Montane Meadows: A Soil Carbon Sink or Source? - Cody C. Reed; Amy G. Merrill; W. Mark Drew; Beth Christman; Rachel A. Hutchinson; Levi Keszey; Melissa Odell; Sherman Swanson; Paul S. J. Verburg; Jim Wilcox; Stephen C. Hart; Benjamin W. Sullivan (Ecosystems, 2021)

Reproductive biology of hardhead catfish Ariopsis felis : evidence for overwintering oocytes - Lucas G. Pensinger; Nancy J. Brown‐Peterson; Christopher C. Green; Stephen R. Midway (Journal of Fish Biology, 2021)
Hardhead catfish Ariopsis felis are a common marine catfish in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The low economic value of this species has depressed interest and research, and although the species is known for its extremely low fecundity and large oocytes, little else is known about this catfish species. A total of 1230 samples across all months of the year from 2016 to 2018 resulted in 681 females, and analysis of gonado‐somatic index ( I G ) revealed 1% to be a clear cut‐off indicating maturity. Females are considered capable of spawning from April to June when I G averaged 4–8%. Both atresia and post‐ovulatory follicles were present in July, suggesting that spawning ends in July in the northern GOM. The 1% I G cut‐off was used to designate maturity, and from that an L 50 of 253 mm was estimated. Batch fecundity from 41 females estimated a mean batch size of 36 oocytes. Perhaps the most interesting finding was the presence of secondary growth stage oocytes ( e.g ., cortical alveoli) from July through November, well outside the spawning capable period. Furthermore, 78% of females had some early vitellogenic oocytes present during the non‐spawning season, and the distribution of these relatively large (2–5 mm) oocytes did not change over time. The results here are not only important as reproductive biology information for a common and abundant species, but also present interesting and unusual patterns of non‐spawning season oocyte development that is not commonly seen in Western Hemisphere subtropical fish species.

World Octopus Fisheries - Warwick H. H. Sauer; Ian G. Gleadall; Nicola Downey-Breedt; Zöe Doubleday; Graham Gillespie; Manuel Haimovici; Christian M. Ibáñez; Oleg N. Katugin; Stephen Leporati; Marek R. Lipinski; Unai Markaida; Jorge E. Ramos; et al. (Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 2021)

Moderate nutrient concentrations are not detrimental to corals under future ocean conditions - Kerri L. Dobson; Stephen Levas; Verena Schoepf; Mark E. Warner; Wei-Jun Cai; Kenneth D. Hoadley; Xiangchen Yuan; Yohei Matsui; Todd F. Melman; Andréa G. Grottoli (Marine Biology, 2021)

Exploring controls of the early and stepped deglaciation on the western margin of the British Irish Ice Sheet - Sara Benetti; Richard C. Chiverrell; Colm Ó Cofaigh; Matt Burke; Alicia Medialdea; David Small; Colin Ballantyne; Mark D. Bateman; S. Louise Callard; Peter Wilson; Derek Fabel; Chris D. Clark; et al. (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2021)
New optically stimulated luminescence dating and Bayesian models integrating all legacy and BRITICE‐CHRONO geochronology facilitated exploration of the controls on the deglaciation of two former sectors of the British–Irish Ice Sheet, the Donegal Bay (DBIS) and Malin Sea ice‐streams (MSIS). Shelf‐edge glaciation occurred ~27 ka, before the global Last Glacial Maximum, and shelf‐wide retreat began 26–26.5 ka at a rate of ~18.7–20.7 m a –1 . MSIS grounding zone wedges and DBIS recessional moraines show episodic retreat punctuated by prolonged still‐stands. By ~23–22 ka the outer shelf (~25 000 km 2 ) was free of grounded ice. After this time, MSIS retreat was faster (~20 m a –1 vs. ~2–6 m a –1 of DBIS). Separation of Irish and Scottish ice sources occurred ~20–19.5 ka, leaving an autonomous Donegal ice dome. Inner Malin shelf deglaciation followed the submarine troughs reaching the Hebridean coast ~19 ka. DBIS retreat formed the extensive complex of moraines in outer Donegal Bay at 20.5–19 ka. DBIS retreated on land by ~17–16 ka. Isolated ice caps in Scotland and Ireland persisted until ~14.5 ka. Early retreat of this marine‐terminating margin is best explained by local ice loading increasing water depths and promoting calving ice losses rather than by changes in global temperatures. Topographical controls governed the differences between the ice‐stream retreat from mid‐shelf to the coast.

Timing and pace of ice‐sheet withdrawal across the marine–terrestrial transition west of Ireland during the last glaciation - Colm Ó Cofaigh; S. Louise Callard; David H. Roberts; Richard C. Chiverrell; C. K. Ballantyne; David J. A. Evans; Margot Saher; Katrien J. J. Van Landeghem; Rachel Smedley; Sara Benetti; Matthew Burke; Chris D. Clark; et al. (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2021)
Understanding the pace and drivers of marine‐based ice‐sheet retreat relies upon the integration of numerical ice‐sheet models with observations from contemporary polar ice sheets and well‐constrained palaeo‐glaciological reconstructions. This paper provides a reconstruction of the retreat of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) from the Atlantic shelf west of Ireland during and following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). It uses marine‐geophysical data and sediment cores dated by radiocarbon, combined with terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide and optically stimulated luminescence dating of onshore ice‐marginal landforms, to reconstruct the timing and rate of ice‐sheet retreat from the continental shelf and across the adjoining coastline of Ireland, thus including the switch from a marine‐ to a terrestrially‐based ice‐sheet margin. Seafloor bathymetric data in the form of moraines and grounding‐zone wedges on the continental shelf record an extensive ice sheet west of Ireland during the LGM which advanced to the outer shelf. This interpretation is supported by the presence of dated subglacial tills and overridden glacimarine sediments from across the Porcupine Bank, a westwards extension of the Irish continental shelf. The ice sheet was grounded on the outer shelf at ~26.8 ka cal bp with initial retreat underway by 25.9 ka cal bp. Retreat was not a continuous process but was punctuated by marginal oscillations until ~24.3 ka cal bp. The ice sheet thereafter retreated to the mid‐shelf where it formed a large grounding‐zone complex at ~23.7 ka cal bp. This retreat occurred in a glacimarine environment. The Aran Islands on the inner continental shelf were ice‐free by ~19.5 ka bp and the ice sheet had become largely terrestrially based by 17.3 ka bp. This suggests that the Aran Islands acted to stabilize and slow overall ice‐sheet retreat once the BIIS margin had reached the inner shelf. Our results constrain the timing of initial retreat of the BIIS from the outer shelf west of Ireland to the period of minimum global eustatic sea level. Initial retreat was driven, at least in part, by glacio‐isostatically induced, high relative sea level. Net rates of ice‐sheet retreat across the shelf were slow (62–19 m a −1 ) and reduced (8 m a −1 ) as the ice sheet vacated the inner shelf and moved onshore. A picture therefore emerges of an extensive BIIS on the Atlantic shelf west of Ireland, in which early, oscillatory retreat was followed by slow episodic retreat which decelerated further as the ice margin became terrestrially based. More broadly, this demonstrates the importance of localized controls, in particular bed topography, on modulating the retreat of marine‐based sectors of ice sheets.

Greening drylands despite warming consistent with carbon dioxide fertilization effect - Alemu Gonsamo; Philippe Ciais; Diego G. Miralles; Stephen Sitch; Wouter Dorigo; Danica Lombardozzi; Pierre Friedlingstein; Julia E. M. S. Nabel; Daniel S. Goll; Michael O'Sullivan; Almut Arneth; Peter Anthoni; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
The rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration leads to a CO 2 fertilization effect on plants—that is, increased photosynthetic uptake of CO 2 by leaves and enhanced water‐use efficiency (WUE). Yet, the resulting net impact of CO 2 fertilization on plant growth and soil moisture (SM) savings at large scale is poorly understood. Drylands provide a natural experimental setting to detect the CO 2 fertilization effect on plant growth since foliage amount, plant water‐use and photosynthesis are all tightly coupled in water‐limited ecosystems. A long‐term change in the response of leaf area index (LAI, a measure of foliage amount) to changes in SM is likely to stem from changing water demand of primary productivity in water‐limited ecosystems and is a proxy for changes in WUE. Using 34‐year satellite observations of LAI and SM over tropical and subtropical drylands, we identify that a 1% increment in SM leads to 0.15% (±0.008, 95% confidence interval) and 0.51% (±0.01, 95% confidence interval) increments in LAI during 1982‒1998 and 1999‒2015, respectively. The increasing response of LAI to SM has contributed 7.2% (±3.0%, 95% confidence interval) to total dryland greening during 1999‒2015 compared to 1982‒1998. The increasing response of LAI to SM is consistent with the CO 2 fertilization effect on WUE in water‐limited ecosystems, indicating that a given amount of SM has sustained greater amounts of photosynthetic foliage over time. The LAI responses to changes in SM from seven dynamic global vegetation models are not always consistent with observations, highlighting the need for improved process knowledge of terrestrial ecosystem responses to rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration.

Accounting for spatial variability in life cycle cost-effectiveness assessments of environmental impact abatement measures - Georgios Pexas; Stephen G. Mackenzie; Michael Wallace; Ilias Kyriazakis (The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2021)
Purpose The environmental and economic impacts of livestock production systems are typically assessed using global characterisation factors and data, even though several impact categories call for site-specific assessments. Here, we account for spatial variability by addressing potential interactions between geographic locality and the cost-effectiveness of farm investments that aim to reduce system environmental impact, using Danish pig production as a case-in-point. Methods An LCA-based, spatially explicit environmental abatement cost framework was developed to assess the cost-effectiveness of potential environmental abatement strategies. The framework was tested for Danish pig production in a “4 manure management × 4 geographic location” scenario analysis design. In addition to the baseline, the alternative manure management strategies were on-farm anaerobic digestion, slurry acidification and screw press slurry separation, implemented in an integrated pig farming system. The geographic locations differed in their proximity to Natura 2000 areas and in pig farming density. Eight different impact categories were assessed through an LCA using spatially explicit characterisation factors whenever possible, and annualised abatement potential was estimated for each manure management scenario and in each geographic location. We also estimated the financial performance for each scenario, through a discounted cash flow analysis at a whole-farm level. Results and discussion We observed significant interactions between geographic location and system environmental and economic performance under baseline conditions. Significant location effects were also observed for the cost-effectiveness of all manure management strategies tested. Anaerobic digestion was the only “ win–win ” strategy that increased farm profits while reducing system environmental impact in two of the geographic cases: when implemented in a region of high pig farming density located near Natura 2000 and when implemented in a region of high pig farming density located far from Natura 2000 areas. Slurry acidification and slurry separation achieved sizeable abatement potential for impacts on ecosystem quality but incurred large additional costs in all geographic case studies considered, particularly when arable land was limited near the pig farm. Conclusions Accounting for basic spatial characteristics within an environmental abatement cost framework had significant impact on the cost-effectiveness of on-farm investments for mitigation of system environmental impact. To the best of our knowledge, no studies to date have utilised such spatial characteristics within environmental abatement cost modelling of livestock farming systems. The presented framework has the potential to be further expanded using more detailed spatial, economic and geophysical data, which could ultimately improve decision-making regarding cost-effective investments that aim to improve the sustainability of livestock farming operations.

Reducing environmental impacts from garments through best practice garment use and care, using the example of a Merino wool sweater - Stephen G. Wiedemann; Leo Biggs; Quan V. Nguyen; Simon J. Clarke; Kirsi Laitala; Ingun G. Klepp (The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2021)
Purpose Garment production and use generate substantial environmental impacts, and the care and use are key determinants of cradle-to-grave impacts. The present study investigated the potential to reduce environmental impacts by applying best practices for garment care combined with increased garment use. A wool sweater is used as an example because wool garments have particular attributes that favour reduced environmental impacts in the use phase. Methods A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare six plausible best and worst-case practice scenarios for use and care of a wool sweater, relative to current practices. These focussed on options available to consumers to reduce impacts, including reduced washing frequency, use of more efficient washing machines, reduced use of machine clothing dryers, garment reuse by multiple users, and increasing number of garment wears before disposal. A sixth scenario combined all options. Worst practices took the worst plausible alternative for each option investigated. Impacts were reported per wear in Western Europe for climate change, fossil energy demand, water stress and freshwater consumption. Results and discussion Washing less frequently reduced impacts by between 4 and 20%, while using more efficient washing machines at capacity reduced impacts by 1 to 6%, depending on the impact category. Reduced use of machine dryer reduced impacts by < 5% across all indicators. Reusing garments by multiple users increased life span and reduced impacts by 25–28% across all indicators. Increasing wears from 109 to 400 per garment lifespan had the largest effect, decreasing impacts by 60% to 68% depending on the impact category. Best practice care, where garment use was maximised and care practices focussed on the minimum practical requirements, resulted in a ~ 75% reduction in impacts across all indicators. Unsurprisingly, worst-case scenarios increased impacts dramatically: using the garment once before disposal increased GHG impacts over 100 times. Conclusions Wool sweaters have potential for long life and low environmental impact in use, but there are substantial differences between the best, current and worst-case scenarios. Detailed information about garment care and lifespans is needed to understand and reduce environmental impacts. Opportunities exist for consumers to rapidly and dramatically reduce these impacts. The fashion industry can facilitate this through garment design and marketing that promotes and enables long wear life and minimal care.

Insect body size changes under future warming projections: a case study of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) - Rungtip Wonglersak; Phillip B. Fenberg; Peter G. Langdon; Stephen J. Brooks; Benjamin W. Price (Hydrobiologia, 2021)
Chironomids are a useful group for investigating body size responses to warming due to their high local abundance and sensitivity to environmental change. We collected specimens of six species of chironomids every 2 weeks over a 2-year period (2017–2018) from mesocosm experiments using five ponds at ambient temperature and five ponds at 4°C higher than ambient temperature. We investigated (1) wing length responses to temperature within species and between sexes using a regression analysis, (2) interspecific body size responses to test whether the body size of species influences sensitivity to warming, and (3) the correlation between emergence date and wing length. We found a significantly shorter wing length with increasing temperature in both sexes of Procladius crassinervis and Tanytarsus nemorosus , in males of Polypedilum sordens, but no significant relationship in the other three species studied. The average body size of a species affects the magnitude of the temperature-size responses in both sexes, with larger species shrinking disproportionately more with increasing temperature. There was a significant decline in wing length with emergence date across most species studied (excluding Polypedilum nubeculosum and P. sordens ), indicating that individuals emerging later in the season tend to be smaller.

Temporal emergence of age-associated changes in cognitive and physical function in vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) - Brett M. Frye; Payton M. Valure; Suzanne Craft; Mark G. Baxter; Christie Scott; Shanna Wise-Walden; David W. Bissinger; Hannah M. Register; Carson Copeland; Matthew J. Jorgensen; Jamie N. Justice; Stephen B. Kritchevsky; et al. (GeroScience, 2021)

Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of bold type rice collection from Southern India - N. Nithya; R. Beena; P. S. Abida; J. Sreekumar; Roy Stephen; V. G. Jayalekshmi; R. V. Manju; M. M. Viji (Cereal Research Communications, 2021)

SNAPSHOT USA 2019: a coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States - Michael V. Cove; Roland Kays; Helen Bontrager; Claire Bresnan; Monica Lasky; Taylor Frerichs; Renee Klann; Thomas E. Lee; Seth C. Crockett; Anthony P. Crupi; Katherine C. B. Weiss; Helen Rowe; et al. (Ecology, 2021)
With the accelerating pace of global change, it is imperative that we obtain rapid inventories of the status and distribution of wildlife for ecological inferences and conservation planning. To address this challenge, we launched the SNAPSHOT USA project, a collaborative survey of terrestrial wildlife populations using camera traps across the United States. For our first annual survey, we compiled data across all 50 states during a 14‐week period (17 August–24 November of 2019). We sampled wildlife at 1,509 camera trap sites from 110 camera trap arrays covering 12 different ecoregions across four development zones. This effort resulted in 166,036 unique detections of 83 species of mammals and 17 species of birds. All images were processed through the Smithsonian’s eMammal camera trap data repository and included an expert review phase to ensure taxonomic accuracy of data, resulting in each picture being reviewed at least twice. The results represent a timely and standardized camera trap survey of the United States. All of the 2019 survey data are made available herein. We are currently repeating surveys in fall 2020, opening up the opportunity to other institutions and cooperators to expand coverage of all the urban–wild gradients and ecophysiographic regions of the country. Future data will be available as the database is updated at eMammal.si.edu/snapshot‐usa, as will future data paper submissions. These data will be useful for local and macroecological research including the examination of community assembly, effects of environmental and anthropogenic landscape variables, effects of fragmentation and extinction debt dynamics, as well as species‐specific population dynamics and conservation action plans. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this paper when using the data for publication.

Progress on reducing acrylamide levels in potato crisps in Europe, 2002 to 2019 - Stephen J. Powers; Donald S. Mottram; Andrew Curtis; Nigel G. Halford (Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2021)

Investigating the cadmium adsorption capacities of crop straw biochars produced using various feedstocks and pyrolysis temperatures - Fengfeng Sui; Min Jiao; Yaxin Kang; Stephen Joseph; Lianqing Li; Rongjun Bian; Paul Munroe; David R. G. Mitchell; Genxing Pan (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021)

Ontogenetic stability in the trophic niche of a common Gulf of Mexico fish, Ariopsis felis - Lucas G. Pensinger; Michael J. Polito; Stephen R. Midway (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2021)

Recognize fish as food in policy discourse and development funding - Abigail Bennett; Xavier Basurto; John Virdin; Xinyan Lin; Samantha J. Betances; Martin D. Smith; Edward H. Allison; Barbara A. Best; Kelly D. Brownell; Lisa M. Campbell; Christopher D. Golden; Elizabeth Havice; et al. (Ambio, 2021)
The international development community is off-track from meeting targets for alleviating global malnutrition. Meanwhile, there is growing consensus across scientific disciplines that fish plays a crucial role in food and nutrition security. However, this ‘fish as food’ perspective has yet to translate into policy and development funding priorities. We argue that the traditional framing of fish as a natural resource emphasizes economic development and biodiversity conservation objectives, whereas situating fish within a food systems perspective can lead to innovative policies and investments that promote nutrition-sensitive and socially equitable capture fisheries and aquaculture. This paper highlights four pillars of research needs and policy directions toward this end. Ultimately, recognizing and working to enhance the role of fish in alleviating hunger and malnutrition can provide an additional long-term development incentive, beyond revenue generation and biodiversity conservation, for governments, international development organizations, and society more broadly to invest in the sustainability of capture fisheries and aquaculture.

The extent and variability of storm‐induced temperature changes in lakes measured with long‐term and high‐frequency data - Jonathan P. Doubek; Orlane Anneville; Gaël Dur; Aleksandra M. Lewandowska; Vijay P. Patil; James A. Rusak; Nico Salmaso; Christian Torsten Seltmann; Dietmar Straile; Pablo Urrutia‐Cordero; Patrick Venail; Rita Adrian; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
The intensity and frequency of storms are projected to increase in many regions of the world because of climate change. Storms can alter environmental conditions in many ecosystems. In lakes and reservoirs, storms can reduce epilimnetic temperatures from wind‐induced mixing with colder hypolimnetic waters, direct precipitation to the lake's surface, and watershed runoff. We analyzed 18 long‐term and high‐frequency lake datasets from 11 countries to assess the magnitude of wind‐ vs. rainstorm‐induced changes in epilimnetic temperature. We found small day‐to‐day epilimnetic temperature decreases in response to strong wind and heavy rain during stratified conditions. Day‐to‐day epilimnetic temperature decreased, on average, by 0.28°C during the strongest windstorms (storm mean daily wind speed among lakes: 6.7 ± 2.7 m s −1 , 1 SD) and by 0.15°C after the heaviest rainstorms (storm mean daily rainfall: 21.3 ± 9.0 mm). The largest decreases in epilimnetic temperature were observed ≥2 d after sustained strong wind or heavy rain (top 5 th percentile of wind and rain events for each lake) in shallow and medium‐depth lakes. The smallest decreases occurred in deep lakes. Epilimnetic temperature change from windstorms, but not rainstorms, was negatively correlated with maximum lake depth. However, even the largest storm‐induced mean epilimnetic temperature decreases were typically

Macroecological patterns of forest structure and allometric scaling in mangrove forests - Andre S. Rovai; Robert R. Twilley; Edward Castañeda‐Moya; Stephen R. Midway; Daniel A. Friess; Carl C. Trettin; Jacob J. Bukoski; Atticus E.L. Stovall; Paulo R. Pagliosa; Alessandra L. Fonseca; Richard A. Mackenzie; Aslan Aslan; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2021)
Aim Mangrove wetlands span broad geographical gradients, resulting in functionally diverse tree communities. We asked whether latitudinal variation, allometric scaling relationships and species composition influence mangrove forest structure and biomass allocation across biogeographical regions and distinct coastal morphologies. Location Global. Time period Present. Major taxa studied Mangrove ecosystems. Methods We built the largest field‐based dataset on mangrove forest structure and biomass to date ( c . 2,800 plots from 67 countries) to address macroecological questions pertaining to structural and functional diversity of mangroves spanning biogeographical and coastal morphology gradients. We used frequentist inference statistics and machine learning models to determine environmental drivers that control biomass allocation within and across mangrove communities globally. Results Allometric scaling relationships and forest structural complexity were consistent across biogeographical and coastal morphology gradients, suggesting that mangrove biomass is controlled by regional forcings rather than by latitude or species composition. For instance, nearly 40% of the global variation in biomass was explained by regional climate and hydroperiod, revealing nonlinear thresholds that control biomass accumulation across broad geographical gradients. Furthermore, we found that ecosystem‐level carbon stocks (average 401 ± 48 MgC/ha, covering biomass and the top 1 m of soil) varied little across diverse coastal morphologies, reflecting regional bottom‐up geomorphic controls that shape global patterns in mangrove biomass apportioning. Main conclusions Our findings reconcile views of wetland and terrestrial forest macroecology. Similarities in stand structural complexity and cross‐site size–density relationships across multiscale environmental gradients show that resource allocation in mangrove ecosystems is independent of tree size and invariant to species composition or latitude. Mangroves follow a universal fractal‐based scaling relationship that describes biomass allocation for several other terrestrial tree‐dominated communities. Understanding how mangroves adhere to these universal allometric rules can improve our ability to account for biomass apportioning and carbon stocks in response to broad geographical gradients.

Influence of Rocky Shore Characteristics on the Foraging Profitability of Eurasian Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus - Rachel Edwards; Lucy Rossiter; Rajarathinavelu Nagarajan; Stephen E. G. Lea (Wetlands, 2021)

Unveiling the Dynamics of KRAS4b on Lipid Model Membranes - Cesar A. López; Animesh Agarwal; Que N. Van; Andrew G. Stephen; S. Gnanakaran (The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2021)
Small GTPase proteins are ubiquitous and responsible for regulating several processes related to cell growth and differentiation. Mutations that stabilize their active state can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and cancer. Although these proteins are well characterized at the cellular scale, the molecular mechanisms governing their functions are still poorly understood. In addition, there is limited information about the regulatory function of the cell membrane which supports their activity. Thus, we have studied the dynamics and conformations of the farnesylated KRAS4b in various membrane model systems, ranging from binary fluid mixtures to heterogeneous raft mimics. Our approach combines long time-scale coarse-grained (CG) simulations and Markov state models to dissect the membrane-supported dynamics of KRAS4b. Our simulations reveal that protein dynamics is mainly modulated by the presence of anionic lipids and to some extent by the nucleotide state (activation) of the protein. In addition, our results suggest that both the farnesyl and the polybasic hypervariable region (HVR) are responsible for its preferential partitioning within the liquid-disordered (Ld) domains in membranes, potentially enhancing the formation of membrane-driven signaling platforms. Graphic Abstract

The Cerebellum and Implicit Sequencing: Evidence from Cerebellar Ataxia - Owen P. Morgan; Mitchell B. Slapik; Katherine G. Iannuzzelli; Stephen M. LaConte; Jonathan M. Lisinski; Peg C. Nopoulos; Ashley M. Cochran; Sharif I. Kronemer; Liana S. Rosenthal; Cherie L. Marvel (The Cerebellum, 2021)

Musclesense: a Trained, Artificial Neural Network for the Anatomical Segmentation of Lower Limb Magnetic Resonance Images in Neuromuscular Diseases - Baris Kanber; Jasper M Morrow; Uros Klickovic; Stephen Wastling; Sachit Shah; Pietro Fratta; Amy R McDowell; Matt G Hall; Chris A Clark; Francesco Muntoni; Mary M Reilly; Michael G Hanna; et al. (Neuroinformatics, 2021)

Proprioceptive afferents differentially contribute to effortful perception of object heaviness and length - Madhur Mangalam; Nisarg Desai; Damian G. Kelty-Stephen (Experimental Brain Research, 2021)

Independent and combined impact of hypoxia and acute inorganic nitrate ingestion on thermoregulatory responses to the cold - Josh T. Arnold; Stephen J. Bailey; Simon G. Hodder; Naoto Fujii; Alex B. Lloyd (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2021)
Purpose This study assessed the impact of normobaric hypoxia and acute nitrate ingestion on shivering thermogenesis, cutaneous vascular control, and thermometrics in response to cold stress. Method Eleven male volunteers underwent passive cooling at 10 °C air temperature across four conditions: (1) normoxia with placebo ingestion, (2) hypoxia (0.130 F i O 2 ) with placebo ingestion, (3) normoxia with 13 mmol nitrate ingestion, and (4) hypoxia with nitrate ingestion. Physiological metrics were assessed as a rate of change over 45 min to determine heat loss, and at the point of shivering onset to determine the thermogenic thermoeffector threshold. Result Independently, hypoxia expedited shivering onset time ( p = 0.05) due to a faster cooling rate as opposed to a change in central thermoeffector thresholds. Specifically, compared to normoxia, hypoxia increased skin blood flow ( p = 0.02), leading to an increased core-cooling rate ( p = 0.04) and delta change in rectal temperature ( p = 0.03) over 45 min, yet the same rectal temperature at shivering onset ( p = 0.9). Independently, nitrate ingestion delayed shivering onset time ( p = 0.01), mediated by a change in central thermoeffector thresholds, independent of changes in peripheral heat exchange. Specifically, compared to placebo ingestion, no difference was observed in skin blood flow ( p = 0.5), core-cooling rate ( p = 0.5), or delta change in rectal temperature ( p = 0.7) over 45 min, while nitrate reduced rectal temperature at shivering onset ( p = 0.04). No interaction was observed between hypoxia and nitrate ingestion. Conclusion These data improve our understanding of how hypoxia and nitric oxide modulate cold thermoregulation.

The setup and relaxation of spring upwelling in a deep, rotationally influenced lake - Derek C. Roberts; Galen C. Egan; Alexander L. Forrest; John L. Largier; Fabian A. Bombardelli; Bernard E. Laval; Stephen G. Monismith; Geoffrey Schladow (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
Strong and sustained winds can drive dramatic hydrodynamic responses in density‐stratified lakes, with the associated transport and mixing impacting water quality, ecosystem function, and the stratification itself. Analytical expressions offer insight into the dynamics of stratified lakes during severe wind events. However, it can be difficult to predict the aggregate response of a natural system to the superposition of hydrodynamic phenomena in the presence of complex bathymetry and when forced by variable wind patterns. Using an array of current, temperature, and water quality measurements at the upwind shore, we detail the hydrodynamic response of deep, rotationally influenced Lake Tahoe to three strong wind events during late spring. Sustained southwesterly winds in excess of 10 m s −1 drove upwelling at the upwind shore (characteristic of non‐rotational upwelling setup), with upward excursions of deep water exceeding 70 m for the strongest event. Hypolimnetic water, with elevated concentrations of chlorophyll a and nitrate, was advected toward the nearshore, but this water rapidly returned to depth with the relaxation of upwelling after the winds subsided. The relaxation of upwelling exhibited rotational influence, highlighted by an along‐shore, cyclonic front characteristic of a Kelvin wave‐driven coastal jet, with velocities exceeding 25 cm s −1 . The rotational front also produced downwelling to 100 m, transporting dissolved oxygen to depth. More complex internal wave features followed the passage of these powerful internal waves. Results emphasize the complexity of these superimposed hydrodynamic phenomena in natural systems, providing a conceptual reference for the role upwelling events may play in lake ecosystems.

Evidence for centennial‐scale Lateglacial and early Holocene climatic complexity from Quoyloo Meadow, Orkney, Scotland - Rhys G. O. Timms; Ashley M. Abrook; Ian P. Matthews; Christopher P. Francis; Agnieszka Mroczkowska; Ian Candy; Stephen J. Brooks; Alice M. Milner; Adrian P. Palmer (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2021)
The influence of the North Atlantic on the margins of Europe means the region is particularly sensitive to changes in the ocean–atmospheric system. During the Last Glacial–Interglacial Transition (16–8 cal ka bp ) this system was repeatedly disrupted, leading to a series of abrupt and short‐lived shifts in climate. Despite much research, the number and magnitude of these ‘centennial‐scale’ events is not well understood. To address this, we expand upon investigations at Quoyloo Meadow, Orkney, Scotland, one of the best chronologically constrained palaeoclimate records in northern Britain. By coupling stable isotope and chironomid fossil analyses with existing data, this study identifies multiple phases of centennial‐scale disturbance at: c . 14.0, 11.1, 10.8, 10.5, 10.45 and 10.3 cal ka bp , with the events at 14.0 and 10.3 exhibiting a particularly pronounced cold‐climate signature. During the Holocene, the strongest response to climate forcing was at c . 10.3–10.0 cal ka bp , expressed as a two‐stage drop in mean July temperatures, a shift in pollen spectra indicative of ‘less‐stable’ climatic regimes, and a depletion in δ 18 O values. We interpret this as the first reliably dated incidence of the ‘10.3‐ka event’ in the British Isles and consider the wider impact of this climatic reversal in other Holocene records.

Late Quaternary chironomid community structure shaped by rate and magnitude of climate change - Roseanna J. Mayfield; Peter G. Langdon; C. Patrick Doncaster; John A. Dearing; Rong Wang; Gaute Velle; Kimberley L. Davies; Stephen J. Brooks (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2021)
Much is known about how climate change impacts ecosystem richness and turnover, but we have less understanding of its influence on ecosystem structures. Here, we use ecological metrics (beta diversity, compositional disorder and network skewness) to quantify the community structural responses of temperature‐sensitive chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) during the Late Glacial (14 700–11 700 cal a bp ) and Holocene (11 700 cal a bp to present). Analyses demonstrate high turnover (beta diversity) of chironomid composition across both epochs; however, structural metrics stayed relatively intact. Compositional disorder and skewness show greatest structural change in the Younger Dryas, following the rapid, high‐magnitude climate change at the Bølling–Allerød to Younger Dryas transition. There were fewer climate‐related structural changes across the early to mid–late Holocene, where climate change was more gradual and lower in magnitude. The reduced impact on structural metrics could be due to greater functional resilience provided by the wider chironomid community, or to the replacement of same functional‐type taxa in the network structure. These results provide insight into how future rapid climate change may alter chironomid communities and could suggest that while turnover may remain high under a rapidly warming climate, community structural dynamics retain some resilience.

Correlates of bird collisions with buildings across three North American countries - Jared A. Elmore; Stephen B. Hager; Bradley J. Cosentino; Timothy J. O'Connell; Corey S. Riding; Michelle L. Anderson; Marja H. Bakermans; Than J. Boves; David Brandes; Eric M. Butler; Michael W. Butler; Nicolette L. Cagle; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2021)
Collisions with buildings cause up to 1 billion bird fatalities annually in the United States and Canada. However, efforts to reduce collisions would benefit from studies conducted at large spatial scales across multiple study sites with standardized methods and consideration of species‐ and life‐history‐related variation and correlates of collisions. We addressed these research needs through coordinated collection of data on bird collisions with buildings at sites in the United States (35), Canada (3), and Mexico (2). We collected all carcasses and identified species. After removing records for unidentified carcasses, species lacking distribution‐wide population estimates, and species with distributions overlapping fewer than 10 sites, we retained 269 carcasses of 64 species for analysis. We estimated collision vulnerability for 40 bird species with ≥2 fatalities based on their North American population abundance, distribution overlap in study sites, and sampling effort. Of 10 species we identified as most vulnerable to collisions, some have been identified previously (e.g., Black‐throated Blue Warbler [ Setophaga caerulescens ]), whereas others emerged for the first time (e.g., White‐breasted Nuthatch [ Sitta carolinensis ]), possibly because we used a more standardized sampling approach than past studies. Building size and glass area were positively associated with number of collisions for 5 of 8 species with enough observations to analyze independently. Vegetation around buildings influenced collisions for only 1 of those 8 species (Swainson's Thrush [ Catharus ustulatus ]). Life history predicted collisions; numbers of collisions were greatest for migratory, insectivorous, and woodland‐inhabiting species. Our results provide new insight into the species most vulnerable to building collisions, making them potentially in greatest need of conservation attention to reduce collisions and into species‐ and life‐history‐related variation and correlates of building collisions, information that can help refine collision management.

Comparing Dynamic and Static Time-Area Closures for Bycatch Mitigation: A Management Strategy Evaluation of a Swordfish Fishery - James A. Smith; Desiree Tommasi; Heather Welch; Elliott L. Hazen; Jonathan Sweeney; Stephanie Brodie; Barbara Muhling; Stephen M. Stohs; Michael G. Jacox (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Time-area closures are a valuable tool for mitigating fisheries bycatch. There is increasing recognition that dynamic closures, which have boundaries that vary across space and time, can be more effective than static closures at protecting mobile species in dynamic environments. We created a management strategy evaluation to compare static and dynamic closures in a simulated fishery based on the California drift gillnet swordfish fishery, with closures aimed at reducing bycatch of leatherback turtles. We tested eight operating models that varied swordfish and leatherback distributions, and within each evaluated the performance of three static and five dynamic closure strategies. We repeated this under 20 and 50% simulated observer coverage to alter the data available for closure creation. We found that static closures can be effective for reducing bycatch of species with more geographically associated distributions, but to avoid redistributing bycatch the static areas closed should be based on potential (not just observed) bycatch. Only dynamic closures were effective at reducing bycatch for more dynamic leatherback distributions, and they generally reduced bycatch risk more than they reduced target catch. Dynamic closures were less likely to redistribute fishing into rarely fished areas, by leaving open pockets of lower risk habitat, but these closures were often fragmented which would create practical challenges for fishers and managers and require a mobile fleet. Given our simulation’s catch rates, 20% observer coverage was sufficient to create useful closures and increasing coverage to 50% added only minor improvement in closure performance. Even strict static or dynamic closures reduced leatherback bycatch by only 30–50% per season, because the simulated leatherback distributions were broad and open areas contained considerable bycatch risk. Perfect knowledge of the leatherback distribution provided an additional 5–15% bycatch reduction over a dynamic closure with realistic predictive accuracy. This moderate level of bycatch reduction highlights the limitations of redistributing fishing effort to reduce bycatch of broadly distributed and rarely encountered species, and indicates that, for these species, spatial management may work best when used with other bycatch mitigation approaches. We recommend future research explores methods for considering model uncertainty in the spatial and temporal resolution of dynamic closures.

Physical oceanography of New Zealand/Aotearoa shelf seas – a review - Craig L. Stevens; Joanne M. O’Callaghan; Stephen M. Chiswell; Mark G. Hadfield (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2021)
The shelf seas surrounding New Zealand/Aotearoa, a region nominally extending out to the 250 m depth contour, are complex and varied as they sit above the submerged continent of Zealandia. These seas surround the two main islands that span 1,500 km in latitude from 34°S to 47°S and include a series of plateaus that extend far beyond. This review summarises the present state of knowledge of the physical processes that control ocean transport and mixing in this domain. The focus is on documenting recent regional advances in understanding the balance between off‐shelf drivers, terrestrially sourced freshwater, winds, tides, stratification and the underlying topography. The review considers outstanding themes such as connectivity, climate and stratification and closes with an assessment of the potential future for understanding the physical marine environment of the shelf seas of the New Zealand region.

Changes to the structure and function of an albacore fishery reveal shifting social‐ecological realities for Pacific Northwest fishermen - Timothy H. Frawley; Barbara A. Muhling; Stephanie Brodie; Mary C. Fisher; Desiree Tommasi; Gwendal Le Fol; Elliott L. Hazen; Stephen S. Stohs; Elena M. Finkbeiner; Michael G. Jacox (Fish and Fisheries, 2021)
Marine fisheries around the globe are increasingly exposed to external drivers of social and ecological change. Though diversification and flexibility have historically helped marine resource users negotiate risk and adversity, much of modern fisheries management treats fishermen as specialists using specific gear types to target specific species. Here, we describe the evolution of harvest portfolios amongst Pacific Northwest fishermen over 35+ years with explicit attention to changes in the structure and function of the albacore ( Thunnus alalunga, Scombridae) troll and pole‐and‐line fishery. Our analysis indicates that recent social–ecological changes have had heterogenous impacts upon the livelihood strategies favoured by different segments of regional fishing fleets. As ecological change and regulatory reform have restricted access to a number of fisheries, many of the regional small ( 60 ft) targeting albacore are more specialized now than previously observed, even as participation in multiple fisheries has become increasingly common for this size class. In describing divergent trajectories associated with the albacore fishery, one of the US West Coast's last open‐access fisheries, we highlight the diverse strategies and mechanisms utilized to sustain fisheries livelihoods in the modern era while arguing that alternative approaches to management and licensing may be required to maintain the viability of small‐scale fishing operations worldwide moving forward.

Can crown variables increase the generality of individual tree biomass equations? - David I. Forrester; Ian C. Dumbrell; Stephen R. Elms; Keryn I. Paul; Elizabeth A. Pinkard; Stephen H. Roxburgh; Thomas G. Baker (Trees, 2021)

Unprecedented longevity of unharvested shallow-water snappers in the Indian Ocean - Brett M. Taylor; Corey B. Wakefield; Stephen J. Newman; Mark Chinkin; Mark G. Meekan (Coral Reefs, 2021)

Persistent COVID-19-associated neurocognitive symptoms in non-hospitalized patients - Joanna Hellmuth; T. Allen Barnett; Breton M. Asken; J. Daniel Kelly; Leonel Torres; Melanie L. Stephens; Bryan Greenhouse; Jeffrey N. Martin; Felicia C. Chow; Steven G. Deeks; Meredith Greene; Bruce L. Miller; et al. (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2021)
As cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mount worldwide, attention is needed on potential long-term neurologic impacts for the majority of patients who experience mild to moderate illness managed as outpatients. To date, there has not been discussion of persistent neurocognitive deficits in patients with milder COVID-19. We present two cases of non-hospitalized patients recovering from COVID-19 with persistent neurocognitive symptoms. Commonly used cognitive screens were normal, while more detailed testing revealed working memory and executive functioning deficits. An observational cohort study of individuals recovering from COVID-19 (14 or more days following symptom onset) identified that among the first 100 individuals enrolled, 14 were non-hospitalized patients reporting persistent cognitive issues. These 14 participants had a median age of 39 years (interquartile range: 35–56), and cognitive symptoms were present for at least a median of 98 days (interquartile range: 71–120 following acute COVID-19 symptoms); no participants with follow-up evaluation reported symptom resolution. We discuss potential mechanisms to be explored in future studies, including direct viral effects, indirect consequences of immune activation, and immune dysregulation causing auto-antibody production.

Anti-Herbivore Activity of Oregonin, a Diarylheptanoid Found in Leaves and Bark of Red Alder (Alnus rubra) - Carmen S. Lea; Stephen G. Bradbury; C. Peter Constabel (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2021)

The potential role of reproductive interference in the decline of native green treefrogs following Cuban treefrog invasions - Joseph G. C. Kennedy; Steve A. Johnson; J. Stephen Brewer; Christopher J. Leary (Biological Invasions, 2021)

Very High Resolution Tools for the Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Hazards in Coastal Areas - Guillermo García-Sánchez; Ana M. Mancho; Antonio G. Ramos; Josep Coca; Begoña Pérez-Gómez; Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul; Marcos G. Sotillo; Manuel García-León; Víctor J. García-Garrido; Stephen Wiggins (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Recently, new steps have been taken for the development of operational applications in coastal areas which require very high resolutions both in modeling and remote sensing products. In this context, this work describes a complete monitoring of an oil spill: we discuss the performance of high resolution hydrodynamic models in the area of Gran Canaria and their ability for describing the evolution of a real-time event of a diesel fuel spill, well-documented by port authorities and tracked with very high resolution remote sensing products. Complementary information supplied by different sources enhances the description of the event and supports their validation.

Niche specificity influences gene flow across fine‐scale habitat mosaics in Succulent Karoo plants - Seth D. Musker; Allan G. Ellis; Stephen A. Schlebusch; G. Anthony Verboom (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
While the tempo of diversification in biodiversity hotspots has received much attention, the spatial scale of diversification has often been overlooked. Addressing this deficiency requires understanding the drivers of population divergence and the spatial scales at which they operate in species‐rich clades and ecosystems. South Africa's Succulent Karoo (SK) hotspot provides an excellent system for such research, being both compact (ca. 110,000 km 2 ) and home to spectacular in‐situ radiations, such as the ruschioid Aizoaceae. Here we use GBS to document genetic structure in two co‐occurring ruschioid species, at both coarse (>10 km) and fine ( Ruschia burtoniae shows strong between‐population genetic differentiation and no gene flow, Conophytum calculus shows weak differentiation, with high levels of admixture suggesting recent or ongoing gene flow. Community analysis and transplant experiments reveal that R. burtoniae occupies a narrow, low‐pH edaphic niche, and at scales of a few hundred metres, areas of elevated genetic turnover correspond to patches of edaphically unsuitable habitat. In contrast, C. calculus occupies a broader niche and exhibits isolation‐by‐distance without a habitat effect. We suggest that edaphic specialisation, coupled with highly restricted seed and pollen dispersal in heterogeneous landscapes, has played a major role in driving rapid diversification at small spatial scales in this system. However, the contrasting patterns in our study species show that these factors do not influence all organisms uniformly, being strongly modulated by lineage‐specific traits that influence both the spatial scale of gene flow and habitat specificity.

Unlocking the phylogenetic diversity, primary habitats, and abundances of free‐living Symbiodiniaceae on a coral reef - Lisa Fujise; David J. Suggett; Michael Stat; Tim Kahlke; Michael Bunce; Stephanie G. Gardner; Samantha Goyen; Stephen Woodcock; Peter J. Ralph; Justin R. Seymour; Nachshon Siboni; Matthew R. Nitschke (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
Dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae form mutualistic symbioses with marine invertebrates such as reef‐building corals, but also inhabit reef environments as free‐living cells. Most coral species acquire Symbiodiniaceae horizontally from the surrounding environment during the larval and/or recruitment phase, however the phylogenetic diversity and ecology of free‐living Symbiodiniaceae on coral reefs is largely unknown. We coupled environmental DNA sequencing and genus‐specific qPCR to resolve the community structure and cell abundances of free‐living Symbiodiniaceae in the water column, sediment, and macroalgae and compared these to coral symbionts. Sampling was conducted at two time points, one of which coincided with the annual coral spawning event when recombination between hosts and free‐living Symbiodiniaceae is assumed to be critical. Amplicons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region were assigned to 12 of the 15 Symbiodiniaceae genera or genera‐equivalent lineages. Community compositions were separated by habitat, with water samples containing a high proportion of sequences corresponding to coral symbionts of the genus Cladocopium , potentially as a result of cell expulsion from in hospite populations. Sediment‐associated Symbiodiniaceae communities were distinct, potentially due to the presence of exclusively free‐living species. Intriguingly, macroalgal surfaces displayed the highest cell abundances of Symbiodiniaceae, suggesting a key role for macroalgae in ensuring the ecological success of corals through maintenance of a continuum between environmental and symbiotic populations of Symbiodiniaceae.

RivFishTIME: A global database of fish time‐series to study global change ecology in riverine systems - Lise Comte; Juan Carvajal‐Quintero; Pablo A. Tedesco; Xingli Giam; Ulrich Brose; Tibor Erős; Ana F. Filipe; Marie‐Josée Fortin; Katie Irving; Claire Jacquet; Stefano Larsen; Sapna Sharma; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2021)
Motivation We compiled a global database of long‐term riverine fish surveys from 46 regional and national monitoring programmes and from individual academic research efforts, with which numerous basic and applied questions in ecology and global change research can be explored. Such spatially and temporally extensive datasets have been lacking for freshwater systems in comparison to terrestrial ones. Main types of variables contained The database includes 11,386 time‐series of riverine fish community catch data, including 646,270 species‐specific abundance records, together with metadata related to the geographical location and sampling methodology of each time‐series. Spatial location and grain The database contains 11,072 unique sampling locations (stream reach), spanning 19 countries, five biogeographical realms and 402 hydrographical basins world‐wide. Time period and grain The database encompasses the period 1951–2019. Each time‐series is composed of a minimum of two yearly surveys (mean = 8 years) and represents a minimum time span of 10 years (mean = 19 years). Major taxa and level of measurement The database includes 944 species of ray‐finned fishes (Class Actinopterygii). Software format csv. Main conclusion Our collective effort provides the most comprehensive long‐term community database of riverine fishes to date. This unique database should interest ecologists who seek to understand the impacts of human activities on riverine fish biodiversity and to model and predict how fish communities will respond to future environmental change. Together, we hope it will promote advances in macroecological research in the freshwater realm.

Hemolymph Proteomics and Gut Microbiota of Horseshoe Crabs Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda - Zhe Qu; Thomas C. N. Leung; Wenyan Nong; Ho Yin Yip; Ivy H. T. Lee; Siu Gin Cheung; Ngai Sai Ming; Wai Lok So; William G. Bendena; Stephen S. Tobe; Jerome H. L. Hui (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)
Horseshoe crabs are a group of marine chelicerates that contain only four extant species, some of which are endangered. Their hemolymph has been widely used in medical applications for endotoxin detection. Nevertheless, there is limited information on the profiles of their hemolymph proteins and their gut microbial diversity. In this study, we performed the first detailed investigation of the hemolymph proteomics and gut microbiota of two Asian horseshoe crabs Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda . Among the identified proteins being cataloged in the juvenile and adult hemolymph, unexpectedly, sesquiterpenoid signaling pathway proteins including Heat shock protein 83 (HSP83), Chd64, and a juvenile hormone binding protein (JHBP) were revealed. This provides evidence for the presence of functional sesquiterpenoid hormonal systems in these marine chelicerates. consumption of certain horseshoe crab species often leads to tetrodotoxin poisoning and the horseshoe crab is thought to possess a tetrodotoxin resistance mechanism. As such, sodium channels were analyzed and found to have critical amino acid residues that are similar to the toxin resistant pufferfish sodium channels. The source of the toxin is unknown so we investigated the gut microbiota, and found that Clostridium and Vibrio were the most dominant bacteria in T. tridentatus and C. rotundicauda , respectively. Together, this study provides a framework for further understanding of sesquiterpenoids and gut microbiota of these marine chelicerates.

Mapping groundwater potential zones using remote sensing and geographical information systems in a fractured rock setting, Southern Flinders Ranges, South Australia - Stephen G Fildes; Ian F Clark; Nara M Somaratne; Glyn Ashman (Journal of Earth System Science, 2020)

Shallow groundwater flow and inverted fresh/saline-water interface in a hypersaline endorheic basin (Great Basin, USA) - Alan L. Mayo; David G. Tingey; Kevin A. Rey; Tony D. Winkel; John H. McBride; Stephen T. Nelson; Gregory T. Carling; Jiri Bruthans; Erik C. Petersen (Hydrogeology Journal, 2020)
Pilot Valley is an 828-km 2 arid-region endorheic basin in western USA. Bounding mountain ranges rise as much as 1,900 m above the nearly flat 379-km 2 playa floor. Up to 3.8 m of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville mud and thin oolitic sand layers form the surface layer of the basin floor. Groundwater conditions were evaluated using data from shallow monitoring wells and borings, springs, infiltrometer measurements, slug and dilution tests, geophysical transects, and precision elevation surveys. Alluvial fan groundwater discharges at fan/playa interface springs and underflows to the shallow basin sediments along the western side of the basin; the groundwater only underflows along the eastern side. Precision surveying established a Lake Bonneville shore-line break in slope as the cause of the spring discharges. Tectonic tilting causes groundwater to flow from east to west and to the topographic low. Monthly measured and pressure transducer data established seasonal pressure responses and upward groundwater gradients. All basin groundwater is lost to evapotranspiration at the topographic low, where a thin salt pan has developed. Groundwater evolves from fresh to hypersaline near the alluvial fan/playa interface where there is an inverted salinity gradient and a groundwater pressure ridge. The pressure ridge and inverted salinity interface are due to: (1) osmotic pressure established between the oolitic sand of high hydraulic conductivity and the overlying low-hydraulic-conductivity lake mud at the fan/playa interface, and (2) the collision between fresh groundwater flow driven by a steep hydraulic head and hypersaline groundwater flow driven by a nearly flat hydraulic head.

Probing the effect of aroma compounds on the hydrodynamic properties of mucin glycoproteins - Vlad Dinu; Thomas MacCalman; Ni Yang; Gary G. Adams; Gleb E. Yakubov; Stephen E. Harding; Ian D. Fisk (European Biophysics Journal, 2020)
Aroma compounds are diverse low molecular weight organic molecules responsible for the flavour of food, medicines or cosmetics. Natural and artificial aroma compounds are manufactured and used by the industry to enhance the flavour and fragrance of products. While the low concentrations of aroma compounds present in food may leave no effect on the structural integrity of the mucosa, the effect of concentrated aroma volatiles is not well understood. At high concentrations, like those found in some flavoured products such as e-cigarettes, some aroma compounds are suggested to elicit a certain degree of change in the mucin glycoprotein network, depending on their functional group. These effects are particularly associated with carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes and ketones, but also phenols which may interact with mucin and other glycoproteins through other interaction mechanisms. This study demonstrates the formation of such interactions in vitro through the use of molecular hydrodynamics. Sedimentation velocity studies reveal that the strength of the carbonyl compound interaction is influenced by compound hydrophobicity, in which the more reactive short chain compounds show the largest increase in mucin-aroma sedimentation coefficients. By contrast, the presence of groups that increases the steric hindrance of the carbonyl group, such as ketones, produced a milder effect. The interaction effects were further demonstrated for hexanal using size exclusion chromatography light scattering (SEC-MALS) and intrinsic viscosity. In addition, phenolic aroma compounds were identified to reduce the sedimentation coefficient of mucin, which is consistent with interactions in the non-glycosylated mucin region.

Aminoethyl substitution enhances the self-assembly properties of an aminocellulose as a potential archaeological wood consolidant - Jennifer M. K. Wakefield; Robert Hampe; Richard B. Gillis; Agnes Sitterli; Gary G. Adams; Hartmut Kutzke; Thomas Heinze; Stephen E. Harding (European Biophysics Journal, 2020)
The 6-deoxy-6-aminocelluloses—or “aminocelluloses”—are a class of synthetic natural cellulose derivatives which are mostly aqueous soluble and have excellent film-forming properties. Recent studies have connected these properties at the molecular level with protein-like self-associative behaviour for a range of aminocelluloses including a 6-deoxy-6-(ω-aminoethyl) aminocellulose AEA-1 with the association being a two-stage process—a reversible oligomerisation followed by further (semi-reversible) aggregation into larger structures. Here, we synthesise and compare a new 6-deoxy-6-(ω-aminoethyl) aminocellulose AEA-1′ with different degree of substitution with one with further alkyl derivatisation, namely 6-deoxy-6-(ω-hydroxyethyl) aminocellulose HEA-1′. As with AEA-1, sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium in the analytical ultracentrifuge still show a two-stage process for both AEA-1′ and HEA-1′, with the latter giving higher molar masses. The consequences of these properties for use as consolidants for archaeological wood are considered.

Toward indicators of the performance of US infrastructures under climate change risks - Thomas J. Wilbanks; Rae Zimmerman; Susan Julius; Paul Kirshen; Joel B. Smith; Richard Moss; William Solecki; Matthias Ruth; Stephen Conrad; Steven J. Fernandez; Michael S. Matthews; Michael J. Savonis; et al. (Climatic Change, 2020)

Ocean acidification causes variable trait‐shifts in a coral species - Núria Teixidó; Erik Caroselli; Samir Alliouane; Chiara Ceccarelli; Steeve Comeau; Jean‐Pierre Gattuso; Pietro Fici; Fiorenza Micheli; Alice Mirasole; Stephen G. Monismith; Marco Munari; Stephen R. Palumbi; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
High p CO 2 habitats and their populations provide an unparalleled opportunity to assess how species may survive under future ocean acidification conditions, and help to reveal the traits that confer tolerance. Here we utilize a unique CO 2 vent system to study the effects of exposure to elevated p CO2 on trait‐shifts observed throughout natural populations of Astroides calycularis , an azooxanthellate scleractinian coral endemic to the Mediterranean. Unexpected shifts in skeletal and growth patterns were found. Colonies shifted to a skeletal phenotype characterized by encrusting morphology, smaller size, reduced coenosarc tissue, fewer polyps, and less porous and denser skeletons at low pH. Interestingly, while individual polyps calcified more and extended faster at low pH, whole colonies found at low pH site calcified and extended their skeleton at the same rate as did those at ambient pH sites. Transcriptomic data revealed strong genetic differentiation among local populations of this warm water species whose distribution range is currently expanding northward. We found excess differentiation in the CO 2 vent population for genes central to calcification, including genes for calcium management (calmodulin, calcium‐binding proteins), pH regulation (V‐type proton ATPase), and inorganic carbon regulation (carbonic anhydrase). Combined, our results demonstrate how coral populations can persist in high p CO 2 environments, making this system a powerful candidate for investigating acclimatization and local adaptation of organisms to global environmental change.

Monoamine oxidase A inhibition with moclobemide enhances the anti-parkinsonian effect of L-DOPA in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset - Adjia Hamadjida; Stephen G. Nuara; Cynthia Kwan; Imane Frouni; Dominique Bédard; Jim C. Gourdon; Philippe Huot (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2020)

Monoamine oxidase A inhibition as monotherapy reverses parkinsonism in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset - Adjia Hamadjida; Stephen G. Nuara; Imane Frouni; Cynthia Kwan; Dominique Bédard; Jim C. Gourdon; Philippe Huot (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2020)

A review of a decade of lessons from one of the world’s largest MPAs: conservation gains and key challenges - Graeme C. Hays; Heather J. Koldewey; Samantha Andrzejaczek; Martin J. Attrill; Shanta Barley; Daniel T. I. Bayley; Cassandra E. Benkwitt; Barbara Block; Robert J. Schallert; Aaron B. Carlisle; Pete Carr; Taylor K. Chapple; et al. (Marine Biology, 2020)

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics - Clarissa Alves da Rosa; Bruno R. Ribeiro; Vanesa Bejarano; Fernando Henrique Puertas; Adriana Bocchiglieri; Adriana Loeser dos Santos Barbosa; Adriano Garcia Chiarello; Adriano Pereira Paglia; Adriele Aparecida Pereira; Adryelle Francisca de Souza Moreira; Agnis Cristiane de Souza; Aiesca Pellegrin; et al. (Ecology, 2020)
Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal‐central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus , Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. ( n = 37,782), Sus scrofa ( n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris ( n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., S yncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans ). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set ( n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata , and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation‐related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data.

Knowledge Gaps and Management Priorities for Recreational Fisheries in the Developing World - Shannon D. Bower; Øystein Aas; Robert Arlinghaus; T. Douglas Beard; Ian G. Cowx; Andy J. Danylchuk; Kátia M. F. Freire; Warren M. Potts; Stephen G. Sutton; Steven J. Cooke (Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 2020)

Correction to: High-temperature acclimation strategies within the thermally tolerant endosymbiont Symbiodinium trenchii and its coral host, Turbinaria reniformis, differ with changing pCO2 and nutrients - Kenneth D. Hoadley; D. Tye Pettay; Andréa G. Grottoli; Wei-Jun Cai; Todd F. Melman; Stephen Levas; Verena Schoepf; Qian Ding; Xiangchen Yuan; Yongchen Wang; Yohei Matsui; Justin H. Baumann; et al. (Marine Biology, 2020)

Landslides across the USA: occurrence, susceptibility, and data limitations - Benjamin B. Mirus; Eric S. Jones; Rex L. Baum; Jonathan W. Godt; Stephen Slaughter; Matthew M. Crawford; Jeremy Lancaster; Thomas Stanley; Dalia B. Kirschbaum; William J. Burns; Robert G. Schmitt; Kassandra O. Lindsey; et al. (Landslides, 2020)
Detailed information about landslide occurrence is the foundation for advancing process understanding, susceptibility mapping, and risk reduction. Despite the recent revolution in digital elevation data and remote sensing technologies, landslide mapping remains resource intensive. Consequently, a modern, comprehensive map of landslide occurrence across the United States (USA) has not been compiled. As a first step toward this goal, we present a national-scale compilation of existing, publicly available landslide inventories. This geodatabase can be downloaded in its entirety or viewed through an online, searchable map, with parsimonious attributes and direct links to the contributing sources with additional details. The mapped spatial pattern and concentration of landslides are consistent with prior characterization of susceptibility within the conterminous USA, with some notable exceptions on the West Coast. Although the database is evolving and known to be incomplete in many regions, it confirms that landslides do occur across the country, thus highlighting the importance of our national-scale assessment. The map illustrates regions where high-quality mapping has occurred and, in contrast, where additional resources could improve confidence in landslide characterization. For example, borders between states and other jurisdictions are quite apparent, indicating the variation in approaches to data collection by different agencies and disparity between the resources dedicated to landslide characterization. Further investigations are needed to better assess susceptibility and to determine whether regions with high relief and steep topography, but without mapped landslides, require further landslide inventory mapping. Overall, this map provides a new resource for accessing information about known landslides across the USA.

Metabolic rate shapes phenotypic covariance among physiological, behavioral, and life-history traits in honeybees - Stephen G. Mugel; Dhruba Naug (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2020)

Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats - Annie P. S. Wong; Susan E. Wijffels; Stephen C. Riser; Sylvie Pouliquen; Shigeki Hosoda; Dean Roemmich; John Gilson; Gregory C. Johnson; Kim Martini; David J. Murphy; Megan Scanderbeg; T. V. S. Udaya Bhaskar; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of compounds isolated from the leaf extracts of Uvaria hamiltonii - Pornphimol Meesakul; Stephen G. Pyne; Surat Laphookhieo (Natural Product Research, 2020)

Neurotoxicity of Tityus bahiensis (brown scorpion) venom in sympathetic vas deferens preparations and neuronal cells - Rita de Cássia Collaço; Stephen Hyslop; Thalita Rocha; Valquiria A. C. Dorce; Edward G. Rowan; Edson Antunes (Archives of Toxicology, 2020)
Systemic scorpion envenomation is characterized by massive neurotransmitter release from peripheral nerves mediated primarily by scorpion venoms neurotoxins. Tityus bahiensis is one of the medically most important species in Brazil, but its venom pharmacology, especially regarding to peripheral nervous system, is poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the T. bahiensis venom activity on autonomic (sympathetic) neurotransmission by using a variety of approaches, including vas deferens twitch-tension recordings, electrophysiological measurements (resting membrane potentials, spontaneous excitatory junctional potentials and whole-cell patch-clamp), calcium imaging and histomorphological analysis. Low concentrations of venom (≤ 3 μg/mL) facilitated the electrically stimulated vas deferens contractions without affecting postsynaptic receptors or damaging the smooth muscle cells. Transient TTX-sensitive sustained contractions and resting membrane depolarization were mediated mainly by massive spontaneous ATP release. High venom concentrations (≥ 10 μg/mL) blocked the muscle contractions and induced membrane depolarization. In neuronal cells (ND7-23 wt ), the venom increased the peak sodium current, modified the current-voltage relationship by left-shifting the Na v -channel activation curve, thereby facilitating the opening of these channels. The venom also caused a time-dependent increase in neuronal calcium influx. These results indicate that the sympathetic hyperstimulation observed in systemic envenomation is presynaptically driven, probably through the interaction of α- and β-toxins with neuronal sodium channels.

“A reference genome assembly and adaptive trait analysis of Castanea mollissima ‘Vanuxem,’ a source of resistance to chestnut blight in restoration breeding” - Margaret Staton; Charles Addo-Quaye; Nathaniel Cannon; Jiali Yu; Tetyana Zhebentyayeva; Matthew Huff; Nurul Islam-Faridi; Shenghua Fan; Laura L. Georgi; C. Dana Nelson; Emily Bellis; Sara Fitzsimmons; et al. (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2020)

Bacterial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent hospitalized patients and appropriateness of empirical treatment recommendations: an international point-prevalence study - Manuela Carugati; S. Aliberti; G. Sotgiu; F. Blasi; A. Gori; R. Menendez; M. Encheva; M. Gallego; P. Leuschner; S. Ruiz-Buitrago; S. Battaglia; R. Fantini; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2020)

Analysis of viruses present in urine from patients with interstitial cystitis - Maria Teresa Sáenz Robles; Paul G. Cantalupo; Alexis M. Duray; Melissa Freeland; Michelle Murkowski; Adrie van Bokhoven; Alisa J. Stephens-Shields; James M. Pipas; Michael J. Imperiale (Virus Genes, 2020)

Response of Wild Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) to Microbial Volatiles - Eduardo Bueno; Kyle R. Martin; Robert A. Raguso; John G. Mcmullen; Stephen P. Hesler; Greg M. Loeb; Angela E. Douglas (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2020)

Reproductive phenology across the lunar cycle: parental decisions, offspring responses, and consequences for reef fish - Jeffrey S. Shima; Craig W. Osenberg; Suzanne H. Alonzo; Erik G. Noonburg; Pauline Mitterwallner; Stephen E. Swearer (Ecology, 2020)
Most organisms reproduce in a dynamic environment, and life‐history theory predicts that this can favor the evolution of strategies that capitalize on good times and avoid bad times. When offspring experience these environmental changes, fitness can depend strongly upon environmental conditions at birth and at later life stages. Consequently, fitness will be influenced by the reproductive decisions of parents (i.e., birth date effects) and developmental decisions (e.g., adaptive plasticity) of their offspring. We explored the consequences of these decisions using a highly iteroparous coral reef fish (the sixbar wrasse, Thalassoma hardwicke ) and in a system where both parental and offspring environments vary with the lunar cycle. We tested the hypotheses that (1) reproductive patterns and offspring survival vary across the lunar cycle and (2) offspring exhibit adaptive plasticity in development time. We evaluated temporal variation in egg production from February to June 2017, and corresponding larval developmental histories (inferred from otolith microstructure) of successful settlers and surviving juveniles that were spawned during that same period. We documented lunar‐cyclic variation in egg production (most eggs were spawned at the new moon). This pattern was at odds with the distribution of birth dates of settlers and surviving juveniles—most individuals that successfully survived to settlement and older stages were born during the full moon. Consequently, the probability of survival across the larval stage was greatest for offspring born close to the full moon, when egg production was at its lowest. Offspring also exhibited plasticity in developmental duration, adjusting their age at settlement to settle during darker portions of the lunar cycle than expected given their birth date. Offspring born near the new moon tended to be older and larger at settlement, and these traits conveyed a strong fitness advantage (i.e., a carryover effect) through to adulthood. We speculate that these effects (1) are shaped by a dynamic landscape of risk and reward determined by moonlight, which differentially influences adults and offspring, and (2) can explain the evolution of extreme iteroparity in sixbars.

Ensuring tests of conservation interventions build on existing literature - William J. Sutherland; Sergio Ticul Alvarez‐Castañeda; Tatsuya Amano; Roberto Ambrosini; Philip Atkinson; John M. Baxter; Alexander L. Bond; Philip J. Boon; Katherine L. Buchanan; Jos Barlow; Giuseppe Bogliani; Olivia M. Bragg; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2020)

The Effect of Pheromone Synthesis and Gland Retraction on Translocation and Dynamics of Pheromone Release in the Moth Chloridea virescens - Stephen P. Foster; Karin G. Anderson (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2020)

Modelling the water level of the alluvial aquifer of an ephemeral river in south-western Zimbabwe - Sibonakaliso C. Mpala; Alexandre S. Gagnon; Martin G. Mansell; Stephen W. Hussey (Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2020)

Examining the effect of community participation on beneficiary satisfaction with the work of water management committee in urban community-based operated water schemes - Erick O. Ananga; Stephen G. Agong’; Michael Acheampong; Ambe J. Njoh; Patrick Hayombe (Sustainable Water Resources Management, 2020)

The effects of climate change variability on rural livelihoods in Madre de Dios, Peru - Andrea Chavez Michaelsen; Leticia Huamani Briceño; Hector Vilchez Baldeon; Stephen G. Perz; Julia Quaedvlieg; Rafael O. Rojas; I. Foster Brown; Raul Pinedo Mora (Regional Environmental Change, 2020)

Structural insights into the role of the acid-alcohol pair of residues required for dioxygen activation in cytochrome P450 enzymes - Tom Coleman; Jeanette E. Stok; Matthew N. Podgorski; John B. Bruning; James J. De Voss; Stephen G. Bell (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2020)

Effects of Saltwater Pulses on Soil Microbial Enzymes and Organic Matter Breakdown in Freshwater and Brackish Coastal Wetlands - Shelby Servais; John S. Kominoski; Carlos Coronado-Molina; Laura Bauman; Stephen E. Davis; Evelyn E. Gaiser; Stephen Kelly; Christopher Madden; Viviana Mazzei; David Rudnik; Fabiola Santamaria; Fred H. Sklar; et al. (Estuaries and Coasts, 2020)

Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of phenolic constituents from the stem extracts of Spatholobus parviflorus - Thanika Promchai; Pawinee Janhom; Wisanu Maneerat; Roonglawan Rattanajak; Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan; Stephen G. Pyne; Thunwadee Limtharakul (Natural Product Research, 2020)

A study of Pt(II)–phenanthroline complex interactions with double-stranded and G-quadruplex DNA by ESI–MS, circular dichroism, and computational docking - Dale L. Ang; Celine Kelso; Jennifer L. Beck; Stephen F. Ralph; David G. Harman; Janice R. Aldrich-Wright (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2020)

Storm impacts on phytoplankton community dynamics in lakes - Jason D. Stockwell; Jonathan P. Doubek; Rita Adrian; Orlane Anneville; Cayelan C. Carey; Laurence Carvalho; Lisette N. De Senerpont Domis; Gaël Dur; Marieke A. Frassl; Hans‐Peter Grossart; Bas W. Ibelings; Marc J. Lajeunesse; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
In many regions across the globe, extreme weather events such as storms have increased in frequency, intensity, and duration due to climate change. Ecological theory predicts that such extreme events should have large impacts on ecosystem structure and function. High winds and precipitation associated with storms can affect lakes via short‐term runoff events from watersheds and physical mixing of the water column. In addition, lakes connected to rivers and streams will also experience flushing due to high flow rates. Although we have a well‐developed understanding of how wind and precipitation events can alter lake physical processes and some aspects of biogeochemical cycling, our mechanistic understanding of the emergent responses of phytoplankton communities is poor. Here we provide a comprehensive synthesis that identifies how storms interact with lake and watershed attributes and their antecedent conditions to generate changes in lake physical and chemical environments. Such changes can restructure phytoplankton communities and their dynamics, as well as result in altered ecological function (e.g., carbon, nutrient and energy cycling) in the short‐ and long‐term. We summarize the current understanding of storm‐induced phytoplankton dynamics, identify knowledge gaps with a systematic review of the literature, and suggest future research directions across a gradient of lake types and environmental conditions.

Disturbance legacies increase and synchronize nutrient concentrations and bacterial productivity in coastal ecosystems - John S. Kominoski; Evelyn E. Gaiser; Edward Castañeda‐Moya; Stephen E. Davis; Shimelis B. Dessu; Paul Julian; Dong Yoon Lee; Luca Marazzi; Victor H. Rivera‐Monroy; Andres Sola; Ulrich Stingl; Sandro Stumpf; et al. (Ecology, 2020)
Long‐term ecological research can resolve effects of disturbance on ecosystem dynamics by capturing the scale of disturbance and interactions with environmental changes. To quantify how disturbances interact with long‐term directional changes (sea‐level rise, freshwater restoration), we studied 17 yr of monthly dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), and phosphorus (TP) concentrations and bacterioplankton productivity across freshwater‐to‐marine estuary gradients exposed to multiple disturbance events (e.g., droughts, fire, hurricanes, and low‐temperature anomalies) and long‐term increases in water levels. By studying two neighboring drainages that differ in hydrologic connectivity, we additionally tested how disturbance legacies are shaped by hydrologic connectivity. We predicted that disturbance events would interact with long‐term increases in water levels in freshwater and marine ecosystems to increase spatiotemporal similarity (i.e., synchrony) of organic matter, nutrients, and microbial activities. Wetlands along the larger, deeper, and tidally influenced Shark River Slough (SRS) drainage had higher and more variable DOC, TN, and TP concentrations than wetlands along the smaller, shallower, tidally restricted Taylor River Slough/Panhandle (TS/Ph) drainage. Along SRS, DOC concentrations declined with proximity to coast, and increased in magnitude and variability following drought and flooding in 2015 and a hurricane in 2017. Along TS/Ph, DOC concentrations varied by site (higher in marine than freshwater wetlands) but not year. In both drainages, increases in TN from upstream freshwater marshes occurred following fire in 2008 and droughts in 2010 and 2015, whereas downstream increases in TP occurred with coastal storm surge from hurricanes in 2005 and 2017. Decreases in DOC:TN and DOC:TP were explained by increased TN and TP. Increases in bacterioplankton productivity occurred throughout both drainages following low‐temperature events (2010 and 2011) and a hurricane (2017). Long‐term TN and TP concentrations and bacterioplankton productivity were correlated ( r > 0.5) across a range of sampling distances (1–50 km), indicating spatiotemporal synchrony. DOC concentrations were not synchronized across space or time. Our study advances disturbance ecology theory by illustrating how disturbance events interact with long‐term environmental changes and hydrologic connectivity to determine the magnitude and extent of disturbance legacies. Understanding disturbance legacies will enhance prediction and enable more effective management of rapidly changing ecosystems.

Design catalogue for eco-engineering of coastal artificial structures: a multifunctional approach for stakeholders and end-users - Kathryn A. O’Shaughnessy; Stephen J. Hawkins; Ally J. Evans; Mick E. Hanley; Paul Lunt; Richard C. Thompson; Robert A. Francis; Simon P. G. Hoggart; Pippa J. Moore; Gregorio Iglesias; David Simmonds; James Ducker; et al. (Urban Ecosystems, 2020)
Coastal urbanisation, energy extraction, food production, shipping and transportation have led to the global proliferation of artificial structures within the coastal and marine environments (sensu “ocean sprawl”), with subsequent loss of natural habitats and biodiversity. To mitigate and compensate impacts of ocean sprawl, the practice of eco-engineering of artificial structures has been developed over the past decade. Eco-engineering aims to create sustainable ecosystems that integrate human society with the natural environment for the benefit of both. The science of eco-engineering has grown markedly, yet synthesis of research into a user-friendly and practitioner-focused format is lacking. Feedback from stakeholders has repeatedly stated that a “photo user guide” or “manual” covering the range of eco-engineering options available for artificial structures would be beneficial. However, a detailed and structured “user guide” for eco-engineering in coastal and marine environments is not yet possible; therefore we present an accessible review and catalogue of trialled eco-engineering options and a summary of guidance for a range of different structures tailored for stakeholders and end-users as the first step towards a structured manual. This work can thus serve as a potential template for future eco-engineering guides. Here we provide suggestions for potential eco-engineering designs to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and services of coastal artificial structures with the following structures covered: (1) rock revetment, breakwaters and groynes composed of armour stones or concrete units; (2) vertical and sloping seawalls; (3) over-water structures (i.e., piers) and associated support structures; and (4) tidal river walls.

Implementation of access and benefit-sharing measures has consequences for classical biological control of weeds - Luciana Silvestri; Alejandro Sosa; Fernando Mc Kay; Marcelo Diniz Vitorino; Martin Hill; Costas Zachariades; Stephen Hight; Philip Weyl; David Smith; Djamila Djeddour; Peter G. Mason (BioControl, 2020)
The Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol establish that genetic resources shall be accessed only upon the existence of prior informed consent of the country that provides those resources and that benefits arising from their utilization shall be shared. Pursuant to both agreements several countries have adopted regulations on access and benefit-sharing. These regulations have created a challenging obstacle to classical biological control of weeds. This paper reviews the experiences of Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, the USA, Canada and CABI in implementing access and benefit-sharing regulations and the implications these measures have on the effective and efficient access, exchange and utilization of biological control agents. We conclude that policy makers should be made aware of the key role biological control plays for agriculture and the environment and they are encouraged to develop tailored access and benefit-sharing legal frameworks that facilitate biological control research and implementation.

A method to estimate the environmental impacts from genetic change in pig production systems - Mathias Ottosen; Stephen G. Mackenzie; Michael Wallace; Ilias Kyriazakis (The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2020)
Purpose The environmental impacts (EIs) of the global pig production sector are expected to increase with increasing global pork demand. Although the pig breeding industry has made significant progress over the last decades in reducing its EI, previous work has been unable to differentiate between the improvements made through management improvements from those caused by genetic change. Our study investigates the effect of altering genetic components of individual traits on the EI of pig systems. Methods An LCA model, with a functional unit of 1 kg live weight pig, was built simulating an intensive pig production system; inputs of feed and outputs of manure were adjusted according to genetic performance traits. Feed intake was simulated with an animal energy requirement model. A correlation matrix of the genetic variance and correlations of traits was pooled from data on commercial pig populations in the literature. Three sensitivity analyses were applied: one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis (OAT) used the genetic standard deviations, clusters-of-traits sensitivity analysis (COT) used the genetic standard deviations and clustering based on correlations, and the sensitivity index (SI) applied the full correlation matrix. Five EI categories were considered: global warming potential, terrestrial acidification potential, freshwater eutrophication potential, land use, and fossil resource scarcity. Results and discussion The different EI categories showed similar behaviour for each trait in the sensitivity analyses. OAT showed up to 18% change in EI relative to baseline for energy maintenance and around 3% change in EI relative to baseline for most other traits. COT grouped traits into a grower/finisher cluster (up to 17% change relative to baseline), a reproductive cluster (up to 7% change relative to baseline), and a sow robustness cluster (up to 2% change relative to baseline), all clusters including negative correlations between traits. By including genetic correlations, the SI went from being influenced by maintenance, and finisher and gilt growth rate into solely being dominated by maintenancen and protein-to-lipid ratio responsible for above 0.8 and 0.35 of the variance in EI respectively. Conclusions We developed a novel methodology for evaluating EIs of changes in correlated genetic traits in pigs. We found it was essential to include correlations in the sensitivity analysis, since the local and global sensitivity analyses were not affected to the same extend by the same traits. Further, we found that finisher growth rate, body protein-to-lipid ratio, and energy maintenance could be important in reducing EI, but mortalities and sow robustness had little effect.

Global assessments of the NCEP Ensemble Forecast System using altimeter data - Ricardo Martins Campos; Jose-Henrique G.M. Alves; Stephen G. Penny; Vladimir Krasnopolsky (Ocean Dynamics, 2020)

Correction to: Lipid class composition of annually bleached Caribbean corals - Sarah L. Solomon; Andréa G. Grottoli; Mark E. Warner; Stephen Levas; Verena Schoepf; Agustí Muñoz-Garcia (Marine Biology, 2020)

State of the science in reconciling top‐down and bottom‐up approaches for terrestrial CO 2 budget - Masayuki Kondo; Prabir K. Patra; Stephen Sitch; Pierre Friedlingstein; Benjamin Poulter; Frederic Chevallier; Philippe Ciais; Josep G. Canadell; Ana Bastos; Ronny Lauerwald; Leonardo Calle; Kazuhito Ichii; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Robust estimates of CO 2 budget, CO 2 exchanged between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere, are necessary to better understand the role of the terrestrial biosphere in mitigating anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. Over the past decade, this field of research has advanced through understanding of the differences and similarities of two fundamentally different approaches: “top‐down” atmospheric inversions and “bottom‐up” biosphere models. Since the first studies were undertaken, these approaches have shown an increasing level of agreement, but disagreements in some regions still persist, in part because they do not estimate the same quantity of atmosphere–biosphere CO 2 exchange. Here, we conducted a thorough comparison of CO 2 budgets at multiple scales and from multiple methods to assess the current state of the science in estimating CO 2 budgets. Our set of atmospheric inversions and biosphere models, which were adjusted for a consistent flux definition, showed a high level of agreement for global and hemispheric CO 2 budgets in the 2000s. Regionally, improved agreement in CO 2 budgets was notable for North America and Southeast Asia. However, large gaps between the two methods remained in East Asia and South America. In other regions, Europe, boreal Asia, Africa, South Asia, and Oceania, it was difficult to determine whether those regions act as a net sink or source because of the large spread in estimates from atmospheric inversions. These results highlight two research directions to improve the robustness of CO 2 budgets: (a) to increase representation of processes in biosphere models that could contribute to fill the budget gaps, such as forest regrowth and forest degradation; and (b) to reduce sink–source compensation between regions (dipoles) in atmospheric inversion so that their estimates become more comparable. Advancements on both research areas will increase the level of agreement between the top‐down and bottom‐up approaches and yield more robust knowledge of regional CO 2 budgets.

β-secretase 1 inhibitory activity and AMP-activated protein kinase activation of Callyspongia samarensis extracts - Danica L. Resuello; Stephen B. Lirio; Analin E. Porto; Allan Patrick G. Macabeo; Hsi-Ya Huang; Mary Jho-Anne T. Corpuz; Oliver B. Villaflores (Natural Product Research, 2020)

Field evaluation of a novel oral reservoir-targeted vaccine against Borrelia burgdorferi utilizing an inactivated whole-cell bacterial antigen expression vehicle - Kirby C. Stafford; Scott C. Williams; Jolieke G. van Oosterwijk; Megan A. Linske; Steve Zatechka; Luciana M. Richer; Goudarz Molaei; Chris Przybyszewski; Stephen K. Wikel (Experimental and Applied Acarology, 2020)

Sky islands as foci for divergence of fig trees and their pollinators in southwest China - Jun‐Yin Deng; Rong‐Hua Fu; Stephen G. Compton; Mei Liu; Qin Wang; Chuan Yuan; Lu‐Shui Zhang; Yan Chen (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
The dynamics of populations and their divergence over time have shaped current levels of biodiversity and in the case of the “sky islands” of mountainous southwest (SW) China have resulted in an area of exceptional botanical diversity. Ficus tikoua is a prostrate fig tree subendemic to the area that displays unique intraspecific diversity, producing figs typical of different pollination modes in different parts of its range. By combining climate models, genetic variation in populations of the tree's obligate fig wasp pollinators and distributions of the different plant phenotypes, we examined how this unusual situation may have developed. We identified three genetically distinct groups of a single Ceratosolen pollinator species that have largely parapatric distributions. The complex topography of the region contributed to genetic divergence among the pollinators by facilitating geographical isolation and providing refugia. Migration along elevations in response to climate oscillations further enhanced genetic differentiation of the three pollinator groups. Their distributions loosely correspond to the distributions of the functionally significant morphological differences in the male figs of their host plants, but postglacial expansion of one group has not been matched by spread of its associated plant phenotype, possibly due to a major river barrier. The results highlight how interplay between the complex topography of the “sky island” complex and climate change has shaped intraspecies differentiation and relationships between the plant and its pollinator. Similar processes may explain the exceptional botanical diversity of SW China.

Seed‐to‐seedling transitions exhibit distance‐dependent mortality but no strong spacing effects in a Neotropical forest - Philippe Marchand; Liza S. Comita; S. Joseph Wright; Richard Condit; Stephen P. Hubbell; Noelle G. Beckman (Ecology, 2020)
Patterns of seed dispersal and seed mortality influence the spatial structure of plant communities and the local coexistence of competing species. Most seeds are dispersed in proximity to the parent tree, where mortality is also expected to be the highest, because of competition with siblings or the attraction of natural enemies. Whereas distance‐dependent mortality in the seed‐to‐seedling transition was often observed in tropical forests, few studies have attempted to estimate the shape of the survival‐distance curves, which determines whether the peak of seedling establishment occurs away from the parent tree (Janzen–Connell pattern) or if the peak attenuates but remains at the parent location (Hubbell pattern). In this study, we inferred the probability density of seed dispersal and two stages of seedling establishment (new recruits, and seedlings 20 cm or taller) with distance for 24 tree species present in the 50‐ha Forest Dynamics Plot of Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Using data from seed traps, seedling survey quadrats, and tree‐census records spanning the 1988–2014 period, we fit hierarchical Bayesian models including parameters for tree fecundity, the shape of the dispersal kernel, and overdispersion of seed or seedling counts. We combined predictions from multiple dispersal kernels to obtain more robust inferences. We find that Hubbell patterns are the most common and Janzen–Connell patterns are very rare among those species; that distance‐dependent mortality may be stronger in the seed stage, in the early recruit stage, or comparable in both; and that species with larger seeds experience less overall mortality and less distance‐dependent mortality. Finally, we describe how this modeling approach could be extended at a community scale to include less abundant species.

Assessing Mental Health Concerns of Spanish-Speaking Dairy Farm Workers - Georgia M. Griffin; Erin G. Floyd; Salma S. Dali; Charlene M. Dunaway; Stephen H. Genereaux; Ardis L. Olson (Journal of Agromedicine, 2020)

Lipid class composition of annually bleached Caribbean corals - Sarah L. Solomon; Andréa G. Grottoli; Mark E. Warner; Stephen Levas; Verena Schoepf; Agustí Muñoz-Garcia (Marine Biology, 2020)

Alcohol intake, tobacco smoking, and esophageal adenocarcinoma survival: a molecular pathology epidemiology cohort study - R. Stephen McCain; Damian T. McManus; Stephen McQuaid; Jacqueline A. James; Manuel Salto-Tellez; Nathan B. Reid; Stephanie Craig; Chintapuza Chisambo; Victoria Bingham; Eamon McCarron; Eileen Parkes; Richard C. Turkington; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2020)
Purpose To investigate the association between cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and esophageal adenocarcinoma survival, including stratified analysis by selected prognostic biomarkers. Methods A population-representative sample of 130 esophageal adenocarcinoma patients (n = 130) treated at the Northern Ireland Cancer Centre between 2004 and 2012. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to evaluate associations between smoking status, alcohol intake, and survival. Secondary analyses investigated these associations across categories of p53, HER2, CD8, and GLUT-1 biomarker expression. Results In esophageal adenocarcinoma patients, there was a significantly increased risk of cancer-specific mortality in ever, compared to never, alcohol drinkers in unadjusted (HR 1.96 95% CI 1.13–3.38) but not adjusted (HR 1.70 95% CI 0.95–3.04) analysis. This increased risk of death observed for alcohol consumers was more evident in patients with normal p53 expression, GLUT-1 positive or CD-8 positive tumors. There were no significant associations between survival and smoking status in esophageal adenocarcinoma patients. Conclusions In esophageal adenocarcinoma patients, cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption was not associated with a significant difference in survival in comparison with never smokers and never drinkers in fully adjusted analysis. However, in some biomarker-selected subgroups, ever-alcohol consumption was associated with a worsened survival in comparison with never drinkers. Larger studies are needed to investigate these findings, as these lifestyle habits may not only be linked to cancer risk but also cancer survival.

Calling Behavior and Sex Pheromone Release and Storage in the Moth Chloridea virescens - Stephen P. Foster; Karin G. Anderson; Jérôme Casas (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2020)

Interannual variation of terrestrial carbon cycle: Issues and perspectives - Shilong Piao; Xuhui Wang; Kai Wang; Xiangyi Li; Ana Bastos; Josep G. Canadell; Philippe Ciais; Pierre Friedlingstein; Stephen Sitch (Global Change Biology, 2020)
With accumulation of carbon cycle observations and model developments over the past decades, exploring interannual variation (IAV) of terrestrial carbon cycle offers the opportunity to better understand climate–carbon cycle relationships. However, despite growing research interest, uncertainties remain on some fundamental issues, such as the contributions of different regions, constituent fluxes and climatic factors to carbon cycle IAV. Here we overviewed the literature on carbon cycle IAV about current understanding of these issues. Observations and models of the carbon cycle unanimously show the dominance of tropical land ecosystems to the signal of global carbon cycle IAV, where tropical semiarid ecosystems contribute as much as the combination of all other tropical ecosystems. Vegetation photosynthesis contributes more than ecosystem respiration to IAV of the global net land carbon flux, but large uncertainties remain on the contribution of fires and other disturbance fluxes. Climatic variations are the major drivers to the IAV of net land carbon flux. Although debate remains on whether the dominant driver is temperature or moisture variability, their interaction,that is, the dependence of carbon cycle sensitivity to temperature on moisture conditions, is emerging as key regulators of the carbon cycle IAV. On timescales from the interannual to the centennial, global carbon cycle variability will be increasingly contributed by northern land ecosystems and oceans. Therefore, both improving Earth system models (ESMs) with the progressive understanding on the fast processes manifested at interannual timescale and expanding carbon cycle observations at broader spatial and longer temporal scales are critical to better prediction on evolution of the carbon–climate system.

Informing CITES Parties: Strengthening science‐based decision‐making when listing marine species - Kim Friedman; Matias Braccini; Matthew Bjerregaard‐Walsh; Ramón Bonfil; Corey J. A. Bradshaw; Stephen Brouwer; Ian Campbell; Rui Coelho; Enric Cortés; Wetjens Dimmlich; Michael G. Frisk; Irene Kingma; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2020)
International trade in vulnerable marine species is regulated once they are listed in CITES Appendices (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Parties to the Convention submit proposal(s) 150 days prior to the CITES Conference for voting on the inclusion of new species in Appendices I and II, making a case for why CITES listing criteria are met in each case. Before the vote, Parties receive advice from (a) the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (b) the International Union for Conservation of Nature—TRAFFIC and (c) the CITES Secretariat, among others. This paper offers an expert review of listing processes, which are the subject of much debate in fishery and environment‐protection communities, looking at two specific cases: silky shark ( Carcharhinus falciformis, Carcharhinidae) and bigeye thresher shark ( Alopias superciliosus, Alopiidae). The reviewers determine that the evidence made available to voting Parties is substantial, but suffers from non‐standard presentation across assessments. The best available data are not always presented or described transparently in relation to CITES criteria. An extension of the assessment period, as well as the opportunity to refute evidence, has been suggested as ways to support more informed and effective decision‐making by CITES Parties, whose composition of delegations varies greatly in their experience of marine species management and trade. Experts welcomed a greater coherence of advice between fishery and non‐fishery sources in the long term, and proposed a range of suggested improvements for the delivery of information and advice to CITES Parties.

A prospective comparative study of children with gastroenteritis: emergency department compared with symptomatic care at home - Otto G. Vanderkooi; Jianling Xie; Bonita E. Lee; Xiao-Li Pang; Linda Chui; Daniel C. Payne; Judy MacDonald; Samina Ali; Shannon MacDonald; Steve Drews; Lara Osterreicher; Kelly Kim; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2019)

Population responses of bird populations to climate change on two continents vary with species’ ecological traits but not with direction of change in climate suitability - Lucy R. Mason; Rhys E. Green; Christine Howard; Philip A. Stephens; Stephen G. Willis; Ainars Aunins; Lluís Brotons; Tomasz Chodkiewicz; Przemysław Chylarecki; Virginia Escandell; Ruud P. B. Foppen; Sergi Herrando; et al. (Climatic Change, 2019)
Climate change is a major global threat to biodiversity with widespread impacts on ecological communities. Evidence for beneficial impacts on populations is perceived to be stronger and more plentiful than that for negative impacts, but few studies have investigated this apparent disparity, or how ecological factors affect population responses to climatic change. We examined the strength of the relationship between species-specific regional population changes and climate suitability trends (CST), using 30-year datasets of population change for 525 breeding bird species in Europe and the USA. These data indicate a consistent positive relationship between population trend and CST across the two continents. Importantly, we found no evidence that this positive relationship differs between species expected to be negatively and positively impacted across the entire taxonomic group, suggesting that climate change is causing equally strong, quantifiable population increases and declines. Species’ responses to changing climatic suitability varied with ecological traits, however, particularly breeding habitat preference and body mass. Species associated with inland wetlands responded most strongly and consistently to recent climatic change. In Europe, smaller species also appeared to respond more strongly, whilst the relationship with body mass was less clear-cut for North American birds. Overall, our results identify the role of certain traits in modulating responses to climate change and emphasise the importance of long-term data on abundance for detecting large-scale species’ responses to environmental changes.

Correction to: Microbial Exchange via Fomites and Implications for Human Health - Brent Stephens; Parham Azimi; Megan S. Thoemmes; Mohammad Heidarinejad; Joseph G. Allen; Jack A. Gilbert (Current Pollution Reports, 2019)
The article Microbial Exchange via Fomites and Implications for Human Health, written by Brent Stephens, Parham Azimi, Megan S. Thoemmes, Mohammad Heidarinejad, Joseph G. Allen, and Jack A. Gilbert, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal

Microbial Exchange via Fomites and Implications for Human Health - Brent Stephens; Parham Azimi; Megan S. Thoemmes; Mohammad Heidarinejad; Joseph G. Allen; Jack A. Gilbert (Current Pollution Reports, 2019)

Sugarcane Straw, Soil Temperature, and Nitrification Inhibitor Impact N2O Emissions from N Fertilizer - Vitor P. Vargas; Johnny R. Soares; Bruna G. Oliveira; Késia S. Lourenço; Acácio A. Martins; Stephen J. Del Grosso; Janaina B. do Carmo; Heitor Cantarella (BioEnergy Research, 2019)

The Impact of Satellite Radiance Data Assimilation within a Frequently Updated Regional Forecast System Using a GSI-based Ensemble Kalman Filter - Kefeng Zhu; Ming Xue; Yujie Pan; Ming Hu; Stanley G. Benjamin; Stephen S. Weygandt; Haidao Lin (Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2019)

Experimental Saltwater Intrusion Drives Rapid Soil Elevation and Carbon Loss in Freshwater and Brackish Everglades Marshes - Sean P. Charles; John S. Kominoski; Tiffany G. Troxler; Evelyn E. Gaiser; Shelby Servais; Benjamin J. Wilson; Stephen E. Davis; Fred H. Sklar; Carlos Coronado-Molina; Christopher J. Madden; Steve Kelly; David T. Rudnick (Estuaries and Coasts, 2019)

Utility of Films to Anticipate Effect of Drug Load and Polymer on Dissolution Performance from Tablets of Amorphous Itraconazole Spray-Dried Dispersions - Moshe Honick; Kanika Sarpal; Alaadin Alayoubi; Ahmed Zidan; Stephen W. Hoag; Robert G. Hollenbeck; Eric J. Munson; James E. Polli (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2019)

Primary pollinator exclusion has divergent consequences for pollen dispersal and mating in different populations of a bird‐pollinated tree - Nicole Bezemer; Stephen D. Hopper; Siegy L. Krauss; Ryan D. Phillips; David G. Roberts (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
Pollination by nectarivorous birds is predicted to result in different patterns of pollen dispersal and plant mating compared to pollination by insects. We tested the prediction that paternal genetic diversity, outcrossing rate and realized pollen dispersal will be reduced when the primary pollinator group is excluded from bird‐pollinated plants. Pollinator exclusion experiments in conjunction with paternity analysis of progeny were applied to Eucalyptus caesia Benth. (Myrtaceae), a predominantly honeyeater‐pollinated tree that is visited by native insects and the introduced Apis mellifera (Apidae). Microsatellite genotyping at 14 loci of all adult E. caesia at two populations ( n = 580 and 315), followed by paternity analysis of 705 progeny, revealed contrasting results between populations. Honeyeater exclusion did not significantly impact pollen dispersal or plant mating at Mount Caroline. In contrast, at the Chiddarcooping site, the exclusion of honeyeaters led to lower outcrossing rates, a threefold reduction in the average number of sires per fruit, a decrease in intermediate‐distance mating and an increase in near‐neighbour mating. The results from Chiddarcooping suggest that bird pollination may increase paternal genetic diversity, potentially leading to higher fitness of progeny and favouring the evolution of this strategy. However, further experimentation involving additional trees and study sites is required to test this hypothesis. Alternatively, insects may be effective pollinators in some populations of bird‐adapted plants, but ineffective in others.

Contrasting scales of local persistence between monsoonal and arid biomes in closely related, low‐dispersal vertebrates - Sally Potter; Ana C. Afonso Silva; Jason G. Bragg; Sarah R. Catalano; Stephen Donnellan; Paul Doughty; Mitchell L. Scott; Craig Moritz (Journal of Biogeography, 2019)
Aim Focussing on pairs of sister species across three genera of scincid lizards, we use genomic evidence to test for larger‐scale, late‐Pleistocene changes in distributions of lizards in the Australian arid zone (AZ) than in the adjacent monsoonal tropics (MT). Location Northern and central Australia. Taxon Scincidae: Squamata. Methods We sequenced ~2000 nuclear exons and one mitochondrial gene across the distributions of species with primarily MT or AZ distributions from three genera of lizards. Using phylogenetic analysis and population structure analyses we identified major phylogeographic lineages and then compared the spatial scale of structuring and tested for recent demographic expansions. Results Two genera in particular, Proablepharus and Morethia , showed deeper and more geographically localized phylogeographic diversity in the MT than the AZ. In the MT, localized diversity was prevalent in the relatively mesic regions. By contrast, the AZ was characterized by widespread and often genetically uniform lineages and a higher proportion of these had signals of recent population expansion. Main conclusions Consistent with other recent, but mostly less genetically extensive studies, our results point to deeper and more localized diversity in MT compared to AZ. In turn, this suggests higher local persistence in more mesic and topographically diverse biome through the late Quaternary climate fluctuations. For the AZ, geographically extensive range expansions have likely contributed to the low spatial turnover of this exceptionally rich lizard fauna.

Coumarins and flavones from the fruit and root extracts of Micromelum integerrimum - Virayu Suthiphasilp; Wisanu Maneerat; Raymond J. Andersen; Stephen G. Pyne; Chatchai Muanprasat; Sawinee Seemakhan; Suparerk Borwornpinyo; Surat Laphookhieo (Natural Product Research, 2019)

Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Subunit Vaccine Administered with CaPNP Adjuvant Induce High Virus Neutralization Antibody Titers in Mice - Tulin Morcol; Peri Nagappan; Stephen J. D. Bell; Andrew G. Cawthon (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2019)

Environmental analysis of producing biochar and energy recovery from pulp and paper mill biosludge - Ali Mohammadi; Maria Sandberg; G. Venkatesh; Samieh Eskandari; Tommy Dalgaard; Stephen Joseph; Karin Granström (Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2019)
Sweden is one of the largest exporters of pulp and paper products in the world. It follows that huge quantities of sludge rich in carbonaceous organic material and containing heavy metals are generated. This paper carried out a comparative environmental analysis of three different technologies, which can be adopted to produce biochar and recover energy from the biosludge, using landfilling as the reference case. These three thermochemical biosludge management systems—using incineration, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)—were modeled using life cycle assessment (LCA). Heat generated in the incineration process (System A) was considered to be for captive consumption within the kraft pulp mills. It was assumed that the biochars—pyrochar and hydrochar—produced from pyrolysis (System B) and HTC (System C), respectively, were added to the forest soils. The LCA results show that all the alternative systems considerably improve the environmental performance of biosludge management, relative to landfilling. For all systems, there are net reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (–0.89, –1.43, and –1.13 tonnes CO 2 ‐equivalent per tonne dry matter biosludge in Systems A, B, and C, respectively). System B resulted in the lowest potential eutrophication and terrestrial ecotoxicity impacts, whereas System C had the least acidification potential. The results of this analysis show that, from an environmental point of view, biochar soil amendment as an alternative method for handling pulp and paper mill biosludge is preferable to energy recovery. However, an optimal biochar system needs to factor in the social and economic contexts as well.

Terrestrial Behavior in Titi Monkeys (Callicebus, Cheracebus, and Plecturocebus): Potential Correlates, Patterns, and Differences between Genera - João Pedro Souza-Alves; Italo Mourthe; Renato R. Hilário; Júlio César Bicca-Marques; Jennifer Rehg; Carla C. Gestich; Adriana C. Acero-Murcia; Patrice Adret; Rolando Aquino; Mélissa Berthet; Mark Bowler; Armando M. Calouro; et al. (International Journal of Primatology, 2019)

Phenotypic Plasticity of Nest-Mate Recognition Cues in Formica exsecta Ants - Stephen J. Martin; Falko P. Drijfhout; Adam G. Hart (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2019)

Divergent long‐term trends and interannual variation in ecosystem resource use efficiencies of a southern boreal old black spruce forest 1999–2017 - Peng Liu; T. Andrew Black; Rachhpal S. Jassal; Tianshan Zha; Zoran Nesic; Alan G. Barr; Warren D. Helgason; Xin Jia; Yun Tian; Jilmarie J. Stephens; Jingyong Ma (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Long‐term trends in ecosystem resource use efficiencies (RUEs) and their controlling factors are key pieces of information for understanding how an ecosystem responds to climate change. We used continuous eddy covariance and microclimate data over the period 1999–2017 from a 120‐year‐old black spruce stand in central Saskatchewan, Canada, to assess interannual variability, long‐term trends, and key controlling factors of gross ecosystem production (GEP) and the RUEs of carbon (CUE = net primary production [NPP]/GEP), light (LUE = GEP/absorbed photosynthetic radiation [APAR]), and water (WUE = GEP/evapotranspiration [ E ]). At this site, annual GEP has shown an increasing trend over the 19 years ( p 2 concentration. Interannual variability in GEP, aside from its increasing trend, was most strongly related to spring temperatures. Associated with the significant increase in annual GEP were relatively small changes in NPP, APAR, and E , so that annual CUE showed a decreasing trend and annual LUE and WUE showed increasing trends over the 19 years. The long‐term trends in the RUEs were related to the increasing CO 2 concentration. Further analysis of detrended RUEs showed that their interannual variation was impacted most strongly by air temperature. Two‐factor linear models combining CO 2 concentration and air temperature performed well ( R 2 ~0.60) in simulating annual RUEs. LUE and WUE were positively correlated both annually and seasonally, while LUE and CUE were mostly negatively correlated. Our results showed divergent long‐term trends among CUE, LUE, and WUE and highlighted the need to account for the combined effects of climatic controls and the ‘CO 2 fertilization effect’ on long‐term variations in RUEs. Since most RUE‐based models rely primarily on one resource limitation, the observed patterns of relative change among the three RUEs may have important implications for RUE‐based modeling of C fluxes.

Autonomous Multi-Trophic Observations of Productivity and Export at the Australian Southern Ocean Time Series (SOTS) Reveal Sequential Mechanisms of Physical-Biological Coupling - Thomas W. Trull; Peter Jansen; Eric Schulz; Ben Weeding; Diana M. Davies; Stephen G. Bray (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Measuring Global Ocean Heat Content to Estimate the Earth Energy Imbalance - Benoit Meyssignac; Tim Boyer; Zhongxiang Zhao; Maria Z. Hakuba; Felix W. Landerer; Detlef Stammer; Armin Köhl; Seiji Kato; Tristan L’Ecuyer; Michael Ablain; John Patrick Abraham; Alejandro Blazquez; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Ocean Observations to Improve Our Understanding, Modeling, and Forecasting of Subseasonal-to-Seasonal Variability - Aneesh C. Subramanian; Magdalena A. Balmaseda; Luca Centurioni; Rajib Chattopadhyay; Bruce D. Cornuelle; Charlotte DeMott; Maria Flatau; Yosuke Fujii; Donata Giglio; Sarah T. Gille; Thomas M. Hamill; Harry Hendon; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Vertical mixing in a shallow tropical reservoir - Peipei Yang; Derek A. Fong; Edmond Yat-Man Lo; Stephen G. Monismith (Limnology, 2019)

The use of a poster to reduce expectations to receive antibiotics for a common cold - Stephen R. Ritchie; Lizzie Rakhmanova; Eilish Out-O’Reilly; Stephen Reay; Mark G. Thomas; Laszlo Sajtos (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2019)

Ocean Reanalyses: Recent Advances and Unsolved Challenges - Andrea Storto; Aida Alvera-Azcárate; Magdalena A. Balmaseda; Alexander Barth; Matthieu Chevallier; Francois Counillon; Catia M. Domingues; Marie Drevillon; Yann Drillet; Gaël Forget; Gilles Garric; Keith Haines; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Observational Needs for Improving Ocean and Coupled Reanalysis, S2S Prediction, and Decadal Prediction - Stephen G. Penny; Santha Akella; Magdalena A. Balmaseda; Philip Browne; James A. Carton; Matthieu Chevallier; Francois Counillon; Catia Domingues; Sergey Frolov; Patrick Heimbach; Patrick Hogan; Ibrahim Hoteit; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Correction to: Genetic variant predictors of gene expression provide new insight into risk of colorectal cancer - Stephanie A. Bien; Yu-Ru Su; David V. Conti; Tabitha A. Harrison; Conghui Qu; Xingyi Guo; Yingchang Lu; Demetrius Albanes; Paul L. Auer; Barbara L. Banbury; Sonja I. Berndt; Stéphane Bézieau; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of trace metals in surface sediments of Lake Qaroun, Egypt - Ahmed A. El-Kady; Terry L. Wade; Stephen T. Sweet; Andrew G. Klein (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2019)

Neurotoxicity of Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus (South American coralsnake) venom in vertebrate neuromuscular preparations in vitro and neutralization by antivenom - Rafael S. Floriano; Raphael Schezaro-Ramos; Nelson J. Silva; Fábio Bucaretchi; Edward G. Rowan; Stephen Hyslop (Archives of Toxicology, 2019)

Conservation of old individual trees and small populations is integral to maintain species' genetic diversity of a historically fragmented woody perennial - Nicole Bezemer; Siegfried L. Krauss; David G. Roberts; Stephen D. Hopper (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
Historically fragmented and specialized habitats such as granite outcrops are understudied globally unique hot spots of plant evolution. In contrast to predictions based on mainstream population genetic theory, some granite outcrop plants appear to have persisted as very small populations despite prolonged geographic and genetic isolation. Eucalyptus caesia Benth. is a long‐lived lignotuberous tree endemic with a naturally fragmented distribution on granite outcrops in south‐western Australia. To quantify population to landscape‐level genetic structure, we employed microsatellite genotyping at 14 loci of all plants in 18 stands of E. caesia . Sampled stands were characterized by low levels of genetic diversity, small absolute population sizes, localized clonality and strong fine‐scale genetic subdivision. There was no significant relationship between population size and levels of heterozygosity. At the landscape scale, high levels of population genetic differentiation were most pronounced among representatives of the two subspecies in E. caesia as originally circumscribed. Past genetic interconnection was evident between some geographic neighbours separated by up to 20 km. Paradoxically, other pairs of neighbouring stands as little as 7 km apart were genetically distinct. There was no consistent pattern of isolation by distance across the 280 km range of E. caesia . Low levels of gene flow, together with strong drift within stands, provide some explanation of the patterns of genetic differentiation we observed. Individual genet longevity via the ability to repeatedly resprout and expand from a lignotuber may enhance the persistence of some woody perennial endemic plants despite small population size, minimal genetic interconnection and low heterozygosity.

Rapid evolution with generation overlap: the double-edged effect of dormancy - Masato Yamamichi; Nelson G. Hairston; Mark Rees; Stephen P. Ellner (Theoretical Ecology, 2019)

Optimizing pheromone-based lures for the invasive red-necked longhorn beetle, Aromia bungii - Yunfan Zou; Laura Hansen; Tian Xu; Stephen A. Teale; Dejun Hao; Jocelyn G. Millar (Journal of Pest Science, 2019)

Are Eurosta solidaginis on Solidago rugosa a divergent host-associated race? - Chandra E. Moffat; Mizuki K. Takahashi; Sarah L. Pease; Jonathan M. Brown; Stephen B. Heard; Warren G. Abrahamson (Evolutionary Ecology, 2019)

Method for the Rapid Fixation of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Small Mammals - Vasyl V. Tkach; Andrew G. Hope; Stephen E. Greiman (Acta Parasitologica, 2019)

Effect of methodological choice on the estimated impacts of wool production and the significance for LCA-based rating systems - Stephen G. Wiedemann; Aaron Simmons; Kalinda J. L. Watson; Leo Biggs (The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2019)

Complex interactions between climate change, sanitation, and groundwater quality: a case study from Ramotswa, Botswana - Bonnie M. McGill; Yvan Altchenko; Stephen K. Hamilton; Piet K. Kenabatho; Steven R. Sylvester; Karen G. Villholth (Hydrogeology Journal, 2019)

Fractal fluctuations in muscular activity contribute to judgments of length but not heaviness via dynamic touch - Madhur Mangalam; James D. Conners; Damian G. Kelty-Stephen; Tarkeshwar Singh (Experimental Brain Research, 2019)

Multiple parapatric pollinators have radiated across a continental fig tree displaying clinal genetic variation - Hui Yu; Enwei Tian; Linna Zheng; Xiaoxia Deng; Yufen Cheng; Lianfu Chen; Wei Wu; Wattana Tanming; Dayong Zhang; Stephen G. Compton; Finn Kjellberg (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
The ways that plant‐feeding insects have diversified are central to our understanding of terrestrial ecosystems. Obligate nursery pollination mutualisms provide highly relevant model systems of how plants and their insect associates have diversified and the over 800 species of fig trees ( Ficus ) allow comparative studies. Fig trees can have one or more pollinating fig wasp species (Agaonidae) that breed within their figs, but factors influencing their number remain to be established. In some widely distributed fig trees, the plants form populations isolated by large swathes of sea, and the different populations are pollinated by different wasp species. Other Ficus species with continuous distributions may present genetic signatures of isolation by distance, suggesting more limited pollinator dispersal, which may also facilitate pollinator speciation. We tested the hypothesis that Ficus hirta , a species for which preliminary data showed genetic isolation by distance, would support numerous pollinator species across its range. Our results show that across its range F. hirta displays clinal genetic variation and is pollinated by nine parapatric species of Valisia . This is the highest number of pollinators reported to date for any Ficus species, and it is the first demonstration of the occurrence of parapatric pollinator species on a fig host displaying continuous genetic structure. Future comparative studies across Ficus species should be able to establish the plant traits that have driven the evolution of pollinator dispersal behaviour, pollinator speciation and host plant spatial genetic structure.

First detection and isolation of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus from farmed rainbow trout in Nyeri County, Kenya - Isaac R. Mulei; Phillip N. Nyaga; Paul G. Mbuthia; Robert M. Waruiru; Cheng Xu; Øystein Evensen; Stephen Mutoloki (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2019)
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the causative agent of infectious haematopoietic necrosis, a disease of salmonid responsible for great economic losses. The disease occurs in most parts of the world where rainbow trout is reared but has not been previously reported in Kenya. In this study, rainbow trout fry and growers from two farms in Nyeri County were screened for IHNV. Whole fry ( n = 4 from each farm) and kidney samples from growers ( n = 15 and n = 6 from the two farms, respectively) were collected and preserved for cell culture examination or PCR analysis. Screening of samples was done by PCR followed by sequencing of the glycoprotein gene of the virus. Demonstration of the virus was done by propagation in EPC cells followed by the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The results revealed the presence of IHNV at low prevalence of 0.1 and 0.4 for the two farms. The virus was confirmed both by IFAT and by partial sequencing of the G gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Kenyan isolates were identical to those of the J genogroup found mostly in Asia. The findings have implications for biosecurity measures and import regulations for the Kenyan rainbow trout industry.

Effects of Nutrient-Limitation on Disturbance Recovery in Experimental Mangrove Wetlands - Shelby Servais; John S. Kominoski; Stephen E. Davis; Evelyn E. Gaiser; Julio Pachόn; Tiffany G. Troxler (Wetlands, 2019)

Genetic variant predictors of gene expression provide new insight into risk of colorectal cancer - Stephanie A. Bien; Yu-Ru Su; David V. Conti; Tabitha A. Harrison; Conghui Qu; Xingyi Guo; Yingchang Lu; Demetrius Albanes; Paul L. Auer; Barbara L. Banbury; Sonja I. Berndt; Stéphane Bézieau; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

The limits to population density in birds and mammals - Philip A. Stephens; Marcus V. Vieira; Stephen G. Willis; Chris Carbone (Ecology Letters, 2019)
We address two fundamental ecological questions: what are the limits to animal population density and what determines those limits? We develop simple alternative models to predict population limits in relation to body mass. A model assuming that within‐species area use increases with the square of daily travel distance broadly predicts the scaling of empirical extremes of minimum density across birds and mammals. Consistent with model predictions, the estimated density range for a given mass, ‘population scope’, is greater for birds than for mammals. However, unlike mammals and carnivorous birds, expected broad relationships between body mass and density extremes are not supported by data on herbivorous and omnivorous birds. Our results suggest that simple constraints on mobility and energy use/supply are major determinants of the scaling of density limits, but further understanding of interactions between dietary constraints and density limits are needed to predict future wildlife population responses to anthropogenic threats.

The North Atlantic Aerosol and Marine Ecosystem Study (NAAMES): Science Motive and Mission Overview - Michael J. Behrenfeld; Richard H. Moore; Chris A. Hostetler; Jason Graff; Peter Gaube; Lynn M. Russell; Gao Chen; Scott C. Doney; Stephen Giovannoni; Hongyu Liu; Christopher Proctor; Luis M. Bolaños; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Antimalarial and cytotoxic activities of pregnene-type steroidal alkaloids from Holarrhena pubescens roots - Sarot Cheenpracha; Pannakorn Boapun; Thunwadee Limtharakul (née Ritthiwigrom); Surat Laphookhieo; Stephen G. Pyne (Natural Product Research, 2019)

Future Directions in Conservation Research on Petrels and Shearwaters - Airam Rodríguez; José M. Arcos; Vincent Bretagnolle; Maria P. Dias; Nick D. Holmes; Maite Louzao; Jennifer Provencher; André F. Raine; Francisco Ramírez; Beneharo Rodríguez; Robert A. Ronconi; Rebecca S. Taylor; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Volatile release, mobility, and mortality of diapausing Halyomorpha halys during simulated shipping movements and temperature changes - Laura J. Nixon; Amy Tabb; William R. Morrison; Kevin B. Rice; Eckehard G. Brockerhoff; Tracy C. Leskey; Chikako van Koten; Stephen Goldson; Michael Rostás (Journal of Pest Science, 2019)

Challenges and Prospects in Ocean Circulation Models - Baylor Fox-Kemper; Alistair Adcroft; Claus W. Böning; Eric P. Chassignet; Enrique Curchitser; Gokhan Danabasoglu; Carsten Eden; Matthew H. England; Rüdiger Gerdes; Richard J. Greatbatch; Stephen M. Griffies; Robert W. Hallberg; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Chemical diversity and anti-acne inducing bacterial potentials of essential oils from selected Elsholtzia species - Sopit Phetsang; Jukreera Panyakaew; Sunanta Wangkarn; Nopakarn Chandet; Angkhana Inta; Sila Kittiwachana; Stephen G. Pyne; Pitchaya Mungkornasawakul (Natural Product Research, 2019)

Adeno-Associated Viral Gene Therapy for Inherited Retinal Disease - Tuyen Ong; Mark E. Pennesi; David G. Birch; Byron L. Lam; Stephen H. Tsang (Pharmaceutical Research, 2019)

Leveraging linkage evidence to identify low-frequency and rare variants on 16p13 associated with blood pressure using TOPMed whole genome sequencing data - Karen Y. He; Xiaoyin Li; Tanika N. Kelly; Jingjing Liang; Brian E. Cade; Themistocles L. Assimes; Lewis C. Becker; Amber L. Beitelshees; Adam P. Bress; Yen-Pei Christy Chang; Yii-Der Ida Chen; Paul S. de Vries; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

Biocultural diversity and food sovereignty: a case study of human-plant relations in northwestern Ethiopia - Morgan L. Ruelle; Karim-Aly Kassam; Stephen J. Morreale; Zemede Asfaw; Alison G. Power; Timothy J. Fahey (Food Security, 2019)

5-HT2A blockade for dyskinesia and psychosis in Parkinson’s disease: is there a limit to the efficacy of this approach? A study in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset and a literature mini-review - Cynthia Kwan; Imane Frouni; Dominique Bédard; Stephen G. Nuara; Jim C. Gourdon; Adjia Hamadjida; Philippe Huot (Experimental Brain Research, 2019)

Contrasting genetic structure of sympatric congeneric gastropods: Do differences in habitat preference, abundance and distribution matter? - Edward J. G. Wort; Mark A. Chapman; Stephen J. Hawkins; Lucy Henshall; Alfonso Pita; Marc Rius; Suzanne T. Williams; Phillip B. Fenberg (Journal of Biogeography, 2019)
Aim The relationship of population genetics with the ecology and biogeography of species may be explored by comparing phenotypically similar but ecologically different congeners with overlapping ranges. We compared genetic differentiation between two congeneric rocky intertidal gastropods across a major portion of their sympatric range. We hypothesized that the habitat generalist with high abundance and continuous distribution would exhibit comparatively less genetic differentiation than the habitat specialist with low abundance and a fragmented distribution. Location North‐east Atlantic from the north‐west Iberian Peninsula to southern British coastline. Taxon Gastropoda, Trochidae, Steromphala (formerly Gibbula ). Methods Field surveys were conducted to assess the presence/absence and the abundance of Steromphala umbilicalis (generalist) and S. pennanti (specialist) at 23 localities along ~1,800 km coastline. We isolated polymorphic microsatellite markers for both species (seven loci for S. umbilicalis and eight for S. pennanti ) and used these to genotype 187 S. umbilicalis and 157 S. pennanti individuals. We used standard population genetic analyses to compare patterns of genetic differentiation between species in relation to the field surveys. Results Steromphala pennanti showed a more fragmented distribution, significantly lower abundance, and greater genetic differentiation than S. umbilicalis . One S. umbilicalis population towards the north of the range (southern Britain) was genetically distinct from all other sampled populations. Steromphala pennanti showed greater genetic differentiation between three southern localities, which may be attributable to its fragmented distribution and lower abundance because of limited availability of its preferred fucoid habitat in this region. We also suggest that oceanographic currents could be associated with regional genetic structure. Main conclusions The habitat generalist showed high‐local abundances, continuous distribution and low regional genetic differentiation. We found the opposite pattern for the habitat specialist. Our study highlights the importance of considering ecological (e.g. abundance, habitat preferences) and abiotic variables (e.g. ocean currents and temperature) for understanding differences in genetic structure of sympatrically distributed congeners.

Direct and indirect effects of climate on richness drive the latitudinal diversity gradient in forest trees - Chengjin Chu; James A. Lutz; Kamil Král; Tomáš Vrška; Xue Yin; Jonathan A. Myers; Iveren Abiem; Alfonso Alonso; Norm Bourg; David F.R.P. Burslem; Min Cao; Hazel Chapman; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2019)
Climate is widely recognised as an important determinant of the latitudinal diversity gradient. However, most existing studies make no distinction between direct and indirect effects of climate, which substantially hinders our understanding of how climate constrains biodiversity globally. Using data from 35 large forest plots, we test hypothesised relationships amongst climate, topography, forest structural attributes (stem abundance, tree size variation and stand basal area) and tree species richness to better understand drivers of latitudinal tree diversity patterns. Climate influences tree richness both directly, with more species in warm, moist, aseasonal climates and indirectly, with more species at higher stem abundance. These results imply direct limitation of species diversity by climatic stress and more rapid (co‐)evolution and narrower niche partitioning in warm climates. They also support the idea that increased numbers of individuals associated with high primary productivity are partitioned to support a greater number of species.

The interactions of physical activity, exercise and genetics and their associations with bone mineral density: implications for injury risk in elite athletes - Adam J. Herbert; Alun G. Williams; Philip J. Hennis; Robert M. Erskine; Craig Sale; Stephen H. Day; Georgina K. Stebbings (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2019)

Production and Distribution of Aldehyde and Alcohol Sex Pheromone Components in the Pheromone Gland of Females of the Moth Chloridea virescens - Stephen P. Foster; Karin G. Anderson (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2019)

Nefazodone reduces dyskinesia, but not psychosis-like behaviours, in the parkinsonian marmoset - Adjia Hamadjida; Stephen G. Nuara; Dominique Bédard; Imane Frouni; Cynthia Kwan; Jim C. Gourdon; Philippe Huot (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2018)

Declines in Plant Productivity Drive Carbon Loss from Brackish Coastal Wetland Mesocosms Exposed to Saltwater Intrusion - Benjamin J. Wilson; Shelby Servais; Sean P. Charles; Stephen E. Davis; Evelyn E. Gaiser; John S. Kominoski; Jennifer H. Richards; Tiffany G. Troxler (Estuaries and Coasts, 2018)

Real-World Variability in the Prediction of Intracranial Aneurysm Wall Shear Stress: The 2015 International Aneurysm CFD Challenge - Kristian Valen-Sendstad; Aslak W. Bergersen; Yuji Shimogonya; Leonid Goubergrits; Jan Bruening; Jordi Pallares; Salvatore Cito; Senol Piskin; Kerem Pekkan; Arjan J. Geers; Ignacio Larrabide; Saikiran Rapaka; et al. (Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology, 2018)

Investigation of natural background radiation of sediments in Rameswaram Island, Tamil Nadu, India - I. Inigo Valan; I. Vijayalakshmi; R. Mathiyarasu; S. G. D. Sridhar; V. Narayanan; A. Stephen (Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2018)

The greenhouse gas cost of agricultural intensification with groundwater irrigation in a Midwest U.S. row cropping system - Bonnie M. McGill; Stephen K. Hamilton; Neville Millar; G. Philip Robertson (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Groundwater irrigation of cropland is expanding worldwide with poorly known implications for climate change. This study compares experimental measurements of the net global warming impact of a rainfed versus a groundwater‐irrigated corn (maize)–soybean–wheat, no‐till cropping system in the Midwest US, the region that produces the majority of U.S. corn and soybean. Irrigation significantly increased soil organic carbon (C) storage in the upper 25 cm, but not by enough to make up for the CO 2 ‐equivalent (CO 2 e) costs of fossil fuel power, soil emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and degassing of supersaturated CO 2 and N 2 O from the groundwater. A rainfed reference system had a net mitigating effect of −13.9 (±31) g CO 2 e m −2 year −1 , but with irrigation at an average rate for the region, the irrigated system contributed to global warming with net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 27.1 (±32) g CO 2 e m −2 year −1 . Compared to the rainfed system, the irrigated system had 45% more GHG emissions and 7% more C sequestration. The irrigation‐associated increase in soil N 2 O and fossil fuel emissions contributed 18% and 9%, respectively, to the system's total emissions in an average irrigation year. Groundwater degassing of CO 2 and N 2 O are missing components of previous assessments of the GHG cost of groundwater irrigation; together they were 4% of the irrigated system's total emissions. The irrigated system's net impact normalized by crop yield (GHG intensity) was +0.04 (±0.006) kg CO 2 e kg −1 yield, close to that of the rainfed system, which was −0.03 (±0.002) kg CO 2 e kg −1 yield. Thus, the increased crop yield resulting from irrigation can ameliorate overall GHG emissions if intensification by irrigation prevents land conversion emissions elsewhere, although the expansion of irrigation risks depletion of local water resources.

Genetic modifiers of radon-induced lung cancer risk: a genome-wide interaction study in former uranium miners - Albert Rosenberger; Rayjean J. Hung; David C. Christiani; Neil E. Caporaso; Geoffrey Liu; Stig E. Bojesen; Loic Le Marchand; Ch. A. Haiman; Demetrios Albanes; Melinda C. Aldrich; Adonina Tardon; G. Fernández-Tardón; et al. (International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2018)

Pragmatic criteria to define chronic pseudomonas aeruginosa infection among adults with cystic fibrosis - Zhe Hui Hoo; Elizabeth Coates; Chin Maguire; Hannah Cantrill; Nadia Shafi; Edward F. Nash; Angela McGowan; Stephen J. Bourke; William G. Flight; Thomas V. Daniels; Julia A. Nightingale; Mark I. Allenby; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2018)

Functional and Compositional Responses of Periphyton Mats to Simulated Saltwater Intrusion in the Southern Everglades - Viviana Mazzei; Evelyn E. Gaiser; John S. Kominoski; Benjamin J. Wilson; Shelby Servais; Laura Bauman; Stephen E. Davis; Steve Kelly; Fred H. Sklar; David T. Rudnick; Jemma Stachelek; Tiffany G. Troxler (Estuaries and Coasts, 2018)

Effects of Level, Loading Rate, Injury and Repair on Biomechanical Response of Ovine Cervical Intervertebral Discs - Rose G. Long; Ivan Zderic; Boyko Gueorguiev; Stephen J. Ferguson; Mauro Alini; Sibylle Grad; James C. Iatridis (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2018)

Pan‐tropical prediction of forest structure from the largest trees - Jean‐François Bastin; Ervan Rutishauser; James R. Kellner; Sassan Saatchi; Raphael Pélissier; Bruno Hérault; Ferry Slik; Jan Bogaert; Charles De Cannière; Andrew R. Marshall; John Poulsen; Patricia Alvarez‐Loyayza; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Aim Large tropical trees form the interface between ground and airborne observations, offering a unique opportunity to capture forest properties remotely and to investigate their variations on broad scales. However, despite rapid development of metrics to characterize the forest canopy from remotely sensed data, a gap remains between aerial and field inventories. To close this gap, we propose a new pan‐tropical model to predict plot‐level forest structure properties and biomass from only the largest trees. Location Pan‐tropical. Time period Early 21st century. Major taxa studied Woody plants. Methods Using a dataset of 867 plots distributed among 118 sites across the tropics, we tested the prediction of the quadratic mean diameter, basal area, Lorey's height, community wood density and aboveground biomass (AGB) from the i th largest trees. Results Measuring the largest trees in tropical forests enables unbiased predictions of plot‐ and site‐level forest structure. The 20 largest trees per hectare predicted quadratic mean diameter, basal area, Lorey's height, community wood density and AGB with 12, 16, 4, 4 and 17.7% of relative error, respectively. Most of the remaining error in biomass prediction is driven by differences in the proportion of total biomass held in medium‐sized trees (50–70 cm diameter at breast height), which shows some continental dependency, with American tropical forests presenting the highest proportion of total biomass in these intermediate‐diameter classes relative to other continents. Main conclusions Our approach provides new information on tropical forest structure and can be used to generate accurate field estimates of tropical forest carbon stocks to support the calibration and validation of current and forthcoming space missions. It will reduce the cost of field inventories and contribute to scientific understanding of tropical forest ecosystems and response to climate change.

Lipid-lowering activity of artichoke extracts: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Amirhossein Sahebkar; Matteo Pirro; Maciej Banach; Dimitri P. Mikhailidis; Stephen L. Atkin; Arrigo F. G. Cicero (Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2018)

Genome-wide association study of primary open-angle glaucoma in continental and admixed African populations - Pieter W. M. Bonnemaijer; Adriana I. Iglesias; Girish N. Nadkarni; Anna J. Sanyiwa; Hassan G. Hassan; Colin Cook; Mark Simcoe; Kent D. Taylor; Claudia Schurmann; Gillian M. Belbin; Eimear E. Kenny; Erwin P. Bottinger; et al. (Human Genetics, 2018)

Staphylococcus aureus colonisation and its relationship with skin and soft tissue infection in New Zealand children - Mark R. Hobbs; Cameron C. Grant; Mark G. Thomas; Sarah Berry; Susan M. B. Morton; Emma Marks; Stephen R. Ritchie (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2018)

A simple cell-alignment protocol for sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation to complement mechanical and optical alignment procedures - Guy Channell; Vlad Dinu; Gary G. Adams; Stephen E. Harding (European Biophysics Journal, 2018)

Production of membrane proteins for characterisation of their pheromone-sensing and antimicrobial resistance functions - Aalishaa A. Azam; Jean M. Kinder; G. Nasir Khan; Ade Alase; Pikyee Ma; Yang Liu; James R. Ault; Peter J. F. Henderson; Babur Z. Chowdhry; Bruce D. Alexander; Stephen E. Harding; Mary K. Phillips-Jones (European Biophysics Journal, 2018)

Controlled depolymerisation assessed by analytical ultracentrifugation of low molecular weight chitosan for use in archaeological conservation - Jennifer M. K. Wakefield; Richard B. Gillis; Gary G. Adams; Caitlin M. A. McQueen; Stephen E. Harding (European Biophysics Journal, 2018)

Recent ecological change in ancient lakes - Stephanie E. Hampton; Suzanne McGowan; Ted Ozersky; Salvatore G. P. Virdis; Tuong Thuy Vu; Trisha L. Spanbauer; Benjamin M. Kraemer; George Swann; Anson W. Mackay; Stephen M. Powers; Michael F. Meyer; Stephanie G. Labou; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2018)
Ancient lakes are among the best archivists of past environmental change, having experienced more than one full glacial cycle, a wide range of climatic conditions, tectonic events, and long association with human settlements. These lakes not only record long histories of environmental variation and human activity in their sediments, but also harbor very high levels of biodiversity and endemism. Yet, ancient lakes are faced with a familiar suite of anthropogenic threats, which may degrade the unusual properties that make them especially valuable to science and society. In all ancient lakes for which data exist, significant warming of surface waters has occurred, with a broad range of consequences. Eutrophication threatens both native species assemblages and regional economies reliant on clean surface water, fisheries, and tourism. Where sewage contributes nutrients and heavy metals, one can anticipate the occurrence of less understood emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and microplastics that negatively affect lake biota and water quality. Human populations continue to increase in most of the ancient lakes’ watersheds, which will exacerbate these concerns. Further, human alterations of hydrology, including those produced through climate change, have altered lake levels. Co‐occurring with these impacts have been intentional and unintentional species introductions, altering biodiversity. Given that the distinctive character of each ancient lake is strongly linked to age, there may be few options to remediate losses of species or other ecosystem damage associated with modern ecological change, heightening the imperative for understanding these systems.

Importance of disturbance history on net primary productivity in the world's most productive forests and implications for the global carbon cycle - Liubov Volkova; Stephen H. Roxburgh; Christopher J. Weston; Richard G. Benyon; Andrew L. Sullivan; Philip J. Polglase (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Analysis of growth and biomass turnover in natural forests of Eucalyptus regnans , the world's tallest angiosperm, reveals it is also the world's most productive forest type, with fire disturbance an important mediator of net primary productivity ( NPP ). A comprehensive empirical database was used to calculate the averaged temporal pattern of NPP from regeneration to 250 years age. NPP peaks at 23.1 ± 3.8 (95% interquantile range) Mg C ha −1 year −1 at age 14 years, and declines gradually to about 9.2 ± 0.8 Mg C ha −1 year −1 at 130 years, with an average NPP over 250 years of 11.4 ± 1.1 Mg C ha −1 year −1 , a value similar to the most productive temperate and tropical forests around the world. We then applied the age‐class distribution of E. regnans resulting from relatively recent historical fires to estimate current NPP for the forest estate. Values of NPP were 40% higher (13 Mg C ha −1 year −1 ) than if forests were assumed to be at maturity (9.2 Mg C ha −1 year −1 ). The empirically derived NPP time series for the E. regnans estate was then compared against predictions from 21 global circulation models, showing that none of them had the capacity to simulate a post‐disturbance peak in NPP , as found in E. regnans . The potential importance of disturbance impacts on NPP was further tested by applying a similar approach to the temperate forests of conterminous United States and of China. Allowing for the effects of disturbance, NPP summed across both regions was on average 11% (or 194 Tg C/year) greater than if all forests were assumed to be in a mature state. The results illustrate the importance of accounting for past disturbance history and growth stage when estimating forest primary productivity, with implications for carbon balance modelling at local to global scales.

Remotely sensed canopy nitrogen correlates with nitrous oxide emissions in a lowland tropical rainforest - Fiona M. Soper; Benjamin W. Sullivan; Megan K. Nasto; Brooke B. Osborne; David Bru; Christopher S. Balzotti; Phillip G. Taylor; Gregory P. Asner; Alan R. Townsend; Laurent Philippot; Stephen Porder; Cory C. Cleveland (Ecology, 2018)
Tropical forests exhibit significant heterogeneity in plant functional and chemical traits that may contribute to spatial patterns of key soil biogeochemical processes, such as carbon storage and greenhouse gas emissions. Although tropical forests are the largest ecosystem source of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), drivers of spatial patterns within forests are poorly resolved. Here, we show that local variation in canopy foliar N, mapped by remote‐sensing image spectroscopy, correlates with patterns of soil N 2 O emission from a lowland tropical rainforest. We identified ten 0.25 ha plots (assemblages of 40–70 individual trees) in which average remotely‐sensed canopy N fell above or below the regional mean. The plots were located on a single minimally‐dissected terrace ( 2 ) where soil type, vegetation structure and climatic conditions were relatively constant. We measured N 2 O fluxes monthly for 1 yr and found that high canopy N species assemblages had on average three‐fold higher total mean N 2 O fluxes than nearby lower canopy N areas. These differences are consistent with strong differences in litter stoichiometry, nitrification rates and soil nitrate concentrations. Canopy N status was also associated with microbial community characteristics: lower canopy N plots had two‐fold greater soil fungal to bacterial ratios and a significantly lower abundance of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea, although genes associated with denitrification ( nirS, nirK, nosZ ) showed no relationship with N 2 O flux. Overall, landscape emissions from this ecosystem are at the lowest end of the spectrum reported for tropical forests, consist with multiple metrics indicating that these highly productive forests retain N tightly and have low plant‐available losses. These data point to connections between canopy and soil processes that have largely been overlooked as a driver of denitrification. Defining relationships between remotely‐sensed plant traits and soil processes offers the chance to map these processes at large scales, potentially increasing our ability to predict N 2 O emissions in heterogeneous landscapes.

Modest Gaseous Nitrogen Losses Point to Conservative Nitrogen Cycling in a Lowland Tropical Forest Watershed - Fiona M. Soper; Phillip G. Taylor; William R. Wieder; Samantha R. Weintraub; Cory C. Cleveland; Stephen Porder; Alan R. Townsend (Ecosystems, 2018)

Modelled incubation conditions indicate wider potential distributions based on thermal requirements for an oviparous lizard - Vaughn Stenhouse; Anna L. Carter; David G. Chapple; Kelly M. Hare; Stephen Hartley; Nicola J. Nelson (Journal of Biogeography, 2018)
Aim Predicting the distribution of species relies increasingly on understanding the spatially explicit constraints of environmental conditions on an organism's physiological traits. We combined an empirical model of temperature‐dependent embryonic development with a mechanistic model of soil temperatures to examine potential thermal limitations on the distribution of a nocturnal, oviparous skink, Oligosoma suteri , a range‐restricted endemic. Location New Zealand. Methods We estimated a thermal requirement for successful embryonic development as 616 degree‐days above a threshold of 13.8°C. We then modelled soil temperatures at representative sites across New Zealand and predicted duration of incubation to map the distribution of potentially viable oviposition sites, given variation in the timing of egg‐laying under even temperature increases. Results Successful development of O. suteri embryos is possible in locations outside their current distribution. Increasing temperatures increased the species’ potential range, reducing incubation duration and lengthening the oviposition window. However, due to the disconnected nature of their rocky shore habitat, individuals may not be able to disperse to currently uninhabited sites within that extended range. Additionally, although locations may be thermally suitable for incubation, predation by introduced mammals, competition and habitat modification may prevent successful establishment of populations. Main conclusions Our models contribute to understanding fundamental physiological constraints on an important life history stage that will inform conservation management actions, including potential future translocations.

Environmental Factors Affecting the Distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia in Two Monsoonal Estuaries of Western India and Effects of Salinity on Growth and Domoic Acid Production by P. pungens - Suraksha M. Pednekar; Stephen S. Bates; Vijaya Kerkar; S. G. Prabhu Matondkar (Estuaries and Coasts, 2018)

BioTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene - Maria Dornelas; Laura H. Antão; Faye Moyes; Amanda E. Bates; Anne E. Magurran; Dušan Adam; Asem A. Akhmetzhanova; Ward Appeltans; José Manuel Arcos; Haley Arnold; Narayanan Ayyappan; Gal Badihi; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Motivation The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community‐led open‐source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Main types of variables included The database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record. Spatial location and grain BioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km 2 (158 cm 2 ) to 100 km 2 (1,000,000,000,000 cm 2 ). Time period and grain BioTIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year. Major taxa and level of measurement BioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates. Software format .csv and .SQL.

Front Cover - James A. Lutz; Tucker J. Furniss; Daniel J. Johnson; Stuart J. Davies; David Allen; Alfonso Alonso; Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira; Ana Andrade; Jennifer Baltzer; Kendall M. L. Becker; Erika M. Blomdahl; Norman A. Bourg; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)

Global importance of large‐diameter trees - James A. Lutz; Tucker J. Furniss; Daniel J. Johnson; Stuart J. Davies; David Allen; Alfonso Alonso; Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira; Ana Andrade; Jennifer Baltzer; Kendall M. L. Becker; Erika M. Blomdahl; Norman A. Bourg; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Aim To examine the contribution of large‐diameter trees to biomass, stand structure, and species richness across forest biomes. Location Global. Time period Early 21st century. Major taxa studied Woody plants. Methods We examined the contribution of large trees to forest density, richness and biomass using a global network of 48 large (from 2 to 60 ha) forest plots representing 5,601,473 stems across 9,298 species and 210 plant families. This contribution was assessed using three metrics: the largest 1% of trees ≥ 1 cm diameter at breast height (DBH), all trees ≥ 60 cm DBH, and those rank‐ordered largest trees that cumulatively comprise 50% of forest biomass. Results Averaged across these 48 forest plots, the largest 1% of trees ≥ 1 cm DBH comprised 50% of aboveground live biomass, with hectare‐scale standard deviation of 26%. Trees ≥ 60 cm DBH comprised 41% of aboveground live tree biomass. The size of the largest trees correlated with total forest biomass ( r 2 = .62, p r 2 = .45, p r 2 = .33, p r 2 = .17, p = .002). The concentration of biomass in the largest 1% of trees declined with increasing absolute latitude ( r 2 = .46, p r 2 = .31, p r 2 = .26, p Main conclusions Because large‐diameter trees constitute roughly half of the mature forest biomass worldwide, their dynamics and sensitivities to environmental change represent potentially large controls on global forest carbon cycling. We recommend managing forests for conservation of existing large‐diameter trees or those that can soon reach large diameters as a simple way to conserve and potentially enhance ecosystem services.

Decreasing sea ice conditions in western Hudson Bay and an increase in abundance of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Churchill River - Katie R. N. Florko; Warren Bernhardt; C-Jae C. Breiter; Steven H. Ferguson; Meagan Hainstock; Brent G. Young; Stephen D. Petersen (Polar Biology, 2018)

A Digital Endocranial Cast of the Early Paleocene (Puercan) ‘Archaic’ Mammal Onychodectes tisonensis (Eutheria: Taeniodonta) - James G. Napoli; Thomas E. Williamson; Sarah L. Shelley; Stephen L. Brusatte (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2018)

Aboveground Carbon Storage and Its Links to Stand Structure, Tree Diversity and Floristic Composition in South-Eastern Tanzania - Iain M. McNicol; Casey M. Ryan; Kyle G. Dexter; Stephen M. J. Ball; Mathew Williams (Ecosystems, 2018)

The early inflorescence of Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrates positional effects in floral organ growth and meristem patterning - Andrew R. G. Plackett; Stephen J. Powers; Andy L. Phillips; Zoe A. Wilson; Peter Hedden; Stephen G. Thomas (Plant Reproduction, 2018)

The Dynamics of Pheromone Gland Synthesis and Release: a Paradigm Shift for Understanding Sex Pheromone Quantity in Female Moths - Stephen P. Foster; Karin G. Anderson; Jérôme Casas (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2018)

The Araneae of Svalbard: the relationships between specific environmental factors and spider assemblages in the High Arctic - Martin T. Dahl; Nigel G. Yoccoz; Kjetil Aakra; Stephen J. Coulson (Polar Biology, 2018)

Multiple non-catalytic ADAMs are novel integrin α4 ligands - Lei Wang; Jason A. Hoggard; Erica D. Korleski; Gideon V. Long; Brandy C. Ree; Kenneth Hensley; Stephen R. Bond; Tyra G. Wolfsberg; JianMing Chen; Tonya N. Zeczycki; Lance C. Bridges (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2018)

Differential Pheromone Sampling of the Gland of Female Heliothis Virescens Moths Reveals Glandular Differences in Composition and Quantity - Stephen P. Foster; Karin G. Anderson (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2018)

Extreme precipitation and phosphorus loads from two agricultural watersheds - Stephen R. Carpenter; Eric G. Booth; Christopher J. Kucharik (Limnology and Oceanography, 2018)
Phosphorus runoff from agricultural land is a major cause of eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs. Frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events are increasing in agricultural regions of the Upper Midwestern U.S., and these increases are projected to continue as climate warms. We quantified the linkage between extreme daily precipitation and extreme daily discharge, phosphorus (P) load, and P concentration for Pheasant Branch and the Yahara River, two tributaries of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, U.S.A. using the generalized Pareto distribution. Although precipitation extremes have increased since 1940, over the shorter period of stream monitoring (1994–2015 for Pheasant Branch and 1991–2015 for Yahara) there is no significant trend in extreme precipitation. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of extreme precipitation events (for example seven of the 11 largest 24‐h events since 1901) occurred during the period of stream monitoring. Daily precipitation extremes were associated with extremes in daily discharge and P load. P load return levels increased steeply and almost linearly with precipitation on log‐log axes. The trend toward more frequent and intense precipitation extremes will increase P loading and intensify the eutrophication of the lake, unless the excessive P enrichment of the watershed is reversed.

A boundary current drives synchronous growth of marine fishes across tropical and temperate latitudes - Joyce J. L. Ong; Adam N. Rountrey; Bryan A. Black; Hoang Minh Nguyen; Peter G. Coulson; Stephen J. Newman; Corey B. Wakefield; Jessica J. Meeuwig; Mark G. Meekan (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Entrainment of growth patterns of multiple species to single climatic drivers can lower ecosystem resilience and increase the risk of species extinction during stressful climatic events. However, predictions of the effects of climate change on the productivity and dynamics of marine fishes are hampered by a lack of historical data on growth patterns. We use otolith biochronologies to show that the strength of a boundary current, modulated by the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, accounted for almost half of the shared variance in annual growth patterns of five of six species of tropical and temperate marine fishes across 23° of latitude (3000 km) in Western Australia. Stronger flow during La Niña years drove increased growth of five species, whereas weaker flow during El Niño years reduced growth. Our work is the first to link the growth patterns of multiple fishes with a single oceanographic/climate phenomenon at large spatial scales and across multiple climate zones, habitat types, trophic levels and depth ranges. Extreme La Niña and El Niño events are predicted to occur more frequently in the future and these are likely to have implications for these vulnerable ecosystems, such as a limited capacity of the marine taxa to recover from stressful climatic events.

Route of Feeding as a Proxy for Dysphagia After Stroke and the Effect of Transdermal Glyceryl Trinitrate: Data from the Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke Randomised Controlled Trial - Lisa J Woodhouse; Polly Scutt; Shaheen Hamdy; David G Smithard; David L Cohen; Christine Roffe; Daniel Bereczki; Eivind Berge; Christopher F Bladin; Valeria Caso; Hanne K Christensen; Rónán Collins; et al. (Translational Stroke Research, 2018)

Episodic bouts of hyperaemia and shear stress improve arterial blood flow and endothelial function - Gary J. Hodges; Desmond G. Stewart; Paul J. Davison; Stephen S. Cheung (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2018)

Late Smithian microbial deposits and their lateral marine fossiliferous limestones (Early Triassic, Hurricane Cliffs, Utah, USA) - Nicolas Olivier; Emmanuel Fara; Emmanuelle Vennin; Kevin G. Bylund; James F. Jenks; Gilles Escarguel; Daniel A. Stephen; Nicolas Goudemand; Dawn Snyder; Christophe Thomazo; Arnaud Brayard (Facies, 2018)

Genome re‐sequencing and simple sequence repeat markers reveal the existence of divergent lineages in the Canadian Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici population with extensive DNA methylation - Gurcharn S. Brar; Sajid Ali; Dinah Qutob; Stephen Ambrose; Kun Lou; Ron Maclachlan; Curtis J. Pozniak; Yong‐Bi Fu; Andrew G. Sharpe; Hadley R. Kutcher (Environmental Microbiology, 2018)
Summary Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici ( Pst ), is an important disease in Canada. The worldwide genetic structure of Pst populations have been characterized, excluding Canada. Here, we elucidated the genetic structure of the western Canadian Pst population using molecular markers, revealing the presence of four divergent lineages with predominantly clonal structure. In the worldwide context, two previously reported lineages were identified: PstS0 (22%), representing an old Northwestern‐European and PstS1 (35%), an invasive warm‐temperature adapted. Additionally, two new, unreported lineages, PstPr (9%) and PstS1 ‐related (35%), were detected, which produced more telia than other lineages and had double the number of unique recombination events. The PstPr was a recent invasion, and likely evolved in a diverse, recombinant population as it was closely related to the PstS5 , PstS7 /Warrior, PstS8 /Kranich, and PstS9 lineages originating from sexually recombining populations in the centre of diversity. The DNA methylation analysis revealed DNA‐methyltransferase1‐homologs, providing compelling evidence for epigenetic regulation and as a first report, an average of ∼5%, 5hmC in the Puccinia epigenome merits further investigation. The divergent lineages in the Canadian Pst population with the potential for genetic recombination, as well as epigenetic regulation needs consideration in the context of pathogen adaptation and management.

Assessing the feasibility of creating tsetse and trypanosomosis-free zones - Udo Feldmann; Stephen G. A. Leak; Jorge Hendrichs (International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 2018)

Cortical and thalamic connectivity to the second auditory cortex of the cat is resilient to the onset of deafness - Blake E. Butler; Alexandra de la Rua; Taylor Ward-Able; Stephen G. Lomber (Brain Structure and Function, 2018)

A novel approach to wildlife transcriptomics provides evidence of disease‐mediated differential expression and changes to the microbiome of amphibian populations - Lewis J. Campbell; Stewart A. Hammond; Stephen J. Price; Manmohan D. Sharma; Trenton W. J. Garner; Inanc Birol; Caren C. Helbing; Lena Wilfert; Amber G. F. Griffiths (Molecular Ecology, 2018)
Ranaviruses are responsible for a lethal, emerging infectious disease in amphibians and threaten their populations throughout the world. Despite this, little is known about how amphibian populations respond to ranaviral infection. In the United Kingdom, ranaviruses impact the common frog ( Rana temporaria ). Extensive public engagement in the study of ranaviruses in the UK has led to the formation of a unique system of field sites containing frog populations of known ranaviral disease history. Within this unique natural field system, we used RNA sequencing ( RNA ‐Seq) to compare the gene expression profiles of R. temporaria populations with a history of ranaviral disease and those without. We have applied a RNA read‐filtering protocol that incorporates Bloom filters, previously used in clinical settings, to limit the potential for contamination that comes with the use of RNA ‐Seq in nonlaboratory systems. We have identified a suite of 407 transcripts that are differentially expressed between populations of different ranaviral disease history. This suite contains genes with functions related to immunity, development, protein transport and olfactory reception among others. A large proportion of potential noncoding RNA transcripts present in our differentially expressed set provide first evidence of a possible role for long noncoding RNA (lnc RNA ) in amphibian response to viruses. Our read‐filtering approach also removed significantly more bacterial reads from libraries generated from positive disease history populations. Subsequent analysis revealed these bacterial read sets to represent distinct communities of bacterial species, which is suggestive of an interaction between ranavirus and the host microbiome in the wild.

Photodissolution of copper from resuspended coastal marine sediments - Stephen A. Skrabal; Alyssa M. McBurney; Linda A. Webb; G. Brooks Avery; Robert J. Kieber; Ralph N. Mead (Limnology and Oceanography, 2018)
Total dissolved Cu (TDCu) was photoproduced from suspensions of estuarine and coastal marine sediments from varied biogeochemical settings after exposure to the equivalent of 1 day of sunlight. Net photorelease (defined as the difference between mean light and dark concentrations) of TDCu occurred in 10 of 13 experiments and ranged from 1.1 nM to 11.8 nM (0.88–46.1 nmol Cu g −1 dry sediment). Photorelease was observed over environmentally relevant total suspended sediment concentrations ranging from 38 mg L −1 to 460 mg L −1 . The magnitude of photorelease was directly correlated to the 1 M HCl‐extractable Cu and Fe contents of sediments. Photoreleased Cu was likely associated with organic matter and/or Fe oxyhydroxides, both of which are photoreactive. Photoreleased TDCu persisted for at least 24 h after irradiation indicating that the Cu was not immediately scavenged back onto particles, most likely because it was stabilized by complexation with dissolved organic matter. Results of this study are important because a conservative estimate of the areal flux of TDCu from irradiation of a modest suspended sediment loading of 100 mg L −1 in the top 100 cm of a sunlit water column would be 460 nmol m −2 d −1 , which is comparable to or significantly larger than benthic and riverine fluxes of the metal in estuarine and coastal environments. These results suggest that photolytic fluxes are a significant yet previously unrecognized source of bioactive Cu to natural waters.

Acrylamide levels in potato crisps in Europe from 2002 to 2016 - Stephen J. Powers; Donald S. Mottram; Andrew Curtis; Nigel G. Halford (Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2017)

Role of Dynein Axonemal Heavy Chain 6 Gene Expression as a Possible Biomarker for Huntington’s Disease: a Translational Study - Lorena B. Areal; Lorraine P. Pereira; Fabiola M. Ribeiro; Isabella G. Olmo; Marcelo R. Muniz; Maria do Carmo Rodrigues; Patrik F. Costa; Cristina Martins-Silva; Stephen S. G. Ferguson; Daniela A. M. Guimarães; Rita G. W. Pires (Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 2017)

Relationships of depressive behavior and sertraline treatment with walking speed and activity in older female nonhuman primates - Jamie N. Justice; Marnie G. Silverstein-Metzler; Beth Uberseder; Susan E. Appt; Thomas B. Clarkson; Thomas C. Register; Stephen B. Kritchevsky; Carol A. Shively (GeroScience, 2017)

The role of shear stress on cutaneous microvascular endothelial function in humans - Gary J. Hodges; Desmond G. Stewart; Paul J. Davison; Stephen S. Cheung (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2017)

Energetic requirements of green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) feeding on burrowing shrimp (Neotrypaea californiensis) in estuaries: importance of temperature, reproductive investment, and residence time - Joshua M. Borin; Mary L. Moser; Adam G. Hansen; David A. Beauchamp; Stephen C. Corbett; Brett R. Dumbauld; Casey Pruitt; Jennifer L. Ruesink; Cinde Donoghue (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2017)

The Influence of Legacy P on Lake Water Quality in a Midwestern Agricultural Watershed - Melissa Motew; Xi Chen; Eric G. Booth; Stephen R. Carpenter; Pavel Pinkas; Samuel C. Zipper; Steven P. Loheide; Simon D. Donner; Kai Tsuruta; Peter A. Vadas; Christopher J. Kucharik (Ecosystems, 2017)

A simple and rapid in vitro test for large-scale screening of fungal endophytes from drought-adapted Australian wild plants for conferring water deprivation tolerance and growth promotion in Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings - Khondoker M. G. Dastogeer; Hua Li; Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam; Michael G. K. Jones; Stephen J. Wylie (Archives of Microbiology, 2017)

Spine Posture Influences Tactile Perceptual Sensitivity of the Trunk Dorsum - Shawn M. Beaudette; Simone G. V. S. Smith; Leah R. Bent; Stephen H. M. Brown (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2017)

Wind‐driven upwelling and surface chlorophyll blooms in Greater Cook Strait - Stephen M. Chiswell; John R. Zeldis; Mark G. Hadfield; Matthew H. Pinkerton (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2017)
We present the results of a combined observational and numerical study to investigate cool plumes of nutrient‐rich upwelled water that emanate near the Kahurangi Shoals and extend into Greater Cook Strait. Surface temperature and chlorophyll are mapped using satellite observations to produce surface climatologies, to validate a numerical simulation and to show the utility of using spatial temperature differences as a measure of upwelling. We find upwelling near the Kahurangi Shoals is strongly wind‐driven in the weather band. Upwelling occurs at all times of the year, but its surface signature is only visible in summer months. The upwelled nutrient‐rich water supports increased primary production compared to surrounding waters, particularly in summer when the water column is more stratified and surrounding surface waters are presumably nutrient depleted.

Biogeography of mutualistic fungi cultivated by leafcutter ants - Ulrich G. Mueller; Heather D. Ishak; Sofia M. Bruschi; Chad C. Smith; Jacob J. Herman; Scott E. Solomon; Alexander S. Mikheyev; Christian Rabeling; Jarrod J. Scott; Michael Cooper; Andre Rodrigues; Adriana Ortiz; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2017)
Leafcutter ants propagate co‐evolving fungi for food. The nearly 50 species of leafcutter ants ( Atta , Acromyrmex ) range from Argentina to the United States, with the greatest species diversity in southern South America. We elucidate the biogeography of fungi cultivated by leafcutter ants using DNA sequence and microsatellite‐marker analyses of 474 cultivars collected across the leafcutter range. Fungal cultivars belong to two clades (Clade‐A and Clade‐B). The dominant and widespread Clade‐A cultivars form three genotype clusters, with their relative prevalence corresponding to southern South America, northern South America, Central and North America. Admixture between Clade‐A populations supports genetic exchange within a single species, Leucocoprinus gongylophorus . Some leafcutter species that cut grass as fungicultural substrate are specialized to cultivate Clade‐B fungi, whereas leafcutters preferring dicot plants appear specialized on Clade‐A fungi. Cultivar sharing between sympatric leafcutter species occurs frequently such that cultivars of Atta are not distinct from those of Acromyrmex . Leafcutters specialized on Clade‐B fungi occur only in South America. Diversity of Clade‐A fungi is greatest in South America, but minimal in Central and North America. Maximum cultivar diversity in South America is predicted by the Kusnezov–Fowler hypothesis that leafcutter ants originated in subtropical South America and only dicot‐specialized leafcutter ants migrated out of South America, but the cultivar diversity becomes also compatible with a recently proposed hypothesis of a Central American origin by postulating that leafcutter ants acquired novel cultivars many times from other nonleafcutter fungus‐growing ants during their migrations from Central America across South America. We evaluate these biogeographic hypotheses in the light of estimated dates for the origins of leafcutter ants and their cultivars.

Multiple hypotheses explain variation in extra‐pair paternity at different levels in a single bird family - Lyanne Brouwer; Martijn van de Pol; Nataly Hidalgo Aranzamendi; Glen Bain; Daniel T. Baldassarre; Lesley C. Brooker; Michael G. Brooker; Diane Colombelli‐Négrel; Erik Enbody; Kurt Gielow; Michelle L. Hall; Allison E. Johnson; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2017)
Extra‐pair paternity ( EPP ), where offspring are sired by a male other than the social male, varies enormously both within and among species. Trying to explain this variation has proved difficult because the majority of the interspecific variation is phylogenetically based. Ideally, variation in EPP should be investigated in closely related species, but clades with sufficient variation are rare. We present a comprehensive multifactorial test to explain variation in EPP among individuals in 20 populations of nine species over 89 years from a single bird family (Maluridae). Females had higher EPP in the presence of more helpers, more neighbours or if paired incestuously. Furthermore, higher EPP occurred in years with many incestuous pairs, populations with many helpers and species with high male density or in which males provide less care. Altogether, these variables accounted for 48% of the total and 89% of the interspecific and interpopulation variation in EPP . These findings indicate why consistent patterns in EPP have been so challenging to detect and suggest that a single predictor is unlikely to account for the enormous variation in EPP across levels of analysis. Nevertheless, it also shows that existing hypotheses can explain the variation in EPP well and that the density of males in particular is a good predictor to explain variation in EPP among species when a large part of the confounding effect of phylogeny is excluded.

Attraction of Parastethorus nigripes and other insect species to methyl salicylate and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate dispensers in a citrus grove and vineyard in south-eastern Australia - Mark M. Stevens; Richard J. Faulder; Jianhua Mo; Elizabeth M. Mudford; Stephen G. Morris (Phytoparasitica, 2017)

Effects of new-generation TMEM16A inhibitors on calcium-activated chloride currents in rabbit urethral interstitial cells of Cajal - Stephen Fedigan; Eamonn Bradley; Timothy Webb; Roddy J. Large; Mark A. Hollywood; Keith D. Thornbury; Noel G. McHale; Gerard P. Sergeant (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2017)