Guiding principles for rewilding - Steve Carver; Ian Convery; Sally Hawkins; Rene Beyers; Adam Eagle; Zoltan Kun; Erwin Van Maanen; Yue Cao; Mark Fisher; Stephen R. Edwards; Cara Nelson; George D. Gann; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2021)
There has been much recent interest in the concept of rewilding as a tool for nature conservation, but also confusion over the idea, which has limited its utility. We developed a unifying definition and 10 guiding principles for rewilding through a survey of 59 rewilding experts, a summary of key organizations’ rewilding visions, and workshops involving over 100 participants from around the world. The guiding principles convey that rewilding exits on a continuum of scale, connectivity, and level of human influence and aims to restore ecosystem structure and functions to achieve a self‐sustaining autonomous nature. These principles clarify the concept of rewilding and improve its effectiveness as a tool to achieve global conservation targets, including those of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Finally, we suggest differences in rewilding perspectives lie largely in the extent to which it is seen as achievable and in specific interventions. An understanding of the context of rewilding projects is the key to success, and careful site‐specific interpretations will help achieve the aims of rewilding.

High-Resolution Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Harmful Algae in the Indian River Lagoon (Florida)—A Case Study of Aureoumbra lagunensis, Pyrodinium bahamense, and Pseudo-nitzschia - Cary B. Lopez; Charles L. Tilney; Eric Muhlbach; Josée N. Bouchard; Maria Célia Villac; Karen L. Henschen; Laura R. Markley; Stephanie Keller Abbe; Sugandha Shankar; Colin P. Shea; Leanne Flewelling; Matthew Garrett; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
The Indian River Lagoon (IRL), located on the east coast of Florida, is a complex estuarine ecosystem that is negatively affected by recurring harmful algal blooms (HABs) from distinct taxonomic/functional groups. Enhanced monitoring was established to facilitate rapid quantification of three recurrent bloom taxa, Aureoumbra lagunensis , Pyrodinium bahamense , and Pseudo-nitzschia spp., and included corroborating techniques to improve the identification of small-celled nanoplankton (<10 μm in diameter). Identification and enumeration of these target taxa were conducted during 2015–2020 using a combination of light microscopy and species-specific approaches, specifically immunofluorescence flow cytometry as well as a newly developed qPCR assay for A. lagunensis presented here for the first time. An annual bloom index (ABI) was established for each taxon based on occurrence and abundance data. Blooms of A. lagunensis (>2 × 10 8 cells L –1 ) were observed in all 6 years sampled and across multiple seasons. In contrast, abundance of P. bahamense , largely driven by the annual temperature cycle that moderates life cycle transitions and growth, displayed a strong seasonal pattern with blooms (10 5 –10 7 cells L –1 ) generally developing in early summer and subsiding in autumn. However, P. bahamense bloom development was delayed and abundance was significantly lower in years and locations with sustained A. lagunensis blooms. Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were broadly distributed with sporadic bloom concentrations (reaching 10 7 cells L –1 ), but with minimal concentrations of the toxin domoic acid detected (<0.02 μg L –1 ). In summer 2020, multiple monitoring tools characterized a novel nano-cyanobacterium bloom (reaching 10 9 cells L –1 ) that coincided with a decline in A. lagunensis and persisted into autumn. Statistical and time-series analyses of this spatiotemporally intensive dataset highlight prominent patterns in variability for some taxa, but also identify challenges of characterizing mechanisms underlying more episodic yet persistent events. Nevertheless, the intersect of temperature and salinity as environmental proxies proved to be informative in delineating niche partitioning, not only in the case of taxa with long-standing data sets but also for seemingly unprecedented blooms of novel nanoplanktonic taxa.

Peruvian Fur Seals as Archivists of El Niño Southern Oscillation Effects - Mickie R. Edwards; Susana Cárdenas-Alayza; Michael J. Adkesson; Mya Daniels-Abdulahad; Amy C. Hirons (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Peru’s coastal waters are characterized by significant environmental fluctuation due to periodic El Niño- La Niña- Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. This variability results in ecosystem-wide food web changes which are reflected in the tissues of the Peruvian fur seal ( Arctocephalus australis ). Stable isotope ratios (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) in Peruvian fur seal vibrissae (whiskers) are used to infer temporal primary production and dietary variations in individuals. Sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) recordings from the Niño 1+2 Index region captured corresponding ENSO conditions. Fluctuations in δ 15 N values were correlated to SSTA records, indicating that ENSO conditions likely impact the diet of these apex predators over time. Anomalous warm phase temperatures corresponded to decreased δ 15 N values, whereas cold phase anomalous conditions corresponded to increased δ 15 N values, potentially from upwelled, nutrient-rich water. Vibrissae δ 13 C values revealed general stability from 2004 to 2012, a moderate decline during 2013 (La Niña conditions) followed by a period of increased values concurrent with the 2014–2016 El Niño event. Both δ 13 C and δ 15 N values were inversely correlated to each other during the strongest El Niño Southern Oscillation event on record (2014–2016), possibly indicating a decline in production leading to an increase in food web complexity. Lower δ 13 C and δ 15 N values were exhibited in female compared to male fur seal vibrissae. Findings suggest ENSO conditions influence resource availability, possibly eliciting changes in pinniped foraging behavior as well as food web of the endangered Peruvian fur seal.

Editorial: Before-After Control-Impact (BACI) Studies in the Ocean - Kerri D. Seger; Renata Sousa-Lima; Juan J. Schmitter-Soto; Edward R. Urban (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)

Environmental cycles and individual variation in the vertical movements of a benthic elasmobranch - Edward Lavender; Dmitry Aleynik; Jane Dodd; Janine Illian; Mark James; Peter J. Wright; Sophie Smout; James Thorburn (Marine Biology, 2021)
Trends in depth and vertical activity reflect the behaviour, habitat use and habitat preferences of marine organisms. However, among elasmobranchs, research has focused heavily on pelagic sharks, while the vertical movements of benthic elasmobranchs, such as skate (Rajidae), remain understudied. In this study, the vertical movements of the Critically Endangered flapper skate ( Dipturus intermedius ) were investigated using archival depth data collected at 2 min intervals from 21 individuals off the west coast of Scotland (56.5°N, −5.5°W) in 2016–17. Depth records comprised nearly four million observations and included eight time series longer than 1 year, forming one of the most comprehensive datasets collected on the movement of any skate to date. Additive modelling and functional data analysis were used to investigate vertical movements in relation to environmental cycles and individual characteristics. Vertical movements were dominated by individual variation but included prolonged periods of limited activity and more extensive movements that were associated with tidal, diel, lunar and seasonal cycles. Diel patterns were strongest, with irregular but frequent movements into shallower water at night, especially in autumn and winter. This research strengthens the evidence for vertical movements in relation to environmental cycles in benthic species and demonstrates a widely applicable flexible regression framework for movement research that recognises the importance of both individual-specific and group-level variation.

Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the ICTV: update of taxonomy changes in 2021 - Mart Krupovic; Dann Turner; Vera Morozova; Mike Dyall-Smith; Hanna M. Oksanen; Rob Edwards; Bas E. Dutilh; Susan M. Lehman; Alejandro Reyes; Diana P. Baquero; Matthew B. Sullivan; Jumpei Uchiyama; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2021)
In this article, we – the Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and the Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) – summarise the results of our activities for the period March 2020 – March 2021. We report the division of the former Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee in two separate Subcommittees, welcome new members, a new Subcommittee Chair and Vice Chair, and give an overview of the new taxa that were proposed in 2020, approved by the Executive Committee and ratified by vote in 2021. In particular, a new realm, three orders, 15 families, 31 subfamilies, 734 genera and 1845 species were newly created or redefined (moved/promoted).

Estimating fine‐scale movement rates and habitat preferences using multiple data sources - James T. Thorson; Steven J. Barbeaux; Daniel R. Goethel; Kelly A. Kearney; Edward A. Laman; Julie K. Nielsen; Matthew R. Siskey; Kevin Siwicke; Grant G. Thompson (Fish and Fisheries, 2021)
Fisheries scientists and managers must track rapid shifts in fish spatial distribution to mitigate stakeholder conflict and optimize survey designs, and these spatial shifts result in part from animal movement. Information regarding animal movement can be obtained from selection experiments, tagging studies, flux through movement gates (e.g. acoustic arrays), fishery catch‐per‐unit effort (CPUE), resource surveys and genetic/chemical markers. However, there are few accessible approaches to combine these data types while accounting for spatially correlated residual patterns. We therefore discuss a movement model involving diffusion (random movement), taxis (movement towards preferred habitat) and advection (passive drift following ocean currents). We specifically outline how these movement processes can be fitted to data while discretizing space and time and estimating non‐linear habitat preferences using environmental layers as well as spatial process errors. Finally, we introduce an R package, ATM, by fitting the model to bottom trawl survey, longline fishery and tagging data for Pacific cod ( Gadus macrocephalus , Gadidae) in the Bering Sea during winter/summer seasons from 1982 to 2019. Combining data types predicts an increasing proportion of cod residing in the northern Bering Sea from 2013 to 2019, and estimates are informative in a recent stock assessment model. We fit sensitivity analyses by dropping tag, survey or fishery data, and this analysis shows that tagging data are necessary to identify diffusion rates, while survey data are informative about movement among biogeographic strata. This “hybrid” species distribution model can help explain poleward movement, project distributions under future climate conditions and evaluate alternative tag‐deployment scenarios to optimize tagging designs.

Linear extension, skeletal density, and calcification rates of the blue coral Heliopora coerulea - Travis A. Courtney; James R. Guest; Alasdair J. Edwards; Romeo M. Dizon (Coral Reefs, 2021)
The brooding reef-building octocoral Heliopora is widespread on Indo-West Pacific reefs and appears to be relatively resistant to thermal stress, which may enable it to persist locally while scleractinians diminish under Anthropocene conditions. However, basic physiological measurements of “blue corals” are lacking and prevent their inclusion in trait-based studies. We address this by quantifying rates (mean ± SE) of linear extension (0.86 ± 0.05 cm yr −1 ) and skeletal density (2.01 ± 0.06 g cm −3 ) to estimate calcification rates (0.87 ± 0.08 g cm −2 yr −1 ) for the small branching/columnar morphology of Heliopora coerulea . We postulate that H. coerulea may become an increasingly important reef-builder under ocean warming due to its relative resistance to thermal stress and high skeletal density that make colonies less vulnerable to storm damage under ocean acidification. Moreover, Heliopora corals are likely dispersal limited suggesting they may be an underappreciated genus for restoration of stress-tolerant reef-building capacity on degraded reefs.

Correction to: Latitudinal variation in monthly-scale reproductive synchrony among Acropora coral assemblages in the Indo-Pacific - Jessica Bouwmeester; Alasdair J. Edwards; James R. Guest; Andrew G. Bauman; Michael L. Berumen; Andrew H. Baird (Coral Reefs, 2021)

Latitudinal variation in monthly-scale reproductive synchrony among Acropora coral assemblages in the Indo-Pacific - Jessica Bouwmeester; Alasdair J. Edwards; James R. Guest; Andrew G. Bauman; Michael L. Berumen; Andrew H. Baird (Coral Reefs, 2021)
Early research into coral reproductive biology suggested that spawning synchrony was driven by variations in the amplitude of environmental variables that are correlated with latitude, with synchrony predicted to break down at lower latitudes. More recent research has revealed that synchronous spawning, both within and among species, is a feature of all speciose coral assemblages, including equatorial reefs. Nonetheless, considerable variation in reproductive synchrony exists among locations and the hypothesis that the extent of spawning synchrony is correlated with latitude has not been formally tested on a large scale. Here, we use data from 90 sites throughout the Indo-Pacific and a quantitative index of reproductive synchrony applied at a monthly scale to demonstrate that, despite considerable spatial and temporal variation, there is no correlation between latitude and reproductive synchrony. Considering the critical role that successful reproduction plays in the persistence and recovery of coral reefs, research is urgently needed to understand the drivers underpinning variation in reproductive synchrony.

Megadroughts and pluvials in southwest Australia: 1350–2017 CE - Alison J. O’Donnell; W. Lachlan McCaw; Edward R. Cook; Pauline F. Grierson (Climate Dynamics, 2021)
Declining winter rainfall coupled with recent prolonged drought poses significant risks to water resources and agriculture across southern Australia. While rainfall declines over recent decades are largely consistent with modelled climate change scenarios, particularly for southwest Australia, the significance of these declines is yet to be assessed within the context of long-term hydroclimatic variability. Here, we present a new 668-year (1350–2017 CE) tree-ring reconstruction of autumn–winter rainfall over inland southwest Australia. This record reveals that a recent decline in rainfall over inland southwest Australia (since 2000 CE) is not unusual in terms of either magnitude or duration relative to rainfall variability over the last seven centuries. Drought periods of greater magnitude and duration than those in the instrumental record occurred prior to 1900 CE, including two ‘megadroughts’ of > 30 years duration in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. By contrast, the wettest > decadal periods of the last seven centuries occurred after 1900 CE, making the twentieth century the wettest of the last seven centuries. We conclude that the instrumental rainfall record (since ~ 1900 CE) does not capture the full scale of natural hydroclimatic variability for inland southwest Australia and that the risk of prolonged droughts in the region is likely much higher than currently estimated.

Low-dose radiation therapy (LDRT) for COVID-19 and its deadlier variants - Rachna Kapoor; James S. Welsh; Vikas Dhawan; Seyed Alireza Javadinia; Edward J. Calabrese; Gaurav Dhawan (Archives of Toxicology, 2021)

Phylogeography of the wide‐host range panglobal plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi - Shankar K. Shakya; Niklaus J. Grünwald; Valerie J. Fieland; Brian J. Knaus; Jerry E. Weiland; Cristiana Maia; André Drenth; David I. Guest; Edward C.Y. Liew; Colin Crane; Tun‐Tschu Chang; Chuen‐Hsu Fu; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
Various hypotheses have been proposed regarding the origin of the plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi . P . cinnamomi is a devastating, highly invasive soilborne pathogen associated with epidemics of agricultural, horticultural and forest plantations and native ecosystems worldwide. We conducted a phylogeographic analysis of populations of this pathogen sampled in Asia, Australia, Europe, southern and northern Africa, South America, and North America. Based on genotyping‐by‐sequencing, we observed the highest genotypic diversity in Taiwan and Vietnam, followed by Australia and South Africa. Mating type ratios were in equal proportions in Asia as expected for a sexual population. Simulations based on the index of association suggest a partially sexual, semi‐clonal mode of reproduction for the Taiwanese and Vietnamese populations while populations outside of Asia are clonal. Ancestral area reconstruction provides new evidence supporting Taiwan as the ancestral area, given our sample, indicating that this region might be near or at the centre of origin for this pathogen as speculated previously. The Australian and South African populations appear to be a secondary centre of diversity following migration from Taiwan or Vietnam. Our work also identified two panglobal, clonal lineages PcG1‐A2 and PcG2‐A2 of A2 mating type found on all continents. Further surveys of natural forests across Southeast Asia are needed to definitively locate the actual centre of origin of this important plant pathogen.

The ghost of a giant – Six hypotheses for how an extinct megaherbivore structured kelp forests across the North Pacific Rim - Cameron D. Bullen; Alberto A. Campos; Edward J. Gregr; Iain McKechnie; Kai M. A. Chan (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2021)
Aim The global decline of megafauna is believed to have had significant and widespread ecological impacts. One such extinction of likely important consequence is the 18th century extinction of the Steller’s sea cow ( Hydrodamalis gigas ); however, little has been written about how the loss of this megaherbivore may have impacted coastal ecosystem dynamics. Drawing on historical evidence, sea cow biology, kelp forest ecology, and the ecology of extant sirenians, we propose several discrete hypotheses about the effects Steller’s sea cows may have had on kelp forest dynamics of the North Pacific. Location North Pacific Ocean. Time period Pre‐1760s. Major taxa studied Steller’s sea cow ( Hydrodamalis gigas ). Results & conclusions The evidence we review suggests that Steller’s sea cows exerted substantial direct and indirect influences on kelp forests, likely affecting the physical ecosystem structure, productivity, nutrient cycling, species interactions, and export of nutrients to surrounding ecosystems. This suggests that kelp forest dynamics and resilience were already significantly altered prior to the influence of more recent and well‐known stressors, such as industrial fishing and climate change, and illustrates the important ecological roles that are lost with megafaunal extinction.

Cyclical Patterns and a Regime Shift in the Character of Phytoplankton Blooms in a Restricted Sub-Tropical Lagoon, Indian River Lagoon, Florida, United States - Edward J. Phlips; Susan Badylak; Natalie G. Nelson; Lauren M. Hall; Charles A. Jacoby; Margaret A. Lasi; Jean C. Lockwood; Janice D. Miller (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
This paper examines the character of phytoplankton blooms in a restricted sub-tropical lagoon along the Atlantic coast of central Florida. The results of the 23-year study (1997–2020) provide evidence for multiple types of variability in bloom activity, including cyclical patterns, stochastic events, and most prominently a regime shift in composition and intensity. Cyclical patterns (e.g., El Niño/La Niña periods) and stochastic events (e.g., tropical storms) influenced rainfall levels, which in turn impacted nutrient concentrations in the water column and the timing and intensity of blooms. In 2011, a major change occurred in the character of blooms, with a dramatic increase in peak biomass levels of blooms and the appearance of new dominant taxa, including the brown tide species Aureoumbra lagunensis and other nanoplanktonic species. Results of quantitative analyses reveal system behavior indicative of a regime shift. The shift coincided with widespread losses of seagrass community and reduced drift algae biomass. A combination of exceptionally low water temperatures in the winters of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, hypersaline conditions associated with drought conditions, and high light attenuation caused by blooms appear to have contributed to the widespread and protracted decline in seagrass and drift macroalgal communities in the lagoon, leading to shifts in distribution of internal and external nutrient sources toward phytoplankton.

Corrigendum: Seasonal and Ontogenetic Variation in Depth Use by a Critically Endangered Benthic Elasmobranch and Its Implications for Spatial Management - James Thorburn; Peter J. Wright; Edward Lavender; Jane Dodd; Francis Neat; Julien G. A. Martin; Caroline Lynam; Mark James (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)

Cystic fibrosis improves COVID-19 survival and provides clues for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 - Edward H. Abraham; Guido Guidotti; Eliezer Rapaport; David Bower; Jack Brown; Robert J. Griffin; Andrew Donnelly; Ellen D. Waitzkin; Kenon Qamar; Mark A. Thompson; Sukumar Ethirajan; Kent Robinson (Purinergic Signalling, 2021)
Systemic pools of ATP are elevated in individuals homozygous for cystic fibrosis (CF) as evidenced by elevated blood and plasma ATP levels. This elevated ATP level seems to provide benefit in the presence of advanced solid tumors (Abraham et al., Nature Medicine 2(5):593–596, 1996). We published in this journal a paper showing that IV ATP can elevate the depleted ATP pools of advanced cancer patients up to levels found in CF patients with subsequent clinical, biochemical, and quality of life (QOL) improvements (Rapaport et al., Purinergic Signalling 11(2): 251–262, 2015). We hypothesize that the elevated ATP levels seen in CF patients may be benefiting CF patients in another way: by improving their survival after contracting COVID-19. We discuss here the reasoning behind this hypothesis and suggest how these findings might be applied clinically in the general population.

Genetic analyses of gynecological disease identify genetic relationships between uterine fibroids and endometrial cancer, and a novel endometrial cancer genetic risk region at the WNT4 1p36.12 locus - Pik Fang Kho; Sally Mortlock; Frederic Amant; Daniela Annibali; Katie Ashton; John Attia; Paul L. Auer; Matthias W. Beckmann; Amanda Black; Louise Brinton; Daniel D. Buchanan; Stephen J. Chanock; et al. (Human Genetics, 2021)

Improved Pressure Drop Modeling During Regeneration of Particulate Filters Using Soot Cake with Variable Porosity - Wen Wang; Robert R. O. Brydon; Edward J. Bissett; Syed Wahiduzzaman (Emission Control Science and Technology, 2021)

Healthy Aging Requires a Healthy Home Care Workforce: the Occupational Safety and Health of Home Care Aides - M. M. Quinn; P. K. Markkanen; C. J. Galligan; S. R. Sama; J. E. Lindberg; M. F. Edwards (Current Environmental Health Reports, 2021)
Purpose of Review To identify important home care (HC) aide occupational safety and health (OSH) hazards and examine how addressing these can improve aide health and the delivery of HC services overall. Specifically, this review seeks to answer: Why is HC aide OSH important? What are the most significant OSH challenges? How can improving HC aide OSH also improve the safety and health of their clients? What implications do the findings have for future research? Recent Findings HC is one of the fastest growing US industries. Aides comprise its largest workforce and are increasingly needed to care for the rapidly aging population. There is an aide shortage due in part to instabilities in HC work organization and to serious job-specific hazards, resulting in aides losing work time. Recent social, economic, and technological factors are rapidly changing the nature of HC work, creating OSH hazards similar to those found in nursing homes. At the same time, aides are experiencing social and economic inequities that increase their vulnerability to OSH hazards. These hazards are also a burden on employers who are challenged to recruit, retain, and train aides. OSH injuries and illness interrupt the continuity of care delivery to clients. Many OSH hazards also put HC clients and families at risk. Summary A new framework and methodologies are needed to assess aide and client safety together in order to guide future HC research, policies, and practices. Government, industry, and labor commitment is needed to fund and coordinate a comprehensive, multidisciplinary research program.

RAD‐sequencing reveals patterns of diversification and hybridization, and the accumulation of reproductive isolation in a clade of partially sympatric, tropical island trees - Alexander G. Linan; Porter P. Lowry; Allison J. Miller; George E. Schatz; Jean‐Claude Sevathian; Christine E. Edwards (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
A common pattern observed in temperate tree clades is that species are often morphologically distinct and partially interfertile but maintain species cohesion despite ongoing hybridization where ranges overlap. Although closely related species commonly occur in sympatry in tropical ecosystems, little is known about patterns of hybridization within a clade over time, and the implications of this hybridization for the maintenance of species boundaries. In this study, we focused on a clade of sympatric trees in the genus Diospyros in the Mascarene islands and investigated whether species are genetically distinct, whether they hybridize, and how patterns of hybridization are related to the time since divergence among species. We sampled multiple populations from each of 12 Mascarene Diospyros species, generated genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism data using 2bRADseq, and conducted population genomic and phylogenomic analyses. We found that Mascarene Diospyros species diverged millions of years ago and are today largely genetically distinct from one another. Although hybridization was observed between closely related species belonging to the same subclade, more distantly related species showed little evidence of interspecific hybridization. Phylogenomic analyses also suggested that introgression has occurred during the evolutionary history of the clade. This suggests that, as diversification progressed, interspecific hybridization occurred among species, but became infrequent as lineages diverged from one another and evolved reproductive barriers. Species now coexist in partial sympatry, and experience limited hybridization between close relatives. Additional research is needed to better understand the role that introgression may have played in adaptation and diversification of Mascarene Diospyros , and its relevance for conservation.

Statistical upscaling of ecosystem CO 2 fluxes across the terrestrial tundra and boreal domain: Regional patterns and uncertainties - Anna‐Maria Virkkala; Juha Aalto; Brendan M. Rogers; Torbern Tagesson; Claire C. Treat; Susan M. Natali; Jennifer D. Watts; Stefano Potter; Aleksi Lehtonen; Marguerite Mauritz; Edward A. G. Schuur; John Kochendorfer; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
The regional variability in tundra and boreal carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) fluxes can be high, complicating efforts to quantify sink‐source patterns across the entire region. Statistical models are increasingly used to predict (i.e., upscale) CO 2 fluxes across large spatial domains, but the reliability of different modeling techniques, each with different specifications and assumptions, has not been assessed in detail. Here, we compile eddy covariance and chamber measurements of annual and growing season CO 2 fluxes of gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) during 1990–2015 from 148 terrestrial high‐latitude (i.e., tundra and boreal) sites to analyze the spatial patterns and drivers of CO 2 fluxes and test the accuracy and uncertainty of different statistical models. CO 2 fluxes were upscaled at relatively high spatial resolution (1 km 2 ) across the high‐latitude region using five commonly used statistical models and their ensemble, that is, the median of all five models, using climatic, vegetation, and soil predictors. We found the performance of machine learning and ensemble predictions to outperform traditional regression methods. We also found the predictive performance of NEE‐focused models to be low, relative to models predicting GPP and ER. Our data compilation and ensemble predictions showed that CO 2 sink strength was larger in the boreal biome (observed and predicted average annual NEE −46 and −29 g C m −2 yr −1 , respectively) compared to tundra (average annual NEE +10 and −2 g C m −2 yr −1 ). This pattern was associated with large spatial variability, reflecting local heterogeneity in soil organic carbon stocks, climate, and vegetation productivity. The terrestrial ecosystem CO 2 budget, estimated using the annual NEE ensemble prediction, suggests the high‐latitude region was on average an annual CO 2 sink during 1990–2015, although uncertainty remains high.

A Study of the Potential Impact of Dredging the Corpus Christi Ship Channel on Passive Particle Transport - Eirik Valseth; Mark D. Loveland; Clint Dawson; Edward J. Buskey (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2021)
We present a study of the potential impact of deepening the Corpus Christi Ship Channel through Aransas Pass; in particular, we study the effect on the transport of red drum fish larvae due to the change in channel depth. The study was conducted by high resolution simulation of the circulation of the seawater entering and exiting the pass for the current and proposed Ship Channel depths. The computer model incorporates tides and meteorological forcing and includes the entire Gulf of Mexico and the North American Atlantic coast. The corresponding transport of larvae modeled as passive particles due to the sea water circulation is established by releasing particles in the nearshore region outside Aransas Pass and subsequently tracking their trajectories. We compare the difference in the number of larvae that successfully reach appropriate nursery grounds inside Aransas Pass for four distinctive initial larvae positions in the nearshore region. Our results indicate that the change in channel depth does not significantly alter the number of red drum larvae that reach suitable nursery grounds, overall, across all considered scenarios, we see a net increase of 0.5%.

State of the California Current 2019–2020: Back to the Future With Marine Heatwaves? - Edward D. Weber; Toby D. Auth; Simone Baumann-Pickering; Timothy R. Baumgartner; Eric P. Bjorkstedt; Steven J. Bograd; Brian J. Burke; José L. Cadena-Ramírez; Elizabeth A. Daly; Martin de la Cruz; Heidi Dewar; John C. Field; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
The California Current System (CCS) has experienced large fluctuations in environmental conditions in recent years that have dramatically affected the biological community. Here we synthesize remotely sensed, hydrographic, and biological survey data from throughout the CCS in 2019–2020 to evaluate how recent changes in environmental conditions have affected community dynamics at multiple trophic levels. A marine heatwave formed in the north Pacific in 2019 and reached the second greatest area ever recorded by the end of summer 2020. However, high atmospheric pressure in early 2020 drove relatively strong Ekman-driven coastal upwelling in the northern portion of the CCS and warm temperature anomalies remained far offshore. Upwelling and cooler temperatures in the northern CCS created relatively productive conditions in which the biomass of lipid-rich copepod species increased, adult krill size increased, and several seabird species experienced positive reproductive success. Despite these conditions, the composition of the fish community in the northern CCS remained a mixture of both warm- and cool-water-associated species. In the southern CCS, ocean temperatures remained above average for the seventh consecutive year. Abundances of juvenile fish species associated with productive conditions were relatively low, and the ichthyoplankton community was dominated by a mixture of oceanic warm-water and cosmopolitan species. Seabird species associated with warm water also occurred at greater densities than cool-water species in the southern CCS. The population of northern anchovy, which has been resurgent since 2017, continued to provide an important forage base for piscivorous fishes, offshore colonies of seabirds, and marine mammals throughout the CCS. Coastal upwelling in the north, and a longer-term trend in warming in the south, appeared to be controlling the community to a much greater extent than the marine heatwave itself.

Coral reef resilience differs among islands within the Gulf of Mannar, southeast India, following successive coral bleaching events - K. Diraviya Raj; Greta S. Aeby; G. Mathews; Gareth J. Williams; Jamie M. Caldwell; R. L. Laju; M. Selva Bharath; P. Dinesh Kumar; A. Arasamuthu; N. Gladwin Gnana Asir; Lisa M. Wedding; Andrew J. Davies; et al. (Coral Reefs, 2021)

Extensive human‐mediated jump dispersal within and across the native and introduced ranges of the invasive termite Reticulitermes flavipes - Pierre‐André Eyer; Alexander J. Blumenfeld; Laura N. L. Johnson; Elfie Perdereau; Phillip Shults; Shichen Wang; Franck Dedeine; Simon Dupont; Anne‐Geneviève Bagnères; Edward L. Vargo (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
As native ranges are often geographically structured, invasive species originating from a single source population only carry a fraction of the genetic diversity present in their native range. The invasion process is thus often associated with a drastic loss of genetic diversity resulting from a founder event. However, the fraction of diversity brought to the invasive range may vary under different invasion histories, increasing with the size of the propagule, the number of reintroduction events, and/or the total genetic diversity represented by the various source populations in a multiple‐introduction scenario. In this study, we generated a SNP data set for the invasive termite Reticulitermes flavipes from 23 native populations in the eastern United States and six introduced populations throughout the world. Using population genetic analyses and approximate Bayesian computation random forest, we investigated its worldwide invasion history. We found a complex invasion pathway with multiple events out of the native range and bridgehead introductions from the introduced population in France. Our data suggest that extensive long‐distance jump dispersal appears common in both the native and introduced ranges of this species, probably through human transportation. Overall, our results show that similar to multiple introduction events into the invasive range, admixture in the native range prior to invasion can potentially favour invasion success by increasing the genetic diversity that is later transferred to the introduced range.

Seasonal and Ontogenetic Variation in Depth Use by a Critically Endangered Benthic Elasmobranch and Its Implications for Spatial Management - James Thorburn; Peter J. Wright; Edward Lavender; Jane Dodd; Francis Neat; Julien G. A. Martin; Caroline Lynam; Mark James (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Seasonal and ontogenetic variations in depth use by benthic species are often concomitant with changes in their spatial distribution. This has implications for the efficacy of spatial conservation measures such as marine protected areas (MPAs). The critically endangered flapper skate ( Dipturus intermedius ) is the designation feature of an MPA in Scotland. This species is generally associated with deeper waters >100 m; however, little is known about its seasonal or ontogenetic variation in habitat use. This study used archival depth data from 25 immature and mature flapper skate tagged in the MPA over multiple years. Time series ranged from 3 to 772 (mean = 246) days. Generalised additive mixed models and highest density intervals were used to identify home (95%) and core (50%) highest density depth regions (HDDRs) to quantify depth use in relation to time of year and body size. Skate used a total depth range of 1–312 m, but home HDDRs typically occurred between 20 and 225 m. Core HDDRs displayed significant seasonal and ontogenetic variations. Summer core HDDRs (100–150 m) suggest high occupancy of the deep trenches in the region by skate of most size classes. There was an inverse relationship between body size and depth use and a seasonal trend of skate moving into shallow water over winter months. These results suggest that flapper skate are not solely associated with deep water, as skate, especially large females, are frequently found in shallow waters (25–75 m). The current management, which protects the entire depth range, is appropriate for the protection of flapper skate through much of its life history. This research demonstrates why collecting data across seasonal scales and multiple ontogenetic stages is needed to assess the effectiveness of spatial management.

William Su Ting – China’s forgotten palynologist - Kevin J. Edwards; Limi Mao (Palynology, 2021)

High Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) in Chronically Prescribed Severe Chronic Opioid Probands Attending Multi-pain Clinics: an Open Clinical Pilot Trial - Mark Moran; Kenneth Blum; Jessica Valdez Ponce; Lisa Lott; Marjorie C. Gondré–Lewis; Sampada Badgaiyan; Raymond Brewer; B. William Downs; Philip Fynman; Alexander Weingarten; Jean Lud Cadet; David E. Smith; et al. (Molecular Neurobiology, 2021)
Millions of Americans experience pain daily. In 2017, opioid overdose claimed 64,000 lives increasing to 84,000 lives in 2020, resulting in a decrease in national life expectancy. Chronic opioid use results in dependency, drug tolerance, neuroadaptation, hyperalgesia, potential addictive behaviors, or Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) caused by a hypodopaminergia. Evaluation of pain clinic patients with the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) test and the Addiction Severity Index (ASI- Media Version V) revealed that GARS scores equal to or greater than 4 and 7 alleles significantly predicted drug and alcohol severity, respectively. We utilized RT-PCR for SNP genotyping and multiplex PCR/capillary electrophoresis for fragment analysis of the role of eleven alleles in a ten-reward gene panel, reflecting the activity of brain reward circuitry in 121 chronic opioid users. The study consisted of 55 males and 66 females averaging ages 54 and 53 years of age, respectively. The patients included Caucasians, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. Inclusion criteria mandated that the Morphine Milligram Equivalent (MME) was 30–600 mg/day (males) and 20 to 180 mg/day (females) for treatment of chronic pain over 12 months. Ninety-six percent carried four or more risk alleles, and 73% carried seven or more risk alleles, suggesting a high predictive risk for opioid and alcohol dependence, respectively. These data indicate that chronic, legally prescribed opioid users attending a pain clinic possess high genetic risk for drug and alcohol addiction. Early identification of genetic risk, using the GARS test upon entry to treatment, may prevent iatrogenic induced opioid dependence.

Are visual working memory and episodic memory distinct processes? Insight from stroke patients by lesion-symptom mapping - Selma Lugtmeijer; Linda Geerligs; Frank Erik de Leeuw; Edward H. F. de Haan; Roy P. C. Kessels; Anouk R. Smits; Ben A. Schmand; Edward H. F. de Haan; Frank Erik de Leeuw; Gert jan Luijckx; H. Steven Scholte; Joke M. Spikman; et al. (Brain Structure and Function, 2021)
Working memory and episodic memory are two different processes, although the nature of their interrelationship is debated. As these processes are predominantly studied in isolation, it is unclear whether they crucially rely on different neural substrates. To obtain more insight in this, 81 adults with sub-acute ischemic stroke and 29 elderly controls were assessed on a visual working memory task, followed by a surprise subsequent memory test for the same stimuli. Multivariate, atlas- and track-based lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) analyses were performed to identify anatomical correlates of visual memory. Behavioral results gave moderate evidence for independence between discriminability in working memory and subsequent memory, and strong evidence for a correlation in response bias on the two tasks in stroke patients. LSM analyses suggested there might be independent regions associated with working memory and episodic memory. Lesions in the right arcuate fasciculus were more strongly associated with discriminability in working memory than in subsequent memory, while lesions in the frontal operculum in the right hemisphere were more strongly associated with criterion setting in subsequent memory. These findings support the view that some processes involved in working memory and episodic memory rely on separate mechanisms, while acknowledging that there might also be shared processes.

Microbial biogeography through the lens of exotic species: the recent introduction and spread of the freshwater diatom Discostella asterocostata in the United States - Andrew J. Alverson; Tyler K. Chafin; Kiley A. Jones; Kalina M. Manoylov; Hillary Johnson; Matthew L. Julius; Teofil Nakov; Elizabeth C. Ruck; Edward C. Theriot; Kevin M. Yeager; Jeffery R. Stone (Biological Invasions, 2021)

Antarctic desert soil bacteria exhibit high novel natural product potential, evaluated through long‐read genome sequencing and comparative genomics - Nicole Benaud; Richard J. Edwards; Timothy G. Amos; Paul M. D'Agostino; Carolina Gutiérrez‐Chávez; Kate Montgomery; Iskra Nicetic; Belinda C. Ferrari (Environmental Microbiology, 2021)
Summary Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria are important producers of bioactive natural products (NP), and these phyla dominate in the arid soils of Antarctica, where metabolic adaptations influence survival under harsh conditions. Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) which encode NPs, are typically long and repetitious high G + C regions difficult to sequence with short‐read technologies. We sequenced 17 Antarctic soil bacteria from multi‐genome libraries, employing the long‐read PacBio platform, to optimize capture of BGCs and to facilitate a comprehensive analysis of their NP capacity. We report 13 complete bacterial genomes of high quality and contiguity, representing 10 different cold‐adapted genera including novel species. Antarctic BGCs exhibited low similarity to known compound BGCs (av. 31%), with an abundance of terpene, non‐ribosomal peptide and polyketide‐encoding clusters. Comparative genome analysis was used to map BGC variation between closely related strains from geographically distant environments. Results showed the greatest biosynthetic differences to be in a psychrotolerant Streptomyces strain, as well as a rare Actinobacteria genus, Kribbella , while two other Streptomyces spp. were surprisingly similar to known genomes. Streptomyces and Kribbella BGCs were predicted to encode antitumour, antifungal, antibacterial and biosurfactant‐like compounds, and the synthesis of NPs with antibacterial, antifungal and surfactant properties was confirmed through bioactivity assays.

The acute effects of alcohol on state rumination in the laboratory - O. Merve Mollaahmetoglu; Edward Palmer; Emily Maschauer; Melissa C. Nolan; Tobias Stevens; Molly Carlyle; Lorna Hardy; Edward R. Watkins; Celia J. A. Morgan (Psychopharmacology, 2021)
Rationale Rumination is a repetitive, negative, self-focused thinking style associated with various forms of psychopathology. Recent studies suggest that rumination increases craving for alcohol and predicts harmful drinking and alcohol-related problems. However, the acute effects of alcohol on rumination have not been previously studied. It is proposed that alcohol may reduce ruminative thinking through decreasing negative mood. Objectives In the present study, we aimed to test the previously unexplored effects of acute alcohol consumption on rumination in a hazardous drinking population. Methods We conducted a randomised placebo-controlled laboratory study to examine the effect of low (0.4 g kg −1 ) and high doses (0.8 g kg −1 ) of alcohol on state rumination compared to placebo. Participants completed a rumination induction task prior to receiving drinks. We then measured state rumination and mood at repeated time points; 30 min, 60 min and 90 min post-drinks consumption. Results We found a significant decrease in state rumination in the low-dose alcohol group compared to placebo at 30 min post-alcohol consumption, but no difference was observed between the high-dose alcohol and placebo groups. Mediation analysis provided evidence for an indirect effect of alcohol on state rumination through concurrent changes in negative mood. Conclusions These findings suggest that acute alcohol consumption can regulate negative mood and concurrently rumination, providing preliminary evidence for the role of rumination in alcohol use disorders. Rumination may be a treatment target in alcohol use disorders.

Environmental Drivers of Forage Fishes and Benthic Invertebrates at Multiple Spatial Scales in a Large Temperate Estuary - Ryan J. Woodland; Andre Buchheister; Robert J. Latour; Carlos Lozano; Edward Houde; Christopher J. Sweetman; Mary C. Fabrizio; Troy D. Tuckey (Estuaries and Coasts, 2021)

Geomorphology of a tropical river delta under pressure: the Rufiji delta, Tanzania—context, channel connectivity and alongshore morpho-sedimentary and hydrodynamic variability - Edward J. Anthony; Manon Besset; Florin Zainescu; Marc Goichot (Geo-Marine Letters, 2021)

Effects of Holocene climate change, volcanism and mass migration on the ecosystem of a small, dry island (Brava, Cabo Verde) - Alvaro Castilla‐Beltrán; Lea de Nascimento; José María Fernández‐Palacios; Robert J. Whittaker; Maria M. Romeiras; Andrew B. Cundy; Mary Edwards; Sandra Nogué (Journal of Biogeography, 2021)
Aim Palaeoecological data provide an essential long‐term perspective of ecological change and its drivers in oceanic islands. However, analysing the effects of multi‐scalar and potentially co‐occurring disturbances is particularly challenging in dry islands. Here, we aim to identify the ecological consequences of the integrated impacts of a regional drying trend, volcanic eruptions and human mass migrations in a spatially constrained environment—a small, dry oceanic island in Macaronesia. Location Brava Island, Republic of Cabo Verde. Taxa Terrestrial vegetation and fungi. Methods We use palaeoecological analyses applied to a caldera soil profile that dates back to 9700 cal yr BP (calibrated years before the present). Analyses include pollen (vegetation history), non‐pollen palynomorphs (changes in fern and fungal communities), grain‐size distribution, loss‐on‐ignition and geochemistry (sedimentology and erosion regimes), microscopic tephra shards (volcanic ash deposition) and charcoal (fire regime). Results A regional drying trend after c. 4000 cal yr BP caused increased erosion but had limited immediate impacts on highland grassland vegetation. The expansion of fern‐rich woody scrubland was contemporaneous with significant deposition of volcanic ash and erosion between 1800 and 650 cal yr BP. About 300 cal yr BP, exogenous plants expanded, grazing and fires increased, and there was a decrease of native vegetation cover. Main conclusions Throughout the Holocene, highland vegetation in Brava was characterized by the presence of open landscapes dominated by herbaceous species (e.g. Poaceae, Forsskaolea ), with some presence of woody native taxa (e.g. Ficus , Dodonaea ). A regional drying trend was a driver of erosion since the Mid Holocene but did not have an immediate influence on highland vegetation. Tephra deposition is a possible driver of vegetation change. Inter‐island mass migration after volcanic events in Fogo Island c. 1680 CE potentially triggered land use change and intensification, causing a reduction of native vegetation in Brava.

SNAPSHOT USA 2019: a coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States - Michael V. Cove; Roland Kays; Helen Bontrager; Claire Bresnan; Monica Lasky; Taylor Frerichs; Renee Klann; Thomas E. Lee; Seth C. Crockett; Anthony P. Crupi; Katherine C. B. Weiss; Helen Rowe; et al. (Ecology, 2021)
With the accelerating pace of global change, it is imperative that we obtain rapid inventories of the status and distribution of wildlife for ecological inferences and conservation planning. To address this challenge, we launched the SNAPSHOT USA project, a collaborative survey of terrestrial wildlife populations using camera traps across the United States. For our first annual survey, we compiled data across all 50 states during a 14‐week period (17 August–24 November of 2019). We sampled wildlife at 1,509 camera trap sites from 110 camera trap arrays covering 12 different ecoregions across four development zones. This effort resulted in 166,036 unique detections of 83 species of mammals and 17 species of birds. All images were processed through the Smithsonian’s eMammal camera trap data repository and included an expert review phase to ensure taxonomic accuracy of data, resulting in each picture being reviewed at least twice. The results represent a timely and standardized camera trap survey of the United States. All of the 2019 survey data are made available herein. We are currently repeating surveys in fall 2020, opening up the opportunity to other institutions and cooperators to expand coverage of all the urban–wild gradients and ecophysiographic regions of the country. Future data will be available as the database is updated at eMammal.si.edu/snapshot‐usa, as will future data paper submissions. These data will be useful for local and macroecological research including the examination of community assembly, effects of environmental and anthropogenic landscape variables, effects of fragmentation and extinction debt dynamics, as well as species‐specific population dynamics and conservation action plans. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this paper when using the data for publication.

An Experimental Framework for Selectively Breeding Corals for Assisted Evolution - Adriana Humanes; Elizabeth A. Beauchamp; John C. Bythell; Mitch K. Carl; Jamie R. Craggs; Alasdair J. Edwards; Yimnang Golbuu; Liam Lachs; Helios M. Martinez; Pawel Palmowski; Faith Paysinger; Janna L. Randle; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Coral cover on tropical reefs has declined during the last three decades due to the combined effects of climate change, destructive fishing, pollution, and land use change. Drastic reductions in greenhouse gas emissions combined with effective coastal management and conservation strategies are essential to slow this decline. Innovative approaches, such as selective breeding for adaptive traits combined with large-scale sexual propagation, are being developed with the aim of pre-adapting reefs to increased ocean warming. However, there are still major gaps in our understanding of the technical and methodological constraints to producing corals for such restoration interventions. Here we propose a framework for selectively breeding corals and rearing them from eggs to 2.5-year old colonies using the coral Acropora digitifera as a model species. We present methods for choosing colonies for selective crossing, enhancing early survivorship in ex situ and in situ nurseries, and outplanting and monitoring colonies on natal reefs. We used a short-term (7-day) temperature stress assay to select parental colonies based on heat tolerance of excised branches. From six parental colonies, we produced 12 distinct crosses, and compared survivorship and growth of colonies transferred to in situ nurseries or outplanted to the reef at different ages. We demonstrate that selectively breeding and rearing coral colonies is technically feasible at small scales and could be upscaled as part of restorative assisted evolution initiatives. Nonetheless, there are still challenges to overcome before selective breeding can be implemented as a viable conservation tool, especially at the post-settlement and outplanting phases. Although interdisciplinary approaches will be needed to overcome many of the challenges identified in this study, selective breeding has the potential to be a viable tool within a reef managers toolbox to support the persistence of selected reefs in the face of climate change.

Corrigendum: OceanGliders: A Component of the Integrated GOOS - Pierre Testor; Brad de Young; Daniel L. Rudnick; Scott Glenn; Daniel Hayes; Craig M. Lee; Charitha Pattiaratchi; Katherine Hill; Emma Heslop; Victor Turpin; Pekka Alenius; Carlos Barrera; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)

Multi-Decadal Deltaic Land-Surface Changes: Gauging the Vulnerability of a Selection of Mediterranean and Black Sea River Deltas - Edward J. Anthony; Manon Besset; Florin Zainescu; François Sabatier (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2021)
Areal changes over delta surfaces determined by land and water ratios are a promising tool for identifying spatial and temporal changes in deltas that may reveal subsidence and shoreline erosion. Such changes can also provide the basis for more detailed studies on variations in land-cover and vegetation. Changes in land and water areas over a 35-year period (1984–2019) were determined for a selection of ten river deltas in the Mediterranean (Nile, Rhône, Po, Ebro, Moulouya, Ceyhan-Seyhan, Medjerdja, Ombrone, Arno) and the Black Sea (Danube), with a particular focus on aspects of subsidence and shoreline erosion. With the exception of the Ombrone, Arno, and Moulouya, and to lesser extent the Medjerdja, where notable changes dominate in the coastal zone and are tantamount to net erosion, the spatial pattern is largely dominated by delta-plain changes characterized by increasing areas of water. The pattern reflects a mix of shoreline erosion, land-use and land-cover changes, such as the ecological restoration of wetlands, but also increasing subsidence in these deltas, all of which have been exposed to a declining fluvial sediment supply due to human influence. The use of data on land-water ratios needs to be complemented by more detailed studies devoted to each delta in order to clearly disentangle changes related to land-use, vegetation, and subsidence. It is also important to determine how wetlands are interpreted in such ratios, as these important ecological elements are sensitive to ratio variations. It would also be interesting in future studies to examine how these variations play out over time, notably in deltas where changes have been significant over the period 1984–2019.

The Path to an Ecosystem Approach for Forage Fish Management: A Case Study of Atlantic Menhaden - Kristen A. Anstead; Katie Drew; David Chagaris; Amy M. Schueller; Jason E. McNamee; Andre Buchheister; Geneviève Nesslage; Jim H. Uphoff Jr.; Michael J. Wilberg; Alexei Sharov; Micah J. Dean; Jeffrey Brust; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Atlantic menhaden ( Brevoortia tyrannus ) support the largest fishery by volume on the United States East Coast, while also playing an important role as a forage species. Managers’ and stakeholders’ increasing concerns about the impact of Atlantic menhaden harvest on ecosystem processes led to an evolution in the assessment and management of this species from a purely single-species approach to an ecosystem approach. The first coastwide stock assessment of Atlantic menhaden for management used a single-species virtual population analysis (VPA). Subsequent assessments used a forward projecting statistical catch-at-age framework that incorporated estimates of predation mortality from a multispecies VPA while analytical efforts continued toward the development of ecosystem models and explicit ecological reference points (ERPs) for Atlantic menhaden. As an interim step while ecosystem models were being developed, a series of ad hoc measures to preserve Atlantic menhaden biomass for predators were used by managers. In August 2020, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission formally adopted an ecological modeling framework as a tool to set reference points and harvest limits for the Atlantic menhaden that considers their role as a forage fish. This is the first example of a quantitative ecosystem approach to setting reference points on the United States Atlantic Coast and it represents a significant advance for forage fish management. This case study reviews the history of Atlantic menhaden stock assessments and management, outlines the progress on the current implementation of ERPs for this species, and highlights future research and management needs to improve and expand ecosystem-based fisheries management.

Exploring the Pacific Arctic Seasonal Ice Zone With Saildrone USVs - Andrew M. Chiodi; Chidong Zhang; Edward D. Cokelet; Qiong Yang; Calvin W. Mordy; Chelle L. Gentemann; Jessica N. Cross; Noah Lawrence-Slavas; Christian Meinig; Michael Steele; Don E. Harrison; Phyllis J. Stabeno; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
More high-quality, in situ observations of essential marine variables are needed over the seasonal ice zone to better understand Arctic (or Antarctic) weather, climate, and ecosystems. To better assess the potential for arrays of uncrewed surface vehicles (USVs) to provide such observations, five wind-driven and solar-powered saildrones were sailed into the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas following the 2019 seasonal retreat of sea ice. They were equipped to observe the surface oceanic and atmospheric variables required to estimate air-sea fluxes of heat, momentum and carbon dioxide. Some of these variables were made available to weather forecast centers in real time. Our objective here is to analyze the effectiveness of existing remote ice navigation products and highlight the challenges and opportunities for improving remote ice navigation strategies with USVs. We examine the sources of navigational sea-ice distribution information based on post-mission tabulation of the sea-ice conditions encountered by the vehicles. The satellite-based ice-concentration analyses consulted during the mission exhibited large disagreements when the sea ice was retreating fastest (e.g., the 10% concentration contours differed between analyses by up to ∼175 km). Attempts to use saildrone observations to detect the ice edge revealed that in situ temperature and salinity measurements varied sufficiently in ice bands and open water that it is difficult to use these variables alone as a reliable ice-edge indicator. Devising robust strategies for remote ice zone navigation may depend on developing the capability to recognize sea ice and initiate navigational maneuvers with cameras and processing capability onboard the vehicles.

Catchment-scale groundwater-flow and recharge paradox revealed from base flow analysis during the Australian Millennium Drought (Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia) - Thomas T. Anderson; Erick A. Bestland; Ilka Wallis; Peter J. C. Kretschmer; Lesja Soloninka; Edward W. Banks; Adrian D. Werner; Dioni I. Cendón; Markus M. Pichler; Huade Guan (Hydrogeology Journal, 2021)

Neighbourhood-Scale Flow Regimes and Pollution Transport in Cities - Edward J. Bannister; Xiaoming Cai; Jian Zhong; A. Rob MacKenzie (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2021)
Cities intimately intermingle people and air pollution. It is very difficult to monitor or model neighbourhood-scale pollutant transport explicitly. One computationally efficient way is to treat neighbourhoods as patches of porous media to which the flow adjusts. Here we use conceptual arguments and large-eddy simulation to formulate two flow regimes based on the size of patches of different frontal-area density within neighbourhoods. One of these flow regimes distributes pollutants in counter-intuitive ways, such as producing pollution ‘hot spots’ in patches of lower frontal-area density. The regimes provide the first quantitative definition of the ‘urban background’, which can be used for more precisely targeted pollution monitoring. They also provide a conceptual basis for further research into neighbourhood-scale air-pollution problems, such as parametrizations in mesoscale models, and the transport of fluid constituents in other porous media.

Revisiting the Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose of almond in Australia - D. D. de Silva; R. C. Mann; J. Kaur; P. N Ekanayake; T. I Sawbridge; S. McKay; P. W. J. Taylor; J. Edwards (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2021)

Exposure Impacts of Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of a Glufosinate Ammonium Herbicide Formulation on Larval Development and Thyroid Histology of Xenopus laevis - Oluwaseun O. Babalola; J. Christoff Truter; Edward Archer; Johannes H. van Wyk (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2021)

Recognize fish as food in policy discourse and development funding - Abigail Bennett; Xavier Basurto; John Virdin; Xinyan Lin; Samantha J. Betances; Martin D. Smith; Edward H. Allison; Barbara A. Best; Kelly D. Brownell; Lisa M. Campbell; Christopher D. Golden; Elizabeth Havice; et al. (Ambio, 2021)
The international development community is off-track from meeting targets for alleviating global malnutrition. Meanwhile, there is growing consensus across scientific disciplines that fish plays a crucial role in food and nutrition security. However, this ‘fish as food’ perspective has yet to translate into policy and development funding priorities. We argue that the traditional framing of fish as a natural resource emphasizes economic development and biodiversity conservation objectives, whereas situating fish within a food systems perspective can lead to innovative policies and investments that promote nutrition-sensitive and socially equitable capture fisheries and aquaculture. This paper highlights four pillars of research needs and policy directions toward this end. Ultimately, recognizing and working to enhance the role of fish in alleviating hunger and malnutrition can provide an additional long-term development incentive, beyond revenue generation and biodiversity conservation, for governments, international development organizations, and society more broadly to invest in the sustainability of capture fisheries and aquaculture.

Macroecological patterns of forest structure and allometric scaling in mangrove forests - Andre S. Rovai; Robert R. Twilley; Edward Castañeda‐Moya; Stephen R. Midway; Daniel A. Friess; Carl C. Trettin; Jacob J. Bukoski; Atticus E.L. Stovall; Paulo R. Pagliosa; Alessandra L. Fonseca; Richard A. Mackenzie; Aslan Aslan; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2021)
Aim Mangrove wetlands span broad geographical gradients, resulting in functionally diverse tree communities. We asked whether latitudinal variation, allometric scaling relationships and species composition influence mangrove forest structure and biomass allocation across biogeographical regions and distinct coastal morphologies. Location Global. Time period Present. Major taxa studied Mangrove ecosystems. Methods We built the largest field‐based dataset on mangrove forest structure and biomass to date ( c . 2,800 plots from 67 countries) to address macroecological questions pertaining to structural and functional diversity of mangroves spanning biogeographical and coastal morphology gradients. We used frequentist inference statistics and machine learning models to determine environmental drivers that control biomass allocation within and across mangrove communities globally. Results Allometric scaling relationships and forest structural complexity were consistent across biogeographical and coastal morphology gradients, suggesting that mangrove biomass is controlled by regional forcings rather than by latitude or species composition. For instance, nearly 40% of the global variation in biomass was explained by regional climate and hydroperiod, revealing nonlinear thresholds that control biomass accumulation across broad geographical gradients. Furthermore, we found that ecosystem‐level carbon stocks (average 401 ± 48 MgC/ha, covering biomass and the top 1 m of soil) varied little across diverse coastal morphologies, reflecting regional bottom‐up geomorphic controls that shape global patterns in mangrove biomass apportioning. Main conclusions Our findings reconcile views of wetland and terrestrial forest macroecology. Similarities in stand structural complexity and cross‐site size–density relationships across multiscale environmental gradients show that resource allocation in mangrove ecosystems is independent of tree size and invariant to species composition or latitude. Mangroves follow a universal fractal‐based scaling relationship that describes biomass allocation for several other terrestrial tree‐dominated communities. Understanding how mangroves adhere to these universal allometric rules can improve our ability to account for biomass apportioning and carbon stocks in response to broad geographical gradients.

Differences in microbial community response to nitrogen fertilization result in unique enzyme shifts between arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal‐dominated soils - Joseph E. Carrara; Christopher A. Walter; Zachary B. Freedman; Ashley N. Hostetler; Jennifer S. Hawkins; Ivan J. Fernandez; Edward R. Brzostek (Global Change Biology, 2021)
While the effect of nitrogen (N) deposition on belowground carbon (C) cycling varies, emerging evidence shows that forest soils dominated by trees that associate with ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) store more C than soils dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) with increasing N deposition. We hypothesized that this is due to unique nutrient cycling responses to N between AM and ECM‐dominated soils. ECM trees primarily obtain N through fungal mining of soil organic matter subsidized by root‐C. As such, we expected the largest N‐induced responses of C and N cycling to occur in ECM rhizospheres and be driven by fungi. Conversely, as AM trees rely on bacterial scavengers in bulk soils to cycle N, we predicted the largest AM responses to be driven by shifts in bacteria and occur in bulk soils. To test this hypothesis, we measured microbial community composition, metatranscriptome profiles, and extracellular enzyme activity in bulk, rhizosphere, and organic horizon (OH) soils in AM and ECM‐dominated soils at Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, USA. After 27 years of N fertilization, fungal community composition shifted across ECM soils, but bacterial communities shifted across AM soils. These shifts were mirrored by enhanced C relative to N mining enzyme activities in both mycorrhizal types, but this occurred in different soil fractions. In ECM stands these shifts occurred in rhizosphere soils, but in AM stands they occurred in bulk soils. Additionally, ECM OH soils exhibited the opposite response with declines in C relative to N mining. As rhizosphere soils account for only a small portion of total soil volume relative to bulk soils, coupled with declines in C to N enzyme activity in ECM OH soils, we posit that this may partly explain why ECM soils store more C than AM soils as N inputs increase.

Adaptive responses of free‐living and symbiotic microalgae to simulated future ocean conditions - Wing Yan Chan; John G. Oakeshott; Patrick Buerger; Owain R. Edwards; Madeleine J. H. van Oppen (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Marine microalgae are a diverse group of microscopic eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms capable of photosynthesis. They are important primary producers and carbon sinks but their physiology and persistence are severely affected by global climate change. Powerful experimental evolution technologies are being used to examine the potential of microalgae to respond adaptively to current and predicted future conditions, as well as to develop resources to facilitate species conservation and restoration of ecosystem functions. This review synthesizes findings and insights from experimental evolution studies of marine microalgae in response to elevated temperature and/or p CO 2 . Adaptation to these environmental conditions has been observed in many studies of marine dinoflagellates, diatoms and coccolithophores. An enhancement in traits such as growth and photo‐physiological performance and an increase in upper thermal limit have been shown to be possible, although the extent and rate of change differ between microalgal taxa. Studies employing multiple monoclonal replicates showed variation in responses among replicates and revealed the stochasticity of mutations. The work to date is already providing valuable information on species’ climate sensitivity or resilience to managers and policymakers but extrapolating these insights to ecosystem‐ and community‐level impacts continues to be a challenge. We recommend future work should include in situ experiments, diurnal and seasonal fluctuations, multiple drivers and multiple starting genotypes. Fitness trade‐offs, stable versus plastic responses and the genetic bases of the changes also need investigating, and the incorporation of genome resequencing into experimental designs will be invaluable.

Improving the Accuracy of Krill Target Strength Using a Shape Catalog - Fiona Bairstow; Sven Gastauer; Luke Finley; Tom Edwards; C. Tom A. Brown; So Kawaguchi; Martin J. Cox (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Antarctic krill are subject to precautionary catch limits, based on biomass estimates, to ensure human activities do not adversely impact their important ecological role. Accurate target strength models of individual krill underpin biomass estimates. These models are scaled using measured and estimated distributions of length and orientation. However, while the length distribution of a krill swarm is accessible from net samples, there is currently limited consensus on the method for estimating krill orientation distribution. This leads to a limiting factor in biomass calculations. In this work, we consider geometric shape as a variable in target strength calculations and describe a practical method for generating a catalog of krill shapes. A catalog of shapes produces a more variable target strength response than an equivalent population of a scaled generic shape. Furthermore, using a shape catalog has the greatest impact on backscattering cross-section (linearized target strength) where the dominant scattering mechanism is mie scattering, irrespective of orientation distribution weighting. We suggest that shape distributions should be used in addition to length and orientation distributions to improve the accuracy of krill biomass estimates.

A Dynamically Downscaled Ensemble of Future Projections for the California Current System - Mercedes Pozo Buil; Michael G. Jacox; Jerome Fiechter; Michael A. Alexander; Steven J. Bograd; Enrique N. Curchitser; Christopher A. Edwards; Ryan R. Rykaczewski; Charles A. Stock (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Given the ecological and economic importance of eastern boundary upwelling systems like the California Current System (CCS), their evolution under climate change is of considerable interest for resource management. However, the spatial resolution of global earth system models (ESMs) is typically too coarse to properly resolve coastal winds and upwelling dynamics that are key to structuring these ecosystems. Here we use a high-resolution (0.1°) regional ocean circulation model coupled with a biogeochemical model to dynamically downscale ESMs and produce climate projections for the CCS under the high emission scenario, Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5. To capture model uncertainty in the projections, we downscale three ESMs: GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, and IPSL-CM5A-MR, which span the CMIP5 range for future changes in both the mean and variance of physical and biogeochemical CCS properties. The forcing of the regional ocean model is constructed with a “time-varying delta” method, which removes the mean bias of the ESM forcing and resolves the full transient ocean response from 1980 to 2100. We found that all models agree in the direction of the future change in offshore waters: an intensification of upwelling favorable winds in the northern CCS, an overall surface warming, and an enrichment of nitrate and corresponding decrease in dissolved oxygen below the surface mixed layer. However, differences in projections of these properties arise in the coastal region, producing different responses of the future biogeochemical variables. Two of the models display an increase of surface chlorophyll in the northern CCS, consistent with a combination of higher nitrate content in source waters and an intensification of upwelling favorable winds. All three models display a decrease of chlorophyll in the southern CCS, which appears to be driven by decreased upwelling favorable winds and enhanced stratification, and, for the HadGEM2-ES forced run, decreased nitrate content in upwelling source waters in nearshore regions. While trends in the downscaled models reflect those in the ESMs that force them, the ESM and downscaled solutions differ more for biogeochemical than for physical variables.

Climate scientists set the bar of proof too high - Elisabeth A. Lloyd; Naomi Oreskes; Sonia I. Seneviratne; Edward J. Larson (Climatic Change, 2021)
Standards of proof for attributing real world events/damage to global warming should be the same as in clinical or environmental lawsuits, argue Lloyd et al. The central question that we raise is effective communication. How can climate scientists best and effectively communicate their findings to crucial non-expert audiences, including public policy makers and civil society? To address this question, we look at the mismatch between what courts require and what climate scientists are setting as a bar of proof. Our first point is that scientists typically demand too much of themselves in terms of evidence, in comparison with the level of evidence required in a legal, regulatory, or public policy context. Our second point is to recommend that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommend more prominently the use of the category “more likely than not” as a level of proof in their reports, as this corresponds to the standard of proof most frequently required in civil court rooms. This has also implications for public policy and the public communication of climate evidence.

Animal‐borne video from a sea turtle reveals novel anti‐predator behaviors - Jenna L. Hounslow; Oliver J. D. Jewell; Sabrina Fossette; Scott Whiting; Anton D. Tucker; Anthony Richardson; David Edwards; Adrian C. Gleiss (Ecology, 2021)

The Essentials of Marine Biotechnology - Ana Rotter; Michéle Barbier; Francesco Bertoni; Atle M. Bones; M. Leonor Cancela; Jens Carlsson; Maria F. Carvalho; Marta Cegłowska; Jerónimo Chirivella-Martorell; Meltem Conk Dalay; Mercedes Cueto; Thanos Dailianis; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Coastal countries have traditionally relied on the existing marine resources (e.g., fishing, food, transport, recreation, and tourism) as well as tried to support new economic endeavors (ocean energy, desalination for water supply, and seabed mining). Modern societies and lifestyle resulted in an increased demand for dietary diversity, better health and well-being, new biomedicines, natural cosmeceuticals, environmental conservation, and sustainable energy sources. These societal needs stimulated the interest of researchers on the diverse and underexplored marine environments as promising and sustainable sources of biomolecules and biomass, and they are addressed by the emerging field of marine (blue) biotechnology. Blue biotechnology provides opportunities for a wide range of initiatives of commercial interest for the pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, food, feed, agricultural, and related industries. This article synthesizes the essence, opportunities, responsibilities, and challenges encountered in marine biotechnology and outlines the attainment and valorization of directly derived or bio-inspired products from marine organisms. First, the concept of bioeconomy is introduced. Then, the diversity of marine bioresources including an overview of the most prominent marine organisms and their potential for biotechnological uses are described. This is followed by introducing methodologies for exploration of these resources and the main use case scenarios in energy, food and feed, agronomy, bioremediation and climate change, cosmeceuticals, bio-inspired materials, healthcare, and well-being sectors. The key aspects in the fields of legislation and funding are provided, with the emphasis on the importance of communication and stakeholder engagement at all levels of biotechnology development. Finally, vital overarching concepts, such as the quadruple helix and Responsible Research and Innovation principle are highlighted as important to follow within the marine biotechnology field. The authors of this review are collaborating under the European Commission-funded Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action Ocean4Biotech – European transdisciplinary networking platform for marine biotechnology and focus the study on the European state of affairs.

The Quilt of Sustainable Ocean Governance: Patterns for Practitioners - Robert L. Stephenson; Alistair J. Hobday; Edward H. Allison; Derek Armitage; Kate Brooks; Alida Bundy; Christopher Cvitanovic; Mark Dickey-Collas; Natalia de Miranda Grilli; Catalina Gomez; Astrid Jarre; Laura Kaikkonen; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
In recent decades, scientists and practitioners have increasingly focused on identifying and codifying the best ways to manage activities in marine systems, leading to the development and implementation of concepts such as the social-ecological systems approach, ecosystem-based management, integrated management, marine spatial planning, participatory co-management, and the precautionary approach. To date, these concepts appear as separate entities: they have parallel literature streams; have been applied most often individually in attempts to improve governance and management; and in many ways, seem to be competing for attention. This patchwork of approaches may be hindering effective ocean governance. We propose that desirable features from these frameworks could be woven together to form the basis of more effective and equitable ocean governance arrangements across contexts, sectors, and scales. This article synthesizes the efforts of an IMBeR (Integrated Marine Biosphere Research Project) conference session and working group, that brought together experts in these diverse concepts with the objective of producing a synthesis of how they could be more effectively integrated for improved ocean sustainability outcomes. We reviewed and compared the concepts in terms of (a) the need to achieve a comprehensive suite of sustainability objectives, (b) similarities and differences in their scope, and (c) their place in practical management, policy and regulation. Achieving greater cross-sectoral integration, or a more holistic perspective on management for sustainability is at the core of each concept. All deal with aspects of governance and most, with improved participation in governance. The major differences in the origin and historical application of each concept are reflected in the degree of implicit or explicit focus given to different objectives of sustainability. Overall, the concepts are especially strong for ecological and institutional or governance considerations, moderately strong for economic aspects, and weakest for the social-cultural pillar of full spectrum sustainability. There is no panacea, and no emergent hierarchy among concepts. Some concepts fit better with top-down legislation-based efforts, others with more bottom-up stakeholder driven efforts. The selection of the core concepts for a situation will depend in a large part on which concepts are specified, or demand focus, in the legal and policy context of the situation (or area) of interest. No matter how influential or dominant a single concept might be, pragmatically, different concepts will be used in different areas, and there may always be the need for a combination of concepts and objectives woven together to achieve a cohesive quilt of sustainability.

Genetic analysis of endometriosis and depression identifies shared loci and implicates causal links with gastric mucosa abnormality - Emmanuel O. Adewuyi; Divya Mehta; Yadav Sapkota; Yadav Sapkota; Kosuke Yoshihara; Mette Nyegaard; Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir; Andrew P. Morris; Amelie Fassbender; Nilufer Rahmioglu; Immaculata De Vivo; Julie E. Buring; et al. (Human Genetics, 2021)

An update of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) on systemic insecticides. Part 2: impacts on organisms and ecosystems - Lennard Pisa; Dave Goulson; En-Cheng Yang; David Gibbons; Francisco Sánchez-Bayo; Edward Mitchell; Alexandre Aebi; Jeroen van der Sluijs; Chris J. K. MacQuarrie; Chiara Giorio; Elizabeth Yim Long; Melanie McField; et al. (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021)
New information on the lethal and sublethal effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on organisms is presented in this review, complementing the previous Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) in 2015. The high toxicity of these systemic insecticides to invertebrates has been confirmed and expanded to include more species and compounds. Most of the recent research has focused on bees and the sublethal and ecological impacts these insecticides have on pollinators. Toxic effects on other invertebrate taxa also covered predatory and parasitoid natural enemies and aquatic arthropods. Little new information has been gathered on soil organisms. The impact on marine and coastal ecosystems is still largely uncharted. The chronic lethality of neonicotinoids to insects and crustaceans, and the strengthened evidence that these chemicals also impair the immune system and reproduction, highlights the dangers of this particular insecticidal class (neonicotinoids and fipronil), with the potential to greatly decrease populations of arthropods in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Sublethal effects on fish, reptiles, frogs, birds, and mammals are also reported, showing a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity of these insecticides in vertebrates and their deleterious impacts on growth, reproduction, and neurobehaviour of most of the species tested. This review concludes with a summary of impacts on the ecosystem services and functioning, particularly on pollination, soil biota, and aquatic invertebrate communities, thus reinforcing the previous WIA conclusions (van der Sluijs et al. 2015).

Characterization and engineering of two new GH9 and GH48 cellulases from a Bacillus pumilus isolated from Lake Bogoria - Lydia A. Ogonda; Amélie Saumonneau; Michel Dion; Edward K. Muge; Benson M. Wamalwa; Francis J. Mulaa; Charles Tellier (Biotechnology Letters, 2021)

Ontogenetic scaling of the gastrointestinal tract of a marsupial foregut fermenter, the western grey kangaroo Macropus fuliginosus melanops - Adam J. Munn; Edward P. Snelling; David A. Taggart; Roger S. Seymour (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2021)

Spatial study of particulate matter distribution, based on climatic indicators during major dust storms in the State of Arizona - Amin Mohebbi; Fan Yu; Shiqing Cai; Simin Akbariyeh; Edward J. Smaglik (Frontiers of Earth Science, 2021)

Palynological evidence for pre-agricultural reindeer grazing and the later settlement history of the Lycksele region, northern Sweden - Ilse M. Kamerling; J. Edward Schofield; Kevin J. Edwards (Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2021)
Analyses of high-resolution pollen data, coprophilous fungal spores, microscopic charcoal and sedimentology, combined with radiocarbon dating, allow the assessment of the impact of Sami and Nordic land use in the region surrounding the winter market town of Lycksele in northern Sweden. Such winter markets were established by the Crown during the seventeenth century AD to control the semi-nomadic movements of the Sami who traded here with Finnish settlers and were also taxed and educated. Little is known about Sami and Nordic co-existence beyond these market places, mainly due to a lack of archaeological evidence relating to Sami activity. Vegetation and land-use changes in the region between ~ AD 250 and 1825 reveal no signal for pre-seventeenth century agricultural activity, but the coprophilous fungal spore records suggest the increased regional presence of grazing herbivores (possibly reindeer) between ~ AD 800 and 1100. Sami activity in the parish of Lycksele has been suggested by rich metal finds dated to ~ AD 1000–1350 and they may have been attracted by an abundance of reindeer.

Meat and mental health: a systematic review of meat abstention and depression, anxiety, and related phenomena - Urska Dobersek; Gabrielle Wy; Joshua Adkins; Sydney Altmeyer; Kaitlin Krout; Carl J. Lavie; Edward Archer (Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2021)

Perlecan Domain-V Enhances Neurogenic Brain Repair After Stroke in Mice - Amanda L. Trout; Michael P. Kahle; Jill M. Roberts; Aileen Marcelo; Leon de Hoog; Jeffery A. Boychuk; Stephen L. Grupke; Antonio Berretta; Emma K. Gowing; Carie R. Boychuk; Amanda A. Gorman; Danielle N. Edwards; et al. (Translational Stroke Research, 2021)
The extracellular matrix fragment perlecan domain V is neuroprotective and functionally restorative following experimental stroke. As neurogenesis is an important component of chronic post-stroke repair, and previous studies have implicated perlecan in developmental neurogenesis, we hypothesized that domain V could have a broad therapeutic window by enhancing neurogenesis after stroke. We demonstrated that domain V is chronically increased in the brains of human stroke patients, suggesting that it is present during post-stroke neurogenic periods. Furthermore, perlecan deficient mice had significantly less neuroblast precursor cells after experimental stroke. Seven-day delayed domain V administration enhanced neurogenesis and restored peri-infarct excitatory synaptic drive to neocortical layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons after experimental stroke. Domain V’s effects were inhibited by blockade of α2β1 integrin, suggesting the importance of α2β1 integrin to neurogenesis and domain V neurogenic effects. Our results demonstrate that perlecan plays a previously unrecognized role in post-stroke neurogenesis and that delayed DV administration after experimental stroke enhances neurogenesis and improves recovery in an α2β1 integrin-mediated fashion. We conclude that domain V is a clinically relevant neuroprotective and neuroreparative novel stroke therapy with a broad therapeutic window.

Are physiological and behavioural responses to stressors displayed concordantly by wild urban rodents? - Loren L. Fardell; Miguel A. Bedoya-Pérez; Christopher R. Dickman; Mathew S. Crowther; Chris R. Pavey; Edward J. Narayan (The Science of Nature, 2021)
Understanding wild animal responses to stressors underpins effective wildlife management. In order for responses to stressors to be correctly interpreted, it is critical that measurements are taken on wild animals using minimally invasive techniques. Studies investigating wild animal responses to stressors often measure either a single physiological or behavioural variable, but whether such responses are comparable and concordant remains uncertain. We investigated this question in a pilot study that measured responses of wild-caught urban brown and black rats ( Rattus norvegicus , Rattus rattus ) to fur-based olfactory cues from a predator, the domestic cat ( Felis catus ); a novel herbivore, the koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus ); and a familiar herbivore and competitor, the common brushtail possum ( Trichosurus vulpecula ). Physiological responses, measured by assaying faecal glucocorticoid metabolites, were compared to behavioural responses observed via video recordings. We found that physiological and behavioural responses to stressors were expressed concordantly. There was no sizeable physiological response observed, and the behavioural response when considered across the night was negligible. However, the behavioural response to the predator and competitor cues changed across the observation period, with activity increasing with increasing hours of exposure. Our results indicate that responses of wild rodents to cues are nuanced, with stress responses modulated by behaviour changes that vary over time according to the severity of the perceived threat as animals gather further information. If the physiological response alone had been assessed, this moderated response may not have been evident, and in terms of wildlife management, vital information would have been lost.

Are bacterial symbionts associated with gall induction in insects? - Tobin J. Hammer; Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate; John F. Tooker; Peter W. Price; Donald G. Miller; Edward F. Connor (Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 2021)

Stiffness and Strength Predictions From Finite Element Models of the Knee are Associated with Lower-Limb Fractures After Spinal Cord Injury - Ifaz T. Haider; Narina Simonian; Thomas J. Schnitzer; W. Brent Edwards (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2021)

Winter warming rapidly increases carbon degradation capacities of fungal communities in tundra soil: Potential consequences on carbon stability - Jingmin Cheng; Yunfeng Yang; Mengting M. Yuan; Qun Gao; Liyou Wu; Ziyan Qin; Zhou J. Shi; Edward A. G. Schuur; James R. Cole; James M. Tiedje; Jizhong Zhou (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
High‐latitude tundra ecosystems are increasingly affected by climate warming. As an important fraction of soil microorganisms, fungi play essential roles in carbon degradation, especially the old, chemically recalcitrant carbon. However, it remains obscure how fungi respond to climate warming and whether fungi, in turn, affect carbon stability of tundra. In a 2‐year winter soil warming experiment of 2°C by snow fences, we investigated responses of fungal communities to warming in the active layer of an Alaskan tundra. Although fungal community composition, revealed by the 28S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, remained unchanged ( p > .05), fungal functional gene composition, revealed by a microarray named GeoChip, was altered ( p p p

Scenarios for Global Aquaculture and Its Role in Human Nutrition - Jessica A. Gephart; Christopher D. Golden; Frank Asche; Ben Belton; Cecile Brugere; Halley E. Froehlich; Jillian P. Fry; Benjamin S. Halpern; Christina C. Hicks; Robert C. Jones; Dane H. Klinger; David C. Little; et al. (Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 2021)

Dietary intake, eating behavior and physical activity in individuals with and without obstructive sleep apnea - Caroline J. Beatty; Shane A. Landry; Joy Lee; Simon A. Joosten; Anthony Turton; Denise M. O’Driscoll; Ai-Ming Wong; Luke Thomson; Bradley A. Edwards; Garun S. Hamilton (Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 2021)

Classifying sitting, standing, and walking using plantar force data - Kohle J. Merry; Evan Macdonald; Megan MacPherson; Omar Aziz; Edward Park; Michael Ryan; Carolyn J. Sparrey (Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2021)

Spatial and Temporal Influences of Nearshore Hydrography on Fish Assemblages Associated with Energy Platforms in the Northern Gulf of Mexico - Ryan T. Munnelly; David B. Reeves; Edward J. Chesney; Donald M. Baltz (Estuaries and Coasts, 2021)

Spatial analysis of urine zinc (Zn) concentration for women of reproductive age and school age children in Malawi - Felix P. Phiri; E. Louise Ander; R. Murray Lark; Edward J. M. Joy; Alexander A. Kalimbira; Parminder S. Suchdev; Jellita Gondwe; Elliott M. Hamilton; Michael J. Watts; Martin R. Broadley (Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2021)
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient, and Zn deficiency remains a major global public health challenge. Recognised biomarkers of population Zn status include blood plasma or serum Zn concentration and proxy data such as dietary Zn intake and prevalence of stunting. Urine Zn concentration is rarely used to assess population Zn status. This study assessed the value of urine Zn concentration as a biomarker of population Zn status using a nationally representative sample of non-pregnant women of reproductive age (WRA) and school-aged children (SAC) in Malawi. Spot (casual) urine samples were collected from 741 WRA and 665 SAC. Urine Zn concentration was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with specific gravity adjustment for hydration status. Data were analysed using a linear mixed model with a spatially correlated random effect for between-cluster variation. The effect of time of sample collection (morning or afternoon), and gender (for SAC), on urine Zn concentration were examined. There was spatial dependence in urine Zn concentration between clusters among SAC but not WRA, which indicates that food system or environmental factors can influence urine Zn concentration. Mapping urine Zn concentration could potentially identify areas where the prevalence of Zn deficiency is greater and thus where further sampling or interventions might be targeted. There was no evidence for differences in urine Zn concentration between gender ( P = 0.69) or time of sample collection ( P = 0.85) in SAC. Urine Zn concentration was greater in afternoon samples for WRA ( P = 0.003). Relationships between urine Zn concentration, serum Zn concentration, dietary Zn intake, and potential food systems covariates warrant further study.

Winter Arctic Amplification at the synoptic timescale, 1979–2018, its regional variation and response to tropical and extratropical variability - Richard J. Hall; Edward Hanna; Linling Chen (Climate Dynamics, 2021)
We investigate winter Arctic Amplification (AA) on synoptic timescales and at regional scales using a daily version of the Arctic Amplification Index (AAI) and examine causes on a synoptic scale. The persistence, frequency and intensity of high AAI events show significant increases over the Arctic. Similarly, low AAI events are decreasing in frequency, persistence and intensity. In both cases, there are regional variations in these trends, in terms of significance and timing. Significant trends in increasing persistence, frequency and intensity of high AAI events in winter are concentrated in the period 2000–2009, with few significant trends before and after this. There are some decreases in sea-ice concentration in response to synoptic-scale AA events and these AA events can contribute to the decadal trends in AA found in other studies. A sectoral analysis of the Arctic indicates that in the Beaufort–Chukchi and East Siberian–Laptev Seas, synoptic scale high AAI events can be driven by tropical teleconnections while in other Arctic sectors, it is the intrusion of moisture-transporting synoptic cyclones into the Arctic that is most important in synoptic-scale AA. The presence of Rossby wave breaking during high AAI events is indicative of forcing from lower latitudes, modulated by variations in the jet stream. An important conclusion is that the increased persistence, frequency and intensity of synoptic-scale high AAI events make significant contributions to the interannual trend in AA.

Constructing a Human Atrial Fibre Atlas - Caroline H. Roney; Rokas Bendikas; Farhad Pashakhanloo; Cesare Corrado; Edward J. Vigmond; Elliot R. McVeigh; Natalia A. Trayanova; Steven A. Niederer (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2021)
Atrial anisotropy affects electrical propagation patterns, anchor locations of atrial reentrant drivers, and atrial mechanics. However, patient-specific atrial fibre fields and anisotropy measurements are not currently available, and consequently assigning fibre fields to atrial models is challenging. We aimed to construct an atrial fibre atlas from a high-resolution DTMRI dataset that optimally reproduces electrophysiology simulation predictions corresponding to patient-specific fibre fields, and to develop a methodology for automatically assigning fibres to patient-specific anatomies. We extended an atrial coordinate system to map the pulmonary veins, vena cava and appendages to standardised positions in the coordinate system corresponding to the average location across the anatomies. We then expressed each fibre field in this atrial coordinate system and calculated an average fibre field. To assess the effects of fibre field on patient-specific modelling predictions, we calculated paced activation time maps and electrical driver locations during AF. In total, 756 activation time maps were calculated (7 anatomies with 9 fibre maps and 2 pacing locations, for the endocardial, epicardial and bilayer surface models of the LA and RA). Patient-specific fibre fields had a relatively small effect on average paced activation maps (range of mean local activation time difference for LA fields: 2.67–3.60 ms, and for RA fields: 2.29–3.44 ms), but had a larger effect on maximum LAT differences (range for LA 12.7–16.6%; range for RA 11.9–15.0%). A total of 126 phase singularity density maps were calculated (7 anatomies with 9 fibre maps for the LA and RA bilayer models). The fibre field corresponding to anatomy 1 had the highest median PS density map correlation coefficient for LA bilayer simulations (0.44 compared to the other correlations, ranging from 0.14 to 0.39), while the average fibre field had the highest correlation for the RA bilayer simulations (0.61 compared to the other correlations, ranging from 0.37 to 0.56). For sinus rhythm simulations, average activation time is robust to fibre field direction; however, maximum differences can still be significant. Patient specific fibres are more important for arrhythmia simulations, particularly in the left atrium. We propose using the fibre field corresponding to DTMRI dataset 1 for LA simulations, and the average fibre field for RA simulations as these optimally predicted arrhythmia properties.

The role of blocking circulation and emerging open water feedbacks on Greenland cold‐season air temperature variability over the last century - Thomas J. Ballinger; Edward Hanna; Richard J. Hall; J. Rachel Carr; Saber Brasher; Erich C. Osterberg; John Cappelen; Marco Tedesco; Qinghua Ding; Sebastian H. Mernild (International Journal of Climatology, 2021)
Substantial marine, terrestrial, and atmospheric changes have occurred over the Greenland region during the last century. Several studies have documented record‐levels of Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) summer melt extent during the 2000s and 2010s, but relatively little work has been carried out to assess regional climatic changes in other seasons. Here, we focus on the less studied cold‐season (i.e., autumn and winter) climate, tracing the long‐term (1873–2013) variability of Greenland's air temperatures through analyses of coastal observations and model‐derived outlet glacier series and their linkages with North Atlantic sea ice, sea surface temperature (SST), and atmospheric circulation indices. Through a statistical framework, large amounts of west and south Greenland temperature variance (up to r 2 ~ 50%) can be explained by the seasonally‐contemporaneous combination of the Greenland Blocking Index (GBI) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO; hereafter the combination of GBI and NAO is termed GBI). Lagged and concomitant regional sea‐ice concentration (SIC) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) seasonal indices account for small amounts of residual air temperature variance ( r 2

Greenland surface air temperature changes from 1981 to 2019 and implications for ice‐sheet melt and mass‐balance change - Edward Hanna; John Cappelen; Xavier Fettweis; Sebastian H. Mernild; Thomas L. Mote; Ruth Mottram; Konrad Steffen; Thomas J. Ballinger; Richard J. Hall (International Journal of Climatology, 2021)
We provide an updated analysis of instrumental Greenland monthly temperature data to 2019, focusing mainly on coastal stations but also analysing ice‐sheet records from Swiss Camp and Summit. Significant summer (winter) coastal warming of ~1.7 (4.4)°C occurred from 1991–2019, but since 2001 overall temperature trends are generally flat and insignificant due to a cooling pattern over the last 6–7 years. Inland and coastal stations show broadly similar temperature trends for summer. Greenland temperature changes are more strongly correlated with Greenland Blocking than with North Atlantic Oscillation changes. In quantifying the association between Greenland coastal temperatures and Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) mass‐balance changes, we show a stronger link of temperatures with total mass balance rather than surface mass balance. Based on Greenland coastal temperatures and modelled mass balance for the 1972–2018 period, each 1°C of summer warming corresponds to ~(91) 116 Gt·yr −1 of GrIS (surface) mass loss and a 26 Gt·yr −1 increase in solid ice discharge. Given an estimated 4.0–6.6°C of further Greenland summer warming according to the regional model MAR projections run under CMIP6 future climate projections (SSP5‐8.5 scenario), and assuming that ice‐dynamical losses and ice sheet topography stay similar to the recent past, linear extrapolation gives a corresponding GrIS global sea‐level rise (SLR) contribution of ~10.0–12.6 cm by 2100, compared with the 8–27 cm (mean 15 cm) “likely” model projection range reported by IPCC in 2019 (SPM.B1.2). However, our estimate represents a lower limit for future GrIS change since fixed dynamical mass losses and amplified melt arising from both melt‐albedo and melt‐elevation positive feedbacks are not taken into account here.

A global analysis of complexity–biodiversity relationships on marine artificial structures - Elisabeth M. A. Strain; Peter D. Steinberg; Maria Vozzo; Emma L. Johnston; Marco Abbiati; Moises A. Aguilera; Laura Airoldi; J. David Aguirre; Gail Ashton; Maritina Bernardi; Paul Brooks; Benny K. K. Chan; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2021)
Aim Topographic complexity is widely accepted as a key driver of biodiversity, but at the patch‐scale, complexity–biodiversity relationships may vary spatially and temporally according to the environmental stressors complexity mitigates, and the species richness and identity of potential colonists. Using a manipulative experiment, we assessed spatial variation in patch‐scale effects of complexity on intertidal biodiversity. Location 27 sites within 14 estuaries/bays distributed globally. Time period 2015–2017. Major taxa studied Functional groups of algae, sessile and mobile invertebrates. Methods Concrete tiles of differing complexity (flat; 2.5‐cm or 5‐cm complex) were affixed at low–high intertidal elevation on coastal defence structures, and the richness and abundance of the colonizing taxa were quantified after 12 months. Results The patch‐scale effects of complexity varied spatially and among functional groups. Complexity had neutral to positive effects on total, invertebrate and algal taxa richness, and invertebrate abundances. However, effects on the abundance of algae ranged from positive to negative, depending on location and functional group. The tidal elevation at which tiles were placed accounted for some variation. The total and invertebrate richness were greater at low or mid than at high intertidal elevations. Latitude was also an important source of spatial variation, with the effects of complexity on total richness and mobile mollusc abundance greatest at lower latitudes, whilst the cover of sessile invertebrates and sessile molluscs responded most strongly to complexity at higher latitudes. Conclusions After 12 months, patch‐scale relationships between biodiversity and habitat complexity were not universally positive. Instead, the relationship varied among functional groups and according to local abiotic and biotic conditions. This result challenges the assumption that effects of complexity on biodiversity are universally positive. The variable effect of complexity has ramifications for community and applied ecology, including eco‐engineering and restoration that seek to bolster biodiversity through the addition of complexity.

Production of a structurally validated cyclotide in rice suspension cells is enabled by a supporting biosynthetic enzyme - Haiou Qu; Mark A. Jackson; Kuok Yap; Peta J. Harvey; Edward K. Gilding; David J. Craik (Planta, 2020)

MYCO WELL D-ONE detection of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis in sexual health patients in Wales - Daniel J. Morris; Lucy C. Jones; Rebecca L. Davies; Kirsty Sands; Edward Portal; Owen B. Spiller (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2020)
The genital mycoplasmas are a unique group of inherently antibiotic-resistant sexually transmitted bacteria, often associated with non-gonococcal urethritis and bacterial vaginosis. The MYCO WELL D-ONE is a culture-based assay that aims to detect these organisms whilst concurrently screening them for antibiotic resistance. Urine and/or swabs from 856 informed and consented participants attending Welsh sexual health clinics were subjected to MYCO WELL D-ONE analysis, alongside qPCR and culture titration methodologies to determine sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy. Resistance was confirmed by CLSI-compliant susceptibility testing and genetic mechanisms determined. The MYCO WELL D-ONE displayed a sensitivity and specificity of 91.98% and 96.44% for the detection of Ureaplasma spp., with sensitivity and specificity values of 78.23% and 98.84% for Mycoplasma hominis , compared with qPCR. Swabs harboured significantly greater bacterial loads than urine samples for both Ureaplasma spp. and M . hominis . Levofloxacin resistance rates, mediated by Ser83Leu mutation in ParC, for Ureaplasma spp. were 0.54%. Tetracycline resistance rates, mediated by tet (M), were 0.54% and 2% for Ureaplasma spp. and M . hominis , respectively; sequence analysis of tet (M)-positive Ureaplasma spp. and M . hominis strains isolated from a single individual confirmed separate resistance gene origins. The MYCO WELL D-ONE is a sensitive and specific assay for the detection of Ureaplasma spp. and M . hominis in genitourinary medicine samples, facilitating the accurate detection of these organisms within low-technology environments. While good for antibiotic resistance screening, accurate confirmation by MIC determination or molecular methods are required, and more optimally performed on urine samples.

The association of peripheral immune markers with brain cortical thickness and surface area in South African people living with HIV - Monray Edward Williams; John A. Joska; Alyssa R. Amod; Robert H. Paul; Dan J. Stein; Jonathan C. Ipser; Petrus J.W. Naudé (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2020)

A Performance Comparison of Low-Cost Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectrometers to a Conventional Laboratory Spectrometer for Rapid Biomass Compositional Analysis - Edward J. Wolfrum; Courtney Payne; Alexa Schwartz; Joshua Jacobs; Robert W. Kressin (BioEnergy Research, 2020)
The performance of a conventional laboratory near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer and two NIR spectrometer prototypes (a Texas Instruments NIRSCAN Nano evaluation model (EVM) and an InnoSpectra NIR-M-R2 spectrometer) are compared by collecting reflectance spectra of 270 well-characterized herbaceous biomass samples, building calibration models using the partial least squares (PLS-2) algorithm to predict five constituents of the samples from the reflectance spectra, and comparing the resulting model statistics. The prediction models developed using spectra from the Foss XDS spectrometer were slightly better than the prediction models developed using spectra from either the TI NIRSCAN Nano EVM and the InnoSpectra NIR-M-R2 as measured by the root mean square error (RMSECV) and the correlation coefficient ( R 2 _cv) for “leave-one-out” cross-validation (CV). The models built from the two prototype units were not statistically significantly different from each other ( p = 0.05). The Foss spectrometer has a larger wavelength range (400–2500 nm) compared with the two prototypes (900–1700 nm). When the spectra from the Foss XDS spectrometer were truncated so their wavelength range matched the wavelength range of the two prototype units, the resulting model was not statistically significantly different from the models from either prototype.

Trait‐based ecology at large scales: Assessing functional trait correlations, phylogenetic constraints and spatial variability using open data - Martin A. Wilkes; François Edwards; J. Iwan Jones; John F. Murphy; Judy England; Nikolai Friberg; Daniel Hering; N. LeRoy Poff; Philippe Usseglio‐Polatera; Wilco C. E. P. Verberk; Jon Webb; Lee E. Brown (Global Change Biology, 2020)
The growing use of functional traits in ecological research has brought new insights into biodiversity responses to global environmental change. However, further progress depends on overcoming three major challenges involving (a) statistical correlations between traits, (b) phylogenetic constraints on the combination of traits possessed by any single species, and (c) spatial effects on trait structure and trait–environment relationships. Here, we introduce a new framework for quantifying trait correlations, phylogenetic constraints and spatial variability at large scales by combining openly available species’ trait, occurrence and phylogenetic data with gridded, high‐resolution environmental layers and computational modelling. Our approach is suitable for use among a wide range of taxonomic groups inhabiting terrestrial, marine and freshwater habitats. We demonstrate its application using freshwater macroinvertebrate data from 35 countries in Europe. We identified a subset of available macroinvertebrate traits, corresponding to a life‐history model with axes of resistance, resilience and resource use, as relatively unaffected by correlations and phylogenetic constraints. Trait structure responded more consistently to environmental variation than taxonomic structure, regardless of location. A re‐analysis of existing data on macroinvertebrate communities of European alpine streams supported this conclusion, and demonstrated that occurrence‐based functional diversity indices are highly sensitive to the traits included in their calculation. Overall, our findings suggest that the search for quantitative trait–environment relationships using single traits or simple combinations of multiple traits is unlikely to be productive. Instead, there is a need to embrace the value of conceptual frameworks linking community responses to environmental change via traits which correspond to the axes of life‐history models. Through a novel integration of tools and databases, our flexible framework can address this need.

Public Perceptions of Mangrove Forests Matter for Their Conservation - Farid Dahdouh-Guebas; Gordon N. Ajonina; A. Aldrie Amir; Dominic A. Andradi-Brown; Irfan Aziz; Thorsten Balke; Edward B. Barbier; Stefano Cannicci; Simon M. Cragg; Marília Cunha-Lignon; David J. Curnick; Carlos M. Duarte; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

A review of a decade of lessons from one of the world’s largest MPAs: conservation gains and key challenges - Graeme C. Hays; Heather J. Koldewey; Samantha Andrzejaczek; Martin J. Attrill; Shanta Barley; Daniel T. I. Bayley; Cassandra E. Benkwitt; Barbara Block; Robert J. Schallert; Aaron B. Carlisle; Pete Carr; Taylor K. Chapple; et al. (Marine Biology, 2020)

Geography, opportunity and bridgeheads facilitate termite invasions to the United States - Alexander J. Blumenfeld; Edward L. Vargo (Biological Invasions, 2020)

High Energy Side and Rear American Football Head Impacts Cause Obvious Performance Decrement on Video - Adam J. Bartsch; Daniel Hedin; Jay Alberts; Edward C. Benzel; Jason Cruickshank; Robert S. Gray; Kenneth Cameron; Megan N. Houston; Tyler Rooks; Gerald McGinty; Erick Kozlowski; Steven Rowson; et al. (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

Geographic variation in responses of kelp forest communities of the California Current to recent climatic changes - Rodrigo Beas‐Luna; Fiorenza Micheli; C. Brock Woodson; Mark Carr; Dan Malone; Jorge Torre; Charles Boch; Jennifer E. Caselle; Matt Edwards; Jan Freiwald; Scott L. Hamilton; Arturo Hernandez; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
The changing global climate is having profound effects on coastal marine ecosystems around the world. Structure, functioning, and resilience, however, can vary geographically, depending on species composition, local oceanographic forcing, and other pressures from human activities and use. Understanding ecological responses to environmental change and predicting changes in the structure and functioning of whole ecosystems require large‐scale, long‐term studies, yet most studies trade spatial extent for temporal duration. We address this shortfall by integrating multiple long‐term kelp forest monitoring datasets to evaluate biogeographic patterns and rates of change of key functional groups (FG) along the west coast of North America. Analysis of data from 469 sites spanning Alaska, USA, to Baja California, Mexico, and 373 species (assigned to 18 FG) reveals regional variation in responses to both long‐term (2006–2016) change and a recent marine heatwave (2014–2016) associated with two atmospheric and oceanographic anomalies, the “Blob” and extreme El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Canopy‐forming kelps appeared most sensitive to warming throughout their range. Other FGs varied in their responses among trophic levels, ecoregions, and in their sensitivity to heatwaves. Changes in community structure were most evident within the southern and northern California ecoregions, while communities in the center of the range were more resilient. We report a poleward shift in abundance of some key FGs. These results reveal major, ongoing region‐wide changes in productive coastal marine ecosystems in response to large‐scale climate variability, and the potential loss of foundation species. In particular, our results suggest that coastal communities that are dependent on kelp forests will be more impacted in the southern portion of the California Current region, highlighting the urgency of implementing adaptive strategies to sustain livelihoods and ensure food security. The results also highlight the value of multiregional integration and coordination of monitoring programs for improving our understanding of marine ecosystems, with the goal of informing policy and resource management in the future.

Historical biogeography of smoothhound sharks (genus Mustelus ) of Southern Africa reveals multiple dispersal events from the Northern Hemisphere - Simo N. Maduna; Kelvin L. Hull; Edward D. Farrell; Jessica J. Boomer; Ana Veríssimo; Ilaria A. M. Marino; Carlotta Mazzoldi; Lorenzo Zane; Sabine P. Wintner; Mikhail V. Chesalin; Charlene da Silva; Chrysoula Gubili; et al. (Systematics and Biodiversity, 2020)

Comparison of USACE Three-Factor Wetland Delineations to National Wetland Inventory Maps - Edward Gage; David J. Cooper; Robert Lichvar (Wetlands, 2020)

APPA (apocynin and paeonol) modulates pathological aspects of human neutrophil function, without supressing antimicrobial ability, and inhibits TNFα expression and signalling - A. L. Cross; J. Hawkes; H. L. Wright; R. J. Moots; S. W. Edwards (Inflammopharmacology, 2020)
Neutrophils are key players in the pathophysiological process underlying inflammatory conditions not only by release of tissue-damaging cytotoxic enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also by secretion of important immunomodulatory chemokines and cytokines. Here, we report the effects of the novel agent APPA, undergoing formal clinical development for treatment of osteoarthritis, and its constituent components, apocynin (AP) and paeonol (PA) on a number of neutrophil functions, including effects on TNFα- expression and signalling. Neutrophils were treated with APPA (10–1000 µg/mL) prior to the measurement of cell functions, including ROS production, chemotaxis, apoptosis and surface receptor expression. Expression levels of several key genes and proteins were measured after incubation with APPA and the chromatin re-modelling agent, R848. APPA did not significantly affect phagocytosis, bacterial killing or expression of surface receptors, while chemotactic migration was affected only at the highest concentrations. However, APPA down-regulated neutrophil degranulation and ROS levels, and decreased the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. APPA also decreased cytokine-stimulated gene expression, inhibiting both TNFα- and GM-CSF-induced cell signalling. APPA was as effective as infliximab in down-regulating chemokine and IL-6 expression following incubation with R848. Whilst APPA does not interfere with neutrophil host defence against infections, it does inhibit neutrophil degranulation, and cytokine-driven signalling pathways (e.g. autocrine signalling and NF-κB activation), processes that are associated with inflammation. These observations may explain the mechanisms by which APPA exerts anti-inflammatory effects and suggests a potential therapeutic role in inflammatory diseases in which neutrophils and TNFα signalling are important in pathology, such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Seasonal asymmetry of equatorial East African rainfall projections: understanding differences between the response of the long rains and the short rains to increased greenhouse gases - Kerry H. Cook; Rory G. J. Fitzpatrick; Weiran Liu; Edward K. Vizy (Climate Dynamics, 2020)

Old growth Afrotropical forests critical for maintaining forest carbon - John R. Poulsen; Vincent P. Medjibe; Lee J. T. White; Zewei Miao; Ludovic Banak‐Ngok; Chris Beirne; Connie J. Clark; Aida Cuni‐Sanchez; Mathias Disney; Jean‐Louis Doucet; Michelle E. Lee; Simon L. Lewis; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Large trees [≥ 70 cm diameter at breast height (DBH)] contribute disproportionately to aboveground carbon stock (AGC) across the tropics but may be vulnerable to changing climate and human activities. Here we determine the distribution, drivers and threats to large trees and high carbon forest. Location Central Africa. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Trees. Methods Using Gabon's new National Resource Inventory of 104 field sites, AGC was calculated from 67,466 trees from 578 species and 97 genera. Power and Michaelis–Menten models assessed the contribution of large trees to AGC. Environmental and anthropogenic drivers of AGC, large trees, and stand variables were modelled using Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) weights to calculate average regression coefficients for all p ossible models. Results Mean AGC for trees ≥ 10 cm DBH in Gabonese forestlands was 141.7 Mg C/ha, with averages of 166.6, 171.3 and 96.6 Mg C/ha in old growth, concession and secondary forest. High carbon forests occurred where large trees are most abundant: 31% of AGC was stored in large trees (2.3% of all stems). Human activities largely drove variation in AGC and large trees, but climate and edaphic conditions also determined stand variables (basal area, tree height, wood density, stem density). AGC and large trees increased with distance from human settlements; AGC was 40% lower in secondary than primary and concession forests and 33% higher in protected than non‐managed areas. Main conclusions AGC and large trees were negatively associated with human activities, highlighting the importance of forest management. Redefining large trees as ≥ 50 cm DBH (4.3% more stems) would account for 20% more AGC. This study demonstrates that protecting relatively undisturbed forests can be disproportionately effective in conserving carbon and suggests that including sustainable forestry in programs like reduced emissions for deforestation and forest degradation could maintain carbon dense forests in logging concessions that are a large proportion of remaining Central African forests.

Modelling climate change impacts on maize yields under low nitrogen input conditions in sub‐Saharan Africa - Gatien N. Falconnier; Marc Corbeels; Kenneth J. Boote; François Affholder; Myriam Adam; Dilys S. MacCarthy; Alex C. Ruane; Claas Nendel; Anthony M. Whitbread; Éric Justes; Lajpat R. Ahuja; Folorunso M. Akinseye; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Smallholder farmers in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) currently grow rainfed maize with limited inputs including fertilizer. Climate change may exacerbate current production constraints. Crop models can help quantify the potential impact of climate change on maize yields, but a comprehensive multimodel assessment of simulation accuracy and uncertainty in these low‐input systems is currently lacking. We evaluated the impact of varying [CO 2 ], temperature and rainfall conditions on maize yield, for different nitrogen (N) inputs (0, 80, 160 kg N/ha) for five environments in SSA, including cool subhumid Ethiopia, cool semi‐arid Rwanda, hot subhumid Ghana and hot semi‐arid Mali and Benin using an ensemble of 25 maize models. Models were calibrated with measured grain yield, plant biomass, plant N, leaf area index, harvest index and in‐season soil water content from 2‐year experiments in each country to assess their ability to simulate observed yield. Simulated responses to climate change factors were explored and compared between models. Calibrated models reproduced measured grain yield variations well with average relative root mean square error of 26%, although uncertainty in model prediction was substantial (CV = 28%). Model ensembles gave greater accuracy than any model taken at random. Nitrogen fertilization controlled the response to variations in [CO 2 ], temperature and rainfall. Without N fertilizer input, maize (a) benefited less from an increase in atmospheric [CO 2 ]; (b) was less affected by higher temperature or decreasing rainfall; and (c) was more affected by increased rainfall because N leaching was more critical. The model intercomparison revealed that simulation of daily soil N supply and N leaching plays a crucial role in simulating climate change impacts for low‐input systems. Climate change and N input interactions have strong implications for the design of robust adaptation approaches across SSA, because the impact of climate change in low input systems will be modified if farmers intensify maize production with balanced nutrient management.

Transient protein expression in tobacco BY-2 plant cell packs using single and multi-cassette replicating vectors - Zuzana Poborilova; Helena Plchova; Noemi Cerovska; Cornelius J. Gunter; Inga I. Hitzeroth; Edward P. Rybicki; Tomas Moravec (Plant Cell Reports, 2020)
Key message This is the first evidence that replicating vectors can be successfully used for transient protein expression in BY-2 plant cell packs. Abstract Transient recombinant protein expression in plants and recently also plant cell cultures are of increasing interest due to the speed, safety and scalability of the process. Currently, studies are focussing on the design of plant virus-derived vectors to achieve higher amounts of transiently expressed proteins in these systems. Here we designed and tested replicating single and multi-cassette vectors that combine elements for enhanced replication and hypertranslation, and assessed their ability to express and particularly co-express proteins by Agrobacterium -mediated transient expression in tobacco BY-2 plant cell packs. Substantial yields of green and red fluorescent proteins of up to ~ 700 ng/g fresh mass were detected in the plant cells along with position-dependent expression. This is the first evidence of the ability of replicating vectors to transiently express proteins in BY-2 plant cell packs.

Bivalve Feeding Responses to Microalgal Bloom Species in the Indian River Lagoon: the Potential for Top-Down Control - Eve Galimany; Jessica Lunt; Christopher J. Freeman; Jay Houk; Thomas Sauvage; Larissa Santos; Jillian Lunt; Maria Kolmakova; Malcolm Mossop; Arthur Domingos; Edward J. Phlips; Valerie J. Paul (Estuaries and Coasts, 2020)
In 2011, the Indian River Lagoon, a biodiverse estuary in eastern Florida (USA), experienced an intense microalgal bloom with disastrous ecological consequences. The bloom included a mix of microalgae with unresolved taxonomy and lasted for 7 months with a maximum concentration of 130 μg chlorophyll a L −1 . In 2012, brown tide Aureoumbra lagunensis also bloomed in portions of this estuary, with reoccurrences in 2016 and 2018. To identify and understand the role of grazer pressure (top-down control) on bloom formation, we coupled DNA sequencing with bivalve feeding assays using three microalgae isolated from the 2011 bloom and maintained in culture. Feeding experiments were conducted on widely distributed bivalve species in the lagoon, including eastern oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ), hooked mussels ( Ischadium recurvum ), charru mussels ( Mytella charruana ), green mussels ( Perna viridis ), Atlantic rangia ( Rangia cuneata ), and hard clams ( Mercenaria mercenaria ), which were exposed to 3 × 10 4 cells mL −1 of five species of microalgae consisting of A. lagunensis and the three species clarified herein, the picocyanobacteria Crocosphaera sp. and ‘ Synechococcus ’ sp., and the picochlorophyte Picochlorum sp., as well as Nannochloropsis oculata used as a control. To ensure clearance rates were indicative of consumption and assimilation, the microalgae were isotopically ( 15 N) labeled prior to feeding experiments. Clearance rates differed among bivalve and microalgal species, but enriched 15 N values in bivalve tissue suggest that algal bloom species were assimilated by the bivalves. These results expand our understanding of the important ecosystem services that healthy, biodiverse filter feeder communities provide.

Intercomparison of Large-Eddy Simulations of the Antarctic Boundary Layer for Very Stable Stratification - Fleur Couvreux; Eric Bazile; Quentin Rodier; Björn Maronga; Georgios Matheou; Maria J. Chinita; John Edwards; Bart J. H. van Stratum; Chiel C. van Heerwaarden; Jing Huang; Arnold F. Moene; Anning Cheng; et al. (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2020)

Modeling the interactive effects of nutrient loads, meteorology, and invasive mussels on suitable habitat for Bighead and Silver Carp in Lake Michigan - Peter J. Alsip; Hongyan Zhang; Mark D. Rowe; Edward Rutherford; Doran M. Mason; Catherine Riseng; Zhenming Su (Biological Invasions, 2020)
Anthropogenic stressors that affect ecological processes in the Laurentian Great Lakes can impact their susceptibility to bioinvasions. Bighead Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Silver Carp H. molitrix , collectively ‘bigheaded carps’ (BHC), are planktivorous fishes threatening to invade Lake Michigan. While previous studies indicate the lake contains habitat suitable for BHC growth, there is a need to understand how anthropogenic-driven changes to the abiotic and biotic environment could alter its vulnerability to BHC. We applied a spatially explicit model of BHC growth rate potential (GRP; g g −1 d −1 ) to nine biophysical model scenarios to evaluate changes in habitat suitability in Lake Michigan. Scenarios differed in meteorology (cool, reference, warm), annual tributary phosphorus loads (0, 3300, and 5600 MTA), and the presence/absence of invasive dreissenid mussels. Mussel effects on BHC GRP relied on their contact with the surface mixed layer (SML), the depth of which was affected by meteorology. The warm year advanced the expansion of Bighead Carp habitat by increasing temperature-dependent foraging rates and lessening the time of competitive interaction with mussels due to earlier stratification separating mussels from the SML. Phosphorus loads were the most influential driver of the lake’s suitability. Compared to present conditions, we estimate BHC could have grown an additional 8–40% annually in the 1980s when mussels were not in the lake and phosphorus loads were higher. Our study demonstrates how climate change and nutrient enrichment can increase Lake Michigan’s vulnerability to BHC by affecting thermal regime and productivity, thereby limiting negative effects of dreissenid mussels on BHC growth.

Phylogenetic placement of Spermospora avenae, causal agent of red leather leaf disease of oats - A. Zaveri; R. C. Mann; J. K. Kaur; F. J. Henry; H. Wallwork; C. C. Linde; Jacqueline Edwards (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2020)

The global abundance of tree palms - Robert Muscarella; Thaise Emilio; Oliver L. Phillips; Simon L. Lewis; Ferry Slik; William J. Baker; Thomas L. P. Couvreur; Wolf L. Eiserhardt; Jens‐Christian Svenning; Kofi Affum‐Baffoe; Shin‐Ichiro Aiba; Everton C. de Almeida; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

Eroding islands of Gulf of Mannar, Southeast India: a consequence of long-term impact of coral mining and climate change - N. Gladwin Gnana Asir; P. Dinesh Kumar; A. Arasamuthu; G. Mathews; K. Diraviya Raj; T. K. Ashok Kumar; Deepak S. Bilgi; J. K. Patterson Edward (Natural Hazards, 2020)

The unleashing of the immune system in COVID-19 and sepsis: the calm before the storm? - Salvatore Bellinvia; Christopher J. Edwards; Matteo Schisano; Paolo Banfi; Matteo Fallico; Paolo Murabito (Inflammation Research, 2020)

Fitness, independent of physical activity is associated with cerebral blood flow in adults at risk for Alzheimer’s disease - Ryan J. Dougherty; Elizabeth A. Boots; Jacob B. Lindheimer; Aaron J. Stegner; Stephanie Van Riper; Dorothy F. Edwards; Catherine L. Gallagher; Cynthia M. Carlsson; Howard A. Rowley; Barbara B. Bendlin; Sanjay Asthana; Bruce P. Hermann; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2020)

White matter microstructure varies with post-traumatic stress severity following medical trauma - Nathaniel G. Harnett; Edward W. Ference; Amy J. Knight; David C. Knight (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2020)

Coronavirus surveillance of wildlife in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic detects viral RNA in rodents - David J. McIver; Soubanh Silithammavong; Watthana Theppangna; Amethyst Gillis; Bounlom Douangngeun; Kongsy Khammavong; Sinpakone Singhalath; Veasna Duong; Philippe Buchy; Sarah H. Olson; Lucy Keatts; Amanda E. Fine; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2020)

Ensuring tests of conservation interventions build on existing literature - William J. Sutherland; Sergio Ticul Alvarez‐Castañeda; Tatsuya Amano; Roberto Ambrosini; Philip Atkinson; John M. Baxter; Alexander L. Bond; Philip J. Boon; Katherine L. Buchanan; Jos Barlow; Giuseppe Bogliani; Olivia M. Bragg; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2020)

Exploiting the genome of Thinopyrum elongatum to expand the gene pool of hexaploid wheat - Lauren Baker; Surbhi Grewal; Cai-yun Yang; Stella Hubbart-Edwards; Duncan Scholefield; Stephen Ashling; Amanda J. Burridge; Alexandra M. Przewieslik-Allen; Paul A. Wilkinson; Ian P. King; Julie King (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2020)
Key message One hundred and thirty four introgressions from Thinopyrum elongatum have been transferred into a wheat background and were characterised using 263 SNP markers. Abstract Species within the genus Thinopyrum have been shown to carry genetic variation for a very wide range of traits including biotic and abiotic stresses and quality. Research has shown that one of the species within this genus, Th. elongatum , has a close relationship with the genomes of wheat making it a highly suitable candidate to expand the gene pool of wheat. Homoeologous recombination, in the absence of the Ph1 gene, has been exploited to transfer an estimated 134 introgressions from Th. elongatum into a hexaploid wheat background. The introgressions were detected and characterised using 263 single nucleotide polymorphism markers from a 35 K Axiom ® Wheat-Relative Genotyping Array, spread across seven linkage groups and validated using genomic in situ hybridisation. The genetic map had a total length of 187.8 cM and the average chromosome length was 26.8 cM. Comparative analyses of the genetic map of Th. elongatum and the physical map of hexaploid wheat confirmed previous work that indicated good synteny at the macro-level, although Th. elongatum does not contain the 4A/5A/7B translocation found in wheat.

The influence of marine algae on iodine speciation in the coastal ocean - Mary W. Carrano; Kyoko Yarimizu; Jennifer L. Gonzales; Ricardo Cruz-López; Matthew S. Edwards; Teresa M. Tymon; Frithjof C. Küpper; Carl J. Carrano (Algae, 2020)

Hybrid FEM and FDM Approach for Monolithic Catalytic Converters with Pore Diffusion - Wen Wang; Edward J. Bissett; Syed Wahiduzzaman (Emission Control Science and Technology, 2020)

7700-year persistence of an isolated, free-living coral assemblage in the Galápagos Islands: a model for coral refugia? - J. S. Feingold; B. Riegl; K. Hendrickson; L. T. Toth; H. Cheng; R. L. Edwards; R. B. Aronson (Coral Reefs, 2020)

Individual variations of the human corticospinal tract and its hand-related motor fibers using diffusion MRI tractography - Kyriakos Dalamagkas; Magdalini Tsintou; Yogesh Rathi; Lauren J. O’Donnell; Ofer Pasternak; Xue Gong; Anne Zhu; Peter Savadjiev; George M. Papadimitriou; Marek Kubicki; Edward H. Yeterian; Nikos Makris (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2020)

Factors determining variation in colour morph frequencies in invasive Harmonia axyridis populations - Alois Honek; Peter M. J. Brown; Zdenka Martinkova; Jiri Skuhrovec; Marek Brabec; Giovanni Burgio; Edward W. Evans; Marc Fournier; Audrey A. Grez; Jan Kulfan; Francesco Lami; Eric Lucas; et al. (Biological Invasions, 2020)

Wound healing in an elasmobranch fish is not impaired by high‐CO 2 exposure - Ian A. Bouyoucos; Oliver N. Shipley; Emily Jones; Edward J. Brooks; John W. Mandelman (Journal of Fish Biology, 2020)
The purpose of this study was to test the effects of high CO 2 exposure on wound healing rates in an elasmobranch fish ( Urobatis jamaicensis ). Small dermal injuries (8 mm biopsy) closed by 22 days post wounding with a decrease in haematocrit. High CO 2 exposure (ΔpH = 1.4) did not influence healing rate or haematocrit. Combined, these data provide evidence that minimally invasive scientific procedures have short‐term impacts on elasmobranch fishes even during exposure to a chronic stressor. Therefore, wound healing rates may not be strongly impacted by ocean acidification (ΔpH = 0.4).

Simulating compound flooding events in a hurricane - Yinglong J. Zhang; Fei Ye; Haocheng Yu; Weiling Sun; Saeed Moghimi; Edward Myers; Karinna Nunez; Ruoyin Zhang; Harry Wang; Aron Roland; Jiabi Du; Zhuo Liu (Ocean Dynamics, 2020)

Taxonomy of prokaryotic viruses: 2018-2019 update from the ICTV Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee - Evelien M. Adriaenssens; Matthew B. Sullivan; Petar Knezevic; Leonardo J. van Zyl; B. L. Sarkar; Bas E. Dutilh; Poliane Alfenas-Zerbini; Małgorzata Łobocka; Yigang Tong; James Rodney Brister; Andrea I. Moreno Switt; Jochen Klumpp; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2020)

Behavioral pharmacology of the mixed-action delta-selective opioid receptor agonist BBI-11008: studies on acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, respiration, and drug self-administration - Glenn W. Stevenson; Denise Giuvelis; James Cormier; Katherine Cone; Phillip Atherton; Rebecca Krivitsky; Emily Warner; Brooke St. Laurent; Julio Dutra; Jean M. Bidlack; Lajos Szabò; Robin Polt; et al. (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

The Rapid Regenerative Response of a Model Sea Anemone Species Exaiptasia pallida Is Characterised by Tissue Plasticity and Highly Coordinated Cell Communication - Chloé A. van der Burg; Ana Pavasovic; Edward K. Gilding; Elise S. Pelzer; Joachim M. Surm; Hayden L. Smith; Terence P. Walsh; Peter J. Prentis (Marine Biotechnology, 2020)

Loss of vacuolar acidity results in iron-sulfur cluster defects and divergent homeostatic responses during aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Kenneth L. Chen; Toby N. Ven; Matthew M. Crane; Matthew L. C. Brunner; Adrian K. Pun; Kathleen L. Helget; Katherine Brower; Dexter E. Chen; Ha Doan; Justin D. Dillard-Telm; Ellen Huynh; Yen-Chi Feng; et al. (GeroScience, 2020)

Virulence/avirulence patterns among Leptosphaeria maculans isolates determines expression of resistance, senescence and yellowing in cotyledons of Brassica napus - A. Dolatabadian; J. Batley; D. Edwards; M. J. Barbetti (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2020)

Dissolved Gas and Metal Composition of Hydrothermal Plumes From a 2008 Submarine Eruption on the Northeast Lau Spreading Center - Tamara Baumberger; Marvin D. Lilley; John E. Lupton; Edward T. Baker; Joseph A. Resing; Nathaniel J. Buck; Sharon L. Walker; Gretchen L. Früh-Green (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Sphingosine is able to prevent and eliminate Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation on different orthopedic implant materials in vitro - Sascha Beck; Carolin Sehl; Sylvia Voortmann; Hedda Luise Verhasselt; Michael J. Edwards; Jan Buer; Mike Hasenberg; Erich Gulbins; Katrin Anne Becker (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2020)
Periprosthetic infection (PPI) is a devastating complication in joint replacement surgery. On the background of an aging population, the number of joint replacements and associated complications is expected to increase. The capability for biofilm formation and the increasing resistance of different microbes to antibiotics have complicated the treatment of PPI, requiring the need for the development of alternative treatment options. The bactericidal effect of the naturally occurring amino alcohol sphingosine has already been reported. In our study, we demonstrate the antimicrobial efficacy of sphingosine on three different strains of biofilm producing Staphylococcus epidermidis , representing one of the most frequent microbes involved in PPI. In an in vitro analysis, sphingosine’s capability for prevention and treatment of biofilm-contamination on different common orthopedic implant surfaces was tested. Coating titanium implant samples with sphingosine not only prevented implant contamination but also revealed a significant reduction of biofilm formation on the implant surfaces by 99.942%. When testing the antimicrobial efficacy of sphingosine on sessile biofilm-grown Staphylococcus epidermidis , sphingosine solution was capable to eliminate 99.999% of the bacteria on the different implant surfaces, i.e., titanium, steel, and polymethylmethacrylate. This study provides evidence on the antimicrobial efficacy of sphingosine for both planktonic and sessile biofilm-grown Staphylococcus epidermidis on contaminated orthopedic implants. Sphingosine may provide an effective and cheap treatment option for prevention and reduction of infections in joint replacement surgery. Key messages • Here we established a novel technology for prevention of implant colonization by sphingosine-coating of orthopedic implant materials. • Sphingosine-coating of orthopedic implants prevented bacterial colonization and significantly reduced biofilm formation on implant surfaces by 99.942%. • Moreover, sphingosine solution was capable to eliminate 99.999% of sessile biofilm-grown Staphylococcus epidermidis on different orthopedic implant surfaces.

Spectroscopic and biochemical insight into an electron-bifurcating [FeFe] hydrogenase - Nipa Chongdar; Krzysztof Pawlak; Olaf Rüdiger; Edward J. Reijerse; Patricia Rodríguez-Maciá; Wolfgang Lubitz; James A. Birrell; Hideaki Ogata (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2020)
The heterotrimeric electron-bifurcating [FeFe] hydrogenase (HydABC) from Thermotoga maritima ( Tm ) couples the endergonic reduction of protons (H + ) by dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) (∆ G 0 ≈ 18 kJ mol −1 ) to the exergonic reduction of H + by reduced ferredoxin (Fd red ) (∆ G 0 ≈ − 16 kJ mol −1 ). The specific mechanism by which HydABC functions is not understood. In the current study, we describe the biochemical and spectroscopic characterization of Tm HydABC recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli and artificially maturated with a synthetic diiron cofactor. We found that Tm HydABC catalyzed the hydrogen (H 2 )-dependent reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) in the presence of oxidized ferredoxin (Fd ox ) at a rate of ≈17 μmol NADH min −1 mg −1 . Our data suggest that only one flavin is present in the enzyme and is not likely to be the site of electron bifurcation. FTIR and EPR spectroscopy, as well as FTIR spectroelectrochemistry, demonstrated that the active site for H 2 conversion, the H-cluster, in Tm HydABC behaves essentially the same as in prototypical [FeFe] hydrogenases, and is most likely also not the site of electron bifurcation. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to the current hypotheses on the electron bifurcation mechanism of [FeFe] hydrogenases. Overall, the results provide insight into the electron-bifurcating mechanism and present a well-defined system for further investigations of this fascinating class of [FeFe] hydrogenases. Graphic abstract

Improved genetic identification of acipenseriform embryos with application to the endangered pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus - Tom Kashiwagi; Aaron J. DeLonay; Patrick J. Braaten; Kimberly A. Chojnacki; Rachel M. Gocker; Edward J. Heist (Journal of Fish Biology, 2020)
We produced pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus embryos at five pre‐hatch developmental stages and isolated and quantified genomic DNA from four of the stages using four commercial DNA isolation kits. Genomic DNA prepared using the kit that produced the largest yields and concentrations were used for microsatellite DNA analyses of 10–20 embryos at each of the five developmental stages. We attempted to genotype the hatchery‐produced embryos at 19 microsatellite loci and confirmed reliable genotyping by comparing the microsatellite genotypes to those of known parents. Embryos at stages 5 and 8 did not produce reliable genotyping while those at stages 14, 24 and 33 did. We used the same DNA isolation method on 262 wild‐caught acipenseriform embryos collected from the lower Yellowstone River. A total of 200 of the wild embryos were successfully identified to stages 8 to 34 and the rest could not be staged. Using a combination of single nucleotide polymorphism and microsatellite markers, 249 of the wild‐caught embryos were genetically identified as paddlefish Polyodon spathula , five were identified as shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus and eight failed to amplify. None were identified as pallid sturgeon. This study demonstrates that early‐stage wild‐spawned acipenseriform embryos can be genetically identified less than 24 h post‐spawn. This methodology will be useful for recovery efforts for endangered pallid sturgeon and can be applied to other acipenseriform species.

Characteristics of free air carbon dioxide enrichment of a northern temperate mature forest - Kris M. Hart; Giulio Curioni; Phillip Blaen; Nicholas J. Harper; Peter Miles; Keith F. Lewin; John Nagy; Edward J. Bannister; Xiaoming M. Cai; Rick M. Thomas; Stefan Krause; Michael Tausz; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
In 2017, the Birmingham Institute of Forest Research (BIFoR) began to conduct Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) within a mature broadleaf deciduous forest situated in the United Kingdom. BIFoR FACE employs large‐scale infrastructure, in the form of lattice towers, forming ‘arrays’ which encircle a forest plot of ~30 m diameter. BIFoR FACE consists of three treatment arrays to elevate local CO 2 concentrations (e[CO 2 ]) by +150 µmol/mol. In practice, acceptable operational enrichment (ambient [CO 2 ] + e[CO 2 ]) is ±20% of the set point 1‐min average target. There are a further three arrays that replicate the infrastructure and deliver ambient air as paired controls for the treatment arrays. For the first growing season with e[CO 2 ] (April to November 2017), [CO 2 ] measurements in treatment and control arrays show that the target concentration was successfully delivered, that is: +147 ± 21 µmol/mol (mean ± SD ) or 98 ± 14% of set point enrichment target. e[CO 2 ] treatment was accomplished for 97.7% of the scheduled operation time, with the remaining time lost due to engineering faults (0.6% of the time), CO 2 supply issues (0.6%) or adverse weather conditions (1.1%). CO 2 demand in the facility was driven predominantly by wind speed and the formation of the deciduous canopy. Deviations greater than 10% from the ambient baseline CO 2 occurred 80 µmol/mol (i.e. >53% of the treatment increment) into control arrays accounted for 2 ] values in reconstructed three‐dimensional [CO 2 ] fields show enrichment somewhat lower than the target but still well above ambient. The data presented here provide confidence in the facility setup and can be used to guide future next‐generation forest FACE facilities built into tall and complex forest stands.

Nitric oxide mediates oxylipin production and grazing defense in diatoms - Matthew D. Johnson; Bethanie R. Edwards; David J. Beaudoin; Benjamin A. S. Van Mooy; Assaf Vardi (Environmental Microbiology, 2020)
Summary Diatom blooms are important features of productive marine ecosystems and are known to support higher trophic levels. However, when stressed or wounded, diatoms can produce oxylipin molecules known to inhibit the reproduction and development of copepods and decrease microzooplankton growth rates. Using oxylipin chemical treatments, lipidomic analysis and functional genomic approaches, we provide evidence that nitric oxide (NO) and oxylipin signalling pathways in diatoms respond to protist grazers, resulting in increased defence fitness and survival. Exposure of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to the dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina resulted in NO production by P . tricornutum and pronounced change in its dissolved oxylipin profile. Experimentally elevating levels of NO also resulted in increased oxylipin production, and lower overall grazing rates. Furthermore, O . marina preferentially grazed on P . tricornutum prey with lower levels of NO, suggesting that this molecule and its effect on oxylipin pathways play a key role in prey selection. Exposure of O . marina grazing on P . tricornutum to exogenous oxylipins also decreased grazing rates, which is consistent with a grazing deterrence role for these molecules. These results suggest that NO and oxylipin production help to structure diatom communities, in part by modulating interactions with microzooplankton predators.

Harmful Algal Blooms: Identifying Effective Adaptive Actions Used in Fishery-Dependent Communities in Response to a Protracted Event - Kathleen M. Moore; Edward H. Allison; Stacia J. Dreyer; Julia A. Ekstrom; Sunny L. Jardine; Terrie Klinger; Stephanie K. Moore; Karma C. Norman (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Quantitative trait loci and differential gene expression analyses reveal the genetic basis for negatively associated β-carotene and starch content in hexaploid sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] - Dorcus C. Gemenet; Guilherme da Silva Pereira; Bert De Boeck; Joshua C. Wood; Marcelo Mollinari; Bode A. Olukolu; Federico Diaz; Veronica Mosquera; Reuben T. Ssali; Maria David; Mercy N. Kitavi; Gabriela Burgos; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2020)
Key message β-Carotene content in sweetpotato is associated with the Orange and phytoene synthase genes; due to physical linkage of phytoene synthase with sucrose synthase , β-carotene and starch content are negatively correlated. Abstract In populations depending on sweetpotato for food security, starch is an important source of calories, while β-carotene is an important source of provitamin A. The negative association between the two traits contributes to the low nutritional quality of sweetpotato consumed, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Using a biparental mapping population of 315 F 1 progeny generated from a cross between an orange-fleshed and a non-orange-fleshed sweetpotato variety, we identified two major quantitative trait loci (QTL) on linkage group (LG) three (LG3) and twelve (LG12) affecting starch, β-carotene, and their correlated traits, dry matter and flesh color. Analysis of parental haplotypes indicated that these two regions acted pleiotropically to reduce starch content and increase β-carotene in genotypes carrying the orange-fleshed parental haplotype at the LG3 locus. Phytoene synthase and sucrose synthase, the rate-limiting and linked genes located within the QTL on LG3 involved in the carotenoid and starch biosynthesis, respectively, were differentially expressed in Beauregard versus Tanzania storage roots. The Orange gene, the molecular switch for chromoplast biogenesis, located within the QTL on LG12 while not differentially expressed was expressed in developing roots of the parental genotypes. We conclude that these two QTL regions act together in a cis and trans manner to inhibit starch biosynthesis in amyloplasts and enhance chromoplast biogenesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, and accumulation in orange-fleshed sweetpotato. Understanding the genetic basis of this negative association between starch and β-carotene will inform future sweetpotato breeding strategies targeting sweetpotato for food and nutritional security.

Extremophilic models for astrobiology: haloarchaeal survival strategies and pigments for remote sensing - Shiladitya DasSarma; Priya DasSarma; Victoria J. Laye; Edward W. Schwieterman (Extremophiles, 2020)

Auditory performance in bald eagles and red-tailed hawks: a comparative study of hearing in diurnal raptors - JoAnn McGee; Peggy B. Nelson; Julia B. Ponder; Jeffrey Marr; Patrick Redig; Edward J. Walsh (Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 2019)

Frag SAD : A database of diversity and species abundance distributions from habitat fragments - Jonathan M. Chase; Mario Liebergesell; Alban Sagouis; Felix May; Shane A. Blowes; Åke Berg; Enrico Bernard; Berry J. Brosi; Marc W. Cadotte; Luis Cayuela; Adriano G. Chiarello; Jean‐Francois Cosson; et al. (Ecology, 2019)
Habitat destruction is the single greatest anthropogenic threat to biodiversity. Decades of research on this issue have led to the accumulation of hundreds of data sets comparing species assemblages in larger, intact, habitats to smaller, more fragmented, habitats. Despite this, little synthesis or consensus has been achieved, primarily because of non‐standardized sampling methodology and analyses of notoriously scale‐dependent response variables (i.e., species richness). To be able to compare and contrast the results of habitat fragmentation on species’ assemblages, it is necessary to have the underlying data on species abundances and sampling intensity, so that standardization can be achieved. To accomplish this, we systematically searched the literature for studies where abundances of species in assemblages (of any taxa) were sampled from many habitat patches that varied in size. From these, we extracted data from several studies, and contacted authors of studies where appropriate data were collected but not published, giving us 117 studies that compared species assemblages among habitat fragments that varied in area. Less than one‐half (41) of studies came from tropical forests of Central and South America, but there were many studies from temperate forests and grasslands from all continents except Antarctica. Fifty‐four of the studies were on invertebrates (mostly insects), but there were several studies on plants (15), birds (16), mammals (19), and reptiles and amphibians (13). We also collected qualitative information on the length of time since fragmentation. With data on total and relative abundances (and identities) of species, sampling effort, and affiliated meta‐data about the study sites, these data can be used to more definitively test hypotheses about the role of habitat fragmentation in altering patterns of biodiversity. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper and the associated Dryad data set if the data are used in publications.

Bridging From Monitoring to Solutions-Based Thinking: Lessons From CalCOFI for Understanding and Adapting to Marine Climate Change Impacts - Natalya D. Gallo; Elizabeth Drenkard; Andrew R. Thompson; Edward D. Weber; Deb Wilson-Vandenberg; Sam McClatchie; J. Anthony Koslow; Brice X. Semmens (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Ground-motion networks in the Groningen field: usability and consistency of surface recordings - Michail Ntinalexis; Julian J. Bommer; Elmer Ruigrok; Benjamin Edwards; Rui Pinho; Bernard Dost; António A. Correia; Jeroen Uilenreef; Peter J. Stafford; Jan van Elk (Journal of Seismology, 2019)
Several strong-motion networks have been installed in the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands to record ground motions associated with induced earthquakes. There are now more than 450 permanent surface accelerographs plus a mobile array of 450 instruments, which, in addition to many instrumented boreholes, yield a wealth of data. The database of recordings has been of fundamental importance to the development of ground-motion models that form a key element of the seismic hazard and risk estimations for the field. In order to maximise the benefit that can be derived from these recordings, this study evaluates the usability of the recordings from the different networks, in general terms and specifically with regards to the frequency ranges with acceptable signal-to-noise ratios. The study also explores the consistency among the recordings from the different networks, highlighting in particular how a configuration error was identified and resolved. The largest accelerograph network consists of instruments housed in buildings around the field, frequently installed on the lower parts of walls rather than on the floor. A series of experiments were conducted, using additional instruments installed adjacent to these buildings and replicating the installation configuration in full-scale shake table tests, to identify the degree to which structural response contaminated the recordings. The general finding of these efforts was that for PGV and oscillator periods above 0.1 s, the response spectral ordinates from these recordings can be used with confidence.

Large-Eddy Simulations of the Steady Wintertime Antarctic Boundary Layer - Steven J. A. van der Linden; John M. Edwards; Chiel C. van Heerwaarden; Etienne Vignon; Christophe Genthon; Igor Petenko; Peter Baas; Harmen J. J. Jonker; Bas J. H. van de Wiel (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2019)

Complete genome sequence of bovine herpesvirus type 1.1 (BoHV-1.1) Los Angeles (LA) strain and its genotypic relationship to BoHV-1.1 Cooper and more recently isolated wild-type field strains - Jean M. d’Offay; Robert W. Fulton; R. Eberle; Edward J. Dubovi; Christopher C. L. Chase (Archives of Virology, 2019)

Mapping Tasmania's cultural landscapes: Using habitat suitability modelling of archaeological sites as a landscape history tool - Penelope J. Jones; Grant J. Williamson; David M. J. S. Bowman; Edward C. Lefroy (Journal of Biogeography, 2019)
Aim Understanding past distributions of people across the landscape is key to understanding how people used, affected and related to the natural environment. Here, we use habitat suitability modelling to represent the landscape distribution of Tasmanian Aboriginal archaeological sites and assess the implications for patterns of past human activity. Location Tasmania, Australia. Methods We developed a RandomForest ‘habitat suitability' model of site records in the Tasmanian Aboriginal Heritage Register. We applied a best‐effort bias correction, considered 31 predictor variables relating to climate, topography and resource proximity, and used a variable selection procedure to optimize the final model. Model uncertainty was assessed via bootstrapping and we ran an analogous MaxEnt model as a cross‐validation exercise. Results The results from the RandomForest and MaxEnt models are highly congruent. The strongest environmental predictors of site occurrence include distance to coast, elevation, soil clay content, topographic roughness and distance to inland water. The highest habitat suitability scores are distributed across a wide range of environments in central, northern and eastern Tasmania, including coastal areas, inland water body margins and forests and savannas in the drier parts of Tasmania. With the exception of coastal areas much of western Tasmania has low habitat suitability scores, consistent with theories of low‐density Holocene Tasmanian Aboriginal settlement in this region. Main conclusions Our modelling suggests Tasmanian Aboriginal people occupied a heterogeneity of habitats but targeted coastal areas around the whole island, and drier, less steep and/or open forest and savanna environments in the central lowlands . The western interior was identified as being rarely used by Aboriginal people in the Holocene, with the exception of isolated pockets of habitat; yet whether this is a true reflection of Aboriginal‐resourceuse demands increased archaeological surveys, particularly in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area.

OceanGliders: A Component of the Integrated GOOS - Pierre Testor; Brad de Young; Daniel L. Rudnick; Scott Glenn; Daniel Hayes; Craig M. Lee; Charitha Pattiaratchi; Katherine Hill; Emma Heslop; Victor Turpin; Pekka Alenius; Carlos Barrera; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)
The OceanGliders program started in 2016 to support active coordination and enhancement of global glider activity. OceanGliders contributes to the international efforts of the Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS) for Climate, Ocean Health, and Operational Services. It brings together marine scientists and engineers operating gliders around the world: (1) to observe the long-term physical, biogeochemical, and biological ocean processes and phenomena that are relevant for societal applications; and, (2) to contribute to the GOOS through real-time and delayed mode data dissemination. The OceanGliders program is distributed across national and regional observing systems and significantly contributes to integrated, multi-scale and multi-platform sampling strategies. OceanGliders shares best practices, requirements, and scientific knowledge needed for glider operations, data collection and analysis. It also monitors global glider activity and supports the dissemination of glider data through regional and global databases, in real-time and delayed modes, facilitating data access to the wider community. OceanGliders currently supports national, regional and global initiatives to maintain and expand the capabilities and application of gliders to meet key global challenges such as improved measurement of ocean boundary currents, water transformation and storm forecast.

Characterization of bioactive compounds in the biomass of black locust, poplar and willow - Katarzyna Tyśkiewicz; Marcin Konkol; Rafał Kowalski; Edward Rój; Kazimierz Warmiński; Michał Krzyżaniak; Łukasz Gil; Mariusz J. Stolarski (Trees, 2019)

An approach to forecast grain crop yield using multi-layered, multi-farm data sets and machine learning - Patrick Filippi; Edward J. Jones; Niranjan S. Wimalathunge; Pallegedara D. S. N. Somarathna; Liana E. Pozza; Sabastine U. Ugbaje; Thomas G. Jephcott; Stacey E. Paterson; Brett M. Whelan; Thomas F. A. Bishop (Precision Agriculture, 2019)

Elevated carbon dioxide decreases the adverse effects of higher temperature and drought stress by mitigating oxidative stress and improving water status in Arabidopsis thaliana - Mohammad I. Abo Gamar; Anna Kisiala; R. J. Neil Emery; Edward C. Yeung; Sophia L. Stone; Mirwais M. Qaderi (Planta, 2019)

The impact of secondary forest regeneration on ground-dwelling ant communities in the Tropical Andes - Matthew G. Hethcoat; Bethany J. King; Fernando Fernandez Castiblanco; Claudia M. Ortiz-Sepúlveda; Fabian Camilo Prada Achiardi; Felicity A. Edwards; Claudia Medina; James J. Gilroy; Torbjørn Haugaasen; David P. Edwards (Oecologia, 2019)

Evidence of a high-density brown hyena population within an enclosed reserve: the role of fenced systems in conservation - S. Edwards; J. Noack; L. Heyns; D. Rodenwoldt (Mammal Research, 2019)

Transforming growth factor-β promotes basement membrane fibrosis, alters perivascular cerebrospinal fluid distribution, and worsens neurological recovery in the aged brain after stroke - Matthew D. Howe; J. Weldon Furr; Yashasvee Munshi; Meaghan A. Roy-O’Reilly; Michael E. Maniskas; Edward C. Koellhoffer; John d’Aigle; Lauren H. Sansing; Louise D. McCullough; Akihiko Urayama (GeroScience, 2019)

Passive force and viscoelastic properties of single fibers in human aging muscles - Jae-Young Lim; Seung Jun Choi; Jeffrey J. Widrick; Edward M. Phillips; Walter R. Frontera (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2019)

Social-ecological change in the Omo-Turkana basin: A synthesis of current developments - Jennifer Hodbod; Edward G. J. Stevenson; Gregory Akall; Thomas Akuja; Ikal Angelei; Elias Alemu Bedasso; Lucie Buffavand; Samuel Derbyshire; Immo Eulenberger; Natasha Gownaris; Benedikt Kamski; Abdikadir Kurewa; et al. (Ambio, 2019)

Inter‐annual hydroclimatic variability in coastal Tanzania - Robert V. Rohli; Sara A. Ates; Victor H. Rivera‐Monroy; Michael J. Polito; Stephen R. Midway; Edward Castañeda‐Moya; Arthur J. Gold; Emi Uchida; Mwita M. Mangora; Makoto Suwa (International Journal of Climatology, 2019)
Climatic controls regulate the coupled natural and human systems in coastal Tanzania, where mangrove wetlands provide a wealth of ecosystem services to coastal communities. Previous research has explained the precipitation seasonality of eastern Africa in terms of the local monsoons. This research examines a wider range of hydroclimatic variables, including water vapour flux, evapotranspiration, runoff, and ocean salinity, and the sources of low‐frequency atmosphere–ocean variability that support mangrove productivity and associated ecosystem services. Results confirm previous work suggesting that the northeast monsoon ( kaskazi ) largely corresponds to the “short rains” of October–December and extends through February, while the southeast monsoon ( kusi ) corresponds to the “long rains” of March–May and the drier June–September. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and, to a lesser extent, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are important modulators not only of precipitation (as has been shown previously) but also of water vapour flux, evapotranspiration, runoff, and salinity variability. During kaskazi , positive (negative) hydroclimatic anomalies occur during positive (negative) IOD, with a stronger IOD influence occurring during its positive phase, when seasonal anomalies of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff exceed +50, 25, and 100%, and nearby salinity decreases by 0.5 practical salinity units. During kusi , the contrast between the positive and negative IOD modes is subtler, and the pattern is dictated more by variability in “long rains” months than in the dry months. The coincidence of the positive IOD and El Niño amplify this hydroclimatic signal. Because previous work suggests the likelihood of increased tendency for positive IOD and increased moisture variability associated with El Niño events in the future, wetter conditions may accompany the kaskazi , with less change expected during the kusi . These results advance understanding of the key environmental drivers controlling mangrove productivity and wetland spatial distribution that provide ecosystem services essential to the well‐being of the human population.

Plan S and publishing: reply to Lehtomäki et al. 2019 - Michael A. McCarthy; Mark A. Burgman; Fuwen Wei; Frith C. Jarrad; Carlo Rondinini; Carolina Murcia; Helene D. Marsh; H. Resit Akçakaya; Karen J. Esler; Edward T. Game; Mark W. Schwartz (Conservation Biology, 2019)

Integrated Risk Assessment for the Blue Economy - Emma E. Hodgson; Timothy E. Essington; Jameal F. Samhouri; Edward H. Allison; Nathan J. Bennett; Ann Bostrom; Alison C. Cullen; Stephen Kasperski; Phillip S. Levin; Melissa R. Poe (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Combining Distribution and Dispersal Models to Identify a Particularly Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem - Rebecca E. Ross; Edward J. G. Wort; Kerry L. Howell (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

DNA of diverse adenoviruses detected in Cameroonian rodent and shrew species - Joseph Diffo; Valantine Ngum Ndze; Nkom Felix Ntumvi; Jean-Michel Takuo; Moctar M. M. Mouiche; Ubald Tamoufe; Julius Nwobegahay; Matthew LeBreton; Amethyst Gillis; Bradley S. Schneider; Joseph M. Fair; Corina Monagin; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2019)

Toward the Integrated Marine Debris Observing System - Nikolai Maximenko; Paolo Corradi; Kara Lavender Law; Erik Van Sebille; Shungudzemwoyo P. Garaba; Richard Stephen Lampitt; Francois Galgani; Victor Martinez-Vicente; Lonneke Goddijn-Murphy; Joana Mira Veiga; Richard C. Thompson; Christophe Maes; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Observational Needs of Sea Surface Temperature - Anne G. O’Carroll; Edward M. Armstrong; Helen M. Beggs; Marouan Bouali; Kenneth S. Casey; Gary K. Corlett; Prasanjit Dash; Craig J. Donlon; Chelle L. Gentemann; Jacob L. Høyer; Alexander Ignatov; Kamila Kabobah; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Public–Private Partnerships to Advance Regional Ocean-Observing Capabilities: A Saildrone and NOAA-PMEL Case Study and Future Considerations to Expand to Global Scale Observing - Christian Meinig; Eugene F. Burger; Nora Cohen; Edward D. Cokelet; Meghan F. Cronin; Jessica N. Cross; Sebastien de Halleux; Richard Jenkins; Andrew T. Jessup; Calvin W. Mordy; Noah Lawrence-Slavas; Adrienne J. Sutton; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Typha (Cattail) Invasion in North American Wetlands: Biology, Regional Problems, Impacts, Ecosystem Services, and Management - Sheel Bansal; Shane C. Lishawa; Sue Newman; Brian A. Tangen; Douglas Wilcox; Dennis Albert; Michael J. Anteau; Michael J. Chimney; Ryann L. Cressey; Edward DeKeyser; Kenneth J. Elgersma; Sarah A. Finkelstein; et al. (Wetlands, 2019)

Dopaminergic drug treatment remediates exaggerated cingulate prediction error responses in obsessive-compulsive disorder - Graham K. Murray; Franziska Knolle; Karen D. Ersche; Kevin J. Craig; Sanja Abbott; Shaila S. Shabbir; Naomi A. Fineberg; John Suckling; Barbara J. Sahakian; Edward T. Bullmore; Trevor W. Robbins (Psychopharmacology, 2019)

What controls the extreme flow through the Kerama Gap: a global HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model reanalysis point of view - Zhitao Yu; Edward J. Metzger; Harley E. Hurlburt; Ole Martin Smedstad (Ocean Dynamics, 2019)

Sphingosine-coating of plastic surfaces prevents ventilator-associated pneumonia - Aaron P. Seitz; Fabian Schumacher; Jennifer Baker; Matthias Soddemann; Barbara Wilker; Charles C. Caldwell; Ryan M. Gobble; Markus Kamler; Katrin Anne Becker; Sascha Beck; Burkhard Kleuser; Michael J. Edwards; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2019)

A Euro-Mediterranean tree-ring reconstruction of the winter NAO index since 910 C.E. - Edward R. Cook; Yochanan Kushnir; Jason E. Smerdon; A. Park Williams; Kevin J. Anchukaitis; Eugene R. Wahl (Climate Dynamics, 2019)

Addressing limitations in existing ‘simplified’ liquefaction triggering evaluation procedures: application to induced seismicity in the Groningen gas field - R. A. Green; J. J. Bommer; A. Rodriguez-Marek; B. W. Maurer; P. J. Stafford; B. Edwards; P. P. Kruiver; G. de Lange; J. van Elk (Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2019)

Simulations for the development of a ground motion model for induced seismicity in the Groningen gas field, The Netherlands - B. Edwards; B. Zurek; E. van Dedem; P. J. Stafford; S. Oates; J. van Elk; B. deMartin; J. J. Bommer (Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2019)

Recombinant human lactoferrin induces apoptosis, disruption of F-actin structure and cell cycle arrest with selective cytotoxicity on human triple negative breast cancer cells - Blanca F. Iglesias-Figueroa; Tania S. Siqueiros-Cendón; Denisse A. Gutierrez; Renato J. Aguilera; Edward A. Espinoza-Sánchez; Sigifredo Arévalo-Gallegos; Armando Varela-Ramirez; Quintín Rascón-Cruz (Apoptosis, 2019)

Subregional differences in groundfish distributional responses to anomalous ocean bottom temperatures in the northeast Pacific - Lingbo Li; Anne B. Hollowed; Edward D. Cokelet; Steven J. Barbeaux; Nicholas A. Bond; Aimee A. Keller; Jacquelynne R. King; Michelle M. McClure; Wayne A. Palsson; Phyllis J. Stabeno; Qiong Yang (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Although climate‐induced shifts in fish distribution have been widely reported at the population level, studies that account for ontogenetic shifts and subregional differences when assessing responses are rare.In this study, groundfish distributional changes in depth, latitude, and longitude were assessed at different size classes by species within nine subregions. We examined large, quality‐controlled datasets of depth‐stratified‐random bottom trawl surveys conducted during summer in three large regions—the Gulf of Alaska and the west coasts of Canada and the United States—over the period 1996–2015, a time period punctuated by a marine “heat wave.” Temporal biases in bottom temperature were minimized by subdividing each region into three subregions, each with short‐duration surveys. Near‐bottom temperatures, weighted by stratum area, were unsynchronized across subregions and exhibited varying subregional interannual variability. The weighted mean bottom depths in the subregions also vary largely among subregions. The centroids (centers of gravity) of groundfish distribution were weighted with catch per unit effort and stratum area for 10 commercially important groundfish species by size class and subregion. Our multivariate analyses showed that there were significant differences in aggregate fish movement responses to warm temperatures across subregions but not among species or sizes. Groundfish demonstrated poleward responses to warming temperatures only in a few subregions and moved shallower or deeper to seek colder waters. The temperature responses of groundfish depended on where they were. Under global warming, groundfish may form geographically distinct thermal ecoregions along the northeast Pacific shelf. Shallow‐depth species exhibited greatly different distributional responses to temperature changes across subregions while deep‐depth species of different subregions tend to have relatively similar temperature responses. Future climate studies would benefit by considering fish distributions on small subregional scales.

The NE Lau Basin: Widespread and Abundant Hydrothermal Venting in the Back-Arc Region Behind a Superfast Subduction Zone - Edward T. Baker; Sharon L. Walker; Gary J. Massoth; Joseph A. Resing (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Late Holocene environmental changes and anthropogenic impact in Dee Why Lagoon, New South Wales - C. Chagué; D. Edwards; J. Ruszczyk; P. Gadd; A. Zawadzki; G. Jacobsen; D. Fierro; J. Goralewski; L. Clement; A. Albani (Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2019)

An Integrated Data Analytics Platform - Edward M. Armstrong; Mark A. Bourassa; Thomas A. Cram; Maya DeBellis; Jocelyn Elya; Frank R. Greguska; Thomas Huang; Joseph C. Jacob; Zaihua Ji; Yongyao Jiang; Yun Li; Nga Quach; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

On Methodological issues in the Indo-European debate By Michel Danino - Marina Silva; John T Koch; Maria Pala; Ceiridwen J Edwards; Pedro Soares; Martin B Richards (Journal of Biosciences, 2019)

Seagrass restoration in Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu, Southeast India: a viable management tool - J. K. Patterson Edward; K. Diraviya Raj; G. Mathews; P. Dinesh Kumar; A. Arasamuthu; Nisha D’ Souza; Deepak S. Bilgi (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2019)

Neurotoxicity of Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus (South American coralsnake) venom in vertebrate neuromuscular preparations in vitro and neutralization by antivenom - Rafael S. Floriano; Raphael Schezaro-Ramos; Nelson J. Silva; Fábio Bucaretchi; Edward G. Rowan; Stephen Hyslop (Archives of Toxicology, 2019)

How “The Blob” affected groundfish distributions in the Gulf of Alaska - Qiong Yang; Edward D. Cokelet; Phyllis J. Stabeno; Lingbo Li; Anne B. Hollowed; Wayne A. Palsson; Nicholas A. Bond; Steven J. Barbeaux (Fisheries Oceanography, 2019)
We investigated the distributional shifts of groundfish in response to anomalous ocean conditions, particularly the recent anomalously warm period (2014–2016; “The Blob”), based on data from ten Gulf of Alaska bottom trawl surveys conducted by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center during 1996–2015. Six groundfish species were considered: Pacific cod ( Gadus macrocephalus ), arrowtooth flounder ( Atheresthes stomias ), walleye pollock ( Gadus chalcogrammus ), Pacific ocean perch ( Sebastes alutus ), northern rock sole ( Lepidopsetta polyxystra ), and southern rock sole ( Lepidopsetta bilineata ). Ontogenetic differences were examined by dividing data for each fish species into size classes. Our study demonstrated that after accounting for size‐specific depth preferences, the spatial responses of groundfish to anomalous ocean conditions differed by species and foraging guild in the central Gulf of Alaska. Pacific cod and arrowtooth flounder showed similar responses to ocean warming, but different responses to cooling. In general, Pacific cod moved to deeper depths in warmer years and moved to shallower depths in colder years. Arrowtooth flounder also moved deeper in warmer years. However, in colder years, large arrowtooth flounder (>40 cm) shifted toward shallower depths while smaller‐sized fish shifted toward deeper depths. In warmer years, large pollock (>30 cm) moved to deeper waters while smaller pollock (10–20 cm) moved to shallower waters. Pacific ocean perch exhibited an opposite response to thermal changes in habitat compared with Pacific cod and arrowtooth flounder. They moved deeper in colder years, but there was no clear change in depth as a function of size in response to warmer habitat.

Phosphate‐limited ocean regions select for bacterial populations enriched in the carbon–phosphorus lyase pathway for phosphonate degradation - Oscar A. Sosa; Daniel J. Repeta; Edward F. DeLong; Mohammad D. Ashkezari; David M. Karl (Environmental Microbiology, 2019)
Summary In tropical and subtropical oceanic surface waters phosphate scarcity can limit microbial productivity. However, these environments also have bioavailable forms of phosphorus incorporated into dissolved organic matter (DOM) that microbes with the necessary transport and hydrolysis metabolic pathways can access to supplement their phosphorus requirements. In this study we evaluated how the environment shapes the abundance and taxonomic distribution of the bacterial carbon–phosphorus (C–P) lyase pathway, an enzyme complex evolved to extract phosphate from phosphonates. Phosphonates are organophosphorus compounds characterized by a highly stable C–P bond and are enriched in marine DOM. Similar to other known bacterial adaptions to low phosphate environments, C–P lyase was found to become more prevalent as phosphate concentrations decreased. C–P lyase was particularly enriched in the Mediterranean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, two regions that feature sustained periods of phosphate depletion. In these regions, C–P lyase was prevalent in several lineages of Alphaproteobacteria ( Pelagibacter , SAR116, Roseobacter and Rhodospirillales ), Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria . The global scope of this analysis supports previous studies that infer phosphonate catabolism via C–P lyase is an important adaptive strategy implemented by bacteria to alleviate phosphate limitation and expands the known geographic extent and taxonomic affiliation of this metabolic pathway in the ocean.

A Global Plankton Diversity Monitoring Program - Sonia D. Batten; Rana Abu-Alhaija; Sanae Chiba; Martin Edwards; George Graham; R. Jyothibabu; John A. Kitchener; Philippe Koubbi; Abigail McQuatters-Gollop; Erik Muxagata; Clare Ostle; Anthony J. Richardson; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Ten tips for developing interdisciplinary socio-ecological researchers - Rachel Kelly; Mary Mackay; Kirsty L. Nash; Christopher Cvitanovic; Edward H. Allison; Derek Armitage; Aletta Bonn; Steven J. Cooke; Stewart Frusher; Elizabeth A. Fulton; Benjamin S. Halpern; Priscila F. M. Lopes; et al. (Socio-Ecological Practice Research, 2019)

Comparison of metabolomic responses of earthworms to sub-lethal imidacloprid exposure in contact and soil tests - Vivek D. Dani; Brian P. Lankadurai; Edward G. Nagato; André J. Simpson; Myrna J. Simpson (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019)

Evaluating Composition and Conservation Value of Roadside Plant Communities in a Grassland Biome - Jonathan M. Soper; Edward J. Raynor; Carol Wienhold; Walter H. Schacht (Environmental Management, 2019)

Dispersal limitations and historical factors determine the biogeography of specialized terrestrial protists - David Singer; Edward A. D. Mitchell; Richard J. Payne; Quentin Blandenier; Clément Duckert; Leonardo D. Fernández; Bertrand Fournier; Cristián E. Hernández; Gustaf Granath; Håkan Rydin; Luca Bragazza; Natalia G. Koronatova; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
Recent studies show that soil eukaryotic diversity is immense and dominated by micro‐organisms. However, it is unclear to what extent the processes that shape the distribution of diversity in plants and animals also apply to micro‐organisms. Major diversification events in multicellular organisms have often been attributed to long‐term climatic and geological processes, but the impact of such processes on protist diversity has received much less attention as their distribution has often been believed to be largely cosmopolitan. Here, we quantified phylogeographical patterns in Hyalosphenia papilio , a large testate amoeba restricted to Holarctic Sphagnum ‐dominated peatlands, to test if the current distribution of its genetic diversity can be explained by historical factors or by the current distribution of suitable habitats. Phylogenetic diversity was higher in Western North America, corresponding to the inferred geographical origin of the H. papilio complex, and was lower in Eurasia despite extensive suitable habitats. These results suggest that patterns of phylogenetic diversity and distribution can be explained by the history of Holarctic Sphagnum peatland range expansions and contractions in response to Quaternary glaciations that promoted cladogenetic range evolution, rather than the contemporary distribution of suitable habitats. Species distributions were positively correlated with climatic niche breadth, suggesting that climatic tolerance is key to dispersal ability in H. papilio . This implies that, at least for large and specialized terrestrial micro‐organisms, propagule dispersal is slow enough that historical processes may contribute to their diversification and phylogeographical patterns and may partly explain their very high overall diversity.

Global Observations of Fine-Scale Ocean Surface Topography With the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission - Rosemary Morrow; Lee-Lueng Fu; Fabrice Ardhuin; Mounir Benkiran; Bertrand Chapron; Emmanuel Cosme; Francesco d’Ovidio; J. Thomas Farrar; Sarah T. Gille; Guillaume Lapeyre; Pierre-Yves Le Traon; Ananda Pascual; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Measurement and Quantification of Diffusion-Induced Compositional Variations in Absence of Convective Mixing at Reservoir Conditions - Ram R. Ratnakar; Birol Dindoruk; Greg Odikpo; Edward J. Lewis (Transport in Porous Media, 2019)

Development and validation of an exome-based SNP marker set for identification of the St, Jr and Jvs genomes of Thinopyrym intermedium in a wheat background - Andras Cseh; Caiyun Yang; Stella Hubbart-Edwards; Duncan Scholefield; Stephen S. Ashling; Amanda J. Burridge; Paul A. Wilkinson; Ian P. King; Julie King; Surbhi Grewal (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2019)

Mechanisms of CYP3A Induction During Pregnancy: Studies in HepaRG Cells - Madhav Sachar; Edward J. Kelly; Jashvant D. Unadkat (The AAPS Journal, 2019)

Novel attachment methods for assessing activity patterns using triaxial accelerometers on stingrays in the Bahamas - Chris R. E. Ward; Ian A. Bouyoucos; Edward J. Brooks; Owen R. O’Shea (Marine Biology, 2019)

Wind-Induced Hydrodynamic Interactions With Aquatic Vegetation in a Fetch-Limited Setting: Implications for Coastal Sedimentation and Protection - Anne-Eleonore Paquier; Samuel Meulé; Edward J. Anthony; Philippe Larroudé; Guillaume Bernard (Estuaries and Coasts, 2019)

Joint exposure to smoking, excessive weight, and physical inactivity and survival of ovarian cancer patients, evidence from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium - Albina N. Minlikeeva; Rikki Cannioto; Allan Jensen; Susanne K. Kjaer; Susan J. Jordan; Brenda Diergaarde; J. Brian Szender; Kunle Odunsi; Hani Almohanna; Paul Mayor; Kirsten Starbuck; Emese Zsiros; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2019)

Observations and Numerical Simulation of the Effects of the 21 August 2017 North American Total Solar Eclipse on Surface Conditions and Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Evolution - Michael S. Buban; Temple R. Lee; Edward J. Dumas; C. Bruce Baker; Mark Heuer (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2019)

Invasive grass affects seed viability of native perennial shrubs in arid woodlands - Kaisha M. Edwards; Christine Schlesinger; Mark K. J. Ooi; Kris French; Ben Gooden (Biological Invasions, 2019)

Late Quaternary sea‐level change and evolution of Belfast Lough, Northern Ireland: new offshore evidence and implications for sea‐level reconstruction - Ruth M. K. Plets; S. Louise Callard; J. Andrew G. Cooper; Joseph T. Kelley; Daniel F. Belknap; Robin J. Edwards; Antony J. Long; Rory J. Quinn; Derek W. T. Jackson (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2019)
The interplay of eustatic and isostatic factors causes complex relative sea‐level (RSL) histories, particularly in paraglacial settings. In this context the past record of RSL is important in understanding ice‐sheet history, earth rheology and resulting glacio‐isostatic adjustment. Field data to develop sea‐level reconstructions are often limited to shallow depths and uncertainty exists as to the veracity of modelled sea‐level curves. We use seismic stratigraphy, 39 vibrocores and 26 radiocarbon dates to investigate the deglacial history of Belfast Lough, Northern Ireland, and reconstruct past RSL. A typical sequence of till, glacimarine and Holocene sediments is preserved. Two sea‐level lowstands (both max. −40 m) are recorded at c. 13.5 and 11.5k cal a bp . Each is followed by a rapid transgression and subsequent periods of RSL stability. The first transgression coincides temporally with a late stage of Meltwater Pulse 1a and the RSL stability occurred between c. 13.0 and c. 12.2k cal a bp (Younger Dryas). The second still/slowstand occurred between c. 10.3 and c. 11.5k cal a bp . Our data provide constraints on the direction and timing of RSL change during deglaciation. Application of the Depth of Closure concept adds an error term to sea‐level reconstructions based on seismic stratigraphic reconstructions.

Land‐sparing agriculture sustains higher levels of avian functional diversity than land sharing - Patrick G. Cannon; James J. Gilroy; Joseph A. Tobias; Alex Anderson; Torbjørn Haugaasen; David P. Edwards (Global Change Biology, 2019)
The ecological impacts of meeting rising demands for food production can potentially be mitigated by two competing land‐use strategies: off‐setting natural habitats through intensification of existing farmland (land sparing), or elevating biodiversity within the agricultural matrix via the integration of “wildlife‐friendly” habitat features (land sharing). However, a key unanswered question is whether sparing or sharing farming would best conserve functional diversity, which can promote ecosystem stability and resilience to future land‐use change. Focusing on bird communities in tropical cloud forests of the Colombian Andes, we test the performance of each strategy in conserving functional diversity. We show that multiple components of avian functional diversity in farmland are positively related to the proximity and extent of natural forest. Using landscape and community simulations, we also show that land‐sparing agriculture conserves greater functional diversity and predicts higher abundance of species supplying key ecological functions than land sharing, with sharing becoming progressively inferior with increasing isolation from remnant forest. These results suggest low‐intensity agriculture is likely to conserve little functional diversity unless large blocks of adjacent natural habitat are protected, consistent with land sparing. To ensure the retention of functionally diverse ecosystems, we urgently need to implement mechanisms for increasing farmland productivity whilst protecting spared land.

Securing a Just Space for Small-Scale Fisheries in the Blue Economy - Philippa J. Cohen; Edward H. Allison; Neil L. Andrew; Joshua Cinner; Louisa S. Evans; Michael Fabinyi; Len R. Garces; Stephen J. Hall; Christina C. Hicks; Terry P. Hughes; Svein Jentoft; David J. Mills; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Advancing Research for the Management of Long-Lived Species: A Case Study on the Greenland Shark - Jena E. Edwards; Elizabeth Hiltz; Franziska Broell; Peter G. Bushnell; Steven E. Campana; Jørgen S. Christiansen; Brynn M. Devine; Jeffrey J. Gallant; Kevin J. Hedges; M. Aaron MacNeil; Bailey C. McMeans; Julius Nielsen; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Quantitation of Purines from Pigeon Guano and Implications for Cryptococcus neoformans Survival During Infection - Jessica L. Chitty; David J. Edwards; Avril A. B. Robertson; Mark S. Butler; John A. Duley; Matthew A. Cooper; James A. Fraser (Mycopathologia, 2019)

Pre-diagnostic 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and survival in cancer patients - Johanna E. Torfadottir; Thor Aspelund; Unnur A. Valdimarsdottir; Mary Frances Cotch; Laufey Tryggvadottir; Tamara B. Harris; Vilmundur Gudnason; Hans-Olov Adami; Lorelei A. Mucci; Edward L. Giovannucci; Meir J. Stampfer; Laufey Steingrimsdottir (Cancer Causes & Control, 2019)

Congo Basin peatlands: threats and conservation priorities - Greta C. Dargie; Ian T. Lawson; Tim J. Rayden; Lera Miles; Edward T. A. Mitchard; Susan E. Page; Yannick E. Bocko; Suspense A. Ifo; Simon L. Lewis (Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2019)

Ethical considerations in fish research - Katherine A. Sloman; Ian A. Bouyoucos; Edward J. Brooks; Lynne U. Sneddon (Journal of Fish Biology, 2019)
Fishes are used in a wide range of scientific studies, from conservation research with potential benefits to the species used to biomedical research with potential human benefits. Fish research can take place in both laboratories and field environments and methods used represent a continuum from non‐invasive observations, handling, through to experimental manipulation. While some countries have legislation or guidance regarding the use of fish in research, many do not and there exists a diversity of scientific opinions on the sentience of fish and how we determine welfare. Nevertheless, there is a growing pressure on the scientific community to take more responsibility for the animals they work with through maximising the benefits of their research to humans or animals while minimising welfare or survival costs to their study animals. In this review, we focus primarily on the refinement of common methods used in fish research based on emerging knowledge with the aim of improving the welfare of fish used in scientific studies. We consider the use of anaesthetics and analgesics and how we mark individuals for identification purposes. We highlight the main ethical concerns facing researchers in both laboratory and field environments and identify areas that need urgent future research. We hope that this review will help inform those who wish to refine their ethical practices and stimulate thought among fish researchers for further avenues of refinement. Improved ethics and welfare of fishes will inevitably lead to increased scientific rigour and is in the best interests of both fishes and scientists.

Interactive Effects of Hypoxia and Temperature on Coastal Pelagic Zooplankton and Fish - Michael R. Roman; Stephen B. Brandt; Edward D. Houde; James J. Pierson (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

The effects of training population design on genomic prediction accuracy in wheat - Stefan McKinnon Edwards; Jaap B. Buntjer; Robert Jackson; Alison R. Bentley; Jacob Lage; Ed Byrne; Chris Burt; Peter Jack; Simon Berry; Edward Flatman; Bruno Poupard; Stephen Smith; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2019)

A differential k-mer analysis pipeline for comparing RNA-Seq transcriptome and meta-transcriptome datasets without a reference - Chon-Kit Kenneth Chan; Nedeljka Rosic; Michał T. Lorenc; Paul Visendi; Meng Lin; Paulina Kaniewska; Brett J. Ferguson; Peter M. Gresshoff; Jacqueline Batley; David Edwards (Functional & Integrative Genomics, 2019)

Antibiotic misuse in respiratory tract infections in children and adults—a prospective, multicentre study (TAILORED Treatment) - Chantal B. van Houten; Asi Cohen; Dan Engelhard; John P. Hays; Roger Karlsson; Edward Moore; David Fernández; Racheli Kreisberg; Laurence V. Collins; Wouter de Waal; Karin M. de Winter-de Groot; Tom F. W. Wolfs; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2019)

An Asymptotic Solution for Washcoat Pore Diffusion in Catalytic Monoliths: Reformulation and Extension to Small Concentrations - Edward J. Bissett (Emission Control Science and Technology, 2019)

Real time monitoring of Aeromonas salmonicida evolution in response to successive antibiotic therapies in a commercial fish farm - Xiaochen Du; Sion C. Bayliss; Edward J. Feil; Ying Liu; Chao Wang; Gang Zhang; Dongsheng Zhou; Dawei Wei; Na Tang; Sébastien O. Leclercq; Jie Feng (Environmental Microbiology, 2019)
Summary Our ability to predict evolutionary trajectories of pathogens in response to antibiotic pressure is one of the promising leverage to fight against the present antibiotic resistance worldwide crisis. Yet, few studies tackled this question in situ at the outbreak level, due to the difficulty to link a given pathogenic clone evolution with its precise antibiotic exposure over time. In this study, we monitored the real‐time evolution of an Aeromonas salmonicida clone in response to successive antibiotic and vaccine therapies in a commercial fish farm. The clone was responsible for a four‐year outbreak of furunculosis within a Recirculating Aquaculture System Salmo salar farm in China, and we reconstructed the precise tempo of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) acquisition events during this period. The resistance profile provided by the acquired MGEs closely mirrored the antibiotics used to treat the outbreak, and we evidenced that two subclonal groups developed similar resistances although unrelated MGE acquisitions. Finally, we also demonstrated the efficiency of vaccination in outbreak management and its positive effect on antibiotic resistance prevalence. Our study provides unprecedented knowledge critical to understand evolutionary trajectories of resistant pathogens outside the laboratory.

Relative importance of Conservation Reserve Programs to aquatic insect biodiversity in an agricultural watershed in the Midwest, USA - Eric J. South; R. Edward DeWalt; Yong Cao (Hydrobiologia, 2019)

Mitochondrial health and muscle plasticity after spinal cord injury - Ashraf S. Gorgey; Oksana Witt; Laura O’Brien; Christopher Cardozo; Qun Chen; Edward J. Lesnefsky; Zachary A. Graham (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2019)

Pharmacokinetics and safety of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir in HCV-negative subjects with hepatic impairment - Matthew P. Kosloski; Haoyu Wang; David Pugatch; Federico J. Mensa; Edward Gane; Eric Lawitz; Thomas C. Marbury; Richard A. Preston; Jens Kort; Wei Liu (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2019)