Polymorphisms in genes related to one-carbon metabolism are not related to pancreatic cancer in PanScan and PanC4 - Max Leenders; Samsiddhi Bhattacharjee; Paolo Vineis; Victoria Stevens; H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita; Xiao-Ou Shu; Laufey Amundadottir; Myron Gross; Geoffrey S. Tobias; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Alan A. Arslan; Eric J. Duell; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2013)

Life cycle assessment of sponge nickel produced by gas atomisation for use in industrial hydrogenation catalysis applications - Nicholas P. Lavery; David J. Jarvis; Stephen G. R. Brown; Nicholas J. Adkins; Benjamin P. Wilson (The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2013)

Nuclear Lamins in the Brain — New Insights into Function and Regulation - Hea-Jin Jung; John M. Lee; Shao H. Yang; Stephen G. Young; Loren G. Fong (Molecular Neurobiology, 2013)

Sex-specific differences in natriuretic peptide and nitric oxide synthase expression in ANP gene-disrupted mice - Philip G. Wong; David W. J. Armstrong; M. Yat Tse; Emily P. A. Brander; Stephen C. Pang (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2013)

Progressive genome‐wide introgression in agricultural Campylobacter coli - Samuel K. Sheppard; Xavier Didelot; Keith A. Jolley; Aaron E. Darling; Ben Pascoe; Guillaume Meric; David J. Kelly; Alison Cody; Frances M. Colles; Norval J. C. Strachan; Iain D. Ogden; Ken Forbes; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2013)
Hybridization between distantly related organisms can facilitate rapid adaptation to novel environments, but is potentially constrained by epistatic fitness interactions among cell components. The zoonotic pathogens C ampylobacter coli and C . jejuni differ from each other by around 15% at the nucleotide level, corresponding to an average of nearly 40 amino acids per protein‐coding gene. Using whole genome sequencing, we show that a single C. coli lineage, which has successfully colonized an agricultural niche, has been progressively accumulating C. jejuni DNA . Members of this lineage belong to two groups, the ST ‐828 and ST ‐1150 clonal complexes. The ST ‐1150 complex is less frequently isolated and has undergone a substantially greater amount of introgression leading to replacement of up to 23% of the C. coli core genome as well as import of novel DNA . By contrast, the more commonly isolated ST ‐828 complex bacteria have 10–11% introgressed DNA , and C. jejuni and nonagricultural C. coli lineages each have C. coli that colonize agriculture, and consequently cause most human disease, have hybrid origin, but this cross‐species exchange has so far not had a substantial impact on the gene pools of either C. jejuni or nonagricultural C. coli . These findings also indicate remarkable interchangeability of basic cellular machinery after a prolonged period of independent evolution.

Driving on ice: impaired driving skills in current methamphetamine users - David Bosanquet; Hamish G. MacDougall; Stephen J. Rogers; Graham A. Starmer; Rebecca McKetin; Alexander Blaszczynski; Iain S. McGregor (Psychopharmacology, 2013)

HOXB13 is a susceptibility gene for prostate cancer: results from the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ICPCG) - Jianfeng Xu; Ethan M. Lange; Lingyi Lu; Siqun L. Zheng; Zhong Wang; Stephen N. Thibodeau; Lisa A. Cannon-Albright; Craig C. Teerlink; Nicola J. Camp; Anna M. Johnson; Kimberly A. Zuhlke; Janet L. Stanford; et al. (Human Genetics, 2013)

A genome-wide association study of breast cancer in women of African ancestry - Fang Chen; Gary K. Chen; Daniel O. Stram; Robert C. Millikan; Christine B. Ambrosone; Esther M. John; Leslie Bernstein; Wei Zheng; Julie R. Palmer; Jennifer J. Hu; Tim R. Rebbeck; Regina G. Ziegler; et al. (Human Genetics, 2013)

Contrasting Seasonal and Fortnightly Variations in the Circulation of a Seasonally Inverse Estuary, Elkhorn Slough, California - Nicholas J. Nidzieko; Stephen G. Monismith (Estuaries and Coasts, 2013)

Impact of climate warming on upper layer of the Bering Sea - Hyun-Chul Lee; Thomas L. Delworth; Anthony Rosati; Rong Zhang; Whit G. Anderson; Fanrong Zeng; Charles A. Stock; Anand Gnanadesikan; Keith W. Dixon; Stephen M. Griffies (Climate Dynamics, 2013)

G Protein-Coupled Receptor 124 (GPR124) Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Brain Arteriovenous Malformation - Shantel Weinsheimer; Ari D. Brettman; Ludmila Pawlikowska; D. Christine Wu; Michael R. Mancuso; Frank Kuhnert; Michael T. Lawton; Stephen Sidney; Jonathan G. Zaroff; Charles E. McCulloch; William L. Young; Calvin Kuo; et al. (Translational Stroke Research, 2012)

MicroRNA-31 modulates tumour sensitivity to radiation in oesophageal adenocarcinoma - Niamh Lynam-Lennon; John V. Reynolds; Laure Marignol; Orla M. Sheils; Graham P. Pidgeon; Stephen G. Maher (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2012)

Genome-wide association study of glioma and meta-analysis - Preetha Rajaraman; Beatrice S. Melin; Zhaoming Wang; Roberta McKean-Cowdin; Dominique S. Michaud; Sophia S. Wang; Melissa Bondy; Richard Houlston; Robert B. Jenkins; Margaret Wrensch; Meredith Yeager; Anders Ahlbom; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

Caladenia virus A, an unusual new member of the family Potyviridae from terrestrial orchids in Western Australia - Stephen J. Wylie; Aaron J. Y. Tan; Hua Li; Kingsley W. Dixon; Michael G. K. Jones (Archives of Virology, 2012)

Jaundice syndrome in A frican sharp‐tooth catfish, C larias gariepinus ( B urchell), associated with haemolytic S taphylococcus aureus - O O Oladele; O L Ajayi; O O Olude; O O Stephen; A A Adediji; I O Arasi; U G Ntiwunka (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2012)

Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens - Jiangtao Gao; Mohamed M. Radwan; Francisco León; Xiaoning Wang; Melissa R. Jacob; Babu L. Tekwani; Shabana I. Khan; Shari Lupien; Robert A. Hill; Frank M. Dugan; Horace G. Cutler; Stephen J. Cutler (Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2012)

Identification of germline genomic copy number variation in familial pancreatic cancer - Wigdan Al-Sukhni; Sarah Joe; Anath C. Lionel; Nora Zwingerman; George Zogopoulos; Christian R. Marshall; Ayelet Borgida; Spring Holter; Aaron Gropper; Sara Moore; Melissa Bondy; Alison P. Klein; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

Specific protease activity indicates the degree of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in chronic infected wounds - D. Wildeboer; K. E. Hill; F. Jeganathan; D. W. Williams; A. D. Riddell; P. E. Price; D. W. Thomas; P. Stephens; R. A. Abuknesha; R. G. Price (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2012)

Application of a single-objective, hybrid genetic algorithm approach to pharmacokinetic model building - Eric A. Sherer; Mark E. Sale; Bruce G. Pollock; Chandra P. Belani; Merrill J. Egorin; Percy S. Ivy; Jeffrey A. Lieberman; Stephen B. Manuck; Stephen R. Marder; Matthew F. Muldoon; Howard I. Scher; David B. Solit; et al. (Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 2012)

Effect of nutritional interventions and resistance exercise on aging muscle mass and strength - Darren G. Candow; Scott C. Forbes; Jonathan P. Little; Stephen M. Cornish; Craig Pinkoski; Philip D. Chilibeck (Biogerontology, 2012)

Complete genome sequences of seven carlavirus and potyvirus isolates from Narcissus and Hippeastrum plants in Australia, and proposals to clarify their naming - Stephen J. Wylie; Michael G. K. Jones (Archives of Virology, 2012)

Effects of Potassium Lactate and Acetate on Listeria monocytogenes Inhibition, Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Smoked Catfish Fillets - Sovann Kin; M. Wes Schilling; Taejo Kim; Brian S. Smith; Juan L. Silva; Stephen G. Campano; Viodelda Jackson (Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 2012)

Variability of Settling Characteristics of Solids in Dry and Wet Weather Flows in Combined Sewers: Implications for CSO Treatment - B. G. Krishnappan; K. Exall; J. Marsalek; Q. Rochfort; S. Kydd; M. Baker; R. P. Stephens (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2012)

Validation of prostate cancer risk-related loci identified from genome-wide association studies using family-based association analysis: evidence from the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ICPCG) - Guangfu Jin; Lingyi Lu; Kathleen A. Cooney; Anna M. Ray; Kimberly A. Zuhlke; Ethan M. Lange; Lisa A. Cannon-Albright; Nicola J. Camp; Craig C. Teerlink; Liesel M. FitzGerald; Janet L. Stanford; Kathleen E. Wiley; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

Early life sun exposure, vitamin D-related gene variants, and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Jennifer L. Kelly; Matthew T. Drake; Zachary S. Fredericksen; Yan W. Asmann; Mark Liebow; Tait D. Shanafelt; Andrew L. Feldman; Stephen M. Ansell; William R. Macon; Megan M. Herr; Alice H. Wang; Grzegorz S. Nowakowski; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2012)

Standing out from the crowd: are patagial wing tags a potential predator attraction for harriers (Circus spp.)? - Iñigo Zuberogoitia; Beatriz Arroyo; Barry O’Donoghue; Jabi Zabala; José A. Martínez; José E. Martínez; Stephen G. Murphy (Journal of Ornithology, 2012)

Immigrants and refugees: the importance of dispersal in mediating biotic attrition under climate change - Alex S. Anderson; April E. Reside; Jeremy J. VanDerWal; Luke P. Shoo; Richard G. Pearson; Stephen E. Williams (Global Change Biology, 2012)
Montane tropical rainforests are critically important areas for global bird diversity, but are projected to be highly vulnerable to contemporary climate change. Upslope shifts of lowland species may partially offset declines in upland species but also result in a process of lowland biotic attrition. This latter process is contingent on the absence of species adapted to novel warm climates, and isolation from pools of potential colonizers. In the A ustralian Wet Tropics, species distribution modelling has forecast critical declines in suitable environmental area for upland endemic birds, raising the question of the future role of both natural and assisted dispersal in species survival, but information is lacking for important neighbouring rainforest regions. Here we use expanded geographic coverage of data to model the realized distributions of 120 bird species found in north‐eastern A ustralian rainforest, including species from potential source locations in the north and recipient locations in the south. We reaffirm previous conclusions as to the high vulnerability of this fauna to global warming, and extend the list of species whose suitable environmental area is projected to decrease. However, we find that expansion of suitable area for some species currently restricted to northern rainforests has the potential to offset biotic attrition in lowland forest of the A ustralian Wet Tropics. By examining contrasting dispersal scenarios, we show that responses to climate change in this region may critically depend on dispersal limitation, as climate change shifts the suitable environmental envelopes of many species south into currently unsuitable habitats. For lowland and northern species, future change in vegetation connectivity across contemporary habitat barriers is likely to be an important mediator of climate change impacts. In contrast, upland species are projected to become increasingly isolated and restricted. Their survival is likely to be more dependent on the viability of assisted migration, and the emergence and persistence of suitable environments at recipient locations.

International workshop on developing strategies for monitoring data-limited deepwater demersal line fisheries in the Pacific Ocean - Ashley J. Williams; Simon J. Nicol; Nokome Bentley; Paul J. Starr; Stephen J. Newman; Mike A. McCoy; Jeff Kinch; Peter G. Williams; Franck Magron; Graham M. Pilling; Ian Bertram; Mike Batty (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2012)

Age at pollination modifies relative male and female reproductive success in a monoecious fig tree - Ding Gu; Darong Yang; Stephen G. Compton; Yanqiong Peng (Symbiosis, 2012)

Resistant ticks inhibit Metarhizium infection prior to haemocoel invasion by reducing fungal viability on the cuticle surface - Dana Ment; Alice C. L. Churchill; Galina Gindin; Eduard Belausov; Itamar Glazer; Stephen A. Rehner; Asael Rot; Bruno G. G. Donzelli; Michael Samish (Environmental Microbiology, 2012)
Summary We studied disease progression of, and host responses to, four species in the Metarhizium anisopliae complex expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). We compared development and determined their relative levels of virulence against two susceptible arthropods, the cattle tick Rhipicephalus annulatus and the lepidopteran Galleria mellonella , and two resistant ticks, Hyalomma excavatum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus . Metarhizium brunneum Ma7 caused the greatest mortality of R. annulatus , Metarhizium robertsii ARSEF 2575 and Metarhizium pingshaense PPRC51 exhibited intermediate levels of virulence, and Metarhizium majus PPRC27 caused low mortality of cattle ticks. Conidia of all four species germinated on all hosts examined, but on resistant hosts, sustained hyphal growth was inhibited and GFP emission steadily and significantly decreased over time, suggesting a loss of fungal viability. Cuticle penetration was observed only for the three most virulent species infecting susceptible hosts. Cuticles of resistant and susceptible engorged female ticks showed significant increases in red autofluorescence at sites immediately under fungal hyphae. This is the first report (i) of tick mortality occurring after cuticle penetration but prior to haemocoel colonization and (ii) that resistant ticks do not support development of Metarhizium germlings on the outer surface of the cuticle. Whether reduced Metarhizium viability on resistant tick cuticles is due to antibiosis or limited nutrient availability is unknown.

Does phylogeny matter? Assessing the impact of phylogenetic information in ecological meta‐analysis - Scott A. Chamberlain; Stephen M. Hovick; Christopher J. Dibble; Nick L. Rasmussen; Benjamin G. Van Allen; Brian S. Maitner; Jeffrey R. Ahern; Lukas P. Bell‐Dereske; Christopher L. Roy; Maria Meza‐Lopez; Juli Carrillo; Evan Siemann; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2012)
Meta‐analysis is increasingly used in ecology and evolutionary biology. Yet, in these fields this technique has an important limitation: phylogenetic non‐independence exists among taxa, violating the statistical assumptions underlying traditional meta‐analytic models. Recently, meta‐analytical techniques incorporating phylogenetic information have been developed to address this issue. However, no syntheses have evaluated how often including phylogenetic information changes meta‐analytic results. To address this gap, we built phylogenies for and re‐analysed 30 published meta‐analyses, comparing results for traditional vs. phylogenetic approaches and assessing which characteristics of phylogenies best explained changes in meta‐analytic results and relative model fit. Accounting for phylogeny significantly changed estimates of the overall pooled effect size in 47% of datasets for fixed‐effects analyses and 7% of datasets for random‐effects analyses. Accounting for phylogeny also changed whether those effect sizes were significantly different from zero in 23 and 40% of our datasets (for fixed‐ and random‐effects models, respectively). Across datasets, decreases in pooled effect size magnitudes after incorporating phylogenetic information were associated with larger phylogenies and those with stronger phylogenetic signal. We conclude that incorporating phylogenetic information in ecological meta‐analyses is important, and we provide practical recommendations for doing so.

The Perceived Impact of Customary Marine Resource Management on Household and Community Welfare in Northern Sumatra, Indonesia - Adityo Setiawan; Joshua E. Cinner; Stephen G. Sutton; Ahmad Mukminin (Coastal Management, 2012)

Differential gene expression in Alternaria gaisen exposed to dark and light - Rodney G. Roberts; Joseph F. Bischoff; Stephen T. Reymond (Mycological Progress, 2012)

Factors Influencing Realized Sex Ratios in Fig Wasps: Double Oviposition and Larval Mortalities - Salah Ghana; Nazia Suleman; Stephen G. Compton (Journal of Insect Behavior, 2012)

Costs of inflorescence longevity for an Asian fig tree and its pollinator - Yuan Zhang; Da-Rong Yang; Yan-Qiong Peng; Stephen G. Compton (Evolutionary Ecology, 2012)

Interspecific Comparison of Constitutive Ash Phloem Phenolic Chemistry Reveals Compounds Unique to Manchurian Ash, a Species Resistant to Emerald Ash Borer - Justin G. A. Whitehill; Stephen O. Opiyo; Jennifer L. Koch; Daniel A. Herms; Donald F. Cipollini; Pierluigi Bonello (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2012)

Genome‐wide analysis of longevity in nutrient‐deprived Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals importance of recycling in maintaining cell viability - Hazel M. Davey; Emma J. M. Cross; Christopher, L. Davey; Konstantinos Gkargkas; Daniela Delneri; David C. Hoyle; Stephen G. Oliver; Douglas B. Kell; Gareth W. Griffith (Environmental Microbiology, 2012)
Summary Although typically cosseted in the laboratory with constant temperatures and plentiful nutrients, microbes are frequently exposed to much more stressful conditions in their natural environments where survival and competitive fitness depend upon both growth rate when conditions are favourable and on persistence in a viable and recoverable state when they are not. In order to determine the role of genetic heterogeneity in environmental fitness we present a novel approach that combines the power of fluorescence‐activated cell sorting with barcode microarray analysis and apply this to determining the importance of every gene in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome in a high‐throughput, genome‐wide fitness screen. We have grown > 6000 heterozygous mutants together and exposed them to a starvation stress before using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting to identify and isolate those individual cells that have not survived the stress applied. Barcode array analysis of the sorted and total populations reveals the importance of cellular recycling mechanisms (autophagy, pexophagy and ribosome breakdown) in maintaining cell viability during starvation and provides compelling evidence for an important role for fatty acid degradation in maintaining viability. In addition, we have developed a semi‐batch fermentor system that is a more realistic model of environmental fitness than either batch or chemostat culture. Barcode array analysis revealed that arginine biosynthesis was important for fitness in semi‐batch culture and modelling of this regime showed that rapid emergence from lag phase led to greatly increased fitness. One hundred and twenty‐five strains with deletions in unclassified proteins were identified as being over‐represented in the sorted fraction, while 27 unclassified proteins caused a haploinsufficient phenotype in semi‐batch culture. These methods thus provide a screen to identifying other genes and pathways that have a role in maintaining cell viability.

The functional genomics of an eco‐evolutionary feedback loop: linking gene expression, trait evolution, and community dynamics - Lutz Becks; Stephen P. Ellner; Laura E. Jones; Nelson G. Hairston (Ecology Letters, 2012)
Ecology Letters (2012) 15 : 492–501 Abstract Feedbacks between ecological and evolutionary change may play important roles in community and ecosystem functioning, but a complete eco‐evolutionary feedback loop has not been demonstrated at the community level, and we know little about molecular mechanisms underlying this kind of eco‐evolutionary dynamics. In predator–prey (rotifer‐alga) microcosms, cyclical changes in predator abundance generated fluctuating selection for a heritable prey defence trait, cell clumping. Predator population growth was affected more by prey evolution than by changes in prey abundance, and changes in predator abundance drove further prey evolution, completing the feedback loop. Within a predator–prey cycle, genes up‐regulated as clumping declined were down‐regulated as clumping increased, and vice‐versa. Genes changing most in expression tended to be associated with defence or its cost. Expression patterns of individual genes differed greatly between consecutive cycles (often reversing direction), suggesting that a particular phenotype may be produced by several (perhaps many) different gene transcription pathways.

Upper Mantle Seismic Structure Beneath Southern Africa: Constraints on the Buoyancy Supporting the African Superswell - Martin B. C. Brandt; Stephen P. Grand; Andrew A. Nyblade; Paul H. G. M. Dirks (Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2012)

Population trends in the Slavonian grebe Podiceps auritus (L.) and Chironomidae (Diptera) at a Scottish loch - Stephen J. Brooks; Vivienne J. Jones; Richard J. Telford; Peter G. Appleby; Emily Watson; Suzanne McGowan; Stuart Benn (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2012)

Whole-lake addition of coarse woody habitat: response of fish populations - Greg G. Sass; Stephen R. Carpenter; Jereme W. Gaeta; James F. Kitchell; Tyler D. Ahrenstorff (Aquatic Sciences, 2012)

Fig trees at the northern limit of their range: the distributions of cryptic pollinators indicate multiple glacial refugia - YAN CHEN; STEPHEN G. COMPTON; MIN LIU; XIAO‐YONG CHEN (Molecular Ecology, 2012)
Climatic oscillations during the last few million years had well‐documented effects on the distributions and genomes of temperate plants and animals, but much less is known of their impacts on tropical and subtropical species. In contrast to Europe and North America, ice‐sheets did not cover most of China during glacial periods, and the effects of glacial cycles were less dramatic. Fig trees are a predominantly tropical group pollinated by host‐specific fig wasps. We employed partial mitochondrial CO I (918 bp) and nuclear ITS 2 (462 bp) gene sequences to investigate the genetic structure and demographic histories of the wasps that pollinate the subtropical Ficus pumila var. pumila in Southeastern China. Deep genetic divergence in both mitochondrial (7.2–11.6%) and nuclear genes (1.6–2.9%) indicates that three pollinator species are present and that they diverged about 4.72 and 6.00 Myr bp . This predates the Quaternary ice ages, but corresponds with the formation of the Taiwan Strait and uplifting of the Wuyi–Xianxia Mountains. The three pollinators have largely allopatric distribution patterns in China and display different postglacial demographic histories. Wiebesia spp. 1 and 2 occupy, respectively, the northern and southern regions of the mainland host range. Their populations both underwent significant postglacial spatial expansions, but at different times and at different rates. Wiebesia sp. 3 is largely restricted to northern islands and shows less evidence of recent population expansion. Their mainly allopatric distributions and different demographic histories are consistent with host plant postglacial expansion from three distinct refugia and suggest one mechanism whereby fig trees gain multiple pollinators.

Refugia: identifying and understanding safe havens for biodiversity under climate change - Gunnar Keppel; Kimberly P. Van Niel; Grant W. Wardell‐Johnson; Colin J. Yates; Margaret Byrne; Ladislav Mucina; Antonius G. T. Schut; Stephen D. Hopper; Steven E. Franklin (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2012)
Aim Identifying and protecting refugia is a priority for conservation under projected anthropogenic climate change, because of their demonstrated ability to facilitate the survival of biota under adverse conditions. Refugia are habitats that components of biodiversity retreat to, persist in and can potentially expand from under changing environmental conditions. However, the study and discussion of refugia has often been ad hoc and descriptive in nature. We therefore: (1) provide a habitat‐based concept of refugia, and (2) evaluate methods for the identification of refugia. Location Global. Methods We present a simple conceptual framework for refugia and examine the factors that describe them. We then demonstrate how different disciplines are contributing to our understanding of refugia, and the tools that they provide for identifying and quantifying refugia. Results Current understanding of refugia is largely based on Quaternary phylogeographic studies on organisms in North America and Europe during significant temperature fluctuations. This has resulted in gaps in our understanding of refugia, particularly when attempting to apply current theory to forecast anthropogenic climate change. Refugia are environmental habitats with space and time dimensions that operate on evolutionary time‐scales and have facilitated the survival of biota under changing environmental conditions for millennia. Therefore, they offer the best chances for survival under climate change for many taxa, making their identification important for conservation under anthropogenic climate change. Several methods from various disciplines provide viable options for achieving this goal. Main conclusions The framework developed for refugia allows the identification and description of refugia in any environment. Various methods provide important contributions but each is limited in scope; urging a more integrated approach to identify, define and conserve refugia. Such an approach will facilitate better understanding of refugia and their capacity to act as safe havens under projected anthropogenic climate change.

Region‐wide changes in marine ecosystem dynamics: state‐space models to distinguish trends from step changes - Matthew Spencer; Nova Mieszkowska; Leonie A. Robinson; Stephen D. Simpson; Michael T. Burrows; Silvana N. R. Birchenough; Eva Capasso; Polly Cleall‐Harding; Julia Crummy; Callan Duck; Damien Eloire; Matthew Frost; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2012)
Regime shifts are sudden changes in ecosystem structure that can be detected across several ecosystem components. The concept that regime shifts are common in marine ecosystems has gained popularity in recent years. Many studies have searched for the step‐like changes in ecosystem state expected under a simple interpretation of this idea. However, other kinds of change, such as pervasive trends, have often been ignored. We assembled over 300 ecological time series from seven UK marine regions, covering two to three decades. We developed state‐space models for the first principal component of the time series in each region, a common measure of ecosystem state. Our models allowed both trends and step changes, possibly in combination. We found trends in three of seven regions and step changes in two of seven regions. Gradual and sudden changes are therefore important trajectories to consider in marine ecosystems.

Regional integration and local change: road paving, community connectivity, and social–ecological resilience in a tri-national frontier, southwestern Amazonia - Stephen G. Perz; Liliana Cabrera; Lucas Araújo Carvalho; Jorge Castillo; Rosmery Chacacanta; Rosa E. Cossio; Yeni Franco Solano; Jeffrey Hoelle; Leonor Mercedes Perales; Israel Puerta; Daniel Rojas Céspedes; Ioav Rojas Camacho; et al. (Regional Environmental Change, 2012)

Soil-mediated local adaptation alters seedling survival and performance - David Solance Smith; Jennifer A. Schweitzer; Philip Turk; Joseph K. Bailey; Stephen C. Hart; Stephen M. Shuster; Thomas G. Whitham (Plant and Soil, 2012)

Fine mapping of 14q24.1 breast cancer susceptibility locus - Phoebe Lee; Yi-Ping Fu; Jonine D. Figueroa; Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson; Jesus Gonzalez-Bosquet; Peter Kraft; Zhaoming Wang; Kevin B. Jacobs; Meredith Yeager; Marie-Josèphe Horner; Susan E. Hankinson; Amy Hutchinson; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

No differences in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the thrombin receptor antagonist vorapaxar between healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects - Teddy Kosoglou; Larisa Reyderman; Claudia Kasserra; Lisa K. Jennings; Sophia Young; Fengjuan Xuan; Jinglan Pei; Stephen E. Maxwell; James Schiller; Alan G. Meehan; David L. Cutler (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2012)

Frontogenesis and Frontal Progression of a Trapping-Generated Estuarine Convergence Front and Its Influence on Mixing and Stratification - Sarah N. Giddings; Derek A. Fong; Stephen G. Monismith; C. Chris Chickadel; Kathleen A. Edwards; William J. Plant; Bing Wang; Oliver B. Fringer; Alexander R. Horner-Devine; Andrew T. Jessup (Estuaries and Coasts, 2012)

Conservation and genetics of the frosted flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma cingulatum) on the Atlantic coastal plain - Gregory B. Pauly; Stephen H. Bennett; John G. Palis; H. Bradley Shaffer (Conservation Genetics, 2012)

Eye movement dynamics and cognitive self-organization in typical and atypical development - Daniel Mirman; Julia R. Irwin; Damian G. Stephen (Cognitive Neurodynamics, 2012)

Disease dynamics in wild populations: modeling and estimation: a review - Evan G. Cooch; Paul B. Conn; Stephen P. Ellner; Andrew P. Dobson; Kenneth H. Pollock (Journal of Ornithology, 2012)

Multiple polyadenylated RNA viruses detected in pooled cultivated and wild plant samples - Stephen J. Wylie; Hao Luo; Hua Li; Michael G. K. Jones (Archives of Virology, 2012)

Cervical Cancer Screening: Attitudes and Behaviors of Young Asian American Women - Grace J. Yoo; Mai Nhung Le; Stephen Vong; Regina Lagman; Amy G. Lam (Journal of Cancer Education, 2011)

Pre-clinical Implants of the Levitronix PediVAS® Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device: Strategy for Regulatory Approval - Timothy M. Maul; Ergin Kocyildirim; John D. Marks; Shawn G. Bengston; Salim E. Olia; Patrick M. Callahan; Marina V. Kameneva; Stephen Franklin; Harvey S. Borovetz; Kurt A. Dasse; Peter D. Wearden (Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology, 2011)

The Changing Face of Arctic Snow Cover: A Synthesis of Observed and Projected Changes - Terry V. Callaghan; Margareta Johansson; Ross D. Brown; Pavel Ya. Groisman; Niklas Labba; Vladimir Radionov; Roger G. Barry; Olga N. Bulygina; Richard L. H. Essery; D. M. Frolov; Vladimir N. Golubev; Thomas C. Grenfell; et al. (Ambio, 2011)

Gene conversion rapidly generates major histocompatibility complex diversity in recently founded bird populations - LEWIS G. SPURGIN; COCK Van OOSTERHOUT; JUAN CARLOS ILLERA; STEPHEN BRIDGETT; KARIM GHARBI; BRENT C. EMERSON; DAVID S. RICHARDSON (Molecular Ecology, 2011)
Population bottlenecks can restrict variation at functional genes, reducing the ability of populations to adapt to new and changing environments. Understanding how populations generate adaptive genetic variation following bottlenecks is therefore central to evolutionary biology. Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are ideal models for studying adaptive genetic variation due to their central role in pathogen recognition. While de novo MHC sequence variation is generated by point mutation, gene conversion can generate new haplotypes by transferring sections of DNA within and across duplicated MHC loci. However, the extent to which gene conversion generates new MHC haplotypes in wild populations is poorly understood. We developed a 454 sequencing protocol to screen MHC class I exon 3 variation across all 13 island populations of Berthelot’s pipit ( Anthus berthelotii ). We reveal that just 11–15 MHC haplotypes were retained when the Berthelot’s pipit dispersed across its island range in the North Atlantic ca. 75 000 years ago. Since then, at least 26 new haplotypes have been generated in situ across populations. We show that most of these haplotypes were generated by gene conversion across divergent lineages, and that the rate of gene conversion exceeded that of point mutation by an order of magnitude. Gene conversion resulted in significantly more changes at nucleotide sites directly involved with pathogen recognition, indicating selection for functional variants. We suggest that the creation of new variants by gene conversion is the predominant mechanism generating MHC variation in genetically depauperate populations, thus allowing them to respond to pathogenic challenges.

Genetic variation in productivity of foundation riparian species at the edge of their distribution: implications for restoration and assisted migration in a warming climate - Kevin C. Grady; Sharon M. Ferrier; Thomas E. Kolb; Stephen C. Hart; Gerard J. Allan; Thomas G. Whitham (Global Change Biology, 2011)
We examined the hypothesis that genotypic variation among populations of commonly co‐occurring phreatophytic trees ( P opulus fremontii , S alix gooddingii ) and the shrub ( S alix exigua ) regulates aboveground net primary productivity ( ANPP ) at a hot site at the edge of the species’ distribution. We used a provenance trial in which replicated genotypes from populations varying in mean annual temperature were transplanted to a common garden adjacent to the L ower C olorado R iver in southeastern C alifornia. The garden environment represented an extreme maximum temperature for the study species. Four major findings emerged: (1) Genotypic variation in ANPP was significant for all species with broad‐sense heritability ( H 2 ) across populations of 0.11, 0.13, and 0.10 for P . fremontii , S . gooddingii , and S . exigua , respectively, and within‐population H 2 ranging from 0.00 to 0.25, 0.00 to 0.44, and 0.02 to 0.21, respectively. (2) Population ANPP decreased linearly as mean annual maximum temperature ( MAMT ) transfer distance increased for both P . fremontii ( r 2 = 0.64) and S . gooddingii ( r 2 = 0.37), whereas it did not change for S . exigua ; (3) Populations with similar MAMT to that of the common garden were 1.5 and 1.2 times more productive than populations with 5.0 °C MAMT transfer distances for P . fremontii and S . gooddingii , respectively; and (4) Variation in regression slopes among species for the relationship between ANPP and MAMT indicate species‐specific responses to temperature. As these plant species characterize a threatened habitat type and support a diverse community that includes endangered species, ecosystem restoration programs should consider using both local genotypes and productive genotypes from warmer environments to maximize productivity of riparian ecosystems in the face of global climate change.

Interannual pteropod variability in sediment traps deployed above and below the aragonite saturation horizon in the Sub-Antarctic Southern Ocean - Donna Roberts; William R. Howard; Andrew D. Moy; Jason L. Roberts; Thomas W. Trull; Stephen G. Bray; Russell R. Hopcroft (Polar Biology, 2011)

Does a bout of strength training affect 2,000 m rowing ergometer performance and rowing-specific maximal power 24 h later? - Thomas I. Gee; Duncan N. French; Glyn Howatson; Stephen J. Payton; Nicolas J. Berger; Kevin G. Thompson (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2011)

The Use of Mass Isotopomer Distribution Analysis to Quantify Synthetic Rates of Sex Pheromone in the Moth Heliothis virescens - Stephen P. Foster; Karin G. Anderson (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2011)

A comparison of growth and reproduction, under laboratory conditions, of males and females of a dioecious fig tree - Nazia Suleman; Shazia Raja; Stephen G. Compton (Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2011)

Phylogenetic and Preliminary Phenotypic Analysis of Yeast PAQR Receptors: Potential Antifungal Targets - Nancy Y. Villa; Patricia Moussatche; Stephen G. Chamberlin; Anuj Kumar; Thomas J. Lyons (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2011)

Indigenous and introduced potyviruses of legumes and Passiflora spp. from Australia: biological properties and comparison of coat protein nucleotide sequences - Brenda A. Coutts; Monica A. Kehoe; Craig G. Webster; Stephen J. Wylie; Roger A. C. Jones (Archives of Virology, 2011)

Human cytomegalovirus latency-associated protein LUNA is expressed during HCMV infections in vivo - Mariana G. Bego; Lisa R. Keyes; Jarek Maciejewski; Stephen C. St Jeor (Archives of Virology, 2011)

Modelling Dermal Drug Distribution After Topical Application in Human - Yuri G. Anissimov; Michael Stephen Roberts (Pharmaceutical Research, 2011)

Validation and quantification of extractable age pigments for determining the age of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) - Angela F. McGaffin; Stephen Nicol; Patti Virtue; Yasuo Hirano; Tsuyoshi Matsuda; Itaru Uchida; Steven G. Candy; So Kawaguchi (Marine Biology, 2011)

The social viability and environmental sustainability of direct action land reform settlements in the Amazon - Flávia L. Leite; Marcellus M. Caldas; Cynthia Simmons; Stephen G. Perz; Stephen Aldrich; Robert T. Walker (Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2011)

Chronic hypoxia and chronic hypercapnia differentially regulate an NMDA-sensitive component of the acute hypercapnic ventilatory response in the cane toad (Rhinella marina) - Jessica McAneney; Afshan Gheshmy; Jasmin Manga; Stephen G. Reid (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2011)

Chaperonins from an Antarctic archaeon are predominantly monomeric: crystal structure of an open state monomer - Oliver Pilak; Stephen J. Harrop; Khawar S. Siddiqui; Kevin Chong; Davide De Francisci; Dominic Burg; Timothy J. Williams; Ricardo Cavicchioli; Paul M. G. Curmi (Environmental Microbiology, 2011)
Summary Archaea are abundant in permanently cold environments. The Antarctic methanogen, Methanococcoides burtonii , has proven an excellent model for studying molecular mechanisms of cold adaptation. Methanococcoides burtonii contains three group II chaperonins that diverged prior to its closest orthologues from mesophilic Methanosarcina spp. The relative abundance of the three chaperonins shows little dependence on organism growth temperature, except at the highest temperatures, where the most thermally stable chaperonin increases in abundance. In vitro and in vivo , the M. burtonii chaperonins are predominantly monomeric, with only 23–33% oligomeric, thereby differing from other archaea where an oligomeric ring form is dominant. The crystal structure of an N‐terminally truncated chaperonin reveals a monomeric protein with a fully open nucleotide binding site. When compared with closed state group II chaperonin structures, a large‐scale ∼30° rotation between the equatorial and intermediate domains is observed resulting in an open nucleotide binding site. This is analogous to the transition observed between open and closed states of group I chaperonins but contrasts with recent archaeal group II chaperonin open state ring structures. The predominance of monomeric form and the ability to adopt a fully open nucleotide site appear to be unique features of the M. burtonii group II chaperonins.

The RNA polymerase subunits E/F from the Antarctic archaeon Methanococcoides burtonii bind to specific species of mRNA - Davide De Francisci; Stefano Campanaro; Geoff Kornfeld; Khawar S. Siddiqui; Timothy J. Williams; Haluk Ertan; Laura Treu; Oliver Pilak; Federico M. Lauro; Stephen J. Harrop; Paul M. G. Curmi; Ricardo Cavicchioli (Environmental Microbiology, 2011)
Summary RNA polymerase in Archaea is composed of 11 or 12 subunits – 9 or 10 that form the core, and a heterodimer formed from subunits E and F that associates with the core and can interact with general transcription factors and facilitate transcription. While the ability of the heterodimer to bind RNA has been demonstrated, it has not been determined whether it can recognize specific RNA targets. In this study we used a recombinant archaeal Mb RpoE/F to capture cellular mRNA in vitro and a microarray to determine which transcripts it specifically binds. Only transcripts for 117 genes (4% of the total) representing 48 regions of the genome were bound by Mb RpoE/F. The transcripts represented important genes in a number of functional classes: methanogenesis, cofactor biosynthesis, nucleotide metabolism, transcription, translation, import/export. The arrangement and characteristics (e.g. codon and amino acid usage) of genes relative to the putative origin of replication indicate that Mb RpoE/F preferentially binds to mRNA of genes whose expression may be important for cellular fitness. We also compared the biophysical properties of RpoE/F from M. burtonii and Methanocaldococcus jannaschii , demonstrating a 50°C difference in their apparent melting temperatures. By using Mb RpoE/F to capture and characterize cellular RNA we have identified a previously unknown functional property of the Mb RpoE/F heterodimer.

The association of diabetes mellitus and high-grade prostate cancer in a multiethnic biopsy series - Daniel M. Moreira; Tiffany Anderson; Leah Gerber; Jean-Alfred Thomas; Lionel L. Bañez; Madeline G. McKeever; Cathrine Hoyo; Delores Grant; Jayakrishnan Jayachandran; Stephen J. Freedland (Cancer Causes & Control, 2011)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and breast cancer risk: differences by molecular subtype - Theodore M. Brasky; Matthew R. Bonner; Kirsten B. Moysich; Christine B. Ambrosone; Jing Nie; Meng Hua Tao; Stephen B. Edge; Bhaskar V. S. Kallakury; Catalin Marian; David S. Goerlitz; Maurizio Trevisan; Peter G. Shields; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2011)

Host inhibits replication of European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in macrophages by altering differential regulation of type-I interferon transcriptional response - Tahar Ait-Ali; Alison D. Wilson; Wilfrid Carré; David G. Westcott; Jean-Pierre Frossard; Marnie A. Mellencamp; Daphne Mouzaki; Oswald Matika; David Waddington; Trevor W. Drew; Stephen C. Bishop; Alan L. Archibald (Immunogenetics, 2011)

Characterisation and quantitation of mutant and wild-type genomes of Hardenbergia mosaic virus isolates co-infecting a wild plant of Hardenbergia comptoniana - Stephen J. Wylie; Michael G. K. Jones (Archives of Virology, 2011)

Validation of annual periodicity in otoliths of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus - Stephen T. Szedlmayer; Sabrina G. Beyer (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2011)

Chromosome numbers are not fixed in Agaonidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) - Qing Liu; Xiao hong Ou; Stephen G. Compton; Da rong Yang (Symbiosis, 2011)

Phylogeography and genetic structure of the red‐legged partridge ( Alectoris rufa ): more evidence for refugia within the Iberian glacial refugium - M. ESTER FERRERO; JOSE A. BLANCO‐AGUIAR; STEPHEN C. LOUGHEED; INÉS SÁNCHEZ‐BARBUDO; PEDRO J. G. De NOVA; RAFAEL VILLAFUERTE; JOSÉ A. DÁVILA (Molecular Ecology, 2011)
The Pleistocene climatic oscillations promoted the diversification in avian species during the last glacial period. The red‐legged partridge ( Alectoris rufa, Family Phasianidae ) has a large natural distribution extending from the Mediterranean to humid temperate zones. However, the genetic structure for this species is unknown. The present study investigates the phylogeography, genetic structure and demographic history of A . rufa across its distribution, employing both mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and nuclear microsatellite loci. Our results propose that this species was greatly affected by Pleistocene glaciations. The mismatch analyses suggest that the current populations resulted from post‐glacial expansion and subsequent differentiation resulting in five diagnosable genetic clusters: Southwestern, Central‐eastern, Northwestern, Balearic and French and Italian. Further, we found evidence of three glacial refugia within the currently recognized Iberian glacial refugium. The intraspecific structure revealed by both maternal and biparental phylogeographic analyses was not resolved in the phylogenetic analyses. Based on all considerations, we recommended that five management units be recognized.

Toward a Management Framework for Networks of Protected Areas in the Face of Climate Change - DAVID G. HOLE; BRIAN HUNTLEY; JULIUS ARINAITWE; STUART H. M. BUTCHART; YVONNE C. COLLINGHAM; LINCOLN D. C. FISHPOOL; DEBORAH J. PAIN; STEPHEN G. WILLIS (Conservation Biology, 2011)
Networks of sites of high importance for conservation of biological diversity are a cornerstone of current conservation strategies but are fixed in space and time. As climate change progresses, substantial shifts in species’ ranges may transform the ecological community that can be supported at a given site. Thus, some species in an existing network may not be protected in the future or may be protected only if they can move to sites that in future provide suitable conditions. We developed an approach to determine appropriate climate‐change adaptation strategies for individual sites within a network that was based on projections of future changes in the relative proportions of emigrants (species for which a site becomes climatically unsuitable), colonists (species for which a site becomes climatically suitable), and persistent species (species able to remain within a site despite the climatic change). Our approach also identifies key regions where additions to a network could enhance its future effectiveness. Using the sub‐Saharan African Important Bird Area (IBA) network as a case study, we found that appropriate conservation strategies for individual sites varied widely across sub‐Saharan Africa, and key regions where new sites could help increase network robustness varied in space and time. Although these results highlight the potential difficulties within any planning framework that seeks to address climate‐change adaptation needs, they demonstrate that such planning frameworks are necessary, if current conservation strategies are to be adapted effectively, and feasible, if applied judiciously.

The yin and yang of yeast: biodiversity research and systems biology as complementary forces driving innovation in biotechnology - Ian N. Roberts; Stephen G. Oliver (Biotechnology Letters, 2011)

Towards a pan-Arctic inventory of the species diversity of the macro- and megabenthic fauna of the Arctic shelf seas - Dieter Piepenburg; Philippe Archambault; William G. Ambrose; Arny L. Blanchard; Bodil A. Bluhm; Michael L. Carroll; Kathleen E. Conlan; Mathieu Cusson; Howard M. Feder; Jacqueline M. Grebmeier; Stephen C. Jewett; Mélanie Lévesque; et al. (Marine Biodiversity, 2011)

On the relative role of sea salt cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) - James G. Hudson; Stephen Noble; Vandana Jha (Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2011)

Hereditary prostate cancer as a feature of Lynch Syndrome - Christina M. Bauer; Anna M. Ray; Bronwen A. Halstead-Nussloch; Robert G. Dekker; Victoria M. Raymond; Stephen B. Gruber; Kathleen A. Cooney (Familial Cancer, 2011)

Magma at depth: a retrospective analysis of the 1975 unrest at Mount Baker, Washington, USA - Juliet G. Crider; David Frank; Stephen D. Malone; Michael P. Poland; Cynthia Werner; Jacqueline Caplan-Auerbach (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2011)

The complete genome sequence of a Passion fruit woodiness virus isolate from Australia determined using deep sequencing, and its relationship to other potyviruses - Stephen J. Wylie; Michael G. K. Jones (Archives of Virology, 2011)

The Role of the Everglades Mangrove Ecotone Region (EMER) in Regulating Nutrient Cycling and Wetland Productivity in South Florida - Victor H. Rivera-Monroy; Robert R. Twilley; Stephen E. Davis; Daniel L. Childers; Marc Simard; Randolph Chambers; Rudolf Jaffe; Joseph N. Boyer; David T. Rudnick; Keqi Zhang; Edward Castañeda-Moya; Sharon M. L. Ewe; et al. (Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2011)

Huntington’s Disease and Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors - Fabiola M. Ribeiro; Rita G. W. Pires; Stephen S. G. Ferguson (Molecular Neurobiology, 2011)

Bacterial ferrochelatase turns human: Tyr13 determines the apparent metal specificity of Bacillus subtilis ferrochelatase - Mattias D. Hansson; Tobias Karlberg; Christopher A. G. Söderberg; Sreekanth Rajan; Martin J. Warren; Salam Al-Karadaghi; Stephen E. J. Rigby; Mats Hansson (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2011)

Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into fibroblast-like cells in three-dimensional type I collagen gel cultures - Shinsaku Togo; Tadashi Sato; Hisatoshi Sugiura; Xingqi Wang; Hesham Basma; Amy Nelson; Xiangde Liu; Tom W. Bargar; John G. Sharp; Stephen I. Rennard (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 2011)

Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) association to roads: implications for distance sampling - Devin R. Erxleben; Matthew J. Butler; Warren B. Ballard; Mark C. Wallace; Markus J. Peterson; Nova J. Silvy; William P. Kuvlesky; David G. Hewitt; Stephen J. DeMaso; Jason B. Hardin; Megan K. Dominguez-Brazil (European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2011)

Genetic transformation of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., with piggyBac EGFP - Holly J. Ferguson; Lisa G. Neven; Stephen T. Thibault; Ahmed Mohammed; Malcolm Fraser (Transgenic Research, 2011)

Integrating aquatic and terrestrial components to construct a complete carbon budget for a north temperate lake district - ISHI BUFFAM; MONICA G. TURNER; ANKUR R. DESAI; PAUL C. HANSON; JAMES A. RUSAK; NOAH R. LOTTIG; EMILY H. STANLEY; STEPHEN R. CARPENTER (Global Change Biology, 2011)
The development of complete regional carbon (C) budgets for different biomes is an integral step in the effort to predict global response and potential feedbacks to a changing climate regime. Wetland and lake contributions to regional C cycling remain relatively uncertain despite recent research highlighting their importance. Using a combination of field surveys and tower‐based carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) flux measurements, modeling, and published literature, we constructed a complete C budget for the Northern Highlands Lake District in northern Wisconsin/Michigan, a ∼6400 km 2 region rich in lakes and wetlands. This is one of the first regional C budgets to incorporate aquatic and terrestrial C cycling under the same framework. We divided the landscape into three major compartments (forests, wetlands, and surface waters) and quantified all major C fluxes into and out of those compartments, with a particular focus on atmospheric exchange but also including sedimentation in lakes and hydrologic fluxes. Landscape C storage was dominated by peat‐containing wetlands and lake sediments, which make up only 20% and 13% of the landscape area, respectively, but contain >80% of the total fixed C pool (ca. 400 Tg). We estimated a current regional C accumulation of 1.1±0.1 Tg yr −1 , and the largest regional flux was forest net ecosystem exchange (NEE) into aggrading forests for a total of 1.0±0.1 Tg yr −1 . Mean wetland NEE (0.12±0.06 Tg yr −1 into wetlands), lake CO 2 emissions and riverine efflux (each ca. 0.03±0.01 Tg yr −1 ) were smaller but of consequence to the overall budget. Hydrologic transport from uplands/wetlands to surface waters within the region was an important vector of terrestrial C. Regional C fluxes and pools would be misrepresented without inclusion of surface waters and wetlands, and C budgets in heterogeneous landscapes open opportunities to examine the sensitivities of important fluxes to changes in climate and land use/land cover.

How can soil monitoring networks be used to improve predictions of organic carbon pool dynamics and CO2 fluxes in agricultural soils? - Bas van Wesemael; Keith Paustian; Olof Andrén; Carlos E. P. Cerri; Mike Dodd; Jorge Etchevers; Esther Goidts; Peter Grace; Thomas Kätterer; Brian G. McConkey; Stephen Ogle; Genxing Pan; et al. (Plant and Soil, 2011)

Altered expression of the natriuretic peptide system in genetically modified heme oxygenase-1 mice treated with high dietary salt - David W. J. Armstrong; M. Yat Tse; Luis G. Melo; Stephen C. Pang (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2011)

A New Small-Bodied Species of Palaeonictis (Creodonta, Oxyaenidae) from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum - Stephen G. B. Chester; Jonathan I. Bloch; Ross Secord; Doug M. Boyer (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2010)

Ptychodactis aleutiensis , a new species of ptychodactiarian sea anemone (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska - Wendy E. Eash-Loucks; Stephen C. Jewett; Daphne G. Fautin; Max K. Hoberg; Héloïse Chenelot (Marine Biology Research, 2010)

The use of otolith shape analysis for ageing juvenile red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus - Sabrina G. Beyer; Stephen T. Szedlmayer (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2010)

The effects of biogenic silica detritus, zooplankton grazing, and diatom size structure on silicon cycling in the euphotic zone of the eastern equatorial Pacific - Jeffrey W. Krause; Mark A. Brzezinski; Michael R. Landry; Stephen B. Baines; David M. Nelson; Karen E. Selph; Andrew G. Taylor; Benjamin S. Twiningf (Limnology and Oceanography, 2010)
Two novel and independent couplings of field data sets suggest that only ~10‐20% of the biogenic silica (bSi) in the surface waters of the eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling zone is associated with living diatoms. Accounting for the ~80‐90% contribution of detrital bSi reconciles discrepancies between estimates of diatom growth rates obtained by different methods. Approximately 50% of the bSi associated with living diatoms was found to be in cells whose greatest linear dimension was > 40 µm. The contribution of that > 40‐µm fraction to bSi production was less than its contribution to biomass, as smaller diatoms, between 10 and 40 µm, contributed 59‐100% of bSi production. A steady‐state model, parameterized using field data, appears to explain the origin of the large detrital bSi pool, relative to the living fraction. Because specific rates of diatom growth are several times higher than those of detrital bSi dissolution, bSi must be predominantly detrital to balance gross rates of silica production and dissolution. Zooplankton grazing is the dominant process creating the detrital bSi pool, and the balance between diatom growth and zooplankton grazing rates maintains a living bSi pool that is a small fraction of the total bSi. Our results show near equivalence between the gross rates of detrital silica production by mesozooplankton grazing and bSi export from the euphotic zone, and also between the rates of detrital silica production by microzooplankton grazing and bSi dissolution, suggesting distinct roles for the two zooplankton size classes in regional Si biogeochemistry.

Continuous cratonic crust between the Congo and Tanzania blocks in western Uganda - Klemens Link; Daniel Koehn; Matthias G. Barth; John V. Tiberindwa; Erasmus Barifaijo; Kevin Aanyu; Stephen F. Foley (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2010)

Alteration in protein expression in estrogen receptor alpha-negative human breast cancer tissues indicates a malignant and metastatic phenotype - Ziad J. Sahab; Yan-Gao Man; Suzan M. Semaan; Robert G. Newcomer; Stephen W. Byers; Qing-Xiang Amy Sang (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2010)

Hydrogeological implications of paleo-fluvial architecture for the Paskapoo Formation, SW Alberta, Canada: a stochastic analysis - Erick R. Burns; Laurence R. Bentley; Masaki Hayashi; Stephen E. Grasby; Anthony P. Hamblin; Derald G. Smith; Paul R. J. Wozniak (Hydrogeology Journal, 2010)

Soil Fungi Respond More Strongly than Fine Roots to Elevated CO2 in a Model Regenerating Longleaf Pine-Wiregrass Ecosystem - M. Luke McCormack; Seth G. Pritchard; Sabrie Breland; Michael A. Davis; Stephen A. Prior; G. Brett Runion; Robert J. Mitchell; Hugo H. Rogers (Ecosystems, 2010)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and breast cancer risk in the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) Study - Theodore M. Brasky; Matthew R. Bonner; Kirsten B. Moysich; Christine B. Ambrosone; Jing Nie; Meng Hua Tao; Stephen B. Edge; Bhaskar V.S. Kallakury; Catalin Marian; Maurizio Trevisan; Peter G. Shields; Jo L. Freudenheim (Cancer Causes & Control, 2010)

In-Street Wind Direction Variability in the Vicinity of a Busy Intersection in Central London - Ahmed A. Balogun; Alison S. Tomlin; Curtis R. Wood; Janet F. Barlow; Stephen E. Belcher; Robert J. Smalley; Justin J. N. Lingard; Sam J. Arnold; Adrian Dobre; Alan G. Robins; Damien Martin; Dudley E. Shallcross (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2010)

Flow effects on benthic grazing on phytoplankton by a Caribbean reef - Stephen G. Monismith; Kristen A. Davis; Gregory G. Shellenbarger; James L. Hench; Nicholas J. Nidzieko; Alyson E. Santoro; Matthew A. Reidenbach; Johanna H. Rosman; Roi Holtzman; Christopher S. Martens; Niels L. Lindquist; Melissa W. Southwell; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2010)
We present measurements of flows and fluxes of phytoplankton to Conch Reef, Florida, a Caribbean reef dominated by sponges and soft corals, located in 15 m of water offshore of Key Largo. Vertical profiles of chlorophyll a, a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, showed a near‐bed depletion, indicating the existence of concentration boundary layers. Along with simultaneous measurements of velocity profiles, near‐bed turbulence, and temperature stratification, these profiles were used to compute α, the mass transfer velocity of phytoplankton to the bed (i.e., the flux to the bed normalized by near‐bed concentration). The α value ranged from ‐40 to +130 m d −1 , with a significant linear positive relationship with shear velocity. The median value of α = 48 ± 20 m d −1 is larger than would be expected, given the observed population of filter‐feeding sponges. Nonetheless, these large values of a are consistent with values found recently for another coral reef as well as for a soft bottom estuarine community. Taken as a whole, these measurements indicate that reefs with large roughness and/or energetic currents should be able to support higher biomasses of benthic organisms than would low relief reefs or reefs in sluggish waters.

The reproductive success of Ficus altissima and its pollinator in a strongly seasonal environment: Xishuangbanna, Southwestern China - Yan-Qiong Peng; Stephen G. Compton; Da-Rong Yang (Plant Ecology, 2010)

Feathers as bioindicators of PCB exposure in clapper rails - J. W. Summers; K. F. Gaines; N. Garvin; W. L. Stephens; J. C. Cumbee; G. L. Mills (Ecotoxicology, 2010)

Intra-specific niche partitioning obscures the importance of fine-scale habitat data in species distribution models - Reid Tingley; Tom B. Herman; Mark D. Pulsifer; Dean G. McCurdy; Jeff P. Stephens (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2010)

Environmental controls on water use efficiency during severe drought in an Ozark Forest in Missouri, USA - BAI YANG; STEPHEN G. PALLARDY; TILDEN P. MEYERS; LIAN‐HONG GU; PAUL J. HANSON; STAN D. WULLSCHLEGER; MARK HEUER; KEVIN P. HOSMAN; JEFFERY S. RIGGS; DANIEL W. SLUSS (Global Change Biology, 2010)
To accurately predict ecosystem responses induced by climate warming at local‐to‐global scales, models are in need of more precise knowledge of response during periods of environmental stress such as drought. In this paper, we studied environmental control of canopy‐level water use efficiency (WUE) during drought at an eddy flux site in an oak‐hickory forest in central Missouri, USA. Two consecutive severe droughts in the summers of 2006 and 2007 afforded coverage of a broad range of environmental conditions. We stratified data to obtain subranges that minimized cross‐correlations among putative WUE‐controlling factors. Our results showed that WUE was subject to control by atmospheric saturation deficit (ASD), soil water potential (SWP) and the ratio of diffuse to total photosynthetically active radiation ( I f / I t ). Generally, WUE was found to scale with 1/(ASD) 0.5 , consistent with predictions from stomatal optimization theory. In contrast, SWP and I f / I t were related to WUE in a linear fashion. ASD was better correlated with WUE than either of the other two factors. It was also observed that the relationship between WUE and any single controlling factor was subject to influence of the other two. One such example was an opposite response of WUE to SWP between low and high ASD values, suggesting a breakdown of stomatal optimality under severe environmental stresses and a shift from optimal stomatal regulation to nonstomatal regulation at leaf scale. We have demonstrated that different data handling (stratified vs. nonstratified) or selection (hourly vs. daily) could lead to different conclusions on the relationship between WUE and its controls. For this reason, we recommend modelers to be cautious when applying WUE‐response formulas at environmental conditions or at time scales different from those at which they are derived.

Reduction of adaptive genetic diversity radically alters eco‐evolutionary community dynamics - Lutz Becks; Stephen P. Ellner; Laura E. Jones; Nelson G. Hairston Jr (Ecology Letters, 2010)
Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 989–997 Abstract Adaptive variation in the traits determining ecological interactions can lead to evolution so rapid that ecological dynamics change course while in progress (i.e., ‘eco‐evolutionary dynamics’). However, little is known about how the qualitative properties of eco‐evolutionary dynamics (e.g., cycling, equilibrium, etc.) are affected by the amount of heritable variation present. Here, we show that a change in the range of variation in a heritable prey defense trait determines what dynamics are observed in an experimental predator–prey system. We combine modelling and laboratory experiments to show that initial defense trait variation determines whether populations exhibit eco‐evolutionary cycles in which heritable variation is maintained, or converge to an equilibrium at which the prey population becomes monomorphic. Our results show how small changes in the amount of adaptive genetic variance initially present can radically alter eco‐evolutionary dynamics, and can ultimately determine whether heritable variation is maintained or lost.

Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance - Stephen J. Heishman; Bethea A. Kleykamp; Edward G. Singleton (Psychopharmacology, 2010)

Soil nitrogen availability varies with plant genetics across diverse river drainages - Dylan G. Fischer; Stephen C. Hart; Jennifer A. Schweitzer; Paul C. Selmants; Thomas G. Whitham (Plant and Soil, 2010)

The Role of the Complement System and the Activation Fragment C5a in the Central Nervous System - Trent M. Woodruff; Rahasson R. Ager; Andrea J. Tenner; Peter G. Noakes; Stephen M. Taylor (NeuroMolecular Medicine, 2010)

Impact of Arenicola marina (Polychaeta) on the microbial assemblages and meiobenthos in a marine intertidal flat - Yanli Lei; Karen Stumm; Nils Volkenborn; Stephen A. Wickham; Ulrike-G. Berninger (Marine Biology, 2010)

Release of Plasmid DNA-Encoding IL-10 from PLGA Microparticles Facilitates Long-Term Reversal of Neuropathic Pain Following a Single Intrathecal Administration - Ryan Gene Soderquist; Evan M. Sloane; Lisa C. Loram; Jacqueline A. Harrison; Ellen C. Dengler; Scott M. Johnson; Luke D. Amer; Courtney S. Young; Makenzie T. Lewis; Stephen Poole; Matthew G. Frank; Linda R. Watkins; et al. (Pharmaceutical Research, 2010)

Analysis of the indel at the ARMS2 3′UTR in age-related macular degeneration - Gaofeng Wang; Kylee L. Spencer; William K. Scott; Patrice Whitehead; Brenda L. Court; Juan Ayala-Haedo; Ping Mayo; Stephen G. Schwartz; Jaclyn L. Kovach; Paul Gallins; Monica Polk; Anita Agarwal; et al. (Human Genetics, 2010)

Heat balance and cumulative heat storage during exercise performed in the heat in physically active younger and middle-aged men - Glen P. Kenny; Daniel Gagnon; Lucy E. Dorman; Stephen G. Hardcastle; Ollie Jay (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2010)

Improvements in a half degree atmosphere/land version of the CCSM - Peter R. Gent; Stephen G. Yeager; Richard B. Neale; Samuel Levis; David A. Bailey (Climate Dynamics, 2010)

Limitation of Finite Element Analysis of Poroelastic Behavior of Biological Tissues Undergoing Rapid Loading - Ian A. Stokes; Salman Chegini; Stephen J. Ferguson; Mack G. Gardner-Morse; James C. Iatridis; Jeffrey P. Laible (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2010)

Currents and turbulence within a kelp forest ( Macrocystis pyrifera ): Insights from a dynamically scaled laboratory model - Johanna H. Rosman; Stephen G. Monismith; Mark W. Denny; Jeffrey R. Koseff (Limnology and Oceanography, 2010)
The effects of a Macrocystis pyrifera forest on currents and turbulence were investigated in a controlled laboratory setting using a dynamically matched 1/25‐scale model. Two kelp configurations with surface canopies and one without a surface canopy were considered. Profiles of mean velocities and turbulence statistics were measured using acoustic Doppler velocimeters. Since flow within the model kelp forest was very heterogeneous, spatially averaged forms of the governing equations were used for the analysis. Stress gradients were small compared with pressure gradient, drag, and acceleration terms of the momentum budget. A good model for kelp drag is therefore required for simulating flow through a kelp forest, while the model for Reynolds and dispersive stresses is less critical. The bulk drag coefficient is highest at the up‐current end of a kelp forest and decays with down‐current distance as the velocity profile adjusts to the drag profile. Modeling a kelp forest as an array of vertical cylinders underestimates the net drag by a factor of 1.5 to 3 if a substantial surface canopy is present. Turbulence is generated predominantly by small‐scale shear in kelp wakes. Vertical mixing of scalars is expected to be significantly smaller than in the surrounding coastal ocean because of the combination of smaller turbulent eddies and reduced currents. The decrease in horizontal transport and vertical mixing within kelp forests may have important implications for nutrient availability to kelp forest organisms and may affect the dispersal or retention of their larvae and spores.

Comparison of defined culture systems for feeder cell free propagation of human embryonic stem cells - Veronika Akopian; Peter W. Andrews; Stephen Beil; Nissim Benvenisty; Jennifer Brehm; Megan Christie; Angela Ford; Victoria Fox; Paul J. Gokhale; Lyn Healy; Frida Holm; Outi Hovatta; et al. (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 2010)

Effects of Nutrient Pre-Exposure on Atrazine Toxicity to Vallisneria americana Michx. (Wild Celery) - Darrin D. Dantin; Ronald G. Boustany; Michael A. Lewis; Stephen J. Jordan; Rebecca F. Moss; Thomas C. Michot (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2010)

Hybridization and polyploidy as drivers of continuing evolution and speciation in Sorbus - ASHLEY ROBERTSON; TIMOTHY C. G. RICH; ALEXANDRA M. ALLEN; LIBBY HOUSTON; CAT ROBERTS; JON R. BRIDLE; STEPHEN A. HARRIS; SIMON J. HISCOCK (Molecular Ecology, 2010)

Herbivory of tropical rain forest tree seedlings correlates with future mortality - Markus P. Eichhorn; Reuben Nilus; Stephen G. Compton; Sue E. Hartley; David F. R. P. Burslem (Ecology, 2010)
Tree seedlings in tropical rain forests are subject to both damage from natural enemies and intense interspecific competition. This leads to a trade‐off in investment between defense and growth, and it is likely that tree species specialized to particular habitats tailor this balance to correspond with local resource availability. It has also been suggested that differential herbivore impacts among tree species may drive habitat segregation, favoring species adapted to particular resource conditions. In order to test these predictions, a reciprocal transplant experiment in Sabah, Malaysia, was established with seedlings of five species of Dipterocarpaceae. These were specialized to either alluvial ( Hopea nervosa , Parashorea tomentella ) or sandstone soils ( Shorea multiflora , H. beccariana ), or were locally absent ( S. fallax ). A total of 3000 seedlings were planted in paired gap and understory plots in five sites on alluvial and sandstone soils. Half of all seedlings were fertilized. Seedling growth and mortality were recorded in regular samples over 3.5 years, and rates of insect herbivore damage were estimated from censuses of foliar tissue loss on marked mature leaves and available young leaves. Greater herbivory rates on mature leaves had no measurable effects on seedling growth but were associated with a significantly increased likelihood of mortality during the following year. In contrast, new‐leaf herbivory rates correlated with neither growth nor mortality. There were no indications of differential impacts of herbivory among the five species, nor between experimental treatments. Herbivory was not shown to influence segregation of species between soil types, although it may contribute toward differential survival among light habitats. Natural rates of damage were substantially lower than have been shown to influence tree seedling growth and mortality in previous manipulative studies.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Acacia senegal (L) Willd. in Kenya - Stephen F. Omondi; Eliud Kireger; Otto G. Dangasuk; Ben Chikamai; David W. Odee; Stephen Cavers; Damase P. Khasa (Tropical Plant Biology, 2010)

Accounting for water use in Australian red meat production - Greg M. Peters; Stephen G. Wiedemann; Hazel V. Rowley; Robyn W. Tucker (The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2010)

Protein recognition in ferredoxin–P450 electron transfer in the class I CYP199A2 system from Rhodopseudomonas palustris - Stephen G. Bell; Feng Xu; Eachan O. D. Johnson; Ian M. Forward; Mark Bartlam; Zihe Rao; Luet-Lok Wong (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2010)

Evolution of seed dispersal in North American Ephedra - Jennifer L. Hollander; Stephen B. Vander Wall; Jeffrey G. Baguley (Evolutionary Ecology, 2010)

Recruitment and Stabilization of Brain Activation Within a Working Memory Task; an fMRI Study - James F. Paskavitz; Lawrence H. Sweet; Jeremy Wellen; Karl G. Helmer; Stephen M. Rao; Ronald A. Cohen (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2010)

A Guessing Paper - David South; Stephen G. Boyce (Journal of Forestry, 2010)

The transcription factor GATA-2 does not associate with angiographic coronary artery disease in the Ottawa Heart Genomics and Cleveland Clinic GeneBank Studies - Sonny Dandona; Li Chen; Meng Fan; Md Afaque Alam; Olivia Assogba; Melanie Belanger; Kathryn Williams; George A. Wells; W. H. Wilson Tang; Stephen G. Ellis; Stanley L. Hazen; Ruth McPherson; et al. (Human Genetics, 2010)

Structure and heterogeneity of gliadin: a hydrodynamic evaluation - Shirley Ang; Jana Kogulanathan; Gordon A. Morris; M. Samil Kök; Peter R. Shewry; Arthur S. Tatham; Gary G. Adams; Arthur J. Rowe; Stephen E. Harding (European Biophysics Journal, 2010)

Comparative Biogeochemical Cycles of Bioenergy Crops Reveal Nitrogen-Fixation and Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Miscanthus × giganteus Agro-Ecosystem - Sarah C. Davis; William J. Parton; Frank G. Dohleman; Candice M. Smith; Stephen Del Grosso; Angela D. Kent; Evan H. DeLucia (Ecosystems, 2010)

Ant dominance in urban areas - Lloyd D. Stringer; Andréa E. A. Stephens; David M. Suckling; John G. Charles (Urban Ecosystems, 2009)

RNAi Mediated Down-Regulation of PDS Gene Expression in Sugarcane (Saccharum), a Highly Polyploid Crop - Kenji Osabe; Stephen R. Mudge; Michael W. Graham; Robert G. Birch (Tropical Plant Biology, 2009)

Variation in RTN3 and PPIL2 Genes Does not Influence Platelet Membrane β-Secretase Activity or Susceptibility to Alzheimer’s Disease in the Northern Irish Population - Robyn Carson; Amy Jayne McKnight; Stephen Todd; Wei Wei Liu; Shirley Heggarty; David Craig; Bernadette McGuinness; G. Brent Irvine; A. Peter Passmore; Janet A. Johnston (NeuroMolecular Medicine, 2009)

A preliminary investigation of boundary layer effects on daytime atmospheric CO2 concentrations at a mountaintop location in the Rocky Mountains - Stephan F.J. De Wekker; Alex Ameen; Guan Song; Britton B. Stephens; Anna G. Hallar; Ian B. McCubbin (Acta Geophysica, 2009)

Nearshore macrobenthos of northern Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, with reference to local sewage disposal - Stephen C. Jewett; Lisa M. Clough; Arny L. Blanchard; William G. Ambrose; Howard M. Feder; Max K. Hoberg; Alex V. Whiting (Polar Biology, 2009)

Successional trends and apparent Acer saccharum regeneration failure in an oak-hickory forest in central Missouri, USA - Angela C. Belden; Stephen G. Pallardy (Plant Ecology, 2009)

Pharmacokinetics of chlorproguanil, dapsone, artesunate and their major metabolites in patients during treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria - Ann K. Miller; Nibedita Bandyopadhyay; Daniel G. Wootton; Stephan Duparc; Paula L. Kirby; Peter A. Winstanley; Stephen A. Ward (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2009)

Phylogenetic endemism: a new approach for identifying geographical concentrations of evolutionary history - DAN ROSAUER; SHAWN W. LAFFAN; MICHAEL D. CRISP; STEPHEN C. DONNELLAN; LYN G. COOK (Molecular Ecology, 2009)
We present a new, broadly applicable measure of the spatial restriction of phylogenetic diversity, termed phylogenetic endemism (PE). PE combines the widely used phylogenetic diversity and weighted endemism measures to identify areas where substantial components of phylogenetic diversity are restricted. Such areas are likely to be of considerable importance for conservation. PE has a number of desirable properties not combined in previous approaches. It assesses endemism consistently, independent of taxonomic status or level, and independent of previously defined political or biological regions. The results can be directly compared between areas because they are based on equivalent spatial units. PE builds on previous phylogenetic analyses of endemism, but provides a more general solution for mapping endemism of lineages. We illustrate the broad applicability of PE using examples of Australian organisms having contrasting life histories: pea‐flowered shrubs of the genus Daviesia (Fabaceae) and the Australian species of the Australo‐Papuan tree frog radiation within the family Hylidae.

Characterization of microsatellite loci from the Malagasy endemic, Tina striata Radlk. (Sapindaceae) - Laura B. Vary; Stacey L. Lance; Cris Hagen; Olga Tsyusko; Travis C. Glenn; Ann K. Sakai; Stephen G. Weller (Conservation Genetics, 2009)

Sensory Imbalance as Mechanism of Orientation Disruption in the Leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella: Elucidation by Multivariate Geometric Designs and Response Surface Models - Stephen L. Lapointe; Lukasz L. Stelinski; Terence J. Evens; Randall P. Niedz; David G. Hall; Agenor Mafra-Neto (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2009)

Cardiac Flow Analysis Applied to Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart - Kelvin K. L. Wong; Richard M. Kelso; Stephen G. Worthley; Prashanthan Sanders; Jagannath Mazumdar; Derek Abbott (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2009)

An Automated Pipeline for Dendrite Spine Detection and Tracking of 3D Optical Microscopy Neuron Images of In Vivo Mouse Models - Jing Fan; Xiaobo Zhou; Jennifer G. Dy; Yong Zhang; Stephen T. C. Wong (Neuroinformatics, 2009)

Caution! Analyze transcripts from conditional knockout alleles - Shao H. Yang; Martin O. Bergo; Emily Farber; Xin Qiao; Loren G. Fong; Stephen G. Young (Transgenic Research, 2009)

Potential impacts of climatic change on the breeding and non‐breeding ranges and migration distance of European Sylvia warblers - Nathalie Doswald; Stephen G. Willis; Yvonne C. Collingham; Deborah J. Pain; Rhys E. Green; Brian Huntley (Journal of Biogeography, 2009)
Aim To explore the potential impacts of climatic change on species with different migratory strategies using Sylvia warblers breeding in Europe as a ‘model’ species group. Location Europe and Africa. Methods Climate response surfaces and generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to model relationships between species recorded breeding and non‐breeding ranges and recent climate. Species potential future breeding and non‐breeding ranges were simulated for three scenarios of late 21st‐century climate. The simulated potential future and present ranges were compared in terms of their relative extent and overlap, as well as their location. The impact of any shifts in potential range location on migration distance were quantified. Results Potential breeding ranges consistently showed a shift northwards, whereas potential non‐breeding ranges showed no consistent directional shift, even when trans‐Saharan migrants were considered separately from resident/short‐distance or partial migrants. Future potential range extent relative to simulated recent range extent varied considerably among species, although on average range extent increased. Overlap between future and recent simulated range was generally low, averaging Main conclusions Migratory species can be expected to suffer greater negative impacts from climatic change than species that are resident or undertake only short‐distance or partial migrations. Trans‐Saharan migrants face the greatest potential increases in migration distances, whereas range‐restricted species are expected to experience major population reductions because of the limited, or in some cases lack of, overlap between their present and potential future ranges.

Assessing the Impacts of Future Climate Change on Protected Area Networks: A Method to Simulate Individual Species' Responses - Stephen G. Willis; Dave G. Hole; Yvonne C. Collingham; Geoff Hilton; Carsten Rahbek; Brian Huntley (Environmental Management, 2009)

The 17 February 2006 rock slide-debris avalanche at Guinsaugon Philippines: a synthesis - Richard H. Guthrie; Stephen G. Evans; Sandra G. Catane; Mark A. H. Zarco; Ricarido M. Saturay (Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2009)

Hydrodynamic control of phytoplankton loss to the benthos in an estuarine environment - Nicole L. Jones; Janet K. Thompson; Kevin R. Arrigo; Stephen G. Monismith (Limnology and Oceanography, 2009)
Field experiments were undertaken to measure the influence of hydrodynamics on the removal of phytoplankton by benthic grazers in Suisun Slough, North San Francisco Bay. Chlorophyll a concentration boundary layers were found over beds inhabited by the active suspension feeders Corbula amurensis and Corophium alienense and the passive suspension feeders Marenzellaria viridis and Laonome sp. Benthic losses of phytoplankton were estimated via both the control volume and the vertical flux approach, in which chlorophyll a concentration was used as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass. The rate of phytoplankton loss to the bed was positively correlated to the bed shear stress. The maximum rate of phytoplankton loss to the bed was five times larger than estimated by laboratory‐derived pumping rates for the active suspension feeders. Reasons for this discrepancy are explored including a physical mechanism whereby phytoplankton is entrained in a near‐bed fluff layer where aggregation is mediated by the presence of mucus produced by the infaunal community.

Nitrate removal in stream ecosystems measured by 15N addition experiments: Denitrification - Patrick J. Mulholland; Robert O. Hall; Daniel J. Sobota; Walter K. Dodds; Stuart E. G. Findlay; Nancy B. Grimm; Stephen K. Hamilton; William H. McDowell; Jonathan M. O'Brien; Jennifer L. Tank; Linda R. Ashkenas; Lee W. Cooper; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2009)
We measured denitrification rates using a field 15 NO 3 − tracer‐addition approach in a large, cross‐site study of nitrate uptake in reference, agricultural, and suburban‐urban streams. We measured denitrification rates in 49 of 72 streams studied. Uptake length due to denitrification ( S Wden n) ranged from 89 m to 184 km (median of 9050 m) and there were no significant differences among regions or land‐use categories, likely because of the wide range of conditions within each region and land use. N 2 production rates far exceeded N 2 O production rates in all streams. The fraction of total NO 3 − removal from water due to denitrification ranged from 0.5% to 100% among streams (median of 16%), and was related to NH 4 + concentration and ecosystem respiration rate (ER). Multivariate approaches showed that the most important factors controlling S Wden were specific discharge (discharge / width) and NO 3 − concentration (positive effects), and ER and transient storage zones (negative effects). The relationship between areal denitrification rate ( U den ) and NO 3 − concentration indicated a partial saturation effect. A power function with an exponent of 0.5 described this relationship better than a Michaelis‐Menten equation. Although U den increased with increasing NO 3 − concentration, the efficiency of NO 3 − removal from water via denitrification declined, resulting in a smaller proportion of streamwater NO 3 − load removed over a given length of stream. Regional differences in stream denitrification rates were small relative to the proximate factors of NO 3 − concentration and ecosystem respiration rate, and land use was an important but indirect control on denitrification in streams, primarily via its effect on NO 3 − concentration.

Intense benthic grazing of phytoplankton in a coral reef - Amatzia Genin; Stephen G. Monismith; Matthew A. Reidenbach; Gitai Yahel; Jeffrey R. Koseff (Limnology and Oceanography, 2009)
Grazing on phytoplankton by a section of the fringing coral reef in Eilat, the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, was studied using the control‐volume approach, a direct, nonintrusive technique common in engineering studies. Concentrations of chlorophyll a were measured using four vertical arrays of pumps, 10 pumps on each, that defined an imaginary box (i.e., the control volume), extending from the bed to surface, overlying a section of the sloping fore‐reef >100 m 2 in size. Concurrent velocity measurements were made at the center of the box using a vertical array of acoustic current meters. Together, the concentration and velocity measurements allowed us to compute phytoplankton fluxes in and out of the control volume. While phytoplankton patchiness and other turbulent variations in concentration introduced significant variability, mass balances of fluxes into and out of the box indicate a flow‐dependent grazing rate of approximately 10 m d −1 to 20 m d −1 . This value was larger than, but not statistically different from, values derived from an "a priori estimate" (calculated based on the density and feeding rates of benthic grazers) and an estimate computed from the observed near‐bed gradient of Chl a . Phytoplankton grazing is a principal pathway through which allochthonous nutrients are imported to the reef community from the flowing water.

Projected impacts of climate change on a continent‐wide protected area network - David G. Hole; Stephen G. Willis; Deborah J. Pain; Lincoln D. Fishpool; Stuart H. M. Butchart; Yvonne C. Collingham; Carsten Rahbek; Brian Huntley (Ecology Letters, 2009)
Despite widespread concern, the continuing effectiveness of networks of protected areas under projected 21st century climate change is uncertain. Shifts in species’ distributions could mean these resources will cease to afford protection to those species for which they were originally established. Using modelled projected shifts in the distributions of sub‐Saharan Africa’s entire breeding avifauna, we show that species turnover across the continent’s Important Bird Area (IBA) network is likely to vary regionally and will be substantial at many sites (> 50% at 42% of IBAs by 2085 for priority species). Persistence of suitable climate space across the network as a whole, however, is notably high, with 88–92% of priority species retaining suitable climate space in ≥ 1 IBA(s) in which they are currently found. Only 7–8 priority species lose climatic representation from the network. Hence, despite the likelihood of significant community disruption, we demonstrate that rigorously defined networks of protected areas can play a key role in mitigating the worst impacts of climate change on biodiversity.

Host pollination mode and mutualist pollinator presence: net effect of internally ovipositing parasite in the fig–wasp mutualism - Fengping Zhang; Yanqiong Peng; Stephen G. Compton; Yi Zhao; Darong Yang (The Science of Nature, 2009)

The impact of early environmental rearing condition on the discriminative stimulus effects and Fos expression induced by cocaine in adult male and female rats - Stephen J. Kohut; Peter G. Roma; Catherine M. Davis; Gerald Zernig; Alois Saria; Juan M. Dominguez; Kenner C. Rice; Anthony L. Riley (Psychopharmacology, 2009)

Global GPS data analysis at the National Geodetic Survey - William G. Kass; Robert L. Dulaney; Jake Griffiths; Stephen Hilla; Jim Ray; James Rohde (Journal of Geodesy, 2009)

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Remediation by Three Floating Aquatic Macrophytes in Greenhouse-Based Laboratory-Scale Subsurface Constructed Wetlands - Robert F. Polomski; Milton D. Taylor; Douglas G. Bielenberg; William C. Bridges; Stephen J. Klaine; Ted Whitwell (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2009)

Efficient silencing of reporter transgenes coupled to known functional promoters in sugarcane, a highly polyploid crop species - Stephen R. Mudge; Kenji Osabe; Rosanne E. Casu; Graham D. Bonnett; John M. Manners; Robert G. Birch (Planta, 2009)

Effects of landscape and history on diversification of a montane, stream‐breeding amphibian - Daria Koscinski; Adam G. Yates; Paul Handford; Stephen C. Lougheed (Journal of Biogeography, 2009)
Aim The aim of this study was to understand the roles of landscape features in shaping patterns of contemporary and historical genetic diversification among populations of the Andean tree frog ( Hypsiboas andinus ) across spatial scales. Location Andes mountains, north‐western Argentina, South America. Methods Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences were utilized to assess genetic differentiation among populations and calculate population pair‐wise genetic distances. Three models of movement, namely traditional straight‐line distance and two effective distances based on habitat classification, were examined to determine which of these explained the most variation in pair‐wise population genetic differentiation. The two habitat classifications were based on digital vegetation and hydrology layers that were generated from a 90‐m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and known relationships between elevation and habitat. Mantel tests were conducted to test for correlations between geographic and genetic distance matrices and to estimate the percentage variation explained by each type of geographic distance. To investigate the location of possible barriers to gene flow, we used Monmonier’s maximum difference algorithm as implemented in barrier 2.2. Results At both geographic scales, effective distances explained more variation in genetic differentiation than did straight‐line distance. The least‐cost distances based on the simple classification performed better than the more detailed habitat classification. We controlled for the effects of historical range fragmentation determined from previous nested clade analyses, and therefore evaluated the effect of different distances on the genetic variation attributable to more recent factors. Effective distances identified populations that were highly divergent as a result of isolation in unsuitable habitats. The proposed locations of barriers to gene flow identified using Monmonier’s maximum difference algorithm corresponded well with earlier analyses and supported findings from our partial Mantel tests. Main conclusions Our results indicate that landscape features have been important in both historical and contemporary genetic structuring of populations of H. andinus at both large and small spatial scales. A landscape genetic perspective offers novel insights not provided by traditional phylogeographic studies: (1) effective distances can better explain patterns of differentiation in populations, especially in heterogeneous landscapes where barriers to dispersal may be common; and (2) least‐cost path analysis can help to identify corridors of movement between populations that are biologically more realistic.

Thermal Variability in a Tidal River - Stephen G. Monismith; James L. Hench; Derek A. Fong; Nicholas J. Nidzieko; William E. Fleenor; Laura P. Doyle; S. Geoffrey Schladow (Estuaries and Coasts, 2009)

Molecular genetic data provide support for a model of transmission dynamics in an Australian reptile tick, Bothriocroton hydrosauri - JARO GUZINSKI; C. MICHAEL BULL; STEPHEN C. DONNELLAN; MICHAEL G. GARDNER (Molecular Ecology, 2009)
Bothriocroton hydrosauri is a three‐host ixodid tick that infests large reptiles in southeastern Australia, where its most common host is a large scincid lizard Tiliqua rugosa . Based on previous ecological and behavioural studies of this system, we propose a ‘ripple’ model of tick population dynamics, where only a few female ticks succeed in producing surviving offspring. These females then are the centres of ripples of their progeny spreading into the broader landscape. The model predicts higher relatedness among larvae than among nymphs or adults on a host, and significant spatial autocorrelation in larvae extending further than for the later life stages. The model also predicts that adult ticks are likely to encounter related partners and that this will generate inbreeding within the population. We tested those predictions using nine polymorphic microsatellite loci on a sample of 848 ticks (464 larvae, 140 nymphs and 244 adults) collected from 98 lizard hosts from near Bundey Bore Station in South Australia. Our data support the predictions and indicate that the dynamics of transmission among hosts play an important role in parasite population structure.

Hydrological Impacts of Flood Storage and Management on Irrigation Water Abstraction in Upper Ewaso Ng’iro River Basin, Kenya - Stephen N. Ngigi; Hubert H. G. Savenije; Francis N. Gichuki (Water Resources Management, 2008)

Inhibition of osteolytic bone metastasis by unfractionated heparin - Colin K. Yee; Martin Butcher; Melec Zeadin; Jeffrey I. Weitz; Stephen G. Shaughnessy (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2008)

The July 2007 rock and ice avalanches at Mount Steele, St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada - Panya S. Lipovsky; Stephen G. Evans; John J. Clague; Chris Hopkinson; Réjean Couture; Peter Bobrowsky; Göran Ekström; Michael N. Demuth; Keith B. Delaney; Nicholas J. Roberts; Garry Clarke; Andrew Schaeffer (Landslides, 2008)

Episodic circulation and exchange in a wave‐driven coral reef and lagoon system - James L. Hench; James J. Leichter; Stephen G. Monismith (Limnology and Oceanography, 2008)
We examined the role of wave‐driven circulation relative to wind and buoyancy forcing in a coral reef‐lagoon system. Circulation measurements in Paopao Bay, Moorea, French Polynesia, during austral summer show the importance of waves in driving flows over the reef crest, through the lagoon, and out the reef pass. Tides were comparatively weak, due to proximity to amphidromic points, and exhibited an unusual spring‐neap cycle where the major lunar tide modulated the major solar tide, and the overall tidal phase stayed approximately constant. Wind had only a secondary effect compared to surface waves. A simple fluid mass balance indicated rapid flushing of the shallow back reef and export through the reef pass, and a reef capture zone width of ~2.3 km. The reef pass circulation dynamics exhibited two‐layer baroclinic exchange flow when waves were small, which was suppressed during large wave events. The unusually weak tidal forcing provided an opportunity to more closely investigate wave‐driven circulation dynamics. As expected theoretically, there was a wave‐driven setup of the free surface across the shallow lagoon, which drove a highly frictional flow, evident by a large drag coefficient C P ~ 0.1. Diverging from extant theory, the observed setup varied strongly with significant wave height and period. Overall, the circulation and exchange between this coral reef system and the adjacent open ocean were largely determined by episodic remote‐forcing events and differed significantly from periodic tidal‐exchange mechanisms.

Evidence for the inherent unsteadiness of a river plume: Satellite observations of the Niagara River discharge - Alexander R. Horner-Devine; Derek A. Fong; Stephen G. Monismith (Limnology and Oceanography, 2008)
We present satellite data from the Niagara River plume showing that a large eddy, or bulge, forms and grows in the plume near the mouth of the river. The plume consists of a semicircular bulge region immediately offshore of the mouth and a narrow current that propagates east along the shoreline. During the low‐wind period from 27 to 29 May 1999, the width of the bulge more than doubled and the current width increased only slightly. Approximately one‐third of the Niagara River water accumulated in the bulge near the mouth during this period, implying that the transport rate in the shore‐parallel current was reduced to two‐thirds of the river discharge rate. The effective radius and the growth rate of the bulge computed from the satellite images was in good agreement with previous laboratory results and a numerical model of the Niagara River plume. This is the first field evidence of the unsteadiness of the bulge.

Modeling flow in coral communities with and without waves: A synthesis of porous media and canopy flow approaches - Ryan J. Lowe; Uri Shavit; James L. Falter; Jeffrey R. Koseff; Stephen G. Monismith (Limnology and Oceanography, 2008)
Both canopy flow and porous media theories have been developed independent of one another to predict flow through submerged porous structures. These approaches are very similar, albeit with some key differences in how canopy resistance forces are parameterized. Canopy models provide a means of parameterizing the shear stresses that occur at the top of the canopy, whereas porous media models can often provide a simpler and more tractable way of parameterizing turbulent form drag based on simple morphological metrics and empirical relationships already in the hydrology literature. We developed a set of equations combining aspects of both models and applied this hybridized model to predict the flow structure within an experimental canopy formed by the branching coral Porites compress a, using model parameter values obtained from the literature. Results from the model predictions agreed well with direct measurements of flow speed and flow forces derived from particle image velocimetry under conditions of both unidirectional and wave‐driven oscillatory flow.

Global decomposition experiment shows soil animal impacts on decomposition are climate‐dependent - DIANA H. WALL; MARK A. BRADFORD; MARK G. ST. JOHN; JOHN A. TROFYMOW; VALERIE BEHAN‐PELLETIER; DAVID E. BIGNELL; J. MARK DANGERFIELD; WILLIAM J. PARTON; JOSEF RUSEK; WINFRIED VOIGT; VOLKMAR WOLTERS; HOLLEY ZADEH GARDEL; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2008)
Climate and litter quality are primary drivers of terrestrial decomposition and, based on evidence from multisite experiments at regional and global scales, are universally factored into global decomposition models. In contrast, soil animals are considered key regulators of decomposition at local scales but their role at larger scales is unresolved. Soil animals are consequently excluded from global models of organic mineralization processes. Incomplete assessment of the roles of soil animals stems from the difficulties of manipulating invertebrate animals experimentally across large geographic gradients. This is compounded by deficient or inconsistent taxonomy. We report a global decomposition experiment to assess the importance of soil animals in C mineralization, in which a common grass litter substrate was exposed to natural decomposition in either control or reduced animal treatments across 30 sites distributed from 43°S to 68°N on six continents. Animals in the mesofaunal size range were recovered from the litter by Tullgren extraction and identified to common specifications, mostly at the ordinal level. The design of the trials enabled faunal contribution to be evaluated against abiotic parameters between sites. Soil animals increase decomposition rates in temperate and wet tropical climates, but have neutral effects where temperature or moisture constrain biological activity. Our findings highlight that faunal influences on decomposition are dependent on prevailing climatic conditions. We conclude that (1) inclusion of soil animals will improve the predictive capabilities of region‐ or biome‐scale decomposition models, (2) soil animal influences on decomposition are important at the regional scale when attempting to predict global change scenarios, and (3) the statistical relationship between decomposition rates and climate, at the global scale, is robust against changes in soil faunal abundance and diversity.

Functional analysis of LjSUT4, a vacuolar sucrose transporter from Lotus japonicus - Anke Reinders; Alicia B. Sivitz; Colby G. Starker; J. Stephen Gantt; John M. Ward (Plant Molecular Biology, 2008)

Auditory cortex projections target the peripheral field representation of primary visual cortex - Amee J. Hall; Stephen G. Lomber (Experimental Brain Research, 2008)

Relationship between yield and mineral nutrient concentrations in historical and modern spring wheat cultivars - Kevin M. Murphy; Philip G. Reeves; Stephen S. Jones (Euphytica, 2008)

The complete genome sequence of Moorella thermoacetica (f. Clostridium thermoaceticum ) - Elizabeth Pierce; Gary Xie; Ravi D. Barabote; Elizabeth Saunders; Cliff S. Han; John C. Detter; Paul Richardson; Thomas S. Brettin; Amaresh Das; Lars G. Ljungdahl; Stephen W. Ragsdale (Environmental Microbiology, 2008)
Summary This paper describes the genome sequence of Moorella thermoacetica (f. Clostridium thermoaceticum ), which is the model acetogenic bacterium that has been widely used for elucidating the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway of CO and CO 2 fixation. This pathway, which is also known as the reductive acetyl‐CoA pathway, allows acetogenic (often called homoacetogenic) bacteria to convert glucose stoichiometrically into 3 mol of acetate and to grow autotrophically using H 2 and CO as electron donors and CO 2 as an electron acceptor. Methanogenic archaea use this pathway in reverse to grow by converting acetate into methane and CO 2 . Acetogenic bacteria also couple the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway to a variety of other pathways to allow the metabolism of a wide variety of carbon sources and electron donors (sugars, carboxylic acids, alcohols and aromatic compounds) and electron acceptors (CO 2 , nitrate, nitrite, thiosulfate, dimethylsulfoxide and aromatic carboxyl groups). The genome consists of a single circular 2 628 784 bp chromosome encoding 2615 open reading frames (ORFs), which includes 2523 predicted protein‐encoding genes. Of these, 1834 genes (70.13%) have been assigned tentative functions, 665 (25.43%) matched genes of unknown function, and the remaining 24 (0.92%) had no database match. A total of 2384 (91.17%) of the ORFs in the M. thermoacetica genome can be grouped in orthologue clusters. This first genome sequence of an acetogenic bacterium provides important information related to how acetogens engage their extreme metabolic diversity by switching among different carbon substrates and electron donors/acceptors and how they conserve energy by anaerobic respiration. Our genome analysis indicates that the key genetic trait for homoacetogenesis is the core acs gene cluster of the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway.

The importance of hydrology in restoration of bottomland hardwood wetland functions - Rachael G. Hunter; Stephen P. Faulkner; Kimberly A. Gibson (Wetlands, 2008)

From Genes to Ecosystems: The Genetic Basis of Condensed Tannins and Their Role in Nutrient Regulation in a Populus Model System - Jennifer A. Schweitzer; Michael D. Madritch; Joseph K. Bailey; Carri J. LeRoy; Dylan G. Fischer; Brian J. Rehill; Richard L. Lindroth; Ann E. Hagerman; Stuart C. Wooley; Stephen C. Hart; Thomas G. Whitham (Ecosystems, 2008)

Cell-type-specific level of DNA nucleotide excision repair in primary human mammary and ovarian epithelial cell cultures - Jean J. Latimer; Jennifer M. Johnson; Tiffany D. Miles; Jason M. Dimsdale; Robert P. Edwards; Joseph L. Kelley; Stephen G. Grant (Cell and Tissue Research, 2008)

Plume dispersion on a fringing coral reef system - Nicole L. Jones; Ryan J. Lowe; Geno Pawlak; Derek A. Fong; Stephen G. Monismith (Limnology and Oceanography, 2008)
A field program was implemented on a fringing reef located on Oahu, Hawaii, to investigate the dispersion characteristics of near‐bed dye plumes, tracked using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) with an onboard fluorometer. The combination of moored and AUV‐based measurements collected synchronously in this study allowed us not only to observe the dispersion characteristics of individual plumes, but importantly to isolate the flow structures directly responsible for dispersion under a variety of forcing conditions. The evolution of several plumes was observed, each influenced by different wave (surface and internal), current, and stratification conditions. The observed dispersion was caused by both turbulent dispersion and plume meandering. Lateral turbulent dispersion coefficients were roughly an order of magnitude greater than previous observations on sandy beach sites, which is likely attributable to the enhanced surface wave‐induced mixing and the large physical roughness of the reef. For a large portion of the 2‐week experiment the effects of meandering dominated over turbulent dispersion (on average 1.5 times greater). The meandering was the result of large‐scale cross‐reef current variability. Moored thermistor chain data on the forereef suggest that the source of this cross‐reef flow variability were packets of solitary waves that accompanied the propagation of baroclinic bores up the reef slope. Baroclinic bores dissipated before they reached the inner reef when surface wave conditions were large, resulting in the reduction of plume meandering during this period.

Meeting US biofuel goals with less land: the potential of Miscanthus - EMILY A. HEATON; FRANK G. DOHLEMAN; STEPHEN P. LONG (Global Change Biology, 2008)
Biofuels from crops are emerging as a Jekyll & Hyde – promoted by some as a means to offset fossil fuel emissions, denigrated by others as lacking sustainability and taking land from food crops. It is frequently asserted that plants convert only 0.1% of solar energy into biomass, therefore requiring unacceptable amounts of land for production of fuel feedstocks. The C 4 perennial grass Miscanthus × giganteus has proved a promising biomass crop in Europe, while switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ) has been tested at several locations in N. America. Here, replicated side‐by‐side trials of these two crops were established for the first time along a latitudinal gradient in Illinois. Over 3 years of trials, Miscanthus × giganteus achieved average annual conversion efficiencies into harvestable biomass of 1.0% (30 t ha −1 ) and a maximum of 2.0% (61 t ha −1 ), with minimal agricultural inputs. The regionally adapted switchgrass variety Cave‐in‐Rock achieved somewhat lower yields, averaging 10 t ha −1 . Given that there has been little attempt to improve the agronomy and genetics of these grasses compared with the major grain crops, these efficiencies are the minimum of what may be achieved. At this 1.0% efficiency, 12 million hectares, or 9.3% of current US cropland, would be sufficient to provide 133 × 10 9 L of ethanol, enough to offset one‐fifth of the current US gasoline use. In contrast, maize grain from the same area of land would only provide 49 × 10 9 L, while requiring much higher nitrogen and fossil energy inputs in its cultivation.

Clapper rails as indicators of mercury and PCB bioavailability in a Georgia saltmarsh system - J. C. Cumbee; K. F. Gaines; G. L. Mills; N. Garvin; W. L. Stephens; J. M. Novak; I. L. Brisbin (Ecotoxicology, 2008)

Influences of climate on fire regimes in montane forests of north‐western Mexico - Carl N. Skinner; Jack H. Burk; Michael G. Barbour; Ernesto Franco‐Vizcaíno; Scott L. Stephens (Journal of Biogeography, 2008)
Aim To identify the influence of interannual and interdecadal climate variation on the occurrence and extent of fires in montane conifer forests of north‐western Mexico. Location This study was conducted in Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.)‐dominated mixed‐conifer forests in the central and northern plateau of the Sierra San Pedro Mártir, Baja California, Mexico. Methods Fire occurrence was reconstructed for 12 dispersed sites for a 290‐year period (1700–1990) from cross‐dated fire‐scarred samples extracted from live trees, snags and logs. Superposed epoch analysis was used to examine the relationships of tree‐ring reconstructions of drought, the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) with fire occurrence and extent. Results Years with no recorded fire scars were wetter than average. In contrast, years of widespread fires were dry and associated with phase changes of the PDO, usually from positive (warm) to negative (cold). The influence of the PDO was most evident during the La Niña phase of the ENSO. Widespread fires were also associated with warm/wet conditions 5 years before the fire. We hypothesize that the 5‐year lag between warm/wet conditions and widespread fires may be associated with the time necessary to build up sufficient quantity and continuity of needle litter to support widespread fires. Two periods of unusually high fire activity (1770–1800 and 1920–1950) were each followed by several decades of unusually low fire activity. The switch in each case was associated with strong phase changes in both PDO and ENSO. Main conclusions Climate strongly influences fire regimes in the mountains of north‐western Mexico. Wet/warm years are associated with little fire activity. However, these years may contribute to subsequent fire years by encouraging the production of sufficient needle litter to support more widespread fires that occur in dry/cool years.

Senescence rates are determined by ranking on the fast–slow life‐history continuum - Owen R. Jones; Jean‐Michel Gaillard; Shripad Tuljapurkar; Jussi S. Alho; Kenneth B. Armitage; Peter H. Becker; Pierre Bize; Jon Brommer; Anne Charmantier; Marie Charpentier; Tim Clutton‐Brock; F. Stephen Dobson; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2008)
Comparative analyses of survival senescence by using life tables have identified generalizations including the observation that mammals senesce faster than similar‐sized birds. These generalizations have been challenged because of limitations of life‐table approaches and the growing appreciation that senescence is more than an increasing probability of death. Without using life tables, we examine senescence rates in annual individual fitness using 20 individual‐based data sets of terrestrial vertebrates with contrasting life histories and body size. We find that senescence is widespread in the wild and equally likely to occur in survival and reproduction. Additionally, mammals senesce faster than birds because they have a faster life history for a given body size. By allowing us to disentangle the effects of two major fitness components our methods allow an assessment of the robustness of the prevalent life‐table approach. Focusing on one aspect of life history – survival or recruitment – can provide reliable information on overall senescence.

SWAT.nz: New-Zeland-based “Sand Waves and Turbulence” experimental programme - Stephen E. Coleman; Vladimir I. Nikora; Bruce W. Melville; Derek G. Goring; Thomas M. Dougal Clunie; Heide Friedrich (Acta Geophysica, 2008)

Solubility Improvement of Drugs using N-Methyl Pyrrolidone - Ritesh Sanghvi; Ryuichi Narazaki; Stephen G. Machatha; Samuel H. Yalkowsky (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2008)

Comprehensive evaluation of the estrogen receptor α gene reveals further evidence for association with type 2 diabetes enriched for nephropathy in an African American population - Keith L. Keene; Josyf C. Mychaleckyj; Shelly G. Smith; Tennille S. Leak; Peter S. Perlegas; Carl D. Langefeld; David M. Herrington; Barry I. Freedman; Stephen S. Rich; Donald W. Bowden; Michèle M. Sale (Human Genetics, 2008)

Non-native plantation forests as alternative habitat for native forest beetles in a heavily modified landscape - Stephen M. Pawson; Eckehard G. Brockerhoff; Esther D. Meenken; Raphael K. Didham (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2008)

Anionic derivatives of xyloglucan function as acceptor but not donor substrates for xyloglucan endotransglucosylase activity - Takumi Takeda; Janice G. Miller; Stephen C. Fry (Planta, 2008)

Identification of Human-Derived Volatile Chemicals that Interfere with Attraction of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes - James G. Logan; Michael A. Birkett; Suzanne J. Clark; Stephen Powers; Nicola J. Seal; Lester J. Wadhams; A. Jennifer Mordue (Luntz); John A. Pickett (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2008)

Locomotor Dysfunction and Pain: The Scylla and Charybdis of Fiber Sprouting After Spinal Cord Injury - Ronald Deumens; Elbert A. J. Joosten; Stephen G. Waxman; Bryan C. Hains (Molecular Neurobiology, 2008)

Exploring the magnitude–frequency distribution: a cellular automata model for landslides - Richard H. Guthrie; Peter J. Deadman; A. Raymond Cabrera; Stephen G. Evans (Landslides, 2008)

The tip of the tail: molecular identification of seahorses for sale in apothecary shops and curio stores in California - Jon G. Sanders; Jennifer E. Cribbs; Harris G. Fienberg; Greg C. Hulburd; Laure S. Katz; Stephen R. Palumbi (Conservation Genetics, 2008)

Variation analysis and gene annotation of eight MHC haplotypes: The MHC Haplotype Project - Roger Horton; Richard Gibson; Penny Coggill; Marcos Miretti; Richard J. Allcock; Jeff Almeida; Simon Forbes; James G. R. Gilbert; Karen Halls; Jennifer L. Harrow; Elizabeth Hart; Kevin Howe; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2008)

Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of m-terphenyl amines as cyclooxygenase inhibitors - John D. Bauer; Michael S. Foster; Jeffrey D. Hugdahl; Kristi L. Burns; Sheldon W. May; Stanley H. Pollock; Horace G. Cutler; Stephen J. Cutler (Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2007)

Climate change cannot be entirely responsible for soil carbon loss observed in England and Wales, 1978–2003 - PETE SMITH; STEPHEN J. CHAPMAN; W. ANDY SCOTT; HELAINA I. J. BLACK; MARTIN WATTENBACH; RONNIE MILNE; COLIN D. CAMPBELL; ALLAN LILLY; NICK OSTLE; PETER E. LEVY; DAVID G. LUMSDON; PETER MILLARD; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2007)
We present results from modelling studies, which suggest that, at most, only about 10–20% of recently observed soil carbon losses in England and Wales could possibly be attributable to climate warming. Further, we present reasons why the actual losses of SOC from organic soils in England and Wales might be lower than those reported.

Socioeconomic Thresholds That Affect Use of Customary Fisheries Management Tools - JOSHUA E. CINNER; STEPHEN G. SUTTON; TREVOR G. BOND (Conservation Biology, 2007)
Customary forms of resource management, such as taboos, have received considerable attention as a potential basis for conservation initiatives in the Indo‐Pacific. Yet little is known about how socioeconomic factors influence the ability of communities to use customary management practices and whether socioeconomic transformations within communities will weaken conservation initiatives with a customary foundation. We used a comparative approach to examine how socioeconomic factors may influence whether communities use customary fisheries management in Papua New Guinea. We examined levels of material wealth (modernization), dependence on marine resources, population, and distance to market in 15 coastal communities. We compared these socioeconomic conditions in 5 communities that used a customary method of closing their fishing ground with 10 communities that did not use this type of management. There were apparent threshold levels of dependence on marine resources, modernization, distance to markets ( 600 people) beyond which communities did not use customary fisheries closures. Nevertheless, economic inequality, rather than mean modernization levels seemed to influence the use of closures. Our results suggest that customary management institutions are not resilient to factors such as population growth and economic modernization. If customary management is to be used as a basis for modern conservation initiatives, cross‐scale institutional arrangements such as networks and bridging organizations may be required to help filter the impacts of socioeconomic transformations.

Effects of day-length and temperature on floral structure and fertility restoration in a season-dependent male-sterile Solanum villosum Mill. mutant - Christopher O. Ojiewo; Kenji Murakami; Peter W. Masinde; Stephen G. Agong; Masaharu Masuda (Euphytica, 2007)

Adaptive differences in gene expression in European flounder ( Platichthys flesus ) - PETER F. LARSEN; EINAR E. NIELSEN; TIMOTHY D. WILLIAMS; JAKOB HEMMER‐HANSEN; JAMES K. CHIPMAN; MOGENS KRUHØFFER; PETER GRØNKJÆR; STEPHEN G. GEORGE; LARS DYRSKJØT; VOLKER LOESCHCKE (Molecular Ecology, 2007)
Population structure was previously believed to be very limited or absent in classical marine fishes, but recently, evidence of weakly differentiated local populations has been accumulating using noncoding microsatellite markers. However, the evolutionary significance of such minute genetic differences remains unknown. Therefore, in order to elucidate the relationship between genetic markers and adaptive divergence among populations of marine fishes, we combined cDNA microarray and microsatellite analysis in European flounders ( Platichthys flesus ). We demonstrate that despite extremely low levels of neutral genetic divergence, a high number of genes were significantly differentially expressed between North Sea and Baltic Sea flounders maintained in a long‐term reciprocal transplantation experiment mimicking natural salinities. Several of the differentially regulated genes could be directly linked to fitness traits. These findings demonstrate that flounders, despite little neutral genetic divergence between populations, are differently adapted to local environmental conditions and imply that adaptation in gene expression could be common in other marine organisms with similar low levels of population subdivision.

Phylogenetic concordance analysis shows an emerging pathogen is novel and endemic - Andrew Storfer; Michael E. Alfaro; Benjamin J. Ridenhour; James K. Jancovich; Stephen G. Mech; Matthew J. Parris; James P. Collins (Ecology Letters, 2007)
Distinguishing whether pathogens are novel or endemic is critical for controlling emerging infectious diseases, an increasing threat to wildlife and human health. To test the endemic vs. novel pathogen hypothesis, we present a unique analysis of intraspecific host‐pathogen phylogenetic concordance of tiger salamanders and an emerging Ranavirus throughout Western North America. There is significant non‐concordance of host and virus gene trees, suggesting pathogen novelty. However, non‐concordance has likely resulted from virus introductions by human movement of infected salamanders. When human‐associated viral introductions are excluded, host and virus gene trees are identical, strongly supporting coevolution and endemism. A laboratory experiment showed an introduced virus strain is significantly more virulent than endemic strains, likely due to artificial selection for high virulence. Thus, our analysis of intraspecific phylogenetic concordance revealed that human introduction of viruses is the mechanism underlying tree non‐concordance and possibly disease emergence via artificial selection.

Leukocytes in glomerular injury - Stephen R. Holdsworth; Peter G. Tipping (Seminars in Immunopathology, 2007)

Genetic population structure of the sagebrush Brewer’s sparrow, Spizella breweri breweri, in a fragmented landscape at the northern range periphery - Emily K. Croteau; Stephen C. Lougheed; Pamela G. Krannitz; Nancy A. Mahony; Brett L. Walker; Peter T. Boag (Conservation Genetics, 2007)

Outcome and immune responses after Brucella abortus infection in young adult and aged mice - Kevin P. High; Rajeev Prasad; Chad R. Marion; Gerhardt G. Schurig; Stephen M. Boyle; Nammalwar Sriranganathan (Biogerontology, 2007)

Estimating the Efficiency of Fish Cross-Species cDNA Microarray Hybridization - Raphael Cohen; Vered Chalifa-Caspi; Timothy D. Williams; Meirav Auslander; Stephen G. George; James K. Chipman; Moshe Tom (Marine Biotechnology, 2007)