A nozzle design for mitigating particle slowing in the bow shock region during micro-cold spray of 8 YSZ films - Stephen G. Bierschenk; Desiderio Kovar (Journal of Aerosol Science, 2024)

Examining racial and ethnic heat exposure disparities in New York City (NYC) across different spatial and political scales through geographic effect measure modification - Nadav L. Sprague; Stephen P. Uong; Ahuva L. Jacobowitz; Samuel E. Packard; James W. Quinn; Katherine M. Keyes; Andrew G. Rundle (Environmental Research, 2024)

Vertical structure of flows on a shallow reef flat: A coral reef surf zone - Stephen G. Monismith; Samantha A. Maticka; Justin S. Rogers; Ben Hefner; C. Brock Woodson (Coastal Engineering, 2024)

Skull of a new periptychid mammal from the lower Paleocene Denver Formation of Colorado (Corral Bluffs, El Paso County) - Lucas N. Weaver; Jordan W. Crowell; Stephen G. B. Chester; Tyler R. Lyson (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2024)
The Periptychidae, an extinct group of archaic ungulates (‘condylarths’), were the most speciose eutherian mammals in the earliest Paleocene of North America, epitomizing mammalian ascendency after the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) mass extinction. Although periptychids are mostly known from fragmentary gnathic remains, the Corral Bluffs area within the Denver Basin, Colorado, has yielded numerous exceptionally well-preserved mammalian fossils, including periptychids, from the earliest Paleocene. Here we describe a partial cranium and articulated dentaries plus an additional unassociated dentary fragment of a small-bodied (~273–455 g) periptychid from ca. 610 thousand years after the K–Pg mass extinction (Puercan 2 North American Land Mammal ‘age’) at Corral Bluffs. Based on these new fossils we erect Militocodon lydae gen. et sp. nov. The dentition of M. lydae exhibits synapomorphies that diagnose the Conacodontinae, but it is plesiomorphic relative to Oxyacodon , resembling putatively basal periptychids like Mimatuta and Maiorana in several dental traits. As such, we interpret M. lydae as a basal conacodontine. Its skull anatomy does not reveal clear periptychid synapomorphies and instead resembles that of arctocyonids and other primitive eutherians. M. lydae falls along a dental morphocline from basal periptychids to derived conacodontines, which we hypothesize reflects a progressive, novel modification of the hypocone to enhance orthal shearing and crushing rather than grinding mastication. The discovery and thorough descriptions and comparisons of the partial M. lydae skull represent an important step toward unraveling the complex evolutionary history of periptychid mammals.

Development and physical characteristics of the Irish shelf-edge Macnas Mounds, Porcupine Seabight, NE Atlantic - Erica Terese Krueger; Vincent Mouchi; Xavier Monteys; Stephen McCarron; Aaron Lim; Quentin G. Crowley (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2024)
Modern cold-water corals (CWCs) occur in a wide range of water depths, with Desmophyllum pertusum being one of the most common species. Pleistocene, Holocene, and modern coral mound formation by living CWC reefs have previously been described in the Porcupine Seabight from water depths greater than 700 m in the vicinity of the transitional zone between the Eastern North Atlantic Water and Mediterranean Outflow Water. Here we document occurrence of fossil corals retrieved from two cores at 370 m depth in the Macnas Mounds, a relatively shallow occurrence for mounds on the Irish shelf-edge. Both cores feature D. pertusum restricted to the upper two metres, immediately overlying an erosive surface and a coeval major down-core change in grain size from sand to mud. Radiocarbon dating of coral specimens indicates the CWC mounds initiated 7.82 Cal ky BP. Our study unequivocally documents the existence of Holocene shelf-edge coral mounds in the eastern Porcupine Seabight and highlights the possibility of other occurrences of CWCs in similar settings elsewhere in the northeast Atlantic. Given that no living CWCs were encountered in the study area, we suggest that the area previously experienced more favourable conditions for CWC mound initiation and development along the shelf-edge margin, possibly due to differing conditions in the European Slope Current which flows northward along the continental slope from south of the Porcupine Bank to the Faroe-Shetland Channel. Graphical Abstract

The companion dog as a model for inflammaging: a cross-sectional pilot study - Sarah M. Schmid; Jessica M. Hoffman; Jena Prescott; Holley Ernst; Daniel E. L. Promislow; Joshua M. Akey; Brooke Benton; Elhanan Borenstein; Marta G. Castelhano; Amanda E. Coleman; Kate E. Creevy; Kyle Crowder; et al. (GeroScience, 2024)

SNAPSHOT USA 2021: A third coordinated national camera trap survey of the U nited S tates - Hila Shamon; Roi Maor; Michael V. Cove; Roland Kays; Jessie Adley; Peter D. Alexander; David N. Allen; Maximilian L. Allen; Cara L. Appel; Evan Barr; Erika L. Barthelmess; Carolina Baruzzi; et al. (Ecology, 2024)
SNAPSHOT USA is a multicontributor, long‐term camera trap survey designed to survey mammals across the United States. Participants are recruited through community networks and directly through a website application ( https://www.snapshot-usa.org/ ). The growing Snapshot dataset is useful, for example, for tracking wildlife population responses to land use, land cover, and climate changes across spatial and temporal scales. Here we present the SNAPSHOT USA 2021 dataset, the third national camera trap survey across the US. Data were collected across 109 camera trap arrays and included 1711 camera sites. The total effort equaled 71,519 camera trap nights and resulted in 172,507 sequences of animal observations. Sampling effort varied among camera trap arrays, with a minimum of 126 camera trap nights, a maximum of 3355 nights, a median 546 nights, and a mean 656 ± 431 nights. This third dataset comprises 51 camera trap arrays that were surveyed during 2019, 2020, and 2021, along with 71 camera trap arrays that were surveyed in 2020 and 2021. All raw data and accompanying metadata are stored on Wildlife Insights ( https://www.wildlifeinsights.org/ ), and are publicly available upon acceptance of the data papers. SNAPSHOT USA aims to sample multiple ecoregions in the United States with adequate representation of each ecoregion according to its relative size. Currently, the relative density of camera trap arrays varies by an order of magnitude for the various ecoregions (0.22–5.9 arrays per 100,000 km 2 ), emphasizing the need to increase sampling effort by further recruiting and retaining contributors. There are no copyright restrictions on these data. We request that authors cite this paper when using these data, or a subset of these data, for publication. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.

Aneuploidy is Linked to Neurological Phenotypes Through Oxidative Stress - Anowarul Islam; Zeeshan Shaukat; Rashid Hussain; Michael G. Ricos; Leanne M. Dibbens; Stephen L. Gregory (Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 2024)
Aneuploidy, having an aberrant genome, is gaining increasing attention in neurodegenerative diseases. It gives rise to proteotoxic stress as well as a stereotypical oxidative shift which makes these cells sensitive to internal and environmental stresses. A growing body of research from numerous laboratories suggests that many neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia, are characterised by neuronal aneuploidy and the ensuing apoptosis, which may contribute to neuronal loss. Using Drosophila as a model, we investigated the effect of induced aneuploidy in GABAergic neurons. We found an increased proportion of aneuploidy due to Mad2 depletion in the third-instar larval brain and increased cell death. Depletion of Mad2 in GABAergic neurons also gave a defective climbing and seizure phenotype. Feeding animals an antioxidant rescued the climbing and seizure phenotype. These findings suggest that increased aneuploidy leads to higher oxidative stress in GABAergic neurons which causes cell death, climbing defects, and seizure phenotype. Antioxidant feeding represents a potential therapy to reduce the aneuploidy-driven neurological phenotype.

Description and taxonomic assessment of fossil Cercopithecidae from the Pliocene Galili Formation (Ethiopia) - Hailay G. Reda; Stephen R. Frost; Evan A. Simons; Jay Quade; Scott W. Simpson (Journal of Human Evolution, 2024)

Application of Sentinel-1 InSAR to monitor tailings dams and predict geotechnical instability: practical considerations based on case study insights - Nahyan M. Rana; Keith B. Delaney; Stephen G. Evans; Evan Deane; Andy Small; Daniel A. M. Adria; Scott McDougall; Negar Ghahramani; W. Andy Take (Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2024)
Tailings storage facilities (TSFs) impound mining waste behind dams to ensure public safety, but failure incidents have prompted calls for more robust monitoring programs. Satellite-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has grown in popularity due to its ability to remotely detect millimeter-scale displacements in most urban and some natural terrains. However, there remains a limited understanding of whether InSAR can be as accurate or representative as on-the-ground instruments, whether failures can be predicted in advance using InSAR, and what variables govern the quality and reliability of InSAR results. To address these gaps, we analyze open-source, medium-resolution Sentinel-1 data to undertake a ground-truth assessment at a test site and a forensic analysis of five failure cases. We use a commercial software with an automated Persistent Scatterer (PS) workflow (SARScape Analytics) for all case study sites except one and a proprietary algorithm (SqueeSAR) with a dual PS and Distributed Scatterer (DS) algorithm for the ground-truth site and one forensic case. The main goal is to deliver practical insights regarding the influence of algorithm/satellite selection, environmental conditions, site activity, coherence thresholds, satellite-dam geometry, and failure modes. We conclude that Sentinel-1 InSAR can serve as a hazard-screening tool to help guide where to undertake targeted investigations; however, most potential failure modes may not exhibit InSAR-detectable accelerations that could assist with time-of-failure prediction in real time. As such, long-term monitoring programs should ideally be integrated with a combination of remote sensing and field instrumentation to best support engineering practice and judgment.

Diverse fates of ancient horizontal gene transfers in extremophilic red algae - Julia Van Etten; Timothy G. Stephens; Erin Chille; Anna Lipzen; Daniel Peterson; Kerrie Barry; Igor V. Grigoriev; Debashish Bhattacharya (Environmental Microbiology, 2024)
Horizontal genetic transfer (HGT) is a common phenomenon in eukaryotic genomes. However, the mechanisms by which HGT‐derived genes persist and integrate into other pathways remain unclear. This topic is of significant interest because, over time, the stressors that initially favoured the fixation of HGT may diminish or disappear. Despite this, the foreign genes may continue to exist if they become part of a broader stress response or other pathways. The conventional model suggests that the acquisition of HGT equates to adaptation. However, this model may evolve into more complex interactions between gene products, a concept we refer to as the ‘Integrated HGT Model’ (IHM). To explore this concept further, we studied specialized HGT‐derived genes that encode heavy metal detoxification functions. The recruitment of these genes into other pathways could provide clear examples of IHM. In our study, we exposed two anciently diverged species of polyextremophilic red algae from the Galdieria genus to arsenic and mercury stress in laboratory cultures. We then analysed the transcriptome data using differential and coexpression analysis. Our findings revealed that mercury detoxification follows a ‘one gene‐one function’ model, resulting in an indivisible response. In contrast, the ars H gene in the arsenite response pathway demonstrated a complex pattern of duplication, divergence and potential neofunctionalization, consistent with the IHM. Our research sheds light on the fate and integration of ancient HGTs, providing a novel perspective on the ecology of extremophiles.

Sex differences in interacting genetic and functional connectivity biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease - Jordan N. Williamson; Shirley A. James; Sean P. Mullen; Bradley P. Sutton; Tracey Wszalek; Beni Mulyana; Peter Mukli; Andriy Yabluchanskiy; Michael Weiner; Paul Aisen; Ronald Petersen; Clifford R. Jack; et al. (GeroScience, 2024)

Applying microelectrodes to investigate aged ductile iron and copper coupon reactivity during free chlorine application - Jennifer E. Liggett; Beatriz C. Gonzalez; Darren A. Lytle; Jonathan G. Pressman; Dionysios D. Dionysiou; Woo Hyoung Lee; Stephen M. Harmon; David G. Wahman (Water Research, 2024)

Confirmation that Antevsia zeilleri microsporangiate organs associated with latest Triassic Lepidopteris ottonis (Peltaspermales) leaves produced Cycadopites-Monosulcites-Chasmatosporites- and Ricciisporites-type monosulcate pollen - Vivi Vajda; Stephen McLoughlin; Sam M. Slater; Ola Gustafsson; Allan G. Rasmusson (Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2024)

Playing both fig sides: the presence and host-switch of Pleistodontes imperialis (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) is confirmed in Greece and Cyprus - Evangelos Koutsoukos; Jakovos Demetriou; Angeliki F. Martinou; Stephen G. Compton; Dimitrios N Avtzis; Jean-Yves Rasplus (Phytoparasitica, 2024)
Several Oriental and Australian species of Ficus have been introduced outside their native range and planted as ornamentals in urban habitats throughout the Mediterranean. This translocation of plant species has led to the introduction of host-specific insects such as their pollinating fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae). Here, the Australian fig wasp Pleistodontes imperialis Saunders, 1882 is reported for the first time from Greece. Partial COI genes were sequenced for specimens sampled in Greece and Cyprus, and they appear to share identical haplotypes. Interestingly, this species-specific wasp not only develops in figs of its usual host, Ficus rubiginosa , but also in figs of Ficus watkinsiana , another Australian species introduced in Greece, which is pollinated by a second agaonid species ( Pleistodontes nigriventris Girault, 1915) in its native range. Although no negative economic or environmental impacts have been observed yet, monitoring of alien Ficus spp. in the region is encouraged to prevent their possible establishment in natural habitats.

Stored alcohol and fatty acid intermediates and the biosynthesis of sex pheromone aldehyde in the moth Chloridea virescens - Stephen P. Foster; Karin G. Anderson (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2024)
In most species of moths, the female produces and releases a volatile sex pheromone from a specific gland to attract a mate. Biosynthesis of the most common type of moth sex pheromone component (Type 1) involves de novo synthesis of hexadecanoate (16:Acyl), followed by modification to various fatty acyl intermediates, then reduction to a primary alcohol, which may be acetylated or oxidized to produce an acetate ester or aldehyde, respectively. Our previous work on the moth Chloridea virescens (Noctuidae) showed that females produce 90% of the major pheromone component, ( Z )-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), via a direct and rapid route of de novo biosynthesis with highly labile intermediates, and ca. 10% from an indirect route that likely mobilizes a pre-synthesized 16-carbon skeleton, possibly, ( Z )-11-hexadecenoate (Z11-16:Acyl) or hexadecanoate (16:Acyl). In this paper, we use stable isotope tracer/tracee techniques to study the dynamics of the precursor alcohol ( Z )-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16:OH) and stores of Z11-16:Acyl and 16:Acyl to determine their roles in biosynthesis of Z11-16:Ald. We found: (i) that intracellular Z11-16:OH is synthesized at roughly the same rate as Z11-16:Ald, indicating that translocation and oxidation of this moiety does not rate limit biosynthesis of Z11-16:Ald, (ii) intracellular Z11-16:OH consists of two pools, a highly labile one rapidly translocated out of the cell and converted to Z11-16:Ald, and a less labile one that mostly remains in gland cells, (iii) during pheromone biosynthesis, net stores of Z11-16:Acyl increase, suggesting it is not the source of Z11-16:Ald produced by the indirect route, and (iv) no evidence for the gland synthesizing stored 16:Acyl prior to (up to 2 days before eclosion), or after, synthesis of pheromone commenced, suggesting the bulk of this stored moiety is synthesized elsewhere and transported to the gland prior to gland maturation. Thus, the pheromone gland of C . virescens produces very little stored fat over its functional lifetime, being optimized to produce sex pheromone.

Bottom and Suspended Sediment Backscatter Measurements in a Flume—Towards Quantitative Bed and Water Column Properties - Thaiënne A. G. P. Van Dijk; Marc Roche; Xavier Lurton; Ridha Fezzani; Stephen M. Simmons; Sven Gastauer; Peer Fietzek; Chris Mesdag; Laurent Berger; Mark Klein Breteler; Dan R. Parsons (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2024)
For health and impact studies of water systems, monitoring underwater environments is essential, for which multi-frequency single- and multibeam echosounders are commonly used state-of-the-art technologies. However, the current scarcity of sediment reference datasets of both bottom backscatter angular response and water column scattering hampers empirical data interpretation. Comprehensive reference data derived from measurements in a controlled environment should optimize the use of empirical backscatter data. To prepare for such innovative experiments, we conducted a feasibility experiment in the Delta Flume (Deltares, The Netherlands). Several configurations of sonar data were recorded of the flume floor and suspended sediment plumes. The results revealed that flume reverberation was sufficiently low and that the differential settling of fine-sand plumes in the water column was clearly detected. Following this successful feasibility test, future comprehensive experiments will feature multi-frequency multi-angle measurements on a variety of sediment types, additional scatterers and sediment plumes, resulting in reference datasets for an improved interpretation of underwater backscatter measurements for scientific observation and sustainable management.

Facultative lifestyle drives diversity of coral algal symbionts - Debashish Bhattacharya; Timothy G. Stephens; Erin E. Chille; L. Felipe Benites; Cheong Xin Chan (Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2024)

Influence of phosphate on bacterial release from activated carbon point-of-use filters and on biofilm characteristics - Gemma G. Clark; Dietrich Geisler; Evan J. Coey; Lance J. Pollitz; Farzana R. Zaki; Conghui Huang; Stephen A. Boppart; Thanh H. Nguyen (Science of The Total Environment, 2024)

Maximising environmental pressure-response relationship signals from diatom-based metabarcoding in rivers - Martyn G. Kelly; David G. Mann; Joe D. Taylor; Stephen Juggins; Kerry Walsh; Jo-Anne Pitt; Daniel S. Read (Science of The Total Environment, 2024)

Biotic transformation of methylmercury at the onset of the Arctic spring bloom - Stephen G. Kohler; Lars-Eric Heimbürger-Boavida; Philipp Assmy; Oliver Müller; Stefan Thiele; Maria G. Digernes; Kuria Ndungu; Murat V. Ardelan (Progress in Oceanography, 2024)

Characterization of the modulatory effect of zeaxanthin isolated from maize kernels on cellular signaling pathways associated with hyperglycemia-induced HepG2 cell proliferation - T. Maradagi; N.M. Stephen; R. Kumar; K.N. Ramudu; G. Ponesakki (PharmaNutrition, 2024)

Original plant diversity and ecosystems of a small, remote oceanic island (Corvo, Azores): Implications for biodiversity conservation - Simon E. Connor; Tara Lewis; Jacqueline F.N. van Leeuwen; W.O. (Pim) van der Knaap; Hanno Schaefer; Nicholas Porch; Ana I. Gomes; Stephen B. Piva; Patricia Gadd; Petr Kuneš; Simon G. Haberle; Matthew A. Adeleye; et al. (Biological Conservation, 2024)

Estimation of ammonia deposition to forest ecosystems in Scotland and Sri Lanka using wind-controlled NH3 enhancement experiments - Ajinkya G. Deshpande; Matthew R. Jones; Netty van Dijk; Neil J. Mullinger; Duncan Harvey; Robert Nicoll; Galina Toteva; Gothamie Weerakoon; Sarath Nissanka; Buddhika Weerakoon; Maude Grenier; Agata Iwanicka; et al. (Atmospheric Environment, 2024)

Stakeholders’ perceptions of and preferences for utilizing fonio (Digitaria exilis) to enrich local diets for food and nutritional security in Nigeria - Abdou Razakou Ibrahim Bio Yerima; Happiness Oselebe; Catherine V. Nnamani; Catherine Ifekwe; Charlotte O. A. Adje; Emmanuel H. Kwon-Ndung; Celestine A. Afiukwa; Edak A. Uyoh; Suleiman Dangana Abdul; H. I. Opaluwa; Stephen Dachi; Enoch G. Achigan-Dako (Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2024)

Feasibility of tracking invasive Escherichia coli disease among older adults in a community setting: A prospective observational study - Joachim Doua; Miquel Ekkelenkamp; Theo Verheij; Oscar Go; Stephen Ruhmel; Kimberly Leathers; Bart Spiessens; Sanne van Rooij; Vance G. Fowler; Jeroen Geurtsen; Rowena Dolor; Michal Sarnecki; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2024)
Purpose Invasive Escherichia coli disease (IED) encompasses a diverse range of sterile site infections. This study evaluated the feasibility of capturing IED among community-dwelling older adults to inform the implementation of a phase 3 efficacy trial of a novel vaccine against IED (NCT04899336). Methods EXPECT-1 (NCT04087681) was a prospective, multinational, observational study conducted in medically stable participants aged ≥ 60 years. At least 50% of participants were selected based on a history of urinary tract infection (UTI) in the previous 10 years. The main outcomes were the incidence of IED and the number of hospitalisations reported by the site vs participant. The length of follow-up was 12 months. In a US-based substudy, a smartphone-based geofencing was evaluated to track hospital entries. Results In total, 4470 participants were enrolled (median age, 70.0 years); 59.5% (2657/4469) of participants had a history of UTI in the previous 10 years. Four IED events were captured through deployment of different tracking methods: a self-report, a general practitioner (GP) report, and a follow-up call. The incidence rate of IED was 98.6 events per 100,000 person-years. The number of reported hospitalisations was 2529/4470 (56.6%) by the site and 2177/4470 (48.7%) by participants; 13.8% of hospitalisations would have been missed if utilising only site reports. Geofencing detected 72 hospital entries. Conclusion Deployment of multiple tracking methods can optimise detection of IED among community-dwelling older adults. Older adults with a history of UTI could be feasibly targeted for a phase 3 vaccine efficacy trial through a network of GPs.

Analysis of Uncertainty and Sensitivity in Tailings Dam Breach-Runout Numerical Modelling - Negar Ghahramani; Daniel A. M. Adria; Nahyan M. Rana; Marcelo Llano-Serna; Scott McDougall; Stephen G. Evans; W. Andy Take (Mine Water and the Environment, 2024)
Tailings dam breaches (TDBs) and subsequent flows can pose significant risk to public safety, the environment, and the economy. Numerical runout models are used to simulate potential tailings flows and understand their downstream impacts. Due to the complex nature of the breach-runout processes, the mobility and downstream impacts of these types of failures are highly uncertain. We applied the first-order second-moment (FOSM) methodology to a database of 11 back-analyzed historical tailings flows to evaluate uncertainties in TDB runout modelling and conducted a sensitivity analysis to identify key factors contributing to the variability of the HEC-RAS model output, including at different locations along the runout path. The results indicate that prioritizing resources toward advancements in estimating the values of primary contributors to the sensitivity of the selected model outputs is necessary for more reliable model results. We found that the total released volume is among the top contributors to the sensitivity of modelled inundation area and maximum flow depth, while surface roughness is among the top contributors to the sensitivity of modelled maximum flow velocity and flow front arrival time. However, the primary contributors to the sensitivity of the model outputs varied depending on the case study; therefore, the selection of appropriate rheological models and consideration of site-specific conditions are crucial for accurate predictions. The study proposes and demonstrates the FOSM methodology as an approximate probabilistic approach to model-based tailings flow runout prediction, which can help improve the accuracy of risk assessments and emergency response plans.

Oxygen dynamics in a deep‐silled fjord: Tight coupling to the open shelf - Charles G. Hannah; Sophia C. Johannessen; Cynthia A. Wright; Stephen J. Page (Limnology and Oceanography, 2024)
Oxygen is declining globally in subsurface seawater. Fjords are particularly susceptible to hypoxia, because entrance sills restrict water circulation. We studied the oxygen dynamics of the Kitimat Fjord System on the west coast of Canada, using 3 yr of data from moored sensors and water column profiles. Subsurface oxygen within the fjord system is principally controlled by the connection to Hecate Strait on the outer shelf. Variations in oxygen concentration in Hecate Strait are reflected in the water that is drawn into the fjord system year‐round at mid‐depth (50–150 m). Deep water is renewed annually, beginning in May/June. Remineralization results in a seasonal decline in oxygen at depth. In the absence of deep‐water renewal, the bottom water in the system could become hypoxic in 1–2 yr. Mixing over a shallow inner sill (100 m) replenishes the oxygen in the deep water of Gardner Canal year‐round. The decadal trends in oxygen concentration show an increase from the 1950s to a maximum in the late 1970s, followed by a decline through 2016. The decline over the period 1977–2016 is 0.018 mL L −1 yr −1 (~ 0.83 μ mol L −1 yr −1 ), which is consistent with the decline observed over the upper continental shelf over the same period.

Percutaneous biopsies of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in individuals older than 70: methods and outcomes in the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA) - Zeke Zamora; Li-Yung Lui; Lauren M. Sparks; Jamie Justice; Mary Lyles; Landon Gentle; Heather Gregory; Reichelle X. Yeo; Erin E. Kershaw; Maja Stefanovic-Racic; Anne B. Newman; Stephen Kritchevsky; et al. (GeroScience, 2024)

Quantifying the combined impacts of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and watershed alteration on estuary acidification at biologically-relevant time scales: a case study from Tillamook Bay, OR, USA - Stephen R. Pacella; Cheryl A. Brown; James E. Kaldy; Rochelle G. Labiosa; Burke Hales; T Chris Mochon Collura; George G. Waldbusser (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2024)
The impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on coastal water quality have been subject to intensive research in the past decade, but how emissions-driven OA combines with human modifications of coastal river inputs to affect estuarine acidification dynamics is less well understood. This study presents a methodology for quantifying the synergistic water quality impacts of OA and riverine acidification on biologically-relevant timescales through a case study from a small, temperate estuary influenced by coastal upwelling and watershed development. We characterized the dynamics and drivers of carbonate chemistry in Tillamook Bay, OR (USA), along with its coastal ocean and riverine end-members, through a series of synoptic samplings and continuous water quality monitoring from July 2017 to July 2018. Synoptic river sampling showed acidification and increased CO 2 content in areas with higher proportions of watershed anthropogenic land use. We propagated the impacts of 1). the observed riverine acidification, and 2). modeled OA changes to incoming coastal ocean waters across the full estuarine salinity spectrum and quantified changes in estuarine carbonate chemistry at a 15-minute temporal resolution. The largest magnitude of acidification (-1.4 pH T units) was found in oligo- and mesohaline portions of the estuary due to the poor buffering characteristics of these waters, and was primarily driven by acidified riverine inputs. Despite this, emissions-driven OA is responsible for over 94% of anthropogenic carbon loading to Tillamook Bay and the dominant driver of acidification across most of the estuary due to its large tidal prism and relatively small river discharges. This dominance of ocean-sourced anthropogenic carbon challenges the efficacy of local management actions to ameliorate estuarine acidification impacts. Despite the relatively large acidification effects experienced in Tillamook Bay (-0.16 to -0.23 pH T units) as compared with typical open ocean change (approximately -0.1 pH T units), observations of estuarine pH T would meet existing state standards for pH T . Our analytical framework addresses pressing needs for water quality assessment and coastal resilience strategies to differentiate the impacts of anthropogenic acidification from natural variability in dynamic estuarine systems.

A large-scale experiment finds no consistent evidence of change in mortality or commercial productivity in silverlip pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) exposed to a seismic source survey - Miles J.G. Parsons; Diego R. Barneche; Conrad W. Speed; Robert D. McCauley; Ryan D. Day; Cecile Dang; Rebecca Fisher; Hosna Gholipour-Kanani; Stephen J. Newman; Jayson M. Semmens; Mark G. Meekan (Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2024)

Applications of perovskite oxides for the cleanup and mechanism of action of emerging contaminants/steroid hormones in water - Ajibola A. Bayode; Stephen Sunday Emmanuel; Andrea Osti; Chidinma G. Olorunnisola; Abisola O. Egbedina; Daniel T. Koko; Demilade T. Adedipe; Brigitte Helmreich; Martins O. Omorogie (Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2024)

Developing expert scientific consensus on the environmental and societal effects of marine artificial structures prior to decommissioning - Antony M. Knights; Anaëlle J. Lemasson; Louise B. Firth; Todd Bond; Jeremy Claisse; Joop W.P. Coolen; Andrea Copping; Jennifer Dannheim; Michela De Dominicis; Steven Degraer; Michael Elliott; Paul G. Fernandes; et al. (Journal of Environmental Management, 2024)

Correction to: Training the next generation of pharmacometric modelers: a multisector perspective - Peter L. Bonate; Jeffrey S. Barrett; Sihem Ait-Oudhia; Richard Brundage; Brian Corrigan; Stephen Duffull; Marc Gastonguay; Mats O. Karlsson; Shinichi Kijima; Andreas Krause; Mark Lovern; Matthew M. Riggs; et al. (Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 2024)

Training the next generation of pharmacometric modelers: a multisector perspective - Peter L. Bonate; Jeffrey S. Barrett; Sihem Ait-Oudhia; Richard Brundage; Brian Corrigan; Stephen Duffull; Marc Gastonguay; Mats O. Karlsson; Shinichi Kijima; Andreas Krause; Mark Lovern; Matthew M. Riggs; et al. (Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 2024)

Degradation kinetics of veterinary antibiotics and estrogenic hormones in a claypan soil - Adam H. Moody; Robert N. Lerch; Keith W. Goyne; Stephen H. Anderson; David G. Mendoza-Cózatl; David A. Alvarez (Chemosphere, 2024)

Microplastic contamination in edible marine fishes from the upper Gulf of Thailand - Sirawich Srisiri; Thanida Haetrakul; Stephen G. Dunbar; Nantarika Chansue (Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2024)

Microbes, the ‘silent third partners’ of bee–angiosperm mutualisms - Shawn A. Steffan; Prarthana S. Dharampal; Jordan G. Kueneman; Alexander Keller; Magda P. Argueta-Guzmán; Quinn S. McFrederick; Stephen L. Buchmann; Rachel L. Vannette; Anna F. Edlund; Celeste C. Mezera; Nolan Amon; Bryan N. Danforth (Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2024)

Exposure to petroleum-derived and biopolymer microplastics affect fast start escape performance and aerobic metabolism in a marine fish - Ashleigh M. Hawke; José E. Trujillo; Indrawati Oey; Stephen G. Giteru; Bridie J.M. Allan (Science of The Total Environment, 2024)

A detailed stratigraphic and taphonomic reassessment of the late Paleozoic fossil flora from Promontory Butte, Arizona - William A. DiMichele; Spencer G. Lucas; Cortland F. Eble; Hans Kerp; Stephen J. Reynolds; Paul May; Kathleen B. Pigg (Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2024)

To what extent can decommissioning options for marine artificial structures move us toward environmental targets? - Antony M. Knights; Anaëlle J. Lemasson; Louise B. Firth; Nicola Beaumont; Silvana Birchenough; Jeremy Claisse; Joop W.P. Coolen; Andrea Copping; Michela De Dominicis; Steven Degraer; Michael Elliott; Paul G. Fernandes; et al. (Journal of Environmental Management, 2024)

Depositional and diagenetic controls on the reservoir quality of Early Miocene syn-rift deep-marine sandstones, NW Saudi Arabia - Muhammad Naveed Butt; Stephen G. Franks; Arif Hussain; Abduljamiu Olalekan Amao; Abdulwahab Muhammad Bello; Khalid Al-Ramadan (Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2024)

Interaction of mitoxantrone with abasic sites - DNA strand cleavage and inhibition of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1, APE1 - Irina G. Minko; Samantha A. Moellmer; Michael M. Luzadder; Rachana Tomar; Michael P. Stone; Amanda K. McCullough; R. Stephen Lloyd (DNA Repair, 2024)

Few havens for threatened Australian animal taxa that are highly susceptible to introduced and problematic native species - John C. Z. Woinarski; David G. Chapple; Stephen T. Garnett; Sarah M. Legge; Mark Lintermans; Ben C. Scheele (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2024)

Diverse pathways for climate resilience in marine fishery systems - Jacob G. Eurich; Whitney R. Friedman; Kristin M. Kleisner; Lily Z. Zhao; Christopher M. Free; Meghan Fletcher; Julia G. Mason; Kanae Tokunaga; Alba Aguion; Andrea Dell'Apa; Mark Dickey‐Collas; Rod Fujita; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2024)
Both the ecological and social dimensions of fisheries are being affected by climate change. As a result, policymakers, managers, scientists and fishing communities are seeking guidance on how to holistically build resilience to climate change. Numerous studies have highlighted key attributes of resilience in fisheries, yet concrete examples that explicitly link these attributes to social‐ecological outcomes are lacking. To better understand climate resilience, we assembled 18 case studies spanning ecological, socio‐economic, governance and geographic contexts. Using a novel framework for evaluating 38 resilience attributes, the case studies were systematically assessed to understand how attributes enable or inhibit resilience to a given climate stressor. We found population abundance, learning capacity, and responsive governance were the most important attributes for conferring resilience, with ecosystem connectivity, place attachment, and accountable governance scoring the strongest across the climate‐resilient fisheries. We used these responses to develop an attribute typology that describes robust sources of resilience, actionable priority attributes and attributes that are case specific or require research. We identified five fishery archetypes to guide stakeholders as they set long‐term goals and prioritize actions to improve resilience. Lastly, we found evidence for two pathways to resilience: (1) building ecological assets and strengthening communities, which we observed in rural and small‐scale fisheries, and (2) building economic assets and improving effective governance, which was demonstrated in urban and wealthy fisheries. Our synthesis presents a novel framework that can be directly applied to identify approaches, pathways and actionable levers for improving climate resilience in fishery systems.

Life cycle assessment of a decoupled biofloc aquaponics facility across seasons - Rohit Kalvakaalva; Mollie Smith; Stephen A. Prior; G. Brett Runion; Emmanuel Ayipio; Caroline Blanchard; Daniel Wells; David Blersch; Sushil Adhikari; Rishi Prasad; Terril R. Hanson; Brendan T. Higgins (Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023)

Functional morphology of plesiadapiform distal phalanges and implications for the evolution of arboreality in Paleogene euarchontans - Stephanie A. Maiolino; Stephen G. B. Chester; Doug M. Boyer; Jonathan I. Bloch (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2023)

Insights from the Compilation and Critical Assessment of Breach and Runout Characteristics from Historical Tailings Dam Failures: Implications for Numerical Modelling - Daniel A. M. Adria; Negar Ghahramani; Nahyan M. Rana; Violeta Martin; Scott McDougall; Stephen G. Evans; W. Andy Take (Mine Water and the Environment, 2023)
Numerical models are used for detailed and site-specific tailings dam breach analyses (TDBAs) to estimate the downstream inundation and deposition resulting from a potential breach at a tailings dam. The results of TDBAs are key inputs into risk assessments, consequence classification, and emergency planning. This paper describes the research and development of a database of 12 tailings dam breach events with a specific focus on observations that are needed for numerical modelling, in conjunction with an assessment of existing dam breach conventions to improve consistency in reporting. The characteristics relevant to modelling include outflow volumes, breach processes, breach geometries, and runout observations local to the downstream area. This study and the new database shed light on the diversity of outflow materials, facility arrangements, breach processes, and downstream environments that affect the breach development and tailings runout. Familiarity with case studies is a crucial element of expert judgement for forward-analysis TDBAs, which this database supports. The database can also be used to define model inputs for back-analysis of additional tailings dam breach events, and simultaneously provides calibration or validation constraints with the runout observations. Continued review and critical assessments are needed to reduce uncertainties and to enhance case history data availability and quality in this database.

Review of Solar Energetic Particle Prediction Models - Kathryn Whitman; Ricky Egeland; Ian G. Richardson; Clayton Allison; Philip Quinn; Janet Barzilla; Irina Kitiashvili; Viacheslav Sadykov; Hazel M. Bain; Mark Dierckxsens; M. Leila Mays; Tilaye Tadesse; et al. (Advances in Space Research, 2023)

Utilisation of probiotics for disease management in giant freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ): Administration methods, antagonistic effects and immune response - Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed; Shuva Bhowmik; Fatema Ahmmed; Stephen G. Giteru; Shikder Saiful Islam; Mayssa Hachem; Md. Ashraf Hussain; Osman N. Kanwugu; Dominic Agyei; Tom Defoirdt (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2023)
The giant freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) is a high‐yielding prawn variety well‐received worldwide due to its ability to adapt to freshwater culture systems. Macrobrachium rosenbergii is an alternative to shrimp typically obtained from marine and brackish aquaculture systems. However, the use of intensive culture systems can lead to disease outbreaks, particularly in larval and post‐larval stages, caused by pathogenic agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, yeasts and protozoans. White tail disease (viral), white spot syndrome (viral) and bacterial necrosis are examples of economically significant diseases. Given the increasing antibiotic resistance of disease‐causing microorganisms, probiotics have emerged as promising alternatives for disease control. Probiotics are live active microbes that are introduced into a target host in an adequate number or dose to promote its health. In the present paper, we first discuss the diseases that occur in M. rosenbergii production, followed by an in‐depth discussion on probiotics. We elaborate on the common methods of probiotics administration and explain the beneficial health effects of probiotics as immunity enhancers. Moreover, we discuss the antagonistic effects of probiotics on pathogenic microorganisms. Altogether, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of disease control in M. rosenbergii aquaculture through the use of probiotics, which could enhance the sustainability of prawn culture.

Lower muscle mitochondrial energetics is associated with greater phenotypic frailty in older women and men: the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging - Theresa Mau; Haley N. Barnes; Terri L. Blackwell; Philip A. Kramer; Scott R. Bauer; David J. Marcinek; Sofhia V. Ramos; Daniel E. Forman; Frederico G. S. Toledo; Russell T. Hepple; Stephen B. Kritchevsky; Steven R. Cummings; et al. (GeroScience, 2023)

In vitro and in vivo accumulation of the anticancer Ru complexes [RuII(cym)(HQ)Cl] and [RuII(cym)(PCA)Cl]Cl - Mie Riisom; Stuart J. Morrow; Caitlin D. Herbert; William D. J. Tremlett; Jonathan W. Astin; Stephen M. F. Jamieson; Christian G. Hartinger (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2023)

Bacteriophages from faecal contamination are an important reservoir for AMR in aquatic environments - Tristan M. Nolan; Laura Sala-Comorera; Liam J. Reynolds; Niamh A. Martin; Jayne H. Stephens; Gregory M.P. O'Hare; John J. O'Sullivan; Wim G. Meijer (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

Strategies to reduce environmental impacts from textiles: Extending clothing wear life compared to fibre displacement assessed using consequential LCA - Stephen G. Wiedemann; Simon J. Clarke; Quan V. Nguyen; Zhong Xiang Cheah; Aaron T. Simmons (Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2023)

Geogenic particles induce bronchial susceptibility to non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae - Lewis J. Williams; Stephen G. Tristram; Graeme R. Zosky (Environmental Research, 2023)

Prediction of the Renal Organic Anion Transporter 1 (OAT1)- Mediated Drug Interactions for LY404039, the Active Metabolite of Pomaglumetad Methionil - Y. Anne Pak; Maria M. Posada; James Bacon; Amanda Long; William Annes; Jennifer Witcher; Malcolm Mitchell; Rommel G. Tirona; Stephen D. Hall; Kathleen M. Hillgren (Pharmaceutical Research, 2023)

Isopropyl alcohol inhalation versus 5-HT3 antagonists for treatment of nausea: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials - James S. Kimber; Joshua G. Kovoor; John M. Glynatsis; Samuel J. West; Thi Thien Nhi Mai; Jonathan Henry W. Jacobsen; Christopher D. Ovenden; Stephen Bacchi; Joseph N. Hewitt; Aashray K. Gupta; Suzanne Edwards; Fiona J. Taverner; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023)
Purpose Nausea is a common and unpleasant sensation for which current therapies such as serotonin (5-HT 3 ) antagonists are often ineffective, while also conferring a risk of potential adverse events. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) has been proposed as a treatment for nausea. We aimed to compare IPA with 5-HT 3 antagonists for the treatment of nausea across all clinical settings. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, CENTRAL and CINAHL were searched from inception to 17 July 2023 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing inhaled IPA and a 5-HT 3 antagonist for treatment of nausea. Severity and duration of nausea, rescue antiemetic use, adverse events and patient satisfaction were the outcomes sought. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using Cochrane RoB 2. Random-effects model was used for meta-analysis. Combination of meta-analyses and narrative review was used to synthesise findings. The evidence was appraised using GRADE. Results From 1242 records, 4 RCTs were included with 382 participants. Participants receiving IPA had a significantly lower mean time to 50% reduction in nausea (MD − 20.06; 95% CI − 26.26, − 13.85). Nausea score reduction at 30 min was significantly greater in the IPA group (MD 21.47; 95% CI 15.47, 27.47). IPA led to significantly reduced requirement for rescue antiemetics (OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.37, 0.95; p = 0.03). IPA led to no significant difference in patient satisfaction when compared with a 5-HT 3 antagonist. The overall GRADE assessment of evidence quality ranged from very low to low. Conclusion IPA may provide rapid, effective relief of nausea when compared with 5-HT 3 antagonists.

Pollinator attraction in the Ficus deltoidea complex: Varietal specificity in a fig wasp that likes to stay close to home - Siti Khairiyah Mohd Hatta; Rupert J. Quinnell; Stephen G. Compton (Acta Oecologica, 2023)

Skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression is upregulated in aged human adults with excess adiposity but is not associated with insulin resistance and ageing - Andrew Wilhelmsen; Francis B. Stephens; Andrew J. Bennett; Leonidas G. Karagounis; Simon W. Jones; Kostas Tsintzas (GeroScience, 2023)
Myostatin negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth and appears upregulated in human obesity and associated with insulin resistance. However, observations are confounded by ageing, and the mechanisms responsible are unknown. The aim of this study was to delineate between the effects of excess adiposity, insulin resistance and ageing on myostatin mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle and to investigate causative factors using in vitro models. An in vivo cross-sectional analysis of human skeletal muscle was undertaken to isolate effects of excess adiposity and ageing per se on myostatin expression. In vitro studies employed human primary myotubes to investigate the potential involvement of cross-talk between subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and skeletal muscle, and lipid-induced insulin resistance. Skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression was greater in aged adults with excess adiposity than age-matched adults with normal adiposity (2.0-fold higher; P < 0.05) and occurred concurrently with altered expression of genes involved in the maintenance of muscle mass but did not differ between younger and aged adults with normal adiposity. Neither chronic exposure to obese SAT secretome nor acute elevation of fatty acid availability (which induced insulin resistance) replicated the obesity-mediated upregulation of myostatin mRNA expression in vitro. In conclusion, skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression is uniquely upregulated in aged adults with excess adiposity and insulin resistance but not by ageing alone. This does not appear to be mediated by the SAT secretome or by lipid-induced insulin resistance. Thus, factors intrinsic to skeletal muscle may be responsible for the obesity-mediated upregulation of myostatin, and future work to establish causality is required.

Insights into the interaction between defrosting seasonal ices and gully activity from CaSSIS and HiRISE observations in Sisyphi Cavi, Mars - K. Pasquon; S.J. Conway; M. Vincendon; M. Massé; J. Raack; A. Noblet; A. Grau Galofre; C. Morino; G. Munaretto; A. Lucchetti; M. Pajola; Stephen R. Lewis (Planetary and Space Science, 2023)

The ‘seed-fern’ Lepidopteris mass-produced the abnormal pollen Ricciisporites during the end-Triassic biotic crisis - Vivi Vajda; Stephen McLoughlin; Sam M. Slater; Ola Gustafsson; Allan G. Rasmusson (Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2023)

Ecophenotypic variation or genetic differentiation? Ambiguity of morphological and molecular relationships presents uncertainty in host-specific plasticity of Chelonibia barnacles - Emily C. Hyatt; William K. Hayes; Stephen G. Dunbar (Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2023)

Conservation of skinks in New Zealand cities - Christopher K. Woolley; Stephen Hartley; John G. Innes; Danielle F. Shanahan; Yolanda van Heezik; Deborah J. Wilson; Nicola J. Nelson (Urban Ecosystems, 2023)
Urbanisation dramatically alters ecosystems, disrupting key processes and threatening species persistence. Despite growing knowledge of the impacts of cities on wildlife, particularly for birds and mammals, there remains a paucity of research on how urbanisation impacts other taxa, including reptiles. We examined how urbanisation affects skink communities across multiple New Zealand cities by undertaking pitfall trapping surveys in a range of habitats. Of the 20 endemic species thought to have been present historically in the cities, only four were captured during surveys, Oligosoma aeneum in Hamilton; O. polychroma , O. aeneum , and O. ornatum in Wellington; O. polychroma in Nelson; and O. aff. polychroma Clade 5 in Dunedin. Our results reveal highly variable patterns of occupancy, abundance, and complex associations with key threats and habitat modifications. Sites in Nelson and Wellington were much more likely to record skinks than Hamilton and Dunedin, and modelling showed abundance of O. polychroma was positively related to rat tracking rates when grass cover was low but showed a negative relationship when grass cover was high. O. polychroma body condition was negatively associated with the proportion of urban land cover (built up areas or transport infrastructure). The low number of captures of several species is concerning and long-term monitoring is needed to assess the trajectories of these vulnerable populations. Effective conservation management of urban wildlife requires knowledge of where populations exist and how urban processes affect persistence. For understudied urban-dwelling taxa such as reptiles, the lack of this information may be putting populations at risk.

Effect of the mGlu4 positive allosteric modulator ADX-88178 on parkinsonism, psychosis-like behaviours and dyskinesia in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset - Imane Frouni; Cynthia Kwan; Dominique Bédard; Woojin Kang; Adjia Hamadjida; Stephen G. Nuara; Jim C. Gourdon; Philippe Huot (Psychopharmacology, 2023)

The mGluR2/3 orthosteric agonist LY-404,039 reduces dyskinesia, psychosis-like behaviours and parkinsonism in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset - Woojin Kang; Stephen G. Nuara; Dominique Bédard; Imane Frouni; Cynthia Kwan; Adjia Hamadjida; Jim C. Gourdon; Fleur Gaudette; Francis Beaudry; Philippe Huot (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2023)

The effects of seasonal changes on the dynamics of a fig tree's pollination - J. Jauharlina; Rupert J. Quinnell; Hamish G. Robertson; Stephen G. Compton (Acta Oecologica, 2023)

Differences in microplastic degradation in the atmosphere and coastal water environment from two island nations: Japan and New Zealand - Edward G. Nagato; Hemanth Noothalapati; Chihiro Kogumasaka; Sota Kakii; Sarwar Hossain; Keita Iwasaki; Yuki Takai; Yohei Shimasaki; Masato Honda; Kazuichi Hayakawa; Tatsuyuki Yamamoto; Stephen D.J. Archer (Environmental Pollution, 2023)

Functional analyses of single nucleotide polymorphic variants of the DNA glycosylase NEIL1 in sub-Saharan African populations - Jamie T. Zuckerman; Irina G. Minko; Melis Kant; Pawel Jaruga; Michael P. Stone; Miral Dizdaroglu; Amanda K. McCullough; R. Stephen Lloyd (DNA Repair, 2023)

Differences in fine arabinoxylan structures govern microbial selection and competition among human gut microbiota - Tianming Yao; Dane G. Deemer; Ming-Hsu Chen; Bradley L. Reuhs; Bruce R. Hamaker; Stephen R. Lindemann (Carbohydrate Polymers, 2023)

Distribution of [11C]-JNJ-42491293 in the marmoset brain: a positron emission tomography study - Min Su Kang; Adjia Hamadjida; Dominique Bédard; Stephen G. Nuara; Jim C. Gourdon; Stephen Frey; Arturo Aliaga; Karen Ross; Robert Hopewell; Hussein Bdair; Axel Mathieu; Christine Lucas Tardif; et al. (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2023)

The spontaneous mouse mutant low set ears (Lse) is caused by tandem duplication of Fgf3 and Fgf4 - Alana Luzzio; Sarah Edie; Kristina Palmer; L. Brianna Caddle; Rachel Urban; Leslie O. Goodwin; Ian C. Welsh; Laura G. Reinholdt; David E. Bergstrom; Timothy C. Cox; Leah Rae Donahue; Stephen A. Murray (Mammalian Genome, 2023)

Expression of a truncated maize SPS increases source capacity in maize - Stephen M. G. Duff; Keith Kretzmer (Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2023)
In an attempt to increase source capacity, transgenic corn was generated by expressing a truncated maize sucrose phosphate synthase (ZmSPSΔ482) under two leaf mesophyll cellspecific promoters (CAB and PPDK). The endogenous and truncated SPS proteins from transgenic leaf extracts were distinguishable by protein immunoblot analysis. The expression of transgenic SPS protein across events varied from very low to very high and included several cosuppressed events. SPS activity showed a diurnal pattern in both transgenic and wild-type maize leaves. In greenhouse experiments, transgenic maize had higher leaf sucrose and lower leaf starch, suggesting a shift in carbon partitioning from starch to sucrose. Conversely, cosuppressed events had lower leaf sucrose and higher leaf starch. A field test was performed to compare sucrose and starch in positive and negative isolines of hybrid maize CAB and PPDK ZmSPSΔ482 events. In the field, many positive isolines had higher levels of both leaf sucrose and starch than the negative isolines. This suggests that in the field, with higher light intensity the shift in carbon partitioning from starch to sucrose, observed under greenhouse conditions did not occur. This in turn suggests that the environment affects the phenotype of the transgenics and that in the field, there was an overall increase in carbon assimilation. Six events from each construct were tested in a pilot multi-density yield trial but overall, no effect on yield was observed. Therefore, although the transgenic plants had more source capacity, this did not translate into higher seed yield.

Parasite manipulation of host phenotypes inferred from transcriptional analyses in a trematode‐amphipod system - David M. Rand; Joaquin C. B. Nunez; Shawn Williams; Stephen Rong; John T. Burley; Kimberly B. Neil; Adam N. Spierer; Wilson McKerrow; David S. Johnson; Yevgeniy Raynes; Thomas J. Fayton; Nicholas Skvir; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2023)
Manipulation of host phenotypes by parasites is hypothesized to be an adaptive strategy enhancing parasite transmission across hosts and generations. Characterizing the molecular mechanisms of manipulation is important to advance our understanding of host–parasite coevolution. The trematode ( Levinseniella byrdi ) is known to alter the colour and behaviour of its amphipod host ( Orchestia grillus ) presumably increasing predation of amphipods which enhances trematode transmission through its life cycle. We sampled 24 infected and 24 uninfected amphipods from a salt marsh in Massachusetts to perform differential gene expression analysis. In addition, we constructed novel genomic tools for O. grillus including a de novo genome and transcriptome. We discovered that trematode infection results in upregulation of amphipod transcripts associated with pigmentation and detection of external stimuli, and downregulation of multiple amphipod transcripts implicated in invertebrate immune responses, such as vacuolar ATPase genes. We hypothesize that suppression of immune genes and the altered expression of genes associated with coloration and behaviour may allow the trematode to persist in the amphipod and engage in further biochemical manipulation that promotes transmission. The genomic tools and transcriptomic analyses reported provide new opportunities to discover how parasites alter diverse pathways underlying host phenotypic changes in natural populations.

Beyond simple adaptation: Incorporating other evolutionary processes and concepts into eco‐evolutionary dynamics - Masato Yamamichi; Stephen P. Ellner; Nelson G. Hairston (Ecology Letters, 2023)
Studies of eco‐evolutionary dynamics have integrated evolution with ecological processes at multiple scales (populations, communities and ecosystems) and with multiple interspecific interactions (antagonistic, mutualistic and competitive). However, evolution has often been conceptualised as a simple process: short‐term directional adaptation that increases population growth. Here we argue that diverse other evolutionary processes, well studied in population genetics and evolutionary ecology, should also be considered to explore the full spectrum of feedback between ecological and evolutionary processes. Relevant but underappreciated processes include (1) drift and mutation, (2) disruptive selection causing lineage diversification or speciation reversal and (3) evolution driven by relative fitness differences that may decrease population growth. Because eco‐evolutionary dynamics have often been studied by population and community ecologists, it will be important to incorporate a variety of concepts in population genetics and evolutionary ecology to better understand and predict eco‐evolutionary dynamics in nature.

Glucose metabolism in posterior cingulate cortex has supplementary value to predict the progression of cognitively unimpaired to dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: an exploratory study of 18F-FDG-PET - Qi Zhang; Chunqiu Fan; Luyao Wang; Taoran Li; Min Wang; Ying Han; Jiehui Jiang; Michael W. Weiner; Paul Aisen; Ronald Petersen; Clifford R. Jack; William Jagust; et al. (GeroScience, 2023)

Transfer of polychlorinated, polybrominated and mixed-halogenated dioxins, furans and biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes and alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorobenzenes to the milk of dairy cattle from controlled ingestion of industrial and municipal bioresources recycled to agricultural land - Hannah Rigby; Alan Dowding; Alwyn Fernandes; David Humphries; Rupert G. Petch; Christopher K. Reynolds; Martin Rose; Stephen R. Smith (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

Adoption of farm biosecurity practices among smallholder poultry farmers in Kenya – An application of latent class analysis with a multinomial logistic regression - Wycliffe A. Otieno; Rose A. Nyikal; Stephen G. Mbogoh; Elizaphan J.O. Rao (Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2023)

Central versus peripheral mechanisms of cold-induced vasodilation: a study in the fingers and toes of people with paraplegia - Lydia Tsoutsoubi; Leonidas G. Ioannou; Billie K. Alba; Stephen S. Cheung; Hein A. Daanen; Igor B. Mekjavic; Andreas D. Flouris (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2023)
Purpose This study examined physiological and perceptual parameters related to cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) in the fingers and toes of people with paraplegia and compared them with responses observed in able-bodied individuals. Methods Seven participants with paraplegia and seven able-bodied individuals participated in a randomized matched-controlled study involving left-hand and -foot immersion in cold water (8 ± 1 °C) for 40 min during exposure to cool (16 ± 1 °C), thermoneutral (23 ± 1 °C), and hot (34 ± 1 °C) ambient conditions. Results Similar CIVD occurrence was observed in the fingers in the two groups. In toes, three of the seven participants with paraplegia revealed CIVDs: one in cool, two in thermoneutral, and three in hot conditions. No able-bodied participants revealed CIVDs in cool and thermoneutral conditions, while four revealed CIVDs in hot conditions. The toe CIVDs of paraplegic participants were counterintuitive in several respects: they were more frequent in cool and thermoneutral conditions (compared to the able-bodied participants), emerged in these conditions despite lower core and skin temperatures of these participants, and were evident only in cases of thoracic level lesions (instead of lesions at lower spinal levels). Conclusion Our findings demonstrated considerable inter-individual variability in CIVD responses in both the paraplegic and able-bodied groups. While we observed vasodilatory responses in the toes of participants with paraplegia that technically fulfilled the criteria for CIVD, it is unlikely that they reflect the CIVD phenomenon observed in able-bodied individuals. Taken together, our findings favor the contribution of central over peripheral factors in relation to the origin and/or control of CIVD.

The phytotoxicity of soil-applied herbicides is enhanced in the first-year post strategic deep tillage - Tom J. Edwards; Stephen L. Davies; Ron J. Yates; Mick Rose; John G. Howieson; Graham O’Hara; Emma J. Steel; David JM Hall (Soil and Tillage Research, 2023)

Shifts in the composition of nitrogen deposition in the conterminous United States are discernable in stream chemistry - Meredith G. Lassiter; Jiajia Lin; Jana E. Compton; Jennifer Phelan; Robert D. Sabo; John L. Stoddard; Stephen R. McDow; Tara L. Greaver (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

Going with the flow: The case of three tropical reef fish transported to cool temperate waters following an extreme marine heatwave - Peter G. Coulson; Tim Leary; Arani Chandrapavan; Corey B. Wakefield; Stephen J. Newman (Regional Studies in Marine Science, 2023)

Basic human values of dairy producers in Canada and the U.S.: A cross-sectional survey study - Ting-Yu Cheng; Devon J. Wilson; Cecilia Brooks; Jessica A. Pempek; Kelly A. George; Stephen J. LeBlanc; Claudia Cobo-Angel; David L. Renaud; Gregory G. Habing (Journal of Rural Studies, 2023)

The earliest most complete skeleton of Theropithecus - Stephen R. Frost; Nina G. Jablonski; Yohannes Haile-Selassie (Journal of Human Evolution, 2023)

Animal population decline and recovery after severe fire: Relating ecological and life history traits with expert estimates of population impacts from the Australian 2019-20 megafires - Michelle Ensbey; Sarah Legge; Chris J. Jolly; Stephen T. Garnett; Rachael V. Gallagher; Mark Lintermans; Dale G. Nimmo; Libby Rumpff; Ben C. Scheele; Nick S. Whiterod; John C.Z. Woinarski; Shane T. Ahyong; et al. (Biological Conservation, 2023)

High interannual surface p CO 2 variability in the southern Canadian Arctic Archipelago's Kitikmeot Sea - Richard P. Sims; Mohamed M. M. Ahmed; Brian J. Butterworth; Patrick J. Duke; Stephen F. Gonski; Samantha F. Jones; Kristina A. Brown; Christopher J. Mundy; William J. Williams; Brent G. T. Else (Ocean Science, 2023)
Warming of the Arctic due to climate change means the Arctic Ocean is now free from ice for longer, as sea ice melts earlier and refreezes later. Yet, it remains unclear how this extended ice-free period will impact carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes due to scarcity of surface ocean CO2 measurements. Baseline measurements are urgently needed to understand spatial and temporal air–sea CO2 flux variability in the changing Arctic Ocean. There is also uncertainty as to whether the previous basin-wide surveys are representative of the many smaller bays and inlets that make up the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA). By using a research vessel that is based in the remote Inuit community of Ikaluqtuutiak (Cambridge Bay, Nunavut), we have been able to reliably survey pCO2 shortly after ice melt and access previously unsampled bays and inlets in the nearby region. Here we present 4 years of consecutive summertime pCO2 measurements collected in the Kitikmeot Sea in the southern CAA. Overall, we found that this region is a sink for atmospheric CO2 in August (average of all calculated fluxes over the four cruises was −4.64 mmol m−2 d−1), but the magnitude of this sink varies substantially between years and locations (average calculated fluxes of +3.58, −2.96, −16.79 and −0.57 mmol m−2 d−1 during the 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 cruises, respectively). Surface ocean pCO2 varied by up to 156 µatm between years, highlighting the importance of repeat observations in this region, as this high interannual variability would not have been captured by sparse and infrequent measurements. We find that the surface ocean pCO2 value at the time of ice melt is extremely important in constraining the magnitude of the air–sea CO2 flux throughout the ice-free season. However, further constraining the air–sea CO2 flux in the Kitikmeot Sea will require a better understanding of how pCO2 changes outside of the summer season. Surface ocean pCO2 measurements made in small bays and inlets of the Kitikmeot Sea were ∼ 20–40 µatm lower than in the main channels. Surface ocean pCO2 measurements made close in time to ice breakup (i.e. within 2 weeks) were ∼ 50 µatm lower than measurements made > 4 weeks after breakup. As previous basin-wide surveys of the CAA have focused on the deep shipping channels and rarely measure close to the ice breakup date, we hypothesize that there may be an observational bias in previous studies, leading to an underestimate of the CO2 sink in the CAA. These high-resolution measurements constitute an important new baseline for gaining a better understanding of the role this region plays in the uptake of atmospheric CO2.

Ensemble-based data assimilation of significant wave height from Sofar Spotters and satellite altimeters with a global operational wave model - Isabel A. Houghton; Stephen G. Penny; Christie Hegermiller; Moriah Cesaretti; Camille Teicheira; Pieter B. Smit (Ocean Modelling, 2023)

A 37 K SNP array for the management and conservation of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) - Megan E. Judkins; Gary W. Roemer; Brian A. Millsap; Joseph G. Barnes; Bryan E. Bedrosian; Stephen L. Clarke; Robert Domenech; Garth Herring; Myles Lamont; Brian W. Smith; Dale W. Stahlecker; Matthew J. Stuber; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2023)

Contribution of soil bacteria to the atmosphere across biomes - Stephen D.J. Archer; Kevin C. Lee; Tancredi Caruso; Antonio Alcami; Jonathan G. Araya; S. Craig Cary; Don A. Cowan; Claudia Etchebehere; Batdelger Gantsetseg; Benito Gomez-Silva; Sean Hartery; Ian D. Hogg; et al. (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

Land use as a critical determinant of faecal and antimicrobial resistance gene pollution in riverine systems - Tristan M. Nolan; Liam J. Reynolds; Laura Sala-Comorera; Niamh A. Martin; Jayne H. Stephens; Gregory M.P. O'Hare; John J. O'Sullivan; Wim G. Meijer (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

Modelling parasite impacts of aquaculture on wild fish: The case of the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on out-migrating wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt - Meadhbh Moriarty; Stephen C. Ives; Joanne M. Murphy; Alexander G. Murray (Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2023)

Uranus ring occultation observations: 1977–2006 - Richard G. French; Colleen A. McGhee-French; Mitchell Gordon; Richard L. Baron; Amanda S. Bosh; Marc W. Buie; Nancy Chanover; Mary Ann Clark; Edward W. Dunham; Linda M. French; Ian S. Glass; Jay D. Goguen; et al. (Icarus, 2023)

eReefs modelling suggests Trichodesmium may be a major nitrogen source in the Great Barrier Reef - Chinenye J. Ani; Scott G. Smithers; Stephen Lewis; Mark Baird; Barbara Robson (Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2023)

Extensive regional variation in the phenology of insects and their response to temperature across N orth A merica - Peter O. Dunn; Insiyaa Ahmed; Elise Armstrong; Natasha Barlow; Malcolm A. Barnard; Marc Bélisle; Thomas J. Benson; Lisha L. Berzins; Chloe K. Boynton; T. Anders Brown; Melissa Cady; Kyle Cameron; et al. (Ecology, 2023)
Climate change models often assume similar responses to temperatures across the range of a species, but local adaptation or phenotypic plasticity can lead plants and animals to respond differently to temperature in different parts of their range. To date, there have been few tests of this assumption at the scale of continents, so it is unclear if this is a large‐scale problem. Here, we examined the assumption that insect taxa show similar responses to temperature at 96 sites in grassy habitats across North America. We sampled insects with Malaise traps during 2019–2021 ( N = 1041 samples) and examined the biomass of insects in relation to temperature and time of season. Our samples mostly contained Diptera (33%), Lepidoptera (19%), Hymenoptera (18%), and Coleoptera (10%). We found strong regional differences in the phenology of insects and their response to temperature, even within the same taxonomic group, habitat type, and time of season. For example, the biomass of nematoceran flies increased across the season in the central part of the continent, but it only showed a small increase in the Northeast and a seasonal decline in the Southeast and West. At a smaller scale, insect biomass at different traps operating on the same days was correlated up to ~75 km apart. Large‐scale geographic and phenological variation in insect biomass and abundance has not been studied well, and it is a major source of controversy in previous analyses of insect declines that have aggregated studies from different locations and time periods. Our study illustrates that large‐scale predictions about changes in insect populations, and their causes, will need to incorporate regional and taxonomic differences in the response to temperature.

Applying systems thinking to unravel the mechanisms underlying orthostatic hypotension related fall risk - Liping Wang; Anouschka C. Pronk; Eveline P. van Poelgeest; Robert Briggs; Jurgen A.H.R. Claassen; Sofie Jansen; Marjolein Klop; Frederik J. de Lange; Carel C.G.M. Meskers; Vincent J. J. Odekerken; Stephen J. Payne; Marijke C. Trappenburg; et al. (GeroScience, 2023)
Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is an established and common cardiovascular risk factor for falls. An in-depth understanding of the various interacting pathophysiological pathways contributing to OH-related falls is essential to guide improvements in diagnostic and treatment opportunities. We applied systems thinking to multidisciplinary map out causal mechanisms and risk factors. For this, we used group model building (GMB) to develop a causal loop diagram (CLD). The GMB was based on the input of experts from multiple domains related to OH and falls and all proposed mechanisms were supported by scientific literature. Our CLD is a conceptual representation of factors involved in OH-related falls, and their interrelatedness. Network analysis and feedback loops were applied to analyze and interpret the CLD, and quantitatively summarize the function and relative importance of the variables. Our CLD contains 50 variables distributed over three intrinsic domains (cerebral, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal), and an extrinsic domain (e.g., medications). Between the variables, 181 connections and 65 feedback loops were identified. Decreased cerebral blood flow, low blood pressure, impaired baroreflex activity, and physical inactivity were identified as key factors involved in OH-related falls, based on their high centralities. Our CLD reflects the multifactorial pathophysiology of OH-related falls. It enables us to identify key elements, suggesting their potential for new diagnostic and treatment approaches in fall prevention. The interactive online CLD renders it suitable for both research and educational purposes and this CLD is the first step in the development of a computational model for simulating the effects of risk factors on falls.

Long term dietary vitamin D3 supplementation impacts both microbicidal and inflammatory responses to ex-vivo Mycobacterium bovis BCG challenge in dairy calves - Susana Flores-Villalva; Cian Reid; Aude Remot; Stephen V. Gordon; Kieran G. Meade (Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 2023)

Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution, circadian syndrome and cardiovascular disease: A nationwide study in China - Xiangming Hu; Zhiqiang Nie; Yanqiu Ou; Lizi Lin; Zhengmin Qian; Michael G. Vaughn; Stephen Edward McMillin; Yingling Zhou; Yongjian Wu; Guanghui Dong; Haojian Dong (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

Molecular targets of insecticides and herbicides – Are there useful overlaps? - Stephen O. Duke; Zhiqiang Pan; Amar G. Chittiboyina; Daniel R. Swale; Thomas C. Sparks (Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 2023)

Varying response of breeding waders to experimental manipulation of their habitat and predators - David J.T. Douglas; Irena Tománková; Philippa Gullett; Stephen G. Dodd; Daniel Brown; Martin Clift; Norrie Russell; Neal Warnock; Jennifer Smart; Sarah Sanders (Journal for Nature Conservation, 2023)

Great expectations: patients’ preferences for clinically significant results from genomic sequencing - Salma Shickh; Agnes Sebastian; Marc Clausen; Chloe Mighton; Christine Elser; Andrea Eisen; Larissa Waldman; Seema Panchal; Thomas Ward; June C. Carroll; Emily Glogowski; Kasmintan A. Schrader; et al. (Human Genetics, 2023)

Associations between physical activity and cognitive dysfunction in older companion dogs: results from the Dog Aging Project - Emily E. Bray; David A. Raichlen; Kiersten K. Forsyth; Daniel E. L. Promislow; Gene E. Alexander; Evan L. MacLean; Joshua M. Akey; Brooke Benton; Elhanan Borenstein; Marta G. Castelhano; Amanda E. Coleman; Kate E. Creevy; et al. (GeroScience, 2023)

Banking on a new understanding: translational opportunities from veterinary biobanks - D. LaLonde-Paul; L. Mouttham; Joshua M. Akey; Brooke Benton; Elhanan Borenstein; Amanda E. Coleman; Kate E. Creevy; Kyle Crowder; Matthew D. Dunbar; Virginia R. Fajt; Annette L. Fitzpatrick; Unity Jeffery; et al. (GeroScience, 2023)

Gas and ceramic particle velocities for micro-cold spray - Stephen G. Bierschenk; Michael F. Becker; Desiderio Kovar (Journal of Aerosol Science, 2023)

ACPSEM position paper: the safety of magnetic resonance imaging linear accelerators - Nick Cook; Nikki Shelton; Stephen Gibson; Peter Barnes; Reza Alinaghi-Zadeh; Michael G. Jameson (Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 2023)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging linear-accelerator (MRI-linac) equipment has recently been introduced to multiple centres in Australia and New Zealand. MRI equipment creates hazards for staff, patients and others in the MR environment; these hazards must be well understood, and risks managed by a system of environmental controls, written procedures and a trained workforce. While MRI-linac hazards are similar to the diagnostic paradigm, the equipment, workforce and environment are sufficiently different that additional safety guidance is warranted. In 2019 the Australasian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine (ACPSEM) formed the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Linear-Accelerator Working Group (MRILWG) to support the safe clinical introduction and optimal use of MR-guided radiation therapy treatment units. This Position Paper is intended to provide safety guidance and education for Medical Physicists and others planning for and working with MRI-linac technology. This document summarises MRI-linac hazards and describes particular effects which arise from the combination of strong magnetic fields with an external radiation treatment beam. This document also provides guidance on safety governance and training, and recommends a system of hazard management tailored to the MRI-linac environment, ancillary equipment, and workforce.

Entrainment Rates and Their Synoptic Dependence on Wind Speed Aloft in California's Central Valley - Dani J. Caputi; Justin Trousdell; Shobhit Mehrotra; Stephen Conley; G. Aaron Alexander; Holly J. Oldroyd; Ian Faloona (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2023)
Daytime atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) dynamics—including potential temperature budgets, water vapour budgets, and entrainment rates—are presented from in situ flight data taken on six afternoons near Fresno in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California during July/August 2016. The flights took place as a part of the California Baseline Ozone Transport Study aimed at investigating transport pathways of air entering the Central Valley from offshore and mixing down to the surface. Midday entrainment velocity estimates ranged from 0.8 to 5.4 cm s −1 and were derived from a combination of continuously determined ABL heights during each flight and model-derived subsidence rates, which averaged -2.0 cm s −1 in the flight region. A strong correlation was found between entrainment velocity (normalized by the convective velocity scale) and an inverse bulk ABL Richardson number, suggesting that wind shear at the ABL top plays a significant role in driving entrainment. Similarly, we found a strong correlation between the entrainment efficiency (the ratio of entrainment to surface heat fluxes with an average of 0.23 ± 0.15) and the wind speed at the ABL top. We explore the synoptic conditions that generate higher winds near the ABL top and propose that warm anomalies in the southern Sierra Nevada mountains promote increased entrainment. Additionally, a method is outlined to estimate turbulence kinetic energy, convective velocity scale ( w * ), and the surface sensible heat flux in the ABL from a slow, airborne wind measurement system using mixed-layer similarity theory.

Corrigendum: Very high resolution tools for the monitoring and assessment of environmental hazards in coastal areas - Guillermo García-Sánchez; Ana M. Mancho; Antonio G. Ramos; Josep Coca; Begoña Pérez-Gómez; Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul; Marcos G. Sotillo; Manuel García-León; Víctor J. García-Garrido; Stephen Wiggins (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2023)

Vitamin D induced microbicidal activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG is dependent on the synergistic activity of bovine peripheral blood cell populations - Susana Flores-Villalva; Aude Remot; Florence Carreras; Nathalie Winter; Stephen V. Gordon; Kieran G. Meade (Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 2023)

Relationship between coliphage and Enterococcus at southern California beaches and implications for beach water quality management - Amity G. Zimmer-Faust; John F. Griffith; Joshua A. Steele; Bryan Santos; Yiping Cao; Laralyn Asato; Tania Chiem; Samuel Choi; Arturo Diaz; Joe Guzman; David Laak; Michele Padilla; et al. (Water Research, 2023)

Projecting climate change impacts from physics to fisheries: A view from three California Current fisheries - James A. Smith; Mercedes Pozo Buil; Barbara Muhling; Desiree Tommasi; Stephanie Brodie; Timothy H. Frawley; Jerome Fiechter; Stefan Koenigstein; Amber Himes-Cornell; Michael A. Alexander; Steven J. Bograd; Nathalí Cordero Quirós; et al. (Progress in Oceanography, 2023)

Efficacy of Do-It-Yourself air filtration units in reducing exposure to simulated respiratory aerosols - Raymond C. Derk; Jayme P. Coyle; William G. Lindsley; Francoise M. Blachere; Angela R. Lemons; Samantha K. Service; Stephen B. Martin; Kenneth R. Mead; Steven A. Fotta; Jeffrey S. Reynolds; Walter G. McKinney; Erik W. Sinsel; et al. (Building and Environment, 2023)

Initiation of speciation across multiple dimensions in a rock‐restricted, tropical lizard - Stephen M. Zozaya; Luisa C. Teasdale; Leonardo G. Tedeschi; Megan Higgie; Conrad J. Hoskin; Craig Moritz (Molecular Ecology, 2023)
Population isolation and concomitant genetic divergence, resulting in strong phylogeographical structure, is a core aspect of speciation initiation. If and how speciation then proceeds and ultimately completes depends on multiple factors that mediate reproductive isolation, including divergence in genomes, ecology and mating traits. Here we explored these multiple dimensions in two young (Plio‐Pleistocene) species complexes of gekkonid lizards ( Heteronotia ) from the Kimberley–Victoria River regions of tropical Australia. Using mitochondrial DNA screening and exon capture phylogenomics, we show that the rock‐restricted Heteronotia planiceps exhibits exceptional fine‐scale phylogeographical structure compared to the codistributed habitat generalist Heteronotia binoei . This indicates pervasive population isolation and persistence in the rock‐specialist, and thus a high rate of speciation initiation across this geographically complex region, with levels of genomic divergence spanning the “grey zone” of speciation. Proximal lineages of H. planiceps were often separated by different rock substrates, suggesting a potential role for ecological isolation; however, phylogenetic incongruence and historical introgression were inferred between one such pair. Ecomorphological divergence among lineages within both H. planiceps and H. binoei was limited, except that limestone‐restricted lineages of H. planiceps tended to be larger than rock‐generalists. By contrast, among‐lineage divergence in the chemical composition of epidermal pore secretions (putative mating trait) exceeded ecomorphology in both complexes, but with less trait overlap among lineages in H. planiceps . This system—particularly the rock‐specialist H. planiceps— highlights the role of multidimensional divergence during incipient speciation, with divergence in genomes, ecomorphology and chemical signals all at play at very fine spatial scales.

RecruitNet : A global database of plant recruitment networks - Miguel Verdú; Jose L. Garrido; Julio M. Alcántara; Alicia Montesinos‐Navarro; Salomón Aguilar; Marcelo A. Aizen; Ali A. Al‐Namazi; Mohamed Alifriqui; David Allen; Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira; Cristina Armas; Jesús M. Bastida; et al. (Ecology, 2023)
Plant recruitment interactions (i.e., what recruits under what) shape the composition, diversity, and structure of plant communities. Despite the huge body of knowledge on the mechanisms underlying recruitment interactions among species, we still know little about the structure of the recruitment networks emerging in ecological communities. Modeling and analyzing the community‐level structure of plant recruitment interactions as a complex network can provide relevant information on ecological and evolutionary processes acting both at the species and ecosystem levels. We report a data set containing 143 plant recruitment networks in 23 countries across five continents, including temperate and tropical ecosystems. Each network identifies the species under which another species recruits. All networks report the number of recruits (i.e., individuals) per species. The data set includes >850,000 recruiting individuals involved in 118,411 paired interactions among 3318 vascular plant species across the globe. The cover of canopy species and open ground is also provided. Three sampling protocols were used: (1) The Recruitment Network (RN) protocol (106 networks) focuses on interactions among established plants (“canopy species”) and plants in their early stages of recruitment (“recruit species”). A series of plots was delimited within a locality, and all the individuals recruiting and their canopy species were identified; (2) The paired Canopy‐Open (pCO) protocol (26 networks) consists in locating a potential canopy plant and identifying recruiting individuals under the canopy and in a nearby open space of the same area; (3) The Georeferenced plot (GP) protocol (11 networks) consists in using information from georeferenced individual plants in large plots to infer canopy‐recruit interactions. Some networks incorporate data for both herbs and woody species, whereas others focus exclusively on woody species. The location of each study site, geographical coordinates, country, locality, responsible author, sampling dates, sampling method, and life habits of both canopy and recruit species are provided. This database will allow researchers to test ecological, biogeographical, and evolutionary hypotheses related to plant recruitment interactions. There are no copyright restrictions on the data set; please cite this data paper when using these data in publications.

Effects of phosphate and silicate on stiffness and viscoelasticity of mature biofilms developed with simulated drinking water - Conghui Huang; Gemma G. Clark; Farzana R. Zaki; Jungeun Won; Runsen Ning; Stephen A. Boppart; Ahmed E. Elbanna; Thanh H. Nguyen (Biofouling, 2023)

Relative food abundance predicts greater binge-eating symptoms in subsequent hours among young adults experiencing food insecurity: Support for the “feast-or-famine” cycle hypothesis from an ecological momentary assessment study - Vivienne M. Hazzard; Katie A. Loth; Ross D. Crosby; Stephen A. Wonderlich; Scott G. Engel; Nicole Larson; Dianne Neumark-Sztainer (Appetite, 2023)

Corrigendum to “Priorities to inform research on marine plastic pollution in Southeast Asia” [Sci. Total Environ. volume 841 (2022) Article 156704] - Lucy C.M. Omeyer; Emily M. Duncan; Kornrawee Aiemsomboon; Nicola Beaumont; Sujaree Bureekul; Bin Cao; Luis R. Carrasco; Suchana Chavanich; James R. Clark; Muhammad R. Cordova; Fay Couceiro; Simon M. Cragg; et al. (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

GCS site selection in saline Miocene formations in South Louisiana - Muhammad Zulqarnain; Stephen O. Sears; Mehdi Zeidouni; Richard G Hughes; Douglas Carlson; Carlos F Rivera (International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2023)

Threat-abatement framework confirms habitat retention and invasive species management are critical to conserve Australia's threatened species - Stephen G. Kearney; James E.M. Watson; April E. Reside; Diana O. Fisher; Martine Maron; Tim S. Doherty; Sarah M. Legge; John C.Z. Woinarski; Stephen T. Garnett; Brendan A. Wintle; Euan G. Ritchie; Don A. Driscoll; et al. (Biological Conservation, 2023)

Whole-Ecosystem Warming Increases Plant-Available Nitrogen and Phosphorus in an Ombrotrophic Bog - Colleen M. Iversen; John Latimer; Deanne J. Brice; Joanne Childs; Holly M. Vander Stel; Camille E. Defrenne; Jake Graham; Natalie A. Griffiths; Avni Malhotra; Richard J. Norby; Keith C. Oleheiser; Jana R. Phillips; et al. (Ecosystems, 2023)

Shedding light on taxonomic chaos: Diversity and distribution of South Asian skipper frogs (Anura, Dicroglossidae, Euphlyctis ) - Christophe Dufresnes; Stephen Mahony; Vishal Kumar Prasad; Rachunliu G. Kamei; Rafaqat Masroor; Muazzam Ali Khan; Awadh M. Al-Johany; Kumudani Bala Gautam; Sandeep Kumar Gupta; Leo J. Borkin; Daniel A. Melnikov; Juriy M. Rosanov; et al. (Systematics and Biodiversity, 2022)

A will-o’-the wisp? On the utility of voluntary contributions of data and knowledge from the fishing industry to marine science - Nathalie A. Steins; Steven Mackinson; Stephen C. Mangi; Martin A. Pastoors; Robert L. Stephenson; Marta Ballesteros; Kate Brooks; James A. McIsaac; Matthew R. Baker; Julia Calderwood; Barbara Neis; Emily M. Ogier; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
For future sustainable management of fisheries, we anticipate deeper and more diverse information will be needed. Future needs include not only biological data, but also information that can only come from fishers, such as real-time ‘early warning’ indicators of changes at sea, socio-economic data and fishing strategies. The fishing industry, in our experience, shows clear willingness to voluntarily contribute data and experiential knowledge, but there is little evidence that current institutional frameworks for science and management are receptive and equipped to accommodate such contributions. Current approaches to producing knowledge in support of fisheries management need critical re-evaluation, including the contributions that industry can make. Using examples from well-developed advisory systems in Europe, United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, we investigate evidence for three interrelated issues inhibiting systematic integration of voluntary industry contributions to science: (1) concerns about data quality; (2) beliefs about limitations in useability of unique fishers’ knowledge; and (3) perceptions about the impact of industry contributions on the integrity of science. We show that whilst these issues are real, they can be addressed. Entrenching effective science-industry research collaboration (SIRC) calls for action in three specific areas; (i) a move towards alternative modes of knowledge production; (ii) establishing appropriate quality assurance frameworks; and (iii) transitioning to facilitating governance structures. Attention must also be paid to the science-policy-stakeholder interface. Better definition of industry’s role in contributing to science will improve credibility and legitimacy of the scientific process, and of resulting management.

Celebrating 25 Years of Ecosystems - Monica G. Turner; Stephen R. Carpenter (Ecosystems, 2022)

2022 taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Martina Bandte; Martin Beer; Nicolas Bejerman; Éric Bergeron; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2022)

Numerical and analytical methods for the design of beam-column sub-assemblies with composite deck slab - Tushar Chaudhari; Gregory MacRae; Des Bull; G. Charles Clifton; Stephen J. Hicks (Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2022)
A finite element numerical model is used to estimate the force displacement backbone curve of steel moment frame beam-column-joint subassemblies tested at large scale under repeated cyclic loading with different composite deck slab configurations. The slab configurations included: no-slab; fully isolated slab; two configurations for detailing the slab near the region between the column flanges; and a full depth reinforced slab. Then, a simple analytical model was developed so that designers can estimate the likely peak strength due to slab effect. This analytical model considers the common deformation modes and the strength hierarchy. It was found that the finite element numerical model captured the backbone envelope of experimental tests done on different slab configurations for the bare frame, isolated slab and full depth slab configurations, but overestimated the strength at larger displacements for the other configurations due to difficulty in considering the slab modes of failure. The simple analytical model considered the nonlinear deformation modes of steel beam plastic hinging, concrete crushing both outside the column flange and within the beam flanges, slab shear fracture between the column flange tips, slab longitudinal and lateral reinforcement yielding as it carried the subassembly moments and transferred forces between the steel frame and the slab, and shear stud deformation. The proposed analytical model matched the experimental strengths and failure modes. The proposed finite element model is suitable for research, and the analytical model matched the experimental results, and is suitable for consideration in design.

Fire‐related threats and transformational change in Australian ecosystems - David A. Keith; Stuart P. Allen; Rachael V. Gallagher; Berin D. E. Mackenzie; Tony D. Auld; Sarah Barrett; Anne Buchan; Valerie English; Carl Gosper; Dave Kelly; Allen McIllwee; Rachel T. Melrose; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2022)
Aim Megafire events generate immediate concern for wildlife and human well‐being, but their broader ecological impacts likely extend beyond individual species and single fire events. In the first mechanistic study of fire effects focussed on ecosystems, we aimed to assess the sensitivity and exposure of ecosystems to multiple fire‐related threats, placing impacts in the context of changing fire regimes and their interactions with other threats. Location Southern and eastern Australia. Time period 2019–2020. Major species studied Australian ecosystems. Methods We defined 15 fire‐related threats to ecosystems based on mechanisms associated with: (a) direct effects of fire regime components; (b) interactions between fire and physical environmental processes; (c) effects of fire on biological interactions; and (d) interactions between fire and human activity. We estimated the sensitivity and exposure of a sample of 92 ecosystem types to each threat type based on published relationships and spatial analysis of the 2019–2020 fires. Results Twenty‐nine ecosystem types assessed had more than half of their distribution exposed to one or more threat types, and only three of those were listed as nationally threatened. Three fire‐related threat types posed the most severe threats to large numbers of ecosystem types: high frequency fire; pre‐fire drought; and post‐fire invasive predator activity. The ecosystem types most affected ranged from rain forests to peatlands, and included some, such as sclerophyllous eucalypt forests and heathlands, that are traditionally regarded as fire‐prone and fire‐adapted. Main conclusions Most impacts of the 2019–2020 fires on ecosystems became apparent only when they were placed in the context of the whole fire regime and its interactions with other threatening processes, and were not direct consequences of the megafire event itself. Our mechanistic approach enables ecosystem‐specific management responses for the most threatened ecosystem types to be targeted at underlying causes of degradation and decline.

The conservation impacts of ecological disturbance: Time‐bound estimates of population loss and recovery for fauna affected by the 2019–2020 Australian megafires - Sarah Legge; Libby Rumpff; John C. Z. Woinarski; Nick S. Whiterod; Michelle Ward; Darren G. Southwell; Ben C. Scheele; Dale G. Nimmo; Mark Lintermans; Hayley M. Geyle; Stephen T. Garnett; Brittany Hayward‐Brown; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2022)
Aim After environmental disasters, species with large population losses may need urgent protection to prevent extinction and support recovery. Following the 2019–2020 Australian megafires, we estimated population losses and recovery in fire‐affected fauna, to inform conservation status assessments and management. Location Temperate and subtropical Australia. Time period 2019–2030 and beyond. Major taxa Australian terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates; one invertebrate group. Methods From > 1,050 fire‐affected taxa, we selected 173 whose distributions substantially overlapped the fire extent. We estimated the proportion of each taxon’s distribution affected by fires, using fire severity and aquatic impact mapping, and new distribution mapping. Using expert elicitation informed by evidence of responses to previous wildfires, we estimated local population responses to fires of varying severity. We combined the spatial and elicitation data to estimate overall population loss and recovery trajectories, and thus indicate potential eligibility for listing as threatened, or uplisting, under Australian legislation. Results We estimate that the 2019–2020 Australian megafires caused, or contributed to, population declines that make 70–82 taxa eligible for listing as threatened; and another 21–27 taxa eligible for uplisting. If so‐listed, this represents a 22–26% increase in Australian statutory lists of threatened terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates and spiny crayfish, and uplisting for 8–10% of threatened taxa. Such changes would cause an abrupt worsening of underlying trajectories in vertebrates, as measured by Red List Indices. We predict that 54–88% of 173 assessed taxa will not recover to pre‐fire population size within 10 years/three generations. Main conclusions We suggest the 2019–2020 Australian megafires have worsened the conservation prospects for many species. Of the 91 taxa recommended for listing/uplisting consideration, 84 are now under formal review through national processes. Improving predictions about taxon vulnerability with empirical data on population responses, reducing the likelihood of future catastrophic events and mitigating their impacts on biodiversity, are critical.

SNAPSHOT USA 2020: A second coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States during the COVID ‐19 pandemic - Roland Kays; Michael V. Cove; Jose Diaz; Kimberly Todd; Claire Bresnan; Matt Snider; Thomas E. Lee; Jonathan G. Jasper; Brianna Douglas; Anthony P. Crupi; Katherine C. B. Weiss; Helen Rowe; et al. (Ecology, 2022)
Managing wildlife populations in the face of global change requires regular data on the abundance and distribution of wild animals, but acquiring these over appropriate spatial scales in a sustainable way has proven challenging. Here we present the data from Snapshot USA 2020, a second annual national mammal survey of the USA. This project involved 152 scientists setting camera traps in a standardized protocol at 1485 locations across 103 arrays in 43 states for a total of 52,710 trap‐nights of survey effort. Most (58) of these arrays were also sampled during the same months (September and October) in 2019, providing a direct comparison of animal populations in 2 years that includes data from both during and before the COVID‐19 pandemic. All data were managed by the eMammal system, with all species identifications checked by at least two reviewers. In total, we recorded 117,415 detections of 78 species of wild mammals, 9236 detections of at least 43 species of birds, 15,851 detections of six domestic animals and 23,825 detections of humans or their vehicles. Spatial differences across arrays explained more variation in the relative abundance than temporal variation across years for all 38 species modeled, although there are examples of significant site‐level differences among years for many species. Temporal results show how species allocate their time and can be used to study species interactions, including between humans and wildlife. These data provide a snapshot of the mammal community of the USA for 2020 and will be useful for exploring the drivers of spatial and temporal changes in relative abundance and distribution, and the impacts of species interactions on daily activity patterns. There are no copyright restrictions, and please cite this paper when using these data, or a subset of these data, for publication.

Experimental validation of specialized questioning techniques in conservation - Harriet Ibbett; Leejiah Dorward; Asri A. Dwiyahreni; Julia P. G. Jones; Joseph Kaduma; Edward M. Kohi; Jesca Mchomvu; Karlina Prayitno; Humairah Sabiladiyni; Stephen Sankeni; Andie Wijaya Saputra; Jatna Supriatna; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2022)
Conservation increasingly relies on social science tools to understand human behavior. Specialized questioning techniques (SQTs) are a suite of methods designed to reduce bias in social surveys and are widely used to collect data on sensitive topics, including compliance with conservation rules. Most SQTs have been developed in Western, industrialized, educated, rich, and democratic countries, meaning their suitability in other contexts may be limited. Whether these techniques perform better than conventional direct questioning is important for those considering their use. We designed an experiment to validate the performance of four SQTs (unmatched count technique, randomized response technique, crosswise model, and bean method) against direct questions when asking about a commonly researched sensitive behavior in conservation, wildlife hunting. We developed fictional characters, and for each method asked respondents to report the answers that each fictional character should give when asked if they hunt wildlife. We collected data from 609 individuals living close to protected areas in two different cultural and socioeconomic contexts (Indonesia and Tanzania) to quantify the extent to which respondents understood and followed SQT instructions and to explore the sociodemographic factors that influenced a correct response. Data were modeled using binomial general linear mixed models. Participants were more likely to refuse to answer questions asked using SQTs compared with direct questions. Model results suggested that SQTs were harder for participants to understand. Demographic factors (e.g., age and education level) significantly influenced response accuracy. When sensitive responses to sensitive questions were required, all SQTs (excluding the bean method) outperformed direct questions, demonstrating that SQTs can successfully reduce sensitivity bias. However, when reviewing each method, most respondents (59–89%) reported they would feel uncomfortable using them to provide information on their own hunting behavior, highlighting the considerable challenge of encouraging truthful reporting on sensitive topics. Our results demonstrate the importance of assessing the suitability of social science methods prior to their implementation in conservation contexts.

Citizen science and machine learning: Interdisciplinary approach to non-invasively monitoring a northern marine ecosystem - Ashleigh M. Westphal; C-Jae C. Breiter; Sarah Falconer; Najmeh Saffar; Ahmed B. Ashraf; Alysa G. McCall; Kieran McIver; Stephen D. Petersen (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Successful conservation efforts often require novel tactics to achieve the desired goals of protecting species and habitats. One such tactic is to develop an interdisciplinary, collaborative approach to ensure that conservation initiatives are science-based, scalable, and goal-oriented. This approach may be particularly beneficial to wildlife monitoring, as there is often a mismatch between where monitoring is required and where resources are available. We can bridge that gap by bringing together diverse partners, technologies, and global resources to expand monitoring efforts and use tools where they are needed most. Here, we describe a successful interdisciplinary, collaborative approach to long-term monitoring of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas ) and their marine ecosystem. Our approach includes extracting images from video data collected through partnerships with other organizations who live-stream educational nature content worldwide. This video has resulted in an average of 96,000 underwater images annually. However, due to the frame extraction process, many images show only water. We have therefore incorporated an automated data filtering step using machine learning models to identify frames that include beluga, which filtered out an annual average of 67.9% of frames labelled as “empty” (no beluga) with a classification accuracy of 97%. The final image datasets were then classified by citizen scientists on the Beluga Bits project on Zooniverse ( https://www.zooniverse.org ). Since 2016, more than 20,000 registered users have provided nearly 5 million classifications on our Zooniverse workflows. Classified images are then used in various researcher-led projects. The benefits of this approach have been multifold. The combination of machine learning tools followed by citizen science participation has increased our analysis capabilities and the utilization of hundreds of hours of video collected each year. Our successes to date include the photo-documentation of a previously tagged beluga and of the common northern comb jellyfish ( Bolinopsis infundibulum ), an unreported species in Hudson Bay. Given the success of this program, we recommend other conservation initiatives adopt an interdisciplinary, collaborative approach to increase the success of their monitoring programs.

Nitrogen and Sulfur Deposition Reductions Projected to Partially Restore Forest Soil Conditions in the US Northeast, While Understory Composition Continues to Shift with Future Climate Change - Stephen D. LeDuc; Christopher M. Clark; Jennifer Phelan; Salim Belyazid; Micah G. Bennett; Katie Boaggio; John Buckley; Jamie Cajka; Phillip Jones (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2022)

Insufficient Evidence for Multiple Species of Tyrannosaurus in the Latest Cretaceous of North America: A Comment on “The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus” - Thomas D. Carr; James G. Napoli; Stephen L. Brusatte; Thomas R. Holtz; David W. E. Hone; Thomas E. Williamson; Lindsay E. Zanno (Evolutionary Biology, 2022)
The Late Cretaceous dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex was recently split into three species based on the premise that variation in the T. rex hypodigm is exceptional, indicating cryptic species and “robust” and “gracile” morphs. The morphs are based on proportional ratios throughout the skeleton. The species are claimed to be stratigraphically separate, with an early robust species followed by robust and gracile descendants. There are problems with the hypothesis: the taxon diagnoses are based on two features that overlap between the species; several skulls cannot be identified based on the diagnoses; proportional comparisons between Tyrannosaurus and other theropods are based on incomparable samples; the tooth data are problematic; the stratigraphic framework divides the Hell Creek Formation into thirds, without the stratigraphic position of each specimen, or independent age control showing the subdivisions are coeval over the entire geographic area; previous work found variation in T. rex , but it cannot be parsed into discrete categories. We tested for “gracile” and “robust” morphs by analyzing the femoral and tooth ratios that were published in the multiple species study using agglomerative hierarchical clustering. The results found that each set of ratios are explained by one cluster, showing that dimorphism is not supported. We tested for exceptional variation of the femoral ratio of Tyrannosaurus ; we calculated the mean intraspecific robusticity for 112 species of living birds and 4 nonavian theropods. The results showed that the absolute variation in Tyrannosaurus is unexceptional and it does not indicate cryptic diversity. We conclude that “ T. regina ” and “ T. imperator ” are subjective junior synonyms of T. rex .

Uncertainty of Gridded Precipitation at Local and Continent Scales: A Direct Comparison of Rainfall from SILO and AWAP in Australia - Guobin Fu; Olga Barron; Stephen P. Charles; Michael J. Donn; Thomas G. Van Niel; Geoff Hodgson (Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2022)

Life on the edge: Hawaiian model for coral evolution - Debashish Bhattacharya; Timothy G. Stephens; Amanda I. Tinoco; Robert H. Richmond; Phillip A. Cleves (Limnology and Oceanography, 2022)
Degradation and loss of coral reefs due to climate change and other anthropogenic stressors has fueled genomics, proteomics, and genetics research to investigate coral stress response pathways and to identify resilient species, genotypes, and populations to restore these biodiverse ecosystems. Much of the research and conservation effort has understandably focused on the most taxonomically rich regions, such as the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and the Coral Triangle in the western Pacific. These ecosystems are analogous to tropical rainforests that also house enormous biodiversity and complex biotic interactions among different trophic levels. An alternative model ecosystem for studying coral reef biology is the relatively species poor but abundant coral reefs in the Hawaiian Archipelago that exist at the northern edge of the Indo‐Pacific coral distribution. The Hawaiian Islands are the world's most isolated archipelago, geographically isolated from other Pacific reef systems. This region houses about 80 species of scleractinian corals in three dominant genera ( Porites , Montipora , and Pocillopora ). Here we briefly review knowledge about the Hawaiian coral fauna with a focus on our model species, the rice coral Montipora capitata . We suggest that this simpler, relatively isolated reef system provides an ideal platform for advancing coral biology and conservation using multi‐omics and genetic tools.

Tallo: A global tree allometry and crown architecture database - Tommaso Jucker; Fabian Jörg Fischer; Jérôme Chave; David A. Coomes; John Caspersen; Arshad Ali; Grace Jopaul Loubota Panzou; Ted R. Feldpausch; Daniel Falster; Vladimir A. Usoltsev; Stephen Adu‐Bredu; Luciana F. Alves; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Data capturing multiple axes of tree size and shape, such as a tree's stem diameter, height and crown size, underpin a wide range of ecological research—from developing and testing theory on forest structure and dynamics, to estimating forest carbon stocks and their uncertainties, and integrating remote sensing imagery into forest monitoring programmes. However, these data can be surprisingly hard to come by, particularly for certain regions of the world and for specific taxonomic groups, posing a real barrier to progress in these fields. To overcome this challenge, we developed the Tallo database, a collection of 498,838 georeferenced and taxonomically standardized records of individual trees for which stem diameter, height and/or crown radius have been measured. These data were collected at 61,856 globally distributed sites, spanning all major forested and non‐forested biomes. The majority of trees in the database are identified to species (88%), and collectively Tallo includes data for 5163 species distributed across 1453 genera and 187 plant families. The database is publicly archived under a CC‐BY 4.0 licence and can be access from: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6637599 . To demonstrate its value, here we present three case studies that highlight how the Tallo database can be used to address a range of theoretical and applied questions in ecology—from testing the predictions of metabolic scaling theory, to exploring the limits of tree allometric plasticity along environmental gradients and modelling global variation in maximum attainable tree height. In doing so, we provide a key resource for field ecologists, remote sensing researchers and the modelling community working together to better understand the role that trees play in regulating the terrestrial carbon cycle.

Rebuilding A Collapsed Bivalve Population, Restoring Seagrass Meadows, and Eradicating Harmful Algal Blooms In A Temperate Lagoon Using Spawner Sanctuaries - Christopher J. Gobler; Michael H. Doall; Bradley J. Peterson; Craig S. Young; Flynn DeLaney; Ryan B. Wallace; Stephen J. Tomasetti; Timothy P. Curtin; Brooke K. Morrell; Elizabeth M. Lamoureux; Berry Ueoka; Andrew W. Griffith; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
During the past century, bivalve populations across the globe have collapsed, resulting in negative ecosystem consequences due to their outsized impact on shallow estuaries. In response, there has been strong interest in the restoration of marine bivalve populations. Here, we present a decade-long restoration effort that sought to rebuild a collapsed (99.5% reduction in harvest) and recruitment-limited population of hard clams ( Mercenaria mercenaria ) in Shinnecock Bay, NY, USA, using spawner sanctuaries: no-harvest zones where adults were planted at high densities (~27 m- 2 ). Between 2012 to 2019, more than 3.2 million clams were planted in 64 discrete sanctuary plots (~1,850 m 2 each) located in zones with maximal larval retention and sediment and seawater characteristics that would maximize the conditioning and spawning of adults. Hydrodynamic models, quantification of hard clam larvae, and spatial recruitment patterns demonstrated larvae spawned within sanctuaries were transported to regions where clam densities significantly increased 18-fold over seven years (2015-2021; p <0.001) and harvests significantly increased more than 16-fold over nine years (2012-2021; p <0.0001). Increases in populations and harvests were caused by smaller clams recruited within the time frame of the creation of spawner sanctuaries. Higher clam densities caused biological filtration times of the bay to decrease from up to three months at the start of the project to as low as 10 days in 2021. Concurrently, concentrations of the harmful brown tide alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens , and chlorophyll a significantly decreased ( p <0.005) while water clarity and the extent of seagrass beds significantly increased ( p <0.05). Increases in clam landings and improvements in water quality were not observed in adjacent lagoonal estuaries where restoration did not occur. Given these outcomes and the global need for rebuilding marine life, the implementation of spawner sanctuaries using the criteria set forth herein may be a promising approach for restoring hard clam and other bivalve populations in estuaries elsewhere.

Glucose metabolism patterns: A potential index to characterize brain ageing and predict high conversion risk into cognitive impairment - Jiehui Jiang; Can Sheng; Guanqun Chen; Chunhua Liu; Shichen Jin; Lanlan Li; Xueyan Jiang; Ying Han; Michael W. Weiner; Paul Aisen; Ronald Petersen; Clifford R. Jack; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)

Measurement of pore volume, connectivity and clogging of pervious concrete reactive barrier used to treat acid mine drainage - Stephen O. Ekolu; Fitsum Solomon; Frikkie de Beer; Louisette Bitandi; Rais N. Kilula; Khaya T. Maseko; Fatty G. Mahlangu (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022)

Willingness to participate in various nontherapeutic cancer research activities among urban and rural African American and Latinx healthy volunteers - Isabel C. Scarinci; Barbara Hansen; B. Lee Green; Stephen O. Sodeke; Eboni G. Price-Haywood; Young-il Kim (Cancer Causes & Control, 2022)

Evaluating expert‐based habitat suitability information of terrestrial mammals with GPS‐ tracking data - Maarten J. E. Broekman; Jelle P. Hilbers; Mark A. J. Huijbregts; Thomas Mueller; Abdullahi H. Ali; Henrik Andrén; Jeanne Altmann; Malin Aronsson; Nina Attias; Hattie L. A. Bartlam‐Brooks; Floris M. van Beest; Jerrold L. Belant; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2022)
Aim Macroecological studies that require habitat suitability data for many species often derive this information from expert opinion. However, expert‐based information is inherently subjective and thus prone to errors. The increasing availability of GPS tracking data offers opportunities to evaluate and supplement expert‐based information with detailed empirical evidence. Here, we compared expert‐based habitat suitability information from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with habitat suitability information derived from GPS‐tracking data of 1,498 individuals from 49 mammal species. Location Worldwide. Time period 1998–2021. Major taxa studied Forty‐nine terrestrial mammal species. Methods Using GPS data, we estimated two measures of habitat suitability for each individual animal: proportional habitat use (proportion of GPS locations within a habitat type), and selection ratio (habitat use relative to its availability). For each individual we then evaluated whether the GPS‐based habitat suitability measures were in agreement with the IUCN data. To that end, we calculated the probability that the ranking of empirical habitat suitability measures was in agreement with IUCN's classification into suitable, marginal and unsuitable habitat types. Results IUCN habitat suitability data were in accordance with the GPS data (> 95% probability of agreement) for 33 out of 49 species based on proportional habitat use estimates and for 25 out of 49 species based on selection ratios. In addition, 37 and 34 species had a > 50% probability of agreement based on proportional habitat use and selection ratios, respectively. Main conclusions We show how GPS‐tracking data can be used to evaluate IUCN habitat suitability data. Our findings indicate that for the majority of species included in this study, it is appropriate to use IUCN habitat suitability data in macroecological studies. Furthermore, we show that GPS‐tracking data can be used to identify and prioritize species and habitat types for re‐evaluation of IUCN habitat suitability data.

Land‐based climate solutions for the United States - G. Philip Robertson; Stephen K. Hamilton; Keith Paustian; Pete Smith (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Meeting end‐of‐century global warming targets requires aggressive action on multiple fronts. Recent reports note the futility of addressing mitigation goals without fully engaging the agricultural sector, yet no available assessments combine both nature‐based solutions (reforestation, grassland and wetland protection, and agricultural practice change) and cellulosic bioenergy for a single geographic region. Collectively, these solutions might offer a suite of climate, biodiversity, and other benefits greater than either alone. Nature‐based solutions are largely constrained by the duration of carbon accrual in soils and forest biomass; each of these carbon pools will eventually saturate. Bioenergy solutions can last indefinitely but carry significant environmental risk if carelessly deployed. We detail a simplified scenario for the United States that illustrates the benefits of combining approaches. We assign a portion of non‐forested former cropland to bioenergy sufficient to meet projected mid‐century transportation needs, with the remainder assigned to nature‐based solutions such as reforestation. Bottom‐up mitigation potentials for the aggregate contributions of crop, grazing, forest, and bioenergy lands are assessed by including in a Monte Carlo model conservative ranges for cost‐effective local mitigation capacities, together with ranges for (a) areal extents that avoid double counting and include realistic adoption rates and (b) the projected duration of different carbon sinks. The projected duration illustrates the net effect of eventually saturating soil carbon pools in the case of most strategies, and additionally saturating biomass carbon pools in the case of forest management. Results show a conservative end‐of‐century mitigation capacity of 110 (57–178) Gt CO 2 e for the U.S., ~50% higher than existing estimates that prioritize nature‐based or bioenergy solutions separately. Further research is needed to shrink uncertainties, but there is sufficient confidence in the general magnitude and direction of a combined approach to plan for deployment now.

Resisting ecosystem transformation through an intensive whole‐lake fish removal experiment - Holly S. Embke; Stephen R. Carpenter; Daniel A. Isermann; Giancarlo Coppola; Douglas T. Beard; Abigail J. Lynch; Greg G. Sass; Zachary S. Feiner; M. Jake Vander Zanden (Fisheries Management and Ecology, 2022)
Lake ecosystems are shifting due to many drivers including climate change and landscape‐scale habitat disturbance, diminishing their potential to support some fisheries. Walleye Sander vitreus (Mitchill) populations, which support recreational and tribal fisheries across North America, have declined in some lakes. Climate change, harvest, invasive species and concurrent increases in warm‐water fishes (e.g. Centrarchidae) may have contributed to declines. To test the utility of an intensive management action to resist walleye loss, an experimental removal of ~285,000 centrarchids from a 33‐ha lake over 4 years was conducted while monitoring the fish community response. Centrarchid abundance declined and yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchill) increased, yet no evidence of walleye recruitment was observed. These findings explore the feasibility of intensive resistance as a management strategy in supporting walleye facing environmental change and provide a platform for management discussions to move beyond resist strategies in the Resist‐Accept‐Direct (RAD) framework to navigate ecosystem change.

Correction to: Inhibition of a cortico-thalamic circuit attenuates cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior in “relapse prone” male rats - Brittany N. Kuhn; Paolo Campus; Marin S. Klumpner; Stephen E. Chang; Amanda G. Iglesias; Shelly B. Flagel (Psychopharmacology, 2022)

The mechanism of resistance in Escherichia coli to ridinilazole and other antibacterial head-to-head bis-benzimidazole compounds - Aaron G. Dale; Alessandra Porcu; John Mann; Stephen Neidle (Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2022)
The appY gene has been characterised as conferring resistance to a novel series of antimicrobial benzimidazole derivatives in E. coli MC1061 cells when expressed in high copy-number. A microarray approach was used to identify genes involved in the mechanism of appY-mediated antibacterial resistance, that were up- or down-regulated following induction of the gene in the appY knockout strain JW0553. In total, expression of 90 genes was induced and 48 repressed greater than 2.5-fold ( P < 0.05), 45 min after appY induction. Over half the genes up-regulated following appY expression had confirmed or putative roles in acid resistance (AR) and response to oxidative and antibiotic stresses. These included the genes for MdtE and MdtF, which form a multi-drug transporter with TolC and have been implicated in resistance to several antibiotics including erythromycin. Amongst the acid resistance genes were gadAB and adiAC encoding the glutamate-dependant (AR2) and arginine-dependant (AR3) acid resistance systems respectively, in addition to the transcriptional activators of these systems gadE and gadX. In agreement with earlier studies, appA, appCB and hyaA-F were also up-regulated following induction of appY. This study has also confirmed that over-expression of mdtEF confers resistance to these antibacterial benzimidazoles, indicating that the observation of appY conferring resistance to these compounds, proceeds through an appY-mediated up-regulation of this efflux transporter. To assess the importance of the AppY enzyme to acid stress responses, the percentage survival of bacteria in acidified media (pH ≤ 2) was measured. From an initial input of 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml, the wild-type strain MG1655 showed 7.29% and 0.46% survival after 2 and 4 h, respectively. In contrast, strain JW0553 in which appY is deleted was completely killed by the treatment. Transformation of JW0553 with a plasmid carrying appY returned survival to wild-type levels (7.85% and 1.03% survival at 2 and 4 h). Further dissection of the response by prior induction of each of the three AR systems has revealed that AR1 and AR3 were most affected by the absence of appY. This work highlights an important and previously unidentified role for the AppY enzyme in mediating the responses to several stress conditions. It is likely that the appY gene fits into a complex transcriptional regulatory network involving σ S and gadE and gadX. Further work to pinpoint its position in such a hierarchy and to assess the contribution of appY to oxidative stress responses should help determine its full significance. This work is also consistent with recent studies in C. difficile showing that the mechanism of action of ridinilazole involves AT-rich DNA minor groove binding.

Cryptic extinction risk in a western Pacific lizard radiation - Peter J. McDonald; Rafe M. Brown; Fred Kraus; Philip Bowles; Umilaela Arifin; Samuel J. Eliades; Robert N. Fisher; Maren Gaulke; L. Lee Grismer; Ivan Ineich; Benjamin R. Karin; Camila G. Meneses; et al. (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2022)
Cryptic ecologies, the Wallacean Shortfall of undocumented species’ geographical ranges and the Linnaean Shortfall of undescribed diversity, are all major barriers to conservation assessment. When these factors overlap with drivers of extinction risk, such as insular distributions, the number of threatened species in a region or clade may be underestimated, a situation we term ‘cryptic extinction risk’. The genus Lepidodactylus is a diverse radiation of insular and arboreal geckos that occurs across the western Pacific. Previous work on Lepidodactylus showed evidence of evolutionary displacement around continental fringes, suggesting an inherent vulnerability to extinction from factors such as competition and predation. We sought to (1) comprehensively review status and threats, (2) estimate the number of undescribed species, and (3) estimate extinction risk in data deficient and candidate species, in Lepidodactylus . From our updated IUCN Red List assessment, 60% of the 58 recognized species are threatened (n = 15) or Data Deficient (n = 21), which is higher than reported for most other lizard groups. Species from the smaller and isolated Pacific islands are of greatest conservation concern, with most either threatened or Data Deficient, and all particularly vulnerable to invasive species. We estimated 32 undescribed candidate species and linear modelling predicted that an additional 18 species, among these and the data deficient species, are threatened with extinction. Focusing efforts to resolve the taxonomy and conservation status of key taxa, especially on small islands in the Pacific, is a high priority for conserving this remarkably diverse, yet poorly understood, lizard fauna. Our data highlight how cryptic ecologies and cryptic diversity combine and lead to significant underestimation of extinction risk.

Effects of the neo‐X chromosome on genomic signatures of hybridization in Rumex hastatulus - Felix E. G. Beaudry; Joanna L. Rifkin; Amanda L. Peake; Deanna Kim; Madeline Jarvis‐Cross; Spencer C. H. Barrett; Stephen I. Wright (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
Natural hybrid zones provide opportunities for studies of the evolution of reproductive isolation in wild populations. Although recent investigations have found that the formation of neo‐sex chromosomes is associated with reproductive isolation, the mechanisms remain unclear in most cases. Here, we assess the contemporary structure of gene flow in the contact zone between largely allopatric cytotypes of the dioecious plant Rumex hastatulus, a species with evidence of sex chromosome turn‐over. Males to the west of the Mississippi river, USA, have an X and a single Y chromosome, whereas populations to the east of the river have undergone a chromosomal rearrangement giving rise to a larger X and two Y chromosomes. Using reduced‐representation sequencing, we provide evidence that hybrids form readily and survive multiple backcross generations in the field, demonstrating the potential for ongoing gene flow between the cytotypes. Cline analysis of each chromosome separately captured no signals of difference in cline shape between chromosomes. However, principal component regression revealed a significant increase in the contribution of individual SNPs to inter‐cytotype differentiation on the neo‐X chromosome, but no correlation with recombination rate. Cline analysis revealed that the only SNPs with significantly steeper clines than the genome average were located on the neo‐X. Our data are consistent with a role for neo‐sex chromosomes in reproductive isolation between R. hastatulus cytotypes. Our investigation highlights the importance of studying plant hybrid zones for understanding the evolution of sex chromosomes.

Trophic Structure and Diet of Predatory Teleost Fishes in a Tropical Demersal Shelf Ecosystem - Conrad W. Speed; Mark G. Meekan; Matthew J. Birt; Miles J. G. Parsons; Dianne McLean; Brett M. Taylor; Luke Thomas; Robert McCauley; Jayson M. Semmens; Stephen J. Newman (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Predatory fishes are a major component of many tropical fisheries, although little is known about their diet and trophic structure, which can hinder effective management. We used stable isotopes δ 15 N and δ 13 C in conjunction with dietary prey items of five fishes ( Lutjanus sebae , Lethrinus punctulatus , Epinephelus areolatus , Epinephelus multinotatus , and Plectropomus maculatus ) to describe the diet and trophic structure across this assemblage. A total of 153 isotope and 87 stomach content samples were collected at two locations that were ≈30 km apart, over two sampling trips, separated by three months. There was clear separation of species’ mean δ 15 N and δ 13 C values in isotopic space; the highest mean δ 15 N was exhibited by E. multinotatus (13.50 ± 0.11 SE) and the lowest was L. punctulatus (11.05 ± 0.13). These two species had the lowest overlap of isotopic niche space, whereas the highest overlap occurred between L. sebae and P. maculatus . δ 15 N increased with fish body size for all species. However, body size was not significantly related to δ 13 C values for any species. There was a notable shift in both δ 15 N and δ 13 C between sampling trips, with δ 13 C being more depleted in the second trip. There was also a difference in δ 13 C between locations for all species, suggesting localised foraging. A multiple tissue comparison for L. sebae indicated positive relationships for both δ 15 N and δ 13 C between dorsal fin and muscle tissue. Mean δ 15 N values were the same for both fin (12.1 ± 0.10 SE) and muscle tissue (12.1 ± 0.09 SE), although δ 13 C was more enriched in fin (-15.6 ± 0.14 SE) compared to muscle tissue (-17.3 ± 0.11 SE). The most common dietary items across species were teleosts and crustaceans, which was consistent with isotope data indicating a reliance on a demersal food web (δ 13 C values ranging from -18 to -15‰). The results from our study indicate a dynamic spatio-temporal trophic structure and diet for commercially important demersal species and highlight the benefits of a multi-facetted sampling approach.

A Tale of Two Complexes: Secretive Marsh Bird Abundance Differs in the Sandhills and Rainwater Basin, Nebraska - Joel G. Jorgensen; Stephen J. Brenner; Lauren R. Greenwalt (Wetlands, 2022)

Flower plantings promote insect pollinator abundance and wild bee richness in Canadian agricultural landscapes - Stephen G. Van Drunen; Jessica E. Linton; Gregory Kuwahara; D. Ryan Norris (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2022)

Once-daily feeding is associated with better health in companion dogs: results from the Dog Aging Project - Emily E. Bray; Zihan Zheng; M. Katherine Tolbert; Brianah M. McCoy; Joshua M. Akey; Brooke Benton; Elhanan Borenstein; Marta G. Castelhano; Amanda E. Coleman; Kate E. Creevy; Kyle Crowder; Matthew D. Dunbar; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)

Comprehensive analysis of epigenetic clocks reveals associations between disproportionate biological ageing and hippocampal volume - Lidija Milicic; Michael Vacher; Tenielle Porter; Vincent Doré; Samantha C. Burnham; Pierrick Bourgeat; Rosita Shishegar; James Doecke; Nicola J. Armstrong; Rick Tankard; Paul Maruff; Colin L. Masters; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)
The concept of age acceleration, the difference between biological age and chronological age, is of growing interest, particularly with respect to age-related disorders, such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Whilst studies have reported associations with AD risk and related phenotypes, there remains a lack of consensus on these associations. Here we aimed to comprehensively investigate the relationship between five recognised measures of age acceleration, based on DNA methylation patterns (DNAm age), and cross-sectional and longitudinal cognition and AD-related neuroimaging phenotypes (volumetric MRI and Amyloid-β PET) in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Significant associations were observed between age acceleration using the Hannum epigenetic clock and cross-sectional hippocampal volume in AIBL and replicated in ADNI. In AIBL, several other findings were observed cross-sectionally, including a significant association between hippocampal volume and the Hannum and Phenoage epigenetic clocks. Further, significant associations were also observed between hippocampal volume and the Zhang and Phenoage epigenetic clocks within Amyloid-β positive individuals. However, these were not validated within the ADNI cohort. No associations between age acceleration and other Alzheimer’s disease-related phenotypes, including measures of cognition or brain Amyloid-β burden, were observed, and there was no association with longitudinal change in any phenotype. This study presents a link between age acceleration, as determined using DNA methylation, and hippocampal volume that was statistically significant across two highly characterised cohorts. The results presented in this study contribute to a growing literature that supports the role of epigenetic modifications in ageing and AD-related phenotypes.

Prediction of disability-free survival in healthy older people - Johannes Tobias Neumann; Le T. P. Thao; Anne M. Murray; Emily Callander; Prudence R. Carr; Mark R. Nelson; Rory Wolfe; Robyn L. Woods; Christopher M. Reid; Raj C. Shah; Anne B. Newman; Jeff D. Williamson; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)
Prolonging survival in good health is a fundamental societal goal. However, the leading determinants of disability-free survival in healthy older people have not been well established. Data from ASPREE, a bi-national placebo-controlled trial of aspirin with 4.7 years median follow-up, was analysed. At enrolment, participants were healthy and without prior cardiovascular events, dementia or persistent physical disability. Disability-free survival outcome was defined as absence of dementia, persistent disability or death. Selection of potential predictors from amongst 25 biomedical, psychosocial and lifestyle variables including recognized geriatric risk factors, utilizing a machine-learning approach. Separate models were developed for men and women. The selected predictors were evaluated in a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model and validated internally by bootstrapping. We included 19,114 Australian and US participants aged ≥65 years (median 74 years, IQR 71.6–77.7). Common predictors of a worse prognosis in both sexes included higher age, lower Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score, lower gait speed, lower grip strength and abnormal (low or elevated) body mass index. Additional risk factors for men included current smoking, and abnormal eGFR. In women, diabetes and depression were additional predictors. The biased-corrected areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the final prognostic models at 5 years were 0.72 for men and 0.75 for women. Final models showed good calibration between the observed and predicted risks. We developed a prediction model in which age, cognitive function and gait speed were the strongest predictors of disability-free survival in healthy older people. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01038583)

Investigating the contribution of white matter hyperintensities and cortical thickness to empathy in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases - Miracle Ozzoude; Brenda Varriano; Derek Beaton; Joel Ramirez; Melissa F. Holmes; Christopher J. M. Scott; Fuqiang Gao; Kelly M. Sunderland; Paula McLaughlin; Jennifer Rabin; Maged Goubran; Donna Kwan; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)

The utilisation of European processed animal proteins as safe, sustainable and circular ingredients for global aquafeeds - Stephen L. Woodgate; Alex H. L. Wan; Finnian Hartnett; Robert G. Wilkinson; Simon J. Davies (Reviews in Aquaculture, 2022)
The global increase in seafood demand has resulted in significant growth in aquaculture production in a wide range of aquatic species. Consequently, this has led to an industry‐wide need to find sustainable feed ingredients that would meet the nutritional requirements used in aquafeeds. The associated dependency on plant by‐products as the major alternatives has brought concerns to aquaculture through associated carbon footprint, increase deforestation and arable land use to meet the demands of plant proteins and oils, and the constraining effects of plant by‐products has on farmed aquatic animal growth and health. Animal by‐products (ABPs) are produced as a direct consequence of terrestrial animal production and the associated meat processing industries. The link between feeding meat and bone meal (MBM) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) outbreak in Europe during the 1980s resulted in a ban of its use animal feeds. This led to a radical overhaul of the rendering industry, including the use of only low‐risk ABP and the development of rendering processes to reduce the risk of prions that causes BSE to enter the food chain. The resulting processed animal proteins (PAPs) are considered safe to be used in farmed animal feeds. This review examines how ABP production has changed due to the BSE outbreak, leading to the current commercially available PAP products for aquafeed use. We evaluated how these products can be effectively used as viable protein sources in aquaculture and examine their limitations and the potential advancements that could lead to a more circular food production system.

Nitric oxide production inhibitory activity of clerodane diterpenes from Monoon membranifolium - Isaraporn Polbuppha; Virayu Suthiphasilp; Tharakorn Maneerat; Rawiwan Charoensup; Thunwadee Limtharakul; Sarot Cheenpracha; Stephen G. Pyne; Surat Laphookhieo (Natural Product Research, 2022)

Data Quality Influences the Predicted Distribution and Habitat of Four Southern-Hemisphere Albatross Species - Kimberly T. Goetz; Fabrice Stephenson; Andrew Hoskins; Aidan D. Bindoff; Rachael A. Orben; Paul M. Sagar; Leigh G. Torres; Caitlin E. Kroeger; Lisa A. Sztukowski; Richard A. Phillips; Stephen C. Votier; Stuart Bearhop; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Few studies have assessed the influence of data quality on the predicted probability of occurrence and preferred habitat of marine predators. We compared results from four species distribution models (SDMs) for four southern-hemisphere albatross species, Buller’s ( Thalassarche bulleri ), Campbell ( T. impavida ), grey-headed ( T. chrysostoma ), and white-capped ( T. steadi ), based on datasets of differing quality, ranging from no location data to twice-daily locations of individual birds collected by geolocation devices. Two relative environmental suitability (RES) models were fit using minimum and maximum preferred and absolute values for each environmental variable based on (1) monthly 50% kernel density contours and background environmental data, and (2) primary literature or expert opinion. Additionally, two boosted regression tree (BRT) models were fit using (1) opportunistic sightings data, and (2) geolocation data from bird-borne electronic tags. Using model-specific threshold values, habitat was quantified for each species and model. Model variables included distance from land, bathymetry, sea surface temperature, and chlorophyll- a concentration. Results from both RES models and the BRT model fit with opportunistic sightings were compared to those from the BRT model fit using geolocation data to assess the influence of data quality on predicted occupancy and habitat. For all species, BRT models outperformed RES models. BRT models offer a predictive advantage over RES models by being able to identify relevant variables, incorporate environmental interactions, and provide spatially explicit estimates of model uncertainty. RES models resulted in larger, less refined areas of predicted habitat for all species. Our study highlights the importance of data quality in predicting the distribution and habitat of albatrosses and emphasises the need to consider the pros and cons associated with different levels of data quality when using SDMs to inform management decisions. Furthermore, we examine the overlap in preferred habitat predicted by each SDM with fishing effort. We discuss the influence of data quality on predicting the wide-scale distributions of pelagic seabirds and how these impacts could result in different protection measures.

Density-dependence and environmental variability have stage-specific influences on European grayling growth - Jessica E. Marsh; Richard J. Cove; J. Robert Britton; Robert G. Wellard; Tea Bašić; Stephen D. Gregory (Oecologia, 2022)
Fish somatic growth is indeterminate and can be influenced by a range of abiotic and biotic variables. With climate change forecast to increase the frequency of warming and unusual discharge events, it is thus important to understand how these variables currently influence somatic growth and how that might differ for specific age-classes and/ or life stages. Here, we used a 17-year dataset from a chalk stream in southern England to identify the abiotic and biotic influences on the growth of juvenile, sub-adult and adult life stages of European grayling ( Thymallus thymallus ), a cold-water riverine salmonid. The results revealed that interannual variations in grayling growth were well described by annual- and site-specific abiotic and biotic explanatory variables. We found divergent responses between life stages to increased temperature and unusual discharge during the main growth period with, for example, elevated temperatures related to increased juvenile growth but reduced sub-adult growth, and high discharge events related to increased sub-adult growth yet reduced juvenile growth. Conversely, stage-specific grayling abundance negatively influenced growth at each life stage, though only juvenile growth was impacted by the abundance of a competitor species, brown trout ( Salmo trutta ). These results emphasise the merits of testing a wide range of environmental and biological explanatory variables on fish growth, and across life stages. They also reveal the importance of maintaining high habitat heterogeneity in rivers to ensure all life stages can reduce their competitive interactions and have access to adequate flow and thermal refugia during periods of elevated environmental stress.

Global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and household air pollution from solid fuels from 1990 to 2019 - Yinglin Wu; Shiyu Zhang; Bingting Zhuo; Miao Cai; Zhengmin Min Qian; Michael G. Vaughn; Stephen Edward McMillin; Zilong Zhang; Hualiang Lin (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022)

Applying Mendelian randomization to appraise causality in relationships between nutrition and cancer - Kaitlin H. Wade; James Yarmolinsky; Edward Giovannucci; Sarah J. Lewis; Iona Y. Millwood; Marcus R. Munafò; Fleur Meddens; Kimberley Burrows; Joshua A. Bell; Neil M. Davies; Daniela Mariosa; Noora Kanerva; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2022)
Dietary factors are assumed to play an important role in cancer risk, apparent in consensus recommendations for cancer prevention that promote nutritional changes. However, the evidence in this field has been generated predominantly through observational studies, which may result in biased effect estimates because of confounding, exposure misclassification, and reverse causality. With major geographical differences and rapid changes in cancer incidence over time, it is crucial to establish which of the observational associations reflect causality and to identify novel risk factors as these may be modified to prevent the onset of cancer and reduce its progression. Mendelian randomization (MR) uses the special properties of germline genetic variation to strengthen causal inference regarding potentially modifiable exposures and disease risk. MR can be implemented through instrumental variable (IV) analysis and, when robustly performed, is generally less prone to confounding, reverse causation and measurement error than conventional observational methods and has different sources of bias (discussed in detail below). It is increasingly used to facilitate causal inference in epidemiology and provides an opportunity to explore the effects of nutritional exposures on cancer incidence and progression in a cost-effective and timely manner. Here, we introduce the concept of MR and discuss its current application in understanding the impact of nutritional factors (e.g., any measure of diet and nutritional intake, circulating biomarkers, patterns, preference or behaviour) on cancer aetiology and, thus, opportunities for MR to contribute to the development of nutritional recommendations and policies for cancer prevention. We provide applied examples of MR studies examining the role of nutritional factors in cancer to illustrate how this method can be used to help prioritise or deprioritise the evaluation of specific nutritional factors as intervention targets in randomised controlled trials. We describe possible biases when using MR, and methodological developments aimed at investigating and potentially overcoming these biases when present. Lastly, we consider the use of MR in identifying causally relevant nutritional risk factors for various cancers in different regions across the world, given notable geographical differences in some cancers. We also discuss how MR results could be translated into further research and policy. We conclude that findings from MR studies, which corroborate those from other well-conducted studies with different and orthogonal biases, are poised to substantially improve our understanding of nutritional influences on cancer. For such corroboration, there is a requirement for an interdisciplinary and collaborative approach to investigate risk factors for cancer incidence and progression.

Expert range maps of global mammal distributions harmonised to three taxonomic authorities - Charles J. Marsh; Yanina V. Sica; Connor J. Burgin; Wendy A. Dorman; Robert C. Anderson; Isabel del Toro Mijares; Jessica G. Vigneron; Vijay Barve; Victoria L. Dombrowik; Michelle Duong; Robert Guralnick; Julie A. Hart; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2022)
Aim Comprehensive, global information on species' occurrences is an essential biodiversity variable and central to a range of applications in ecology, evolution, biogeography and conservation. Expert range maps often represent a species' only available distributional information and play an increasing role in conservation assessments and macroecology. We provide global range maps for the native ranges of all extant mammal species harmonised to the taxonomy of the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) mobilised from two sources, the Handbook of the Mammals of the World (HMW) and the Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World (CMW). Location Global. Taxon All extant mammal species. Methods Range maps were digitally interpreted, georeferenced, error‐checked and subsequently taxonomically aligned between the HMW (6253 species), the CMW (6431 species) and the MDD taxonomies (6362 species). Results Range maps can be evaluated and visualised in an online map browser at Map of Life ( mol.org ) and accessed for individual or batch download for non‐commercial use. Main conclusion Expert maps of species' global distributions are limited in their spatial detail and temporal specificity, but form a useful basis for broad‐scale characterizations and model‐based integration with other data. We provide georeferenced range maps for the native ranges of all extant mammal species as shapefiles, with species‐level metadata and source information packaged together in geodatabase format. Across the three taxonomic sources our maps entail, there are 1784 taxonomic name differences compared to the maps currently available on the IUCN Red List website. The expert maps provided here are harmonised to the MDD taxonomic authority and linked to a community of online tools that will enable transparent future updates and version control.

Inhibition of a cortico-thalamic circuit attenuates cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior in “relapse prone” male rats - Brittany N. Kuhn; Paolo Campus; Marin S. Klumpner; Stephen E. Chang; Amanda G. Iglesias; Shelly B. Flagel (Psychopharmacology, 2022)

Estimating peanut and soybean photosynthetic traits using leaf spectral reflectance and advance regression models - Ma. Luisa Buchaillot; David Soba; Tianchu Shu; Juan Liu; Iker Aranjuelo; José Luis Araus; G. Brett Runion; Stephen A. Prior; Shawn C. Kefauver; Alvaro Sanz-Saez (Planta, 2022)
Main conclusion By combining hyperspectral signatures of peanut and soybean, we predicted V cmax and J max with 70 and 50% accuracy. The PLS was the model that better predicted these photosynthetic parameters. Abstract One proposed key strategy for increasing potential crop stability and yield centers on exploitation of genotypic variability in photosynthetic capacity through precise high-throughput phenotyping techniques. Photosynthetic parameters, such as the maximum rate of Rubisco catalyzed carboxylation ( V c ,max ) and maximum electron transport rate supporting RuBP regeneration ( J max ), have been identified as key targets for improvement. The primary techniques for measuring these physiological parameters are very time-consuming. However, these parameters could be estimated using rapid and non-destructive leaf spectroscopy techniques. This study compared four different advanced regression models (PLS, BR, ARDR, and LASSO) to estimate V c ,max and J max based on leaf reflectance spectra measured with an ASD FieldSpec4. Two leguminous species were tested under different controlled environmental conditions: (1) peanut under different water regimes at normal atmospheric conditions and (2) soybean under high [CO 2 ] and high night temperature. Model sensitivities were assessed for each crop and treatment separately and in combination to identify strengths and weaknesses of each modeling approach. Regardless of regression model, robust predictions were achieved for V c ,max ( R 2 = 0.70) and J max ( R 2 = 0.50). Field spectroscopy shows promising results for estimating spatial and temporal variations in photosynthetic capacity based on leaf and canopy spectral properties.

Environmental, social and reproductive factors influence the risk–reward trade-off in a group-living fish - Marian Y. L. Wong; Leigha R. Aitken; Amanda L. Beasley; Stephen G. Morris; Anna Scott (Coral Reefs, 2022)
Animals are faced with a fundamental risk-reward trade-off when making decisions about foraging in the presence of predation, yet little is known about how social, reproductive and environmental factors mediate this trade-off. In the marine environment, anemonefishes provide a model system for investigating the determinants of risk–reward trade-offs, because they live in size- and sex-structured groups within protective sea anemones tentacles, yet feed predominantly in the water column where they are at risk of predation. Furthermore, exposure to changing tides means the availability of planktonic food covaries with their risk of predation. Therefore, we examined how tide, sex and status, and the presence of eggs influenced the time that Amphiprion mccullochi spent at different distances from their anemone, a proxy for foraging effort and predation risk. We found that individuals significantly adjusted their time spent far and close to the anemone depending on the tide, status and the presence of eggs, and that these adjustments can be explained in light of threat sensitive behaviour. This study illustrates the relative importance of environmental and social factors on intraspecific variation in foraging and antipredator behaviour and bolsters our understanding of the decision’s individuals make to balance the costs and benefits of foraging over temporal and spatial scales.

Strategic foraging: Understanding hawksbill ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) prey item energy values and distribution within a marine protected area - Dustin S. Baumbach; Renwu Zhang; Christian T. Hayes; Marsha K. Wright; Stephen G. Dunbar (Marine Ecology, 2022)
Anthropogenic disturbances affect the health of coral reefs worldwide and may also impact hawksbill ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) foraging areas, potentially decreasing sponge numbers, while increasing macroalgae. Few studies have been conducted to understand energy content of hawksbill prey. We investigated observed ( Geodia neptuni and Kallymenia limminghii ) and potential ( Xestospongia muta and Halimeda opuntia ) hawksbill prey abundances and their energy contents in the Sandy Bay West End Marine Reserve, and related prey distribution to hawksbill distribution within the reserve. We analysed prey abundances by conducting in‐water habitat transects followed by point count analyses. In‐water hawksbill observations were recorded to provide total times turtles foraged on prey. We then measured energy content of prey types using microbomb calorimetry. Habitat assessments indicated sponges were most abundant in West Bay and West End, whereas macroalgae were most abundant in West End. Foraging observations indicated juvenile hawksbills spent more time foraging on G. neptuni (x̅ = 236.5 s) than K. limminghii (x̅ = 98.0 s) and no time foraging on either X. muta or H. opuntia . Energy content was higher for G. neptuni (4.09 kJ g −1 ) and K. limminghii (12.88 kJ g −1 ) than X. muta (2.48 kJ g −1 ) and H. opuntia (1.27 kJ g −1 ). Hawksbills were frequently observed feeding in West Bay where sponges were abundant and were also observed foraging on K. limminghii throughout this area. Fewer hawksbills were observed in West End and Sandy Bay than in West Bay, and these areas had fewer sponges compared with West Bay. Hawksbills benefit from foraging on the abundant observed sponge and macroalgae within their home ranges, allowing them to conserve energy and increase potential net energy gains from high energy prey.

Global impacts of climate change on avian functional diversity - Peter S. Stewart; Alke Voskamp; Luca Santini; Matthias F. Biber; Adam J. M. Devenish; Christian Hof; Stephen G. Willis; Joseph A. Tobias (Ecology Letters, 2022)
Climate change is predicted to drive geographical range shifts, leading to fluctuations in species richness (SR) worldwide. However, the effect of these changes on functional diversity (FD) remains unclear, in part because comprehensive species‐level trait data are generally lacking at global scales. Here, we use morphometric and ecological traits for 8268 bird species to estimate the impact of climate change on avian FD. We show that future bird assemblages are likely to undergo substantial shifts in trait structure, with a magnitude of change greater than predicted from SR alone, and a direction of change varying according to geographical location and trophic guild. For example, our models predict that FD of insect predators will increase at higher latitudes with concurrent losses at mid‐latitudes, whereas FD of seed dispersing birds will fluctuate across the tropics. Our findings highlight the potential for climate change to drive continental‐scale shifts in avian FD with implications for ecosystem function and resilience.

CropPol : A dynamic, open and global database on crop pollination - Alfonso Allen‐Perkins; Ainhoa Magrach; Matteo Dainese; Lucas A. Garibaldi; David Kleijn; Romina Rader; James R. Reilly; Rachael Winfree; Ola Lundin; Carley M. McGrady; Claire Brittain; David J. Biddinger; et al. (Ecology, 2022)
Seventy five percent of the world's food crops benefit from insect pollination. Hence, there has been increased interest in how global change drivers impact this critical ecosystem service. Because standardized data on crop pollination are rarely available, we are limited in our capacity to understand the variation in pollination benefits to crop yield, as well as to anticipate changes in this service, develop predictions, and inform management actions. Here, we present CropPol, a dynamic, open, and global database on crop pollination. It contains measurements recorded from 202 crop studies, covering 3,394 field observations, 2,552 yield measurements (i.e., berry mass, number of fruits, and fruit density [kg/ha], among others), and 47,752 insect records from 48 commercial crops distributed around the globe. CropPol comprises 32 of the 87 leading global crops and commodities that are pollinator dependent. Malus domestica is the most represented crop (32 studies), followed by Brassica napus (22 studies), Vaccinium corymbosum (13 studies), and Citrullus lanatus (12 studies). The most abundant pollinator guilds recorded are honey bees (34.22% counts), bumblebees (19.19%), flies other than Syrphidae and Bombyliidae (13.18%), other wild bees (13.13%), beetles (10.97%), Syrphidae (4.87%), and Bombyliidae (0.05%). Locations comprise 34 countries distributed among Europe (76 studies), North America (60), Latin America and the Caribbean (29), Asia (20), Oceania (10), and Africa (7). Sampling spans three decades and is concentrated on 2001–2005 (21 studies), 2006–2010 (40), 2011–2015 (88), and 2016–2020 (50). This is the most comprehensive open global data set on measurements of crop flower visitors, crop pollinators and pollination to date, and we encourage researchers to add more datasets to this database in the future. This data set is released for non‐commercial use only. Credits should be given to this paper (i.e., proper citation), and the products generated with this database should be shared under the same license terms (CC BY‐NC‐SA).

Observation of Aerosol Generation by Human Subjects During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Using a High-Powered Laser Technique: A Pilot Project - Christopher M. Varga; Keith J. Kwiatkowski; Michael J. Pedro; Herman Groepenhoff; Edward A. Rose; Callum Gray; Kai D. Pinkerton; Michael G. McBride; Stephen M. Paridon (Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 2022)

Some Factors Influencing Calling Behavior and Mass Emission Rate of Sex Pheromone from the Gland of the Moth Chloridea virescens - Stephen P. Foster; Karin G. Anderson (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2022)

Biogeochemical consequences of a changing Arctic shelf seafloor ecosystem - Christian März; Felipe S. Freitas; Johan C. Faust; Jasmin A. Godbold; Sian F. Henley; Allyson C. Tessin; Geoffrey D. Abbott; Ruth Airs; Sandra Arndt; David K. A. Barnes; Laura J. Grange; Neil D. Gray; et al. (Ambio, 2022)
Unprecedented and dramatic transformations are occurring in the Arctic in response to climate change, but academic, public, and political discourse has disproportionately focussed on the most visible and direct aspects of change, including sea ice melt, permafrost thaw, the fate of charismatic megafauna, and the expansion of fisheries. Such narratives disregard the importance of less visible and indirect processes and, in particular, miss the substantive contribution of the shelf seafloor in regulating nutrients and sequestering carbon. Here, we summarise the biogeochemical functioning of the Arctic shelf seafloor before considering how climate change and regional adjustments to human activities may alter its biogeochemical and ecological dynamics, including ecosystem function, carbon burial, or nutrient recycling. We highlight the importance of the Arctic benthic system in mitigating climatic and anthropogenic change and, with a focus on the Barents Sea, offer some observations and our perspectives on future management and policy.

Next‐generation phylogeography resolves post‐glacial colonization patterns in a widespread carnivore, the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), in Europe - Allan D. McDevitt; Ilaria Coscia; Samuel S. Browett; Aritz Ruiz‐González; Mark J. Statham; Iwona Ruczyńska; Liam Roberts; Joanna Stojak; Alain C. Frantz; Karin Norén; Erik O. Ågren; Jane Learmount; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
Carnivores tend to exhibit a lack of (or less pronounced) genetic structure at continental scales in both a geographic and temporal sense and this can confound the identification of post‐glacial colonization patterns in this group. In this study we used genome‐wide data (using genotyping by sequencing [GBS]) to reconstruct the phylogeographic history of a widespread carnivore, the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), by investigating broad‐scale patterns of genomic variation, differentiation and admixture amongst contemporary populations in Europe. Using 15,003 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 524 individuals allowed us to identify the importance of refugial regions for the red fox in terms of endemism (e.g., Iberia). In addition, we tested multiple post‐glacial recolonization scenarios of previously glaciated regions during the Last Glacial Maximum using an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) approach that were unresolved from previous studies. This allowed us to identify the role of admixture from multiple source population post‐Younger Dryas in the case of Scandinavia and ancient land‐bridges in the colonization of the British Isles. A natural colonization of Ireland was deemed more likely than an ancient human‐mediated introduction as has previously been proposed and potentially points to a larger mammalian community on the island in the early post‐glacial period. Using genome‐wide data has allowed us to tease apart broad‐scale patterns of structure and diversity in a widespread carnivore in Europe that was not evident from using more limited marker sets and provides a foundation for next‐generation phylogeographic studies in other non‐model species.

Limited biogeochemical modification of surface waters by kelp forest canopies: Influence of kelp metabolism and site‐specific hydrodynamics - Sarah B. Traiger; Brian Cohn; Demetra Panos; Margaret Daly; Heidi K. Hirsh; Maria Martone; Isabella Gutierrez; David A. Mucciarone; Yuichiro Takeshita; Stephen G. Monismith; Robert B. Dunbar; Kerry J. Nickols (Limnology and Oceanography, 2022)
Climate change is causing decreases in pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) in coastal ecosystems. Canopy‐forming giant kelp can locally increase DO and pH through photosynthesis, with the most pronounced effect expected in surface waters where the bulk of kelp biomass resides. However, limited observations are available from waters in canopies and measurements at depth show limited potential of giant kelp to ameliorate chemical conditions. We quantified spatiotemporal variability of surface biogeochemistry and assessed the role of biological and physical drivers in pH and DO modification at two locations differing in hydrodynamics inside and outside of two kelp forests in Monterey Bay, California in summer 2019. pH, DO, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and temperature were measured at and near the surface, in conjunction with physical parameters (currents and pressure), nutrients, and metrics of phytoplankton and kelp biological processes. DO and pH were highest, with lower DIC, at the surface inside kelp forests. However, differences inside vs. outside of kelp forests were small (DO 6–8%, pH 0.05 higher in kelp). The kelp forest with lower significant wave height and slower currents had greater modification of surface biogeochemistry as indicated by larger diel variation and slightly higher mean DO and pH, despite lower kelp growth rates. Differences between kelp forests and offshore areas were not driven by nutrients or phytoplankton. Although kelp had clear effects on biogeochemistry, which were modulated by hydrodynamics, the small magnitude and spatial extent of the effect limits the potential of kelp forests to mitigate acidification and hypoxia.

Natural Variability in Caribbean Coral Physiology and Implications for Coral Bleaching Resilience - Leila Chapron; Verena Schoepf; Stephen J. Levas; Matthew D. Aschaffenburg; Mark E. Warner; Andréa G. Grottoli (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Coral reefs are among the most diverse and complex ecosystems in the world that provide important ecological and economical services. Increases in sea surface temperature linked to global climate change threatens these ecosystems by inducing coral bleaching. However, it is not fully known if natural intra- or inter-annual physiological variability is linked to bleaching resilience or recovery capacity of corals. Here, we monitored the coral physiology of three common Caribbean species ( Porites divaricata, Porites astreoides, Orbicella faveolata ) at six time points over 2 years by measuring the following traits: calcification, biomass, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a , algal endosymbiont density, stable carbon isotopes of the host and endosymbiotic algae, and the stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of the skeleton. The overall physiological profile of all three species varied over time and that of P. divaricata was consistently different from the two other coral species. Porites divaricata had higher energy reserves coupled with higher contributions of heterotrophically derived carbon to host tissues than both P. astreoides and O. faveolata . Consistently higher overall energy reserves and heterotrophic contributions to tissues appear to buffer against environmental stress, including bleaching events. Thus, natural physiological variability among coral species appears to be a stronger predictor of coral bleaching resilience than intra- or inter-annual physiological variability within a coral species.

Trace Metal Dynamics in Shallow Hydrothermal Plumes at the Kermadec Arc - Charlotte Kleint; Rebecca Zitoun; René Neuholz; Maren Walter; Bernhard Schnetger; Lukas Klose; Stephen M. Chiswell; Rob Middag; Patrick Laan; Sylvia G. Sander; Andrea Koschinsky (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Hydrothermal vents are a source of many trace metals to the oceans. Compared to mid-ocean ridges, hydrothermal vent systems at arcs occur in shallower water depth and are much more diverse in fluid composition, resulting in highly variable water column trace metal concentrations. However, only few studies have focused on trace metal dynamics in hydrothermal plumes at volcanic arcs. During R/V Sonne cruise SO253 in 2016/2017, hydrothermal plumes from two hydrothermally active submarine volcanoes along the Kermadec arc in the Southwest Pacific Ocean were sampled: (1) Macauley, a magmatic dominated vent site located in water depths between 300 and 680 m, and (2) Brothers, located between 1,200 and 1,600 m water depth, where hydrothermalism influenced by water rock interactions and magmatically influenced vent sites occur near each other. Surface currents estimated from satellite-altimeter derived currents and direct measurements at the sites using lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers indicate the oceanic regime is dominated by mesoscale eddies. At both volcanoes, results indicated strong plumes of dissolved trace metals, notably Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, La, and Pb, some of which are essential micronutrients. Dissolved metal concentrations commonly decreased with distance from the vents, as to be expected, however, certain element/Fe ratios increased, suggesting a higher solubility of these elements and/or their stronger stabilization (e.g., for Zn compared to Fe). Our data indicate that at the magmatically influenced Macauley and Brothers cone sites, the transport of trace metals is strongly controlled by sulfide nanoparticles, while at the Brothers NW caldera wall site iron oxyhydroxides seem to dominate the trace metal transport over sulfides. Solution stabilization of trace metals by organic complexation appears to compete with particle adsorption processes. As well as extending the generally sparse data set for hydrothermal plumes at volcanic arc systems, our study presents the first data on several dissolved trace metals in the Macauley system, and extends the existing plume dataset of Brothers volcano. Our data further indicate that chemical signatures and processes at arc volcanoes are highly diverse, even on small scales.

Correction to: A Standards Organization for Open and FAIR Neuroscience: the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility - Mathew Birdsall Abrams; Jan G. Bjaalie; Samir Das; Gary F. Egan; Satrajit S. Ghosh; Wojtek J. Goscinski; Jeffrey S. Grethe; Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski; Eric Tatt Wei Ho; David N. Kennedy; Linda J. Lanyon; Trygve B. Leergaard; et al. (Neuroinformatics, 2022)

A Standards Organization for Open and FAIR Neuroscience: the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility - Mathew Birdsall Abrams; Jan G. Bjaalie; Samir Das; Gary F. Egan; Satrajit S. Ghosh; Wojtek J. Goscinski; Jeffrey S. Grethe; Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski; Eric Tatt Wei Ho; David N. Kennedy; Linda J. Lanyon; Trygve B. Leergaard; et al. (Neuroinformatics, 2022)
There is great need for coordination around standards and best practices in neuroscience to support efforts to make neuroscience a data-centric discipline. Major brain initiatives launched around the world are poised to generate huge stores of neuroscience data. At the same time, neuroscience, like many domains in biomedicine, is confronting the issues of transparency, rigor, and reproducibility. Widely used, validated standards and best practices are key to addressing the challenges in both big and small data science, as they are essential for integrating diverse data and for developing a robust, effective, and sustainable infrastructure to support open and reproducible neuroscience. However, developing community standards and gaining their adoption is difficult. The current landscape is characterized both by a lack of robust, validated standards and a plethora of overlapping, underdeveloped, untested and underutilized standards and best practices. The International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility (INCF), an independent organization dedicated to promoting data sharing through the coordination of infrastructure and standards, has recently implemented a formal procedure for evaluating and endorsing community standards and best practices in support of the FAIR principles. By formally serving as a standards organization dedicated to open and FAIR neuroscience, INCF helps evaluate, promulgate, and coordinate standards and best practices across neuroscience. Here, we provide an overview of the process and discuss how neuroscience can benefit from having a dedicated standards body.

Riverine Discharge and Phytoplankton Biomass Control Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter Dynamics over Spatial and Temporal Scales in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina - Alexandria G. Hounshell; Stephen R. Fegley; Nathan S. Hall; Christopher L. Osburn; Hans W. Paerl (Estuaries and Coasts, 2022)

Distribution of ETBE-degrading microorganisms and functional capability in groundwater, and implications for characterising aquifer ETBE biodegradation potential - Henry C. G. Nicholls; Stephen A. Rolfe; Helen E. H. Mallinson; Markus Hjort; Michael J. Spence; Matthijs Bonte; Steven F. Thornton (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022)
Microbes in aquifers are present suspended in groundwater or attached to the aquifer sediment. Groundwater is often sampled at gasoline ether oxygenate (GEO)-impacted sites to assess the potential biodegradation of organic constituents. However, the distribution of GEO-degrading microorganisms between the groundwater and aquifer sediment must be understood to interpret this potential. In this study, the distribution of ethyl tert -butyl ether (ETBE)-degrading organisms and ETBE biodegradation potential was investigated in laboratory microcosm studies and mixed groundwater-aquifer sediment samples obtained from pumped monitoring wells at ETBE-impacted sites. ETBE biodegradation potential (as determined by quantification of the ethB gene) was detected predominantly in the attached microbial communities and was below detection limit in the groundwater communities. The copy number of ethB genes varied with borehole purge volume at the field sites. Members of the Comamonadaceae and Gammaproteobacteria families were identified as responders for ETBE biodegradation. However, the detection of the ethB gene is a more appropriate function-based indicator of ETBE biodegradation potential than taxonomic analysis of the microbial community. The study shows that a mixed groundwater-aquifer sediment (slurry) sample collected from monitoring wells after minimal purging can be used to assess the aquifer ETBE biodegradation potential at ETBE-release sites using this function-based concept.

Phenological trends in the pre‐ and post‐breeding migration of long‐distance migratory birds - Kieran B. Lawrence; Clive R. Barlow; Keith Bensusan; Charles Perez; Stephen G. Willis (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Phenological mismatch is often cited as a putative driver of population declines in long‐distance migratory birds. The mechanisms and cues utilized to advance breeding ground arrival will impact the adaptability of species to further warming. Furthermore, timing of post‐breeding migration potentially faces diverging selective pressures, with earlier onset of tropical dry seasons favouring migration advancement, while longer growing seasons in temperate areas could facilitate delayed departures. Despite this, few studies exist of migration phenology on the non‐breeding grounds or on post‐breeding passage. Here, we use first arrival and last departure dates of 20 species of trans‐Saharan migratory birds from tropical non‐breeding grounds (The Gambia), between 1964 and 2019. Additionally, we use first arrival and last departure dates, as well as median arrival and departure dates, at an entry/departure site to/from Europe (Gibraltar), between 1991 and 2018. We assess phenological trends in pre‐ and post‐breeding migration, as well as individual species’ durations of stay in breeding and non‐breeding areas. Furthermore, we assess the extent to which inter‐annual variation in these timings may be explained by meteorological and ecological variables. We find significant advances in pre‐breeding migration at both locations, while post‐breeding migration is delayed. At Gibraltar, these trends do not differ between first/last and median dates of migration. The combination of these trends suggests substantial changes in the temporal usage of the two continents by migratory birds. Duration of stay (of species, not individuals) within Europe increased by 16 days, on average, over the 27‐year monitoring period. By contrast, duration of species’ stays on the non‐breeding range declined by 63 days, on average, over the 56‐year monitoring period. Taken together these changes suggest substantial, previously unreported alterations to annual routines in Afro‐Palaearctic migrants.

The environmental consequences of a change in Australian cotton lint production - Quan V. Nguyen; Stephen G. Wiedemann; Aaron Simmons; Simon J. Clarke (The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2021)

Additive effects of mGluR2 positive allosteric modulation, mGluR2 orthosteric stimulation and 5-HT2AR antagonism on dyskinesia and psychosis-like behaviours in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset - Stephen G Nuara; Jim C Gourdon; Shawn Maddaford; Philippe Huot (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2021)

New Skull Material of Taeniolabis taoensis (Multituberculata, Taeniolabididae) from the Early Paleocene (Danian) of the Denver Basin, Colorado - David W. Krause; Simone Hoffmann; Tyler R. Lyson; Lindsay G. Dougan; Holger Petermann; Adrienne Tecza; Stephen G. B. Chester; Ian M. Miller (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2021)

From tides to nucleotides: Genomic signatures of adaptation to environmental heterogeneity in barnacles - Joaquin C. B. Nunez; Stephen Rong; David A. Ferranti; Alejandro Damian‐Serrano; Kimberly B. Neil; Henrik Glenner; Rebecca G. Elyanow; Bianca R. P. Brown; Magnus Alm Rosenblad; Anders Blomberg; Kerstin Johannesson; David M. Rand (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
The northern acorn barnacle ( Semibalanus balanoides ) is a robust system to study the genetic basis of adaptations to highly heterogeneous environments. Adult barnacles may be exposed to highly dissimilar levels of thermal stress depending on where they settle in the intertidal (i.e., closer to the upper or lower tidal boundary). For instance, barnacles near the upper tidal limit experience episodic summer temperatures above recorded heat coma levels. This differential stress at the microhabitat level is also dependent on the aspect of sun exposure. In the present study, we used pool‐seq approaches to conduct a genome wide screen for loci responding to intertidal zonation across the North Atlantic basin (Maine, Rhode Island, and Norway). Our analysis discovered 382 genomic regions containing SNPs which are consistently zonated (i.e., SNPs whose frequencies vary depending on their position in the rocky intertidal) across all surveyed habitats. Notably, most zonated SNPs are young and private to the North Atlantic. These regions show high levels of genetic differentiation across ecologically extreme microhabitats concomitant with elevated levels of genetic variation and Tajima's D , suggesting the action of non‐neutral processes. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that spatially heterogeneous selection is a general and repeatable feature for this species, and that natural selection can maintain functional genetic variation in heterogeneous environments.

Phytoplankton and cyanobacteria abundances in mid‐21st century lakes depend strongly on future land use and climate projections - Karan Kakouei; Benjamin M. Kraemer; Orlane Anneville; Laurence Carvalho; Heidrun Feuchtmayr; Jennifer L. Graham; Scott Higgins; Francesco Pomati; Lars G. Rudstam; Jason D. Stockwell; Stephen J. Thackeray; Michael J. Vanni; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Land use and climate change are anticipated to affect phytoplankton of lakes worldwide. The effects will depend on the magnitude of projected land use and climate changes and lake sensitivity to these factors. We used random forests fit with long‐term (1971–2016) phytoplankton and cyanobacteria abundance time series, climate observations (1971–2016), and upstream catchment land use (global Clumondo models for the year 2000) data from 14 European and 15 North American lakes basins. We projected future phytoplankton and cyanobacteria abundance in the 29 focal lake basins and 1567 lakes across focal regions based on three land use (sustainability, middle of the road, and regional rivalry) and two climate (RCP 2.6 and 8.5) scenarios to mid‐21st century. On average, lakes are expected to have higher phytoplankton and cyanobacteria due to increases in both urban land use and temperature, and decreases in forest habitat. However, the relative importance of land use and climate effects varied substantially among regions and lakes. Accounting for land use and climate changes in a combined way based on extensive data allowed us to identify urbanization as the major driver of phytoplankton development in lakes located in urban areas, and climate as major driver in lakes located in remote areas where past and future land use changes were minimal. For approximately one‐third of the studied lakes, both drivers were relatively important. The results of this large scale study suggest the best approaches for mitigating the effects of human activity on lake phytoplankton and cyanobacteria will depend strongly on lake sensitivity to long‐term change and the magnitude of projected land use and climate changes at a given location. Our quantitative analyses suggest local management measures should focus on retaining nutrients in urban landscapes to prevent nutrient pollution from exacerbating ongoing changes to lake ecosystems from climate change.

Density data for Lake Ontario benthic invertebrate assemblages from 1964 to 2018 - Lyubov E. Burlakova; Alexander Y. Karatayev; Allison R. Hrycik; Susan E. Daniel; Knut Mehler; Lars G. Rudstam; James M. Watkins; Ronald Dermott; Jill Scharold; Ashley K. Elgin; Thomas F. Nalepa; Elizabeth K. Hinchey; et al. (Ecology, 2021)
Benthic invertebrates are important trophic links in aquatic food webs and serve as useful bioindicators of environmental conditions because their responses integrate the effects of both water and sediment qualities. However, long‐term data sets for benthic invertebrate assemblages across broad geographic areas are rare and, even if collected, historic data sets are often not readily accessible. This data set provides densities of benthic macroinvertebrates for all taxa collected during lake‐wide surveys in Lake Ontario, a Laurentian Great Lake, from 1964 to 2018. This information resulted from surveys funded by the governments of the United States and Canada to investigate the status and changes of Lake Ontario benthic community. Of the 13 lake‐wide benthic surveys conducted in Lake Ontario over the course of 54 yr, we were able to acquire taxonomic data to the species level for 11 of the surveys and data to the group level for the other two surveys. Density data are provided for taxa representing the Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Cnidaria, Nemertea, and Platyhelminthes phyla. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that the compositional structure of Lake Ontario invertebrate assemblages differed markedly by depth and were also significantly altered by the Dreissena spp. invasion in early 1990s. The introduction of invasive dreissenids has changed the community historically dominated by Diporeia , Oligochaeta, and Sphaeriidae, to a community dominated by quagga mussels and Oligochaeta. Considering the rarity of long‐term benthic data of high taxonomic resolution in lake ecosystems, this data set could be useful to explore broader aspects of ecological theory, including effects of different environmental factors and invasive species on community organization, functional and phylogenetic diversity, and spatial scale of variation in community structure. The data set could also be useful for studies on individual species including abundance and distribution, species co‐occurrence, and how the patterns of dominance and rarity change over space and time. Use of this data set for academic or educational purposes is encouraged as long as the data source is properly cited using the title of this Data Paper, the names of the authors, the year of publication, the journal name, and the article number.

Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact - Molly K. Grace; H. Resit Akçakaya; Elizabeth L. Bennett; Thomas M. Brooks; Anna Heath; Simon Hedges; Craig Hilton‐Taylor; Michael Hoffmann; Axel Hochkirch; Richard Jenkins; David A. Keith; Barney Long; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2021)
Recognizing the imperative to evaluate species recovery and conservation impact, in 2012 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) called for development of a “Green List of Species” (now the IUCN Green Status of Species). A draft Green Status framework for assessing species’ progress toward recovery, published in 2018, proposed 2 separate but interlinked components: a standardized method (i.e., measurement against benchmarks of species’ viability, functionality, and preimpact distribution) to determine current species recovery status (herein species recovery score ) and application of that method to estimate past and potential future impacts of conservation based on 4 metrics ( conservation legacy, conservation dependence , conservation gain , and recovery potential ). We tested the framework with 181 species representing diverse taxa, life histories, biomes, and IUCN Red List categories (extinction risk). Based on the observed distribution of species’ recovery scores, we propose the following species recovery categories : fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate. Fifty‐nine percent of tested species were considered largely or critically depleted. Although there was a negative relationship between extinction risk and species recovery score, variation was considerable. Some species in lower risk categories were assessed as farther from recovery than those at higher risk. This emphasizes that species recovery is conceptually different from extinction risk and reinforces the utility of the IUCN Green Status of Species to more fully understand species conservation status. Although extinction risk did not predict conservation legacy, conservation dependence, or conservation gain, it was positively correlated with recovery potential. Only 1.7% of tested species were categorized as zero across all 4 of these conservation impact metrics , indicating that conservation has, or will, play a role in improving or maintaining species status for the vast majority of these species. Based on our results, we devised an updated assessment framework that introduces the option of using a dynamic baseline to assess future impacts of conservation over the short term to avoid misleading results which were generated in a small number of cases, and redefines short term as 10 years to better align with conservation planning. These changes are reflected in the IUCN Green Status of Species Standard.

Cytotoxic and larvicidal activities of Stemona alkaloids from the aerial parts and roots of Stemona curtisii Hook.f. - Sirinrat Chalom; Jukreera Panyakaew; Manlika Phaya; Stephen G. Pyne; Pitchaya Mungkornasawakul (Natural Product Research, 2021)

A new secoiridoid glycoside and other constituents from the roots and flowers of Fagraea fragrans Roxb. (Gentianaceae) - Watchara Sangsopha; Ratsami Lekphrom; Florian T. Schevenels; Brendan Byatt; Stephen G. Pyne; Nattakarn Sridadom; Kanlayanee Sawanyawisuth (Natural Product Research, 2021)

The success of the Montreal Protocol in mitigating interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change on the environment - Paul W. Barnes; Janet F. Bornman; Krishna K. Pandey; Germar H. Bernhard; Alkiviadis F. Bais; Rachel E. Neale; Thomas Matthew Robson; Patrick J. Neale; Craig E. Williamson; Richard G. Zepp; Sasha Madronich; Stephen R. Wilson; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)

A new xanthone and a biphenyl from the flower and twig extracts of Garcinia mckeaniana - Chiramet Auranwiwat; Thunwadee Limtharakul; Stephen G. Pyne; Roonglawan Rattanajak; Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan (Natural Product Research, 2021)

Correction to: Temporal emergence of age-associated changes in cognitive and physical function in vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) - Brett M. Frye; Payton M. Valure; Suzanne Craft; Mark G. Baxter; Christie Scott; Shanna Wise-Walden; David W. Bissinger; Hannah M. Register; Carson Copeland; Matthew J. Jorgensen; Jamie N. Justice; Stephen B. Kritchevsky; et al. (GeroScience, 2021)

Carbohydrate mouth rinsing does not affect 6-min walk test performance and blood glucose responses in older adults - Elizabeth S. Evans; Terrence Brophy; Matthew R. Braswell; Joshua Boyle; G. Keith Harris; Ruth H. Watkins; Stephen P. Bailey (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2021)

Predictive Factors of Kinematics in Traumatic Brain Injury from Head Impacts Based on Statistical Interpretation - Xianghao Zhan; Yiheng Li; Yuzhe Liu; August G. Domel; Hossein Vahid Alizadeh; Zhou Zhou; Nicholas J. Cecchi; Samuel J. Raymond; Stephen Tiernan; Jesse Ruan; Saeed Barbat; Olivier Gevaert; et al. (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2021)

Effects of maternal age and stress on offspring quality in a viviparous fly - Jennifer S. Lord; Robert Leyland; Lee R. Haines; Antoine M. G. Barreaux; Michael B. Bonsall; Stephen J. Torr; Sinead English (Ecology Letters, 2021)
Many organisms show signs of deterioration with age in terms of survival and reproduction. We tested whether intraspecific variation in such senescence patterns can be driven by resource availability or reproductive history. We did this by manipulating nutritional stress and age at first reproduction and measuring age‐dependent reproductive output in tsetse ( Glossina morsitans morsitans ), a viviparous fly with high maternal allocation. Across all treatments, offspring weight followed a bell‐shaped curve with maternal age. Nutritionally stressed females had a higher probability of abortion and produced offspring with lower starvation tolerance. There was no evidence of an increased rate of reproductive senescence in nutritionally stressed females, or a reduced rate due to delayed mating, as measured by patterns of abortion, offspring weight or offspring starvation tolerance. Therefore, although we found evidence of reproductive senescence in tsetse, our results did not indicate that resource allocation trade‐offs or costs of reproduction increase the rate of senescence.

Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in an ombrotrophic peatland: a benchmark for assessing change - Verity G. Salmon; Deanne J. Brice; Scott Bridgham; Joanne Childs; Jake Graham; Natalie A. Griffiths; Kirsten Hofmockel; Colleen M. Iversen; Terri M. Jicha; Randy K. Kolka; Joel E. Kostka; Avni Malhotra; et al. (Plant and Soil, 2021)

When hazard avoidance is not an option: lessons learned from monitoring the postdisaster Oso landslide, USA - Mark E. Reid; Jonathan W. Godt; Richard G. LaHusen; Stephen L. Slaughter; Thomas C. Badger; Brian D. Collins; William H. Schulz; Rex L. Baum; Jeffrey A. Coe; Edwin L. Harp; Kevin M. Schmidt; Richard M. Iverson; et al. (Landslides, 2021)
On 22 March 2014, a massive, catastrophic landslide occurred near Oso, Washington, USA, sweeping more than 1 km across the adjacent valley flats and killing 43 people. For the following 5 weeks, hundreds of workers engaged in an exhaustive search, rescue, and recovery effort directly in the landslide runout path. These workers could not avoid the risks posed by additional large-scale slope collapses. In an effort to ensure worker safety, multiple agencies cooperated to swiftly deploy a monitoring and alerting system consisting of sensors, automated data processing and web-based display, along with defined communication protocols and clear calls to action for emergency management and search personnel. Guided by the principle that an accelerating landslide poses a greater threat than a steadily moving or stationary mass, the system was designed to detect ground motion and vibration using complementary monitoring techniques. Near real-time information was provided by continuous GPS, seismometers/geophones, and extensometers. This information was augmented by repeat-assessment techniques such as terrestrial and aerial laser scanning and time-lapse photography. Fortunately, no major additional landsliding occurred. However, we did detect small headscarp failures as well as slow movement of the remaining landslide mass with the monitoring system. This was an exceptional response situation and the lessons learned are applicable to other landslide disaster crises. They underscore the need for cogent landslide expertise and ready-to-deploy monitoring equipment, the value of using redundant monitoring techniques with distinct goals, the benefit of clearly defined communication protocols, and the importance of continued research into forecasting landslide behavior to allow timely warning.

Dual effects of insect fecundity overdispersion on the Wolbachia establishment and the implications for epidemic biocontrol - Xin Tong; Stephen G. Compton; Jing Jiao; Yan Chen; Yuan-Yuan Ding; Rong Wang; Xiao-Yong Chen (Journal of Pest Science, 2021)

Genetic analyses of gynecological disease identify genetic relationships between uterine fibroids and endometrial cancer, and a novel endometrial cancer genetic risk region at the WNT4 1p36.12 locus - Pik Fang Kho; Sally Mortlock; Frederic Amant; Daniela Annibali; Katie Ashton; John Attia; Paul L. Auer; Matthias W. Beckmann; Amanda Black; Louise Brinton; Daniel D. Buchanan; Stephen J. Chanock; et al. (Human Genetics, 2021)

Correction to: Bacterial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent hospitalized patients and appropriateness of empirical treatment recommendations: an international point-prevalence study - Manuela Carugati; S. Aliberti; G. Sotgiu; F. Blasi; A. Gori; R. Menendez; M. Encheva; M. Gallego; P. Leuschner; S. Ruiz-Buitrago; S. Battaglia; R. Fantini; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2021)

Pyrosilviculture Needed for Landscape Resilience of Dry Western United States Forests - M P North; R A York; B M Collins; M D Hurteau; G M Jones; E E Knapp; L Kobziar; H McCann; M D Meyer; S L Stephens; R E Tompkins; C L Tubbesing (Journal of Forestry, 2021)
A significant increase in treatment pace and scale is needed to restore dry western US forest resilience owing to increasingly frequent and severe wildfire and drought. We propose a pyrosilviculture approach to directly increase large-scale fire use and modify current thinning treatments to optimize future fire incorporation. Recommendations include leveraging wildfire’s “treatment” in areas burned at low and moderate severity with subsequent pyrosilviculture management, identifying managed wildfire zones, and facilitating and financing prescribed fire with “anchor,” “ecosystem asset,” and “revenue” focused thinning treatments. Pyrosilviculture would also expand prescribed-burn and managed-wildfire objectives to include reducing stand density, increasing forest heterogeneity, and selecting for tree species and phenotypes better adapted to changing climate and disturbance regimes. The potential benefits and limitations of this approach are discussed. Fire is inevitable in dry western US forests and pyrosilviculture focuses on proactively shifting more of that fire into managed large-scale burns needed to restore ecosystem resilience.

( R )-3-(8'-Hydroxyfarnesyl)-indole and other chemical constituents from the flowers of Anomianthus dulcis and their antimalarial and cytotoxic activities - Thanika Promchai; Thanaphat Thaima; Roonglawan Rattanajak; Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan; Stephen G. Pyne; Thunwadee Limtharakul (Natural Product Research, 2021)

Climate Services Transformed: Decision-Making Practice for the Coast in a Changing Climate - Judy Lawrence; Scott Stephens; Paula Blackett; Robert G. Bell; Rebecca Priestley (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Climate services play an important role in informing decision makers about how to reduce the impact of climate-related hazards, by building capacity through access to relevant data and information globally and regionally. Different types of climate services include long-term warning systems, projections, monitoring/triggers and signals, risk evaluation tools, and behavior change tools. However, climate services are often promoted as “improving uptake” and “translating and communicating science” This framing, which assumes that climate services are developed by scientists and “provided” to users, has limitations for decision makers designing actions to address changing coastal hazard risk driven by sea-level rise. Acting upon the IPCC 1.5 Degree Special Report imperative for urgent actions to reduce exposure and vulnerability at the coast will require a transformation in the way climate services are developed and delivered, in tandem with an understanding of the decision-making and policy context. Tools and policies must explicitly address deepening uncertainty and changing risk over long timeframes. Their use also must be compatible with the jurisdiction’s institutional frameworks and decision-making practice and relevant to user needs as changing risks unfold. Attention to both short- and long-term decisions are paramount to avoid lock-in and path dependency of decisions taken today, and to ensure relevance for the timeframes of investments in infrastructure and settlements. This requires actionable science and usable tools developed through multi-disciplinary efforts by scientists, co-producing them with decision agencies and communities. We give examples of different types of climate services developed with users and draw out some universal lessons learned in developing and applying them in New Zealand.

Further characterisation of psychosis-like behaviours induced by L-DOPA in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset - Cynthia Kwan; Stephen G. Nuara; Jim C. Gourdon; Philippe Huot (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2021)

Frontal eye field inactivation alters the readout of superior colliculus activity for saccade generation in a task-dependent manner - Tyler R. Peel; Suryadeep Dash; Stephen G. Lomber; Brian D. Corneil (Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 2021)