Genome‐wide analysis of longevity in nutrient‐deprived Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals importance of recycling in maintaining cell viability - Hazel M. Davey; Emma J. M. Cross; Christopher, L. Davey; Konstantinos Gkargkas; Daniela Delneri; David C. Hoyle; Stephen G. Oliver; Douglas B. Kell; Gareth W. Griffith (Environmental Microbiology, 2012)
Summary Although typically cosseted in the laboratory with constant temperatures and plentiful nutrients, microbes are frequently exposed to much more stressful conditions in their natural environments where survival and competitive fitness depend upon both growth rate when conditions are favourable and on persistence in a viable and recoverable state when they are not. In order to determine the role of genetic heterogeneity in environmental fitness we present a novel approach that combines the power of fluorescence‐activated cell sorting with barcode microarray analysis and apply this to determining the importance of every gene in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome in a high‐throughput, genome‐wide fitness screen. We have grown > 6000 heterozygous mutants together and exposed them to a starvation stress before using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting to identify and isolate those individual cells that have not survived the stress applied. Barcode array analysis of the sorted and total populations reveals the importance of cellular recycling mechanisms (autophagy, pexophagy and ribosome breakdown) in maintaining cell viability during starvation and provides compelling evidence for an important role for fatty acid degradation in maintaining viability. In addition, we have developed a semi‐batch fermentor system that is a more realistic model of environmental fitness than either batch or chemostat culture. Barcode array analysis revealed that arginine biosynthesis was important for fitness in semi‐batch culture and modelling of this regime showed that rapid emergence from lag phase led to greatly increased fitness. One hundred and twenty‐five strains with deletions in unclassified proteins were identified as being over‐represented in the sorted fraction, while 27 unclassified proteins caused a haploinsufficient phenotype in semi‐batch culture. These methods thus provide a screen to identifying other genes and pathways that have a role in maintaining cell viability.

Cobalt substitution supports an inner-sphere electron transfer mechanism for oxygen reduction in pea seedling amine oxidase - Stephen A. Mills; Doreen E. Brown; Kaitlyn Dang; Dayn Sommer; Alexandra Bitsimis; Jennifer Nguyen; David M. Dooley (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2012)

Heterotrophic growth and nutritional aspects of the diatom Cyclotella cryptica (Bacillariophyceae): effect of nitrogen source and concentration - Stephen L. Pahl; David M. Lewis; Keith D. King; Feng Chen (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2012)

A novel approach of homozygous haplotype sharing identifies candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder - Jillian P. Casey; Tiago Magalhaes; Judith M. Conroy; Regina Regan; Naisha Shah; Richard Anney; Denis C. Shields; Brett S. Abrahams; Joana Almeida; Elena Bacchelli; Anthony J. Bailey; Gillian Baird; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

Region‐wide changes in marine ecosystem dynamics: state‐space models to distinguish trends from step changes - Matthew Spencer; Nova Mieszkowska; Leonie A. Robinson; Stephen D. Simpson; Michael T. Burrows; Silvana N. R. Birchenough; Eva Capasso; Polly Cleall‐Harding; Julia Crummy; Callan Duck; Damien Eloire; Matthew Frost; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2012)
Regime shifts are sudden changes in ecosystem structure that can be detected across several ecosystem components. The concept that regime shifts are common in marine ecosystems has gained popularity in recent years. Many studies have searched for the step‐like changes in ecosystem state expected under a simple interpretation of this idea. However, other kinds of change, such as pervasive trends, have often been ignored. We assembled over 300 ecological time series from seven UK marine regions, covering two to three decades. We developed state‐space models for the first principal component of the time series in each region, a common measure of ecosystem state. Our models allowed both trends and step changes, possibly in combination. We found trends in three of seven regions and step changes in two of seven regions. Gradual and sudden changes are therefore important trajectories to consider in marine ecosystems.

Soil-mediated local adaptation alters seedling survival and performance - David Solance Smith; Jennifer A. Schweitzer; Philip Turk; Joseph K. Bailey; Stephen C. Hart; Stephen M. Shuster; Thomas G. Whitham (Plant and Soil, 2012)

Fine mapping of 14q24.1 breast cancer susceptibility locus - Phoebe Lee; Yi-Ping Fu; Jonine D. Figueroa; Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson; Jesus Gonzalez-Bosquet; Peter Kraft; Zhaoming Wang; Kevin B. Jacobs; Meredith Yeager; Marie-Josèphe Horner; Susan E. Hankinson; Amy Hutchinson; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

No differences in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the thrombin receptor antagonist vorapaxar between healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects - Teddy Kosoglou; Larisa Reyderman; Claudia Kasserra; Lisa K. Jennings; Sophia Young; Fengjuan Xuan; Jinglan Pei; Stephen E. Maxwell; James Schiller; Alan G. Meehan; David L. Cutler (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2012)

Structural changes in the hippocampus and amygdala at first episode of psychosis - David R. Watson; Feng Bai; Suzanne L. Barrett; Aidan Turkington; Teresa M. Rushe; Ciaran C. Mulholland; Stephen J. Cooper (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2012)

Impact of precipitation dynamics on net ecosystem productivity - William Parton; Jack Morgan; David Smith; Stephen Del Grosso; Lara Prihodko; Dan LeCain; Robin Kelly; Susan Lutz (Global Change Biology, 2012)
Net ecosystem productivity ( NEP ) was measured on shortgrass steppe ( SGS ) vegetation at the USDA C entral P lains E xperimental R ange in northeastern C olorado from 2001 to 2003. Large year‐to‐year differences were observed in annual NEP , with >95% of the net carbon uptake occurring during M ay and J une. Low precipitation during the 2002 A pril to J une time period greatly reduced annual net carbon uptake. Large precipitation events (>10 mm day −1 ) promoted carbon uptake, while small precipitation events ( −1 ) enhanced heterotrophic respiration and resulted in a net loss of carbon from the system. Large precipitation event enhanced carbon uptake was attributed to increased soil water content ( SWC ), which promotes plant photosynthesis. The large precipitation events which occurred from J uly to O ctober have lower increases in daytime net CO 2 uptake ( NEP d ) due to the presence of low live plant biomass compared to earlier in the growing season. Live aboveground plant biomass ( AGB ), solar radiation, and SWC were the major variables that controlled NEP d , while AGB , SWC , and relative humidity control nighttime respiration losses ( NEP n ). Aboveground plant biomass is the most important variable for controlling both NEP d and NEP n dynamics. These results suggest that the major factor controlling growing season NEP n is the amount of carbon fixed via photosynthesis during the day. Heterotrophic soil respiration is greatly enhanced for one to 2 days following rainfall events with daily rainfall events >5 mm having a similar increase in respiration (>3.00 g m Cm −2 day −1 ). In addition, the size of the heterotrophic respiration pulse is independent of both the amount of time since the last rainfall event and the time of occurrence during the growing season.

Effects of a novel mGlu2/3 receptor agonist prodrug, LY2140023 monohydrate, on central monoamine turnover as determined in human and rat cerebrospinal fluid - Stephen Lowe; Robert Dean; Bradley Ackermann; Kimberley Jackson; Fanni Natanegara; Shelby Anderson; James Eckstein; Eunice Yuen; Mosun Ayan-Oshodi; Mary Ho; David McKinzie; Kenneth Perry; et al. (Psychopharmacology, 2012)

Aluminum resistance mechanisms in oat (Avena sativa L.) - Lorien Radmer; Mesfin Tesfaye; David A. Somers; Stephen J. Temple; Carroll P. Vance; Deborah A. Samac (Plant and Soil, 2012)

Meta-analysis of new genome-wide association studies of colorectal cancer risk - Ulrike Peters; Carolyn M. Hutter; Li Hsu; Fredrick R. Schumacher; David V. Conti; Christopher S. Carlson; Christopher K. Edlund; Robert W. Haile; Steven Gallinger; Brent W. Zanke; Mathieu Lemire; Jagadish Rangrej; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

Spatially explicit capture–recapture methods to estimate minke whale density from data collected at bottom-mounted hydrophones - Tiago A. Marques; Len Thomas; Stephen W. Martin; David K. Mellinger; Susan Jarvis; Ronald P. Morrissey; Carroll-Anne Ciminello; Nancy DiMarzio (Journal of Ornithology, 2012)

Measuring impulsivity in mice: the five-choice serial reaction time task - Sandra Sanchez-Roige; Yolanda Peña-Oliver; David N. Stephens (Psychopharmacology, 2012)

Linking Dissolution to Disintegration in Immediate Release Tablets Using Image Analysis and a Population Balance Modelling Approach - David Wilson; Stephen Wren; Gavin Reynolds (Pharmaceutical Research, 2012)

Does genetic introgression improve female reproductive performance? A test on the endangered Florida panther - Jeffrey A. Hostetler; David P. Onorato; Benjamin M. Bolker; Warren E. Johnson; Stephen J. O’Brien; Deborah Jansen; Madan K. Oli (Oecologia, 2012)

Subtle ‘boom and bust’ response of Macquaria ambigua to flooding in an Australian dryland river - David Sternberg; Stephen R. Balcombe; Jonathan C. Marshall; Jaye S. Lobegeiger; Angela H. Arthington (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2012)

Histologic, immunologic and endocrine biomarkers indicate contaminant effects in fishes of the Ashtabula River - Luke R. Iwanowicz; Vicki S. Blazer; Nathaniel P. Hitt; Stephen D. McCormick; David S. DeVault; Christopher A. Ottinger (Ecotoxicology, 2012)

Diet and the risk of head and neck cancer: a pooled analysis in the INHANCE consortium - Shu-Chun Chuang; Mazda Jenab; Julia E. Heck; Cristina Bosetti; Renato Talamini; Keitaro Matsuo; Xavier Castellsague; Silvia Franceschi; Rolando Herrero; Deborah M. Winn; Carlo La Vecchia; Hal Morgenstern; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2012)

Downscaling and visioning of mountain snow packs and other climate change implications in North Vancouver, British Columbia - Stewart Jay Cohen; Stephen Sheppard; Alison Shaw; David Flanders; Sarah Burch; Bill Taylor; David Hutchinson; Alex Cannon; Stuart Hamilton; Brent Burton; Jeff Carmichael (Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2012)

Carbon (δ 13 C ) and nitrogen (δ 15 N ) stable isotope composition in plant and soil in S outhern P atagonia's native forests - Pablo L. Peri; Brenton Ladd; David A. Pepper; Stephen P. Bonser; Shawn W. Laffan; Wulf Amelung (Global Change Biology, 2012)
Stable isotope natural abundance measurements integrate across several biogeochemical processes in ecosystem N and C dynamics. Here, we report trends in natural isotope abundance (δ 13 C and δ 15 N in plant and soil) along a climosequence of 33 N othofagus forest stands located within P atagonia, S outhern A rgentina. We measured 28 different abiotic variables (both climatic variables and soil properties) to characterize environmental conditions at each of the 33 sites. Foliar δ 13 C values ranged from −35.4‰ to −27.7‰, and correlated positively with foliar δ 15 N values, ranging from −3.7‰ to 5.2‰. Soil δ 13 C and δ 15 N values reflected the isotopic trends of the foliar tissues and ranged from −29.8‰ to −25.3‰, and −4.8‰ to 6.4‰, respectively, with no significant differences between N othofagus species ( N othofagus pumilio , N othofagus antarctica , N othofagus betuloides ). Principal component analysis and multiple regressions suggested that mainly water availability variables (mean annual precipitation), but not soil properties, explained between 42% and 79% of the variations in foliar and soil δ 13 C and δ 15 N natural abundance, which declined with increased moisture supply. We conclude that a decline in water use efficiency at wetter sites promotes both the depletion of heavy C and N isotopes in soil and plant biomass. Soil δ 13 C values were higher than those of the plant tissues and this difference increased as annual precipitation increased. No such differences were apparent when δ 15 N values in soil and plant were compared, which indicates that climatic differences contributed more to the overall C balance than to the overall N balance in these forest ecosystems.

A Critical Re-Examination of the Intraluminal Filament MCAO Model: Impact of External Carotid Artery Transection - Rebecca C. Trueman; David J. Harrison; Dominic M. Dwyer; Stephen B. Dunnett; Mathias Hoehn; Tracy D. Farr (Translational Stroke Research, 2011)

Fire tolerance of a resprouting Artemisia (Asteraceae) shrub - Stephen L. Winter; Samuel D. Fuhlendorf; Carla L. Goad; Craig A. Davis; Karen R. Hickman; David M. Leslie (Plant Ecology, 2011)

HMC-1 human mast cells synthesize neurotensin (NT) precursor, secrete bioactive NT-like peptide(s) and express NT receptor NTS1 - David E. Cochrane; Robert E. Carraway; Kimberly Harrington; Melissa Laudano; Stephen Rawlings; Ross S. Feldberg (Inflammation Research, 2011)

Forest Management, Engineering, and Operations - Randy Kolka; Matt Powers; John Bradford; Brian Palik; Marty Jurgensen; Dalia Abbas; Tom Gallagher; Stephen Ambagis; Finto Antony; Lewis Jordan; Richard Daniels; Laurie Schimleck; et al. (Journal of Forestry, 2011)
9Forests represent a major global C sink, and forest management strategies that maximize carbon storage offer one avenue for mitigating increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Our understanding of relationships between forest management, productivity, carbon storage, and stand age, however, is limited. We established research plots in a chronosequence of thinned and unmanaged red pine stands in northern Minnesota to study patterns of carbon storage, and the major fluxes that influence carbon sequestration. We completed an inventory of all major C pools across a chronosequence of 57 red pine stands ages 9-306 years on the Chippewa National Forest in the fall of 2009. Results indicate total ecosystem C pools increase as red pine stands age for at least 150 years, and on-site C storage in thinned stands appears similar to unmanaged stands of comparable ages, despite different age-related trends in the live tree and forest floor pools. Thinned stands may have the potential to store more C than unmanaged stands in old age when C removed during harvesting is added into the total ecosystem C pool.

Consulting Forestry / Certification and Ecosystem Services - James Coufal; Carl Wiedemann; Jacob Gorman; Larry Teeter; Yaoqi Zhang; Michael Kilgore; Kristell Miller; Stephanie Snyder; Sun Chang; Miriam Davis; Stanley Asah; J. Mark Fly; et al. (Journal of Forestry, 2011)
45The industrialization of the United States throughout the 19th century resulted in the exploitation of millions of acres of timberland across the country. Logging during that era was described by critics as “cut out and get out” because the land was usually abandoned after the merchantable timber was exhausted. Concern about future timber supplies and the effect of logging on watersheds spurred the development of professional forestry after the Civil War. The first forestry leaders, including Bernhard Fernow and Gifford Pinchot, encouraged private non-industrial forest owners to sustainably manage their woodlands and specifically warned against destructive logging practices—including “cutting the best and leaving the rest”—aka high-grading. During the 1920s and 30s both the Forest Service and SAF spurred initiatives to encourage sustainable timber harvesting practices on private forestland. Although great progress has been made in forest management, logging on most private non-industrial forest land in the east has not changed significantly since the 19th century. Landowners usually sell timber without using the services of a forester, allowing the buyer to selectively cut the most valuable trees in the woodlot. Although this can reduce future value by 70-90%, it remains common practice because both the landowner and the timber buyer maximize short term income. The timber value and productivity of millions of acres of woodland throughout the United States have been significantly degraded as a result. This paper will trace the history of high-grading as described by forestry leaders from the 19th century through the 21st and will show that much work remains unfinished.

Forest Policy / Biosecurity - Linda Heath; Clark Row; Robert Perschel; Douglas Boucher; Patricia Elias; Katherine Lininger; Calen May-Tobin; Earl Saxon; Steven Ruddell; Sally Collins; Sarah Ruddell; Mo Zhou; et al. (Journal of Forestry, 2011)
7Massive fires in Indonesian peatlands in the 1990s and in eastern Russian peatlands in 2002 and last year have highlighted the need to manage forests overlying peat deposits, as well as converted peat forests and open peatlands. Peat or peaty soils, contain 65% or more of partially decayed vegetation, can burn freely or underground. They cover some 10 percent of worldwide forests and contain 25 percent of all terrestrial carbon. Recent massive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from fires in forested peat and peatland in Indonesia and in Russia highlight the need for policies to reduce GHG emissions. We discuss major peatland areas and quantify their carbon stocks and potential GHG emissions. Trends show that year-to-year emissions are variable, with huge pulses that are a significant share of global GHG emissions. We group suggested policy options into three approaches. The first approach, which will reduce peat-related product demand, includes a) restricting peat, and products produced on cleared forested peatland, from being labeled or counted in GHG reduction achievements, as renewable (which palm oil currently is considered); b) developing full substitutes for horticultural peat (comprising about half mined peat use); and c) developing renewable power in countries still dependent on peat for power generation. These options reduce the rate of developing newly mined peat/forest areas. Options for a second approach, which treat already drained and cleared forested peatlands, are: d) restoring functioning peat ecosystems by closing drainage ditches, allowing natural rewetting, and “seeding” with peat vegetation fragments, e) requiring current peat operators to restore mined areas right after all peat is removed, and f) converting them to other land uses, despite the acidic conditions of mined peat bogs. These options sharply reduce risks of peat fires. Finally, a third group of policy options reduces ignition risks and limit fire spread: g) developing monitoring, suppression techniques, h) organizing local landowner protection groups and i) improving public fire organizations.

The Changing Face of Arctic Snow Cover: A Synthesis of Observed and Projected Changes - Terry V. Callaghan; Margareta Johansson; Ross D. Brown; Pavel Ya. Groisman; Niklas Labba; Vladimir Radionov; Roger G. Barry; Olga N. Bulygina; Richard L. H. Essery; D. M. Frolov; Vladimir N. Golubev; Thomas C. Grenfell; et al. (Ambio, 2011)

Gene conversion rapidly generates major histocompatibility complex diversity in recently founded bird populations - LEWIS G. SPURGIN; COCK Van OOSTERHOUT; JUAN CARLOS ILLERA; STEPHEN BRIDGETT; KARIM GHARBI; BRENT C. EMERSON; DAVID S. RICHARDSON (Molecular Ecology, 2011)
Population bottlenecks can restrict variation at functional genes, reducing the ability of populations to adapt to new and changing environments. Understanding how populations generate adaptive genetic variation following bottlenecks is therefore central to evolutionary biology. Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are ideal models for studying adaptive genetic variation due to their central role in pathogen recognition. While de novo MHC sequence variation is generated by point mutation, gene conversion can generate new haplotypes by transferring sections of DNA within and across duplicated MHC loci. However, the extent to which gene conversion generates new MHC haplotypes in wild populations is poorly understood. We developed a 454 sequencing protocol to screen MHC class I exon 3 variation across all 13 island populations of Berthelot’s pipit ( Anthus berthelotii ). We reveal that just 11–15 MHC haplotypes were retained when the Berthelot’s pipit dispersed across its island range in the North Atlantic ca. 75 000 years ago. Since then, at least 26 new haplotypes have been generated in situ across populations. We show that most of these haplotypes were generated by gene conversion across divergent lineages, and that the rate of gene conversion exceeded that of point mutation by an order of magnitude. Gene conversion resulted in significantly more changes at nucleotide sites directly involved with pathogen recognition, indicating selection for functional variants. We suggest that the creation of new variants by gene conversion is the predominant mechanism generating MHC variation in genetically depauperate populations, thus allowing them to respond to pathogenic challenges.

Clonidine blocks stress-induced craving in cocaine users - Michelle L. Jobes; Udi E. Ghitza; David H. Epstein; Karran A. Phillips; Stephen J. Heishman; Kenzie L. Preston (Psychopharmacology, 2011)

Pyrosequence analysis of bacterial communities in aerobic bioreactors treating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil - David R. Singleton; Stephen D. Richardson; Michael D. Aitken (Biodegradation, 2011)

Learning not to be impulsive: disruption by experience of alcohol withdrawal - Sophie E. Walker; Yolanda Peña-Oliver; David N. Stephens (Psychopharmacology, 2011)

Transport of NOX Emissions from Sugarcane Fertilisation into the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon - Clare Paton-Walsh; Stephen R. Wilson; Travis Naylor; David W. T. Griffith; O. T. Denmead (Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 2011)

Clinical contributors to cerebral white matter integrity in HIV-infected individuals - Assawin Gongvatana; Ronald A. Cohen; Stephen Correia; Kathryn N. Devlin; Jadrian Miles; Hakmook Kang; Hernando Ombao; Bradford Navia; David H. Laidlaw; Karen T. Tashima (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2011)

Characterisation and predicted genome locations of Leach’s storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) microsatellite loci (Procellariidae, Aves) - Anthony W. J. Bicknell; Deborah A. Dawson; Gavin J. Horsburgh; Mairi E. Knight; David T. Bilton; Stephen C. Votier (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2011)

Understory response to varying fire frequencies after 20 years of prescribed burning in an upland oak forest - Jesse A. Burton; Stephen W. Hallgren; Samuel D. Fuhlendorf; David M. Leslie (Plant Ecology, 2011)

21st century Wisconsin snow projections based on an operational snow model driven by statistically downscaled climate data - Michael Notaro; David J. Lorenz; Daniel Vimont; Stephen Vavrus; Christopher Kucharik; Kristie Franz (International Journal of Climatology, 2011)
Output from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) global climate models are statistically downscaled across Wisconsin, using a method that restores the observed mean, variance, and extremes of daily temperature and precipitation. The downscaled climate data for the late 20th century, mid‐21st century, and late 21st‐century is used to drive the National Weather Service operational snow model, SNOW‐17, to produce high‐resolution (0.1° × 0.1°) projections of daily snowfall, snow depth, and snow cover for Wisconsin. These snow projections will guide wildlife scientists in climate change impact studies and the development of adaptation strategies for the state, in addition to being of value to hydrologists, agricultural scientists, and other experts. SNOW‐17 simulations suggest a dramatic shortening of the Wisconsin snow season, with the greatest snowfall and snow depth reductions in spring, particularly over northern Wisconsin. Snowfall is substantially reduced in response to projected warming and only slightly offset by a projected increase in cold‐season precipitation. Percent reductions in snow depth are likely to be even more impressive than in snowfall, given not only a reduced frequency that falling precipitation will be in frozen form but also an enhanced snowmelt due to rising temperatures. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society

On the coupling between vegetation and the atmosphere - Isabella M. Angelini; Michael Garstang; Robert E. Davis; Bruce Hayden; David R. Fitzjarrald; David R. Legates; Steven Greco; Stephen Macko; Vickie Connors (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2011)

Effect of biochar amendment on the soil-atmosphere exchange of greenhouse gases from an intensive subtropical pasture in northern New South Wales, Australia - Clemens Scheer; Peter R. Grace; David W. Rowlings; Stephen Kimber; Lukas Van Zwieten (Plant and Soil, 2011)

Screening and confirmatory testing of MHC class I alleles in pig-tailed macaques - Caroline S. Fernandez; Jeanette C. Reece; Uus Saepuloh; Robert De Rose; Diah Ishkandriati; David H. O’Connor; Roger W. Wiseman; Stephen J. Kent (Immunogenetics, 2011)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and breast cancer risk: differences by molecular subtype - Theodore M. Brasky; Matthew R. Bonner; Kirsten B. Moysich; Christine B. Ambrosone; Jing Nie; Meng Hua Tao; Stephen B. Edge; Bhaskar V. S. Kallakury; Catalin Marian; David S. Goerlitz; Maurizio Trevisan; Peter G. Shields; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2011)

Host inhibits replication of European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in macrophages by altering differential regulation of type-I interferon transcriptional response - Tahar Ait-Ali; Alison D. Wilson; Wilfrid Carré; David G. Westcott; Jean-Pierre Frossard; Marnie A. Mellencamp; Daphne Mouzaki; Oswald Matika; David Waddington; Trevor W. Drew; Stephen C. Bishop; Alan L. Archibald (Immunogenetics, 2011)

Inferring causal factors for a declining population of bottlenose dolphins via temporal symmetry capture–recapture modeling - Rohan J. C. Currey; Stephen M. Dawson; Karsten Schneider; David Lusseau; Oliver J. Boisseau; Patti A. Haase; Elisabeth Slooten (Marine Mammal Science, 2011)
We applied temporal symmetry capture–recapture (TSCR) models to assess the strength of evidence for factors potentially responsible for population decline in bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ) in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand from 1995 to 2008. Model selection was conducted to estimate recruitment and population growth rates. There were similar levels of support for three different models, each reflecting distinct trends in recruitment. Modeling yielded low overall estimates of recruitment (0.0249, 95% CI: 0.0174–0.0324) and population growth rate (0.9642, 95% CI: 0.9546–0.9737). The TSCR rate of population decline was consistent with an estimate derived from trends in abundance (lambda = 0.9632, 95% CI: 0.9599–0.9665). The TSCR model selection confirmed the influence of a decline in the survival of calves (

Seabed foraging by Antarctic krill: Implications for stock assessment, bentho‐pelagic coupling, and the vertical transfer of iron - Katrin Schmidt; Angus Atkinson; Sebastian Steigenberger; Sophie Fielding; Margaret C. M. Lindsay; David W. Pond; Geraint A. Tarling; Thor A. Klevjer; Claire S. Allen; Stephen Nicol; Eric P. Achterberg (Limnology and Oceanography, 2011)
A compilation of more than 30 studies shows that adult Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) may frequent benthic habitats year‐round, in shelf as well as oceanic waters and throughout their circumpolar range. Net and acoustic data from the Scotia Sea show that in summer 2‐20% of the population reside at depths between 200 and 2000 m, and that large aggregations can form above the seabed. Local differences in the vertical distribution of krill indicate that reduced feeding success in surface waters, either due to predator encounter or food shortage, might initiate such deep migrations and results in benthic feeding. Fatty acid and microscopic analyses of stomach content confirm two different foraging habitats for Antarctic krill: the upper ocean, where fresh phytoplankton is the main food source, and deeper water or the seabed, where detritus and copepods are consumed. Krill caught in upper waters retain signals of benthic feeding, suggesting frequent and dynamic exchange between surface and seabed. Krill contained up to 260 nmol iron per stomach when returning from seabed feeding. About 5% of this iron is labile, i.e., potentially available to phytoplankton. Due to their large biomass, frequent benthic feeding, and acidic digestion of particulate iron, krill might facilitate an input of new iron to Southern Ocean surface waters. Deep migrations and foraging at the seabed are significant parts of krill ecology, and the vertical fluxes involved in this behavior are important for the coupling of benthic and pelagic food webs and their elemental repositories.

The relationship between land cover and the urban heat island in northeastern Puerto Rico - David J. Murphy; Myrna H. Hall; Charles A. S. Hall; Gordon M. Heisler; Stephen V. Stehman; Carlos Anselmi‐Molina (International Journal of Climatology, 2011)
Throughout the tropics, population movements, urban growth, and industrialization are causing conditions that result in elevated temperatures within urban areas when compared with that in surrounding rural areas, a phenomenon known as the urban heat island (UHI). One such example is the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Our objective in this study was to quantify the UHI created by the San Juan Metropolitan Area over space and time using temperature data collected by mobile‐ and fixed‐station measurements. We also used the fixed‐station measurements to examine the relationship between average temperature at a given location and the density of remotely sensed vegetation located upwind. We then regressed temperatures against regional upwind land cover to predict future temperature with projected urbanization. Our data from the fixed stations show that the average nighttime UHI calculated between the urban reference and rural stations (Δ T CBD–rural ) was 2.15 °C during the usually wet season and 1.78 °C during the usually dry season. The maximum UHI value for San Juan was calculated as 4.7 °C between the urban and forest sites and 3.9 °C between the urban and an open, rural site. Comparisons of diurnal temperature trends at urban, grassland, and forested sites indicate that canopy cover reduced daytime warming. Temperature was predicted best ( r 2 = 0.94) by vegetation in upwind easterly directions, especially that within 180 m of the sensor. Results from the mobile measurements show that the UHI has reached the base of the Luquillo Mountains. Predictions of future development and temperatures suggest that if the present pattern of development continues, over 140 km 2 of land that showed no signs of UHI in 2000 will have an average annual UHI between + 0.4 and + 1.55 °C by 2050. Furthermore, more than 130 km 2 of land area with a current UHI between + 0.4 and + 1.4 °C in 2000 will have an average UHI greater than + 1.55 °C by 2050. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society

Fine mapping the KLK3 locus on chromosome 19q13.33 associated with prostate cancer susceptibility and PSA levels - Hemang Parikh; Zhaoming Wang; Kerry A. Pettigrew; Jinping Jia; Sarah Daugherty; Meredith Yeager; Kevin B. Jacobs; Amy Hutchinson; Laura Burdett; Michael Cullen; Liqun Qi; Joseph Boland; et al. (Human Genetics, 2011)

The natural compound n-butylidenephthalide derived from the volatile oil of Radix Angelica sinensis inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo - Ju-Ching Yeh; Tereza Cindrova-Davies; Mirella Belleri; Lucia Morbidelli; Nigel Miller; Chin-Wen Chantal Cho; Kelvin Chan; Yi-Tao Wang; Guo-An Luo; Marina Ziche; Marco Presta; David Stephen Charnock-Jones; et al. (Angiogenesis, 2011)

Male reproductive tactics to increase paternity in the polygynandrous Columbian ground squirrel (Urocitellus columbianus) - Shirley Raveh; Dik Heg; Vincent A. Viblanc; David W. Coltman; Jamieson C. Gorrell; F. Stephen Dobson; Adele Balmer; Peter Neuhaus (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2011)

Toward a Management Framework for Networks of Protected Areas in the Face of Climate Change - DAVID G. HOLE; BRIAN HUNTLEY; JULIUS ARINAITWE; STUART H. M. BUTCHART; YVONNE C. COLLINGHAM; LINCOLN D. C. FISHPOOL; DEBORAH J. PAIN; STEPHEN G. WILLIS (Conservation Biology, 2011)
Networks of sites of high importance for conservation of biological diversity are a cornerstone of current conservation strategies but are fixed in space and time. As climate change progresses, substantial shifts in species’ ranges may transform the ecological community that can be supported at a given site. Thus, some species in an existing network may not be protected in the future or may be protected only if they can move to sites that in future provide suitable conditions. We developed an approach to determine appropriate climate‐change adaptation strategies for individual sites within a network that was based on projections of future changes in the relative proportions of emigrants (species for which a site becomes climatically unsuitable), colonists (species for which a site becomes climatically suitable), and persistent species (species able to remain within a site despite the climatic change). Our approach also identifies key regions where additions to a network could enhance its future effectiveness. Using the sub‐Saharan African Important Bird Area (IBA) network as a case study, we found that appropriate conservation strategies for individual sites varied widely across sub‐Saharan Africa, and key regions where new sites could help increase network robustness varied in space and time. Although these results highlight the potential difficulties within any planning framework that seeks to address climate‐change adaptation needs, they demonstrate that such planning frameworks are necessary, if current conservation strategies are to be adapted effectively, and feasible, if applied judiciously.

The Role of Botanic Gardens in the Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration - KATE A. HARDWICK; PEGGY FIEDLER; LYNDON C. LEE; BRUCE PAVLIK; RICHARD J. HOBBS; JAMES ARONSON; MARTIN BIDARTONDO; ERIC BLACK; DAVID COATES; MATTHEW I. DAWS; KINGSLEY DIXON; STEPHEN ELLIOTT; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2011)
Many of the skills and resources associated with botanic gardens and arboreta, including plant taxonomy, horticulture, and seed bank management, are fundamental to ecological restoration efforts, yet few of the world's botanic gardens are involved in the science or practice of restoration. Thus, we examined the potential role of botanic gardens in these emerging fields. We believe a reorientation of certain existing institutional strengths, such as plant‐based research and knowledge transfer, would enable many more botanic gardens worldwide to provide effective science‐based support to restoration efforts. We recommend botanic gardens widen research to include ecosystems as well as species, increase involvement in practical restoration projects and training practitioners, and serve as information hubs for data archiving and exchange.

Prey nutrient composition has different effects on Pardosa wolf spiders with dissimilar life histories - Kim Jensen; David Mayntz; Søren Toft; David Raubenheimer; Stephen J. Simpson (Oecologia, 2011)

Application of physiologically based modelling and transcriptomics to probe the systems toxicology of aldicarb for Caenorhabditis elegans (Maupas 1900) - Jodie F. Wren; Peter Kille; David J. Spurgeon; Suresh Swain; Stephen R. Sturzenbaum; Tjalling Jager (Ecotoxicology, 2011)

Magma at depth: a retrospective analysis of the 1975 unrest at Mount Baker, Washington, USA - Juliet G. Crider; David Frank; Stephen D. Malone; Michael P. Poland; Cynthia Werner; Jacqueline Caplan-Auerbach (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2011)

The Role of the Everglades Mangrove Ecotone Region (EMER) in Regulating Nutrient Cycling and Wetland Productivity in South Florida - Victor H. Rivera-Monroy; Robert R. Twilley; Stephen E. Davis; Daniel L. Childers; Marc Simard; Randolph Chambers; Rudolf Jaffe; Joseph N. Boyer; David T. Rudnick; Keqi Zhang; Edward Castañeda-Moya; Sharon M. L. Ewe; et al. (Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2011)

Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) association to roads: implications for distance sampling - Devin R. Erxleben; Matthew J. Butler; Warren B. Ballard; Mark C. Wallace; Markus J. Peterson; Nova J. Silvy; William P. Kuvlesky; David G. Hewitt; Stephen J. DeMaso; Jason B. Hardin; Megan K. Dominguez-Brazil (European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2011)

Phase locking, the Moran effect and distance decay of synchrony: experimental tests in a model system - Jeremy W. Fox; David A. Vasseur; Stephen Hausch; Jodie Roberts (Ecology Letters, 2011)
Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 163–168 Abstract Spatially separated populations of many species fluctuate synchronously. Synchrony typically decays with increasing interpopulation distance. Spatial synchrony, and its distance decay, might reflect distance decay of environmental synchrony (the Moran effect), and/or short‐distance dispersal. However, short‐distance dispersal can synchronize entire metapopulations if within‐patch dynamics are cyclic, a phenomenon known as phase locking. We manipulated the presence/absence of short‐distance dispersal and spatially decaying environmental synchrony and examined their separate and interactive effects on the synchrony of the protist prey species Tetrahymena pyriformis growing in spatial arrays of patches (laboratory microcosms). The protist predator Euplotes patella consumed Tetrahymena and generated predator–prey cycles. Dispersal increased prey synchrony uniformly over both short and long distances, and did so by entraining the phases of the predator–prey cycles. The Moran effect also increased prey synchrony, but only over short distances where environmental synchrony was strongest, and did so by increasing the synchrony of stochastic fluctuations superimposed on the predator–prey cycle. Our results provide the first experimental demonstration of distance decay of synchrony due to distance decay of the Moran effect. Distance decay of the Moran effect likely explains distance decay of synchrony in many natural systems. Our results also provide an experimental demonstration of long‐distance phase locking, and explain why cyclic populations provide many of the most dramatic examples of long‐distance spatial synchrony in nature.

Structure and Dynamics of Cholesterol-Containing Polyunsaturated Lipid Membranes Studied by Neutron Diffraction and NMR - Mihaela Mihailescu; Olivier Soubias; David Worcester; Stephen H. White; Klaus Gawrisch (The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2011)

Altered expression of the natriuretic peptide system in genetically modified heme oxygenase-1 mice treated with high dietary salt - David W. J. Armstrong; M. Yat Tse; Luis G. Melo; Stephen C. Pang (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2011)

Expression Analysis of PAC1-R and PACAP Genes in Zebrafish Embryos - David Alexandre; Jessy Alonzeau; Brent R. Bill; Stephen C. Ekker; James A. Waschek (Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 2011)

A Three-State Mathematical Model of Hyperthermic Cell Death - David P. O’Neill; Tingying Peng; Philipp Stiegler; Ursula Mayrhauser; Sonja Koestenbauer; Karlheinz Tscheliessnigg; Stephen J. Payne (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2011)

A field study (Massachusetts, USA) of the factors controlling the depth of groundwater flow systems in crystalline fractured-rock terrain - David F. Boutt; Patrick Diggins; Stephen Mabee (Hydrogeology Journal, 2010)

Effects of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on intramyocellular lipid concentration and high energy phosphates - Jonathan D. Hughes; Nathan A. Johnson; Stephen J. Brown; Toos Sachinwalla; David W. Walton; Stephen R. Stannard (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2010)

Trophic level asynchrony in rates of phenological change for marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments - STEPHEN J. THACKERAY; TIMOTHY H. SPARKS; MORTEN FREDERIKSEN; SARAH BURTHE; PHILIP J. BACON; JAMES R. BELL; MARC S. BOTHAM; TOM M. BRERETON; PAUL W. BRIGHT; LAURENCE CARVALHO; TIM CLUTTON‐BROCK; ALISTAIR DAWSON; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2010)
Recent changes in the seasonal timing (phenology) of familiar biological events have been one of the most conspicuous signs of climate change. However, the lack of a standardized approach to analysing change has hampered assessment of consistency in such changes among different taxa and trophic levels and across freshwater, terrestrial and marine environments. We present a standardized assessment of 25 532 rates of phenological change for 726 UK terrestrial, freshwater and marine taxa. The majority of spring and summer events have advanced, and more rapidly than previously documented. Such consistency is indicative of shared large scale drivers. Furthermore, average rates of change have accelerated in a way that is consistent with observed warming trends. Less coherent patterns in some groups of organisms point to the agency of more local scale processes and multiple drivers. For the first time we show a broad scale signal of differential phenological change among trophic levels; across environments advances in timing were slowest for secondary consumers, thus heightening the potential risk of temporal mismatch in key trophic interactions. If current patterns and rates of phenological change are indicative of future trends, future climate warming may exacerbate trophic mismatching, further disrupting the functioning, persistence and resilience of many ecosystems and having a major impact on ecosystem services.

A large-scale candidate gene association study of age at menarche and age at natural menopause - Chunyan He; Peter Kraft; Daniel I. Chasman; Julie E. Buring; Constance Chen; Susan E. Hankinson; Guillaume Paré; Stephen Chanock; Paul M. Ridker; David J. Hunter (Human Genetics, 2010)

Stock structure of Grey Mackerel, Scomberomorus semifasciatus (Pisces: Scombridae) across northern Australia, based on otolith stable isotope chemistry - Stephen J. Newman; Ian W. Wright; Ben M. Rome; Michael C. Mackie; Paul D. Lewis; Rik C. Buckworth; Aaron C. Ballagh; Rod N. Garrett; Jason Stapley; Damien Broderick; Jennifer R. Ovenden; David J. Welch (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2010)

The effects of biogenic silica detritus, zooplankton grazing, and diatom size structure on silicon cycling in the euphotic zone of the eastern equatorial Pacific - Jeffrey W. Krause; Mark A. Brzezinski; Michael R. Landry; Stephen B. Baines; David M. Nelson; Karen E. Selph; Andrew G. Taylor; Benjamin S. Twiningf (Limnology and Oceanography, 2010)
Two novel and independent couplings of field data sets suggest that only ~10‐20% of the biogenic silica (bSi) in the surface waters of the eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling zone is associated with living diatoms. Accounting for the ~80‐90% contribution of detrital bSi reconciles discrepancies between estimates of diatom growth rates obtained by different methods. Approximately 50% of the bSi associated with living diatoms was found to be in cells whose greatest linear dimension was > 40 µm. The contribution of that > 40‐µm fraction to bSi production was less than its contribution to biomass, as smaller diatoms, between 10 and 40 µm, contributed 59‐100% of bSi production. A steady‐state model, parameterized using field data, appears to explain the origin of the large detrital bSi pool, relative to the living fraction. Because specific rates of diatom growth are several times higher than those of detrital bSi dissolution, bSi must be predominantly detrital to balance gross rates of silica production and dissolution. Zooplankton grazing is the dominant process creating the detrital bSi pool, and the balance between diatom growth and zooplankton grazing rates maintains a living bSi pool that is a small fraction of the total bSi. Our results show near equivalence between the gross rates of detrital silica production by mesozooplankton grazing and bSi export from the euphotic zone, and also between the rates of detrital silica production by microzooplankton grazing and bSi dissolution, suggesting distinct roles for the two zooplankton size classes in regional Si biogeochemistry.

Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and conservation biology - John J. Wiens; David D. Ackerly; Andrew P. Allen; Brian L. Anacker; Lauren B. Buckley; Howard V. Cornell; Ellen I. Damschen; T. Jonathan Davies; John‐Arvid Grytnes; Susan P. Harrison; Bradford A. Hawkins; Robert D. Holt; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2010)
The diversity of life is ultimately generated by evolution, and much attention has focused on the rapid evolution of ecological traits. Yet, the tendency for many ecological traits to instead remain similar over time [niche conservatism (NC)] has many consequences for the fundamental patterns and processes studied in ecology and conservation biology. Here, we describe the mounting evidence for the importance of NC to major topics in ecology (e.g. species richness, ecosystem function) and conservation (e.g. climate change, invasive species). We also review other areas where it may be important but has generally been overlooked, in both ecology (e.g. food webs, disease ecology, mutualistic interactions) and conservation (e.g. habitat modification). We summarize methods for testing for NC, and suggest that a commonly used and advocated method (involving a test for phylogenetic signal) is potentially problematic, and describe alternative approaches. We suggest that considering NC: (1) focuses attention on the within‐species processes that cause traits to be conserved over time, (2) emphasizes connections between questions and research areas that are not obviously related (e.g. invasives, global warming, tropical richness), and (3) suggests new areas for research (e.g. why are some clades largely nocturnal? why do related species share diseases?).

Effects of Amphibian Chytrid Fungus on Individual Survival Probability in Wild Boreal Toads - DAVID S. PILLIOD; ERIN MUTHS; RICK D. SCHERER; PAUL E. BARTELT; PAUL STEPHEN CORN; BLAKE R. HOSSACK; BRAD A. LAMBERT; REBECCA MCCAFFERY; CHRISTOPHER GAUGHAN (Conservation Biology, 2010)
Chytridiomycosis is linked to the worldwide decline of amphibians, yet little is known about the demographic effects of the disease. We collected capture–recapture data on three populations of boreal toads ( Bufo boreas [Bufo = Anaxyrus] ) in the Rocky Mountains (U.S.A.). Two of the populations were infected with chytridiomycosis and one was not. We examined the effect of the presence of amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]; the agent of chytridiomycosis) on survival probability and population growth rate. Toads that were infected with Bd had lower average annual survival probability than uninfected individuals at sites where Bd was detected, which suggests chytridiomycosis may reduce survival by 31–42% in wild boreal toads. Toads that were negative for Bd at infected sites had survival probabilities comparable to toads at the uninfected site. Evidence that environmental covariates (particularly cold temperatures during the breeding season) influenced toad survival was weak. The number of individuals in diseased populations declined by 5–7%/year over the 6 years of the study, whereas the uninfected population had comparatively stable population growth. Our data suggest that the presence of Bd in these toad populations is not causing rapid population declines. Rather, chytridiomycosis appears to be functioning as a low‐level, chronic disease whereby some infected individuals survive but the overall population effects are still negative. Our results show that some amphibian populations may be coexisting with Bd and highlight the importance of quantitative assessments of survival in diseased animal populations.

Striated muscle tropomyosin isoforms differentially regulate cardiac performance and myofilament calcium sensitivity - Ganapathy Jagatheesan; Sudarsan Rajan; Rafeeq P. H. Ahmed; Natalia Petrashevskaya; Greg Boivin; Grace M. Arteaga; Hyun-Jin Tae; Stephen B. Liggett; R. John Solaro; David F. Wieczorek (Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility, 2010)

Characterization of microsatellite loci in the straw-colored fruit bat, Eidolon helvum (Pteropodidae) - Alison J. Peel; Stephen J. Rossiter; James L. N. Wood; Andrew A. Cunningham; David R. Sargan (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2010)

Alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium (PanScan) - Dominique S. Michaud; Alina Vrieling; Li Jiao; Julie B. Mendelsohn; Emily Steplowski; Shannon M. Lynch; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Alan A. Arslan; H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita; Charles S. Fuchs; Myron Gross; Kathy Helzlsouer; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2010)

Dynamics of genome evolution in facultative symbionts of aphids - Patrick H. Degnan; Teresa E. Leonardo; Bodil N. Cass; Bonnie Hurwitz; David Stern; Richard A. Gibbs; Stephen Richards; Nancy A. Moran (Environmental Microbiology, 2010)
Summary Aphids are sap‐feeding insects that host a range of bacterial endosymbionts including the obligate, nutritional mutualist Buchnera plus several bacteria that are not required for host survival. Among the latter, ‘ Candidatus Regiella insecticola’ and ‘ Candidatus Hamiltonella defensa’ are found in pea aphids and other hosts and have been shown to protect aphids from natural enemies. We have sequenced almost the entire genome of R. insecticola (2.07 Mbp) and compared it with the recently published genome of H. defensa (2.11 Mbp). Despite being sister species the two genomes are highly rearranged and the genomes only have ∼55% of genes in common. The functions encoded by the shared genes imply that the bacteria have similar metabolic capabilities, including only two essential amino acid biosynthetic pathways and active uptake mechanisms for the remaining eight, and similar capacities for host cell toxicity and invasion (type 3 secretion systems and RTX toxins). These observations, combined with high sequence divergence of orthologues, strongly suggest an ancient divergence after establishment of a symbiotic lifestyle. The divergence in gene sets and in genome architecture implies a history of rampant recombination and gene inactivation and the ongoing integration of mobile DNA (insertion sequence elements, prophage and plasmids).

Genetic diversity and taxonomy: a reassessment of species designation in tuatara (Sphenodon: Reptilia) - Jennifer M. Hay; Stephen D. Sarre; David M. Lambert; Fred W. Allendorf; Charles H. Daugherty (Conservation Genetics, 2010)

Genetic variation in the IL7RA/IL7 pathway increases multiple sclerosis susceptibility - Rebecca L. Zuvich; Jacob L. McCauley; Jorge R. Oksenberg; Stephen J. Sawcer; Philip L. De Jager; Cristin Aubin; Anne H. Cross; Laura Piccio; Neelum T. Aggarwal; Denis Evans; David A. Hafler; Alastair Compston; et al. (Human Genetics, 2010)

Improvements in a half degree atmosphere/land version of the CCSM - Peter R. Gent; Stephen G. Yeager; Richard B. Neale; Samuel Levis; David A. Bailey (Climate Dynamics, 2010)

The distribution and host range of the pandemic disease chytridiomycosis in Australia, spanning surveys from 1956–2007 - Kris Murray; Richard Retallick; Keith R. McDonald; Diana Mendez; Ken Aplin; Peter Kirkpatrick; Lee Berger; David Hunter; Harry B. Hines; R. Campbell; Matthew Pauza; Michael Driessen; et al. (Ecology, 2010)
Chytridiomycosis is the worst disease to affect vertebrate biodiversity on record. In Australia, it is thought to have caused the extinction of four frog species, and it threatens the survival of at least 10 more. We report the current distribution and host range of this invasive disease in Australia, which is essential knowledge for conservation management. We envisage that the data be used in a global and national context for predictive modeling, meta‐analyses, and risk assessment. Our continent‐wide data set comprises 821 sites in Australia and includes 10 183 records from >80 contributors spanning collection dates from 1956 to 2007. Sick and dead frogs from the field and apparently healthy frogs from museum collections were tested opportunistically for the presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , the fungal pathogen causing chytridiomycosis, and apparently healthy frogs and tadpoles found during surveys were tested purposively. The diagnostic tests used were histology of skin samples and quantitative PCR of skin swabs. Chytridiomycosis was found in all Australian states and the Australian Capital Territory, but not in the Northern Territory. Currently it appears to be confined to the relatively cool and wet areas of Australia, such as along the Great Dividing Range and adjacent coastal areas in the eastern mainland states of Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria, eastern and central Tasmania, southern South Australia, and southwestern Western Australia. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis may have been introduced into Australia via the port of Brisbane around 1978 and spread northward and southward. It did not appear to arrive in Western Australia until 1985. The earliest records from South Australia and Tasmania are from 1995 and 2004, respectively, although archival studies from these states are lacking. We also report negative findings showing that the disease does not currently occur in some areas that appear to be environmentally suitable, including Cape York Peninsula in Queensland and most of the World Heritage Area in western Tasmania. Infection with B. dendrobatidis has been recorded from 63 frog species in Australia to date, all belonging to the Hylidae, Limnodynastidae, and Myobatrachidae, with the exception of one individual of a species from the Microhylidae and the introduced cane toad of the family Bufonidae. The complete data sets corresponding to abstracts published in the Data Papers section of the journal are published electronically in Ecological Archives at 〈 http://esapubs.org/archive 〉. (The accession number for each Data Paper is given directly beneath the title.)

A spatially stratified, multi-stage cluster sampling design for assessing accuracy of the Alaska (USA) National Land Cover Database (NLCD) - Stephen V. Stehman; David J. Selkowitz (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2010)

Growth dynamics and the proximate biochemical composition and fatty acid profile of the heterotrophically grown diatom Cyclotella cryptica - Stephen L. Pahl; David M. Lewis; Feng Chen; Keith D. King (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2010)

Herbivory of tropical rain forest tree seedlings correlates with future mortality - Markus P. Eichhorn; Reuben Nilus; Stephen G. Compton; Sue E. Hartley; David F. R. P. Burslem (Ecology, 2010)
Tree seedlings in tropical rain forests are subject to both damage from natural enemies and intense interspecific competition. This leads to a trade‐off in investment between defense and growth, and it is likely that tree species specialized to particular habitats tailor this balance to correspond with local resource availability. It has also been suggested that differential herbivore impacts among tree species may drive habitat segregation, favoring species adapted to particular resource conditions. In order to test these predictions, a reciprocal transplant experiment in Sabah, Malaysia, was established with seedlings of five species of Dipterocarpaceae. These were specialized to either alluvial ( Hopea nervosa , Parashorea tomentella ) or sandstone soils ( Shorea multiflora , H. beccariana ), or were locally absent ( S. fallax ). A total of 3000 seedlings were planted in paired gap and understory plots in five sites on alluvial and sandstone soils. Half of all seedlings were fertilized. Seedling growth and mortality were recorded in regular samples over 3.5 years, and rates of insect herbivore damage were estimated from censuses of foliar tissue loss on marked mature leaves and available young leaves. Greater herbivory rates on mature leaves had no measurable effects on seedling growth but were associated with a significantly increased likelihood of mortality during the following year. In contrast, new‐leaf herbivory rates correlated with neither growth nor mortality. There were no indications of differential impacts of herbivory among the five species, nor between experimental treatments. Herbivory was not shown to influence segregation of species between soil types, although it may contribute toward differential survival among light habitats. Natural rates of damage were substantially lower than have been shown to influence tree seedling growth and mortality in previous manipulative studies.

A back‐trajectory and air mass climatology for the Northern Shenandoah Valley, USA - David M. Hondula; Luke Sitka; Robert E. Davis; David B. Knight; Stephen D. Gawtry; Michael L. Deaton; Temple R. Lee; Caroline P. Normile; Philip J. Stenger (International Journal of Climatology, 2010)
Synoptic‐scale air quality climatologies can often be categorized into trajectory methods based on air parcel movement or air mass approaches that are primarily dictated by thermal and moisture conditions. Here, we examine the relationship between these two essentially independent methods of synoptic‐scale climate classification: 72‐h Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model back‐trajectories and the Spatial Synoptic Classification (SSC) of air masses for Martinsburg, West Virginia, located at the northern end of the Shenandoah Valley, from 1997 to 2006. Statistically significant differences exist between trajectory groups across the six SSC air mass types within each season and between seasons within each air mass type. Further examination of the trajectory distributions reveals a high degree of overlap between trajectories associated with different air mass types. In some cases, up to 50% of one air mass's trajectories are statistically closer to the trajectories of a different air mass type. Accordingly, air mass alone cannot be used to identify specific source regions of pollutants. This suggests that, while an air mass classification system can be used to identify general flow patterns, the integration of both thermodynamic and air‐flow variables in a synoptic classification should provide information that is not discernible from either method independently. The inclusion of both back‐trajectory and air mass information represents the suite of environmental conditions that may enhance or suppress pollutant concentrations in the Shenandoah Valley better than using either measure independently. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society

Monophyletic origin of Caryophyllia (Scleractinia, Caryophylliidae), with descriptions of six new species - Marcelo V. Kitahara; Stephen D. Cairns; David J. Miller (Systematics and Biodiversity, 2010)

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Acacia senegal (L) Willd. in Kenya - Stephen F. Omondi; Eliud Kireger; Otto G. Dangasuk; Ben Chikamai; David W. Odee; Stephen Cavers; Damase P. Khasa (Tropical Plant Biology, 2010)

Population synchrony of a native fish across three Laurentian Great Lakes: evaluating the effects of dispersal and climate - David B. Bunnell; Jean V. Adams; Owen T. Gorman; Charles P. Madenjian; Stephen C. Riley; Edward F. Roseman; Jeffrey S. Schaeffer (Oecologia, 2010)

A Guessing Paper - David South; Stephen G. Boyce (Journal of Forestry, 2010)

A major ice drainage pathway of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet: the Tyne Gap, northern England - Stephen J. Livingstone; Colm Ó Cofaigh; David J. A. Evans (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2010)
The Tyne Gap is a wide pass, situated between the Scottish Southern Uplands and the English Pennines that connects western and eastern England. It was a major ice flow drainage pathway of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet. This study presents new glacial geomorphological and sedimentological data from the Tyne Gap region that has allowed detailed reconstructions of palaeo‐ice flow dynamics during the Late Devensian (Marine Isotope Stage 2). Mapped lineations reveal a complex palimpsest pattern which shows that ice flow was subject to multiple switches in direction. These are summarised into three major ice flow phases. Stage I was characterised by convergent Lake District and Scottish ice that flowed east through the Tyne Gap, as a topographically controlled ice stream. This ice stream was identified from glacial geomorphological evidence in the form of convergent bedforms, streamlined subglacial bedforms and evidence for deformable bed conditions; stage II involved northerly migration of the Solway Firth ice divide back into the Southern Uplands, causing the easterly flow of ice to be weakened, and resulting in southeasterly flow of ice down the North Tyne Valley; and stage III was characterised by strong drawdown of ice into the Irish Sea Ice Basin, thus starving the Tyne Gap of ice and causing progressive ice sheet retreat westwards back across the watershed, prior to ice stagnation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Reduction of fumarate, mesaconate and crotonate by Mfr, a novel oxygen‐regulated periplasmic reductase in Campylobacter jejuni - Edward Guccione; Andrew Hitchcock; Stephen J. Hall; Francis Mulholland; Neil Shearer; Arnoud H. M. Van Vliet; David J. Kelly (Environmental Microbiology, 2010)
Summary Methylmenaquinol : fumarate reductase (Mfr) is a newly recognized type of fumarate reductase present in some ε‐proteobacteria, where the active site subunit (MfrA) is localized in the periplasm, but for which a physiological role has not been identified. We show that the Campylobacter jejuni mfrABE operon is transcribed from a single promoter, with the mfrA gene preceded by a small open reading‐frame ( mfrX ) encoding a C. jejuni ‐specific polypeptide of unknown function. The growth characteristics and enzyme activities of mutants in the mfrA and menaquinol : fumarate reductase A ( frdA ) genes show that the cytoplasmic facing Frd enzyme is the major fumarate reductase under oxygen limitation. The Mfr enzyme is shown to be necessary for maximal rates of growth by fumarate respiration and rates of fumarate reduction in intact cells measured by both viologen assays and 1 H‐NMR were slower in an mfrA mutant. As periplasmic fumarate reduction does not require fumarate/succinate antiport, Mfr may allow more efficient adaptation to fumarate‐dependent growth. However, a further rationale for the periplasmic location of Mfr is suggested by the observation that the enzyme also reduces the fumarate analogues mesaconate and crotonate; fermentation products of anaerobes with which C. jejuni shares its gut environment, that are unable to be transported into the cell. Both MfrA and MfrB subunits were localized in the periplasm by immunoblotting and 2D‐gel electrophoresis, but an mfrE mutant accumulated unprocessed MfrA in the cytoplasm, suggesting a preassembled MfrABE holoenzyme has to be recognized by the TAT system for translocation to occur. Gene expression studies in chemostat cultures following an aerobic‐anaerobic shift showed that mfrA is highly upregulated by oxygen limitation, as would be experienced in vivo . Our results indicate that in addition to a role in fumarate respiration, Mfr allows C. jejuni to reduce analogous substrates specifically present in the host gut environment.

Plant‐available organic and mineral nitrogen shift in dominance with forest stand age - Stephen D. LeDuc; David E. Rothstein (Ecology, 2010)
Studies of soil nitrogen (N) availability over stand development have almost exclusively focused on mineral N, yet we increasingly recognize that plants can take up organic N in the form of free amino acids at biologically important rates. We investigated amino‐acid and mineral N availability along a 10‐site chronosequence of jack pine stands, varying in age from 4 to 60 yr following wildfire. We measured free amino‐acid N and mineral N in soil extracts; native proteolytic rates; net N mineralization rates; and microbial amino‐acid consumption via a 15 N leucine tracer assay in 6 of the 10 sites (4, 10, 18, 22, 46, and 55‐yr‐old). Amino‐acid N was consistently low in the youngest sites (4–10 yr), increased rapidly in mid‐aged sites (15–22 yr), and was highest in stand age 46. In contrast, mineral N exhibited a parabolic shape ( R 2 = 0.499; P P = 0.632). Percentage 15 N tracer recovery was lowest in the extractable organic N pool for the 4, 10, and 18‐yr‐old sites, though only site age 10 was significantly different from the older sites. Percentage of recovery in the organic N pool was significantly positively related ( R 2 = 0.798; P

Dietary ratio of protein to carbohydrate induces plastic responses in the gastrointestinal tract of mice - Allan Sørensen; David Mayntz; Stephen James Simpson; David Raubenheimer (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2010)

Body size‐dependent responses of a marine fish assemblage to climate change and fishing over a century‐long scale - MARTIN J. GENNER; DAVID W. SIMS; ALAN J. SOUTHWARD; GEORGINA C. BUDD; PATRICIA MASTERSON; MATTHEW MCHUGH; PETER RENDLE; EMILY J. SOUTHALL; VICTORIA J. WEARMOUTH; STEPHEN J. HAWKINS (Global Change Biology, 2010)
Commercial fishing and climate change have influenced the composition of marine fish assemblages worldwide, but we require a better understanding of their relative influence on long‐term changes in species abundance and body‐size distributions. In this study, we investigated long‐term (1911–2007) variability within a demersal fish assemblage in the western English Channel. The region has been subject to commercial fisheries throughout most of the past century, and has undergone interannual changes in sea temperature of over 2.0 °C. We focussed on a core 30 species that comprised 99% of total individuals sampled in the assemblage. Analyses showed that temporal trends in the abundance of smaller multispecies size classes followed thermal regime changes, but that there were persistent declines in abundance of larger size classes. Consistent with these results, larger‐growing individual species had the greatest declines in body size, and the most constant declines in abundance, while abundance changes of smaller‐growing species were more closely linked to preceding sea temperatures. Together these analyses are suggestive of dichotomous size‐dependent responses of species to long‐term climate change and commercial fishing over a century scale. Small species had rapid responses to the prevailing thermal environment, suggesting their life history traits predisposed populations to respond quickly to changing climates. Larger species declined in abundance and size, reflecting expectations from sustained size‐selective overharvesting. These results demonstrate the importance of considering species traits when developing indicators of human and climatic impacts on marine fauna.

Ecosystem Services as a Common Language for Coastal Ecosystem‐Based Management - ELISE F. GRANEK; STEPHEN POLASKY; CARRIE V. KAPPEL; DENISE J. REED; DAVID M. STOMS; EVAMARIA W. KOCH; CHRIS J. KENNEDY; LORI A. CRAMER; SALLY D. HACKER; EDWARD B. BARBIER; SHANKAR ASWANI; MARY RUCKELSHAUS; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2010)
Ecosystem‐based management is logistically and politically challenging because ecosystems are inherently complex and management decisions affect a multitude of groups. Coastal ecosystems, which lie at the interface between marine and terrestrial ecosystems and provide an array of ecosystem services to different groups, aptly illustrate these challenges. Successful ecosystem‐based management of coastal ecosystems requires incorporating scientific information and the knowledge and views of interested parties into the decision‐making process. Estimating the provision of ecosystem services under alternative management schemes offers a systematic way to incorporate biogeophysical and socioeconomic information and the views of individuals and groups in the policy and management process. Employing ecosystem services as a common language to improve the process of ecosystem‐based management presents both benefits and difficulties. Benefits include a transparent method for assessing trade‐offs associated with management alternatives, a common set of facts and common currency on which to base negotiations, and improved communication among groups with competing interests or differing worldviews. Yet challenges to this approach remain, including predicting how human interventions will affect ecosystems, how such changes will affect the provision of ecosystem services, and how changes in service provision will affect the welfare of different groups in society. In a case study from Puget Sound, Washington, we illustrate the potential of applying ecosystem services as a common language for ecosystem‐based management.

A comprehensive resequence analysis of the KLK15–KLK3–KLK2 locus on chromosome 19q13.33 - Hemang Parikh; Zuoming Deng; Meredith Yeager; Joseph Boland; Casey Matthews; Jinping Jia; Irene Collins; Ariel White; Laura Burdett; Amy Hutchinson; Liqun Qi; Jennifer A. Bacior; et al. (Human Genetics, 2010)

Genetic variation in N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2, cigarette smoking, and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Briseis A. Kilfoy; Tongzhang Zheng; Qing Lan; Xuesong Han; Theodore Holford; David W. Hein; Qin Qin; Brian Leaderer; Lindsay M. Morton; Meredith Yeager; Peter Boyle; Ping Zhao; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2010)

Age distribution of lactating New Zealand sea lions: Interannual and intersite variation - Simon J. Childerhouse; Stephen M. Dawson; Elisabeth Slooten; David J. Fletcher; Ian S. Wilkinson (Marine Mammal Science, 2009)

Ant dominance in urban areas - Lloyd D. Stringer; Andréa E. A. Stephens; David M. Suckling; John G. Charles (Urban Ecosystems, 2009)

Variation in RTN3 and PPIL2 Genes Does not Influence Platelet Membrane β-Secretase Activity or Susceptibility to Alzheimer’s Disease in the Northern Irish Population - Robyn Carson; Amy Jayne McKnight; Stephen Todd; Wei Wei Liu; Shirley Heggarty; David Craig; Bernadette McGuinness; G. Brent Irvine; A. Peter Passmore; Janet A. Johnston (NeuroMolecular Medicine, 2009)

A retrospective evaluation of shortened-duration oral N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of acetaminophen poisoning - David P. Betten; Elizabeth E. Burner; Stephen C. Thomas; Christian Tomaszewski; Richard F. Clark (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2009)

Facial Skin Coloration Affects Perceived Health of Human Faces - Ian D. Stephen; Miriam J. Law Smith; Michael R. Stirrat; David I. Perrett (International Journal of Primatology, 2009)

Reduced TFAP2A function causes variable optic fissure closure and retinal defects and sensitizes eye development to mutations in other morphogenetic regulators - Gaia Gestri; Robert J. Osborne; Alexander W. Wyatt; Dianne Gerrelli; Susan Gribble; Helen Stewart; Alan Fryer; David J. Bunyan; Katrina Prescott; J. Richard O. Collin; Tomas Fitzgerald; David Robinson; et al. (Human Genetics, 2009)

Comprehensive resequence analysis of a 97 kb region of chromosome 10q11.2 containing the MSMB gene associated with prostate cancer - Meredith Yeager; Zuoming Deng; Joseph Boland; Casey Matthews; Jennifer Bacior; Victor Lonsberry; Amy Hutchinson; Laura A. Burdett; Liqun Qi; Kevin B. Jacobs; Jesus Gonzalez-Bosquet; Sonja I. Berndt; et al. (Human Genetics, 2009)

Lakes as sentinels of climate change - Rita Adrian; Catherine M. O'Reilly; Horacio Zagarese; Stephen B. Baines; Dag O. Hessen; Wendel Keller; David M. Livingstone; Ruben Sommaruga; Dietmar Straile; Ellen Van Donk; Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer; Monika Winder (Limnology and Oceanography, 2009)
While there is a general sense that lakes can act as sentinels of climate change, their efficacy has not been thoroughly analyzed. We identified the key response variables within a lake that act as indicators of the effects of climate change on both the lake and the catchment. These variables reflect a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological responses to climate. However, the efficacy of the different indicators is affected by regional response to climate change, characteristics of the catchment, and lake mixing regimes. Thus, particular indicators or combinations of indicators are more effective for different lake types and geographic regions. The extraction of climate signals can be further complicated by the influence of other environmental changes, such as eutrophication or acidification, and the equivalent reverse phenomena, in addition to other land‐use influences. In many cases, however, confounding factors can be addressed through analytical tools such as detrending or filtering. Lakes are effective sentinels for climate change because they are sensitive to climate, respond rapidly to change, and integrate information about changes in the catchment.

Accelerated decline in lung function in cigarette smokers is associated with TP53/MDM2 polymorphisms - Robert J. Hancox; Richie Poulton; David Welch; Nelly Olova; Christene R. McLachlan; Justina M. Greene; Malcolm R. Sears; Avshalom Caspi; Terrie E. Moffitt; Stephen P. Robertson; Antony W. Braithwaite (Human Genetics, 2009)

Television viewing time and weight gain in colorectal cancer survivors: a prospective population-based study - Katrien Wijndaele; Brigid M. Lynch; Neville Owen; David W. Dunstan; Stephen Sharp; Joanne F. Aitken (Cancer Causes & Control, 2009)

Physical activity in adolescence and testicular germ cell cancer risk - Alyson J. Littman; David R. Doody; Mary L. Biggs; Noel S. Weiss; Jacqueline R. Starr; Stephen M. Schwartz (Cancer Causes & Control, 2009)

Nodulation of Sesbania species by Rhizobium ( Agrobacterium ) strain IRBG74 and other rhizobia - Stephen P. Cummings; Prasad Gyaneshwar; Pablo Vinuesa; Frank T. Farruggia; Mitchell Andrews; David Humphry; Geoffrey N. Elliott; Andrew Nelson; Caroline Orr; Deborah Pettitt; Gopit R. Shah; Scott R. Santos; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2009)
Summary Concatenated sequence analysis with 16S rRNA, rpoB and fusA genes identified a bacterial strain (IRBG74) isolated from root nodules of the aquatic legume Sesbania cannabina as a close relative of the plant pathogen Rhizobium radiobacter (syn. Agrobacterium tumefaciens ). However, DNA:DNA hybridization with R. radiobacter , R. rubi , R. vitis and R. huautlense gave only 44%, 5%, 8% and 8% similarity respectively, suggesting that IRBG74 is potentially a new species. Additionally, it contained no vir genes and lacked tumour‐forming ability, but harboured a sym ‐plasmid containing nifH and nodA genes similar to those in other Sesbania symbionts. Indeed, IRBG74 effectively nodulated S. cannabina and seven other Sesbania spp. that nodulate with Ensifer ( Sinorhizobium )/ Rhizobium strains with similar nodA genes to IRBG74, but not species that nodulate with Azorhizobium or Mesorhizobium . Light and electron microscopy revealed that IRBG74 infected Sesbania spp. via lateral root junctions under flooded conditions, but via root hairs under non‐flooded conditions. Thus, IRBG74 is the first confirmed legume‐nodulating symbiont from the Rhizobium ( Agrobacterium ) clade. Cross‐inoculation studies with various Sesbania symbionts showed that S. cannabina could form fully effective symbioses with strains in the genera Rhizobium and Ensifer , only ineffective ones with Azorhizobium strains, and either partially effective ( Mesorhizobium huakii ) or ineffective ( Mesorhizobium plurifarium ) symbioses with Mesorhizobium . These data are discussed in terms of the molecular phylogeny of Sesbania and its symbionts.

The first definitive carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Asia and the delayed ascent of tyrannosaurids - Stephen L. Brusatte; Roger B. J. Benson; Daniel J. Chure; Xing Xu; Corwin Sullivan; David W. E. Hone (The Science of Nature, 2009)

Sensory Imbalance as Mechanism of Orientation Disruption in the Leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella: Elucidation by Multivariate Geometric Designs and Response Surface Models - Stephen L. Lapointe; Lukasz L. Stelinski; Terence J. Evens; Randall P. Niedz; David G. Hall; Agenor Mafra-Neto (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2009)

Ethanol effects on impulsivity in two mouse strains: similarities to diazepam and ketamine - Yolanda Peña Oliver; Tamzin L. Ripley; David N. Stephens (Psychopharmacology, 2009)

Boron and Marine Life: A New Look at an Enigmatic Bioelement - Carl J. Carrano; Stephen Schellenberg; Shady A. Amin; David H. Green; Frithjof C. Küpper (Marine Biotechnology, 2009)

A Rapid Method to Score Stream Reaches Based on the Overall Performance of Their Main Ecological Functions - David K. Rowe; Stephanie Parkyn; John Quinn; Kevin Collier; Chris Hatton; Michael K. Joy; John Maxted; Stephen Moore (Environmental Management, 2009)

A Regional Waterway Management System for Balancing Recreational Boating and Resource Protection - Robert A. Swett; Charles Listowski; Douglas Fry; Stephen Boutelle; David Fann (Environmental Management, 2009)

Projected impacts of climate change on a continent‐wide protected area network - David G. Hole; Stephen G. Willis; Deborah J. Pain; Lincoln D. Fishpool; Stuart H. M. Butchart; Yvonne C. Collingham; Carsten Rahbek; Brian Huntley (Ecology Letters, 2009)
Despite widespread concern, the continuing effectiveness of networks of protected areas under projected 21st century climate change is uncertain. Shifts in species’ distributions could mean these resources will cease to afford protection to those species for which they were originally established. Using modelled projected shifts in the distributions of sub‐Saharan Africa’s entire breeding avifauna, we show that species turnover across the continent’s Important Bird Area (IBA) network is likely to vary regionally and will be substantial at many sites (> 50% at 42% of IBAs by 2085 for priority species). Persistence of suitable climate space across the network as a whole, however, is notably high, with 88–92% of priority species retaining suitable climate space in ≥ 1 IBA(s) in which they are currently found. Only 7–8 priority species lose climatic representation from the network. Hence, despite the likelihood of significant community disruption, we demonstrate that rigorously defined networks of protected areas can play a key role in mitigating the worst impacts of climate change on biodiversity.

Effect of Ions on Agitation- and Temperature-Induced Aggregation Reactions of Antibodies - R. Matthew Fesinmeyer; Sabine Hogan; Atul Saluja; Stephen R. Brych; Eva Kras; Linda O. Narhi; David N. Brems; Yatin R. Gokarn (Pharmaceutical Research, 2009)

Prickly coexistence or blunt competition? Opuntia refugia in an invaded rodent community - Stephen David Gregory; David W. Macdonald (Oecologia, 2009)

Effects of nutrients and dissolved organic matter on the response of phytoplankton to ultraviolet radiation: experimental comparison in spring versus summer - Caren E. Scott; Jasmine E. Saros; Craig E. Williamson; Courtney R. Salm; Stephen C. Peters; David L. Mitchell (Hydrobiologia, 2009)

Potential health impacts of heavy-metal exposure at the Tar Creek Superfund site, Ottawa County, Oklahoma - John S. Neuberger; Stephen C. Hu; K. David Drake; Rebecca Jim (Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2009)

Quantifying the impact of current and future tropospheric ozone on tree biomass, growth, physiology and biochemistry: a quantitative meta‐analysis - VICTORIA E. WITTIG; ELIZABETH A. AINSWORTH; SHAWNA L. NAIDU; DAVID F. KARNOSKY; STEPHEN P. LONG (Global Change Biology, 2009)
The northern hemisphere temperate and boreal forests currently provide an important carbon sink; however, current tropospheric ozone concentrations ([O 3 ]) and [O 3 ] projected for later this century are damaging to trees and have the potential to reduce the carbon sink strength of these forests. This meta‐analysis estimated the magnitude of the impacts of current [O 3 ] and future [O 3 ] on the biomass, growth, physiology and biochemistry of trees representative of northern hemisphere forests. Current ambient [O 3 ] (40 ppb on average) significantly reduced the total biomass of trees by 7% compared with trees grown in charcoal‐filtered (CF) controls, which approximate preindustrial [O 3 ]. Above‐ and belowground productivity were equally affected by ambient [O 3 ] in these studies. Elevated [O 3 ] of 64 ppb reduced total biomass by 11% compared with trees grown at ambient [O 3 ] while elevated [O 3 ] of 97 ppb reduced total biomass of trees by 17% compared with CF controls. The root‐to‐shoot ratio was significantly reduced by elevated [O 3 ] indicating greater sensitivity of root biomass to [O 3 ]. At elevated [O 3 ], trees had significant reductions in leaf area, Rubisco content and chlorophyll content which may underlie significant reductions in photosynthetic capacity. Trees also had lower transpiration rates, and were shorter in height and had reduced diameter when grown at elevated [O 3 ]. Further, at elevated [O 3 ], gymnosperms were significantly less sensitive than angiosperms. There were too few observations of the interaction of [O 3 ] with elevated [CO 2 ] and drought to conclusively project how these climate change factors will alter tree responses to [O 3 ]. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the carbon‐sink strength of northern hemisphere forests is likely reduced by current [O 3 ] and will be further reduced in future if [O 3 ] rises. This implies that a key carbon sink currently offsetting a significant portion of global fossil fuel CO 2 emissions could be diminished or lost in the future.

Pervasive canopy dynamics produce short‐term stability in a tropical rain forest landscape - James R. Kellner; David B. Clark; Stephen P. Hubbell (Ecology Letters, 2009)
A fundamental property of all forest landscapes is the size frequency distribution of canopy gap disturbances. But characterizing forest structure and changes at large spatial scales has been challenging and most of our understanding is from permanent inventory plots. Here we report the first application of light detection and ranging remote sensing to measurements of canopy disturbance and regeneration in an old‐growth tropical rain forest landscape. Pervasive local height changes figure prominently in the dynamics of this forest. Although most canopy gaps recruited to higher positions during 8.5 years, size frequency distributions were similar at two points in time and well‐predicted by power‐laws. At larger spatial scales (hundreds of ha), height increases and decreases occurred with similar frequency and changes to canopy height that were analysed using a height transition matrix suggest that the distribution of canopy height at the beginning of the study was close to the projected steady‐state equilibrium under the recent disturbance regime. Taken together, these findings show how widespread local height changes can produce short‐term stability in a tropical rain forest landscape.

Facilitation of extinction of operant behaviour in mice by d-cycloserine - David Shaw; Kelly Norwood; Kim Sharp; Lauren Quigley; Stephen F. J. McGovern; Julian C. Leslie (Psychopharmacology, 2009)

Lithium therapy for human immunodeficiency virus type 1–associated neurocognitive impairment - Giovanni Schifitto; Jianhui Zhong; David Gill; Derick R Peterson; Michelle D Gaugh; Tong Zhu; Madalina Tivarus; Kim Cruttenden; Sanjay B Maggirwar; Howard E Gendelman; Stephen Dewhurst; Harris A Gelbard (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2009)

How do species respond to climate change along an elevation gradient? A case study of the grey‐headed robin ( Heteromyias albispecularis ) - JIN LI; DAVID W. HILBERT; TREVOR PARKER; STEPHEN WILLIAMS (Global Change Biology, 2009)
Climate is predicted to change rapidly in the current century, which may lead to shifts of species' ranges, reduced populations and extinctions. Predicting the responses of species abundance to climate change can provide valuable information to quantify climate change impacts and inform their management and conservation, but most studies have been limited to changes in habitat area due to a lack of abundance data. Here, we use generalized linear model and Bayesian information criteria to develop a predictive model based on the abundance of the grey‐headed robin (GHR) and the data of climatic environmental variables. The model is validated by leave‐one‐out cross‐validation and equivalence tests. The responses of GHR abundance, population size and habitat area by elevation are predicted under the current climate and 15 climate change scenarios. The model predicts that when temperature increases, abundance of GHR displays a positive response at high elevation, but a negative response at low elevation. High precipitation at the higher elevations is a limiting factor to GHR and any reduction in precipitation at high elevation creates a more suitable environment, leading to an increase in abundance of GHR, whereas changes in precipitation have little impact at low elevation. The loss of habitat is much more than would otherwise be assumed in response to climate change. Temperature increase is the predominant factor leading to habitat loss, whereas changes in precipitation play a secondary role. When climate changes, the species not only loses part of its habitat but also suffers a loss in its population size in the remaining habitat. Population size declines more than the habitat area under all considered climate change scenarios, which implies that the species might become extinct long before the complete loss of its habitat. This study suggests that some species might experience much more severe impacts from climate change than predicted from models of habitat area alone. Management policies based on predictions of habitat area decline using occurrence data need to be re‐evaluated and alternative measures need to be developed to conserve species in the face of rapid climate change.

Genetic Variation in the α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor is Associated with Delusional Symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease - Robyn Carson; David Craig; Dominic Hart; Stephen Todd; Bernadette McGuinness; Janet A. Johnston; Francis A. O’Neill; Craig W. Ritchie; A. Peter Passmore (NeuroMolecular Medicine, 2008)

Best Article Ever - David Stephens (Journal of Forestry, 2008)

Effects of nutrients and fish on periphyton and plant biomass across a European latitudinal gradient - Eloy Bécares; Joan Gomá; Margarita Fernández-Aláez; Camino Fernández-Aláez; Susana Romo; Maria R. Miracle; Anika Ståhl-Delbanco; Lars-Anders Hansson; Mykael Gyllström; Wouter J. Van de Bund; Ellen Van Donk; Timo Kairesalo; et al. (Aquatic Ecology, 2008)

Global decomposition experiment shows soil animal impacts on decomposition are climate‐dependent - DIANA H. WALL; MARK A. BRADFORD; MARK G. ST. JOHN; JOHN A. TROFYMOW; VALERIE BEHAN‐PELLETIER; DAVID E. BIGNELL; J. MARK DANGERFIELD; WILLIAM J. PARTON; JOSEF RUSEK; WINFRIED VOIGT; VOLKMAR WOLTERS; HOLLEY ZADEH GARDEL; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2008)
Climate and litter quality are primary drivers of terrestrial decomposition and, based on evidence from multisite experiments at regional and global scales, are universally factored into global decomposition models. In contrast, soil animals are considered key regulators of decomposition at local scales but their role at larger scales is unresolved. Soil animals are consequently excluded from global models of organic mineralization processes. Incomplete assessment of the roles of soil animals stems from the difficulties of manipulating invertebrate animals experimentally across large geographic gradients. This is compounded by deficient or inconsistent taxonomy. We report a global decomposition experiment to assess the importance of soil animals in C mineralization, in which a common grass litter substrate was exposed to natural decomposition in either control or reduced animal treatments across 30 sites distributed from 43°S to 68°N on six continents. Animals in the mesofaunal size range were recovered from the litter by Tullgren extraction and identified to common specifications, mostly at the ordinal level. The design of the trials enabled faunal contribution to be evaluated against abiotic parameters between sites. Soil animals increase decomposition rates in temperate and wet tropical climates, but have neutral effects where temperature or moisture constrain biological activity. Our findings highlight that faunal influences on decomposition are dependent on prevailing climatic conditions. We conclude that (1) inclusion of soil animals will improve the predictive capabilities of region‐ or biome‐scale decomposition models, (2) soil animal influences on decomposition are important at the regional scale when attempting to predict global change scenarios, and (3) the statistical relationship between decomposition rates and climate, at the global scale, is robust against changes in soil faunal abundance and diversity.

COMPARATIVE ECOLOGY OF NORTH ATLANTIC SHORES: DO DIFFERENCES IN PLAYERS MATTER FOR PROCESS? - Stuart R. Jenkins; Pippa Moore; Michael T. Burrows; David J. Garbary; Stephen J. Hawkins; Agnar Ingólfsson; Kenneth P. Sebens; Paul V. R. Snelgrove; David S. Wethey; Sarah A. Woodin (Ecology, 2008)
The contrasting histories of the western and eastern shores of the North Atlantic Ocean provide an excellent opportunity to consider the implications of past events for present ecological processes and the functioning of marine ecosystems. Similarities and differences in assemblage composition have been driven by large‐scale events, such as the trans‐Arctic interchange, which has shaped the species pool, and cycles of glaciation, which have determined phases of local or regional extinction and colonization. More recently, anthropogenically induced invasions and local extinctions have significantly altered biogeographic distributions. Here we consider for both hard and soft substrata how the presence or absence of key taxa influences the outcomes of trophic and other biological interactions, and evaluate the consequences for community structure and ecosystem functioning. On intertidal hard substratum shores, biodiversity of epilithic microphagous grazers differs across latitudinal and longitudinal scales. Diversity is high in southern Europe but declines to the north and across the Atlantic. Lower diversity and the absence of patellid limpets in Iceland and the northwest Atlantic compared to Europe result in differences in consumer pressure, and an apparent contrast in the importance of herbivory vs. competitive interactions and predation pressure as community structuring processes. Interestingly, despite differences in “process,” community patterns are remarkably similar between the east and west. On soft sediment shores, there are conspicuous geographic differences in importance of bioturbators and large digging predators. Hemichordates can be abundant and important infaunal bioturbators in the western Atlantic, but they generally play a much reduced role in the eastern Atlantic. In addition, the number and diversity of digging predators on western Atlantic shores is high; the horseshoe crab, swimming portunid crabs, large whelks, excavating waterfowl, and an abundance of skates and rays exert intense predation pressure and associated biogenic disturbance to sediments. In Europe, except for excavating waterfowl these taxa are rare or absent. Thus, the importance of large, biological agents of disturbance is lower on European shores as a consequence of both recent anthropogenic pressure and natural processes over larger time scales. Consideration of key structuring taxa over the Atlantic shows that human‐mediated transport has had considerable influence. Faunas on both sides of the Atlantic are becoming more similar to the point that some of the key differences in assemblage composition and hence community organization have blurred. Recent introductions as well as planned experimental manipulations provide the opportunity to understand the role of species identity in determining community structure and ecosystem functioning over large spatial scales; the North Atlantic may be an ideal test system to explore these areas.

Effect of body temperature on cold induced vasodilation - Andreas D. Flouris; David A. Westwood; Igor B. Mekjavic; Stephen S. Cheung (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2008)

Optimising the precision for localising fluorescent proteins in living cells by 2D Gaussian fitting of digital images: application to COPII-coated endoplasmic reticulum exit sites - Peter Spence; Vijay Gupta; David J. Stephens; Andrew J. Hudson (European Biophysics Journal, 2008)

Assessing geochemical carbon management - Jennie C. Stephens; David W. Keith (Climatic Change, 2008)

Predicting Risk of Habitat Conversion in Native Temperate Grasslands - SCOTT E. STEPHENS; JOHANN A. WALKER; DARIN R. BLUNCK; ANEETHA JAYARAMAN; DAVID E. NAUGLE; JAMES K. RINGELMAN; AARON J. SMITH (Conservation Biology, 2008)
Native grasslands that support diverse populations of birds are being converted to cropland at an increasing rate in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. Although limited funding is currently available to mitigate losses, accurate predictions of probability of conversion would increase the efficiency of conservation measures. We studied conversion of native grassland to cropland in the Missouri Coteau region of North and South Dakota (U.S.A.) during 1989–2003. We estimated the probability of conversion of native grassland to cropland with satellite imagery and logistic regression models that predicted risk of conversion and by comparing the overlap between areas of high biological value and areas most vulnerable to conversion. Annualized probability of conversion was 0.004, and 36,540 ha of native grassland were converted to cropland during the period of our study. Our predictive models fit the data and correctly predicted 70% of observed conversions of grassland. Probability of conversion varied spatially and was correlated with landscape features like amount of surrounding grassland, slope, and soil productivity. Tracts of high biological value were not always at high risk of conversion. We concluded the most biologically valuable areas that are most vulnerable to conversion should be prioritized for conservation. This approach can be applied broadly to other systems and offers great utility for implementing conservation in areas with spatially variable biological value and probability of conversion.

Comprehensive resequence analysis of a 136 kb region of human chromosome 8q24 associated with prostate and colon cancers - Meredith Yeager; Nianqing Xiao; Richard B. Hayes; Pascal Bouffard; Brian Desany; Laura Burdett; Nick Orr; Casey Matthews; Liqun Qi; Andrew Crenshaw; Zdenek Markovic; Karin M. Fredrikson; et al. (Human Genetics, 2008)

A general framework for the distance–decay of similarity in ecological communities - Hélène Morlon; George Chuyong; Richard Condit; Stephen Hubbell; David Kenfack; Duncan Thomas; Renato Valencia; Jessica L. Green (Ecology Letters, 2008)
Species spatial turnover, or β ‐diversity, induces a decay of community similarity with geographic distance known as the distance–decay relationship. Although this relationship is central to biodiversity and biogeography, its theoretical underpinnings remain poorly understood. Here, we develop a general framework to describe how the distance–decay relationship is influenced by population aggregation and the landscape‐scale species‐abundance distribution. We utilize this general framework and data from three tropical forests to show that rare species have a weak influence on distance–decay curves, and that overall similarity and rates of decay are primarily influenced by species abundances and population aggregation respectively. We illustrate the utility of the framework by deriving an exact analytical expression of the distance–decay relationship when population aggregation is characterized by the Poisson Cluster Process. Our study provides a foundation for understanding the distance–decay relationship, and for predicting and testing patterns of beta‐diversity under competing theories in ecology.

INCREASING LITTER SPECIES RICHNESS REDUCES VARIABILITY IN A TERRESTRIAL DECOMPOSER SYSTEM - Aidan M. Keith; René van der Wal; Rob W. Brooker; Graham H. R. Osler; Stephen J. Chapman; David F. R. P. Burslem; David A. Elston (Ecology, 2008)
Debate on the relationship between diversity and stability has been driven by the recognition that species loss may influence ecosystem properties and processes. We conducted a litterbag experiment in the Scottish Highlands, United Kingdom, to examine the effects of altering plant litter diversity on decomposition, microbial biomass, and microfaunal abundance. The design of treatments was fully factorial and included five species from an upland plant community (silver birch, Betula pendula ; Scots' pine, Pinus sylvestris ; heather, Calluna vulgaris ; bilberry, Vaccinium myrtillus ; wavy‐hair grass, Deschampsia flexuosa ); species richness ranged from one to five species. We tested the effects of litter species richness and composition on variable means, whether increasing litter species richness reduced variability in the decomposer system, and whether any richness–variability relationships were maintained over time (196 vs. 564 days). While litter species composition effects controlled variable means, we revealed reductions in variability with increasing litter species richness, even after accounting for differences between litter types. These findings suggest that higher plant species richness per se may result in more stable ecosystem processes (e.g., decomposition) and decomposer communities. Negative richness–variation relationships generally relaxed over time, presumably because properties of litter mixtures became more homogeneous. However, given that plant litter inputs continue to enter the belowground system over time, we conclude that variation in ecosystem properties may be buffered by greater litter species richness.

Erratum to: Coevolution of foraging behavior with intrinsic growth rate: risk-taking in naturally and artificially selected growth genotypes of Menidia menidia - Susumu Chiba; Stephen A. Arnott; David O. Conover (Oecologia, 2008)

Reply to comment on “Deep groundwater flow and geochemical processes in limestone aquifers: evidence from thermal waters in Derbyshire, England, UK” by John Gunn, Simon H Bottrell, David J Lowe, Stephen R H Worthington. Hydrogeology Journal (2006), 14 (6), 868–881 - John Gunn; Simon H. Bottrell; David J. Lowe; Stephen R. H. Worthington (Hydrogeology Journal, 2008)

A case–control study of the protective benefit of cervical screening against invasive cervical cancer in NSW women - Baohui Yang; Stephen Morrell; Yeqin Zuo; David Roder; Elizabeth Tracey; Paul Jelfs (Cancer Causes & Control, 2008)

A meta-analysis of studies investigating the effects of lead exposure on nerve conduction - Edward F. Krieg; David W. Chrislip; W. Stephen Brightwell (Archives of Toxicology, 2008)

Effects of enrichment with phthalate on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation in contaminated soil - David R. Singleton; Stephen D. Richardson; Michael D. Aitken (Biodegradation, 2008)

Ecological effects of coastal armoring on sandy beaches - Jenifer E. Dugan; David M. Hubbard; Iván F. Rodil; David L. Revell; Stephen Schroeter (Marine Ecology, 2008)
Use of coastal armoring is expected to escalate in response to the combination of expanding human populations, beach erosion, and sea level rise along the coasts. To provide a conceptual framework, we developed hypotheses concerning the ecological effects of beach habitat loss associated with coastal armoring. As beaches narrow in response to armoring, dry upper intertidal zones should be lost disproportionately, reducing the habitat types available and the diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates. Predators, such as shorebirds, could respond to a combination of (i) habitat loss; (ii) decreased accessibility at high tides; and (iii) reduced prey availability on armored beaches. To examine those predictions, zone widths and the distribution and abundance of macroinvertebrates and birds were compared on paired armored and unarmored segments of narrow bluff‐backed beaches in southern California. Our results supported the predictions and revealed some unexpected effects of armoring on birds. Dry upper beach zones were lacking and mid‐beach zones were narrower (>2 times) year‐round on armored segments compared to adjacent unarmored segments. The abundance, biomass and size of upper intertidal macroinvertebrates were also significantly lower on armored segments. Shorebirds, most of which were foraging, responded predictably with significantly lower species richness (two times) and abundance (>3 times) on armored segments. Gulls and other birds (including seabirds), which use beaches primarily for roosting, were also significantly lower in abundance (>4 times and >7 times respectively) on armored segments, an important unexpected result. Given the accelerating pressures on sandy beaches from coastal development, erosion and rising sea levels, our results indicate that further investigation of ecological responses to coastal armoring is needed for the management and conservation of these ecosystems.

A Java-based fMRI Processing Pipeline Evaluation System for Assessment of Univariate General Linear Model and Multivariate Canonical Variate Analysis-based Pipelines - Jing Zhang; Lichen Liang; Jon R. Anderson; Lael Gatewood; David A. Rottenberg; Stephen C. Strother (Neuroinformatics, 2008)

Comprehensive evaluation of the estrogen receptor α gene reveals further evidence for association with type 2 diabetes enriched for nephropathy in an African American population - Keith L. Keene; Josyf C. Mychaleckyj; Shelly G. Smith; Tennille S. Leak; Peter S. Perlegas; Carl D. Langefeld; David M. Herrington; Barry I. Freedman; Stephen S. Rich; Donald W. Bowden; Michèle M. Sale (Human Genetics, 2008)

Effects of local and core body temperature on grip force modulation during movement-induced load force fluctuations - Stephen S. Cheung; Luke F. Reynolds; Mark A. B. Macdonald; Constance L. Tweedie; Robin L. Urquhart; David A. Westwood (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2008)

The influence of diet on fatty acids in the egg yolk of green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas - Kathryn S. Craven; Joe Parsons; Stephen A. Taylor; Carolyn N. Belcher; David W. Owens (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2008)

Scaling environmental change through the community‐level: a trait‐based response‐and‐effect framework for plants - KATHARINE N. SUDING; SANDRA LAVOREL; F. S. CHAPIN; JOHANNES H. C. CORNELISSEN; SANDRA DÍAZ; ERIC GARNIER; DEBORAH GOLDBERG; DAVID U. HOOPER; STEPHEN T. JACKSON; MARIE‐LAURE NAVAS (Global Change Biology, 2008)
Predicting ecosystem responses to global change is a major challenge in ecology. A critical step in that challenge is to understand how changing environmental conditions influence processes across levels of ecological organization. While direct scaling from individual to ecosystem dynamics can lead to robust and mechanistic predictions, new approaches are needed to appropriately translate questions through the community level. Species invasion, loss, and turnover all necessitate this scaling through community processes, but predicting how such changes may influence ecosystem function is notoriously difficult. We suggest that community‐level dynamics can be incorporated into scaling predictions using a trait‐based response–effect framework that differentiates the community response to environmental change (predicted by response traits) and the effect of that change on ecosystem processes (predicted by effect traits). We develop a response‐and‐effect functional framework, concentrating on how the relationships among species' response, effect, and abundance can lead to general predictions concerning the magnitude and direction of the influence of environmental change on function. We then detail several key research directions needed to better scale the effects of environmental change through the community level. These include (1) effect and response trait characterization, (2) linkages between response‐and‐effect traits, (3) the importance of species interactions on trait expression, and (4) incorporation of feedbacks across multiple temporal scales. Increasing rates of extinction and invasion that are modifying communities worldwide make such a research agenda imperative.

Does context influence the duration of locomotor sensitization to ethanol in female DBA/2J mice? - Stephen L. Boehm; Karen J. Goldfarb; Kristen M. Serio; Eileen M. Moore; David N. Linsenbardt (Psychopharmacology, 2008)

Ecology and management of northern pike in Wisconsin - Terry L. Margenau; Steven P. AveLallemant; David Giehtbrock; Stephen T. Schram (Hydrobiologia, 2008)

Genomic analysis of Ovis aries (Ovar) MHC class IIa loci - Lynn M. Herrmann-Hoesing; Stephen N. White; Lowell S. Kappmeyer; David R. Herndon; Donald P. Knowles (Immunogenetics, 2008)

Decomposition of Bt and Non-Bt Corn Hybrid Residues in the Field - David D. Tarkalson; Stephen D. Kachman; Johannes M. N. Knops; Janice E. Thies; Charles S. Wortmann (Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2008)

Assembly, organization, and function of the COPII coat - Helen Hughes; David J. Stephens (Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 2008)

Future atmospheric CO 2 leads to delayed autumnal senescence - GAIL TAYLOR; MATTHEW J. TALLIS; CHRISTIAN P. GIARDINA; KEVIN E. PERCY; FRANCO MIGLIETTA; POOJA S. GUPTA; BENIAMINO GIOLI; CARLO CALFAPIETRA; BIRGIT GIELEN; MARK E. KUBISKE; GIUSEPPE E. SCARASCIA‐MUGNOZZA; KATRE KETS; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2008)
Growing seasons are getting longer, a phenomenon partially explained by increasing global temperatures. Recent reports suggest that a strong correlation exists between warming and advances in spring phenology but that a weaker correlation is evident between warming and autumnal events implying that other factors may be influencing the timing of autumnal phenology. Using freely rooted, field‐grown Populus in two Free Air CO 2 Enrichment Experiments (AspenFACE and PopFACE), we present evidence from two continents and over 2 years that increasing atmospheric CO 2 acts directly to delay autumnal leaf coloration and leaf fall. In an atmosphere enriched in CO 2 (by ∼45% of the current atmospheric concentration to 550 ppm) the end of season decline in canopy normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) – a commonly used global index for vegetation greenness – was significantly delayed, indicating a greener autumnal canopy, relative to that in ambient CO 2 . This was supported by a significant delay in the decline of autumnal canopy leaf area index in elevated as compared with ambient CO 2 , and a significantly smaller decline in end of season leaf chlorophyll content. Leaf level photosynthetic activity and carbon uptake in elevated CO 2 during the senescence period was also enhanced compared with ambient CO 2 . The findings reveal a direct effect of rising atmospheric CO 2 , independent of temperature in delaying autumnal senescence for Populus , an important deciduous forest tree with implications for forest productivity and adaptation to a future high CO 2 world.

Variation analysis and gene annotation of eight MHC haplotypes: The MHC Haplotype Project - Roger Horton; Richard Gibson; Penny Coggill; Marcos Miretti; Richard J. Allcock; Jeff Almeida; Simon Forbes; James G. R. Gilbert; Karen Halls; Jennifer L. Harrow; Elizabeth Hart; Kevin Howe; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2008)

Climate change cannot be entirely responsible for soil carbon loss observed in England and Wales, 1978–2003 - PETE SMITH; STEPHEN J. CHAPMAN; W. ANDY SCOTT; HELAINA I. J. BLACK; MARTIN WATTENBACH; RONNIE MILNE; COLIN D. CAMPBELL; ALLAN LILLY; NICK OSTLE; PETER E. LEVY; DAVID G. LUMSDON; PETER MILLARD; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2007)
We present results from modelling studies, which suggest that, at most, only about 10–20% of recently observed soil carbon losses in England and Wales could possibly be attributable to climate warming. Further, we present reasons why the actual losses of SOC from organic soils in England and Wales might be lower than those reported.

Genetic variation and gene flow among Prunus cerasoides D. Don populations in northern Thailand: analysis of a rehabilitated site and adjacent intact forest - Greuk Pakkad; Suad Al Mazrooei; David Blakesley; Celia James; Stephen Elliott; Tapio Luoma-Aho; Jarkko Koskela (New Forests, 2007)

The Biarsenical Dye Lumio™ Exhibits a Reduced Ability to Specifically Detect Tetracysteine-Containing Proteins Within Live Cells - Anna C. Hearps; Melinda J. Pryor; Henna V. Kuusisto; Stephen M. Rawlinson; Sabine C. Piller; David A. Jans (Journal of Fluorescence, 2007)

Coevolution of foraging behavior with intrinsic growth rate: risk-taking in naturally and artificially selected growth genotypes of Menidia menidia - Susumu Chiba; Stephen A. Arnott; David O. Conover (Oecologia, 2007)

PIP2-dependent inhibition of M-type (Kv7.2/7.3) potassium channels: direct on-line assessment of PIP2 depletion by Gq-coupled receptors in single living neurons - Simon Hughes; Stephen J. Marsh; Andrew Tinker; David A. Brown (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2007)

Altitudinally restricted communities of Schizophoran flies in Queensland’s Wet Tropics: vulnerability to climate change - Rohan D. Wilson; John W. H. Trueman; Stephen E. Williams; David K. Yeates (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2007)

Consumption, Investment, and Future Well‐Being: Reply to Daly et al. - KENNETH J. ARROW; GRETCHEN DAILY; PARTHA DASGUPTA; PAUL EHRLICH; LAWRENCE GOULDER; GEOFFREY HEAL; SIMON LEVIN; KARL‐GÖRAN MÄLER; STEPHEN SCHNEIDER; DAVID STARRETT; BRIAN WALKER (Conservation Biology, 2007)

Are We Consuming Too Much—for What? - HERMAN E. DALY; BRIAN CZECH; DAVID L. TRAUGER; WILLIAM E. REES; MANSI GROVER; TRACY DOBSON; STEPHEN C. TROMBULAK (Conservation Biology, 2007)

Single and multiple doses of rimonabant antagonize acute effects of smoked cannabis in male cannabis users - Marilyn A. Huestis; Susan J. Boyd; Stephen J. Heishman; Kenzie L. Preston; Denis Bonnet; Gerard Le Fur; David A. Gorelick (Psychopharmacology, 2007)

A new locus for split hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency (SHFLD) at 2q14.2 identified from a chromosome translocation - Christian Babbs; Raoul Heller; David B. Everman; Mark Crocker; Stephen R. F. Twigg; Charles E. Schwartz; Henk Giele; Andrew O. M. Wilkie (Human Genetics, 2007)

A substance flow analysis in the southern hemisphere: cadmium in the Australian economy - Suphaphat Kwonpongsagoon; David T. Waite; Stephen J. Moore; Paul H. Brunner (Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2007)

Analysis of EST sequences suggests recent origin of allotetraploid colonial and creeping bentgrasses - David Rotter; Arvind K. Bharti; Huaijun Michael Li; Chongyuan Luo; Stacy A. Bonos; Suleiman Bughrara; Geunhwa Jung; Joachim Messing; William A. Meyer; Stephen Rudd; Scott E. Warnke; Faith C. Belanger (Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2007)

Mechanical shredding of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): Effects on water quality in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California - Ben K. Greenfield; Geoffrey S. Siemering; Joy C. Andrews; Michael Rajan; Stephen P. Andrews; David F. Spencer (Estuaries and Coasts, 2007)

Influence of hydrogen on Fe–Mg interdiffusion in (Mg,Fe)O and implications for Earth’s lower mantle - Sylvie Demouchy; Stephen J. Mackwell; David L. Kohlstedt (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2007)

Architecture and emplacement of the Nebo–Babel gabbronorite-hosted magmatic Ni–Cu–PGE sulphide deposit, West Musgrave, Western Australia - Zoran Seat; Stephen W. Beresford; Benjamin A. Grguric; Rob S. Waugh; Jon M. A. Hronsky; M. A. Mary Gee; David I. Groves; Charter I. Mathison (Mineralium Deposita, 2007)

Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) spawning seasonality in European waters of the northeast Atlantic - Yorgos Stratoudakis; Stephen Coombs; Ana Lago de Lanzós; Nicholas Halliday; Gersom Costas; Bruno Caneco; Concha Franco; David Conway; M. Begoña Santos; Alexandra Silva; Miguel Bernal (Marine Biology, 2007)

3-Hydroxyglutaric acid is transported via the sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter NaDC3 - Franziska Stellmer; Britta Keyser; Birgitta C. Burckhardt; Hermann Koepsell; Thomas Streichert; Markus Glatzel; Sabrina Jabs; Joachim Thiem; Wilhelm Herdering; David M. Koeller; Stephen I. Goodman; Zoltan Lukacs; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2007)

An investigation of genome-wide associations of hypertension with microsatellite markers in the family blood pressure program (FBPP) - C. Charles Gu; Steven C. Hunt; Sharon Kardia; Stephen T. Turner; Aravinda Chakravarti; Nicholas Schork; Richard Olshen; David Curb; Cashell Jaquish; Eric Boerwinkle; D. C. Rao (Human Genetics, 2007)

Predation by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on a Western Australian icon: Marron (Cherax cainii) - Michelle Y. Tay; Alan J. Lymbery; Stephen J. Beatty; David L. Morgan (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2007)
Considerable numbers of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are captively produced then stocked into many wild aquatic systems in Western Australia despite a lack of understanding of their impact on the highly endemic native fish and freshwater crayfish of the region. The diet of an introduced, yet self‐sustaining population of O. mykiss was examined at Churchman Brook Reservoir in the Canning River Catchment, Western Australia, between September and November 2004. The large endemic freshwater crayfish marron (Cherax cainii) , which supports an iconic recreational fishery in Western Australia, comprised 61% by volume of all O. mykiss stomachs examined. The contribution made by C. cainii to the assimilated biomass of O. mykiss was confirmed by stable isotope analyses, which revealed that it dominated the assimilated diet of larger O. mykiss . The substantial contribution of C. cainii to the diet of wild O. mykiss suggests that, at least in habitat limited water bodies, it is likely to have a considerable predatory impact on C. cainii populations and may compromise some elements of this iconic recreational fishery.

Role of Hydrous Iron Oxide Formation in Attenuation and Diel Cycling of Dissolved Trace Metals in a Stream Affected by Acid Rock Drainage - Stephen R. Parker; Christopher H. Gammons; Clain A. Jones; David A. Nimick (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2007)

How useful is DNA extracted from the legs of archived insects for microsatellite-based population genetic analyses? - Phillip C. Watts; David J. Thompson; Katherine A. Allen; Stephen J. Kemp (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2007)

Predicting the population dynamics of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) in response to a constant hygrothermal environment using a model of the mite life cycle - Phillip Biddulph; David Crowther; Brian Leung; Toby Wilkinson; Barbara Hart; Tadj Oreszczyn; Stephen Pretlove; Ian Ridley; Marcella Ucci (Experimental and Applied Acarology, 2007)

Optical mapping of V m and Cai 2+ in a model of arrhythmias induced by local catecholamine application in patterned cell cultures - David Z. Lan; Andrew E. Pollard; Stephen B. Knisley; Vladimir G. Fast (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2007)

Phylogenetic assignment and mechanism of action of a crop growth promoting Rhizobium radiobacter strain used as a biofertiliser on graminaceous crops in Russia - David R. Humphry; Mitchell Andrews; Scott R. Santos; Euan K. James; Lioubov V. Vinogradova; Liamara Perin; Veronica M. Reis; Stephen P. Cummings (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2007)

TagSNP evaluation for the association of 42 inflammation loci and vascular disease: evidence of IL6, FGB, ALOX5, NFKBIA, and IL4R loci effects - Christopher S. Carlson; Patrick J. Heagerty; Alex S. Nord; David K. Pritchard; Jane Ranchalis; Joshua M. Boguch; Hangjun Duan; Thomas S. Hatsukami; Stephen M. Schwartz; Mark J. Rieder; Deborah A. Nickerson; Gail P. Jarvik (Human Genetics, 2007)

Compatible genetic and ecological estimates of dispersal rates in insect ( Coenagrion mercuriale : Odonata: Zygoptera) populations: analysis of ‘neighbourhood size’ using a more precise estimator - PHILLIP C. WATTS; FRANÇOIS ROUSSET; ILIK J. SACCHERI; RAPHAËL LEBLOIS; STEPHEN J. KEMP; DAVID J. THOMPSON (Molecular Ecology, 2007)
Genetic and demographic estimates of dispersal are often thought to be inconsistent. In this study, we use the damselfly Coenagrion mercuriale (Odonata: Zygoptera) as a model to evaluate directly the relationship between estimates of dispersal rate measured during capture–mark–recapture fieldwork with those made from the spatial pattern of genetic markers in linear and two‐dimensional habitats. We estimate the ‘neighbourhood size’ ( Nb ) — the product of the mean axial dispersal rate between parent and offspring and the population density — by a previously described technique, here called the regression method. Because C. mercuriale is less philopatric than species investigated previously by the regression method we evaluate a refined estimator that may be more applicable for relatively mobile species. Results from simulations and empirical data sets reveal that the new estimator performs better under most situations, except when dispersal is very localized relative to population density. Analysis of the C. mercuriale data extends previous results which demonstrated that demographic and genetic estimates of Nb by the regression method are equivalent to within a factor of two at local scales where genetic estimates are less affected by habitat heterogeneity, stochastic processes and/or differential selective regimes. The corollary is that with a little insight into a species’ ecology the pattern of spatial genetic structure provides quantitative information on dispersal rates and/or population densities that has real value for conservation management.

Supercompensated glycogen loads persist 5 days in resting trained cyclists - David A. Arnall; Arnold G. Nelson; Jack Quigley; Stephen Lex; Tom DeHart; Peggy Fortune (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2007)

Linkage mapping of the locus for inherited ovine arthrogryposis (IOA) to sheep Chromosome 5 - Angela M. Murphy; David E. MacHugh; Stephen D.E. Park; Erik Scraggs; Chris S. Haley; David J. Lynn; Maurice P. Boland; Michael L. Doherty (Mammalian Genome, 2007)

Low Prevalence of BRCA1 Exon Rearrangements in Familial and Young Sporadic Breast Cancer Patients - David Ellis; Yogen Patel; Shu C. Yau; Shirley V. Hodgson; Stephen J. Abbs (Familial Cancer, 2006)

MHC class I allele frequencies in pigtail macaques of diverse origin - Bridget F. Pratt; David H. O’Connor; Bernard A. P. Lafont; Joseph L. Mankowski; Caroline S. Fernandez; Retno Triastuti; Andrew G. Brooks; Stephen J. Kent; Miranda Z. Smith (Immunogenetics, 2006)

Common variants in the TCF7L2 gene and predisposition to type 2 diabetes in UK European Whites, Indian Asians and Afro-Caribbean men and women - Steve E. Humphries; David Gable; Jackie A. Cooper; Helen Ireland; Jeffrey W. Stephens; Steven J. Hurel; Ka Wah Li; Jutta Palmen; Michelle A. Miller; Francesco P. Cappuccio; Robert Elkeles; Ian Godsland; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2006)

Visual-proprioceptive mismatch and the Taylor illusion - Angus I. G. Ramsay; David P. Carey; Stephen R. Jackson (Experimental Brain Research, 2006)

Can the Detection of Salinity and Habitat Simplification Gradients using Rapid Bioassessment of Benthic Invertebrates be Improved through Finer Taxonomic Resolution or Alternative Indices? - Leon Metzeling; Stephen Perriss; David Robinson (Hydrobiologia, 2006)

Biocolloid retention in partially saturated soils - Tammo S. Steenhuis; Annette Dathe; Yuniati Zevi; Jennifer L. Smith; Bin Gao; Stephen B. Shaw; Dilkushi DeAlwis; Samary Amaro-Garcia; Rosemarie Fehrman; M. Ekrem Cakmak; Ian C. Toevs; Benjamin M. Liu; et al. (Biologia, 2006)

Deep groundwater flow and geochemical processes in limestone aquifers: evidence from thermal waters in Derbyshire, England, UK - John Gunn; Simon H. Bottrell; David J. Lowe; Stephen R. H. Worthington (Hydrogeology Journal, 2006)

Tolerance of striped trumpeter Latris lineata embryos to ozonated seawater - Stephen C. Battaglene; David T. Morehead (Aquaculture International, 2006)

Variation in Life History of Land-Locked Lacustrine and Riverine Populations of Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns 1842) in Western Australia - Andrew Chapman; David L. Morgan; Stephen J. Beatty; Howard S. Gill (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2006)

Space invaders? A search for patterns underlying the coexistence of alien black rats and Galápagos rice rats - Donna B. Harris; Stephen D. Gregory; David W. Macdonald (Oecologia, 2006)

Impact of global warming on ENSO variability using the coupled giss GCM/ZC model - Timothy Eichler; David Rind; Stephen Zebiak (International Journal of Climatology, 2006)
This study uses a hybrid coupled model (referred to as the general‐circulation model (GCM)/Zebiak/Cane (ZC) model), which consists of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies' (GISS) Atmospheric general‐circulation model (AGCM) coupled to the oceanic component of the ZC intermediate model to assess the impact of global warming on El Niño behavior, with and without the influence of heat introduced from the subtropical Pacific (via subtropical cell (STC) pathway). The baseline GCM/ZC model produces El Niño variability with a two year periodicity and an amplitude of approximately half the magnitude of observed El Niño. The GCM/ZC model also produces an appropriate atmospheric global response to El Niño/southern oscillation (ENSO) as shown by composites of 500 hPa heights, sea‐level pressure (SLP), 200 hPa wind, and precipitation during El Niño and La Niña periods. To evaluate the importance of global warming on ENSO variability, 2× CO 2 and 4× CO 2 transient simulations were done increasing the atmospheric CO 2 one percent per year, then extending the runs for an additional 70 years to obtain equilibrium climates for each run. An additional set of global‐warming simulations was run after including a STC parameterization generated by computing 5‐year running means of the sea‐surface temperature (SST) difference between a transient run and the 1× CO 2 GCM/ZC run at the anticipated subduction zones (160–130°W, 20–40°N and 20–44°S, 160–130°W) and adding it to the base of the equatorial mixed‐layer of the ZC model with a time lag of 15 years. This effectively alters the vertical temperature gradient of the ZC model, which affects SST via upwelling. Two features of the GCM/ZC response to global warming are emphasized. Firstly, the inclusion of the STC results in a major redistribution of heat across the equatorial Pacific, leading to an El Niño‐like response in the final equilibrium solution with less variability about the mean. The global warming aspect due to the El Niño‐like response results in a positive feedback on global warming, which causes a higher global surface‐air temperature (SAT) than identical transient simulations without inclusion of the STC. Secondly, including the STC effect produces a far greater magnitude of global ENSO‐like impact because of the reduction of, or even the reversal of, the equatorial Pacific longitudinal SST gradient. The implications of such an extreme climate scenario are discussed. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society

Towards A Noninvasive Method for Determination of Patient-Specific Wall Strength Distribution in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms - Jonathan P. Vande Geest; David H. J. Wang; Stephen R. Wisniewski; Michel S. Makaroun; David A. Vorp (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2006)

Metabolic correlates of toluene abuse: decline and recovery of function in adolescent animals - Wynne K. Schiffer; Dianne E. Lee; David L. Alexoff; Rich Ferrieri; Jonathan D. Brodie; Stephen L. Dewey (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

A simple model for predicting the effect of hygrothermal conditions on populations of house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) - David Crowther; Toby Wilkinson; Phillip Biddulph; Tadj Oreszczyn; Stephen Pretlove; Ian Ridley (Experimental and Applied Acarology, 2006)

Beaked whale auditory evoked potential hearing measurements - Mandy L. H. Cook; René A. Varela; Juli D. Goldstein; Stephen D. McCulloch; Gregory D. Bossart; James J. Finneran; Dorian Houser; David A. Mann (Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 2006)

Testing metabolic ecology theory for allometric scaling of tree size, growth and mortality in tropical forests - Helene C. Muller‐Landau; Richard S. Condit; Jerome Chave; Sean C. Thomas; Stephanie A. Bohlman; Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin; Stuart Davies; Robin Foster; Savitri Gunatilleke; Nimal Gunatilleke; Kyle E. Harms; Terese Hart; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2006)
The theory of metabolic ecology predicts specific relationships among tree stem diameter, biomass, height, growth and mortality. As demographic rates are important to estimates of carbon fluxes in forests, this theory might offer important insights into the global carbon budget, and deserves careful assessment. We assembled data from 10 old‐growth tropical forests encompassing censuses of 367 ha and > 1.7 million trees to test the theory's predictions. We also developed a set of alternative predictions that retained some assumptions of metabolic ecology while also considering how availability of a key limiting resource, light, changes with tree size. Our results show that there are no universal scaling relationships of growth or mortality with size among trees in tropical forests. Observed patterns were consistent with our alternative model in the one site where we had the data necessary to evaluate it, and were inconsistent with the predictions of metabolic ecology in all forests.

Comparing tropical forest tree size distributions with the predictions of metabolic ecology and equilibrium models - Helene C. Muller‐Landau; Richard S. Condit; Kyle E. Harms; Christian O. Marks; Sean C. Thomas; Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin; George Chuyong; Leonardo Co; Stuart Davies; Robin Foster; Savitri Gunatilleke; Nimal Gunatilleke; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2006)
Tropical forests vary substantially in the densities of trees of different sizes and thus in above‐ground biomass and carbon stores. However, these tree size distributions show fundamental similarities suggestive of underlying general principles. The theory of metabolic ecology predicts that tree abundances will scale as the −2 power of diameter. Demographic equilibrium theory explains tree abundances in terms of the scaling of growth and mortality. We use demographic equilibrium theory to derive analytic predictions for tree size distributions corresponding to different growth and mortality functions. We test both sets of predictions using data from 14 large‐scale tropical forest plots encompassing censuses of 473 ha and > 2 million trees. The data are uniformly inconsistent with the predictions of metabolic ecology. In most forests, size distributions are much closer to the predictions of demographic equilibrium, and thus, intersite variation in size distributions is explained partly by intersite variation in growth and mortality.

Previous experience of ethanol withdrawal increases withdrawal-induced c-fos expression in limbic areas, but not withdrawal-induced anxiety and prevents withdrawal-induced elevations in plasma corticosterone - Gilyana G. Borlikova; Julie Le Merrer; David N. Stephens (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

Diurnal normobaric moderate hypoxia raises serum erythropoietin concentration but does not stimulate accelerated erythrocyte production - Spencer R. McLean; Jon C. Kolb; Stephen R. Norris; David J. Smith (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2006)

Testing the role of parasites in driving the cyclic population dynamics of a gamebird - Stephen M. Redpath; François Mougeot; Fiona M. Leckie; David A. Elston; Peter J. Hudson (Ecology Letters, 2006)
The role of parasites in regulating populations has been the subject of debate. We tested whether parasites caused population cycles in red grouse by manipulating parasite intensities in four, paired 1 km 2 study areas during cyclic population declines over 4 years. Parasite reductions led to (1) larger grouse broods, (2) higher population densities in both autumn and spring, (3) reduced autumn population declines in one of two regions, and (4) reduced spring declines, but only in the first year. We infer that a single trophic interaction between a parasite and its host does not explain cyclic dynamics in spring breeding density in this species, although it contributed to the start of a cyclic decline. Another process was operating to drive the populations down. Together with our other results these findings emphasize that both trophic and intrinsic processes may act within populations to cause unstable dynamics.

Searching for signals of evolutionary selection in 168 genes related to immune function - Emily C. Walsh; Pardis Sabeti; Holli B. Hutcheson; Ben Fry; Stephen F. Schaffner; Paul I. W. de Bakker; Patrick Varilly; Alejandro A. Palma; Jessica Roy; Richard Cooper; Cheryl Winkler; Yi Zeng; et al. (Human Genetics, 2006)