the application of international standards and best practices.

Drought timing and local climate determine the sensitivity of eastern temperate forests to drought - Loïc D'Orangeville; Justin Maxwell; Daniel Kneeshaw; Neil Pederson; Louis Duchesne; Travis Logan; Daniel Houle; Dominique Arseneault; Colin M. Beier; Daniel A. Bishop; Daniel Druckenbrod; Shawn Fraver; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Projected changes in temperature and drought regime are likely to reduce carbon (C) storage in forests, thereby amplifying rates of climate change. While such reductions are often presumed to be greatest in semi‐arid forests that experience widespread tree mortality, the consequences of drought may also be important in temperate mesic forests of Eastern North America ( ENA ) if tree growth is significantly curtailed by drought. Investigations of the environmental conditions that determine drought sensitivity are critically needed to accurately predict ecosystem feedbacks to climate change. We matched site factors with the growth responses to drought of 10,753 trees across mesic forests of ENA , representing 24 species and 346 stands, to determine the broad‐scale drivers of drought sensitivity for the dominant trees in ENA . Here we show that two factors—the timing of drought, and the atmospheric demand for water (i.e., local potential evapotranspiration; PET )—are stronger drivers of drought sensitivity than soil and stand characteristics. Drought‐induced reductions in tree growth were greatest when the droughts occurred during early‐season peaks in radial growth, especially for trees growing in the warmest, driest regions (i.e., highest PET ). Further, mean species trait values (rooting depth and ψ 50 ) were poor predictors of drought sensitivity, as intraspecific variation in sensitivity was equal to or greater than interspecific variation in 17 of 24 species. From a general circulation model ensemble, we find that future increases in early‐season PET may exacerbate these effects, and potentially offset gains in C uptake and storage in ENA owing to other global change factors.

Environmentally induced development costs underlie fitness tradeoffs - Greg M. Walter; Melanie J. Wilkinson; J. David Aguirre; Mark W. Blows; Daniel Ortiz‐Barrientos (Ecology, 2018)
Local adaptation can lead to genotype‐by‐environment interactions, which can create fitness tradeoffs in alternative environments, and govern the distribution of biodiversity across geographic landscapes. Exploring the ecological circumstances that promote the evolution of fitness tradeoffs requires identifying how natural selection operates and during which ontogenetic stages natural selection is strongest. When organisms disperse to areas outside their natural range, tradeoffs might emerge when organisms struggle to reach key life history stages, or alternatively, die shortly after reaching life history stages if there are greater risks of mortality associated with costs to developing in novel environments. We used multiple populations from four ecotypes of an Australian native wildflower ( Senecio pinnatifolius ) in reciprocal transplants to explore how fitness tradeoffs arise across ontogeny. We then assessed whether the survival probability for plants from native and foreign populations was contingent on reaching key developmental stages. We found that fitness tradeoffs emerged as ontogeny progressed when native plants were more successful than foreign plants at reaching seedling establishment and maturity. Native and foreign plants that failed to reach seedling establishment died at the same rate, but plants from foreign populations died quicker than native plants after reaching seedling establishment, and died quicker regardless of whether they reached sexual maturity or not. Development rates were similar for native and foreign populations, but changed depending on the environment. Together, our results suggest that natural selection for environment‐specific traits early in life history created tradeoffs between contrasting environments. Plants from foreign populations were either unable to develop to seedling establishment, or they suffered increased mortality as a consequence of reaching seedling establishment. The observation of tradeoffs together with environmentally dependent changes in development rate suggest that foreign environments induce organisms to develop at a rate different from their native habitat, incurring consequences for lifetime fitness and population divergence.

Impact of fluoroquinolone prophylaxis on documented infections in patients with febrile neutropenia - Daniel J. Przybylski; David J. Reeves (Infectious Diseases, 2018)

Establishing the relationship of soil nitrogen immobilization to cereal rye residues in a mulched system - Alwyn Williams; M. Scott Wells; David A. Dickey; Shuijin Hu; Jude Maul; Daniel T. Raskin; S. Chris Reberg-Horton; Steven B. Mirsky (Plant and Soil, 2018)

Correction to: Assessing the causal relationship between obesity and venous thromboembolism through a Mendelian Randomization study - Sara Lindström; Marine Germain; Marta Crous-Bou; Erin N. Smith; Pierre-Emmanuel Morange; Astrid van Hylckama Vlieg; Hugoline G. de Haan; Daniel Chasman; Paul Ridker; Jennifer Brody; Mariza de Andrade; John A. Heit; et al. (Human Genetics, 2018)

Heat wave probability in the changing climate of the Southwest US - Kristen Guirguis; Alexander Gershunov; Daniel R. Cayan; David W. Pierce (Climate Dynamics, 2018)

Biogeographic patterns of communities across diverse marine ecosystems in southern California - Jeremy T. Claisse; Carol A. Blanchette; Jenifer E. Dugan; Jonathan P. Williams; Jan Freiwald; Daniel J. Pondella; Nicholas K. Schooler; David M. Hubbard; Kathryn Davis; Laurel A. Zahn; Chelsea M. Williams; Jennifer E. Caselle (Marine Ecology, 2018)
Integrating results from monitoring efforts conducted across diverse marine ecosystems provides opportunities to reveal novel biogeographic patterns at larger spatial scales and among multiple taxonomic groups. We investigated large‐scale patterns of community similarity across major taxonomic groups (invertebrates, fishes or algae) from a range of marine ecosystems (rocky intertidal, sandy intertidal, kelp forest, shallow and deep soft‐bottom subtidal) in southern California. Because monitoring sites and methods varied among programs, site data were averaged over larger geographic regions to facilitate comparisons. For the majority of individual community types, locations that were geographically near or environmentally similar to one another tended to have more similar communities. However, our analysis found that this pattern of within community type similarity did not result in all pairs of these community types exhibiting high levels of cross‐community congruence. Rocky intertidal algae communities had high levels of congruence with the spatial patterns observed for almost all of the other (fish or invertebrate) community types. This was not surprising given algal distributions are known to be highly influenced by bottom‐up factors and they are important as food and habitat for marine fishes and invertebrates. However, relatively few pairwise comparisons of the spatial patterns between a fish community and an invertebrate community yielded significant correlations. These community types are generally comprised of assemblages of higher trophic level species, and additional ecological and anthropogenic factors may have altered their spatial patterns of community similarity. In most cases pairs of invertebrate community types and pairs of fish community types exhibited similar spatial patterns, although there were some notable exceptions. These findings have important implications for the design and interpretation of results of long‐term monitoring programs.

Geographical ecology of dry forest tree communities in the West Indies - Janet Franklin; Riley Andrade; Mark L. Daniels; Patrick Fairbairn; Maria C. Fandino; Thomas W. Gillespie; Grizelle González; Otto Gonzalez; Daniel Imbert; Valerie Kapos; Daniel L. Kelly; Humfredo Marcano‐Vega; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2018)
Aim Seasonally dry tropical forest ( SDTF ) of the Caribbean Islands (primarily West Indies) is floristically distinct from Neotropical SDTF in Central and South America. We evaluate whether tree species composition was associated with climatic gradients or geographical distance. Turnover (dissimilarity) in species composition of different islands or among more distant sites would suggest communities structured by speciation and dispersal limitations. A nested pattern would be consistent with a steep resource gradient. Correlation of species composition with climatic variation would suggest communities structured by broad‐scale environmental filtering. Location The West Indies (The Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia), Providencia (Colombia), south Florida ( USA ) and Florida Keys ( USA ). Taxon Seed plants—woody taxa (primarily trees). Methods We compiled 572 plots from 23 surveys conducted between 1969 and 2016. Hierarchical clustering of species in plots, and indicator species analysis for the resulting groups of sites, identified geographical patterns of turnover in species composition. Nonparametric analysis of variance, applied to principal components of bioclimatic variables, determined the degree of covariation in climate with location. Nestedness versus turnover in species composition was evaluated using beta diversity partitioning. Generalized dissimilarity modelling partitioned the effect of climate versus geographical distance on species composition. Results Despite a set of commonly occurring species, SDTF tree community composition was distinct among islands and was characterized by spatial turnover on climatic gradients that covaried with geographical gradients. Greater Antillean islands were characterized by endemic indicator species. Northern subtropical areas supported distinct, rather than nested, SDTF communities in spite of low levels of endemism. Main conclusions The SDTF species composition was correlated with climatic variation. SDTF on large Greater Antillean islands (Hispaniola, Jamaica and Cuba) was characterized by endemic species, consistent with their geological history and the biogeography of plant lineages. These results suggest that both environmental filtering and speciation shape Caribbean SDTF tree communities.

Sexes and species as rival units of niche saturation during community assembly - Daniel Pincheira‐Donoso; Tom Tregenza; Roger K. Butlin; David J. Hodgson (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Aim Community assembly is traditionally assumed to result from speciation and colonization mediated by available niche space. This paradigm is expanded by the theory that niche space can also be saturated by intersexual adaptive divergence (ecological sexual dimorphism) when interspecific competition is relaxed. This theory (here termed ‘niche‐packing equivalence’) predicts that the evolution of ecological sexual dimorphism constrains the ecological opportunity that would otherwise lead to ecological speciation or colonization, and that saturation of niches by different species constrains divergent selection for divergence between the sexes. Therefore, sexes and species are equivalent, yet antagonistic units of niche occupation. We present the most comprehensive test of the niche‐packing equivalence theory at ecological time‐scales (assemblage level) to date. Location South America Major taxa studied Liolaemus lizards. Methods We identified 23 Liolaemus assemblages varying in species richness and sexual size dimorphism (SSD), distributed across a wide environmental range. We used mixed effects models, permutation tests and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) regressions to quantify the relationship between SSD and species richness. We then partitioned the body size niche dimension between the sexes and amongst species, and tested for non‐overlapping body size distributions. We regressed SSD and species richness of each assemblage against environmental predictors, using multi‐model inference and structural equation modelling. Results Sexual dimorphism declines with increasing species richness, and a strong signal of tension between the two remains following phylogenetic control. This pattern is accompanied by evidence of constraints on body‐size partitioning amongst species and between the sexes: the two units of niche saturation tend not to overlap. However, across assemblages, species richness and SSD correlate with different environmental variables, suggesting that their tension is context‐specific. Main conclusions Our evidence supports the prediction that sexual dimorphism and species richness are alternative outcomes of adaptive radiation. However, this antagonism is mediated by a suite of environmental predictors that influence dimorphism and species richness differentially.

Front Cover - Daniel Pincheira‐Donoso; Tom Tregenza; Roger K. Butlin; David J. Hodgson (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)

Catch rate and at‐vessel mortality of circle hooks versus J‐hooks in pelagic longline fisheries: A global meta‐analysis - James F. Reinhardt; Jennifer Weaver; Pamela J. Latham; Andrea Dell'Apa; Joseph E. Serafy; Joan A. Browder; Mary Christman; Daniel G. Foster; David R. Blankinship (Fish and Fisheries, 2018)
We conducted a meta‐analysis of literature reporting on the use of circle hooks and J‐hooks in pelagic longline fisheries. Our study included more data than previous meta‐analyses of the effects of hook type, due to both a larger number of relevant studies available in recent years and a more general modelling approach. Data from 42 empirical studies were analysed using a random effects model to compare the effects of circle hooks and J‐hooks on catch rate (43 species) and at‐vessel mortality (31 species) of target and bycatch species. Catch rates with circle hooks were greater for 11 species, including four tuna species, six shark species and one Istiophorid billfish. Catch rates on circle hooks were lower for seven species, including two Istiophorid billfishes and two species of sea turtle. At‐vessel mortality was significantly lower with circle hooks in 12 species, including three tuna species, three Istiophorid billfishes, swordfish ( Xiphias gladius ) and three shark species. No species had significantly greater at‐vessel mortality when captured with a circle hook rather than a J‐hook. While our general approach increased model variability compared to more detailed studies, results were consistent with trends identified in previous studies that compared the catch rates and at‐vessel mortality (between hook types) for a number of species. Our results suggest that circle hooks can be a promising tool to reduce mortality of some bycatch species in pelagic longline fisheries, although the effects depend on the species and the metric (catch rate or at‐vessel mortality), emphasizing the need for fishery‐specific data in conservation and management decisions.

Route of Feeding as a Proxy for Dysphagia After Stroke and the Effect of Transdermal Glyceryl Trinitrate: Data from the Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke Randomised Controlled Trial - Lisa J Woodhouse; Polly Scutt; Shaheen Hamdy; David G Smithard; David L Cohen; Christine Roffe; Daniel Bereczki; Eivind Berge; Christopher F Bladin; Valeria Caso; Hanne K Christensen; Rónán Collins; et al. (Translational Stroke Research, 2018)

Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus increases pointing error during memory-guided sequential reaching - Fabian J. David; Lisa C. Goelz; Ruth Z. Tangonan; Leonard Verhagen Metman; Daniel M. Corcos (Experimental Brain Research, 2018)

Localised cutaneous microvascular adaptation to exercise training in humans - Ceri L. Atkinson; Howard H. Carter; Dick H. J. Thijssen; Gurpreet K. Birk; N. Timothy Cable; David A. Low; Floortje Kerstens; Iris Meeuwis; Ellen A. Dawson; Daniel J. Green (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2018)

The complete genome sequence of a third distinct baculovirus isolated from the true armyworm, Mythimna unipuncta, contains two copies of the lef-7 gene - Robert L. Harrison; Joseph D. Mowery; Daniel L. Rowley; Gary R. Bauchan; David A. Theilmann; George F. Rohrmann; Martin A. Erlandson (Virus Genes, 2018)

Implementierung innovativer Wasserförder- und -verteilkonzepte in einer Gebirgsregion im Norden Vietnams - Peter Oberle; Daniel Stoffel; David Walter; Georg Kahles; Katrin Riester; Franz Nestmann (WASSERWIRTSCHAFT, 2018)

Multi-link laser interferometry architecture for interspacecraft displacement metrology - Samuel P. Francis; Timothy T.-Y. Lam; David E. McClelland; Daniel A. Shaddock (Journal of Geodesy, 2018)

Characteristics of meiofauna in extreme marine ecosystems: a review - Daniela Zeppilli; Daniel Leduc; Christophe Fontanier; Diego Fontaneto; Sandra Fuchs; Andrew J. Gooday; Aurélie Goineau; Jeroen Ingels; Viatcheslav N. Ivanenko; Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen; Ricardo Cardoso Neves; Nuria Sanchez; et al. (Marine Biodiversity, 2018)

A structure–activity relationship linking non-planar PCBs to functional deficits of neural crest cells: new roles for connexins - Johanna Nyffeler; Petra Chovancova; Xenia Dolde; Anna-Katharina Holzer; Vladimir Purvanov; Ilona Kindinger; Anna Kerins; David Higton; Steve Silvester; Barbara M. A. van Vugt-Lussenburg; Enrico Glaab; Bart van der Burg; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2018)

Daily land use regression estimated woodsmoke and traffic pollution concentrations and the triggering of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a case-crossover study - David Q. Rich; Mark J. Utell; Daniel P. Croft; Sally W. Thurston; Kelly Thevenet-Morrison; Kristin A. Evans; Frederick S. Ling; Yilin Tian; Philip K. Hopke (Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2018)

Multifarious anchovy and sardine regimes in the Humboldt Current System during the last 150 years - Renato Salvatteci; David Field; Dimitri Gutiérrez; Tim Baumgartner; Vicente Ferreira; Luc Ortlieb; Abdel Sifeddine; Daniel Grados; Arnaud Bertrand (Global Change Biology, 2018)
The Humboldt Current System ( HCS ) has the highest production of forage fish in the world, although it is highly variable and the future of the primary component, anchovy, is uncertain in the context of global warming. Paradigms based on late 20th century observations suggest that large‐scale forcing controls decadal‐scale fluctuations of anchovy and sardine across different boundary currents of the Pacific. We develop records of anchovy and sardine fluctuations since 1860 AD using fish scales from multiple sites containing laminated sediments and compare them with Pacific basin‐scale and regional indices of ocean climate variability. Our records reveal two main anchovy and sardine phases with a timescale that is not consistent with previously proposed periodicities. Rather, the regime shifts in the HCS are related to 3D habitat changes driven by changes in upwelling intensity from both regional and large‐scale forcing. Moreover, we show that a long‐term increase in coastal upwelling translates via a bottom‐up mechanism to top predators suggesting that the warming climate, at least up to the start of the 21st century, was favorable for fishery productivity in the HCS .

Size, growth, and density data for shallow‐water sea urchins from Mexico to the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, 1956–2016 - Thomas A. Ebert; Louis M. Barr; James L. Bodkin; Dirk Burcham; Dominique Bureau; Henry S. Carson; Nancy L. Caruso; Jennifer E. Caselle; Jeremy T. Claisse; Sabrina Clemente; Kathryn Davis; Paul M. Detwiler; et al. (Ecology, 2018)
Size, growth, and density have been studied for North American Pacific coast sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus , S. droebachiensis, S. polyacanthus , Mesocentrotus (Strongylocentrotus) franciscanus , Lytechinus pictus , Centrostephanus coronatus , and Arbacia stellata by various workers at diverse sites and for varying lengths of time from 1956 to present. Numerous peer‐reviewed publications have used some of these data but some data have appeared only in graduate theses or the gray literature. There also are data that have never appeared outside original data sheets. Motivation for studies has included fisheries management and environmental monitoring of sewer and power plant outfalls as well as changes associated with disease epidemics. Studies also have focused on kelp restoration, community effects of sea otters, basic sea urchin biology, and monitoring. The data sets presented here are a historical record of size, density, and growth for a common group of marine invertebrates in intertidal and nearshore environments that can be used to test hypotheses concerning future changes associated with fisheries practices, shifts of predator distributions, climate and ecosystem changes, and ocean acidification along the Pacific Coast of North America and islands of the north Pacific. No copyright restrictions apply. Please credit this paper when using the data.

Endovascular Biopsy: In Vivo Cerebral Aneurysm Endothelial Cell Sampling and Gene Expression Analysis - Daniel L. Cooke; David B. McCoy; Van V. Halbach; Steven W. Hetts; Matthew R. Amans; Christopher F. Dowd; Randall T. Higashida; Devon Lawson; Jeffrey Nelson; Chih-Yang Wang; Helen Kim; Zena Werb; et al. (Translational Stroke Research, 2018)

Transcriptomic changes in Echinochloa colona in response to treatment with the herbicide imazamox - Alice A. Wright; Rajkumar Sasidharan; Liisa Koski; Marianela Rodriguez-Carres; Daniel G. Peterson; Vijay K. Nandula; Jeffery D. Ray; Jason A. Bond; David R. Shaw (Planta, 2018)

New insights into the systematics of North Atlantic Gaidropsarus (Gadiformes, Gadidae): flagging synonymies and hidden diversity - David Barros-García; Rafael Bañón; Juan Carlos Arronte; Lourdes Fernández-Peralta; Ramón García; Samuel Paco Iglésias; Daniel Y. Sellos; João Pedro Barreiros; Ángel Sebastián Comesaña; Alejandro De Carlos (Marine Biology Research, 2018)

Effects of disulfiram on choice behavior in a rodent gambling task: association with catecholamine levels - Patricia Di Ciano; Daniel F. Manvich; Abhiram Pushparaj; Andrew Gappasov; Ellen J. Hess; David Weinshenker; Bernard Le Foll (Psychopharmacology, 2018)

Scale-specific drivers of kelp forest communities - Thomas Lamy; Daniel C. Reed; Andrew Rassweiler; David A. Siegel; Li Kui; Tom W. Bell; Rachel D. Simons; Robert J. Miller (Oecologia, 2018)

The role of evaporites in the formation of gems during metamorphism of carbonate platforms: a review - Gaston Giuliani; Jean Dubessy; Daniel Ohnenstetter; David Banks; Yannick Branquet; Julien Feneyrol; Anthony E. Fallick; Jean-Emmanuel Martelat (Mineralium Deposita, 2018)

Pleistocene extinctions and recent expansions in an anguid lizard of the genus Pseudopus - David Jandzik; Daniel Jablonski; Oleksandr Zinenko; Oleg V. Kukushkin; Jiří Moravec; Václav Gvoždík (Zoologica Scripta, 2018)
Climatic changes during the Pleistocene played an instrumental role in the shaping recent distribution and diversity of the Western Palearctic biota. Range oscillations often lead to allopatric differentiation followed by the establishment of secondary contact zones. As a result, many species are composed of complex networks of phylogenetic lineages with different histories. Pseudopus apodus is the only surviving member of an ancient genus of Western Palearctic anguid lizards (Anguidae) distributed from the Balkans through Anatolia and Caucasus to central Asia. Here, we used mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the species in phylogeographic and demographic frameworks. Our analyses revealed three main phylogenetic lineages that diverged during or shortly before the Pleistocene. Two of them more or less correspond to the known subspecies, and their low genetic variability suggests relatively recent dispersal and colonization of vast parts of the range. The third, southern, lineage is more geographically restricted and diversified than the other two. This pattern shows that the Quaternary climatic oscillations presumably caused repeated large‐scale population extinctions of the species, depleting most of its diversity. Only a few refugia located in Anatolia, Levant, and Transcaucasia served as sources for subsequent recolonization to the areas of the recent distribution. This is in contrast to many other Western Palearctic reptiles that survived unfavorable climatic conditions in numerous local refugia and sanctuaries, which resulted in more complex phylogenetic structure.

Regional patterns of physiological condition determine giant kelp net primary production dynamics - Tom W. Bell; Daniel C. Reed; Norman B. Nelson; David A. Siegel (Limnology and Oceanography, 2018)
Photoautotrophs vary the concentration of photosynthetic pigments in response to changing environmental conditions. In the ocean, the chlorophyll a to carbon ratio (Chl:C) has been used as a proxy for the physiological condition of phytoplankton, and there is laboratory evidence that the growth rate of juvenile giant kelp ( Macrocystis pyrifera ), a coastal foundation species, is positively related to Chl:C under nutrient‐limited conditions. We examined the relative roles of nutrients and light in determining Chl:C dynamics and if fluctuations in Chl:C were related to changes in canopy biomass and net primary production (NPP) from sites spanning 750 km of the California coast. Seventy percent of the variability in canopy Chl:C was explained by a combination of photosynthetically active radiation and seawater nitrate concentration. In the periodically nutrient‐limited waters of the Southern California Bight, changes in Chl:C positively resembled changes in available nitrate, whereas Chl:C negatively tracked changes in light for the more nutrient‐replete central California coastline. Values of Chl:C were positively related to residuals from an autoregressive model of kelp biomass at the southern California sites indicating that Chl:C is a proxy for physiological state of the kelp canopy. NPP estimated through correlations with kelp biomass and lagged Chl:C compared well to established field‐based estimates. These results open the possibility of assessing giant kelp physiological condition from estimates of Chl:C modeled from sea surface irradiance and nitrate concentration, which in turn can be used to estimate giant kelp primary production over large spatial and temporal scales using future remote sensing technologies.

Genetic variability and structure of an isolated population of Ambystoma altamirani, a mole salamander that lives in the mountains of one of the largest urban areas in the world - Rosa-Laura Heredia-Bobadilla; Octavio Monroy-Vilchis; Martha M. Zarco-González; Daniel Martínez-Gómez; Germán David Mendoza-Martínez; Armando Sunny (Journal of Genetics, 2017)

Observations of the Temperature and Humidity Structure Parameter Over Heterogeneous Terrain by Airborne Measurements During the LITFASS-2003 Campaign - Andreas Platis; Arnold F. Moene; Daniel Martínez Villagrasa; Frank Beyrich; David Tupman; Jens Bange (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2017)

Political transition and emergent forest‐conservation issues in Myanmar - Graham W. Prescott; William J. Sutherland; Daniel Aguirre; Matthew Baird; Vicky Bowman; Jake Brunner; Grant M. Connette; Martin Cosier; David Dapice; Jose Don T. De Alban; Alex Diment; Julia Fogerite; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2017)
Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long‐running civil war. With these transitions in mind, we used a horizon‐scanning approach to assess the 40 emerging issues most affecting Myanmar's forests, including internal conflict, land‐tenure insecurity, large‐scale agricultural development, demise of state timber enterprises, shortfalls in government revenue and capacity, and opening of new deforestation frontiers with new roads, mines, and hydroelectric dams. Averting these threats will require, for example, overhauling governance models, building capacity, improving infrastructure‐ and energy‐project planning, and reforming land‐tenure and environmental‐protection laws. Although challenges to conservation in Myanmar are daunting, the political transition offers an opportunity for conservationists and researchers to help shape a future that enhances Myanmar's social, economic, and environmental potential while learning and applying lessons from other countries. Our approach and results are relevant to other countries undergoing similar transitions.

Maternal allocation of carotenoids increases tolerance to bacterial infection in brown trout - Laetitia G. E. Wilkins; Lucas Marques da Cunha; Laure Menin; Daniel Ortiz; Véronique Vocat-Mottier; Matay Hobil; David Nusbaumer; Claus Wedekind (Oecologia, 2017)

First global molecular phylogeny and biogeographical analysis of two arachnid orders (Schizomida and Uropygi) supports a tropical Pangean origin and mid‐Cretaceous diversification - Ronald M. Clouse; Michael G. Branstetter; Perry Buenavente; Louise M. Crowley; Jesse Czekanski‐Moir; David Emmanuel M. General; Gonzalo Giribet; Mark S. Harvey; Daniel A. Janies; Alma B. Mohagan; Dave P. Mohagan; Prashant P. Sharma; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2017)
Aim We sought to illuminate the history of the arachnid orders Schizomida and Uropygi, neither of which have previously been subjected to global molecular phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses. Location Specimens used in this study were collected in all major tropical and subtropical areas where they are presently found, including the Americas, Africa, Australia and the Indo‐Pacific region. Methods From field‐collected specimens, we sequenced two nuclear and two mitochondrial markers, combined these with publicly available data, and conducted multi‐gene phylogenetic analyses on 240 Schizomida, 24 Uropygi and 12 other arachnid outgroups. Schizomid specimens included one specimen from the small family Protoschizomidae; other schizomid specimens were in Hubbardiidae, subfamily Hubbardiinae, which holds 289 of the order's 305 named species. We inferred ancestral areas using the Dispersal‐Extinction‐Cladogenesis model of range evolution, and we used fossil calibrations to estimate divergence times. Results We recovered monophyletic Schizomida and Uropygi as each other's sister group, forming the clade Thelyphonida, and terminals from the New World were usually positioned as the earliest diverging lineages. The ancestral area for schizomids reconstructed unambiguously to the region comprised of Mexico, Southern California and Florida (the xeric New World subtropics). Optimal trees suggested a single colonization of the Indo‐Pacific in both orders, although this did not receive bootstrap support. Molecular dating gave an Upper Carboniferous origin for each order, and a mid‐Cretaceous expansion of Schizomida, including the origin and initial diversification of those in the Indo‐Pacific. Main conclusions Ancestral area reconstructions, molecular dating and fossil evidence all support an Upper Carboniferous, tropical Pangean origin for Thelyphonida, Schizomida and perhaps Uropygi. Much of this region became unsuitable habitat for these arachnids during the breakup of Pangea, but they persisted in the area that is now Meso‐ and South America. From there they then expanded to the Indo‐Pacific, where schizomids today display an idiosyncratic combination of microendemism and long‐range dispersal.

Spontaneous imbibition of water and determination of effective contact angles in the Eagle Ford Shale Formation using neutron imaging - Victoria H. DiStefano; Michael C. Cheshire; Joanna McFarlane; Lindsay M. Kolbus; Richard E. Hale; Edmund Perfect; Hassina Z. Bilheux; Louis J. Santodonato; Daniel S. Hussey; David L. Jacobson; Jacob M. LaManna; Philip R. Bingham; et al. (Journal of Earth Science, 2017)

The Stingless Bee Melipona solani Deposits a Signature Mixture and Methyl Oleate to Mark Valuable Food Sources - David Alavez-Rosas; Edi A. Malo; Miguel A. Guzmán; Daniel Sánchez-Guillén; Rogel Villanueva-Gutiérrez; Leopoldo Cruz-López (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2017)

Evaluating mechanisms of diversification in a Guineo‐Congolian tropical forest frog using demographic model selection - Daniel M. Portik; Adam D. Leaché; Danielle Rivera; Michael F. Barej; Marius Burger; Mareike Hirschfeld; Mark‐Oliver Rödel; David C. Blackburn; Matthew K. Fujita (Molecular Ecology, 2017)
The accumulation of biodiversity in tropical forests can occur through multiple allopatric and parapatric models of diversification, including forest refugia, riverine barriers and ecological gradients. Considerable debate surrounds the major diversification process, particularly in the West African Lower Guinea forests, which contain a complex geographic arrangement of topographic features and historical refugia. We used genomic data to investigate alternative mechanisms of diversification in the Gaboon forest frog, Scotobleps gabonicus , by first identifying population structure and then performing demographic model selection and spatially explicit analyses. We found that a majority of population divergences are best explained by allopatric models consistent with the forest refugia hypothesis and involve divergence in isolation with subsequent expansion and gene flow. These population divergences occurred simultaneously and conform to predictions based on climatically stable regions inferred through ecological niche modelling. Although forest refugia played a prominent role in the intraspecific diversification of S. gabonicus , we also find evidence for potential interactions between landscape features and historical refugia, including major rivers and elevational barriers such as the Cameroonian Volcanic Line. We outline the advantages of using genomewide variation in a model‐testing framework to distinguish between alternative allopatric hypotheses, and the pitfalls of limited geographic and molecular sampling. Although phylogeographic patterns are often species‐specific and related to life‐history traits, additional comparative studies incorporating genomic data are necessary for separating shared historical processes from idiosyncratic responses to environmental, climatic and geological influences on diversification.

Idiosyncratic responses to climate‐driven forest fragmentation and marine incursions in reed frogs from Central Africa and the Gulf of Guinea Islands - Rayna C. Bell; Juan L. Parra; Gabriel Badjedjea; Michael F. Barej; David C. Blackburn; Marius Burger; Alan Channing; Jonas Maximilian Dehling; Eli Greenbaum; Václav Gvoždík; Jos Kielgast; Chifundera Kusamba; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2017)
Organismal traits interact with environmental variation to mediate how species respond to shared landscapes. Thus, differences in traits related to dispersal ability or physiological tolerance may result in phylogeographic discordance among co‐distributed taxa, even when they are responding to common barriers. We quantified climatic suitability and stability, and phylogeographic divergence within three reed frog species complexes across the Guineo‐Congolian forests and Gulf of Guinea archipelago of Central Africa to investigate how they responded to a shared climatic and geological history. Our species‐specific estimates of climatic suitability through time are consistent with temporal and spatial heterogeneity in diversification among the species complexes, indicating that differences in ecological breadth may partly explain these idiosyncratic patterns. Likewise, we demonstrated that fluctuating sea levels periodically exposed a land bridge connecting Bioko Island with the mainland Guineo‐Congolian forest and that habitats across the exposed land bridge likely enabled dispersal in some species, but not in others. We did not find evidence that rivers are biogeographic barriers across any of the species complexes. Despite marked differences in the geographic extent of stable climates and temporal estimates of divergence among the species complexes, we recovered a shared pattern of intermittent climatic suitability with recent population connectivity and demographic expansion across the Congo Basin. This pattern supports the hypothesis that genetic exchange across the Congo Basin during humid periods, followed by vicariance during arid periods, has shaped regional diversity. Finally, we identified many distinct lineages among our focal taxa, some of which may reflect incipient or unrecognized species.

Asymmetric responses of primary productivity to precipitation extremes: A synthesis of grassland precipitation manipulation experiments - Kevin R. Wilcox; Zheng Shi; Laureano A. Gherardi; Nathan P. Lemoine; Sally E. Koerner; David L. Hoover; Edward Bork; Kerry M. Byrne; James Cahill; Scott L. Collins; Sarah Evans; Anna K. Gilgen; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Climatic changes are altering Earth's hydrological cycle, resulting in altered precipitation amounts, increased interannual variability of precipitation, and more frequent extreme precipitation events. These trends will likely continue into the future, having substantial impacts on net primary productivity ( NPP ) and associated ecosystem services such as food production and carbon sequestration. Frequently, experimental manipulations of precipitation have linked altered precipitation regimes to changes in NPP . Yet, findings have been diverse and substantial uncertainty still surrounds generalities describing patterns of ecosystem sensitivity to altered precipitation. Additionally, we do not know whether previously observed correlations between NPP and precipitation remain accurate when precipitation changes become extreme. We synthesized results from 83 case studies of experimental precipitation manipulations in grasslands worldwide. We used meta‐analytical techniques to search for generalities and asymmetries of aboveground NPP ( ANPP ) and belowground NPP ( BNPP ) responses to both the direction and magnitude of precipitation change. Sensitivity (i.e., productivity response standardized by the amount of precipitation change) of BNPP was similar under precipitation additions and reductions, but ANPP was more sensitive to precipitation additions than reductions; this was especially evident in drier ecosystems. Additionally, overall relationships between the magnitude of productivity responses and the magnitude of precipitation change were saturating in form. The saturating form of this relationship was likely driven by ANPP responses to very extreme precipitation increases, although there were limited studies imposing extreme precipitation change, and there was considerable variation among experiments. This highlights the importance of incorporating gradients of manipulations, ranging from extreme drought to extreme precipitation increases into future climate change experiments. Additionally, policy and land management decisions related to global change scenarios should consider how ANPP and BNPP responses may differ, and that ecosystem responses to extreme events might not be predicted from relationships found under moderate environmental changes.

Supporting sustainability initiatives through biometeorology education and training - Michael J. Allen; Jennifer Vanos; David M. Hondula; Daniel J. Vecellio; David Knight; Hamed Mehdipoor; Rebekah Lucas; Chris Fuhrmann; Hanna Lokys; Angela Lees; Sheila Tavares Nascimento; Andrew C. W. Leung; et al. (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2017)

Organic Agriculture 3.0 is innovation with research - Gerold Rahmann; M. Reza Ardakani; Paolo Bàrberi; Herwart Boehm; Stefano Canali; Mahesh Chander; Wahyudi David; Lucas Dengel; Jan Willem Erisman; Ana C. Galvis-Martinez; Ulrich Hamm; Johannes Kahl; et al. (Organic Agriculture, 2017)

Changes in Community-Level Riparian Plant Traits over Inundation Gradients, Colorado River, Grand Canyon - Miles E. McCoy-Sulentic; Thomas E. Kolb; David M. Merritt; Emily Palmquist; Barbara E. Ralston; Daniel A. Sarr; Patrick B. Shafroth (Wetlands, 2017)

Erratum to: Haploinsufficiency of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase gene TRIP12 causes intellectual disability with or without autism spectrum disorders, speech delay, and dysmorphic features - Jing Zhang; Tomasz Gambin; Bo Yuan; Przemyslaw Szafranski; Jill A. Rosenfeld; Mohammed Al Balwi; Abdulrahman Alswaid; Lihadh Al-Gazali; Aisha M. Al Shamsi; Makanko Komara; Bassam R. Ali; Elizabeth Roeder; et al. (Human Genetics, 2017)

Coffee consumption and risk of renal cell carcinoma - Samuel O. Antwi; Jeanette E. Eckel-Passow; Nancy D. Diehl; Daniel J. Serie; Kaitlynn M. Custer; Michelle L. Arnold; Kevin J. Wu; John C. Cheville; David D. Thiel; Bradley C. Leibovich; Alexander S. Parker (Cancer Causes & Control, 2017)

Honoring Harold A. Mooney: Citizen of the world and catalyst for invasion science - Daniel Simberloff; Laura A. Meyerson; Petr Pyšek; David M. Richardson (Biological Invasions, 2017)

Global patterns of interaction specialization in bird–flower networks - Thais B. Zanata; Bo Dalsgaard; Fernando C. Passos; Peter A. Cotton; James J. Roper; Pietro K. Maruyama; Erich Fischer; Matthias Schleuning; Ana M. Martín González; Jeferson Vizentin‐Bugoni; Donald C. Franklin; Stefan Abrahamczyk; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2017)
Aim Among the world's three major nectar‐feeding bird taxa, hummingbirds are the most phenotypically specialized for nectarivory, followed by sunbirds, while the honeyeaters are the least phenotypically specialized taxa. We tested whether this phenotypic specialization gradient is also found in the interaction patterns with their floral resources. Location Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania/Australia. Methods We compiled interaction networks between birds and floral resources for 79 hummingbird, nine sunbird and 33 honeyeater communities. Interaction specialization was quantified through connectance ( C ), complementary specialization ( H 2 ′), binary ( Q B ) and weighted modularity ( Q ), with both observed and null‐model corrected values. We compared interaction specialization among the three types of bird–flower communities, both independently and while controlling for potential confounding variables, such as plant species richness, asymmetry, latitude, insularity, topography, sampling methods and intensity. Results Hummingbird–flower networks were more specialized than honeyeater–flower networks. Specifically, hummingbird–flower networks had a lower proportion of realized interactions (lower C ), decreased niche overlap (greater H 2 ′) and greater modularity (greater Q B ). However, we found no significant differences between hummingbird– and sunbird–flower networks, nor between sunbird– and honeyeater–flower networks. Main conclusions As expected, hummingbirds and their floral resources have greater interaction specialization than honeyeaters, possibly because of greater phenotypic specialization and greater floral resource richness in the New World. Interaction specialization in sunbird–flower communities was similar to both hummingbird–flower and honeyeater–flower communities. This may either be due to the relatively small number of sunbird–flower networks available, or because sunbird–flower communities share features of both hummingbird–flower communities (specialized floral shapes) and honeyeater–flower communities (fewer floral resources). These results suggest a link between interaction specialization and both phenotypic specialization and floral resource richness within bird–flower communities at a global scale.

International consensus principles for ethical wildlife control - Sara Dubois; Nicole Fenwick; Erin A. Ryan; Liv Baker; Sandra E. Baker; Ngaio J. Beausoleil; Scott Carter; Barbara Cartwright; Federico Costa; Chris Draper; John Griffin; Adam Grogan; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2017)
Human–wildlife conflicts are commonly addressed by excluding, relocating, or lethally controlling animals with the goal of preserving public health and safety, protecting property, or conserving other valued wildlife. However, declining wildlife populations, a lack of efficacy of control methods in achieving desired outcomes, and changes in how people value animals have triggered widespread acknowledgment of the need for ethical and evidence‐based approaches to managing such conflicts. We explored international perspectives on and experiences with human–wildlife conflicts to develop principles for ethical wildlife control. A diverse panel of 20 experts convened at a 2‐day workshop and developed the principles through a facilitated engagement process and discussion. They determined that efforts to control wildlife should begin wherever possible by altering the human practices that cause human–wildlife conflict and by developing a culture of coexistence; be justified by evidence that significant harms are being caused to people, property, livelihoods, ecosystems, and/or other animals; have measurable outcome‐based objectives that are clear, achievable, monitored, and adaptive; predictably minimize animal welfare harms to the fewest number of animals; be informed by community values as well as scientific, technical, and practical information; be integrated into plans for systematic long‐term management; and be based on the specifics of the situation rather than negative labels (pest, overabundant) applied to the target species. We recommend that these principles guide development of international, national, and local standards and control decisions and implementation.

Xeromorphic traits help to maintain photosynthesis in the perhumid climate of a Taiwanese cloud forest - Shyam Pariyar; Shih-Chieh Chang; Daniel Zinsmeister; Haiyang Zhou; David A. Grantz; Mauricio Hunsche; Juergen Burkhardt (Oecologia, 2017)

Assessing the causal relationship between obesity and venous thromboembolism through a Mendelian Randomization study - Sara Lindström; Marine Germain; Marta Crous-Bou; Erin N. Smith; Pierre-Emmanuel Morange; Astrid van Hylckama Vlieg; Hugoline G. de Haan; Daniel Chasman; Paul Ridker; Jennifer Brody; Mariza de Andrade; John A. Heit; et al. (Human Genetics, 2017)

Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of silver nanoparticle/carboxymethyl cellulose on Allium cepa - Aline A. Becaro; Maria Célia Siqueira; Fernanda C. Puti; Marcia Regina de Moura; Daniel S. Correa; José Manoel Marconcini; Luiz H. C. Mattoso; Marcos David Ferreira (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2017)

Medicago truncatula Oleanolic-Derived Saponins Are Correlated with Caterpillar Deterrence - Fanping Cai; Bonnie S. Watson; David Meek; David V. Huhman; Daniel J. Wherritt; Cecile Ben; Laurent Gentzbittel; Brian T. Driscoll; Lloyd W. Sumner; Jacqueline C. Bede (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2017)

The historical dependency of organic carbon burial efficiency - Alan D. Radbourne; David B. Ryves; N. John Anderson; Daniel R. Scott (Limnology and Oceanography, 2017)
Many studies have viewed lakes as quasi‐static systems with regard to the rate of organic carbon (OC) burial, assuming that the dominant control on BE is sediment mineralization. However, in systems undergoing eutrophication or oligotrophication (i.e., altered nutrient loading), or climatic forcing, the changes in primary production will vary on both longer (> 10 yr) and shorter (seasonal) timescales, influencing the rate of OC accumulation and subsequent permanent burial. Here, we consider the extent to which permanent OC burial reflects changing production in a deep monomictic lake (Rostherne Mere, UK) that has been culturally eutrophied (present TP > 200 μg L −1 ), but has undergone recent reductions in nutrient loading. We compare multi‐year dynamics of OC fluxes using sediment traps to longer‐term burial rates estimated from two 210 Pb‐dated sediment cores. The recent sediment record demonstrates that most of the autochthonous OC is preserved (∼95% of OC captured in the deep trap and 86% of the NEP in the contemporary system), contrary to widely held assumptions that this more labile, algal‐dominated OC component is not well preserved in lake sediments. A revised method for calculating BE for lakes which have undergone changes in primary productivity in recent decades is developed, which reduces some of problems inherent in existing approaches using historical sediment records averaged over the last 25–150 yr. We suggest that an appreciation of lakes in all biomes as ecosystems responding dynamically to recent human impact and climate change (for example) can improve up‐scaled regional and global estimates of lake OC burial.

Climate change‐induced vegetation shifts lead to more ecological droughts despite projected rainfall increases in many global temperate drylands - Britta Tietjen; Daniel R. Schlaepfer; John B. Bradford; William K. Lauenroth; Sonia A. Hall; Michael C. Duniway; Tamara Hochstrasser; Gensuo Jia; Seth M. Munson; David A. Pyke; Scott D. Wilson (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Drylands occur worldwide and are particularly vulnerable to climate change because dryland ecosystems depend directly on soil water availability that may become increasingly limited as temperatures rise. Climate change will both directly impact soil water availability and change plant biomass, with resulting indirect feedbacks on soil moisture. Thus, the net impact of direct and indirect climate change effects on soil moisture requires better understanding. We used the ecohydrological simulation model SOILWAT at sites from temperate dryland ecosystems around the globe to disentangle the contributions of direct climate change effects and of additional indirect, climate change‐induced changes in vegetation on soil water availability. We simulated current and future climate conditions projected by 16 GCM s under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 for the end of the century. We determined shifts in water availability due to climate change alone and due to combined changes of climate and the growth form and biomass of vegetation. Vegetation change will mostly exacerbate low soil water availability in regions already expected to suffer from negative direct impacts of climate change (with the two RCP scenarios giving us qualitatively similar effects). By contrast, in regions that will likely experience increased water availability due to climate change alone, vegetation changes will counteract these increases due to increased water losses by interception. In only a small minority of locations, climate change‐induced vegetation changes may lead to a net increase in water availability. These results suggest that changes in vegetation in response to climate change may exacerbate drought conditions and may dampen the effects of increased precipitation, that is, leading to more ecological droughts despite higher precipitation in some regions. Our results underscore the value of considering indirect effects of climate change on vegetation when assessing future soil moisture conditions in water‐limited ecosystems.

Emergent climate and CO 2 sensitivities of net primary productivity in ecosystem models do not agree with empirical data in temperate forests of eastern North America - Christine R. Rollinson; Yao Liu; Ann Raiho; David J. P. Moore; Jason McLachlan; Daniel A. Bishop; Alex Dye; Jaclyn H. Matthes; Amy Hessl; Thomas Hickler; Neil Pederson; Benjamin Poulter; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Ecosystem models show divergent responses of the terrestrial carbon cycle to global change over the next century. Individual model evaluation and multimodel comparisons with data have largely focused on individual processes at subannual to decadal scales. Thus far, data‐based evaluations of emergent ecosystem responses to climate and CO 2 at multidecadal and centennial timescales have been rare. We compared the sensitivity of net primary productivity ( NPP ) to temperature, precipitation, and CO 2 in ten ecosystem models with the sensitivities found in tree‐ring reconstructions of NPP and raw ring‐width series at six temperate forest sites. These model‐data comparisons were evaluated at three temporal extents to determine whether the rapid, directional changes in temperature and CO 2 in the recent past skew our observed responses to multiple drivers of change. All models tested here were more sensitive to low growing season precipitation than tree‐ring NPP and ring widths in the past 30 years, although some model precipitation responses were more consistent with tree rings when evaluated over a full century. Similarly, all models had negative or no response to warm‐growing season temperatures, while tree‐ring data showed consistently positive effects of temperature. Although precipitation responses were least consistent among models, differences among models to CO 2 drive divergence and ensemble uncertainty in relative change in NPP over the past century. Changes in forest composition within models had no effect on climate or CO 2 sensitivity. Fire in model simulations reduced model sensitivity to climate and CO 2 , but only over the course of multiple centuries. Formal evaluation of emergent model behavior at multidecadal and multicentennial timescales is essential to reconciling model projections with observed ecosystem responses to past climate change. Future evaluation should focus on improved representation of disturbance and biomass change as well as the feedbacks with moisture balance and CO 2 in individual models.

Evaluating the performance of a retrofitted stormwater wet pond for treatment of urban runoff - Daniel Schwartz; David J. Sample; Thomas J. Grizzard (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2017)

Assessing mid-latitude dynamics in extreme event attribution systems - Daniel Mitchell; Paolo Davini; Ben Harvey; Neil Massey; Karsten Haustein; Tim Woollings; Richard Jones; Fredi Otto; Benoit Guillod; Sarah Sparrow; David Wallom; Myles Allen (Climate Dynamics, 2017)

Prediction of Cell Wall Properties and Response to Deconstruction Using Alkaline Pretreatment in Diverse Maize Genotypes Using Py-MBMS and NIR - Muyang Li; Daniel L. Williams; Marlies Heckwolf; Natalia de Leon; Shawn Kaeppler; Robert W. Sykes; David Hodge (BioEnergy Research, 2017)

Complexity in the Biological Recovery of Tatra Mountain Lakes from Acidification - Evžen Stuchlík; Peter Bitušík; David W. Hardekopf; Zuzana Hořická; Marie Kahounová; Jolana Tátosová; Daniel Vondrák; Kateřina Dočkalová (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2017)

Bidirectional regulation over the development and expression of loss of control over cocaine intake by the anterior insula - Jean-Yves Rotge; Paul J Cocker; Marie-Laure Daniel; Aude Belin-Rauscent; Barry J Everitt; David Belin (Psychopharmacology, 2017)

Common olfactory ensheathing glial markers in the developing human olfactory system - Karen Oprych; Daniel Cotfas; David Choi (Brain Structure and Function, 2017)

Many pathways toward sustainability: not conflict but co-learning between transition narratives - Christopher Luederitz; David J. Abson; René Audet; Daniel J. Lang (Sustainability Science, 2017)

Canopy trees in an urban landscape – viable forests or long-lived gardens? - Adam C. Labatore; David J. Spiering; Daniel L. Potts; Robert J. Warren (Urban Ecosystems, 2017)

Revealing pMDI Spray Initial Conditions: Flashing, Atomisation and the Effect of Ethanol - Nicholas Mason-Smith; Daniel J. Duke; Alan L. Kastengren; Daniela Traini; Paul M. Young; Yang Chen; David A. Lewis; Daniel Edgington-Mitchell; Damon Honnery (Pharmaceutical Research, 2017)

Activation of dioxygen by copper metalloproteins and insights from model complexes - David A. Quist; Daniel E. Diaz; Jeffrey J. Liu; Kenneth D. Karlin (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2017)

Haploinsufficiency of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase gene TRIP12 causes intellectual disability with or without autism spectrum disorders, speech delay, and dysmorphic features - Jing Zhang; Tomasz Gambin; Bo Yuan; Przemyslaw Szafranski; Jill A. Rosenfeld; Mohammed Al Balwi; Abdulrahman Alswaid; Lihadh Al-Gazali; Aisha M. Al Shamsi; Makanko Komara; Bassam R. Ali; Elizabeth Roeder; et al. (Human Genetics, 2017)

The assessment of neuromuscular fatigue during 120 min of simulated soccer exercise - Stuart Goodall; Kevin Thomas; Liam David Harper; Robert Hunter; Paul Parker; Emma Stevenson; Daniel West; Mark Russell; Glyn Howatson (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2017)

Effects of past and present livestock grazing on herpetofauna in a landscape‐scale experiment - Geoffrey M. Kay; Alessio Mortelliti; Ayesha Tulloch; Philip Barton; Daniel Florance; Saul A. Cunningham; David B. Lindenmayer (Conservation Biology, 2017)
Livestock grazing is the most widespread land use on Earth and can have negative effects on biodiversity. Yet, many of the mechanisms by which grazing leads to changes in biodiversity remain unresolved. One reason is that conventional grazing studies often target broad treatments rather than specific parameters of grazing (e.g., intensity, duration, and frequency) or fail to account for historical grazing effects. We conducted a landscape‐scale replicated grazing experiment (15,000 km 2 , 97 sites) to examine the impact of past grazing management and current grazing regimes (intensity, duration, and frequency) on a community of ground‐dwelling herpetofauna (39 species). We analyzed community variables (species richness and composition) for all species and built multiseason patch‐occupancy models to predict local colonization and extinction for the 7 most abundant species. Past grazing practices did not influence community richness but did affect community composition and patch colonization and extinction for 4 of 7 species. Present grazing parameters did not influence community richness or composition, but 6 of the 7 target species were affected by at least one grazing parameter. Grazing frequency had the most consistent influence, positively affecting 3 of 7 species (increased colonization or decreased extinction). Past grazing practice affected community composition and population dynamics in some species in different ways, which suggests that conservation planners should examine the different grazing histories of an area. Species responded differently to specific current grazing practices; thus, incentive programs that apply a diversity of approaches rather than focusing on a change such as reduced grazing intensity should be considered. Based on our findings, we suggest that determining fine‐scale grazing attributes is essential for advancing grazing as a conservation strategy.

Does the combination of citrate and phytase exudation in Nicotiana tabacum promote the acquisition of endogenous soil organic phosphorus? - Courtney D. Giles; Timothy S. George; Lawrie K. Brown; Malika M. Mezeli; Alan E. Richardson; Charles A. Shand; Renate Wendler; Tegan Darch; Daniel Menezes-Blackburn; Patricia Cooper; Marc I. Stutter; David G. Lumsdon; et al. (Plant and Soil, 2017)