A Decade of Ecosystems - Stephen R Carpenter; Monica G. Turner (Ecosystems, 2007)

The Nodosome: Nod1 and Nod2 control bacterial infections and inflammation - Ivan Tattoli; Leonardo H. Travassos; Leticia A. Carneiro; Joao G. Magalhaes; Stephen E. Girardin (Seminars in Immunopathology, 2007)

Expression profiling of the lignin biosynthetic pathway in Norway spruce using EST sequencing and real-time RT-PCR - Sanna Koutaniemi; Tino Warinowski; Anna Kärkönen; Edward Alatalo; Carl G. Fossdal; Pekka Saranpää; Tapio Laakso; Kurt V. Fagerstedt; Liisa K. Simola; Lars Paulin; Stephen Rudd; Teemu H. Teeri (Plant Molecular Biology, 2007)

Vascular development in embryoid bodies: quantification of transgenic intervention and antiangiogenic treatment - Amanda Lisabeth Evans; James Bryant; Jeremy Skepper; Stephen K. Smith; Cristin G. Print; D. Stephen Charnock-Jones (Angiogenesis, 2007)

Spatial patterns of flow and their modification within and around a giant kelp forest - Brian Gaylord; Johanna H. Rosman; Daniel C. Reed; Jeffrey R. Koseff; Jonathan Fram; Sally MacIntyre; Katie Arkema; Cameron McDonald; Mark A. Brzezinski; John L. Largier; Stephen G. Monismith; Peter T. Raimondi; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2007)
We present findings from two sets of measurements that quantified currents around and over the full extent of a giant kelp ( Macrocystis pyrifera ) forest located at Mohawk Reef, Santa Barbara, California. Velocities were damped inside this 200‐m X 300‐m forest, but not to the extent reported for larger (kilometer‐scale) kelp beds, suggesting that alongshore currents may play a greater role in exchange than has often been assumed. Secondary flow features that bear on the performance of forest organisms were observed, including a region along the forest’s outer boundary where velocities exceeded incident speeds by up to 200%. An offshore current on the order of 1 cm s −1 developed within the kelp bed, likely due to pressure gradients established across the forest coupled with topography. Wake recirculations that might have facilitated leeward retention of waterborne subsidies were not apparent. Calculations suggest that kelp beds can interact with (and thus potentially filter) substantial portions of impinging waters; in our study, 40–90% of arriving waters entered the upstream end, and 20–70% reached the center of the forest. Seasonal changes in the size and density of the forest modified the levels of flow damping and filtration. The sum of these effects suggests potential influences on organisms throughout the forest community.

The guild approach to categorizing estuarine fish assemblages: a global review - Michael Elliott; Alan K Whitfield; Ian C Potter; Stephen J M Blaber; Digby P Cyrus; Frank G Nordlie; Trevor D Harrison (Fish and Fisheries, 2007)
Many studies have recently described and interpreted the community structure and function of fishes inhabiting estuaries and other transitional waters in terms of categories or guilds. The latter describe the main features of the fishes’ biology and the way in which they use an estuary. However, the approach has been developed by different workers in different geographical areas and with differing emphasis such that there is now a need to review the guilds proposed and used worldwide. The previous wide use of the guild approach has involved increasing overlap and/or confusion between different studies, which therefore increases the need for standardization while at the same time providing the opportunity to reconsider the types and their use worldwide. Against a conceptual model of the importance of the main features of fish use in estuaries and other transitional waters, this review further develops the guild approach to community classification of fish communities inhabiting those areas. The approach increases the understanding of the use of estuaries by fishes, their interactions and connectivity with adjacent areas (the open sea, coastal zone and freshwater catchments) and the estuarine resources required by fishes. This paper gives a global perspective on this categorization by presenting new or refined definitions for the categories, lists the synonyms from the literature and illustrates the concepts using examples from geographical areas covering north and central America, north and southern Europe, central and southern Africa, Australia and the Indo‐Pacific.

A comparison of no‐take zones and traditional fishery management tools for managing site‐attached species with a mixed larval pool - William J F Le Quesne; Stephen J Hawkins; John G Shepherd (Fish and Fisheries, 2007)
No‐take zones (NTZs) can generate higher larval production by sessile, sedentary and site‐attached species per unit area than in exploited areas, and may increase recruitment and yield compared to status quo management. Whilst NTZs may be considered an essential part of optimal management, few studies have specifically compared the effects of NTZs with those of correctly applied gear and effort controls. A yield‐per‐recruit (YPR) population model, based on the sedentary abalone Haliotis laevigata , was used to compare the effects of management by minimum landing size (MLS), effort limitation and NTZs, either singularly or in combination. Initially, a minimum basic YPR model was used. Three additional assumptions were sequentially added to the model to see if they affected conclusions drawn from the model. The additional assumptions were the inclusion of: (i) a length–fecundity relationship; (ii) an age‐dependent natural mortality function; and (iii) mortality of undersized individuals due to fishery operations. In the absence of undersized mortality caused by fishing, under virtually all conditions the population is best managed with a combination of MLS and effort control, without any NTZs. For simulations that included mortality of undersized individuals in the fished area, under nearly all circumstances NTZs were considered an essential part of optimal fishery management, and management incorporating NTZs greatly increased the sustainable yield that could be taken.

Alterations in presenilin 1 processing by amyloid-β peptide in the rat retina - Helena R. Watts; Valerie Vince; Desmond T. Walsh; Laura G. Bresciani; Stephen M. Gentleman; Ling-Sun Jen; Peter J. B. Anderson (Experimental Brain Research, 2007)

Season mediates herbivore effects on litter and soil microbial abundance and activity in a semi-arid woodland - Aimée T. Classen; Steven T. Overby; Stephen C. Hart; George W. Koch; Thomas G. Whitham (Plant and Soil, 2007)

A structural perspective on copper uptake in eukaryotes - Christopher J. De Feo; Stephen G. Aller; Vinzenz M. Unger (BioMetals, 2007)

Isolation and characterization of a GCN5-interacting protein from Arabidopsis thaliana - Ming-Jun Gao; Dwayne D. Hegedus; Andrew G. Sharpe; Stephen J. Robinson; Derek J. Lydiate; Abdelali Hannoufa (Planta, 2007)

Hydrogeology of the Winnipeg Formation in Manitoba, Canada - Grant A. G. Ferguson; Robert N. Betcher; Stephen E. Grasby (Hydrogeology Journal, 2007)

Baldness and the androgen receptor: the AR polyglycine repeat polymorphism does not confer susceptibility to androgenetic alopecia - Justine A. Ellis; Katrina J. Scurrah; Joanna E. Cobb; Sophie G. Zaloumis; Anna E. Duncan; Stephen B. Harrap (Human Genetics, 2007)

Degradation kinetics and mechanism of RH1, a new anti-tumor agent: A technical note - Neera Jain; Stephen G. Machatha; S. Esmail Tabibi; Samuel H. Yalkowsky (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2007)

Optical mapping of V m and Cai 2+ in a model of arrhythmias induced by local catecholamine application in patterned cell cultures - David Z. Lan; Andrew E. Pollard; Stephen B. Knisley; Vladimir G. Fast (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2007)

Estimation of structural element sizes in sand and compacted blocks of ground calcium carbonate using a void network model - Giuliano M. Laudone; G. Peter Matthews; Patrick A. C. Gane; Alexander G. Matthews; Cathy J. Ridgway; Joachim Schoelkopf; Stephen A. Huggett (Transport in Porous Media, 2007)

Supercompensated glycogen loads persist 5 days in resting trained cyclists - David A. Arnall; Arnold G. Nelson; Jack Quigley; Stephen Lex; Tom DeHart; Peggy Fortune (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2007)

Lysophosphatidylcholine induces inflammatory activation of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells - Nambi Aiyar; Jyoti Disa; Zhaohui Ao; Haisong Ju; Sandhya Nerurkar; Robert N. Willette; Colin H. Macphee; Douglas G. Johns; Stephen A. Douglas (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2007)

Effects of nonlocal turbulence on the mass transfer of dissolved species to reef corals - James L. Falter; Marlin J. Atkinson; Ryan J. Lowe; Stephen G. Monismith; Jeffrey R. Koseff (Limnology and Oceanography, 2007)
We examined the importance of nonlocal turbulence to the mass transfer of dissolved species from both cylinders and models of reef coral. Solid gypsum cylinders and gypsum‐coated model coral were dissolved in an outdoor flume at mean flow speeds of 4.5 and 10 cm s −1 . Three model corals were used: two branched forms of the genera Acropora and Pocillopora , and one lobate form of the genus Platygyra . Turbulence intensities (Tu) were measured as the ratio of the standard deviation of the time‐variant flow to the mean. Tu of between 5% and 55% were created independently of the mean flow by pumping water through two vertical arrays of jets. Mass transfer coefficients increased by 10‐70% with turbulence intensity for all forms at both mean flow speeds considered ( p

Bottom‐up forcing and the decline of Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus ) in Alaska: assessing the ocean climate hypothesis - ANDREW W. TRITES; ARTHUR J. MILLER; HERBERT D. G. MASCHNER; MICHAEL A. ALEXANDER; STEVEN J. BOGRAD; JOHN A. CALDER; ANTONIETTA CAPOTONDI; KENNETH O. COYLE; EMANUELE DI LORENZO; BRUCE P. FINNEY; EDWARD J. GREGR; CHESTER E. GROSCH; et al. (Fisheries Oceanography, 2007)
Declines of Steller sea lion ( Eumetopias jubatus ) populations in the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska could be a consequence of physical oceanographic changes associated with the 1976–77 climate regime shift. Changes in ocean climate are hypothesized to have affected the quantity, quality, and accessibility of prey, which in turn may have affected the rates of birth and death of sea lions. Recent studies of the spatial and temporal variations in the ocean climate system of the North Pacific support this hypothesis. Ocean climate changes appear to have created adaptive opportunities for various species that are preyed upon by Steller sea lions at mid‐trophic levels. The east–west asymmetry of the oceanic response to climate forcing after 1976–77 is consistent with both the temporal aspect (populations decreased after the late 1970s) and the spatial aspect of the decline (western, but not eastern, sea lion populations decreased). These broad‐scale climate variations appear to be modulated by regionally sensitive biogeographic structures along the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska, which include a transition point from coastal to open‐ocean conditions at Samalga Pass westward along the Aleutian Islands. These transition points delineate distinct clusterings of different combinations of prey species, which are in turn correlated with differential population sizes and trajectories of Steller sea lions. Archaeological records spanning 4000 yr further indicate that sea lion populations have experienced major shifts in abundance in the past. Shifts in ocean climate are the most parsimonious underlying explanation for the broad suite of ecosystem changes that have been observed in the North Pacific Ocean in recent decades.

A single-base deletion in soybean flavonol synthase gene is associated with magenta flower color - Ryoji Takahashi; Stephen M. Githiri; Kouta Hatayama; Emilyn G. Dubouzet; Norimoto Shimada; Toshio Aoki; Shin-ichi Ayabe; Tsukasa Iwashina; Kyoko Toda; Hisakazu Matsumura (Plant Molecular Biology, 2006)

MHC class I allele frequencies in pigtail macaques of diverse origin - Bridget F. Pratt; David H. O’Connor; Bernard A. P. Lafont; Joseph L. Mankowski; Caroline S. Fernandez; Retno Triastuti; Andrew G. Brooks; Stephen J. Kent; Miranda Z. Smith (Immunogenetics, 2006)

Visual-proprioceptive mismatch and the Taylor illusion - Angus I. G. Ramsay; David P. Carey; Stephen R. Jackson (Experimental Brain Research, 2006)

No correlation between circulating ACE activity and $$ {\user2V}{O}_{{{2}_{{{max}}} }} $$ or mechanical efficiency in women - Stephen H. Day; Peter Gohlke; Sukhbir S. Dhamrait; Alun G. Williams (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2006)

Theoretical modeling of micro-scale biological phenomena in human coronary arteries - Kelvin Wong; Jagannath Mazumdar; Brandon Pincombe; Stephen G. Worthley; Prashanthan Sanders; Derek Abbott (Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2006)

Biocolloid retention in partially saturated soils - Tammo S. Steenhuis; Annette Dathe; Yuniati Zevi; Jennifer L. Smith; Bin Gao; Stephen B. Shaw; Dilkushi DeAlwis; Samary Amaro-Garcia; Rosemarie Fehrman; M. Ekrem Cakmak; Ian C. Toevs; Benjamin M. Liu; et al. (Biologia, 2006)

Zooplankton retention in the estuarine transition zone of the St. Lawrence Estuary - Rachel D. Simons; Stephen G. Monismith; Ladd E. Johnson; Gesche Winkler; François J. Saucier (Limnology and Oceanography, 2006)
We used a three‐dimensional physical‐biological model consisting of a Eulerian circulation model and a Lagrangian particle‐tracking model, which included vertical sinking and swimming, to explore zooplankton retention in the estuarine transition zone of the St. Lawrence Estuary (SLETZ). To test the accuracy of the model, the results were temporally and spatially compared to a passive scalar released simultaneously in the circulation model and to field data for zebra mussel veligers. The model was then used to study the effects of baroclinic density‐driven flow, vertical sinking and swimming, and tidal vertical migration on retention of simulated zooplankton. Baroclinic flow, created by longitudinal and lateral salinity gradients, was a critical part of retention in the SLETZ. In the presence of baroclinic flow, vertical sinking and swimming speeds of $0.2 mm s21 had a large effect on the residence time of the simulated zooplankton as a result of gravitational circulation. Tidal vertical migration—a pattern of upward movement on flood and downward movement on ebb—was a viable retention mechanism for the SLETZ, and its effectiveness was amplified by baroclinic flow. As the speed of tidal vertical migration increased, the simulated zooplankton were concentrated in smaller areas of the SLETZ and moved further upstream.

An inverse agonist selective for α5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors improves encoding and recall but not consolidation in the Morris water maze - N. Collinson; J. R. Atack; P. Laughton; G. R. Dawson; D. N. Stephens (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

Upregulation of persistent and ramp sodium current in dorsal horn neurons after spinal cord injury - Angelika Lampert; Bryan C. Hains; Stephen G. Waxman (Experimental Brain Research, 2006)

Contrasting population genetic structures of sympatric, mass-spawning Caribbean corals - Emily G. Severance; Stephen A. Karl (Marine Biology, 2006)

Bud and crown architecture of white spruce and black spruce - Stephen J. Colombo; Colin W. G. Templeton (Trees, 2006)

Long‐term paternity skew and the opportunity for selection in a mammal with reversed sexual size dimorphism - STEPHEN J. ROSSITER; ROGER D. RANSOME; CHRISTOPHER G. FAULKES; DEBORAH A. DAWSON; GARETH JONES (Molecular Ecology, 2006)
Most mammalian groups are characterized by male‐biased sexual size dimorphism, in which size‐dependent male–male competition and reproductive skew are tightly linked. By comparison, little is known about the opportunity for sexual selection in mammalian systems without male‐biased dimorphism, where the traits under sexual selection might be less obvious. We examined 10 years of parentage data in a colony of greater horseshoe bats ( Rhinolophus ferrumequinum ) to determine the magnitude of male reproductive skew and the opportunity for sexual selection in a mammal in which females are the larger sex. Annual paternity success was weakly skewed but consistent patterns led to strong longitudinal paternity skew among breeders. Just three males accounted for a third of all paternity assignments, representing at least a fifth of all colony offspring born in a decade. Paternity success was in part determined by age but was not influenced by dispersal status. Our results show that paternity skew and the opportunity for sexual selection in a species with reversed sexual size dimorphism can approach levels reported for classical examples of species with polygyny and male‐biased dimorphism, even where the traits under sexual selection are not known.

Extracellular Proteomes of Arabidopsis Thaliana and Brassica Napus Roots: Analysis and Comparison by MudPIT and LC-MS/MS - Urmila Basu; Jennafer L. Francis; Randy M. Whittal; Julie L. Stephens; Yang Wang; Osmar R. Zaiane; Randy Goebel; Douglas G. Muench; Allen G. Good; Gregory J. Taylor (Plant and Soil, 2006)

Phylogenetic and Structural Relationships of the PR5 Gene Family Reveal an Ancient Multigene Family Conserved in Plants and Select Animal Taxa - Robert G. Shatters; Laura M. Boykin; Stephen L. Lapointe; Wayne B. Hunter; A.A. Weathersbee (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2006)

Differential protective effects of palmitoleic acid and cAMP on caspase activation and cell viability in pancreatic β-cells exposed to palmitate - Hannah J. Welters; Eleftheria Diakogiannaki; J. Mark Mordue; Moh Tadayyon; Stephen A. Smith; Noel G. Morgan (Apoptosis, 2006)

The importance of submarine groundwater discharge to the near shore nutrient supply in the Gulf of Aqaba (Israel) - Gregory G. Shellenbarger; Stephen G. Monismith; Amatzia Genin; Adina Paytan (Limnology and Oceanography, 2006)
We used two short‐lived radium isotopes ( 223 Ra, 224 Ra) and a mass balance approach applied to the radium activities to determine the nutrient contribution of saline submarine groundwater discharge to the coastal waters of the northern Gulf of Aqaba (Israel). Radium isotope activities were measured along transects during two seasons at a site that lacked any obvious surficial water input. An onshore well and an offshore end member were also sampled. For all samples, nutrients and salinity data were collected. Radium isotope activities generally decreased with distance offshore and exhibited significant tidal variability, which is consistent with a shorederived tidally influenced source. Submarine groundwater contributes only 1–2% of the water along this coast, but this groundwater provides 8–46% of the nutrients. This saline groundwater is derived predominately from tidally pumped seawater percolating through the unconfined coastal aquifer and leaching radium and nutrients. This process represents a significant source of nutrients to the oligotrophic nearshore reef.

Issues related to wetland delineation of a Texas, USA bottomland hardwood forest - Janet C. Dewey; Stephen H. Schoenholtz; James P. Shepard; Michael G. Messina (Wetlands, 2006)

Structural evolution of zeolite levyne under hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic pressure: geometric modelling - G. Diego Gatta; Stephen A. Wells (Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 2006)

Population genetic structure and demographic history of the endemic Formosan lesser horseshoe bat ( Rhinolophus monoceros ) - SHIANG‐FAN CHEN; STEPHEN J. ROSSITER; CHRISTOPHER G. FAULKES; GARETH JONES (Molecular Ecology, 2006)
Intraspecific phylogenies can provide useful insights into how populations have been shaped by historical and contemporary processes. Taiwan formed around 5 million years ago from tectonic uplift, and has been connected to mainland Asia several times since its emergence. A central mountain range runs north to south, bisecting the island, and potentially impedes gene flow along an east–west axis. The Formosan lesser horseshoe bat ( Rhinolophus monoceros ) is endemic to Taiwan, where it is found mainly at low altitude. To determine the population structure and the demographic and colonization history of this species, we examined variation in the mitochondrial DNA control region in 203 bats sampled at 26 sites. We found very high haplotype and nucleotide diversity, which decreased from the centre to the south and north. Population differentiation followed a pattern of isolation by distance, though most regional genetic variance was attributable to differences between the relatively isolated southern population and those from other regions. A haplotype network was consistent with these findings and also suggested a southward colonization, followed by subsequent secondary contact between the south and other regions. Mismatch distributions were used to infer a past population expansion predating the last glacial maximum, and a neighbour‐joining tree showed that R. monoceros formed a monophyletic grouping with respect to its sister taxa. Taken together, our results suggest that this taxon arose from a single period of colonization, and that demographic growth followed in the late Pleistocene. Current genetic structure reflects limited gene flow, probably coupled with stepwise colonization in the past. We consider explanations for the persistence of the species through multiple glacial maxima.

Previous experience of ethanol withdrawal increases withdrawal-induced c-fos expression in limbic areas, but not withdrawal-induced anxiety and prevents withdrawal-induced elevations in plasma corticosterone - Gilyana G. Borlikova; Julie Le Merrer; David N. Stephens (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

Cell-type-specific pathways of neurotensin endocytosis - Cheryl Savdie; Stephen S. G. Ferguson; J.– P. Vincent; Alain Beaudet; Thomas Stroh (Cell and Tissue Research, 2006)

A continental scale evaluation of the role of limpet grazing on rocky shores - Ross A. Coleman; Antony J. Underwood; Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi; Per Åberg; Francisco Arenas; Julio Arrontes; João Castro; Richard G. Hartnoll; Stuart R. Jenkins; José Paula; Paolo Della Santina; Stephen J. Hawkins (Oecologia, 2006)

Proton-Transfer Kinetics of Photoexcited 7-Hydroxy-1-Naphthalenesulfonic Acid in Aqueous Formamide Solutions - Rong Yang; Stephen G. Schulman (Journal of Fluorescence, 2006)

Pharmacological properties of neuronal TTX-resistant sodium channels and the role of a critical serine pore residue - Andreas Leffler; Raimund I. Herzog; Sulayman D. Dib-Hajj; Stephen G. Waxman; Theodore R. Cummins (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2005)

Surrogates for Resilience of Social–Ecological Systems - Stephen R. Carpenter; Frances Westley; Monica G. Turner (Ecosystems, 2005)

Regeneration of Native Trees in the Presence of Invasive Saltcedar in the Colorado River Delta, Mexico - PAMELA L. NAGLER; OSVEL HINOJOSA‐HUERTA; EDWARD P. GLENN; JAQUELINE GARCIA‐HERNANDEZ; REGGIE ROMO; CHARLES CURTIS; ALFREDO R. HUETE; STEPHEN G. NELSON (Conservation Biology, 2005)
Many riparian zones in the Sonoran Desert have been altered by elimination of the normal flood regime; such changes to the flow regime have contributed to the spread of saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissma Ledeb.), an exotic, salt‐tolerant shrub. It has been proposed that reestablishment of a natural flow regime on these rivers might permit passive restoration of native trees, without the need for aggressive saltcedar clearing programs. We tested this proposition in the Colorado River delta in Mexico, which has received a series of large‐volume water releases from U.S. dams over the past 20 years. We mapped the vegetation of the delta riparian corridor through ground and aerial surveys (1999–2002) and satellite imagery (1992–2002) and related vegetation changes to river flood flows and fire events. Although saltcedar is still the dominant plant in the delta, native cottonwood ( Populus fremontii S. Wats.) and willow (Salix gooddingii C. Ball) trees have regenerated multiple times because of frequent flood releases from U.S. dams since 1981. Tree populations are young and dynamic (ages 5–10 years). The primary cause of tree mortality between floods is fire. Biomass in the floodplain, as measured by the normalized difference vegetation index on satellite images, responds positively even to low‐volume (but long‐duration) flood events. Our results support the hypothesis that restoration of a pulse flood regime will regenerate native riparian vegetation despite the presence of a dominant invasive species, but fire management will be necessary to allow mature tree stands to develop.

Biological Evaluation of a Secondary Metabolite, 9-O-methylfusarubin, from Fusarium oxysporum - John D. Bauer; Horace G. Cutler; Jeffrey D. Hugdahl; Erin L. Garcia; Diane F. Matesic; Stephen J. Cutler (Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2005)

Note: Characterisation of furcellaran samples from Estonian Furcellaria lumbricalis (Rhodophyta) - Katrin Laos; Stephen G. Ring (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2005)

Mixed Conifer Forest Duff Consumption during Prescribed Fires: Tree Crown Impacts - Marco G. Hille; Scott L. Stephens (Forest Science, 2005)
Fire suppression has produced large forest floor fuel loads in many coniferous forests in western North America. This study describes spatial patterns of duff consumption in a mixed-conifer forest in the north-central Sierra Nevada, California. Overstory crown coverage was correlated to spatial patterns of duff depth after prescribed fire. On one site that was burned under dry conditions, almost all duff was consumed, with some remaining in overstory gaps. On a second site that was burned under moist conditions a few days after the first annual precipitation, strong spatial patterns of duff consumption were recorded with increasing distance from the base of the nearest overstory tree, the probability of duff remaining after prescribed fire increased significantly. There is strong evidence that spatial variation of precipitation throughfall resulted in higher duff moisture in gaps, whereas duff beneath crown cover was drier, and therefore, totally consumed. This study demonstrates that including a spatial component in a process-based duff consumption model would improve the accuracy of fire-effect predictions. FOR. SCI. 51(5):417–424.

Structural Analysis of Divalent Metals Binding to the Bacillus subtilis Response Regulator Spo0F: The Possibility for In Vitro Metalloregulation in the Initiation of Sporulation - Douglas J. Kojetin; Richele J. Thompson; Linda M. Benson; Stephen Naylor; Jenora Waterman; Keith G. Davies; Charles H. Opperman; Keith Stephenson; James A. Hoch; John Cavanagh (BioMetals, 2005)

Smaller than predicted increase in aboveground net primary production and yield of field‐grown soybean under fully open‐air [CO 2 ] elevation - Patrick B. Morgan; Germán A. Bollero; Randall L. Nelson; Frank G. Dohleman; Stephen P. Long (Global Change Biology, 2005)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projects that atmospheric [CO 2 ] will reach 550 ppm by 2050. Numerous assessments of plant response to elevated [CO 2 ] have been conducted in chambers and enclosures, with only a few studies reporting responses in fully open‐air, field conditions. Reported yields for the world's two major grain crops, wheat and rice, are substantially lower in free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) than predicted from similar elevated [CO 2 ] experiments within chambers. This discrepancy has major implications for forecasting future global food supply. Globally, the leguminous‐crop soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is planted on more land than any other dicotyledonous crop. Previous studies have shown that total dry mass production increased on average 37% in response to increasing [CO 2 ] to approximately 700 ppm, but harvestable yield will increase only 24%. Is this representative of soybean responses under open‐air field conditions? The effects of elevation of [CO 2 ] to 550 ppm on total production, partitioning and yield of soybean over 3 years are reported. This is the first FACE study of soybean ( http://www.soyface.uiuc.edu ) and the first on crops in the Midwest of North America, one of the major food production regions of the globe. Although increases in both aboveground net primary production (17–18%) and yield (15%) were consistent across three growing seasons and two cultivars, the relative stimulation was less than projected from previous chamber experiments. As in previous studies, partitioning to seed dry mass decreased; however, net production during vegetative growth did not increase and crop maturation was delayed, not accelerated as previously reported. These results suggest that chamber studies may have over‐estimated the stimulatory effect of rising [CO 2 ], with important implications on global food supply forecasts.

Rapid evolution and the convergence of ecological and evolutionary time - Nelson G. Hairston; Stephen P. Ellner; Monica A. Geber; Takehito Yoshida; Jennifer A. Fox (Ecology Letters, 2005)
Recent studies have documented rates of evolution of ecologically important phenotypes sufficiently fast that they have the potential to impact the outcome of ecological interactions while they are underway. Observations of this type go against accepted wisdom that ecological and evolutionary dynamics occur at very different time scales. While some authors have evaluated the rapidity of a measured evolutionary rate by comparing it to the overall distribution of measured evolutionary rates, we believe that ecologists are mainly interested in rapid evolution because of its potential to impinge on ecological processes. We therefore propose that rapid evolution be defined as a genetic change occurring rapidly enough to have a measurable impact on simultaneous ecological change. Using this definition we propose a framework for decomposing rates of ecological change into components driven by simultaneous evolutionary change and by change in a non‐evolutionary factor (e.g. density dependent population dynamics, abiotic environmental change). Evolution is judged to be rapid in this ecological context if its contribution to ecological change is large relative to the contribution of other factors. We provide a worked example of this approach based on a theoretical predator–prey interaction [ Abrams, P. & Matsuda, H. (1997) . Evolution , 51, 1740], and find that in this system the impact of prey evolution on predator per capita growth rate is 63% that of internal ecological dynamics. We then propose analytical methods for measuring these contributions in field situations, and apply them to two long‐term data sets for which suitable ecological and evolutionary data exist. For both data sets relatively high rates of evolutionary change have been found when measured as character change in standard deviations per generation (haldanes). For Darwin's finches evolving in response to fluctuating rainfall [ Grant, P.R. & Grant, B.R. (2002) . Science , 296, 707], we estimate that evolutionary change has been more rapid than ecological change by a factor of 2.2. For a population of freshwater copepods whose life history evolves in response to fluctuating fish predation [ Hairston, N.G. Jr & Dillon, T.A. (1990) . Evolution , 44, 1796], we find that evolutionary change has been about one quarter the rate of ecological change – less than in the finch example, but nevertheless substantial. These analyses support the view that in order to understand temporal dynamics in ecological processes it is critical to consider the extent to which the attributes of the system under investigation are simultaneously changing as a result of rapid evolution.

Individual differences in initial sensitivity and acute tolerance predict patterns of chronic drug tolerance to nitrous-oxide-induced hypothermia in rats - Douglas S. Ramsay; Karl J. Kaiyala; Brian G. Leroux; Stephen C. Woods (Psychopharmacology, 2005)

Response of the microbial food web to manipulation of nutrients and grazers in the oligotrophic Gulf of Aqaba and northern Red Sea - Ulrike-G. Berninger; Stephen A. Wickham (Marine Biology, 2005)

The prevalence of non-indigenous species in southern California embayments and their effects on benthic macroinvertebrate communities - J. Ananda. Ranasinghe; Tim K. Mikel; Ronald G. Velarde; Stephen B. Weisberg; David E. Montagne; Donald B. Cadien; Ann Dalkey (Biological Invasions, 2005)

The Effects of Household Asset Endowments on Agricultural Diversity among Frontier Colonists in the Amazon - Stephen G. Perz (Agroforestry Systems, 2005)

Palaeolimnological evidence for recent climatic change in lakes from the northern Urals, arctic Russia - Nadia Solovieva; Vivienne J. Jones; Larisa Nazarova; Stephen J. Brooks; H. J. B. Birks; John-Arvid Grytnes; Peter G. Appleby; Tommi Kauppila; Boris Kondratenok; Ingemar Renberg; Vasily Ponomarev (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2005)

Impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the parietal cortex on metabolic brain activity: a 14C-2DG tracing study in the cat - Antoni Valero-Cabré; Bertram R. Payne; Jarrett Rushmore; Stephen G. Lomber; Alvaro Pascual-Leone (Experimental Brain Research, 2005)

Elevated atmospheric CO 2 effects on biomass production and soil carbon in conventional and conservation cropping systems - Stephen A. Prior; G. Brett Runion; Hugo H. Rogers; H. Allen Torbert; D. Wayne Reeves (Global Change Biology, 2005)
Increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentration has led to concerns about potential effects on production agriculture as well as agriculture's role in sequestering C. In the fall of 1997, a study was initiated to compare the response of two crop management systems (conventional and conservation) to elevated CO 2 . The study used a split‐plot design replicated three times with two management systems as main plots and two CO 2 levels (ambient=375 μL L −1 and elevated CO 2 =683 μL L −1 ) as split‐plots using open‐top chambers on a Decatur silt loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paleudults). The conventional system was a grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) and soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation with winter fallow and spring tillage practices. In the conservation system, sorghum and soybean were rotated and three cover crops were used (crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.), sunn hemp ( Crotalaria juncea L.), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)) under no‐tillage practices. The effect of management on soil C and biomass responses over two cropping cycles (4 years) were evaluated. In the conservation system, cover crop residue (clover, sunn hemp, and wheat) was increased by elevated CO 2 , but CO 2 effects on weed residue were variable in the conventional system. Elevated CO 2 had a greater effect on increasing soybean residue as compared with sorghum, and grain yield increases were greater for soybean followed by wheat and sorghum. Differences in sorghum and soybean residue production within the different management systems were small and variable. Cumulative residue inputs were increased by elevated CO 2 and conservation management. Greater inputs resulted in a substantial increase in soil C concentration at the 0–5 cm depth increment in the conservation system under CO 2 ‐enriched conditions. Smaller shifts in soil C were noted at greater depths (5–10 and 15–30 cm) because of management or CO 2 level. Results suggest that with conservation management in an elevated CO 2 environment, greater residue amounts could increase soil C storage as well as increase ground cover.

Neuroendocrine response to intravenous citalopram in healthy control subjects: pharmacokinetic influences - Francis E. Lotrich; Robert Bies; Matthew F. Muldoon; Stephen B. Manuck; Gwenn S. Smith; Bruce G. Pollock (Psychopharmacology, 2005)

Effect of cold-induced vasodilatation in the index finger on temperature and contractile characteristics of the first dorsal interosseus muscle during cold-water immersion - Carla L. M. Geurts; Gordon G. Sleivert; Stephen S. Cheung (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2005)

Near-bottom depletion of zooplankton over a coral reef II: relationships with zooplankton swimming ability - Roi Holzman; Matthew A. Reidenbach; Stephen G. Monismith; Jeffrey R. Koseff; Amatzia Genin (Coral Reefs, 2005)

Structure determination and characterization of carbendazim hydrochloride dihydrate - Stephen G. Machatha; Tapan Sanghvi; Samuel H. Yalkowsky (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2005)

Interaction of metastasis-inducing S100A4 protein in vivo by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy - Shu Zhang; Guozheng Wang; David G. Fernig; Philip S. Rudland; Stephen E. D. Webb; Roger Barraclough; Marisa Martin-Fernandez (European Biophysics Journal, 2005)

Relative Importance of Environmental Stress and Herbivory in Reducing Litter Fall in a Semiarid Woodland - Thomas D. Schuster; Neil S. Cobb; Thomas G. Whitham; Stephen C. Hart (Ecosystems, 2005)

Multi-Stage Upscaling: Selection of Suitable Methods - G. E. Pickup; K. D. Stephen; J. Ma; P. Zhang; J. D. Clark (Transport in Porous Media, 2005)

On the effects of topography on wind and the generation of currents in a large multi-basin lake - Francisco J. Rueda; S. Geoffrey Schladow; Stephen G. Monismith; Mark T. Stacey (Hydrobiologia, 2005)

Population, Land Use and Deforestation in the Pan Amazon Basin: a Comparison of Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú and Venezuela - Stephen G. Perz; Carlos Aramburú; Jason Bremner (Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2005)

The feline major histocompatibility complex is rearranged by an inversion with a breakpoint in the distal class I region - Thomas W. Beck; Joan Menninger; William J. Murphy; William G. Nash; Stephen J. O’Brien; Naoya Yuhki (Immunogenetics, 2005)

First record of Aecidium sp. on Marsdenia sp. in Australia - J. R. Liberato; P. M. Stephens; R. G. Shivas (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2005)

Shoreline tufa and tufaglomerate from Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, Utah, USA: stable isotopic and mineralogical records of lake conditions, processes, and climate - Stephen T. Nelson; M. Jay Wood; Alan L. Mayo; David G. Tingey; Dennis Eggett (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2005)
Shoreline carbonate deposits of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville record the conditions and processes within the lake, including the evaporative balance as well as vertical and lateral chemical and isotopic gradients. Tufas (swash‐zone) and tufaglomerates (cemented, subaqueous colluvium or beachrock) on multiple, well‐developed shorelines near the Silver Island Range, Utah, also present an opportunity to examine physicochemical lake processes through time. Three shorelines are represented by carbonate deposits, including the 23–20 ka Stansbury stage, 15–14.5 ka Bonneville stage, and 14.5–14 ka Provo stage. Mean δ 18 O VSMOW values of all three shorelines are statistically indistinguishable ( ∼ 27 ± 1‰), when a few Bonneville samples of unusual composition are neglected. However, differences in primary carbonate mineralogy indicate that the correspondence is an artefact of the different fractionation factors between calcite or aragonite and water. Second, in order to sustain a much smaller, shallower lake during the colder Stansbury stage, the climate must have also been relatively dry. Third, δ 18 O values in tufa are higher than tufaglomerate by ∼ 0.5‰, consistent with greater evaporative enrichment of lake water in the swash zone. Fourth, mean δ 13 C values for the Provo, Stansbury and Bonneville shorelines (4.4, 5.0 and 5.2‰, respectively) show that carbon species were dominated by atmospheric exchange, with the variations produced by differences in the oxidation of organic matter. Comparisons of shoreline carbonates with deep‐lake marls of the same approximate age indicate that shoreline carbonate was much higher in δ 13 C and δ 18 O values (both ∼ 2.5‰) during Bonneville time, whereas isotopic differences were minor (both ∼ 1‰) in Stansbury time. In particular, the Bonneville stage may have sustained large vertical or lateral isotopic gradients due to evaporative enrichment effects on δ 18 O values. In contrast, the lake during the much shallower Stansbury stage may have been well mixed. Differences in the primary mineralogy (Stansbury and Bonneville, aragonite > calcite; Provo, calcite > aragonite) reflect profound differences in lake chemistry in terms of open versus closed‐basin lakes. The establishment of a continuous outlet during Provo time probably reduced the Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ ratio of lake water. Curiously, regardless of primary mineralogy, tufaglomerate cements are enriched in Na + and Cl − and depleted in Mg 2+ relative to capping tufa of the same age. This probably reflects vital or kinetic effects in the swash zone (tufa). We suspect that ‘abiotic’ effects may have been important in the dark pore space of developing tufaglomerate, where the absence of light suppressed photosynthesis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Individual differences in locomotor reactivity to a novel environment and sensitivity to opioid drugs in the rat. I. Expression of morphine-induced locomotor sensitization - Mikhail Kalinichev; David A. White; Stephen G. Holtzman (Psychopharmacology, 2004)

Individual differences in locomotor reactivity to a novel environment and sensitivity to opioid drugs in the rat. II. Agonist-induced antinociception and antagonist-induced suppression of fluid consumption - David A. White; Mikhail Kalinichev; Stephen G. Holtzman (Psychopharmacology, 2004)

Modeling Sustainability of Arctic Communities: An Interdisciplinary Collaboration of Researchers and Local Knowledge Holders - Jack A. Kruse; Robert G. White; Howard E. Epstein; Billy Archie; Matt Berman; Stephen R. Braund; F. Stuart Chapin; Johnny Charlie; Colin J. Daniel; Joan Eamer; Nick Flanders; Brad Griffith; et al. (Ecosystems, 2004)

Urotensin-II-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy: effect of receptor antagonism and role of inflammatory mediators - Douglas G. Johns; Zhaohui Ao; Diane Naselsky; Christopher L. Herold; Kristeen Maniscalco; Lea Sarov-Blat; Klaudia Steplewski; Nambi Aiyar; Stephen A. Douglas (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2004)

In rats, acute morphine dependence results in antagonist-induced response suppression of intracranial self-stimulation - Keith W. Easterling; Stephen G. Holtzman (Psychopharmacology, 2004)

Detection of Citrus Psorosis Virus by ELISA, Molecular Hybridization, RT-PCR and Immunosorbent Electron Microscopy and its Association with Citrus Psorosis Disease - Susana Martín; Daniela Alioto; Robert G. Milne; Stephen M. Garnsey; Mª Laura García; Oscar Grau; José Guerri; Pedro Moreno (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2004)

Distribution and impacts of introduced freshwater fishes in Western Australia - David L. Morgan; Howard S. Gill; Mark G. Maddern; Stephen J. Beatty (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2004)
This paper presents comprehensive distributional data, from over 1300 sites, on introduced freshwater fishes in Western Australia. Currently, there are 10 species of introduced freshwater fish established in the inland waters of Western Australia. Most of the introduced fishes found here are those that have formed feral populations elsewhere in the world, and include members of the Salmonidae, i.e., rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta); Cyprinidae, i.e., goldfish (Carassius auratus) and carp (Cyprinus carpio); Poeciliidae, i.e., mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) , one‐spot livebearer (Phalloceros caudi‐maculatus) , guppy (Poecilia reticulata) , and swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii); Percidae, i.e., redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis) , and Cichlidae, i.e., Mozambique mouthbrooder or tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) . More recently, the eastern Australian silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) (Terapontidae), which was introduced for aquaculture, has been captured in the Swan River near Perth. It is not known whether this population is self‐maintaining. The majority of introduced species are confined to the south‐west, although four and one species have been recorded from the Pilbara and Kimberley, respectively. Some species are extremely common and widespread, e.g., G. holbrooki and P. fluviatilis , whereas others are far more restricted and may be confined to between one and three catchments, e.g., C. carpio, P. caudimaculatus, P. reticulata, X. hellerii, O. mossambicus , and B. bidyanus . The impact of these introduced fishes on native species varies, but ranges from predation, e.g., O. mykiss, S. trutta, G. holbrooki , and P. fluviatilis , to aggressiveness, e.g., G. holbrooki, X. hellerii , and O. mossambicus , and competition for food and habitat.

Elevated Atmospheric CO2 in Agroecosystems: Residue Decomposition in the Field - Stephen A. Prior; H. Allen Torbert; G. Brett Runion; Hugo H. Rogers (Environmental Management, 2004)

Nitrogen and Carbon Cycling in a Model Longleaf Pine Community as Affected by Elevated Atmospheric CO2 - H. Allen Torbert; Stephen A. Prior; G. Brett Runion; Micheal A. Davis; Seth G. Pritchard; Hugo H. Rogers (Environmental Management, 2004)

Aesthetics: Are We Neglecting a Critical Issue in Certification for Sustainable Forest Management? - Stephen R. J. Sheppard; Cecilia Achiam; Robert G. D'Eon (Journal of Forestry, 2004)
Current forest certification programs may be neglecting aesthetics and related public perception and acceptance issues, concentrating on more easily quantified socioeconomic and ecological criteria. Because aesthetics is an important value for forest users, and to avoid potential conflicts between certification status and public perception, we suggest that forests should be certified for aesthetic performance. Current forest certification programs weakly address aesthetics, if at all. Those systems that do consider aesthetics tend to be procedural rather than outcomes-based and generally do not encourage solid or consistent approaches to the problem. Visual resource management approaches provide some precedents that are not as yet widely used in certification, but they also have their limitations. We recommend that more effort be put into developing more robust indicators for aesthetics as part of certification programs.

A note on the potential transport of scalars and organisms by surface waves - Stephen G. Monismith; Derek A. Fong (Limnology and Oceanography, 2004)
Wave‐induced transport that is not directly reflected in Eulerian current measurements, an effect known as Stokes drift, may play a significant role in the transport of organisms and solutes in the nearshore environment. Two sets of field observations are presented that illustrate the potential importance of wave‐induced transport. Velocities measured near Santa Barbara, California, are used to show that the theoretical Stokes drift can be stronger than measured Eulerian currents. Dye plume measurements made at Duck, North Carolina, in both wavy and nonwavy conditions indicate that wave‐induced scalar transport can be significant. To demonstrate the generality of these results, we present calculations of the Stokes drift for several depths and as functions of wave amplitude and period. Given that cross‐shore velocities typical of the nearshore coastal ocean are generally comparable to or smaller than these computed values of the Stokes drift, we conclude that observations and predictions of nearshore transport should include explicit consideration of wave‐induced transport.

Effects of soil compaction and mechanical damage at harvest on growth and biomass production of short rotation coppice willow - C.A. Souch; P.J. Martin; W. Stephens; G. Spoor (Plant and Soil, 2004)

Reverse genetic analysis of the glutathione metabolic pathway suggests a novel role of PHGPX and URE2 genes in aluminum resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae - U. Basu; J. L. Southron; J. L. Stephens; G. J. Taylor (Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2004)

Lactoferrin receptors in Gram-negative bacteria: Insights into the iron acquisition process - Andrew Ekins; Ali G. Khan; Stephen R. Shouldice; Anthony B. Schryvers (BioMetals, 2004)

Sex Pheromone of Queens of the Slave-Making Ant, Polyergus breviceps - Les Greenberg; Ali Aliabadi; J. Stephen McElfresh; Howard Topoff; Jocelyn G. Millar (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2004)

Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of western lowland gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) - Stephen L. Clifford; Nicola M. Anthony; Mireille Bawe‐Johnson; Kate A. Abernethy; Caroline E. G. Tutin; Lee J. T. White; Magdelena Bermejo; Michelle L. Goldsmith; Kelley McFarland; Kathryn J. Jeffery; Michael W. Bruford; E. Jean Wickings (Molecular Ecology, 2004)
The geographical distribution of genetic variation within western lowland gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) was examined to clarify the population genetic structure and recent evolutionary history of this group. DNA was amplified from shed hair collected from sites across the range of the three traditionally recognized gorilla subspecies: western lowland ( G. g. gorilla ), eastern lowland ( G. g. graueri ) and mountain ( G. g. beringei ) gorillas. Nucleotide sequence variation was examined in the first hypervariable domain of the mitochondrial control region and was much higher in western lowland gorillas than in either of the other two subspecies. In addition to recapitulating the major evolutionary split between eastern and western lowland gorillas, phylogenetic analysis indicates a phylogeographical division within western lowland gorillas, one haplogroup comprising gorilla populations from eastern Nigeria through to southeast Cameroon and a second comprising all other western lowland gorillas. Within this second haplogroup, haplotypes appear to be partitioned geographically into three subgroups: (i) Equatorial Guinea, (ii) Central African Republic, and (iii) Gabon and adjacent Congo. There is also evidence of limited haplotype admixture in northeastern Gabon and southeast Cameroon. The phylogeographical patterns are broadly consistent with those predicted by current Pleistocene refuge hypotheses for the region and suggest that historical events have played an important role in shaping the population structure of this subspecies.

l-Galactose replaces l-fucose in the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II synthesized by the l-fucose-deficient mur1 Arabidopsis mutant - Bradley L. Reuhs; Joshua Glenn; Samuel B. Stephens; John S. Kim; D. Benjamin Christie; John G. Glushka; Earl Zablackis; Peter Albersheim; Alan G. Darvill; Malcolm A. O’Neill (Planta, 2004)

Modeling and Monitoring of Polymorphic Transformations During the Drying Phase of Wet Granulation - Tiffani D. Davis; Garnet E. Peck; Joseph G. Stowell; Kenneth R. Morris; Stephen R. Byrn (Pharmaceutical Research, 2004)

Lowering of skin temperature decreases isokinetic maximal force production independent of core temperature - Stephen S. Cheung; Gordon G. Sleivert (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2004)

Passive hyperthermia reduces voluntary activation and isometric force production - Shawnda Morrison; Gordon G. Sleivert; Stephen S. Cheung (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2004)

Cardiorespiratory reflexes and aquatic surface respiration in the neotropical fish tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum ): acute responses to hypercarbia - Luiz H. Florindo; Stephen G. Reid; Ana L. Kalinin; William K. Milsom; Francisco T. Rantin (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2004)

The performance of models relating species geographical distributions to climate is independent of trophic level - Brian Huntley; Rhys E. Green; Yvonne C. Collingham; Jane K. Hill; Stephen G. Willis; Patrick J. Bartlein; Wolfgang Cramer; Ward J. M. Hagemeijer; Christopher J. Thomas (Ecology Letters, 2004)
Species–climate ‘envelope’ models are widely used to evaluate potential climate change impacts upon species and biodiversity. Previous studies have used a variety of methods to fit models making it difficult to assess relative model performance for different taxonomic groups, life forms or trophic levels. Here we use the same climatic data and modelling approach for 306 European species representing three major taxa (higher plants, insects and birds), and including species of different life form and from four trophic levels. Goodness‐of‐fit measures showed that useful models were fitted for >96% of species, and that model performance was related neither to major taxonomic group nor to trophic level. These results confirm that such climate envelope models provide the best approach currently available for evaluating reliably the potential impacts of future climate change upon biodiversity.

Salmonid Opsin Sequences Undergo Positive Selection and Indicate an Alternate Evolutionary Relationship in Oncorhynchus - David B. Levin; Stephen G. Dann; W. Ted Allison; John S. Taylor; Craig W. Hawryshyn (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2004)

Urotensin-II: a novel systemic hypertensive factor in the cat - Kristeen Maniscalco; Gerald P. Stankus; Alexandra Wibberley; Robert N. Willette; Stephen A. Douglas; David J. Behm; Christopher P. A. Doe; Douglas G. Johns (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2004)

Validating the use of woodrat ( Neotoma ) middens for documenting natural invasions - Mark E. Lyford; Stephen T. Jackson; Stephen T. Gray; Robert G. Eddy (Journal of Biogeography, 2004)
Aim Plant macrofossils in fossil woodrat ( Neotoma ) middens are the primary source of information on late Quaternary biogeographical history of plants in arid and semi‐arid regions of North America. Macrofossil records from middens are playing particularly important roles in documenting spatial and temporal patterns of plant migrations and invasions since the last glacial maximum 21,000 years ago. However, relatively few actualistic studies comparing contents of modern middens with surrounding flora and vegetation have been carried out. The primary aim of this study is to assess the reliability of midden assemblages in detecting the presence of tree, shrub and several other plant species growing on the surrounding landscape. The secondary aims are to determine whether probability of occurrence of species in middens is related to abundance in vegetation, and whether representation of individual species in middens is contingent on presence/absence or abundance of other species. Location Our five study sites were bedrock escarpments or canyons in the central Rocky Mountains (north‐eastern Utah, central Wyoming and south‐central Montana). All sites were in conifer woodland or forest/woodland variously dominated by Juniperus osteosperma , J. scopulorum , Pinus edulis , P. flexilis and Pseudotsuga menziesii . Neotoma cinerea is the only woodrat species in the region. Methods Macrofossil assemblages from 59 modern middens (all showing clear signs of recent or ongoing woodrat activity) were compared with floristic composition of vegetation within 50 m of the middens, and with percent cover of vegetation within 30 m of the middens. Results Coniferous trees and shrubs were well‐represented in middens, occurring consistently even when abundance in the local vegetation was very low. Juniperus osteosperma and J. scopulorum were particularly well‐represented, occurring in middens regardless of local abundance. Other conifers ( P. edulis , P. flexilis , P. ponderosa , Pseudotsuga menziesii ) were occasionally absent from middens when abundance in vegetation was low ( Main conclusions Middens constructed by N. cinerea are highly reliable sensors of presence/absence of J. osteosperma and J. scopulorum , and hence can be used to infer invasions and past biogeographical distributions of these species. The middens are also reliable in registering populations of other conifers, although presence in middens may be contingent on local abundance. Additional comparative studies are needed to develop a sound empirical basis for using middens of N. cinerea and other species to infer past presence/absence of plant species on the landscape, and to explore the vegetation‐sensing properties of midden assemblages.

Genetically based trait in a dominant tree affects ecosystem processes - Jennifer A. Schweitzer; Joseph K. Bailey; Brian J. Rehill; Gregory D. Martinsen; Stephen C. Hart; Richard L. Lindroth; Paul Keim; Thomas G. Whitham (Ecology Letters, 2004)
Fundamental links between genes and ecosystem processes have remained elusive, although they have the potential to place ecosystem sciences within a genetic and evolutionary framework. Utilizing common gardens with cottonwood trees of known genotype, we found that the concentration of condensed tannins is genetically based and is the best predictor of ecosystem‐level processes. Condensed tannin inputs from foliage explained 55–65% of the variation in soil net nitrogen (N) mineralization under both field and laboratory conditions. Alternative associations with litter lignin, soil moisture or soil temperature were relatively poor predictors of litter decomposition and net N mineralization. In contrast to the paradigm that the effects of genes are too diffuse to be important at the ecosystem‐level, here we show that plant genes had strong, immediate effects on ecosystem function via a tight coupling of plant polyphenols to rates of nitrogen cycling.

Molecular Evolution of FtsZ Protein Sequences Encoded Within the Genomes of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota - Sue Vaughan; Bill Wickstead; Keith Gull; Stephen G. Addinall (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2004)

Temperature effects on the contractile characteristics and sub-maximal voluntary isometric force production of the first dorsal interosseus muscle - Carla Geurts; Gordon G. Sleivert; Stephen S. Cheung (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2004)

Detection of Huanglongbing (citrus greening disease) in Timor-Leste (East Timor) and in Papua New Guinea - M. P. Weinert; S. C. Jacobson; J. F. Grimshaw; G. A. Bellis; P. M. Stephens; T. G. Gunua; M. F. Kame; R. I. Davis (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2004)

Cytosolic Ca2+ pulses and protein kinase activation in the signal transduction pathways leading to the plant oxidative burst - Stephen G. Cessna; Jitae Kim; Ann T. S. Taylor (Journal of Plant Biology, 2003)

In situ Monitoring of Wet Granulation Using Online X-Ray Powder Diffraction - Tiffani D. Davis; Kenneth R. Morris; Huapeng Huang; Garnet E. Peck; Joseph G. Stowell; Bradley J. Eisenhauer; Jon L. Hilden; David Gibson; Stephen R. Byrn (Pharmaceutical Research, 2003)

The interplay between upwelling and deep convective mixing in determining the seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in the Gulf of Aqaba: Evidence from SeaWiFS and MODIS - Rochelle G. Labiosa; Kevin R. Arrigo; Amatzia Genin; Stephen G. Monismith; Gert van Dijken (Limnology and Oceanography, 2003)
In the Gulf of Aqaba, the northeasternmost segment of the Red Sea, phytoplankton blooms are more intense than in other oligotrophic regions (e.g., the Sargasso Sea). In this study, we use multiyear in situ (1988–2000) and Sea viewing Wide Field of View Sensor (SeaWiFS) (1999–2001) chlorophyll a (Chl a ) data to describe the dynamics of phytoplankton biomass throughout the Gulf of Aqaba. The temporal pattern of phytoplankton biomass in the Gulf of Aqaba includes a strong spring bloom and a somewhat weaker autumn bloom, the length, intensity, and timing of which vary from year to year. In addition, highly positive west‐to‐east (W to E) gradients in Chl a were found throughout the Gulf of Aqaba. A corresponding negative gradient in sea surface temperature (SST) obtained from MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in 2001 indicates that the gradient of Chl a across the Gulf of Aqaba is an outcome of an Ekman‐driven upwelling along the eastern side. Calculations of the upwelling and convective fluxes that are based on meteorological data from Eilat, Israel, indicate that upwelling is comparable to or exceeds convection during much of the year. We present a conceptual model demonstrating how upwelling and convection can either support or oppose each other, thereby jointly controlling mixed‐layer depth and the development of phytoplankton blooms. Coastal upwelling plays a larger role in controlling phytoplankton dynamics than was previously thought, and it explains much of the observed spatial and temporal variability in phytoplankton distributions.

GTP?S increases Nav1.8 current in small-diameter dorsal root ganglia neurons - Carl Y. Saab; Theodore R. Cummins; Stephen G. Waxman (Experimental Brain Research, 2003)

Germination, Viability and Clearance of Stachybotrys chartarum in the Lungs of Infant Rats - Iwona Yike; Stephen Vesper; Joseph F. Tomashefski; Dorr. G. Dearborn (Mycopathologia, 2003)

The Metallo-?-Lactamases Fall into Two Distinct Phylogenetic Groups - Barry G. Hall; Stephen J. Salipante; Miriam Barlow (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2003)

Abundance and Distribution Patterns of Nekton and Micronekton in the Northern California Current Transition Zone - Richard D. Brodeur; William G. Pearcy; Stephen Ralston (Journal of Oceanography, 2003)

Multitasking with molecular dynamics Typhoon: quantifying nucleic acids and autoradiographs - Robert J. Goodrich; G. Charles Ostermeier; Stephen A. Krawetz (Biotechnology Letters, 2003)

Biomass production by two-year-old poplar clones on floodplain sites in the Lower Midwest, USA - Stephen G. Pallardy; Daniel E. Gibbins; Julie L. Rhoads (Agroforestry Systems, 2003)

Quantitative analyses of principal and secondary compound parieto-occipital feedback pathways in cat - Bertram R. Payne; Stephen G. Lomber (Experimental Brain Research, 2003)

Neuroscience data and tool sharing - Peter Eckersley; Gary F. Egan; Erik De Schutter; Tang Yiyuan; Mirko Novak; Vaclav Sebesta; Line Matthiessen; Irio P. Jaaskelainen; Ulla Ruotsalainen; Andreas V. M. Herz; Klaus-Peter Hoffmann; Raphael Ritz; et al. (Neuroinformatics, 2003)

Cancellation of visuoparietal lesion-induced spatial neglect - Bertram R. Payne; Stephen G. Lomber; Richard J. Rushmore; Alvaro Pascual-Leone (Experimental Brain Research, 2003)

Enhancing anthocyanin production by altering competition for substrate between flavonol synthase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase - Kevin M. Davies; Kathy E. Schwinn; Simon C. Deroles; David G. Manson; David H. Lewis; Stephen J. Bloor; J. Marie Bradley (Euphytica, 2003)

Generation and use of a tailored gene array to investigate vascular biology - Amanda L. Evans; Andrew S. Sharkey; Samir A. Saidi; Cristin G. Print; Roberto D. Catalano; Stephen K. Smith; D. Stephen Charnock-Jones (Angiogenesis, 2003)

Translational control and metastatic progression: Enhanced activity of the mRNA cap-binding protein eIF-4E selectively enhances translation of metastasis-related mRNAs - Jeremy R. Graff; Stephen G. Zimmer (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2003)

Assessing tillage disturbance on assemblages of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) by using a range of ecological indices - Svenja Belaoussoff; Peter G. Kevan; Stephen Murphy; Clarence Swanton (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2003)

Effects of galvanic distortions on magnetotelluric data: Interpretation and its correction using deep electrical data - Jimmy Stephen; S. G. Gokarn; C. Manoj; S. B. Singh (Journal of Earth System Science, 2003)

DMT1: A mammalian transporter for multiple metals - Michael D. Garrick; Kevin G. Dolan; Craig Horbinski; Andrew J. Ghio; Dennis Higgins; Michael Porubcin; Elizabeth G. Moore; Lucille N. Hainsworth; Jay N. Umbreit; Marcel E. Conrad; Lee Feng; Agnieska Lis; et al. (BioMetals, 2003)

CaM kinase IIδC phosphorylation of 14-3-3β in vascular smooth muscle cells: Activation of class II HDAC repression - Joel J. Ellis; Thomas G. Valencia; Hong Zeng; L. Don Roberts; Rebecca A. Deaton; Stephen R. Grant (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2003)

Proton Transfer of Phenanthridone in the Lowest Excited Singlet State in Moderately Concentrated Mineral Acid Solutions - Rong Yang; Stephen G. Schulman (Journal of Fluorescence, 2003)

Managing Troubled Data: Coastal Data Partnerships Smooth Data Integration - Stephen S. Hale; Anne Hale Miglarese; M. Patricia Bradley; Thomas J. Belton; Larry D. Cooper; Michael T. Frame; Christopher A. Friel; Linda M. Harwell; Robert E. King; William K. Michener; David T. Nicolson; Bruce G. Peterjohn (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2003)

Variability in the Identification and Enumeration of Marine Benthic Invertebrate Samples and Its Effect on Benthic Assessment Measures - J. Ananda Ranasinghe; David E. Montagne; Stephen B. Weisberg; Mary Bergen; Ronald G. Velarde (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2003)

A proposed role for copper ions in cell wall loosening - Stephen C. Fry; Janice G. Miller; Jo C. Dumville (Plant and Soil, 2002)

A comment on the use of flushing time, residence time, and age as transport time scales - Nancy E. Monsen; James E. Cloern; Lisa V. Lucas; Stephen G. Monismith (Limnology and Oceanography, 2002)
Applications of transport time scales are pervasive in biological, hydrologic, and geochemical studies yet these times scales are not consistently defined and applied with rigor in the literature. We compare three transport time scales (flushing time, age, and residence time) commonly used to measure the retention of water or scalar quantities transported with water. We identify the underlying assumptions associated with each time scale, describe procedures for computing these time scales in idealized cases, and identify pitfalls when real‐world systems deviate from these idealizations. We then apply the time scale definitions to a shallow 378 ha tidal lake to illustrate how deviations between real water bodies and the idealized examples can result from: (1) non‐steady flow; (2) spatial variability in bathymetry, circulation, and transport time scales; and (3) tides that introduce complexities not accounted for in the idealized cases. These examples illustrate that no single transport time scale is valid for all time periods, locations, and constituents, and no one time scale describes all transport processes. We encourage aquatic scientists to rigorously define the transport time scale when it is applied, identify the underlying assumptions in the application of that concept, and ask if those assumptions are valid in the application of that approach for computing transport time scales in real systems.

The use of sectioned otoliths to age barramundi (Lates calcarifer) (Bloch, 1790) [Centropomidae] - Ivor G. Stuart; Stephen C. McKillup (Hydrobiologia, 2002)

Haemoglobin and oxygen transport of the West Australian dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum Richardson, and other species - F J Stephens; J J Cleary; G Jenkins; B Jones; S R Raidal; J B Thomas (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2002)
To better understand the possible role of deoxygenation of haemoglobin in the pathogenesis of exophthalmos in the West Australian dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum Richardson, some oxygen transport properties of haemoglobin from this species were determined and compared with haemoglobin from black bream, Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro), snapper, Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider) and King George whiting, Sillaginodes punctata (Cuvier). Dhufish had a single haemoglobin with a pronounced Root effect. Snapper and black bream blood had six and five types of haemoglobin, respectively. The magnitude of the Root effect of haemoglobins in the haemolysate was demonstrated by comparing oxygenation and total deoxygenation at pH 8 with relative deoxygenation at pH 6.9. Dhufish haemoglobin demonstrated a large Root effect, with the Root effect of King George whiting, snapper and black bream being of lesser magnitude. Deoxygenation of all haemolysates was more pronounced in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Seasonal changes in haematological parameters and ATP content of dhufish blood were not evident. The Root effect is discussed in the context of its possible role in oxygen supply to the retina and adaptation to the fish's habitat and the environment.

Analysis of the Threshold and Expected Coverage Approaches to the Probabilistic Reserve Site Selection Problem - Jeffrey L. Arthur; Robert G. Haight; Claire A. Montgomery; Stephen Polasky (Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 2002)

Identification of SnIP1, a novel protein that interacts with SNF1-related protein kinase (SnRK1) - Stephen P. Slocombe; Sophie Laurie; Laura Bertini; Frederic Beaudoin; J. Richard Dickinson; Nigel G. Halford (Plant Molecular Biology, 2002)

Improved Lung Delivery from a Passive Dry Powder Inhaler Using an Engineered PulmoSphere® Powder - Sarma P. Duddu; Steven A. Sisk; Yulia H. Walter; Thomas E. Tarara; Kevin R. Trimble; Andrew R. Clark; Michael A. Eldon; Rebecca C. Elton; Matthew Pickford; Peter H. Hirst; Stephen P. Newman; Jeffry G. Weers (Pharmaceutical Research, 2002)

Introduction - Réjean Couture; Stephen G. Evans; Jacques Locat (Natural Hazards, 2002)

Forest Wildlife-Habitat Relationships: Introduction - Stephen DeStefano; Robert G. Haight (Forest Science, 2002)

A Numerical Study of Blood Flow in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Side-to-Side Anastomoses - Michael Bonert; Jerry G. Myers; Stephen Fremes; James Williams; C. Ross Ethier (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2002)

In Vivo Lung Deposition of Hollow Porous Particles from a Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler - Peter H. Hirst; Gary R. Pitcairn; Jeff G. Weers; Thomas E. Tarara; Andrew R. Clark; Luis A. Dellamary; Gail Hall; Jolene Shorr; Stephen P. Newman (Pharmaceutical Research, 2002)

Determination of apparent quantum yield spectra for the formation of biologically labile photoproducts - William L. Miller; Miller Moran; Wade M. Sheldon; Richard G. Zepp; Stephen Opsahl (Limnology and Oceanography, 2002)
Quantum yield spectra for the photochemical formation of biologically labile photoproducts from dissolved organic matter (DOM) have not been available previously, although they would greatly facilitate attempts to model photoproduct formation rates across latitudinal, seasonal, and depth‐related changes in spectral irradiance. Apparent quantum yield spectra were calculated for two coastal environments from the southeastern United States using postirradiation bacterial respiration as a measure of total labile photoproduct formation and a cutoff filter method to model spectral dependence. As has been the case for previously studied classes of DOM photoproducts (i.e., dissolved inorganic carbon, CO, and H 2 O 2 ), ultraviolet (UV)‐B irradiance was significantly more efficient at forming labile photoproducts (i.e., compounds readily assimilated by marine bacterioplankton) than UV‐A and visible irradiance. Calculations of DOM photoproduct formation in southeastern U.S. coastal surface waters indicate a formation ratio for biologically labile photoproducts :CO of 13 : 1. The slope of a natural log plot of the apparent quantum yield spectrum obtained for biologically labile photoproducts was similar to that for CO (0.028 nm −1 vs. 0.034 nm −1 ). Modeled kinetic rates therefore indicate that the production ratio of these photoproduct classes is approximately maintained despite variations in the solar spectrum that occur with depth in a water column or distance from shore. Application of the apparent quantum yield to coastal regions worldwide predicts an annual formation rate of biologically labile photoproducts in coastal waters of 206 × 10 12 g C.

Pathogenesis and epidemiology of spontaneous exophthalmos in the West Australian dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum Richardson - F J Stephens; J J Cleary; G Jenkins; B Jones; S R Raidal; J B Thomas (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2001)
The West Australian dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum Richardson (family Glaucosomatidae) is a potentially valuable aquaculture species, but spontaneous exophthalmos is common in freshly caught and cultured dhufish. To investigate the epidemiology and pathogenesis of exophthalmos in tanks of wild‐caught and captive‐bred dhufish, records of culture conditions, the prevalence of lesions and pathological examinations were used to study the disease and associated environmental and management factors. Naturally occurring cases of exophthalmos that were examined were mostly unilateral and occurred more frequently in summer months during periods of increasing water temperature. In 15 affected eyes that were examined histologically gas bubbles and haemorrhages were consistently present in the choroid. In some, gas bubbles and haemorrhage were also present in retrobulbar tissues associated with perforation of the sclera. Oxygen concentrations were measured in 12 exophthalmic eyes and concentrations of 50–73% were recorded in gas bubbles in the anterior chamber of three of these that were acute cases. Very low oxygen tensions were recorded at the retinal–vitreal junction of four eyes with retrobulbar haemorrhages indicating that there may have been disruption of arterial blood supply to the choroid in chronic lesions or with perforation of the sclera. The results of experiments to determine the significance of exercise, high water temperature, sudden increases in light intensity, fish handling or tank cleaning indicate that exercise and/or high water temperature (25.5 °C) may be important risk factors for the development of exophthalmos in dhufish. Possible mechanisms for the formation of gas bubbles and haemorrhage in the choroid are discussed.

Primary productivity of planet earth: biological determinants and physical constraints in terrestrial and aquatic habitats - Richard J. Geider; Evan H. Delucia; Paul G. Falkowski; Adrien C. Finzi; J. Philip Grime; John Grace; Todd M. Kana; Julie La Roche; Stephen P. Long; Bruce A. Osborne; Trevor Platt; I. Colin Prentice; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2001)

Activation of the oxidative burst in aequorin-transformed Nicotiana tabacum cells is mediated by protein kinase- and anion channel-dependent release of Ca2+ from internal stores - Stephen G. Cessna; Philip S. Low (Planta, 2001)

Resource competition across the crop-tree interface in a maize-silver maple temperate alley cropping stand in Missouri - Adrian W. Miller; Stephen G. Pallardy (Agroforestry Systems, 2001)

The influence of elevated atmospheric CO 2 on fine root dynamics in an intact temperate forest - Seth G. Pritchard; Hugo H. Rogers; Micheal A. Davis; Edzard Van Santen; Stephen A. Prior; William H. Schlesinger (Global Change Biology, 2001)
Root dynamics are important for plant, ecosystem and global carbon cycling. Changes in root dynamics caused by rising atmospheric CO 2 not only have the potential to moderate further CO 2 increases, but will likely affect forest function. We used FACE (Free‐Air CO 2 Enrichment) to expose three 30‐m diameter plots in a 13‐year‐old loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ) forest to elevated (ambient + 200 µL L −1 ) atmospheric CO 2 . Three identical fully instrumented plots were implemented as controls (ambient air only). We quantified root dynamics from October 1998 to October 1999 using minirhizotrons. In spite of 16% greater root lengths and 24% more roots per minirhizotron tube, the effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 on root lengths and numbers were not statistically significant. Similarly, production and mortality were also unaffected by the CO 2 treatment, even though annual root production and mortality were 26% and 46% greater in elevated compared to ambient CO 2 plots. Average diameters of live roots present at the shallowest soil depth were, however, significantly enhanced in CO 2 ‐enriched plots. Mortality decreased with increasing soil depth and the slopes of linear regression lines (mortality vs. depth) differed between elevated and ambient CO 2 treatments, reflecting the significant CO 2 by depth interaction. Relative root turnover (root flux/live root pool) was unchanged by exposure to elevated atmospheric CO 2 . Results from this study suggest modest, if any, increases in ecosystem‐level root productivity in CO 2 ‐enriched environments.

Early neonatal experience of Long-Evans rats results in long-lasting changes in morphine tolerance and dependence - Mikhail Kalinichev; Keith W. Easterling; Stephen G. Holtzman (Psychopharmacology, 2001)

Kinetics of Excited-State Proton Transfer of Doubly Protonated 2-Aminoacridine - Rong Yang; Stephen G. Schulman (Journal of Fluorescence, 2001)

Expression, purification and characterization of cytochrome P450 Biol: a novel P450 involved in biotin synthesis in Bacillus subtilis - Amanda J. Green; Stuart L. Rivers; Myles Cheesman; Graeme A. Reid; Luca G. Quaroni; Iain D. G. Macdonald; Stephen K. Chapman; Andrew W. Munro (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2001)

Effects of the ice-edge bloom and season on the metabolism of copepods in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica - Helena G. Kawall; Joseph J. Torres; Stephen P. Geiger (Hydrobiologia, 2001)

The effect of the receding ice edge on the condition of copepods in the northwestern Weddell Sea: results from biochemical assays - Stephen P. Geiger; Helena G. Kawall; Joseph J. Torres (Hydrobiologia, 2001)

Variation in Prey-resource Utilization and Oral Jaw Gape Between two Populations of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus Salmoides - Stephen H. Huskey; Ralph G. Turingan (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2001)

Stepping stones to Hawaii: a trans‐equatorial dispersal pathway for Metrosideros (Myrtaceae) inferred from nrDNA (ITS+ETS) - Shane D. Wright; Catherine G. Yong; Stephen R. Wichman; John W. Dawson; Richard C. Gardner (Journal of Biogeography, 2001)
Aim The majority of Hawaii's plants are derived from the south and west of the Pacific rim, suggesting that at least some of the founders have crossed the climatic discontinuity at the equator. However, the pathways of these dispersal events are not well understood. We sought to elucidate such a pathway for the plant genus Metrosideros Banks ex Gaertn., which appears to have colonized Hawaii from New Zealand. Location We have previously analysed the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of nrDNA for thirty‐six taxa of Metrosideros subgenus Metrosideros distributed across Melanesia and Polynesia. Further we collected two taxa from the Austral and Marquesas Islands. Methods Phylogenetic analysis was undertaken using both the ITS and external transcribed spacer (ETS) regions of nrDNA for twenty‐three taxa from Polynesia and East Melanesia. Results The increased resolution achieved by combining ETS data with that of ITS allowed discrimination of two subclades in eastern Oceania. One subclade groups all the Hawaiian taxa together with M. collina (J. R. & G. Forst.) A. Gray from the Marquesas Islands. Main conclusions From an origin in New Zealand, the woody angiosperm Metrosideros is likely to have crossed the equator to Hawaii using a staging point in the remote Marquesas Islands. Colonization of Hawaii by the wind‐borne seed of these plants has been achieved against the flow of the prevailing Trade winds north of the equator. A possible climatic mechanism for this dispersal is described.

Differential interaction of GBR 12909, a dopamine uptake inhibitor, with cocaine and methamphetamine in rats discriminating cocaine - Stephen G. Holtzman (Psychopharmacology, 2001)

Evidence for Holocene climate variability from the sediments of a Scottish remote mountain lake - Richard W. Battarbee; Nigel G. Cameron; Paul Golding; Stephen J. Brooks; Roy Switsur; Doug Harkness; Peter Appleby; Frank Oldfield; Roy Thompson; Don T. Monteith; Andrew McGovern (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2001)
High resolution sampling of sediment cores covering approximately the last 4000 yr from Lochan Uaine, a small corrie loch in the Scottish Cairngorm Mountains, show quasi‐periodic cycles in organic matter (measured as percentage loss on ignition). Analysis of these cycles show correspondences between loss on ignition, δ 13 C values and chironomid head capsule abundance. We interpret the changes as reflecting changes in lake productivity and hypothesise that they are driven by climate variability. However, it is not yet clear whether the periods of relatively high organic matter production and preservation are associated with colder or with warmer conditions. Nevertheless the results indicate the value of using sediments from remote, undisturbed mountain lakes as recorders of Holocene climate variability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Corridors: a Genetic Approach - Stephen G. Mech; James G. Hallett (Conservation Biology, 2001)
The effectiveness of corridors in maintaining dispersal in fragmented landscapes is a question of considerable conservation and ecological importance. We tested the efficacy of corridors as residual landscape structures in maintaining population structure in the red‐backed vole ( Clethrionomys gapperi ), a closed‐canopy specialist, and the deer mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus ), a habitat generalist. In coniferous forests managed for timber production in northeastern Washington, we sampled pairs of populations in three landscape classes: (1) contiguous landscapes, in which sites were located completely within a matrix of closed‐canopy forest; (2) corridor landscapes, in which sites were connected by a corridor of closed‐canopy forest; and (3) isolated landscapes, in which sites were separated from one another by clearcut or young regeneration stands. For each species, we used four microsatellite loci to quantify genetic distance between population pairs. Nei's genetic distance ( D s ) increased from smallest to largest in the order of contiguous, corridor, and isolated landscapes for C. gapperi. For P. maniculatus, genetic distances across landscape configurations were not significantly different. The differences between the two species indicate that they respond differently to the presence of forest corridors. In managed forests, corridors between unlogged habitats appear to maintain higher population connectivity for C. gapperi than landscapes without corridors.

Vertical stratification of figs and fig-eaters in a Bornean lowland rain forest: how is the canopy different? - Mike Shanahan; Stephen G. Compton (Plant Ecology, 2001)

Characteristics of human dendritic cells generated in a microgravity analog culture system - Cherylyn A. Savary; Monica L. Grazziutti; Donna Przepiorka; Stephen P. Tomasovic; Bradley W. McIntyre; Darren G. Woodside; Neal R. Pellis; Duane L. Pierson; John H. Rex (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 2001)

Relationship between depth, sediment, latitude, and the structure of benthic infaunal assemblages on the mainland shelf of southern California - Mary Bergen; Stephen B. Weisberg; Robert W. Smith; Donald B. Cadien; Ann Dalkey; David E. Montagne; Janet K. Stull; Ronald G. Velarde; J. Ananda Ranasinghe (Marine Biology, 2001)

Effective Planning and Implementation of Ecological Rehabilitation Projects: A Case Study of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo (Ontario, Canada) - LARRY R. G. MARTIN; STEPHEN D. MURPHY; SOONYA P. Quon (Environmental Management, 2001)

Trends in wood density and structure are linked to prevention of xylem implosion by negative pressure - Uwe G. Hacke; John S. Sperry; William T. Pockman; Stephen D. Davis; Katherine A. McCulloh (Oecologia, 2001)

Effects of centrally administered orexin-B and orexin-A: a role for orexin-1 receptors in orexin-B-induced hyperactivity - Declan N.C. Jones; Jane Gartlon; Frederick Parker; Stephen G. Taylor; Carol Routledge; Panida Hemmati; Richard P. Munton; Tracey E. Ashmeade; Jonathan P. Hatcher; Amanda Johns; Rod A. Porter; Jim J. Hagan; et al. (Psychopharmacology, 2001)

CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN DENDRITIC CELLS GENERATED IN A MICROGRAVITY ANALOG CULTURE SYSTEM - CHERYLYN A. SAVARY; MONICA L. GRAZZIUTTI; DONNA PRZEPIORKA; STEPHEN P. TOMASOVIC; BRADLEY W. McINTYRE; DARREN G. WOODSIDE; NEAL R. PELLIS; DUANE L. PIERSON; JOHN H. REX (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 2001)

More Issues, More Impact, and More Opportunity - Stephen R. Carpenter; Monica G. Turner (Ecosystems, 2001)

Chemical Ecological Characteristics of Herbivory of Siparuna guianensis Seeds by Buffy-Headed Marmosets (Callithrix flaviceps) in the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil - Naomi K. Simas; Stephen F. Ferrari; Sonia N. Pereira; Gilda G. Leitão (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2001)

Phylogeography, population history and conservation genetics of jaguars ( Panthera onca , Mammalia, Felidae) - Eduardo Eizirik; Jae‐Heup Kim; Marilyn Menotti‐Raymond; Peter G. Crawshaw JR.; Stephen J. O’Brien; Warren E. Johnson (Molecular Ecology, 2001)
The jaguar ( Panthera onca ), the largest felid in the American Continent, is currently threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation and human persecution. We have investigated the genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of jaguars across their geographical range by analysing 715 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and 29 microsatellite loci in ≈40 individuals sampled from Mexico to southern Brazil. Jaguars display low to moderate levels of mtDNA diversity and medium to high levels of microsatellite size variation, and show evidence of a recent demographic expansion. We estimate that extant jaguar mtDNA lineages arose 280 000–510 000 years ago (95% CI 137 000–830 000 years ago), a younger date than suggested by available fossil data. No strong geographical structure was observed, in contrast to previously proposed subspecific partitions. However, major geographical barriers such as the Amazon river and the Darien straits between northern South America and Central America appear to have restricted historical gene flow in this species, producing measurable genetic differentiation. Jaguars could be divided into four incompletely isolated phylogeographic groups, and further sampling may reveal a finer pattern of subdivision or isolation by distance on a regional level. Operational conservation units for this species can be defined on a biome or ecosystem scale, but should take into account the historical barriers to dispersal identified here. Conservation strategies for jaguars should aim to maintain high levels of gene flow over broad geographical areas, possibly through active management of disconnected populations on a regional scale.

Periodic postpartum separation from the offspring results in long-lasting changes in anxiety-related behaviors and sensitivity to morphine in Long-Evans mother rats - Mikhail Kalinichev; Keith W. Easterling; Stephen G. Holtzman (Psychopharmacology, 2000)

Protein Spray-Freeze Drying. Effect of Atomization Conditions on Particle Size and Stability - Henry R Costantino; Laleh Firouzabadian; Ken Hogeland; Chichih Wu; Chris Beganski; Karen G Carrasquillo; Melissa Córdova; Kai Griebenow; Stephen E Zale; Mark A Tracy (Pharmaceutical Research, 2000)

Homologous and heterologous desensitization and synergy in pathways leading to the soybean oxidative burst - Sreeganga Chandra; Stephen G. Cessna; Tami Yahraus; Randi Devine; Philip S. Low (Planta, 2000)

Changing the heme ligation in flavocytochrome b 2: substitution of histidine-66 by cysteine - Christopher G. Mowat; Caroline S. Miles; Andrew W. Munro; Myles R. Cheesman; Luca G. Quaroni; Graeme A. Reid; Stephen K. Chapman (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2000)

Temporal Variability of Iron Speciation in Coastal Rainwater - Joan D. Willey; Robert J. Kieber; Kelly H. Williams; Jamie S. Crozier; Stephen A. Skrabal; G. Brooks Avery (Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2000)

Assessment of Benthic Infaunal Condition on the Mainland Shelf of Southern California - Mary Bergen; Don Cadien; Ann Dalkey; David E. Montagne; Robert W. Smith; Janet K. Stull; Ronald G. Velarde; Stephen B. Weisberg (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2000)

Investigating the Mode of Action of Natural Phytotoxins - Franck E. Dayan; Joanne G. Romagni; Stephen O. Duke (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2000)

The effects of Holocene barrier-island evolution on water-table elevations, Hatteras Island, North Carolina, USA - William P. Anderson; David G. Evans; Stephen W. Snyder (Hydrogeology Journal, 2000)

Frequency-Magnitude Relationships for seismic areas around the capital cities of Solomon, Vanuatu, Tonga and Fiji Islands - A. Hofstetter; A. Shapira; K. Bulehite; T. Jones; K. Mafi; A. Malitzky; A. Papabatu; G. Prasad; M. Regnier; G. Shorten; A. Singh6; M. Stephen; et al. (Journal of Seismology, 2000)

Titi monkeys (Callicebus spp., Atelidae: Platyrrhini) in the Brazilian state of Rondônia - Stephen F. Ferrari; Simone Iwanaga; Mariluce R. Messias; Eleildon M. Ramos; Paulo C. S. Ramos; Ernesto H. da Cruz Neto; Paulo E. G. Coutinho (Primates, 2000)

Photomechanical Drug Delivery into Bacterial Biofilms - Nikolaos S. Soukos; Sigmund S. Socransky; Stephen E. Mulholland; Shun Lee; Apostolos G. Doukas (Pharmaceutical Research, 2000)

Early corrective reactions of the leg to perturbations at the torso during walking in humans - John E. Misiaszek; Marilee J. Stephens; Jaynie F. Yang; Keir G. Pearson (Experimental Brain Research, 2000)

Effects of Long‐Term Ungulate Exclusion and Recent Alien Species Control on the Preservation and Restoration of a Hawaiian Tropical Dry Forest - Robert J. Cabin; Stephen G. Weller; David H. Lorence; Tim W. Flynn; Ann K. Sakai; Darren Sandquist; Lisa J. Hadway (Conservation Biology, 2000)
Although the destruction of tropical rain forests receives much attention, tropical dry forests are in general far more threatened and endangered. Eliminating grazing ungulates is often considered a key first step toward protecting these ecosystems, but few studies have investigated the long‐term effects of this technique. We examined the effects of ungulate exclusion from a 2.3‐ha native dry‐forest preserve on the island of Hawaii by comparing its present flora to the flora of an adjacent area subjected to continuous grazing since the preserve was fenced over 40 years ago. Relative to this adjacent area, the fenced preserve contained a more diverse flora with substantially greater coverage of native overstory and understory species. Until recently, however, regeneration of native canopy trees within the preserve appears to have been thwarted by a dominant herbaceous cover of alien fountain grass ( Pennisetum setaceum ) and predation by alien rodent species. Our results indicate that although ungulate exclusion may be a necessary and critical first step, it is not sufficient to adequately preserve and maintain Hawaii's remaining tropical dry forest remnants. Our recent efforts to control the dominant alien species within the fenced preserve suggest that this practice may facilitate both the regeneration of native species and the colonization and potential invasion of new alien plants. Comparisons of seedlings of the dominant native canopy tree Diospyros sandwicensis growing in sites both dominated by and free of fountain grass suggested that fountain grass inhibits Diospyros seedling growth and photosynthesis but may increase survival if seedlings are protected from ungulates.

Zoogeography of Chiropotes albinasus (Platyrrhini, Atelidae) in Southwestern Amazonia - Stephen F. Ferrari; Simone Iwanaga; Paulo E. G. Coutinho; Mariluce R. Messias; Ernesto H. Cruz Neto; Eleildon M. Ramos; Paulo C. S. Ramos (International Journal of Primatology, 1999)

Early Diagenetic Controls on Contaminant Geochemistry and Mobility in Urban Water Bodies: Salford Quays, Manchester - Nathan A. Boyd; Kevin G. Taylor; Stephen Boult (Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 1999)

Regulation and Stumpage Prices: A Tale of Two States - David B. Kittredge; Mark G. Rickenbach; Stephen H. Broderick (Journal of Forestry, 1999)
Conventional wisdom suggests that the regulation of timber harvesting adds expense to the process, thereby reducing profitability, and that landowners would bear the resulting cost of this regulation through reduced stumpage values. This study compared more than five years of quarterly stumpage prices in Massachusetts, a state with comprehensive statewide forest cutting practices regulations, with prices in Connecticut, a similar and adjacent state with no such regulations. The results suggest that the Massachusetts regulations do not adversely affect stumpage prices and landowner profit from the sale of timber.

Elevated CO 2 and plant structure: a review - SetH. G. Pritchard; HugO. H. Rogers; Stephen A. Prior; CurT. M. Peterson (Global Change Biology, 1999)
Summary Consequences of increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentration on plant structure, an important determinant of physiological and competitive success, have not received sufficient attention in the literature. Understanding how increasing carbon input will influence plant developmental processes, and resultant form, will help bridge the gap between physiological response and ecosystem level phenomena. Growth in elevated CO 2 alters plant structure through its effects on both primary and secondary meristems of shoots and roots. Although not well established, a review of the literature suggests that cell division, cell expansion, and cell patterning may be affected, driven mainly by increased substrate (sucrose) availability and perhaps also by differential expression of genes involved in cell cycling (e.g. cyclins) or cell expansion (e.g. xyloglucan endotransglycosylase). Few studies, however, have attempted to elucidate the mechanistic basis for increased growth at the cellular level. Regardless of specific mechanisms involved, plant leaf size and anatomy are often altered by growth in elevated CO 2 , but the magnitude of these changes, which often decreases as leaves mature, hinges upon plant genetic plasticity, nutrient availability, temperature, and phenology. Increased leaf growth results more often from increased cell expansion rather than increased division. Leaves of crop species exhibit greater increases in leaf thickness than do leaves of wild species. Increased mesophyll and vascular tissue cross‐sectional areas, important determinates of photosynthetic rates and assimilate transport capacity, are often reported. Few studies, however, have quantified characteristics more reflective of leaf function such as spatial relationships among chlorenchyma cells (size, orientation, and surface area), intercellular spaces, and conductive tissue. Greater leaf size and/or more leaves per plant are often noted; plants grown in elevated CO 2 exhibited increased leaf area per plant in 66% of studies, compared to 28% of observations reporting no change, and 6% reported a decrease in whole plant leaf area. This resulted in an average net increase in leaf area per plant of 24%. Crop species showed the greatest average increase in whole plant leaf area (+ 37%) compared to tree species (+ 14%) and wild, nonwoody species (+ 15%). Conversely, tree species and wild, nontrees showed the greatest reduction in specific leaf area (– 14% and – 20%) compared to crop plants (– 6%). Alterations in developmental processes at the shoot apex and within the vascular cambium contributed to increased plant height, altered branching characteristics, and increased stem diameters. The ratio of internode length to node number often increased, but the length and sometimes the number of branches per node was greater, suggesting reduced apical dominance. Data concerning effects of elevated CO 2 on stem/branch anatomy, vital for understanding potential shifts in functional relationships of leaves with stems, roots with stems, and leaves with roots, are too few to make generalizations. Growth in elevated CO 2 typically leads to increased root length, diameter, and altered branching patterns. Altered branching characteristics in both shoots and roots may impact competitive relationships above and below the ground. Understanding how increased carbon assimilation affects growth processes (cell division, cell expansion, and cell patterning) will facilitate a better understanding of how plant form will change as atmospheric CO 2 increases. Knowing how basic growth processes respond to increased carbon inputs may also provide a mechanistic basis for the differential phenotypic plasticity exhibited by different plant species/functional types to elevated CO 2 .

Differential antigen expression during metamorphosis in the tripartite olfactory system of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis - Mary A. Petti; Stephen F. Matheson; G. D. Burd (Cell and Tissue Research, 1999)

FVB/N ( H2 q ) mouse is resistant to arthritis induction and exhibits a genomic deletion of T-cell receptor V beta gene segments - G. E. Osman; Mark C. Hannibal; Jon P. Anderson; Stephen R. Lasky; Warren C. Ladiges; Leroy Hood (Immunogenetics, 1999)

T-cell receptor Vbeta deletion and Valpha polymorphism are responsible for the resistance of SWR mouse to arthritis induction - G. E. Osman; Mark C. Hannibal; Jon P. Anderson; Saijai Cheunsuk; Stephen R. Lasky; H. Denny Liggitt; Warren C. Ladiges; Leroy E. Hood (Immunogenetics, 1999)

Genomic organization of the human caspase-9 gene on Chromosome 1p36.1-p36.3 - Shinji Hadano *, , Jamal Nasir; Kerrie Nichol; Dita M. Rasper; John P. Vaillancourt; Stephen W. Sherer; Barbara G. Beatty; Joh-E Ikeda , , Donald; Michael R. Hayden (Mammalian Genome, 1999)

Novel characteristics and regulation of a divergent cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (CYP73A15) from French bean: engineering expression in yeast - Svetlana Nedelkina; Stephen C. Jupe; Kristopher A. Blee; Michel Schalk; Daniele Werck-Reichhart; G. Paul Bolwell (Plant Molecular Biology, 1999)

Cell Loading with Laser-Generated Stress Waves: The Role of the Stress Gradient - Stephen E. Mulholland; Shun Lee; Daniel J. McAuliffe; Apostolos G. Doukas (Pharmaceutical Research, 1999)

Isolation and characterization of a human hepatic epithelial-like cell line (AKN-1) from a normal liver - Andreas K. Nussler; Gianna Vergani; Susanne M. Gollin; Kenneth Dorko; Susanne Gansauge; Sidney M. Morris; Antony J. Demetris; Minoru Nomoto; Hans G. Beger; Stephen C. Strom (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 1999)

Symposia lectures - F. Parak; A. Ostermann; G. U. Nienhaus; Nobuo Niimura; William A. Eaton; Stephen J. Hagen; Eric R. Henry; James Hofrichter; Gouri Jas; Lisa Lapidus; Victor Muñoz; Chih-chen Wang; et al. (Journal of Biosciences, 1999)

The effects of oxytocin on the pattern of electrical propagation in the isolated pregnant uterus of the rat - W. J. E. P. Lammers; Betty Stephen; Romana Hamid; Dean W. G. Harron (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 1999)

Lateral balance organisation in human stance in response to a random or predictable perturbation - M. Gilles; Alan M. Wing; Stephen G. B. Kirker (Experimental Brain Research, 1999)

Towards a molecular phylogeny ofApiaceae subfamilyApioideae: Additional information from nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences - Deborah S. Katz-Downie; Carmen M. Valiejo-Roman; Elena I. Terentieva; Aleksey V. Troitsky; Michail G. Pimenov; Byoungyoon Lee; Stephen R. Downie (Plant Systematics and Evolution, 1999)

Molecular and functional characterization of s-KCNQ1 potassium channel from rectal gland of Squalus acanthias - Siegfried Waldegger; Bernd Fakler; Markus Bleich; Petra Barth; Anna Hopf; U. Schulte; Andreas E. Busch; Stephen G. Aller; John N. Forrest Jr.; Rainer Greger; Florian Lang (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 1999)

Editorial: How Are We Doing? Reflections on the First Year of Ecosystems - Monica G. Turner; Stephen R. Carpenter (Ecosystems, 1999)

Determination of platinum in rat dorsal root ganglion using ICP-MS - Hong Ding; Margaret M. Goldberg; James H. Raymer; Jennifer Holmes; Jason Stanko; Stephen G. Chaney (Biological Trace Element Research, 1999)

Population Persistence, Pollination Mutualisms, and Figs in Fragmented Tropical Landscapes - Nick A. Mawdsley; Stephen G. Compton; Robert J. Whittaker (Conservation Biology, 1998)

Population Persistence, Pollination Mutualisms, and Figs in Fragmented Tropical Landscapes - Nick A. Mawdsley; Stephen G. Compton; Robert J. Whittaker (Conservation Biology, 1998)

Comparison of the discriminative and antinociceptive effects of morphine and its glucuronide metabolites after central or systemic administration in the rat - K. W. Easterling; Stephen G. Holtzman (Psychopharmacology, 1998)

The optimization of helper T lymphocyte (HTL) function in vaccine development - Jeff Alexander; John Fikes; Stephen Hoffman; Eileen Franke; John Sacci; Ettore Appella; Francis V. Chisari; Luca G. Guidotti; Robert W. Chesnut; Brian Livingston; Alessandro Sette (Immunologic Research, 1998)

Considerations for measuring genetic variation and population structure with multilocus fingerprinting - DOUGLAS R. CALL; JAMES G. HALLETT; STEPHEN G. MECH; MARC EVANS (Molecular Ecology, 1998)
Multilocus DNA fingerprinting provides a cost‐effective means to rapidly assay genetic variation at many loci. While this makes the technique particularly attractive for studies of evolution and conservation biology, fingerprint data can be difficult to interpret. Measurement errors inherent with the technique force investigators to group similar‐sized alleles (bands) into discrete bins before estimating genetic parameters. If too little error is accounted for in this process homologous alleles will not be grouped in a common bin, whereas overestimated error can produce bins with homoplasic alleles. We used simulations and empirical data for two frog species ( Rana luteiventris and Hyla regilla ) to demonstrate that mean band‐sharing ( S¯ xy ) and heterozygosity ( H ¯ E ) are a function of both bin width and band profile complexity (i.e. number and distribution of bands). These estimators are also sensitive to the number of lanes included in the analysis when bin width is wide and a floating bin algorithm is employed. Multilocus estimates of H ¯ E were highly correlated with S¯ xy and thus provide no additional information about genetic variation. Estimates of population subdivision ( F ^ and Φ^ ST ) appeared robust to changes in bin size. We also examined the issue of statistical independence for band‐sharing data when comparisons are made among all samples. This analysis indicated that the covariance between band‐sharing statistics was very small and not statistically different from zero. We recommend that sensitivity analyses for bin size be used to improve confidence in the biological interpretation of multilocus fingerprints, and that the covariance structure for band‐sharing statistics be examined.

Asymmetric bipedal locomotion - an adaptive response to incomplete spinal injury in the chick - G. D. Muir; Stephen L. Katz; John M. Gosline; John D. Steeves (Experimental Brain Research, 1998)

Geographic and taxonomic distribution of a positive interaction: ant-tended homopterans indirectly benefit figs across southern Africa - J. Hall Cushman; Stephen G. Compton; Costas Zachariades; Anthony B. Ware; Rory J. C. Nefdt; Vanessa K. Rashbrook (Oecologia, 1998)

Effects of third intracerebroventricular injections of corticotropin- releasing factor (CRF) on ethanol drinking and food intake - S. Michael Bell; James G. Reynolds; Todd E. Thiele; Jane Gan; D. P. Figlewicz; Stephen C. Woods (Psychopharmacology, 1998)

Neuroplasticity in the cat's visual system - B. R. Payne; Stephen G. Lomber (Experimental Brain Research, 1998)

Defined medium for normal adult human prostatic stromal cells - Donna M. Peehl; Robert G. Sellers; Stephen T. Wong (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 1998)