Shrubline but not treeline advance matches climate velocity in montane ecosystems of south‐central Alaska - Roman J. Dial; T. Scott Smeltz; Patrick F. Sullivan; Christina L. Rinas; Katriina Timm; Jason E. Geck; S. Carl Tobin; Trevor S. Golden; Edward C. Berg (Global Change Biology, 2016)
Tall shrubs and trees are advancing into many tundra and wetland ecosystems but at a rate that often falls short of that predicted due to climate change. For forest, tall shrub, and tundra ecosystems in two pristine mountain ranges of Alaska, we apply a Bayesian, error‐propagated calculation of expected elevational rise (climate velocity), observed rise (biotic velocity), and their difference (biotic inertia). We show a sensitive dependence of climate velocity on lapse rate and derive biotic velocity as a rigid elevational shift. Ecosystem presence identified from recent and historic orthophotos ~50 years apart was regressed on elevation. Biotic velocity was estimated as the difference between critical point elevations of recent and historic logistic fits divided by time between imagery. For both mountain ranges, the 95% highest posterior density of climate velocity enclosed the posterior distributions of all biotic velocities. In the Kenai Mountains, mean tall shrub and climate velocities were both 2.8 m y −1 . In the better sampled Chugach Mountains, mean tundra retreat was 1.2 m y −1 and climate velocity 1.3 m y −1 . In each mountain range, the posterior mode of tall woody vegetation velocity (the complement of tundra) matched climate velocity better than either forest or tall shrub alone, suggesting competitive compensation can be important. Forest velocity was consistently low at 0.1–1.1 m y −1 , indicating treeline is advancing slowly. We hypothesize that the high biotic inertia of forest ecosystems in south‐central Alaska may be due to competition with tall shrubs and/or more complex climate controls on the elevational limits of trees than tall shrubs. Among tall shrubs, those that disperse farthest had lowest inertia. Finally, the rapid upward advance of woody vegetation may be contributing to regional declines in Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli), a poorly dispersing alpine specialist herbivore with substantial biotic inertia due to dispersal reluctance.

Ecological and evolutionary variation in community nitrogen use traits during tropical dry forest secondary succession - Radika Bhaskar; Stephen Porder; Patricia Balvanera; Erika J. Edwards (Ecology, 2016)
We assessed the role of ecological and evolutionary processes in driving variation in leaf and litter traits related to nitrogen (N) use among tropical dry forest trees in old‐growth and secondary stands in western Mexico. Our expectation was that legumes (Fabaceae), a dominant component of the regional flora, would have consistently high leaf N and therefore structure phylogenetic variation in N‐related traits. We also expected ecological selection during succession for differences in nitrogen use strategies, and corresponding shifts in legume abundance. We used phylogenetic analyses to test for trait conservatism in foliar and litter N, C:N, and N resorption. We also evaluated differences in N‐related traits between old‐growth and secondary forests. We found a weak phylogenetic signal for all traits, partly explained by wide variation within legumes. Across taxa we observed a positive relationship between leaf and litter N, but no shift in resorption strategies along the successional gradient. Despite species turnover, N‐resorption, and N‐related traits showed little change across succession, suggesting that, at least for these traits, secondary forests rapidly recover ecosystem function. Collectively, our results also suggest that legumes should not be considered a single functional group from a biogeochemical perspective.

Participant views on consent in cancer genetics research: preparing for the precision medicine era - Karen L. Edwards; Diane M. Korngiebel; Lesley Pfeifer; Deborah Goodman; Anne Renz; Lari Wenzel; Deborah J. Bowen; Celeste M. Condit (Journal of Community Genetics, 2016)

Deadwood Structural Properties May Influence Aye-Aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) Extractive Foraging Behavior - Katharine E. T. Thompson; Richard J. Bankoff; Edward E. Louis; George H. Perry (International Journal of Primatology, 2016)

A Framework to Assess Biogeochemical Response to Ecosystem Disturbance Using Nutrient Partitioning Ratios - J. Marty Kranabetter; Kendra K. McLauchlan; Sara K. Enders; Jennifer M. Fraterrigo; Philip E. Higuera; Jesse L. Morris; Edward B. Rastetter; Rebecca Barnes; Brian Buma; Daniel G. Gavin; Laci M. Gerhart; Lindsey Gillson; et al. (Ecosystems, 2016)

ORF43 of maize rayado fino virus is dispensable for systemic infection of maize and transmission by leafhoppers - Michael C. Edwards; John J. Weiland; Jane Todd; Lucy R. Stewart; Shunwen Lu (Virus Genes, 2016)

The harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis: global perspectives on invasion history and ecology - Helen E. Roy; Peter M. J. Brown; Tim Adriaens; Nick Berkvens; Isabel Borges; Susana Clusella-Trullas; Richard F. Comont; Patrick De Clercq; Rene Eschen; Arnaud Estoup; Edward W. Evans; Benoit Facon; et al. (Biological Invasions, 2016)

An integrated pan‐tropical biomass map using multiple reference datasets - Valerio Avitabile; Martin Herold; Gerard B. M. Heuvelink; Simon L. Lewis; Oliver L. Phillips; Gregory P. Asner; John Armston; Peter S. Ashton; Lindsay Banin; Nicolas Bayol; Nicholas J. Berry; Pascal Boeckx; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2016)
We combined two existing datasets of vegetation aboveground biomass ( AGB ) ( Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 108 , 2011, 9899; Nature Climate Change , 2 , 2012, 182) into a pan‐tropical AGB map at 1‐km resolution using an independent reference dataset of field observations and locally calibrated high‐resolution biomass maps, harmonized and upscaled to 14 477 1‐km AGB estimates. Our data fusion approach uses bias removal and weighted linear averaging that incorporates and spatializes the biomass patterns indicated by the reference data. The method was applied independently in areas (strata) with homogeneous error patterns of the input (Saatchi and Baccini) maps, which were estimated from the reference data and additional covariates. Based on the fused map, we estimated AGB stock for the tropics (23.4 N–23.4 S) of 375 Pg dry mass, 9–18% lower than the Saatchi and Baccini estimates. The fused map also showed differing spatial patterns of AGB over large areas, with higher AGB density in the dense forest areas in the Congo basin, Eastern Amazon and South‐East Asia, and lower values in Central America and in most dry vegetation areas of Africa than either of the input maps. The validation exercise, based on 2118 estimates from the reference dataset not used in the fusion process, showed that the fused map had a RMSE 15–21% lower than that of the input maps and, most importantly, nearly unbiased estimates (mean bias 5 Mg dry mass ha −1 vs. 21 and 28 Mg ha −1 for the input maps). The fusion method can be applied at any scale including the policy‐relevant national level, where it can provide improved biomass estimates by integrating existing regional biomass maps as input maps and additional, country‐specific reference datasets.

The biogeographical status of Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursch in sub-Arctic southern Greenland: Do pollen records indicate local populations during the past 1500 years? - Paul M. Ledger; Kevin J. Edwards; J. Edward Schofield (Polar Biology, 2016)

Native and alien herbaceous plants in the Brazilian Cerrado are (co-)limited by different nutrients - Luciola S. Lannes; Mercedes M. C. Bustamante; Peter J. Edwards; Harry Olde Venterink (Plant and Soil, 2016)

The invertebrate ecology of the Chalk aquifer in England (UK) - L. Maurice; A. R. Robertson; D. White; L. Knight; T. Johns; F. Edwards; M. Arietti; J. P. R. Sorensen; D. Weitowitz; B. P. Marchant; J. P. Bloomfield (Hydrogeology Journal, 2016)

Compositional Analysis of Biomass Reference Materials: Results from an Interlaboratory Study - David W. Templeton; Edward J. Wolfrum; James H. Yen; Katherine E. Sharpless (BioEnergy Research, 2016)

Developing a Field-Tested Wetland Indicator Rating for Blue Spruce (Picea Pungens) in the Southern Rocky Mountains - Edward A. Gage; David J. Cooper; Betsy Bultema; Cristina McKernan; Robert Lichvar (Wetlands, 2016)

Alcohol exposure in utero is associated with decreased gray matter volume in neonates - Kirsten A. Donald; J. P. Fouche; Annerine Roos; Nastassja Koen; Fleur M. Howells; Edward P. Riley; Roger P. Woods; Heather J. Zar; Katherine L. Narr; Dan J. Stein (Metabolic Brain Disease, 2016)

Molecular mechanisms of D-cycloserine in facilitating fear extinction: insights from RNAseq - Stefanie Malan-Müller; Lorren Fairbairn; Willie M. U. Daniels; Mahjoubeh Jalali Sefid Dashti; Edward J. Oakeley; Marc Altorfer; Martin Kidd; Soraya Seedat; Junaid Gamieldien; Sîan Megan Joanna Hemmings (Metabolic Brain Disease, 2016)

The impact of the introduction of fidaxomicin on the management of Clostridium difficile infection in seven NHS secondary care hospitals in England: a series of local service evaluations - S. D. Goldenberg; S. Brown; L. Edwards; D. Gnanarajah; P. Howard; D. Jenkins; D. Nayar; M. Pasztor; S. Oliver; T. Planche; J. A. T. Sandoe; P. Wade; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2016)

Enzymatic profiling of cellulosomal enzymes from the human gut bacterium, R uminococcus champanellensis , reveals a fine‐tuned system for cohesin‐dockerin recognition - Sarah Moraïs; Yonit Ben David; Lizi Bensoussan; Sylvia H. Duncan; Nicole M. Koropatkin; Eric C. Martens; Harry J. Flint; Edward A. Bayer (Environmental Microbiology, 2016)
Summary R uminococcus champanellensis is considered a keystone species in the human gut that degrades microcrystalline cellulose efficiently and contains the genetic elements necessary for cellulosome production. The basic elements of its cellulosome architecture, mainly cohesin and dockerin modules from scaffoldins and enzyme‐borne dockerins, have been characterized recently. In this study, we cloned, expressed and characterized all of the glycoside hydrolases that contain a dockerin module. Among the 25 enzymes, 10 cellulases, 4 xylanases, 3 mannanases, 2 xyloglucanases, 2 arabinofuranosidases, 2 arabinanases and one β‐glucanase were assessed for their comparative enzymatic activity on their respective substrates. The dockerin specificities of the enzymes were examined by ELISA , and 80 positives out of 525 possible interactions were detected. Our analysis reveals a fine‐tuned system for cohesin–dockerin specificity and the importance of diversity among the cohesin–dockerin sequences. Our results imply that cohesin–dockerin pairs are not necessarily assembled at random among the same specificity types, as generally believed for other cellulosome‐producing bacteria, but reveal a more organized cellulosome architecture. Moreover, our results highlight the importance of the cellulosome paradigm for cellulose and hemicellulose degradation by R . champanellensis in the human gut.

Enigmatic spheres from the Upper Triassic Lockatong Formation, Newark Basin of eastern Pennsylvania: evidence for microbial activity in marginal-lacustrine strandline deposits - Edward L. Simpson; David L. Fillmore; Michael J. Szajna; Emily Bogner; Margariete G. Malenda; Kelsey M. Livingston; Brian Hartline (Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 2015)

Utilizing an Ingestible Biosensor to Assess Real-Time Medication Adherence - Peter R. Chai; Jose Castillo-Mancilla; Eric Buffkin; Chad Darling; Rochelle K. Rosen; Keith J. Horvath; Edwin D. Boudreaux; Gregory K. Robbins; Patricia L. Hibberd; Edward W. Boyer (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2015)

Brain control and information transfer - Edward J. Tehovnik; Lewis L. Chen (Experimental Brain Research, 2015)

First record of coralline lethal orange disease (CLOD) in the Indian Ocean - G. S. Aeby; K. Diraviya Raj; G. Mathews; M. Selva Bharath; J. K. Patterson Edward (Coral Reefs, 2015)

Initial evaluations of a Gulf of Mexico/Caribbean ocean forecast system in the context of the Deepwater Horizon disaster - Edward D. Zaron; Patrick J. Fitzpatrick; Scott L. Cross; John M. Harding; Frank L. Bub; Jerry D. Wiggert; Dong S. Ko; Yee Lau; Katharine Woodard; Christopher N. K. Mooers (Frontiers of Earth Science, 2015)

What is hormesis and its relevance to healthy aging and longevity? - Edward J. Calabrese; Gaurav Dhawan; Rachna Kapoor; Ivo Iavicoli; Vittorio Calabrese (Biogerontology, 2015)

Speciation with gene flow in whiptail lizards from a Neotropical xeric biome - Eliana F. Oliveira; Marcelo Gehara; Vinícius A. São‐Pedro; Xin Chen; Edward A. Myers; Frank T. Burbrink; Daniel O. Mesquita; Adrian A. Garda; Guarino R. Colli; Miguel T. Rodrigues; Federico J. Arias; Hussam Zaher; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
Two main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the diversification of the Caatinga biota. The riverine barrier hypothesis ( RBH ) claims that the São Francisco River ( SFR ) is a major biogeographic barrier to gene flow. The Pleistocene climatic fluctuation hypothesis ( PCH ) states that gene flow, geographic genetic structure and demographic signatures on endemic Caatinga taxa were influenced by Quaternary climate fluctuation cycles. Herein, we analyse genetic diversity and structure, phylogeographic history, and diversification of a widespread Caatinga lizard ( Cnemidophorus ocellifer ) based on large geographical sampling for multiple loci to test the predictions derived from the RBH and PCH . We inferred two well‐delimited lineages (Northeast and Southwest) that have diverged along the Cerrado–Caatinga border during the Mid‐Late Miocene (6–14 Ma) despite the presence of gene flow. We reject both major hypotheses proposed to explain diversification in the Caatinga. Surprisingly, our results revealed a striking complex diversification pattern where the Northeast lineage originated as a founder effect from a few individuals located along the edge of the Southwest lineage that eventually expanded throughout the Caatinga. The Southwest lineage is more diverse, older and associated with the Cerrado–Caatinga boundaries. Finally, we suggest that C. ocellifer from the Caatinga is composed of two distinct species. Our data support speciation in the presence of gene flow and highlight the role of environmental gradients in the diversification process.

Lignin‐modifying processes in the rhizosphere of arid land grasses - Corey M. Hudson; Edward Kirton; Miriam I. Hutchinson; Joanna L. Redfern; Blake Simmons; Eric Ackerman; Seema Singh; Kelly P. Williams; Donald O. Natvig; Amy J. Powell (Environmental Microbiology, 2015)
Summary Genes associated with elevated oxidative enzyme activities in arid systems have not been well characterized. To link measured oxidative activities with specific enzymes, we assembled protein‐coding reads from the rhizospheres ( RHZ ) of two arid land grasses. Targeted gene scans for open reading frames, encoding genes potentially involved in lignin modification, resulted in 127 distinct assembly products. The putative genes included those significantly similar to C lass II secretory fungal peroxidases. These genes are expressed at sufficiently high levels for assembly, annotation and differentiation across experimental conditions, and they demonstrate the interplay of root systems, environment and plant microbiomes. The genes assembled also included copper‐dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. We detail the enzymes in the host grass RHZs and present a preliminary taxonomic microhabitat characterization. Our findings provide support for biologically mediated Fenton chemistry in the root zones of desert grasses, and provide insight into arid land carbon flow. These results also demonstrate a hyperdiverse microbial community. Both ribosomal RNA and messenger RNA sequences were dominated by bacteria, followed by fungal sequence abundance. Among the notable fungal sequences were those from the members of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( G lomeromycota), which though abundant in this study, we rarely observed in previous PCR ‐based surveys.

Retrospective stable isotope analysis reveals ecosystem responses to river regulation over the last century - Thomas F. Turner; Trevor J. Krabbenhoft; Michael L. Collyer; Corey A. Krabbenhoft; Melanie S. Edwards; Zachary D. Sharp (Ecology, 2015)
Disruption of natural flow regimes, nutrient pollution, and other consequences of human population growth and development have impacted most major rivers of the world. Alarming losses of aquatic biodiversity coincide with human‐caused river alteration, but effects of biotic homogenization on aquatic ecosystem processes are not as well documented. This is because unaltered systems for comparison are scarce, and some ecosystem‐wide effects may take decades to manifest. We evaluated aquatic ecosystem responses to extensive river‐floodplain engineering and nutrient addition in the Rio Grande of southwestern North America as revealed by changes in trophic structure of, and resource availability to, the fish community. Stable Isotope Analysis (SIA) was conducted on museum‐preserved fishes collected over a 70‐year period of intensive river management and exponential human population growth. Trophic complexity and resource heterogeneity for fish consumers (measured as “isotopic niche breadth”) decreased following sediment deprivation and channelization, and these effects persist into the present. Increased nutrient inputs led to δ 15 N enrichment in the entire fish community at all affected sites, and a shift to autochthonous sources of carbon at the most proximal site downstream of wastewater release, probably via bottom‐up transfer. Overall, retrospective SIA of apex consumers suggests radical change and functional impairment of a floodplain river ecosystem already marked by significant biodiversity loss.

Defining adult bonefish (Albula vulpes) movement corridors around Grand Bahama in the Bahamian Archipelago - Karen J. Murchie; Aaron D. Shultz; Jeffrey A. Stein; Steven J. Cooke; Justin Lewis; Jason Franklin; Greg Vincent; Edward J. Brooks; Julie E. Claussen; David P. Philipp (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2015)

Evaluation of microbial transport during aerobic bioaugmentation of an RDX-contaminated aquifer - Fiona H. Crocker; Karl J. Indest; Carina M. Jung; Dawn E. Hancock; Mark E. Fuller; Paul B. Hatzinger; Simon Vainberg; Jonathan D. Istok; Edward Wilson; Mandy M. Michalsen (Biodegradation, 2015)

Organic geochemical characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous–Early Paleogene source rock and correlation with some Egyptian mummy bitumen and oil from the southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt - W. Sh. El Diasty; A. R. Mostafa; S. Y. El Beialy; H. A. El Adl; K. J. Edwards (Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2015)

Myocardial Perfusion: Characteristics of Distal Intramyocardial Arteriolar Trees - Mair Zamir; Andrew J. Vercnocke; Phillip K. Edwards; Jill L. Anderson; Steven M. Jorgensen; Erik L. Ritman (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2015)

Cosmogenic dating of Late Pleistocene glaciation, southern tropical Andes, Peru - Jeremy D. Shakun; Peter U. Clark; Shaun A. Marcott; Edward J. Brook; Nathaniel A. Lifton; Marc Caffee; William R. Shakun (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2015)
We present 30 10 Be dates on three moraines formed by small glaciers in the southern tropical Andes of Peru to determine the timing of the local Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Two terminal moraines indicate that the local LGM ended at 23.5 ± 0.5 and 21.2 ± 0.8 ka, or well before the end of the global LGM (20–19 ka). A recessional moraine perched at the base of a steep valley wall has a 10 Be age of 19.8 ± 0.3 ka, suggesting that glaciers had largely retreated from the area during the earliest stages of the last termination and before the onset of the deglacial CO 2 rise and increase in tropical sea surface temperatures. These ages generally agree with other tropical glacial chronologies and reflect a broad synchroneity between low‐ and high‐latitude deglaciation at the LGM, but the trigger for early deglaciation of the tropics remains unclear.

Nutrient enrichment intensifies hurricane impact in scrub mangrove ecosystems in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA - Ilka C. Feller; Emily M. Dangremond; Donna J. Devlin; Catherine E. Lovelock; C. Edward Proffitt; Wilfrid Rodriguez (Ecology, 2015)
Mangroves are an ecological assemblage of trees and shrubs adapted to grow in intertidal environments along tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate coasts. Despite repeated demonstrations of their ecologic and economic value, multiple stressors including nutrient over‐enrichment threaten these and other coastal wetlands globally. These ecosystems will be further stressed if tropical storm intensity and frequency increase in response to global climate changes. These stressors will likely interact, but the outcome of that interaction is uncertain. Here, we examined potential interaction between nutrient over‐enrichment and the September 2004 hurricanes. Hurricanes Frances and Jeanne made landfall along Florida's Indian River Lagoon and caused extensive damage to a long‐term fertilization experiment in a mangrove forest, which previously revealed that productivity was nitrogen (N) limited across the forest and, in particular, that N enrichment dramatically increased growth rates and aboveground biomass of stunted Avicennia germinans trees in the interior scrub zone. During the hurricanes, these trees experienced significant defoliation with three to four times greater reduction in leaf area index (LAI) than control trees. Over the long term, the +N scrub trees took four years to recover compared to two years for controls. In the adjacent fringe and transition zones, LAI was reduced by >70%, but with no differences based on zone or fertilization treatment. Despite continued delayed mortality for at least five years after the storms, LAI in the fringe and transition returned to pre‐hurricane conditions in two years. Thus, nutrient over‐enrichment of the coastal zone will increase the productivity of scrub mangroves, which dominate much of the mangrove landscape in Florida and the Caribbean; however, that benefit is offset by a decrease in their resistance and resilience to hurricane damage that has the potential to destabilize the system.

Fostering effective international collaboration for marine science in small island states - Edward J. Hind; Steven M. Alexander; Stephanie J. Green; Jacob P. Kritzer; Michael J. Sweet; Ayana Elizabeth Johnson; Fabian P. Amargós; Nicola S. Smith; Angelie M. Peterson (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2015)

Widespread Chemical Detoxification of Alkaloid Venom by Formicine Ants - Edward G. LeBrun; Peter J. Diebold; Matthew R. Orr; Lawrence E. Gilbert (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2015)

Influence of a forest preserve on aquatic macroinvertebrates, habitat quality, and water quality in an urban stream - Patrick M. Wilkins; Yong Cao; Edward J. Heske; Jeffrey M. Levengood (Urban Ecosystems, 2015)

Cellular therapy in combination with cytokines improves survival in a xenograft mouse model of ovarian cancer - Susan B. Ingersoll; Sarfraz Ahmad; Hasina C. McGann; Robert K. Banks; Nicole M. Stavitzski; Milan Srivastava; Ghazanfar Ali; Neil J. Finkler; John R. Edwards; Robert W. Holloway (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2015)

Evidence of the St. Clair-Detroit River System as a dispersal corridor and nursery habitat for transient larval burbot - Darrin E. McCullough; Edward F. Roseman; Kevin M. Keeler; Robin L. DeBruyne; Jeremy J. Pritt; Patricia A. Thompson; Stacey Ireland; Jason E. Ross; Dustin Bowser; Robert D. Hunter; Dana Castle; Jason L. Fischer; et al. (Hydrobiologia, 2015)

Ruminococcal cellulosome systems from rumen to human - Yonit Ben David; Bareket Dassa; Ilya Borovok; Raphael Lamed; Nicole M. Koropatkin; Eric C. Martens; Bryan A. White; Annick Bernalier‐Donadille; Sylvia H. Duncan; Harry J. Flint; Edward A. Bayer; Sarah Moraïs (Environmental Microbiology, 2015)
Summary A cellulolytic fiber‐degrading bacterium, R uminococcus champanellensis , was isolated from human faecal samples, and its genome was recently sequenced. Bioinformatic analysis of the R . champanellensis genome revealed numerous cohesin and dockerin modules, the basic elements of the cellulosome, and manual sequencing of partially sequenced genomic segments revealed two large tandem scaffoldin‐coding genes that form part of a gene cluster. Representative R . champanellensis dockerins were tested against putative cohesins, and the results revealed three different cohesin–dockerin binding profiles which implied two major types of cellulosome architectures: (i) an intricate cell‐bound system and (ii) a simplistic cell‐free system composed of a single cohesin‐containing scaffoldin. The cell‐bound system can adopt various enzymatic architectures, ranging from a single enzyme to a large enzymatic complex comprising up to 11 enzymes. The variety of cellulosomal components together with adaptor proteins may infer a very tight regulation of its components. The cellulosome system of the human gut bacterium R . champanellensis closely resembles that of the bovine rumen bacterium R uminococcus flavefaciens . The two species contain orthologous gene clusters comprising fundamental components of cellulosome architecture. Since R . champanellensis is the only human colonic bacterium known to degrade crystalline cellulose, it may thus represent a keystone species in the human gut.

Hydrology under change: an evaluation protocol to investigate how hydrological models deal with changing catchments - G. Thirel; V. Andréassian; C. Perrin; J.-N. Audouy; L. Berthet; P. Edwards; N. Folton; C. Furusho; A. Kuentz; J. Lerat; G. Lindström; E. Martin; et al. (Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2015)

The Influence of Land Cover, Vertical Structure, and Socioeconomic Factors on Outdoor Water Use in a Western US City - Edward Gage; David J. Cooper (Water Resources Management, 2015)

Role of nicotinic receptors in the lateral habenula in the attenuation of amphetamine-induced prepulse inhibition deficits of the acoustic startle response in rats - José A. Larrauri; Dennis A. Burke; Brandon J. Hall; Edward D. Levin (Psychopharmacology, 2015)

A High‐Resolution Approach to Mapping Energy Flows through Water Infrastructure Systems - Edward S. Spang; Frank J. Loge (Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2015)
Summary Using data from the water service area of the East Bay Municipal Utility District in Northern California, we develop and discuss a method for assessing, at a high resolution, the energy intensity of water treated and delivered to customers of a major metropolitan water district. This method extends previous efforts by integrating hourly data from supervisory control and data acquisition systems with calculations based on the actual structure of the engineered infrastructure to produce a detailed understanding of energy use in space and time within the territory of a large‐scale urban water provider. We found significant variations in the energy intensity of delivered potable water resulting from seasonal and topographic effects. This method enhances our understanding of the energy inputs for potable water systems and can be applied to the entire delivery and postuse water life cycle. A nuanced understanding of water's energy intensity in an urban setting enables more intelligent, targeted efforts to jointly conserve water and energy resources that take seasonal, distance, and elevation effects into account.

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons and elements in sediments associated with a suburban railway - Jeffrey M. Levengood; Edward J. Heske; Patrick M. Wilkins; John W. Scott (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2015)

Ecosystem’s 80th and the Reemergence of Emergence - Edward B. Rastetter; Joseph J. Vallino (Ecosystems, 2015)

Seasonal Water Column NH4 + Cycling Along a Semi-arid Sub-tropical River–Estuary Continuum: Responses to Episodic Events and Drought Conditions - Denise A. Bruesewitz; Wayne S. Gardner; Rae F. Mooney; Edward J. Buskey (Ecosystems, 2015)

Nutrition and Health – Transforming Research Traditions - Jaap C. Hanekamp; Aalt Bast; Edward J. Calabrese (Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2015)

Chromosomal genomics facilitates fine mapping of a Russian wheat aphid resistance gene - Helena Staňková; Miroslav Valárik; Nora L. V. Lapitan; Paul J. Berkman; Jacqueline Batley; David Edwards; Ming-Cheng Luo; Zuzana Tulpová; Marie Kubaláková; Nils Stein; Jaroslav Doležel; Hana Šimková (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2015)

Diverse phenotypic consequences of mutations affecting the C-terminus of FLNA - Margriet van Kogelenberg; Alice R. Clark; Zandra Jenkins; Tim Morgan; Ananda Anandan; Gregory M. Sawyer; Matthew Edwards; Tracy Dudding; Tessa Homfray; Bruce Castle; John Tolmie; Fiona Stewart; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2015)

Proceedings of the second international molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) meeting - Shuji Ogino; Peter T. Campbell; Reiko Nishihara; Amanda I. Phipps; Andrew H. Beck; Mark E. Sherman; Andrew T. Chan; Melissa A. Troester; Adam J. Bass; Kathryn C. Fitzgerald; Rafael A. Irizarry; Karl T. Kelsey; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2015)

Immunoglobulin VH gene diversity and somatic hypermutation during SIV infection of rhesus macaques - Kejun Guo; Kalani Halemano; Kimberly Schmitt; Miki Katuwal; Yaqiong Wang; Michael S. Harper; Karl J. Heilman; Takeo Kuwata; Edward B. Stephens; Mario L. Santiago (Immunogenetics, 2015)

The contribution of trees to ecosystem methane emissions in a temperate forested wetland - Sunitha R. Pangala; Edward R.C. Hornibrook; David J. Gowing; Vincent Gauci (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Wetland‐adapted trees are known to transport soil‐produced methane ( CH 4 ), an important greenhouse gas to the atmosphere, yet seasonal variations and controls on the magnitude of tree‐mediated CH 4 emissions remain unknown for mature forests. We examined the spatial and temporal variability in stem CH 4 emissions in situ and their controls in two wetland‐adapted tree species ( Alnus glutinosa and Betula pubescens ) located in a temperate forested wetland. Soil and herbaceous plant‐mediated CH 4 emissions from hollows and hummocks also were measured, thus enabling an estimate of contributions from each pathway to total ecosystem flux. Stem CH 4 emissions varied significantly between the two tree species, with Alnus glutinosa displaying minimal seasonal variations, while substantial seasonal variations were observed in Betula pubescens . Trees from each species emitted similar quantities of CH 4 from their stems regardless of whether they were situated in hollows or hummocks. Soil temperature and pore‐water CH 4 concentrations best explained annual variability in stem emissions, while wood‐specific density and pore‐water CH 4 concentrations best accounted for between‐species variations in stem CH 4 emission. Our study demonstrates that tree‐mediated CH 4 emissions contribute up to 27% of seasonal ecosystem CH 4 flux in temperate forested wetland, with the largest relative contributions occurring in spring and winter. Tree‐mediated CH 4 emissions currently are not included in trace gas budgets of forested wetland. Further work is required to quantify and integrate this transport pathway into CH 4 inventories and process‐based models.

A pan‐Arctic synthesis of CH 4 and CO 2 production from anoxic soil incubations - Claire C. Treat; Susan M. Natali; Jessica Ernakovich; Colleen M. Iversen; Massimo Lupascu; Anthony David McGuire; Richard J. Norby; Taniya Roy Chowdhury; Andreas Richter; Hana Šantrůčková; Christina Schädel; Edward A. G. Schuur; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Permafrost thaw can alter the soil environment through changes in soil moisture, frequently resulting in soil saturation, a shift to anaerobic decomposition, and changes in the plant community. These changes, along with thawing of previously frozen organic material, can alter the form and magnitude of greenhouse gas production from permafrost ecosystems. We synthesized existing methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) production measurements from anaerobic incubations of boreal and tundra soils from the geographic permafrost region to evaluate large‐scale controls of anaerobic CO 2 and CH 4 production and compare the relative importance of landscape‐level factors (e.g., vegetation type and landscape position), soil properties (e.g., pH, depth, and soil type), and soil environmental conditions (e.g., temperature and relative water table position). We found fivefold higher maximum CH 4 production per gram soil carbon from organic soils than mineral soils. Maximum CH 4 production from soils in the active layer (ground that thaws and refreezes annually) was nearly four times that of permafrost per gram soil carbon, and CH 4 production per gram soil carbon was two times greater from sites without permafrost than sites with permafrost. Maximum CH 4 and median anaerobic CO 2 production decreased with depth, while CO 2 :CH 4 production increased with depth. Maximum CH 4 production was highest in soils with herbaceous vegetation and soils that were either consistently or periodically inundated. This synthesis identifies the need to consider biome, landscape position, and vascular/moss vegetation types when modeling CH 4 production in permafrost ecosystems and suggests the need for longer‐term anaerobic incubations to fully capture CH 4 dynamics. Our results demonstrate that as climate warms in arctic and boreal regions, rates of anaerobic CO 2 and CH 4 production will increase, not only as a result of increased temperature, but also from shifts in vegetation and increased ground saturation that will accompany permafrost thaw.

Geographically Isolated Wetlands: Rethinking a Misnomer - David M. Mushet; Aram J. K. Calhoun; Laurie C. Alexander; Matthew J. Cohen; Edward S. DeKeyser; Laurie Fowler; Charles R. Lane; Megan W. Lang; Mark C. Rains; Susan C. Walls (Wetlands, 2015)

Human cytomegalovirus: taking the strain - Gavin W. G. Wilkinson; Andrew J. Davison; Peter Tomasec; Ceri A. Fielding; Rebecca Aicheler; Isa Murrell; Sepher Seirafian; Edward C. Y. Wang; Michael Weekes; Paul J. Lehner; Gavin S. Wilkie; Richard J. Stanton (Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 2015)

Manipulation of apoptosis and necroptosis signaling by herpesviruses - Hongyan Guo; William J. Kaiser; Edward S. Mocarski (Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 2015)

Negative effects of ocean acidification on calcification vary within the coccolithophore genus Calcidiscus - Rachel E. Diner; Ina Benner; Uta Passow; Tomoko Komada; Edward J. Carpenter; Jonathon H. Stillman (Marine Biology, 2015)

Acid sphingomyelinase inhibition protects mice from lung edema and lethal Staphylococcus aureus sepsis - Huiming Peng; Cao Li; Stephanie Kadow; Brian D. Henry; Jörg Steinmann; Katrin Anne Becker; Andrea Riehle; Natalie Beckmann; Barbara Wilker; Pin-Lan Li; Timothy Pritts; Michael J. Edwards; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2015)

Decadal trends of atmospheric methane in East Asia from 1991 to 2013 - Hak-Sung Kim; Yong S. Chung; Pieter P. Tans; Edward J. Dlugokencky (Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2015)

Bison foraging responds to fire frequency in nutritionally heterogeneous grassland - Edward J. Raynor; Anthony Joern; John M. Briggs (Ecology, 2015)
Foraging decisions by native grazers in fire‐dependent landscapes modulate the fire–grazing interaction. Uncovering the behavioral mechanisms associated with the attraction of grazers to recently burned areas requires understanding at multiple spatial scales in the ecological foraging hierarchy. This study focused on feeding in the area between steps in a foraging bout, the feeding station, as forage chemistry and vegetation architecture play central roles in these fine‐scale, feeding‐station decisions. The forage maturation hypothesis (FMH) uses the temporal dynamics of forage quality and quantity in grasslands to explain the distribution of large herbivores, but does not address herbivore responses to inter‐patch variation caused by fire‐induced nutrient increases of forage quality. Using an experimental setting with contrasting fire treatments we describe the effects of variable burn history on foraging kinetics by bison at Konza Prairie Biological Station (KPBS). We assessed the potential to link the FMH in a complementary fashion to the transient maxima hypothesis (TMH) to explain temporal variation in bison responses to grassland forage quality and quantity in response to burning at different temporal frequencies. Forage attributes met predictions of the TMH that allowed us to investigate how forage maturation affects feeding station foraging behavior across watersheds with varying burn frequency. At sites burned in the spring after several years without burning, both bite mass and intake rate increased with increasing biomass at a greater rate during the growing season than during the transitional midsummer seasonal period. In these infrequently burned watersheds, early growing season bite mass (0.6 ± 0.05 g; mean ± SE), bite rate (38 ± 1.5 bites/min), and intake rate (21 ± 2.3 g/min) was reduced by ~15%, 13%, and 29% during the midsummer transitional period. A behavioral response in foraging kinetics at the feeding station occurred where a nonequilibrial pulse of high‐quality resource was made available and then retained by repeated grazing over the growing season. Our results provide the first experimental evidence for demonstrating the fine‐scale behavioral response of a large grazer to fire‐induced changes in forage attributes, while linking two prominent hypotheses proposed to explain spatial variation in forage quality and quantity at local and landscape scales.

Arabinose and protocatechuate catabolism genes are important for growth of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae in the pea rhizosphere - Paula Garcia-Fraile; Jonathan C. Seaman; Ramakrishnan Karunakaran; Anne Edwards; Philip S. Poole; J. Allan Downie (Plant and Soil, 2015)

Cell-Penetrating Antimicrobial Peptides – Prospectives for Targeting Intracellular Infections - Jesper S. Bahnsen; Henrik Franzyk; Edward J. Sayers; Arwyn T. Jones; Hanne M. Nielsen (Pharmaceutical Research, 2015)

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1,2-benzisothiazol-3-one-derived 1,2,3-triazoles as caspase-3 inhibitors - Zhenfei Guo; Zhihui Yan; Xiaowei Zhou; Quan Wang; Meiqi Lu; Wei Liu; Honggang Zhou; Cheng Yang; Edward J. McClain (Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2015)

Association of von Willebrand factor blood levels with exercise hypertension - Sonja B. Nikolic; Murray J. Adams; Petr Otahal; Lindsay M. Edwards; James E. Sharman (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2015)

From Red Tides to Green and Brown Tides: Bloom Dynamics in a Restricted Subtropical Lagoon Under Shifting Climatic Conditions - Edward J. Phlips; Susan Badylak; Margaret A. Lasi; Robert Chamberlain; Whitney C. Green; Lauren M. Hall; Jane A. Hart; Jean C. Lockwood; Janice D. Miller; Lori J. Morris; Joel S. Steward (Estuaries and Coasts, 2015)

Climate change implications in the northern coastal temperate rainforest of North America - Colin S. Shanley; Sanjay Pyare; Michael I. Goldstein; Paul B. Alaback; David M. Albert; Colin M. Beier; Todd J. Brinkman; Rick T. Edwards; Eran Hood; Andy MacKinnon; Megan V. McPhee; Trista M. Patterson; et al. (Climatic Change, 2015)

Neck muscle afferents influence oromotor and cardiorespiratory brainstem neural circuits - I. J. Edwards; V. K. Lall; J. F. Paton; Y. Yanagawa; G. Szabo; S. A. Deuchars; J. Deuchars (Brain Structure and Function, 2015)

A continental‐scale analysis of feral cat diet in Australia - Tim S. Doherty; Robert A. Davis; Eddie J. B. van Etten; Dave Algar; Neil Collier; Chris R. Dickman; Glenn Edwards; Pip Masters; Russell Palmer; Sue Robinson (Journal of Biogeography, 2015)
Aim Reducing the impacts of feral cats ( Felis catus ) is a priority for conservation managers across the globe, and success in achieving this aim requires a detailed understanding of the species’ ecology across a broad spectrum of climatic and environmental conditions. We reviewed the diet of the feral cat across Australia and on Australian territorial islands, seeking to identify biogeographical patterns in dietary composition and diversity, and use the results to consider how feral cats may best be managed. Location Australia and its territorial islands. Methods Using 49 published and unpublished data sets, we modelled trophic diversity and the consumption of eight food groups against latitude, longitude, mean temperature, precipitation, environmental productivity and climate‐habitat regions. Results We recorded 400 vertebrate species that feral cats feed on or kill in Australia, including 28 IUCN Red List species. We found evidence of continental‐scale prey‐switching from rabbits to small mammals, previously recorded only at the local scale. The consumption of arthropods, reptiles, rabbits, rodents and medium‐sized native mammals varied with different combinations of latitude, longitude, mean annual precipitation, temperature and environmental productivity. The frequency of rodents and dasyurids in cats’ diets increased as rabbit consumption decreased. Main conclusions The feral cat is an opportunistic, generalist carnivore that consumes a diverse suite of vertebrate prey across Australia. It uses a facultative feeding strategy, feeding mainly on rabbits when they are available, but switching to other food groups when they are not. Control programmes aimed at culling rabbits could potentially decrease the availability of a preferred food source for cats and then lead to greater predation pressure on native mammals. The interplay between cat diet and prey species diversity at a continental scale is complex, and thus cat management is likely to be necessary and most effective at the local landscape level.

Zinc-enriched fertilisers as a potential public health intervention in Africa - Edward J. M. Joy; Alexander J. Stein; Scott D. Young; E. Louise Ander; Michael J. Watts; Martin R. Broadley (Plant and Soil, 2015)

Small Amounts of Sub-Visible Aggregates Enhance the Immunogenic Potential of Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics - Maryam Ahmadi; Christine J. Bryson; Edward A. Cloake; Katie Welch; Vasco Filipe; Stefan Romeijn; Andrea Hawe; Wim Jiskoot; Matthew P. Baker; Mark H. Fogg (Pharmaceutical Research, 2015)

Engineered VEGF-releasing PEG–MAL hydrogel for pancreatic islet vascularization - Edward A. Phelps; Kellie L. Templeman; Peter M. Thulé; Andrés J. García (Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 2015)

Efficient creation of an APOE knockout rabbit - Diana Ji; Guojun Zhao; Allison Songstad; Xiaoxia Cui; Edward J. Weinstein (Transgenic Research, 2015)

Cancer risk assessment foundation unraveling: New historical evidence reveals that the US National Academy of Sciences (US NAS), Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation (BEAR) Committee Genetics Panel falsified the research record to promote acceptance of the LNT - Edward J. Calabrese (Archives of Toxicology, 2015)

An abuse of risk assessment: how regulatory agencies improperly adopted LNT for cancer risk assessment - Edward J. Calabrese (Archives of Toxicology, 2015)

Minimizing the biodiversity impact of Neotropical oil palm development - James J. Gilroy; Graham W. Prescott; Johann S. Cardenas; Pamela González del Pliego Castañeda; Andrés Sánchez; Luis E. Rojas‐Murcia; Claudia A. Medina Uribe; Torbjørn Haugaasen; David P. Edwards (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Oil palm agriculture is rapidly expanding in the Neotropics, at the expense of a range of natural and seminatural habitats. A key question is how this expansion should be managed to reduce negative impacts on biodiversity. Focusing on the Llanos of Colombia, a mixed grassland–forest system identified as a priority zone for future oil palm development, we survey communities of ants, dung beetles, birds and herpetofauna occurring in oil palm plantations and the other principal form of agriculture in the region – improved cattle pasture – together with those of surrounding natural forests. We show that oil palm plantations have similar or higher species richness across all four taxonomic groups than improved pasture. For dung beetles, species richness in oil palm was equal to that of forest, whereas the other three taxa had highest species richness in forests. Hierarchical modelling of species occupancy probabilities indicated that oil palm plantations supported a higher proportion of species characteristic of forests than did cattle pastures. Across the bird community, occupancy probabilities within oil palm were positively influenced by increasing forest cover in a surrounding 250 m radius, whereas surrounding forest cover did not strongly influence the occurrence of other taxonomic groups in oil palm. Overall, our results suggest that the conversion of existing improved pastures to oil palm has limited negative impacts on biodiversity. As such, existing cattle pastures of the Colombian Llanos could offer a key opportunity to meet governmental targets for oil palm development without incurring significant biodiversity costs. Our results also highlight the value of preserving remnant forests within these agricultural landscapes, protecting high biodiversity and exporting avian ‘spill‐over’ effects into oil palm plantations.

Effect of scale on trait predictors of species responses to agriculture - James J. Gilroy; Claudia A. Medina Uribe; Torbjørn Haugaasen; David P. Edwards (Conservation Biology, 2015)
Species persistence in human‐altered landscapes can depend on factors operating at multiple spatial scales. To understand anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity, it is useful to examine relationships between species traits and their responses to land‐use change. A key knowledge gap concerns whether these relationships vary depending on the scale of response under consideration. We examined how local‐ and large‐scale habitat variables influence the occupancy dynamics of a bird community in cloud forest zones in the Colombian Chocó‐Andes. Using data collected across a continuum of forest and agriculture, we examined which traits best predict species responses to local variation in farmland and which traits best predict species responses to isolation from contiguous forest. Global range size was a strong predictor of species responses to agriculture at both scales; widespread species were less likely to decline as local habitat cover decreased and as distance from forest increased. Habitat specialization was a strong predictor of species responses only at the local scale. Open‐habitat species were particularly likely to increase as pasture increased, but they were relatively insensitive to variation in distance to forest. Foraging plasticity and flocking behavior were strong predictors of species responses to distance from forest, but not their responses to local habitat. Species with lower plasticity in foraging behaviors and obligate flock‐following species were more likely to decline as distance from contiguous forest increased. For species exhibiting these latter traits, persistence in tropical landscapes may depend on the protection of larger contiguous blocks of forest, rather than the integration of smaller‐scale woodland areas within farmland. Species listed as threatened or near threatened on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List were also more likely to decline in response to both local habitat quality and isolation from forest relative to least‐concern species, underlining the importance of contiguous forests for threatened taxa.

Real-Time Mobile Detection of Drug Use with Wearable Biosensors: A Pilot Study - Stephanie Carreiro; David Smelson; Megan Ranney; Keith J. Horvath; R. W. Picard; Edwin D. Boudreaux; Rashelle Hayes; Edward W. Boyer (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2015)

Pharmacokinetic interaction between HCV protease inhibitor boceprevir and methadone or buprenorphine in subjects on stable maintenance therapy - Ellen G. J. Hulskotte; R. Douglas Bruce; Hwa-Ping Feng; Lynn R. Webster; Feng Xuan; Wen H. Lin; Edward O’Mara; John A. Wagner; Joan R. Butterton (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2015)

Combining and comparing multiple serial dilution assays of particles in solution: application to brucellosis in elk of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem - Jarrett J. Barber; Pritam Gupta; William Edwards; Kiona Ogle; Lance A. Waller (Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 2015)

Anterior–posterior dissociation of the default mode network in dogs - Sreenath P. Kyathanahally; Hao Jia; Oleg M. Pustovyy; Paul Waggoner; Ronald Beyers; John Schumacher; Jay Barrett; Edward E. Morrison; Nouha Salibi; Thomas S. Denney; Vitaly J. Vodyanoy; Gopikrishna Deshpande (Brain Structure and Function, 2015)

Worldwide phylogeography of the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA data - K. M. Bayha; M. H. Chang; C. L. Mariani; J. L. Richardson; D. L. Edwards; T. S. DeBoer; C. Moseley; E. Aksoy; M. B. Decker; P. M. Gaffney; G. R. Harbison; J. H. McDonald; et al. (Biological Invasions, 2015)

Design Control for Clinical Translation of 3D Printed Modular Scaffolds - Scott J. Hollister; Colleen L. Flanagan; David A. Zopf; Robert J. Morrison; Hassan Nasser; Janki J. Patel; Edward Ebramzadeh; Sophia N. Sangiorgio; Matthew B. Wheeler; Glenn E. Green (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2015)

Modeling spatiotemporal dynamics of outbreaking species: influence of environment and migration in a locust - Sophie Veran; Stephen J. Simpson; Gregory A. Sword; Edward Deveson; Sylvain Piry; James E. Hines; Karine Berthier (Ecology, 2015)
Many pest species exhibit huge fluctuations in population abundance. Understanding their large‐scale and long‐term dynamics is necessary to develop effective control and management strategies. Occupancy models represent a promising approach to unravel interactions between environmental factors and spatiotemporal dynamics of outbreaking populations. Here, we investigated population dynamics of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera , using density data collected between 1988 and 2010 by the Australian Plague Locust Commission over more than 3 million km 2 in eastern Australia. We applied multistate and autologistic multi‐season occupancy models to test competing hypotheses about environmental and demographic processes affecting the large‐scale dynamics of the Australian plague locust. We found that rainfall and land cover predictors best explained the spatial variability in outbreak probability across eastern Australia. Outbreaks are more likely to occur in temperate than tropical regions, with a faster and more continuous response to rainfall in desert than in agricultural areas. Our results also support the hypothesis that migration tends to propagate outbreaks only locally (over distances lower than 400 km) rather than across climatic regions. Our study suggests that locust outbreak forecasting and management systems could be improved by implementing key environmental factors and migration in hierarchical spatial models. Finally, our modeling framework can be seen as a step towards bridging the gap between mechanistic and more phenomenological models in the spatial analysis of fluctuating populations.

Decadal environmental ‘memory’ in a reef coral? - B. E. Brown; R. P. Dunne; A. J. Edwards; M. J. Sweet; N. Phongsuwan (Marine Biology, 2015)

Functionality and prevalence of trehalose‐based oligosaccharides as novel compatible solutes in ascospores of N eosartorya fischeri ( A spergillus fischeri ) and other fungi - Timon T. Wyatt; M. Richard van Leeuwen; Elena A. Golovina; Folkert A. Hoekstra; Eric J. Kuenstner; Edward A. Palumbo; Nicole L. Snyder; Cobus Visagie; Alex Verkennis; John E. Hallsworth; Han A.B. Wösten; Jan Dijksterhuis (Environmental Microbiology, 2015)
Summary Ascospores of N eosartorya , B yssochlamys and T alaromyces can be regarded as the most stress‐resistant eukaryotic cells. They can survive exposure at temperatures as high as 85° C for 100 min or more. N eosartorya fischeri ascospores are more viscous and more resistant to the combined stress of heat and desiccation than the ascospores of T alaromyces macrosporus which contain predominantly trehalose. These ascospores contain trehalose‐based oligosaccharides ( TOS ) that are novel compatible solutes, which are accumulated to high levels. These compounds are also found in other members of the genus N eosartorya and in some other genera within the order Eurotiales that also include B yssochlamys and T alaromyces . The presence of oligosaccharides was observed in species that had a relatively high growth temperature. TOS glasses have a higher glass transition temperature ( T g ) than trehalose, and they form a stable glass with crystallizing molecules, such as mannitol. Our data indicate that TOS are important for prolonged stabilization of cells against stress. The possible unique role of these solutes in protection against dry heat conditions is discussed.

The calcium sensing receptor: from calcium sensing to signaling - Chen Zhang; Cassandra Lynn Miller; Edward M. Brown; Jenny J. Yang (Science China Life Sciences, 2015)

The opioid receptor pharmacology of GSK1521498 compared to other ligands with differential effects on compulsive reward-related behaviours - Eamonn Kelly; Stuart J. Mundell; Anna Sava; Adelheid L. Roth; Antonio Felici; Kay Maltby; Pradeep J. Nathan; Edward T. Bullmore; Graeme Henderson (Psychopharmacology, 2015)

An Asymptotic Solution for Washcoat Pore Diffusion in Catalytic Monoliths - Edward J. Bissett (Emission Control Science and Technology, 2015)

Behavior in invasive New Zealand mud snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) is related to source population - Edward P. Levri; T. J. Clark (Biological Invasions, 2015)

Tupinambis merianae as nest predators of crocodilians and turtles in Florida, USA - Frank J. Mazzotti; Michelle McEachern; Mike Rochford; Robert N. Reed; Jennifer Ketterlin Eckles; Joy Vinci; Jake Edwards; Joseph Wasilewski (Biological Invasions, 2015)

Fluorescent protein‐mediated colour polymorphism in reef corals: multicopy genes extend the adaptation/acclimatization potential to variable light environments - John R. Gittins; Cecilia D'Angelo; Franz Oswald; Richard J. Edwards; Jörg Wiedenmann (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
The genomic framework that enables corals to adjust to unfavourable conditions is crucial for coral reef survival in a rapidly changing climate. We have explored the striking intraspecific variability in the expression of coral pigments from the green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) family to elucidate the genomic basis for the plasticity of stress responses among reef corals. We show that multicopy genes can greatly increase the dynamic range over which corals can modulate transcript levels in response to the light environment. Using the red fluorescent protein amil FP 597 in the coral Acropora millepora as a model, we demonstrate that its expression increases with light intensity, but both the minimal and maximal gene transcript levels vary markedly among colour morphs. The pigment concentration in the tissue of different morphs is strongly correlated with the number of gene copies with a particular promoter type. These findings indicate that colour polymorphism in reef corals can be caused by the environmentally regulated expression of multicopy genes. High‐level expression of amil FP 597 is correlated with reduced photodamage of zooxanthellae under acute light stress, supporting a photoprotective function of this pigment. The cluster of light‐regulated pigment genes can enable corals to invest either in expensive high‐level pigmentation, offering benefits under light stress, or to rely on low tissue pigment concentrations and use the conserved resources for other purposes, which is preferable in less light‐exposed environments. The genomic framework described here allows corals to pursue different strategies to succeed in habitats with highly variable light stress levels. In summary, our results suggest that the intraspecific plasticity of reef corals’ stress responses is larger than previously thought.

Performance of the herb Verbascum thapsus along environmental gradients in its native and non‐native ranges - Tim Seipel; Jake M. Alexander; Curtis C. Daehler; Lisa J. Rew; Peter J. Edwards; Pervaiz A. Dar; Keith McDougall; Bridgett Naylor; Catherine Parks; Fredric W. Pollnac; Zafar A. Reshi; Mel Schroder; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2015)
Aim We evaluated whether the performance of individuals and populations of the invasive plant Verbascum thapsus differs between its native and non‐native ranges, across climate gradients, and in response to its position in a global‐scaled niche model. Location India (Kashmir) and Switzerland (native range) and Australia and USA (Hawaii, Montana and Oregon) (non‐native range). Methods We measured population characteristics (density of flowering individuals, population size), plant traits (plant height, number of flowering branches) and seed germination for 50 populations of V. thapsus growing along elevational gradients in six mountain regions around the world (two in the native range, and four in the non‐native range). We fitted linear regression models to determine the relationship of plant and population level performance variables to range, region, climate and probability of occurrence from a global niche model. Results Plant height, number of flowering branches and population density of V. thapsus did not differ consistently between the native and non‐native ranges, but the area covered by populations in the non‐native range was on average two orders of magnitude larger than the area of native populations. Within and among regions, individual plant performance traits responded variably to precipitation and mean annual temperature, depending on the climatic range of the observed populations; however, performance was greater for populations that had a greater modelled probability of occurrence. Seed germination under controlled conditions was highest between 20 and 35 °C and consistent across populations, although germination at low temperatures was substantially higher for native populations from Kashmir. Main conclusions The introduction of V. thapsus to its non‐native range is not associated with consistent increases in plant performance. Instead, plant performance is more strongly influenced by position within the climate niche of the species, position along environmental gradients, and climatic or other differences among regions. We demonstrate that individual‐level and population‐level performance traits can yield different predictors of plant performance. Therefore, future studies comparing plant performance in native and non‐native ranges should include both plant and population characteristics and should also sample the target species from multiple regions in both ranges and along environmental gradients that comprehensively represent the niche of the species.

Warming shelf seas drive the subtropicalization of European pelagic fish communities - Ignasi Montero‐Serra; Martin Edwards; Martin J. Genner (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Pelagic fishes are among the most ecologically and economically important fish species in European seas. In principle, these pelagic fishes have potential to demonstrate rapid abundance and distribution shifts in response to climatic variability due to their high adult motility, planktonic larval stages, and low dependence on benthic habitat for food or shelter during their life histories. Here, we provide evidence of substantial climate‐driven changes to the structure of pelagic fish communities in European shelf seas. We investigated the patterns of species‐level change using catch records from 57 870 fisheries‐independent survey trawls from across European continental shelf region between 1965 and 2012. We analysed changes in the distribution and rate of occurrence of the six most common species, and observed a strong subtropicalization of the North Sea and Baltic Sea assemblages. These areas have shifted away from cold‐water assemblages typically characterized by Atlantic herring and European sprat from the 1960s to 1980s, to warmer‐water assemblages including Atlantic mackerel, Atlantic horse mackerel, European pilchard and European anchovy from the 1990s onwards. We next investigated if warming sea temperatures have forced these changes using temporally comprehensive data from the North Sea region. Our models indicated the primary driver of change in these species has been sea surface temperatures in all cases. Together, these analyses highlight how individual species responses have combined to result in a dramatic subtropicalization of the pelagic fish assemblage of the European continental shelf.

Operationalizing resilience for adaptive coral reef management under global environmental change - Kenneth R.N. Anthony; Paul A. Marshall; Ameer Abdulla; Roger Beeden; Chris Bergh; Ryan Black; C. Mark Eakin; Edward T. Game; Margaret Gooch; Nicholas A.J. Graham; Alison Green; Scott F. Heron; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Cumulative pressures from global climate and ocean change combined with multiple regional and local‐scale stressors pose fundamental challenges to coral reef managers worldwide. Understanding how cumulative stressors affect coral reef vulnerability is critical for successful reef conservation now and in the future. In this review, we present the case that strategically managing for increased ecological resilience (capacity for stress resistance and recovery) can reduce coral reef vulnerability (risk of net decline) up to a point. Specifically, we propose an operational framework for identifying effective management levers to enhance resilience and support management decisions that reduce reef vulnerability. Building on a system understanding of biological and ecological processes that drive resilience of coral reefs in different environmental and socio‐economic settings, we present an Adaptive Resilience‐Based management ( ARBM ) framework and suggest a set of guidelines for how and where resilience can be enhanced via management interventions. We argue that press‐type stressors (pollution, sedimentation, overfishing, ocean warming and acidification) are key threats to coral reef resilience by affecting processes underpinning resistance and recovery, while pulse‐type (acute) stressors (e.g. storms, bleaching events, crown‐of‐thorns starfish outbreaks) increase the demand for resilience. We apply the framework to a set of example problems for Caribbean and Indo‐Pacific reefs. A combined strategy of active risk reduction and resilience support is needed, informed by key management objectives, knowledge of reef ecosystem processes and consideration of environmental and social drivers. As climate change and ocean acidification erode the resilience and increase the vulnerability of coral reefs globally, successful adaptive management of coral reefs will become increasingly difficult. Given limited resources, on‐the‐ground solutions are likely to focus increasingly on actions that support resilience at finer spatial scales, and that are tightly linked to ecosystem goods and services.

Fire in Australian savannas: from leaf to landscape - Jason Beringer; Lindsay B. Hutley; David Abramson; Stefan K. Arndt; Peter Briggs; Mila Bristow; Josep G. Canadell; Lucas A. Cernusak; Derek Eamus; Andrew C. Edwards; Bradley J. Evans; Benedikt Fest; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Savanna ecosystems comprise 22% of the global terrestrial surface and 25% of Australia (almost 1.9 million km 2 ) and provide significant ecosystem services through carbon and water cycles and the maintenance of biodiversity. The current structure, composition and distribution of Australian savannas have coevolved with fire, yet remain driven by the dynamic constraints of their bioclimatic niche. Fire in Australian savannas influences both the biophysical and biogeochemical processes at multiple scales from leaf to landscape. Here, we present the latest emission estimates from Australian savanna biomass burning and their contribution to global greenhouse gas budgets. We then review our understanding of the impacts of fire on ecosystem function and local surface water and heat balances, which in turn influence regional climate. We show how savanna fires are coupled to the global climate through the carbon cycle and fire regimes. We present new research that climate change is likely to alter the structure and function of savannas through shifts in moisture availability and increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in turn altering fire regimes with further feedbacks to climate. We explore opportunities to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions from savanna ecosystems through changes in savanna fire management.

Expression of the Mannose Receptor CD206 in HIV and SIV Encephalitis: A Phenotypic Switch of Brain Perivascular Macrophages with Virus Infection - Gerard E. Holder; Christopher M. McGary; Edward M. Johnson; Rubo Zheng; Vijay T. John; Chie Sugimoto; Marcelo J. Kuroda; Woong-Ki Kim (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2014)

ERAP1 in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis - Emma Reeves; Tim Elliott; Edward James; Christopher J. Edwards (Immunologic Research, 2014)

Recovery of precision grasping after motor cortex lesion does not require forced use of the impaired hand in macaca mulatta - Warren G. Darling; Robert J. Morecraft; Diane L. Rotella; Marc A. Pizzimenti; Jizhi Ge; Kimberly S. Stilwell-Morecraft; Hongyu Zhang; Hesham Soliman; Dave Seecharan; Ian Edwards; David McNeal; Randolph J. Nudo; et al. (Experimental Brain Research, 2014)

Do Defensive Chemicals Facilitate Intraguild Predation and Influence Invasion Success in Ladybird Beetles? - Yukie Kajita; John J. Obrycki; John J. Sloggett; Edward W. Evans; Kenneth F. Haynes (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2014)

Experimental study of cohesive sediment consolidation and resuspension identifies approaches for coastal restoration: Lake Lery, Louisiana - Edward L. Lo; Samuel J. Bentley; Kehui Xu (Geo-Marine Letters, 2014)

Mixed Trophic State Production Process for Microalgal Biomass with High Lipid Content for Generating Biodiesel and Biogas - Pavlo Bohutskyi; Thomas Kula; Ben A. Kessler; Yongseok Hong; Edward J. Bouwer; Michael J. Betenbaugh; F. C. Thomas Allnutt (BioEnergy Research, 2014)

Horizon scanning for invasive alien species with the potential to threaten biodiversity in Great Britain - Helen E. Roy; Jodey Peyton; David C. Aldridge; Tristan Bantock; Tim M. Blackburn; Robert Britton; Paul Clark; Elizabeth Cook; Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz; Trevor Dines; Michael Dobson; François Edwards; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2014)
Invasive alien species ( IAS ) are considered one of the greatest threats to biodiversity, particularly through their interactions with other drivers of change. Horizon scanning, the systematic examination of future potential threats and opportunities, leading to prioritization of IAS threats is seen as an essential component of IAS management. Our aim was to consider IAS that were likely to impact on native biodiversity but were not yet established in the wild in Great Britain. To achieve this, we developed an approach which coupled consensus methods (which have previously been used for collaboratively identifying priorities in other contexts) with rapid risk assessment. The process involved two distinct phases: Preliminary consultation with experts within five groups (plants, terrestrial invertebrates, freshwater invertebrates, vertebrates and marine species) to derive ranked lists of potential IAS. Consensus‐building across expert groups to compile and rank the entire list of potential IAS. Five hundred and ninety‐one species not native to Great Britain were considered. Ninety‐three of these species were agreed to constitute at least a medium risk (based on score and consensus) with respect to them arriving, establishing and posing a threat to native biodiversity. The quagga mussel, Dreissena rostriformis bugensis , received maximum scores for risk of arrival, establishment and impact; following discussions the unanimous consensus was to rank it in the top position. A further 29 species were considered to constitute a high risk and were grouped according to their ranked risk. The remaining 63 species were considered as medium risk, and included in an unranked long list. The information collated through this novel extension of the consensus method for horizon scanning provides evidence for underpinning and prioritizing management both for the species and, perhaps more importantly, their pathways of arrival. Although our study focused on Great Britain, we suggest that the methods adopted are applicable globally.

Antioxidants from Gerbera piloselloides : an ethnomedicinal plant from southwestern China - Jianjun Wang; Vanya Petrova; Shi-Biao Wu; Mingjing Zhu; Edward J. Kennelly; Chunlin Long (Natural Product Research, 2014)

The complete genome sequence for putative H 2 ‐ and S ‐oxidizer C andidatus Sulfuricurvum sp., assembled de novo from an aquifer‐derived metagenome - Kim M. Handley; Daniela Bartels; Edward J. O'Loughlin; Kenneth H. Williams; William L. Trimble; Kelly Skinner; Jack A. Gilbert; Narayan Desai; Elizabeth M. Glass; Tobias Paczian; Andreas Wilke; Dionysios Antonopoulos; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2014)
Summary We reconstructed the complete 2.4 Mb‐long genome of a previously uncultivated epsilonproteobacterium, C andidatus Sulfuricurvum sp. RIFRC ‐1, via assembly of short‐read shotgun metagenomic data using a complexity reduction approach. Genome‐based comparisons indicate the bacterium is a novel species within the S ulfuricurvum genus, which contains one cultivated representative, S . kujiense . Divergence between the species appears due in part to extensive genomic rearrangements, gene loss and chromosomal versus plasmid encoding of certain (respiratory) genes by RIFRC ‐1. Deoxyribonucleic acid for the genome was obtained from terrestrial aquifer sediment, in which RIFRC ‐1 comprised ∼ 47% of the bacterial community. Genomic evidence suggests RIFRC ‐1 is a chemolithoautotrophic diazotroph capable of deriving energy for growth by microaerobic or nitrate‐/nitric oxide‐dependent oxidation of S 0 , sulfide or sulfite or H 2 oxidation. Carbon may be fixed via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. Consistent with these physiological attributes, the local aquifer was microoxic with small concentrations of available nitrate, small but elevated concentrations of reduced sulfur and NH 4 + / NH 3 ‐limited. Additionally, various mechanisms for heavy metal and metalloid tolerance and virulence point to a lifestyle well‐adapted for metal(loid)‐rich environments and a shared evolutionary past with pathogenic E psilonproteobacteria . Results expand upon recent findings highlighting the potential importance of sulfur and hydrogen metabolism in the terrestrial subsurface.

Apparent environmental synergism drives the dynamics of Amazonian forest fragments - William F. Laurance; Ana S. Andrade; Ainhoa Magrach; José L. C. Camargo; Mason Campbell; Philip M. Fearnside; Will Edwards; Jefferson J. Valsko; Thomas E. Lovejoy; Susan G. Laurance (Ecology, 2014)
Many contemporary ecosystems are likely to be affected by multiple environmental drivers, complicating efforts to predict future changes in those ecosystems. We studied long‐term changes (1980–2012) in forest dynamics and liana (woody vine) abundance and biomass in fragmented and intact forests of the central Amazon. We did so by contrasting trends in 33 permanent 1‐ha plots near forest edges (plot center 2 or regional climate drivers that influence forest dynamics. Hence, the dynamics of Amazonian forest fragments cannot be understood simply as a consequence of forest fragmentation. Rather, the changes we observed appear to arise from an interaction of fragmentation with one or more global‐ or regional‐scale drivers affecting forest dynamics. Both sets of phenomena are evidently increasing forest dynamics and liana abundances in fragmented forests, changes that could reduce carbon storage and alter many aspects of forest ecology.

Normal Motor Adaptation in Cervical Dystonia: A Fundamental Cerebellar Computation is Intact - Anna Sadnicka; Bansi Patani; Tabish A. Saifee; Panagiotis Kassavetis; Isabel Pareés; Prasad Korlipara; Kailash P. Bhatia; John C. Rothwell; Joseph M. Galea; Mark J. Edwards (The Cerebellum, 2014)

Neuroendocrine and sympathetic responses to an orexin receptor antagonist, SB-649868, and Alprazolam following insulin-induced hypoglycemia in humans - Ameera X. Patel; Sam R. Miller; Pradeep J. Nathan; Ponmani Kanakaraj; Antonella Napolitano; Philip Lawrence; Annelize Koch; Edward T. Bullmore (Psychopharmacology, 2014)

Novel Nystatin A1 derivatives exhibiting low host cell toxicity and antifungal activity in an in vitro model of oral candidosis - Joanna Boros-Majewska; Natalia Salewska; Edward Borowski; Sławomir Milewski; Sladjana Malic; Xiao-Qing Wei; Anthony J. Hayes; Melanie J. Wilson; David W. Williams (Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 2014)

Preface - Human-altered coastal systems: processes, monitoring, and management - Edward J. Anthony; Norbert P. Psuty (Journal of Coastal Conservation, 2014)

Confronting coastal morphodynamics with counter-erosion engineering: the emblematic case of Wissant Bay, Dover Strait - Mouncef Sedrati; Edward J. Anthony (Journal of Coastal Conservation, 2014)

A GIS-based coastal monitoring and surveillance observatory on tropical islands exposed to climate change and extreme events: the example of Mayotte Island, Indian Ocean - Matthieu Jeanson; Franck Dolique; Edward J. Anthony (Journal of Coastal Conservation, 2014)

Human gene copy number variation and infectious disease - Edward J. Hollox; Boon-Peng Hoh (Human Genetics, 2014)

Monitoring physiological stress in semi-free ranging populations of an endangered Australian marsupial, the Greater Bilby (Macrotis lagotis) - Edward J. Narayan; Nicole Evans; Jean-Marc Hero (European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2014)

Range‐wide multilocus phylogeography of the red fox reveals ancient continental divergence, minimal genomic exchange and distinct demographic histories - Mark J. Statham; James Murdoch; Jan Janecka; Keith B. Aubry; Ceiridwen J. Edwards; Carl D. Soulsbury; Oliver Berry; Zhenghuan Wang; David Harrison; Malcolm Pearch; Louise Tomsett; Judith Chupasko; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2014)
Widely distributed taxa provide an opportunity to compare biogeographic responses to climatic fluctuations on multiple continents and to investigate speciation. We conducted the most geographically and genomically comprehensive study to date of the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), the world's most widely distributed wild terrestrial carnivore. Analyses of 697 bp of mitochondrial sequence in ~1000 individuals suggested an ancient Middle Eastern origin for all extant red foxes and a 400 kya ( SD = 139 kya) origin of the primary North American (Nearctic) clade. Demographic analyses indicated a major expansion in Eurasia during the last glaciation (~50 kya), coinciding with a previously described secondary transfer of a single matriline (Holarctic) to North America. In contrast, North American matrilines (including the transferred portion of Holarctic clade) exhibited no signatures of expansion until the end of the Pleistocene (~12 kya). Analyses of 11 autosomal loci from a subset of foxes supported the colonization time frame suggested by mt DNA (and the fossil record) but, in contrast, reflected no detectable secondary transfer, resulting in the most fundamental genomic division of red foxes at the Bering Strait. Endemic continental Y‐chromosome clades further supported this pattern. Thus, intercontinental genomic exchange was overall very limited, consistent with long‐term reproductive isolation since the initial colonization of North America. Based on continental divergence times in other carnivoran species pairs, our findings support a model of peripatric speciation and are consistent with the previous classification of the North American red fox as a distinct species, V. fulva .

Archaeological Evidence of Validity of Fish Populations on Unexploited Reefs as Proxy Targets for Modern Populations - KEN LONGENECKER; YVONNE L. CHAN; ROBERT J. TOONEN; DAVID B. CARLON; TERRY L. HUNT; ALAN M. FRIEDLANDER; EDWARD E. DEMARTINI (Conservation Biology, 2014)
Reef‐fish management and conservation is hindered by a lack of information on fish populations prior to large‐scale contemporary human impacts. As a result, relatively pristine sites are often used as conservation baselines for populations near sites affected by humans. This space‐for‐time approach can only be validated by sampling assemblages through time. We used archaeological remains to evaluate whether the remote, uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) might provide a reasonable proxy for a lightly exploited baseline in the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). We used molecular and morphological techniques to describe the taxonomic and size composition of the scarine parrotfish catches present in 2 archaeological assemblages from the MHI, compared metrics of these catches with modern estimates of reproductive parameters to evaluate whether catches represented by the archaeological material were consistent with sustainable fishing, and evaluated overlap between size structures represented by the archaeological material and modern survey data from the MHI and the NWHI to assess whether a space‐for‐time substitution is reasonable. The parrotfish catches represented by archaeological remains were consistent with sustainable fishing because they were dominated by large, mature individuals whose average size remained stable from prehistoric (AD approximately 1400–1700) through historic (AD 1700–1960) periods. The ancient catches were unlike populations in the MHI today. Overlap between the size structure of ancient MHI catches and modern survey data from the NWHI or the MHI was an order of magnitude greater for the NWHI comparison, a result that supports the validity of using the NWHI parrotfish data as a proxy for the MHI before accelerated, heavy human impacts in modern times. Evidencia Arqueológica de la Validez de Poblaciones de Peces en Arrecifes Sin Explotar como Objetivos de Apoderamiento para Poblaciones Actuales

Akashiwo sanguinea (Dinophyceae) extruding mucous from pores on the cell surface - Susan Badylak; Edward J. Phlips; A. Loren Mathews; Karen Kelley (Algae, 2014)

A reconstruction of extratropical Indo-Pacific sea-level pressure patterns during the Medieval Climate Anomaly - Ian D. Goodwin; Stuart Browning; Andrew M. Lorrey; Paul A. Mayewski; Steven J. Phipps; Nancy A. N. Bertler; Ross P. Edwards; Tim J. Cohen; Tas van Ommen; Mark Curran; Cameron Barr; J. Curt Stager (Climate Dynamics, 2014)

The Genetics Panel of the NAS BEAR I Committee (1956): epistolary evidence suggests self-interest may have prompted an exaggeration of radiation risks that led to the adoption of the LNT cancer risk assessment model - Edward J. Calabrese (Archives of Toxicology, 2014)

Resolving the Beaufort Sea High using synoptic climatological methods - Thomas J. Ballinger; Scott C. Sheridan; Edward Hanna (International Journal of Climatology, 2014)
Melt season frequencies of the Beaufort Sea High ( BSH ) have a profound effect on western Arctic climate, making the interannual spatial and temporal monitoring of this polar anticyclone important. This manuscript presents two automated synoptic climatological analyses using a two‐step cluster procedure to classify daily mean sea level pressure ( MSLP ) over 180–120°W and 70–85°N with an emphasis on identifying BSH patterns. Separate raw and anomaly MSLP circulation pattern ( CP ) classifications are compared in order to assess the spatial characteristics of the BSH and its monthly frequency changes during the melt season from 1979 to 2012. Analysis of both classifications shows clear advantages to using the anomaly approach in terms of assessing temporal and spatial changes, particularly in light of the documented recent atmospheric circulation changes that have been observed over the region. Associations between the June anomaly circulation pattern ( ACP ) 5, a +4 hPa BSH pattern situated between 155°W and 135°W, and June indices of atmospheric teleconnections such as the Arctic Dipole and Arctic Oscillation are statistically significant. There is also a statistically significant link to the downstream Greenland Blocking Index; suggesting that the BSH may be intricately related to climatic variability outside the analysed domain as well. Further, ACP 5 occurred nearly 3 weeks more often during the melt season in recent massive Arctic Sea ice loss years (2007–2012) compared with the climatology (1979–2006). Recent increases in June ACP 5 frequencies account for a large proportion of this pattern's long‐term frequency changes.

Distinct dissolved organic matter sources induce rapid transcriptional responses in coexisting populations of P rochlorococcus , P elagibacter and the OM60 clade - Adrian K. Sharma; Jamie W. Becker; Elizabeth A. Ottesen; Jessica A. Bryant; Solange Duhamel; David M. Karl; Otto X. Cordero; Daniel J. Repeta; Edward F. DeLong (Environmental Microbiology, 2014)
Summary A considerable fraction of the E arth's organic carbon exists in dissolved form in seawater. To investigate the roles of planktonic marine microbes in the biogeochemical cycling of this dissolved organic matter ( DOM ), we performed controlled seawater incubation experiments and followed the responses of an oligotrophic surface water microbial assemblage to perturbations with DOM derived from an axenic culture of P rochlorococcus , or high‐molecular weight DOM concentrated from nearby surface waters. The rapid transcriptional responses of both P rochlorococcus and P elagibacter populations suggested the utilization of organic nitrogen compounds common to both DOM treatments. Along with these responses, both populations demonstrated decreases in gene transcripts associated with nitrogen stress, including those involved in ammonium acquisition. In contrast, responses from low abundance organisms of the NOR5/OM60 gammaproteobacteria were observed later in the experiment, and included elevated levels of gene transcripts associated with polysaccharide uptake and oxidation. In total, these results suggest that numerically dominant oligotrophic microbes rapidly acquire nitrogen from commonly available organic sources, and also point to an important role for carbohydrates found within the DOM pool for sustaining the less abundant microorganisms in these oligotrophic systems.

Ecosystem-Scale Rates of Primary Production Within Wetland Habitats of the Northern San Francisco Estuary - Risa A. Cohen; Frances P. Wilkerson; Alexander E. Parker; Edward J. Carpenter (Wetlands, 2014)

Alcohol, Phospholipase A2-associated Neuroinflammation, and ω3 Docosahexaenoic Acid Protection - Michael A. Collins; Nuzhath Tajuddin; Kwan-Hoon Moon; Hee-Yong Kim; Kimberly Nixon; Edward J. Neafsey (Molecular Neurobiology, 2014)

Ingestion and sublethal effects of physically and chemically dispersed crude oil on marine planktonic copepods - Rodrigo Almeda; Sarah Baca; Cammie Hyatt; Edward J. Buskey (Ecotoxicology, 2014)

The Impact of Radiation on the GABLS3 Large-Eddy Simulation through the Night and during the Morning Transition - J. M. Edwards; S. Basu; F. C. Bosveld; A. A. M. Holtslag (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2014)

Use of X-rays to treat shoulder tendonitis/bursitis: a historical assessment - Edward J. Calabrese; Gaurav Dhawan; Rachna Kapoor (Archives of Toxicology, 2014)

Markedly divergent estimates of A mazon forest carbon density from ground plots and satellites - Edward T. A. Mitchard; Ted R. Feldpausch; Roel J. W. Brienen; Gabriela Lopez‐Gonzalez; Abel Monteagudo; Timothy R. Baker; Simon L. Lewis; Jon Lloyd; Carlos A. Quesada; Manuel Gloor; Hans ter Steege; Patrick Meir; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2014)
Aim The accurate mapping of forest carbon stocks is essential for understanding the global carbon cycle, for assessing emissions from deforestation, and for rational land‐use planning. Remote sensing ( RS ) is currently the key tool for this purpose, but RS does not estimate vegetation biomass directly, and thus may miss significant spatial variations in forest structure. We test the stated accuracy of pantropical carbon maps using a large independent field dataset. Location Tropical forests of the A mazon basin. The permanent archive of the field plot data can be accessed at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5521/FORESTPLOTS.NET/2014_1 Methods Two recent pantropical RS maps of vegetation carbon are compared to a unique ground‐plot dataset, involving tree measurements in 413 large inventory plots located in nine countries. The RS maps were compared directly to field plots, and kriging of the field data was used to allow area‐based comparisons. Results The two RS carbon maps fail to capture the main gradient in Amazon forest carbon detected using 413 ground plots, from the densely wooded tall forests of the north‐east, to the light‐wooded, shorter forests of the south‐west. The differences between plots and RS maps far exceed the uncertainties given in these studies, with whole regions over‐ or under‐estimated by > 25%, whereas regional uncertainties for the maps were reported to be Main conclusions Pantropical biomass maps are widely used by governments and by projects aiming to reduce deforestation using carbon offsets, but may have significant regional biases. Carbon‐mapping techniques must be revised to account for the known ecological variation in tree wood density and allometry to create maps suitable for carbon accounting. The use of single relationships between tree canopy height and above‐ground biomass inevitably yields large, spatially correlated errors. This presents a significant challenge to both the forest conservation and remote sensing communities, because neither wood density nor species assemblages can be reliably mapped from space.

Chronic water stress reduces tree growth and the carbon sink of deciduous hardwood forests - Edward R. Brzostek; Danilo Dragoni; Hans Peter Schmid; Abdullah F. Rahman; Daniel Sims; Craig A. Wayson; Daniel J. Johnson; Richard P. Phillips (Global Change Biology, 2014)
Predicted decreases in water availability across the temperate forest biome have the potential to offset gains in carbon (C) uptake from phenology trends, rising atmospheric CO 2 , and nitrogen deposition. While it is well established that severe droughts reduce the C sink of forests by inducing tree mortality, the impacts of mild but chronic water stress on forest phenology and physiology are largely unknown. We quantified the C consequences of chronic water stress using a 13‐year record of tree growth ( n = 200 trees), soil moisture, and ecosystem C balance at the Morgan–Monroe State Forest ( MMSF ) in Indiana, and a regional 11‐year record of tree growth ( n > 300 000 trees) and water availability for the 20 most dominant deciduous broadleaf tree species across the eastern and midwestern USA . We show that despite ~26 more days of C assimilation by trees at the MMSF , increasing water stress decreased the number of days of wood production by ~42 days over the same period, reducing the annual accrual of C in woody biomass by 41%. Across the deciduous forest region, water stress induced similar declines in tree growth, particularly for water‐demanding ‘mesophytic’ tree species. Given the current replacement of water‐stress adapted ‘xerophytic’ tree species by mesophytic tree species, we estimate that chronic water stress has the potential to decrease the C sink of deciduous forests by up to 17% (0.04 Pg C yr −1 ) in the coming decades. This reduction in the C sink due to mesophication and chronic water stress is equivalent to an additional 1–3 days of global C emissions from fossil fuel burning each year. Collectively, our results indicate that regional declines in water availability may offset the growth‐enhancing effects of other global changes and reduce the extent to which forests ameliorate climate warming.

Tree Response to Experimental Watershed Acidification - N. K. Jensen; E. J. Holzmueller; P. J. Edwards; M. Thomas-Van Gundy; D. R. DeWalle; K. W. J. Williard (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2014)

Genetic control of grain yield and grain physical characteristics in a bread wheat population grown under a range of environmental conditions - Lancelot Maphosa; Peter Langridge; Helen Taylor; Boris Parent; Livinus C. Emebiri; Haydn Kuchel; Matthew P. Reynolds; Ken J. Chalmers; Anzu Okada; James Edwards; Diane E. Mather (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2014)

Relationship between physical and chemical soil attributes and plant species diversity in tropical mountain ecosystems from Brazil - Fernanda de Carvalho; Edward Luis Godoy; Francy J. G. Lisboa; Fatima Maria de Souza Moreira; Francisco Adriano de Souza; Ricardo Luis Louro Berbara; G. Wilson Fernandes (Journal of Mountain Science, 2014)

Enhancement of the accuracy of single-epoch GPS positioning for long baselines by local ionospheric modelling - M. Assiadi; S. J. Edwards; P. J. Clarke (GPS Solutions, 2014)

Phosphorylation of alfalfa mosaic virus movement protein in vivo - Bong-Suk Kim; Edward L. Halk; Donald J. Merlo; Steven E. Nelson; L. Sue Loesch-Fries (Archives of Virology, 2014)

Optimizing carbon storage and biodiversity protection in tropical agricultural landscapes - James J. Gilroy; Paul Woodcock; Felicity A. Edwards; Charlotte Wheeler; Claudia A. Medina Uribe; Torbjørn Haugaasen; David P. Edwards (Global Change Biology, 2014)
With the rapidly expanding ecological footprint of agriculture, the design of farmed landscapes will play an increasingly important role for both carbon storage and biodiversity protection. Carbon and biodiversity can be enhanced by integrating natural habitats into agricultural lands, but a key question is whether benefits are maximized by including many small features throughout the landscape (‘land‐sharing’ agriculture) or a few large contiguous blocks alongside intensive farmland (‘land‐sparing’ agriculture). In this study, we are the first to integrate carbon storage alongside multi‐taxa biodiversity assessments to compare land‐sparing and land‐sharing frameworks. We do so by sampling carbon stocks and biodiversity (birds and dung beetles) in landscapes containing agriculture and forest within the Colombian Chocó‐Andes, a zone of high global conservation priority. We show that woodland fragments embedded within a matrix of cattle pasture hold less carbon per unit area than contiguous primary or advanced secondary forests (>15 years). Farmland sites also support less diverse bird and dung beetle communities than contiguous forests, even when farmland retains high levels of woodland habitat cover. Landscape simulations based on these data suggest that land‐sparing strategies would be more beneficial for both carbon storage and biodiversity than land‐sharing strategies across a range of production levels. Biodiversity benefits of land‐sparing are predicted to be similar whether spared lands protect primary or advanced secondary forests, owing to the close similarity of bird and dung beetle communities between the two forest classes. Land‐sparing schemes that encourage the protection and regeneration of natural forest blocks thus provide a synergy between carbon and biodiversity conservation, and represent a promising strategy for reducing the negative impacts of agriculture on tropical ecosystems. However, further studies examining a wider range of ecosystem services will be necessary to fully understand the links between land‐allocation strategies and long‐term ecosystem service provision.

The land-ice contribution to 21st-century dynamic sea level rise - T. Howard; J. Ridley; A. K. Pardaens; R. T. W. L. Hurkmans; A. J. Payne; R. H. Giesen; J. A. Lowe; J. L. Bamber; T. L. Edwards; J. Oerlemans (Ocean Science, 2014)
Climate change has the potential to influence global mean sea level through a number of processes including (but not limited to) thermal expansion of the oceans and enhanced land ice melt. In addition to their contribution to global mean sea level change, these two processes (among others) lead to local departures from the global mean sea level change, through a number of mechanisms including the effect on spatial variations in the change of water density and transport, usually termed dynamic sea level changes. In this study, we focus on the component of dynamic sea level change that might be given by additional freshwater inflow to the ocean under scenarios of 21st-century land-based ice melt. We present regional patterns of dynamic sea level change given by a global-coupled atmosphere–ocean climate model forced by spatially and temporally varying projected ice-melt fluxes from three sources: the Antarctic ice sheet, the Greenland Ice Sheet and small glaciers and ice caps. The largest ice melt flux we consider is equivalent to almost 0.7 m of global mean sea level rise over the 21st century. The temporal evolution of the dynamic sea level changes, in the presence of considerable variations in the ice melt flux, is also analysed. We find that the dynamic sea level change associated with the ice melt is small, with the largest changes occurring in the North Atlantic amounting to 3 cm above the global mean rise. Furthermore, the dynamic sea level change associated with the ice melt is similar regardless of whether the simulated ice fluxes are applied to a simulation with fixed CO2 or under a business-as-usual greenhouse gas warming scenario of increasing CO2.

Mangrove Evolution in Mayotte Island, Indian Ocean: A 60-year Synopsis Based on Aerial Photographs - Matthieu Jeanson; Edward J. Anthony; Franck Dolique; Caroline Cremades (Wetlands, 2014)

Non-linear Increases in Danazol Exposure with Dose in Older vs. Younger Beagle Dogs: The Potential Role of Differences in Bile Salt Concentration, Thermodynamic Activity, and Formulation Digestion - Mette U. Anby; Hywel D. Williams; Orlagh Feeney; Glenn A. Edwards; Hassan Benameur; Colin W. Pouton; Christopher J. H. Porter (Pharmaceutical Research, 2014)

Molecular detection and genetic characterization of kobuviruses and astroviruses in asymptomatic local pigs in East Africa - Joshua O. Amimo; Edward Okoth; Joseph O. Junga; William O. Ogara; Moses N. Njahira; Qiuhong Wang; Anastasia N. Vlasova; Linda J. Saif; Appolinaire Djikeng (Archives of Virology, 2014)

Long‐term changes in liana abundance and forest dynamics in undisturbed Amazonian forests - William F. Laurance; Ana S. Andrade; Ainhoa Magrach; José L. C. Camargo; Jefferson J. Valsko; Mason Campbell; Philip M. Fearnside; Will Edwards; Thomas E. Lovejoy; Susan G. Laurance (Ecology, 2014)
Lianas (climbing woody vines) are important structural parasites of tropical trees and may be increasing in abundance in response to global‐change drivers. We assessed long‐term (∼14‐year) changes in liana abundance and forest dynamics within 36 1‐ha permanent plots spanning ∼600 km 2 of undisturbed rainforest in central Amazonia. Within each plot, we counted each liana stem (≥2 cm diameter) and measured its diameter at 1.3 m height, and then used these data to estimate liana aboveground biomass. An initial liana survey was completed in 1997–1999 and then repeated in 2012, using identical methods. Liana abundance in the plots increased by an average of 1.00% ± 0.88% per year, leading to a highly significant ( t = 6.58, df = 35, P t = 1.46, df = 35, P = 0.15; paired t tests). Liana size distributions shifted significantly (χ 2 = 191, df = 8, P We used long‐term data on rainfall and forest dynamics from our study site to test hypotheses about potential drivers of change in liana communities. Lianas generally increase with rainfall seasonality, but we found no significant trends over time (1997–2012) in five rainfall parameters (total annual rainfall, dry‐season rainfall, wet‐season rainfall, number of very dry months, CV of monthly rainfall). However, rates of tree mortality and recruitment have increased significantly over time in our plots, and general linear mixed‐effect models suggested that lianas were more abundant at sites with higher tree mortality and flatter topography. Rising concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 , which may stimulate liana growth, might also have promoted liana increases. Our findings clearly support the view that lianas are increasing in abundance in old‐growth tropical forests, possibly in response to accelerating forest dynamics and rising CO 2 concentrations. The aboveground biomass of trees was lowest in plots with abundant lianas, suggesting that lianas could reduce forest carbon storage and potentially alter forest dynamics if they continue to proliferate.

Amphiphilic triblock copolymers with PEGylated hydrocarbon structures as environmentally friendly marine antifouling and fouling-release coatings - Zhaoli Zhou; David R. Calabrese; Warren Taylor; John A. Finlay; Maureen E. Callow; James A. Callow; Daniel Fischer; Edward J. Kramer; Christopher K. Ober (Biofouling, 2014)

Bioanalytical Method Validation: Concepts, Expectations and Challenges in Small Molecule and Macromolecule—A Report of PITTCON 2013 Symposium - Edward D. Bashaw; Binodh DeSilva; Mark J. Rose; Yow-Ming C. Wang; Chinmay Shukla (The AAPS Journal, 2014)

Erratum to: A genome-wide association study of prostate cancer in West African men - Michael Blaise Cook; Zhaoming Wang; Edward D. Yeboah; Yao Tettey; Richard B. Biritwum; Andrew A. Adjei; Evelyn Tay; Ann Truelove; Shelley Niwa; Charles C. Chung; Annand P. Chokkalingam; Lisa W. Chu; et al. (Human Genetics, 2014)

Genome-wide association study of subtype-specific epithelial ovarian cancer risk alleles using pooled DNA - Madalene A. Earp; Linda E. Kelemen; Anthony M. Magliocco; Kenneth D. Swenerton; Georgia Chenevix-Trench; Yi Lu; Alexander Hein; Arif B. Ekici; Matthias W. Beckmann; Peter A. Fasching; Diether Lambrechts; Evelyn Despierre; et al. (Human Genetics, 2014)

A genome-wide association study of prostate cancer in West African men - Michael Blaise Cook; Zhaoming Wang; Edward D. Yeboah; Yao Tettey; Richard B. Biritwum; Andrew A. Adjei; Evelyn Tay; Ann Truelove; Shelley Niwa; Charles C. Chung; Annand P. Chokkalingam; Lisa W. Chu; et al. (Human Genetics, 2014)

Association of C-peptide and leptin with prostate cancer incidence in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study - Gabriel Y. Lai; Edward L. Giovannucci; Michael N. Pollak; Sarah B. Peskoe; Meir J. Stampfer; Walter C. Willett; Elizabeth A. Platz (Cancer Causes & Control, 2014)

Tidal migration and retention of estuarine zooplankton investigated using a particle‐tracking model - Wim J. Kimmerer; Edward S. Gross; Michael L. MacWilliams (Limnology and Oceanography, 2014)
We used hydrodynamic and particle‐tracking models to investigate vertical movement of plankton and resulting retention in the San Francisco Estuary. The hydrodynamic model was UnTRIM, a three‐dimensional, unstructured grid model, which had been calibrated to historical conditions in this estuary for 1994–1997, a period of widely varying hydrology. Intensive field studies of hydrodynamics and vertical movements of organisms during 1994–1996 provided input data for the models. The particle‐tracking model was run with 14 alternative behaviors for three 45 d periods of contrasting hydrology. The behaviors included passive behavior, several simple tidal migration patterns, and several sinking speeds. Vertical positions of migrating and sinking particles resembled those seen in the field studies for copepods and epibenthos, respectively. Passive particles were advected from the estuary at rates that depended on freshwater flow. All of the non‐passive behaviors caused retention of the particles in the low‐salinity region of the estuary under some flow conditions. Tidal migration was very effective at maintaining position, but model results and a re‐examination of the field data suggested that migration speed should increase with increasing freshwater flow. Continuous sinking was also effective at retention, particularly in deep areas of low tidal velocity. We conclude that the vertical distributions observed in the field studies were a result of active patterns of movement, that these patterns can result in retention, and that retention in a bathymetrically complex estuary can be understood only in the context of the full time‐varying three‐dimensional flow field.

Current Challenges in Bioequivalence, Quality, and Novel Assessment Technologies for Topical Products - Avraham Yacobi; Vinod P. Shah; Edward D. Bashaw; Eva Benfeldt; Barbara Davit; Derek Ganes; Tapash Ghosh; Isadore Kanfer; Gerald B. Kasting; Lindsey Katz; Robert Lionberger; Guang Wei Lu; et al. (Pharmaceutical Research, 2014)

Cold habituation does not improve manual dexterity during rest and exercise in 5 °C - Matthew D. Muller; Yongsuk Seo; Chul-Ho Kim; Edward J. Ryan; Brandon S. Pollock; Keith J. Burns; Ellen L. Glickman (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2014)

Persistence of 2,4-D and its Effects on Benthic Macroinvertebrates Following Spring Treatment of Eurasian Watermilfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum L. in Two Lakes in Southeastern Wisconsin, USA - E. A. Harrahy; D. S. Edwards; C. J. Hedman (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2014)

Total calcium intake and colorectal adenoma in young women - Jennifer Massa; Eunyoung Cho; Endel J. Orav; Walter C. Willett; Kana Wu; Edward L. Giovannucci (Cancer Causes & Control, 2014)

Distinguishing between Lévy walks and strong alternative models: comment - Marie Auger-Méthé; Michael J. Plank; Edward A. Codling (Ecology, 2014)

Normal eyeblink classical conditioning in patients with fixed dystonia - Sabine Janssen; Lidwien C. Veugen; Britt S. Hoffland; Panagiotis Kassavetis; Diana E. van Rooijen; Dick F. Stegeman; Mark J. Edwards; Jacobus J. van Hilten; Bart P. van de Warrenburg (Experimental Brain Research, 2014)

Rotary bioreactor culture can discern specific behavior phenotypes in Trk-null and Trk-expressing neuroblastoma cell lines - Robert A. Redden; Radhika Iyer; Garrett M. Brodeur; Edward J. Doolin (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 2014)

Closing the circle: is it feasible to rehabilitate reefs with sexually propagated corals? - J. R. Guest; M. V. Baria; E. D. Gomez; A. J. Heyward; A. J. Edwards (Coral Reefs, 2014)

Production Factors Controlling the Physical Characteristics of Biochar Derived from Phytoremediation Willow for Agricultural Applications - Ashleigh J. Fletcher; Malcolm A. Smith; Andreas Heinemeyer; Richard Lord; Christopher J. Ennis; Edward M. Hodgson; Kerrie Farrar (BioEnergy Research, 2014)

Features governing symbiont persistence in the squid–vibrio association - Eric J. Koch; Tim Miyashiro; Margaret J. McFall‐Ngai; Edward G. Ruby (Molecular Ecology, 2014)
Experimental studies of the interaction between host and symbiont in a maturing symbiotic organ have presented a challenge for most animal–bacterial associations. Advances in the rearing of the host squid Euprymna scolopes have enabled us to explore the relationship between a defect in symbiont light production and late‐stage development ( e.g . symbiont persistence and tissue morphogenesis) by experimental colonization with specific strains of the symbiont Vibrio fischeri . During the first 4 weeks postinoculation of juvenile squid, the population of wild‐type V. fischeri increased 100‐fold; in contrast, a strain defective in light production (Δ lux ) colonized normally the first day, but exhibited an exponential decline to undetectable levels over subsequent weeks. Co‐colonization of organs by both strains affected neither the trajectory of colonization by wild type nor the decline of Δ lux levels. Uninfected animals retained the ability to be colonized for at least 2 weeks posthatch. However, once colonized by the wild‐type strain for 5 days, a subsequent experimentally induced loss of the symbionts could not be followed by a successful recolonization, indicating the host's entry into a refractory state. However, animals colonized by the Δ lux before the loss of their symbionts were receptive to recolonization. Analyses of animals colonized with either a wild‐type or a Δ lux strain revealed slight, if any, differences in the developmental regression of the ciliated light‐organ tissues that facilitate the colonization process. Thus, some other feature(s) of the Δ lux strain's defect also may be responsible for its inability to persist, and its failure to induce a refractory state in the host.

Land surface skin temperature captures thermal environments of C 3 and C 4 grasses - Christopher J. Still; Stephanie Pau; Erika J. Edwards (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2014)
Aim Numerous studies have documented ecological sorting of C 3 and C 4 grasses along air temperature gradients. However, phylogenetically structured analyses suggest that closely related C 3 and C 4 grasses (in the same PACMAD clade: P anicoideae, A rundinoideae, C hloridoideae, M icrairoideae, A ristidoideae and D anthonioideae) occur in environments with similar air temperature, challenging our understanding of how the photosynthetic pathway influences grass biogeography. To better understand thermal differences between C 3 and C 4 grass lineages, we analysed the surface radiative temperature as an alternative measure that is more closely aligned with plant microclimate. Location H awaiian I slands, USA . Methods We used the MODIS land surface temperature ( LST ) product, a satellite‐based measurement of radiative temperature. We compared LST with mean annual air temperature ( MAT ) for locations where C 3 and C 4 grass species were collected. We also utilized other satellite products, like MODIS tree cover, as a proxy for relative habitat openness where these grasses occur. Results Comparisons of C 3 lineages [in BEP ( B ambusoideae, E hrhartoideae and P ooideae) and PACMAD clades] and C 4 lineages ( PACMAD clade only) illustrate the differing thermal environments for each group. C 4 taxa are found in the environments with the highest MAT , followed by C 3 PACMAD species. By contrast, C 3 PACMAD species are found in the environments with the coolest LST , and the LST values for C 3 BEP species are substantially higher than their MAT values. The difference in LST between C 3 and C 4 PACMADs is larger than the difference in MAT between these groups. Main conclusions Though LST has been used infrequently in ecology and biogeography, it is intimately related to water and energy balance and ecosystem structure, and should more accurately capture plant temperatures and microclimates than MAT . Our results provide support for a pronounced thermal difference in the environments of closely related C 3 and C 4 grass taxa, and show that C 3 PACMADs occur in the coolest and least variable thermal environments, probably due to the greater tree cover of these habitats.

The global contribution of forage fish to marine fisheries and ecosystems - Ellen K Pikitch; Konstantine J Rountos; Timothy E Essington; Christine Santora; Daniel Pauly; Reg Watson; Ussif R Sumaila; P Dee Boersma; Ian L Boyd; David O Conover; Philippe Cury; Selina S Heppell; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2014)
Forage fish play a pivotal role in marine ecosystems and economies worldwide by sustaining many predators and fisheries directly and indirectly. We estimate global forage fish contributions to marine ecosystems through a synthesis of 72 published E copath models from around the world. Three distinct contributions of forage fish were examined: (i) the ecological support service of forage fish to predators in marine ecosystems, (ii) the total catch and value of forage fisheries and (iii) the support service of forage fish to the catch and value of other commercially targeted predators. Forage fish use and value varied and exhibited patterns across latitudes and ecosystem types. Forage fish supported many kinds of predators, including fish, seabirds, marine mammals and squid. Overall, forage fish contribute a total of about $16.9 billion USD to global fisheries values annually, i.e. 20% of the global ex‐vessel catch values of all marine fisheries combined. While the global catch value of forage fisheries was $5.6 billion, fisheries supported by forage fish were more than twice as valuable ($11.3 billion). These estimates provide important information for evaluating the trade‐offs of various uses of forage fish across ecosystem types, latitudes and globally. We did not estimate a monetary value for supportive contributions of forage fish to recreational fisheries or to uses unrelated to fisheries, and thus the estimates of economic value reported herein understate the global value of forage fishes.

Non-invasive Cerebellar Stimulation—a Consensus Paper - G. Grimaldi; G. P. Argyropoulos; A. Boehringer; P. Celnik; M. J. Edwards; R. Ferrucci; J. M. Galea; S. J. Groiss; K. Hiraoka; P. Kassavetis; E. Lesage; M. Manto; et al. (The Cerebellum, 2014)

Potential role of winter rainfall in explaining increased moisture in the Mediterranean and Middle East during periods of maximum orbitally-forced insolation seasonality - J. E. Kutzbach; G. Chen; H. Cheng; R. L. Edwards; Z. Liu (Climate Dynamics, 2014)

Spring-summer temperatures since AD 1780 reconstructed from stable oxygen isotope ratios in white spruce tree-rings from the Mackenzie Delta, northwestern Canada - Trevor J. Porter; Michael F. J. Pisaric; Robert D. Field; Steven V. Kokelj; Thomas W. D. Edwards; Peter deMontigny; Richard Healy; Allegra N. LeGrande (Climate Dynamics, 2014)

Deleterious impact of feto-maternal MHC compatibility on the success of pregnancy in a macaque model - Alice Aarnink; Edward T. Mee; Nicolas Savy; Nicolas Congy-Jolivet; Nicola J. Rose; Antoine Blancher (Immunogenetics, 2014)

Molecular epidemiology of R abbit H aemorrhagic D isease V irus in A ustralia: when one became many - John Kovaliski; Ron Sinclair; Greg Mutze; David Peacock; Tanja Strive; Joana Abrantes; Pedro J. Esteves; Edward C. Holmes (Molecular Ecology, 2014)
R abbit H aemorrhagic D isease V irus ( RHDV ) was introduced into A ustralia in 1995 as a biological control agent against the wild E uropean rabbit ( O ryctolagus cuniculus ). We evaluated its evolution over a 16‐year period (1995–2011) by examining 50 isolates collected throughout A ustralia, as well as the original inoculum strains. Phylogenetic analysis of capsid protein VP 60 sequences of the A ustralian isolates, compared with those sampled globally, revealed that they form a monophyletic group with the inoculum strains ( CAPM V‐351 and RHDV 351 INOC ). Strikingly, despite more than 3000 rereleases of RHDV 351 INOC since 1995, only a single viral lineage has sustained its transmission in the long‐term, indicative of a major competitive advantage. In addition, we find evidence for widespread viral gene flow, in which multiple lineages entered individual geographic locations, resulting in a marked turnover of viral lineages with time, as well as a continual increase in viral genetic diversity. The rate of RHDV evolution recorded in A ustralia −4.0 (3.3–4.7) × 10 −3 nucleotide substitutions per site per year – was higher than previously observed in RHDV , and evidence for adaptive evolution was obtained at two VP 60 residues. Finally, more intensive study of a single rabbit population (Turretfield) in S outh A ustralia provided no evidence for viral persistence between outbreaks, with genetic diversity instead generated by continual strain importation.

Haptoglobin (HP) and Haptoglobin-related protein (HPR) copy number variation, natural selection, and trypanosomiasis - Robert J. Hardwick; Anne Ménard; Manuela Sironi; Jacqueline Milet; André Garcia; Claude Sese; Fengtang Yang; Beiyuan Fu; David Courtin; Edward J. Hollox (Human Genetics, 2014)

Longitudinal decline of lower extremity muscle power in healthy and mobility-limited older adults: influence of muscle mass, strength, composition, neuromuscular activation and single fiber contractile properties - Kieran F. Reid; Evan Pasha; Gheorghe Doros; David J. Clark; Carolynn Patten; Edward M. Phillips; Walter R. Frontera; Roger A. Fielding (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2014)

Erratum to: The association of active smoking with multiple cancers: national census-cancer registry cohorts with quantitative bias analysis - Tony Blakely; Jan J. Barendregt; Rachel H. Foster; Sarah Hill; June Atkinson; Diana Sarfati; Richard Edwards (Cancer Causes & Control, 2014)

Response to Letter of Ralph J Cicerone and Kevin Crowley regarding “How the US National Academy of Sciences misled the world community on cancer risk assessment: new findings challenge historical foundations of the linear dose response.” [DOI 10.1007/s00204-013-1105-6, Review Article] - Edward J. Calabrese (Archives of Toxicology, 2014)

Using phylogeny to model cell size evolution in marine and freshwater diatoms - Teofil Nakov; Edward C. Theriot; Andrew J. Alverson (Limnology and Oceanography, 2014)
Strategies for optimizing fitness in a dilute, competitive, and changing environment are thought to underlie cell size evolution in phytoplankton. Support for cell size as an adaptive trait comes from observed shifts in cell size distributions in response to environmental cues at geologic time scales and across environmental gradients. Physicochemical differences between marine and freshwater environments are thought to drive diatom cell size evolution in opposite directions, with larger sizes conferring benefits in marine habitats and small sizes in freshwater habitats. We tested this hypothesis in one lineage of diatoms, the Thalassiosirales, which spans marine and freshwater habitats, has a well‐supported phylogeny, and whose members are relatively homogenous with respect to cell shape, growth habit, and habitat preference. A comparison of adaptive models for cell size evolution supports the hypothesis for different cell size optima between marine and freshwater habitats. The data are best explained by a model with separate selective regimes for marine and freshwater lineages. However, a scenario of stabilizing selection towards a single global cell size optimum irrespective of habitat cannot be completely discounted. Understanding of the processes that shape cell size evolution in phytoplankton would benefit from models that incorporate phylogeny, intrinsic properties of species (e.g., cell shape, colony formation, and motility), and more specific habitat characterization, as well as genetic and genomic properties of different phytoplankton groups.

Land‐sharing versus land‐sparing logging: reconciling timber extraction with biodiversity conservation - David P. Edwards; James J. Gilroy; Paul Woodcock; Felicity A. Edwards; Trond H. Larsen; David J. R. Andrews; Mia A. Derhé; Teegan D. S. Docherty; Wayne W. Hsu; Simon L. Mitchell; Takahiro Ota; Leah J. Williams; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2014)
Selective logging is a major driver of rainforest degradation across the tropics. Two competing logging strategies are proposed to meet timber demands with the least impact on biodiversity: land sharing, which combines timber extraction with biodiversity protection across the concession; and land sparing, in which higher intensity logging is combined with the protection of intact primary forest reserves. We evaluate these strategies by comparing the abundances and species richness of birds, dung beetles and ants in Borneo, using a protocol that allows us to control for both timber yield and net profit across strategies. Within each taxonomic group, more species had higher abundances with land‐sparing than land‐sharing logging, and this translated into significantly higher species richness within land‐sparing concessions. Our results are similar when focusing only on species found in primary forest and restricted in range to Sundaland, and they are independent of the scale of sampling. For each taxonomic group, land‐sparing logging was the most promising strategy for maximizing the biological value of logging operations.

Modeled diversity effects on microbial ecosystem functions of primary production, nutrient uptake, and remineralization - Nicole L. Goebel; Christopher A. Edwards; Michael J. Follows; Jonathan P. Zehr (Ecology, 2014)
Ecosystem‐wide primary productivity generally increases with primary producer diversity, emphasizing the importance of diversity for ecosystem function. However, most studies that demonstrate this positive relationship have focused on terrestrial and aquatic benthic systems, with little attention to the diverse marine pelagic primary producers that play an important role in regulating global climate. Here we show how phytoplankton biodiversity enhances overall marine ecosystem primary productivity and other ecosystem functions using a self‐organizing ecosystem model. Diversity manipulation numerical experiments reveal positive, asymptotically saturating relationships between ecosystem‐wide phytoplankton diversity and functions of productivity, nutrient uptake, remineralization, and diversity metrics used to identify mechanisms shaping these relationships. Increase in productivity with increasing diversity improves modeled ecosystem stability and model robustness and leads to productivity rates that exceed expected yields primarily through niche complementarity and facilitative interactions between coexisting phytoplankton types; the composition of traits in assemblages determines the magnitude of complementarity and selection effects. While findings based on these aggregate measures of diversity effects parallel those from the majority of experimental outcomes of terrestrial and benthic biodiversity–ecosystem function studies, we combine analyses of community diversity effects and investigations of the underlying interactions among phytoplankton types to demonstrate how an increase in recycled production of non‐diatoms through an increase in new production of diatoms drives this diversity–ecosystem function response. We demonstrate the important role that facilitation plays in the modeled marine plankton and how this facilitative interaction could amplify future climate‐driven changes in ocean ecosystem productivity.

Mining conifers’ mega-genome using rapid and efficient multiplexed high-throughput genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) SNP discovery platform - Charles Chen; Sharon E. Mitchell; Robert J. Elshire; Edward S. Buckler; Yousry A. El-Kassaby (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2013)

Recent environmental change and trace metal pollution in World Heritage Bathurst Harbour, southwest Tasmania, Australia - Krystyna M. Saunders; Jennifer J. Harrison; Edward C. V. Butler; Dominic A. Hodgson; Andrew McMinn (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2013)

Tree-ring reconstructed summer temperature anomalies for temperate East Asia since 800 C.E. - Edward R. Cook; Paul J. Krusic; Kevin J. Anchukaitis; Brendan M. Buckley; Takeshi Nakatsuka; Masaki Sano (Climate Dynamics, 2013)

Do mutator mutations fuel tumorigenesis? - Edward J. Fox; Marc J. Prindle; Lawrence A. Loeb (Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2013)

Feasibility and potential role of ferumoxytol-enhanced neuroimaging in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder - Beau K. Nakamoto; Cecilia M. Shikuma; Debra Ogata-Arakaki; Tracie Umaki; Edward A. Neuwelt; Bruce T. Shiramizu; Dominic C. Chow; Nisha I. Parikh; Kalpana J. Kallianpur; Bronwyn E. Hamilton (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2013)

Discordant results between biochemical and molecular transthyretin assays: lessons learned from a unique testing algorithm at the Mayo Clinic - HONEY V. REDDI; BRITTANY C. THOMAS; KURT S. WILLKOMM; MATTHEW J. FERBER; KANDELARIA M. RUMILLA; KIMIYO M. RAYMOND; JOHN F. O’BRIEN; W. EDWARD HIGHSMITH (Journal of Genetics, 2013)

Communal nesting, kinship, and maternal success in a social primate - Andrea L. Baden; Patricia C. Wright; Edward E. Louis; Brenda J. Bradley (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2013)

How the US National Academy of Sciences misled the world community on cancer risk assessment: new findings challenge historical foundations of the linear dose response - Edward J. Calabrese (Archives of Toxicology, 2013)

How Resilient Are Europe’s Inshore Fishing Communities to Change? Differences Between the North and the South - Maria Hadjimichael; Alyne Delaney; Michel J. Kaiser; Gareth Edwards-Jones (Ambio, 2013)

Incentivizing Monitoring and Compliance in Trophy Hunting - NILS BUNNEFELD; CHARLES T. T. EDWARDS; ANAGAW ATICKEM; FETENE HAILU; E. J. MILNER‐GULLAND (Conservation Biology, 2013)
Conservation scientists are increasingly focusing on the drivers of human behavior and on the implications of various sources of uncertainty for management decision making. Trophy hunting has been suggested as a conservation tool because it gives economic value to wildlife, but recent examples show that overharvesting is a substantial problem and that data limitations are rife. We use a case study of trophy hunting of an endangered antelope, the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni), to explore how uncertainties generated by population monitoring and poaching interact with decision making by 2 key stakeholders: the safari companies and the government. We built a management strategy evaluation model that encompasses the population dynamics of mountain nyala, a monitoring model, and a company decision making model. We investigated scenarios of investment into antipoaching and monitoring by governments and safari companies. Harvest strategy was robust to the uncertainty in the population estimates obtained from monitoring, but poaching had a much stronger effect on quota and sustainability. Hence, reducing poaching is in the interests of companies wishing to increase the profitability of their enterprises, for example by engaging community members as game scouts. There is a threshold level of uncertainty in the population estimates beyond which the year‐to‐year variation in the trophy quota prevented planning by the safari companies. This suggests a role for government in ensuring that a baseline level of population monitoring is carried out such that this level is not exceeded. Our results illustrate the importance of considering the incentives of multiple stakeholders when designing frameworks for resource use and when designing management frameworks to address the particular sources of uncertainty that affect system sustainability most heavily . Incentivando el Monitoreo y el Cumplimiento en la Caza de Trofeos

Erratum to: The European Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) project - Basil A. S. Davis; Marco Zanon; Pamella Collins; Achille Mauri; Johan Bakker; Doris Barboni; Alexandra Barthelmes; Celia Beaudouin; H. John B. Birks; Anne E. Bjune; Elissaveta Bozilova; Richard H. W. Bradshaw; et al. (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2013)

The European Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) project - Basil A. S. Davis; Marco Zanon; Pamella Collins; Achille Mauri; Johan Bakker; Doris Barboni; Alexandra Barthelmes; Celia Beaudouin; Anne E. Bjune; Elissaveta Bozilova; Richard H. W. Bradshaw; Barbara A. Brayshay; et al. (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2013)

Disentangling herbivore impacts on Populus tremuloides: a comparison of native ungulates and cattle in Canada’s Aspen Parkland - Edward W. Bork; Cameron N. Carlyle; James F. Cahill; Rae E. Haddow; Robert J. Hudson (Oecologia, 2013)

Parkinson disease loci in the mid-western Amish - M. F. Davis; A. C. Cummings; L. N. D’Aoust; L. Jiang; D. R. Velez Edwards; R. Laux; L. Reinhart-Mercer; D. Fuzzell; W. K. Scott; M. A. Pericak-Vance; S. L. Lee; J. L. Haines (Human Genetics, 2013)

Estuarine ecosystem function response to flood and drought in a shallow, semiarid estuary: Nitrogen cycling and ecosystem metabolism - Denise A. Bruesewitz; Wayne S. Gardner; Rae F. Mooney; Lindsey Pollard; Edward J. Buskey (Limnology and Oceanography, 2013)
We quantified sediment‐water interface and water column nitrogen (N) transformation rates seasonally over the course of a year that incorporated a major storm event and a period of prolonged riverine base flow in Copano Bay, Texas, a shallow, productive estuary in the western Gulf of Mexico. We calculated daily rates of gross primary production (GPP), community respiration (CR), and net ecosystem production (NEP) in Copano Bay to examine carbon (C) cycling over the course of the year. These metrics of estuarine ecosystem function indicated that the estuary switched from a net sink for N during floods to a net source of N during droughts while sustaining high rates of primary production throughout the year. The estuary became a net sink for N as a result of increased denitrification rates following a storm event. Both GPP and CR increased immediately following a flood event, and the system was driven to net heterotrophy. Copano Bay became a net source of N during periods of prolonged base flow via increased N fixation rates. Internal N cycling became increasingly important during periods of base flow, including increased rates of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium. This internal N cycling sustained production during periods of drought, when GPP ≈ CR. Both CR and NEP were linked to nutrient export from the inflowing rivers. N and C cycles were tightly linked but became decoupled briefly as a result of inputs of nutrients and organic matter during the period after a major storm event.

How comparable are species distributions along elevational and latitudinal climate gradients? - Aud H. Halbritter; Jake M. Alexander; Peter J. Edwards; Regula Billeter (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2013)
Aim Because climatic factors, especially temperature, show similar trends with elevation and latitude, it is often assumed that elevational gradients can be used as a proxy for understanding ecological processes along latitudinal gradients. We investigated the validity of this assumption for herbaceous plants, testing the hypotheses that (1) species reach the same climate limits, and (2) exhibit similar distribution patterns along both types of gradient. Location S wiss A lps and S candinavia. Methods We recorded the occurrence of 155 ruderal plant species along an elevational gradient in the Swiss Alps and a latitudinal gradient, both reaching beyond the distribution limit of most species. Principal components analysis was used to summarize climatic variation in temperature and precipitation across these gradients and assessed the relationship across species between climatic limits along the two gradients. We used logistic regressions to compare how the probability of occurrence of individual species changed with climate along the two gradients. Results We found no correlation of species principal components analysis ( PCA ) values (climate limit) along an elevational and latitudinal precipitation gradient ( PC1 ) but a positive correlation along a temperature gradient ( PC2 ). Species reached a colder climate limit (on average 244 growing degree days lower) and decreased in occurrence more gradually along the elevational compared to the latitudinal gradient. Main conclusions We suggest that the differences in distribution patterns and limits along similar climatic gradients are mainly due to the much shorter dispersal distances along elevational than latitudinal gradients, although other explanations are also possible. We can therefore expect plants in mountains and lowland regions to respond differently to rapid climate change, and so caution must be exercised when using elevation as a proxy for latitude in studies of species distribution. Nonetheless, comparative studies along such gradients can yield important insights into the factors that limit species distributions.

The first engagement of partners in the E uprymna scolopes – V ibrio fischeri symbiosis is a two‐step process initiated by a few environmental symbiont cells - Melissa A. Altura; Elizabeth A. C. Heath‐Heckman; Amani Gillette; Natacha Kremer; Anne‐Marie Krachler; Caitlin Brennan; Edward G. Ruby; Kim Orth; Margaret J. McFall‐Ngai (Environmental Microbiology, 2013)
Summary We studied the E uprymna scolopes – V ibrio fischeri symbiosis to characterize, in vivo and in real time, the transition between the bacterial partner's free‐living and symbiotic life styles. Previous studies using high inocula demonstrated that environmental V . fischeri cells aggregate during a 3 h period in host‐shed mucus along the light organ's superficial ciliated epithelia. Under lower inoculum conditions, similar to the levels of symbiont cells in the environment, this interaction induces haemocyte trafficking into these tissues. Here, in experiments simulating natural conditions, microscopy revealed that at 3 h following first exposure, only ∼ 5 V . fischeri cells aggregated on the organ surface. These cells associated with host cilia and induced haemocyte trafficking. Symbiont viability was essential and mutants defective in symbiosis initiation and/or production of certain surface features, including the M am7 protein, which is implicated in host cell attachment of V . cholerae , associated normally with host cilia. Studies with exopolysaccharide mutants, which are defective in aggregation, suggest a two‐step process of V . fischeri cell engagement: association with host cilia followed by aggregation, i.e. host cell–symbiont interaction with subsequent symbiont–symbiont cell interaction. Taken together, these data provide a new model of early partner engagement, a complex model of host–symbiont interaction with exquisite sensitivity.

Acetochlor Persistence in Surface and Subsurface Soil Samples - Rubem S. Oliveira; William C. Koskinen; Carrie D. Graff; James L. Anderson; David J. Mulla; Edward A. Nater; Diego G. Alonso (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2013)

Leaf litter quality affects aquatic insect emergence: contrasting patterns from two foundation trees - Zacchaeus G. Compson; Kenneth J. Adams; Joeseph A. Edwards; Jesse M. Maestas; Thomas G. Whitham; Jane C. Marks (Oecologia, 2013)

Seasonal abundance, philopatry and demographic structure of Caribbean reef shark (Carcharhinus perezi) assemblages in the north-east Exuma Sound, The Bahamas - Edward J. Brooks; David W. Sims; Andy J. Danylchuk; Katherine A. Sloman (Marine Biology, 2013)

Ecology of testate amoebae in peatlands of central China and development of a transfer function for paleohydrological reconstruction - Yangmin Qin; Edward A. D. Mitchell; Mariusz Lamentowicz; Richard J. Payne; Enrique Lara; Yansheng Gu; Xianyu Huang; Hongmei Wang (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2013)

Seasonal reproduction of male Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish) from two Florida lakes - Thea M. Edwards; Hilary D. Miller; Gunnar Toft; Louis J. Guillette (Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2013)

Priority research questions for the UK food system - John S. I. Ingram; Hugh L. Wright; Lucy Foster; Timothy Aldred; David Barling; Tim G. Benton; Paul M. Berryman; Charles S. Bestwick; Alice Bows-Larkin; Tim F. Brocklehurst; Judith Buttriss; John Casey; et al. (Food Security, 2013)
The rise of food security up international political, societal and academic agendas has led to increasing interest in novel means of improving primary food production and reducing waste. There are however, also many ‘post-farm gate’ activities that are critical to food security, including processing, packaging, distributing, retailing, cooking and consuming. These activities all affect a range of important food security elements, notably availability, affordability and other aspects of access, nutrition and safety. Addressing the challenge of universal food security, in the context of a number of other policy goals (e.g. social, economic and environmental sustainability), is of keen interest to a range of UK stakeholders but requires an up-to-date evidence base and continuous innovation. An exercise was therefore conducted, under the auspices of the UK Global Food Security Programme, to identify priority research questions with a focus on the UK food system (though the outcomes may be broadly applicable to other developed nations). Emphasis was placed on incorporating a wide range of perspectives (‘world views’) from different stakeholder groups: policy, private sector, non-governmental organisations, advocacy groups and academia. A total of 456 individuals submitted 820 questions from which 100 were selected by a process of online voting and a three-stage workshop voting exercise. These 100 final questions were sorted into 10 themes and the ‘top’ question for each theme identified by a further voting exercise. This step also allowed four different stakeholder groups to select the top 7–8 questions from their perspectives. Results of these voting exercises are presented. It is clear from the wide range of questions prioritised in this exercise that the different stakeholder groups identified specific research needs on a range of post-farm gate activities and food security outcomes. Evidence needs related to food affordability, nutrition and food safety (all key elements of food security) featured highly in the exercise. While there were some questions relating to climate impacts on production, other important topics for food security (e.g. trade, transport, preference and cultural needs) were not viewed as strongly by the participants.

Plant Uptake and Translocation of Inorganic and Organic Forms of Selenium - J. Kikkert; Edward Berkelaar (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2013)

Holarctic phylogeography of the testate amoeba H yalosphenia papilio (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) reveals extensive genetic diversity explained more by environment than dispersal limitation - Thierry J. Heger; Edward A. D. Mitchell; Brian S. Leander (Molecular Ecology, 2013)
Although free‐living protists play essential roles in aquatic and soil ecology, little is known about their diversity and phylogeography, especially in terrestrial ecosystems. We used mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene sequences to investigate the genetic diversity and phylogeography of the testate amoeba morphospecies Hyalosphenia papilio in 42 Sphagnum (moss) ‐ dominated peatlands in North America, Europe and Asia. Based on ≥1% sequence divergence threshold, our results from single‐cell PCRs of 301 individuals revealed 12 different genetic lineages and both the general mixed Yule‐coalescent (GMYC) model and the automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD) methods largely support the hypothesis that these 12 H. papilio lineages correspond to evolutionary independent units (i.e. cryptic species). Our data also showed a high degree of genetic heterogeneity within different geographical regions. Furthermore, we used variation partitioning based on partial redundancy analyses ( pRDA ) to evaluate the contributions of climate and dispersal limitations on the distribution patterns of the different genetic lineages. The largest fraction of the variation in genetic lineage distribution was attributed to purely climatic factors (21%), followed by the joint effect of spatial and bioclimatic factors (13%), and a purely spatial effect (3%). Therefore, these data suggest that the distribution patterns of H. papilio genetic lineages in the Northern Hemisphere are more influenced by climatic conditions than by dispersal limitations.

Trophic Flexibility and the Persistence of Understory Birds in Intensively Logged Rainforest - DAVID P. EDWARDS; PAUL WOODCOCK; ROB J. NEWTON; FELICITY A. EDWARDS; DAVID J. R. ANDREWS; TEEGAN D. S. DOCHERTY; SIMON L. MITCHELL; TAKAHIRO OTA; SUZAN BENEDICK; SIMON H. BOTTRELL; KEITH C. HAMER (Conservation Biology, 2013)
Effects of logging on species composition in tropical rainforests are well known but may fail to reveal key changes in species interactions. We used nitrogen stable‐isotope analysis of 73 species of understory birds to quantify trophic responses to repeated intensive logging of rainforest in northern Borneo and to test 4 hypotheses: logging has significant effects on trophic positions and trophic‐niche widths of species, and the persistence of species in degraded forest is related to their trophic positions and trophic‐niche widths in primary forest. Species fed from higher up the food chain and had narrower trophic‐niche widths in degraded forest. Species with narrow trophic‐niche widths in primary forest were less likely to persist after logging, a result that indicates a higher vulnerability of dietary specialists to local extinction following habitat disturbance. Persistence of species in degraded forest was not related to a species’ trophic position. These results indicate changes in trophic organization that were not apparent from changes in species composition and highlight the importance of focusing on trophic flexibility over the prevailing emphasis on membership of static feeding guilds. Our results thus support the notion that alterations to trophic organization and interactions within tropical forests may be a pervasive and functionally important hidden effect of forest degradation. Flexibilidad Trófica y la Persistencia de Aves de Sotobosque en un Bosque Lluvioso Talado Intensivamente

Rht-1 and Ppd-D1 associations with height, GA sensitivity, and days to heading in a worldwide bread wheat collection - Edward P. Wilhelm; Margaret I. Boulton; Nadia Al-Kaff; Francois Balfourier; Jacques Bordes; Andy J. Greenland; Wayne Powell; Ian J. Mackay (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2013)

2-epi-5-epi-Valiolone synthase activity is essential for maintaining phycobilisome composition in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 when grown in the presence of a carbon source - Edward Spence; Samantha J. Bryan; Mohamed Lisfi; John Cullum; Walter C. Dunlap; J. Malcolm Shick; Conrad W. Mullineaux; Paul F. Long (Photosynthesis Research, 2013)

Clinical applications of musculoskeletal modelling for the shoulder and upper limb - Bart Bolsterlee; DirkJan H. E. J. Veeger; Edward K. Chadwick (Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2013)

Performance of a Multi-disciplinary Emergency Department Observation Protocol for Acetaminophen Overdose - Gillian A. Beauchamp; Kimberly W. Hart; Christopher J. Lindsell; Michael S. Lyons; Edward J. Otten; Carol L. Smith; Michael J. Ward; Stewart W. Wright (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2013)

Sodium Acetate as a Replacement for Sodium Bicarbonate in Medical Toxicology: a Review - Mark J. Neavyn; Edward W. Boyer; Steven B. Bird; Kavita M. Babu (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2013)

A Bayesian framework for stable isotope mixing models - Erik B. Erhardt; Edward J. Bedrick (Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 2013)