N and P Cycling in Tanzanian Humid Savanna: Influence of Herbivores, Fire, and N2-Fixation - Patrick G. Cech; Harry Olde Venterink; Peter J. Edwards (Ecosystems, 2010)

Intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and use of multiple vitamin supplements and risk of colon cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies - Yikyung Park; Donna Spiegelman; David J. Hunter; Demetrius Albanes; Leif Bergkvist; Julie E. Buring; Jo L. Freudenheim; Edward Giovannucci; R. Alexandra Goldbohm; Lisa Harnack; Ikuko Kato; Vittorio Krogh; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2010)

Pooled analyses of 13 prospective cohort studies on folate intake and colon cancer - Dong-Hyun Kim; Stephanie A. Smith-Warner; Donna Spiegelman; Shiaw-Shyuan Yaun; Graham A. Colditz; Jo L. Freudenheim; Edward Giovannucci; R. Alexandra Goldbohm; Saxon Graham; Lisa Harnack; Eric J. Jacobs; Michael Leitzmann; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2010)

A proposal to change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials - Marc H. V. Van Regenmortel; Donald S. Burke; Charles H. Calisher; Ralf G. Dietzgen; Claude M. Fauquet; Said A. Ghabrial; Peter B. Jahrling; Karl M. Johnson; Michael R. Holbrook; Marian C. Horzinek; Günther M. Keil; Jens H. Kuhn; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2010)

Multivariate trade‐offs, succession, and phenological differentiation in a guild of colonial invertebrates - Kyle F. Edwards; John J. Stachowicz (Ecology, 2010)
For competing species limited by one or few resources, diversity is thought to be maintained by trade‐offs that allow niche differentiation without resource partitioning. However, few studies have quantified multiple key traits for each species in a guild and shown that trade‐offs among these traits apply across the guild. Here we document strong bivariate and multivariate relationships among growth rate, fecundity, longevity, and overgrowth ability for six co‐occurring colonial invertebrates. We find that all four of these traits are constrained to a single “fast–slow” niche axis that mechanistically relates life history variation to a colonization–competition trade‐off. The location of species on this axis strongly predicts the timing of their peak abundance during succession. We also find that species closer to each other on the fast–slow axis are more likely to differ in reproductive phenology, suggesting a secondary dimension of niche differentiation for otherwise similar species.

Impaired visuospatial associative memory and attention in obsessive compulsive disorder but no evidence for differential dopaminergic modulation - Sharon Morein-Zamir; Kevin J. Craig; Karen D. Ersche; Sanja Abbott; Ulrich Muller; Naomi A. Fineberg; Edward T. Bullmore; Barbara J. Sahakian; Trevor W. Robbins (Psychopharmacology, 2010)

Determining the fluxes of Tl+ and K+ at the root surface of wheat and canola using Tl(I) and K ion-selective microelectrodes - James G. Harskamp; Michael J. O’Donnell; Edward Berkelaar (Plant and Soil, 2010)

American Oyster, Crassostrea virginica, Expresses a Potent Antibacterial Histone H2B Protein - Jung-Kil Seo; Jeana Stephenson; J. Myron Crawford; Kathryn L. Stone; Edward J. Noga (Marine Biotechnology, 2010)

Late Holocene paleohydrology of Kluane Lake, Yukon Territory, Canada - Janice Brahney; John J. Clague; Thomas W. D. Edwards; Brian Menounos (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2010)

Effects of light and nutrients on seasonal phytoplankton succession in a temperate eutrophic coastal lagoon - Jeana L. Drake; Edward J. Carpenter; Mary Cousins; Kara L. Nelson; Alejandro Guido-Zarate; Keith Loftin (Hydrobiologia, 2010)

Diffusion about the mean drift location in a biased random walk - Edward A. Codling; Rachel N. Bearon; Graeme J. Thorn (Ecology, 2010)
Random walks are used to model movement in a wide variety of contexts: from the movement of cells undergoing chemotaxis to the migration of animals. In a two‐dimensional biased random walk, the diffusion about the mean drift position is entirely dependent on the moments of the angular distribution used to determine the movement direction at each step. Here we consider biased random walks using several different angular distributions and derive expressions for the diffusion coefficients in each direction based on either a fixed or variable movement speed, and we use these to generate a probability density function for the long‐time spatial distribution. We demonstrate how diffusion is typically anisotropic around the mean drift position and illustrate these theoretical results using computer simulations. We relate these results to earlier studies of swimming microorganisms and explain how the results can be generalized to other types of animal movement.

Coexpression of glutamate vesicular transporter (VGLUT1) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) proteins in fetal rat hippocampal neurons in culture - Neelima Bhargava; Mainak Das; Darin Edwards; Maria Stancescu; Jung-Fong Kang; James J. Hickman (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 2010)

Age independent and position-dependent alterations in motor unit activity of the biceps brachii - B. Harwood; D. L. Edwards; J. M. Jakobi (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2010)

Response of testate amoeba assemblages to environmental and climatic changes during the Lateglacial–Holocene transition at Lake Lautrey (Jura Mountains, eastern France) - Adeline A. J. Wall; Michel Magny; Edward A. D. Mitchell; Boris Vannière; Daniel Gilbert (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2010)
We tested the response of lacustrine testate amoebae (thecamoebians) to climate and environmental changes for the Lateglacial–Holocene transition. The palaeoenvironmental history of the study site (Lake Lautrey, Jura Mountains, eastern France) was previously established based on high‐resolution multi‐proxy studies of the same core. The present study is characterised by a high taxonomic resolution (54 taxa), inclusion of small species (down to 25 µm) and high total counts (>500 individuals per sample on average). Changes in the composition of testate amoeba assemblages (dominant species and assemblage structure), as well as in the accumulation rate (tests cm −2 a −1 ), corresponded to major climatic phases (i.e. Oldest Dryas, Bølling–Allerød Interstadial, Younger Dryas, Preboreal) as well as changes in organic matter inputs. Furthermore, decreases in the accumulation rate characterised minor short‐lived cooling events, such as Older Dryas event or Gerzensee oscillation. However, the Preboreal oscillation, which was well registered by other proxies at Lake Lautrey, could not be recognised in the testate amoeba record. This work demonstrates that lacustrine testate amoebae can be used for palaeoclimatic and palaeoecological reconstructions. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the relation between climate, organic matter and lacustrine testate amoebae requires further high‐resolution studies based on multi‐proxy approaches and the development of appropriate modern analogues. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effects of sazetidine-A, a selective α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor desensitizing agent on alcohol and nicotine self-administration in selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) rats - Amir H. Rezvani; Susan Slade; Cori Wells; Ann Petro; Lawrence Lumeng; Ting-Kai Li; Yingxian Xiao; Milton L. Brown; Mikell A. Paige; Brian E. McDowell; Jed E. Rose; Kenneth J. Kellar; et al. (Psychopharmacology, 2010)

First Results of the Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models Experiment - Danijel Schorlemmer; J. Douglas Zechar; Maximilian J. Werner; Edward H. Field; David D. Jackson; Thomas H. Jordan (Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2010)

A new device for use in crushing rigid biomass and geological materials prior to compositional analysis - Lance W. Riley; Shirley M. Baker; Edward J. Phlips (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2010)

Alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium (PanScan) - Dominique S. Michaud; Alina Vrieling; Li Jiao; Julie B. Mendelsohn; Emily Steplowski; Shannon M. Lynch; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Alan A. Arslan; H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita; Charles S. Fuchs; Myron Gross; Kathy Helzlsouer; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2010)

Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance - Stephen J. Heishman; Bethea A. Kleykamp; Edward G. Singleton (Psychopharmacology, 2010)

Experimentally increased snow accumulation alters soil moisture and animal community structure in a polar desert - Edward Ayres; Johnson N. Nkem; Diana H. Wall; Byron J. Adams; J. E. Barrett; Breana L. Simmons; Ross A. Virginia; Andrew G. Fountain (Polar Biology, 2010)

Enemy release does not increase performance of Cirsium arvense in New Zealand - Michael G. Cripps; Grant R. Edwards; Graeme W. Bourdôt; David J. Saville; Hariet L. Hinz; Simon V. Fowler (Plant Ecology, 2010)

Why only tetraploid Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae) became invasive: a common garden comparison of ploidy levels - Daniel R. Schlaepfer; Peter J. Edwards; Regula Billeter (Oecologia, 2010)

The influence of interval versus continuous exercise on thermoregulation, torso hemodynamics, and finger dexterity in the cold - Matthew D. Muller; Edward J. Ryan; David M. Bellar; Chul-Ho Kim; Robert P. Blankfield; Sarah M. Muller; Ellen L. Glickman (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2010)

Symbiosis research, technology, and education: Proceedings of the 6th International Symbiosis Society Congress held in Madison Wisconsin, USA, August 2009 - Heidi Goodrich-Blair; Jean-Michel Ané; James D. Bever; Seth R. Bordenstein; Monika Bright; John M. Chaston; Keith Clay; Cameron R. Currie; Angela E. Douglas; Nicole Gerardo; Maria J. Harrison; Ruth E. Ley; et al. (Symbiosis, 2010)

Efficiencies of Forestry Best Management Practices for Reducing Sediment and Nutrient Losses in the Eastern United States - Pamela J. Edwards; Karl W.J. Williard (Journal of Forestry, 2010)
Quantifying the effects of forestry best management practices (BMPs) on sediment and nutrient loads is a critical need. Through an exhaustive literature search, three paired forested watershed studies in the eastern United States were found that permitted the calculation of BMP efficiencies—the percent reduction in sediment or nutrients achieved by BMPs. For sediment, BMP efficiencies ranged from 53 to 94% during harvest and up to 1 year after harvesting. For nutrients, BMP efficiencies were higher for total nitrogen (60-80%) and phosphorus (85-86%), which included particulate and sediment-bound forms, than for nitrate-nitrogen (12%), which occurs primarily in the dissolved phase. Results indicate forestry BMPs can significantly reduce sediment and nutrient loads; however, BMPs appear to be more effective at reducing pollutants associated with surface runoff than with subsurface flow.

The effect of nutrient deposition on bacterial communities in Arctic tundra soil - Barbara J. Campbell; Shawn W. Polson; Thomas E. Hanson; Michelle C. Mack; Edward A. G. Schuur (Environmental Microbiology, 2010)
Summary The microbial communities of high‐latitude ecosystems are expected to experience rapid changes over the next century due to climate warming and increased deposition of reactive nitrogen, changes that will likely affect microbial community structure and function. In moist acidic tundra (MAT) soils on the North Slope of the Brooks Range, Alaska, substantial losses of C and N were previously observed after long‐term nutrient additions. To analyse the role of microbial communities in these losses, we utilized 16S rRNA gene tag pyrosequencing coupled with community‐level physiological profiling to describe changes in MAT bacterial communities after short‐ and long‐term nutrient fertilization in four sets of paired control and fertilized MAT soil samples. Bacterial diversity was lower in long‐term fertilized plots. The Acidobacteria were one of the most abundant phyla in all soils and distinct differences were noted in the distributions of Acidobacteria subgroups between mineral and organic soil layers that were also affected by fertilization. In addition, Alpha ‐ and Gammaproteobacteria were more abundant in long‐term fertilized samples compared with control soils. The dramatic increase in sequences within the Gammaproteobacteria identified as Dyella spp. (order Xanthomonadales ) in the long‐term fertilized samples was confirmed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in several samples. Long‐term fertilization was also correlated with shifts in the utilization of specific substrates by microbes present in the soils. The combined data indicate that long‐term fertilization resulted in a significant change in microbial community structure and function linked to changes in carbon and nitrogen availability and shifts in above‐ground plant communities.

Negative soil feedbacks accumulate over time for non‐native plant species - Jeffrey M. Diez; Ian Dickie; Grant Edwards; Philip E. Hulme; Jon J. Sullivan; Richard P. Duncan (Ecology Letters, 2010)
Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 803–809 Abstract The enemy release hypothesis is a common explanation for species invasions, suggesting that introduced species benefit from leaving behind natural enemies in the native range. However, any such advantage may attenuate over time. In this study, we test a prediction of this more dynamic enemy release hypothesis: that non‐native plant species that became established longer ago exhibit stronger negative feedbacks with the soil. Consistent with declining enemy release over time, we found increasingly negative soil feedbacks for species established longer ago in New Zealand. Negative soil feedbacks were also stronger for more widespread species, but weaker for more locally abundant species, suggesting that species accumulate negative interactions as they spread and can be locally regulated by these interactions. We also present data to support the common assumption that relatives have similar impacts on and responses to soil communities. Together, these data highlight the dynamic nature of novel interactions arising from species introductions.

Moderate Ethanol Preconditioning of Rat Brain Cultures Engenders Neuroprotection Against Dementia-Inducing Neuroinflammatory Proteins: Possible Signaling Mechanisms - Michael A. Collins; Edward J. Neafsey; Kewei Wang; Nicholas J. Achille; Robert M. Mitchell; Sreevidya Sivaswamy (Molecular Neurobiology, 2010)

Age-related differences in force variability and visual display - Edward Ofori; Jean M. Samson; Jacob J. Sosnoff (Experimental Brain Research, 2010)

Manganese and Sulfate Removal from a Synthetic Mine Drainage Through Pilot Scale Bioreactor Batch Experiments - A. D. Karathanasis; J. D. Edwards; C. D. Barton (Mine Water and the Environment, 2010)

Water Management Practices Used in Potato Production in Idaho - Loy Pehrson; Robert L. Mahler; Edward. J. Bechinski; Cinda Williams (American Journal of Potato Research, 2010)

On scientists’ discomfort in fisheries advisory science: the example of simulation‐based fisheries management‐strategy evaluations - Sarah B M Kraak; Ciaran J Kelly; Edward A Codling; Emer Rogan (Fish and Fisheries, 2010)
Scientists feel discomfort when they are asked to create certainty, where none exists, for use as an alibi in policy‐making. Recently, the scientific literature has drawn attention to some pitfalls of simulation‐based fisheries management‐strategy evaluation (MSE). For example, while estimates concerning central tendencies of distributions of simulation outcomes are usually fairly robust because they are conditioned on ample data, estimates concerning the tails of distributions (such as the probability of falling below a critical biomass) are usually conditional on few data and thus often rely on assumptions that have no strong knowledge base. The clients of scientific advice, such as the European Commission, are embracing the mechanization of the evaluation of proposed Harvest Control Rules against the precautionary principle and management objectives. Where the fisheries management institutions aim for simple answers from the scientists, giving ‘green/red light’ to a proposed management strategy, the scientists are forced into a split position between satisfying the demands of their advisory role and living up to the standards of scientific rigour. We argue against the mechanization of scientific advice that aims to incorporate all relevant processes into one big model algorithm that, after construction, can be run without circumspection. We rather encourage that fisheries advice should be a dynamic process of expert judgement, incorporating separate parallel concurrent, lines of scientific evidence, from quantitative and qualitative modelling exercises and factual knowledge of the biology and the fishery dynamics. This process can be formalized to a certain degree and can easily accommodate stakeholder viewpoints.

Feature extraction for Darfur: geospatial applications in the documentation of human rights abuses - John J. Sulik; Scott Edwards (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2010)

Formulation Development and In Vivo Evaluation of a New Dry Powder Formulation of Albuterol Sulphate in Beagle Dogs - Philip J. Kuehl; Edward G. Barrett; Jacob D. McDonald; Karin Rudolph; David Vodak; Dan Dobry; David Lyon (Pharmaceutical Research, 2010)

The Role of the Intestinal Lymphatics in the Absorption of Two Highly Lipophilic Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitors (CP524,515 and CP532,623) - Natalie L. Trevaskis; Claire L. McEvoy; Michelle P. McIntosh; Glenn A. Edwards; Ravi M. Shanker; William N. Charman; Christopher J. H. Porter (Pharmaceutical Research, 2010)

Molecular keys unlock the mysteries of variable survival responses of blue crabs to hypoxia - Geoffrey W. Bell; David B. Eggleston; Edward J. Noga (Oecologia, 2010)

Data integration for European marine biodiversity research: creating a database on benthos and plankton to study large-scale patterns and long-term changes - Leen Vandepitte; Bart Vanhoorne; Alexandra Kraberg; Natalie Anisimova; Chryssanthi Antoniadou; Rita Araújo; Inka Bartsch; Beatriz Beker; Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi; Iacopo Bertocci; Sabine Cochrane; Keith Cooper; et al. (Hydrobiologia, 2010)

Biological consequences of invasion by reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Greg Spyreas; Brian W. Wilm; Allen E. Plocher; David M. Ketzner; Jeffrey W. Matthews; James L. Ellis; Edward J. Heske (Biological Invasions, 2010)

World phylogeography and male-mediated gene flow in the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus - DAVID S. PORTNOY; JAN R. MCDOWELL; EDWARD J. HEIST; JOHN A. MUSICK; JOHN E. GRAVES (Molecular Ecology, 2010)

Derivation and characterisation of the human embryonic stem cell line, OxF1 - Frances Anne Brook; Sally A. Cowley; Edward P. Evans; Karen Turner; William S. James; Helen J. Mardon (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 2010)

Using photographic image analysis to assess ground cover: a case study of forest road cutbanks - Kevin C. Bold; Frederica Wood; Pamela J. Edwards; Karl W. J. Williard; Jon E. Schoonover (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2010)

The high value of logged tropical forests: lessons from northern Borneo - Nicholas J. Berry; Oliver L. Phillips; Simon L. Lewis; Jane K. Hill; David P. Edwards; Noel B. Tawatao; Norhayati Ahmad; David Magintan; Chey V. Khen; M. Maryati; Robert C. Ong; Keith C. Hamer (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2010)

Local people value environmental services provided by forested parks - Navjot S. Sodhi; Tien Ming Lee; Cagan H. Sekercioglu; Edward L. Webb; Dewi M. Prawiradilaga; David J. Lohman; Naomi E. Pierce; Arvin C. Diesmos; Madhu Rao; Paul R. Ehrlich (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2010)

First infectious clone of the propagatively transmitted Oat blue dwarf virus - Michael C. Edwards; John J. Weiland (Archives of Virology, 2010)

Effects of the Purkinje System and Cardiac Geometry on Biventricular Pacing: A Model Study - Daniel Romero; Rafael Sebastian; Bart H. Bijnens; Viviana Zimmerman; Patrick M. Boyle; Edward J. Vigmond; Alejandro F. Frangi (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2010)

Simulations of Reduced Conduction Reserve in the Diabetic Rat Heart: Response to Uncoupling and Reduced Excitability - Haisam A. Ghaly; Patrick M. Boyle; Edward J. Vigmond; Yakhin Shimoni; Anders Nygren (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2010)

Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Tranformations are Related to Age of a Constructe Wetland - K. Zemanová; T. Picek; J. Dušek; K. Edwards; H. Šantrůčková (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2010)

First documentation of leopard seal predation of South Georgia pintail duck - Ewan W. J. Edwards; Jaume Forcada; Glenn T. Crossin (Polar Biology, 2010)

Oxidation of Free L-histidine by tert-Butylhydroperoxide - Bruce D. Mason; Melissa McCracken; Edward J. Bures; Bruce A. Kerwin (Pharmaceutical Research, 2010)

Effects of seagrasses and algae of the Caulerpa family on hydrodynamics and particle-trapping rates - Iris E. Hendriks; Tjeerd J. Bouma; Edward P. Morris; Carlos M. Duarte (Marine Biology, 2010)

Conducting Drug Abuse Investigations in Natural Environments: Potential Directions for Medical Toxicology Research - Edward W. Boyer; Richard J. Fay; Aaron Cook; Martin Buckosh; Patricia L. Hibberd; Patricia Case (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2010)

Multiscale Variability of Twenty-Two Coastal Phytoplankton Time Series: a Global Scale Comparison - Adriana Zingone; Edward J. Phlips; Paul J. Harrison (Estuaries and Coasts, 2010)

Climatic Trends and Temporal Patterns of Phytoplankton Composition, Abundance, and Succession in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA - Edward J. Phlips; Susan Badylak; Mary C. Christman; Margaret A. Lasi (Estuaries and Coasts, 2010)

Estimating Uncertainty in Ecosystem Budget Calculations - Ruth D. Yanai; John J. Battles; Andrew D. Richardson; Corrie A. Blodgett; Dustin M. Wood; Edward B. Rastetter (Ecosystems, 2010)

Butterflyfishes feed on externally brooded larvae of the blue coral, Heliopora coerulea - R. D. Villanueva; A. J. Edwards (Coral Reefs, 2010)

Transgenic zebrafish models of neurodegenerative diseases - Jonathan J. Sager; Qing Bai; Edward A. Burton (Brain Structure and Function, 2010)

Effects of road salts on the composition of seasonal pond communities: can the use of road salts enhance mosquito recruitment? - James W. Petranka; Edward J. Doyle (Aquatic Ecology, 2010)

Abundances of crenarchaeal amoA genes and transcripts in the Pacific Ocean - Matthew J. Church; Brenner Wai; David M. Karl; Edward F. DeLong (Environmental Microbiology, 2010)
Summary Planktonic Crenarchaea are thought to play a key role in chemolithotrophic ammonia oxidation, a critical step of the marine nitrogen (N) cycle. In this study, we examined the spatial distributions of ammonia‐oxidizing Crenarchaea across a large (∼5200 km) region of the central Pacific Ocean. Examination of crenarchaeal 16S rRNA, ammonia monooxygenase subunit A ( amoA ) genes, and amoA transcript abundances provided insight into their spatial distributions and activities. Crenarchaeal gene abundances increased three to four orders of magnitude with depth between the upper ocean waters and dimly lit waters of the mesopelagic zone. The resulting median value of the crenarchaeal amoA : 16S rRNA gene ratio was 1.3, suggesting the majority of Crenarchaea in the epi‐ and mesopelagic regions of the Pacific Ocean have the metabolic machinery for ammonia oxidation. Crenarchaeal amoA transcript abundances typically increased one to two orders of magnitude in the transitional zone separating the epipelagic waters from the mesopelagic (100–200 m), before decreasing into the interior of the mesopelagic zone. The resulting gene copy normalized transcript abundances revealed elevated amoA expression in the upper ocean waters (0–100 m) where crenarchaeal abundances were low, with transcripts decreasing into the mesopelagic zone as crenarchaeal gene abundances increased. These results suggest ammonia‐oxidizing Crenarchaea are active contributors to the N cycle throughout the epi‐ and mesopelagic waters of the Pacific Ocean.

Reduction of fumarate, mesaconate and crotonate by Mfr, a novel oxygen‐regulated periplasmic reductase in Campylobacter jejuni - Edward Guccione; Andrew Hitchcock; Stephen J. Hall; Francis Mulholland; Neil Shearer; Arnoud H. M. Van Vliet; David J. Kelly (Environmental Microbiology, 2010)
Summary Methylmenaquinol : fumarate reductase (Mfr) is a newly recognized type of fumarate reductase present in some ε‐proteobacteria, where the active site subunit (MfrA) is localized in the periplasm, but for which a physiological role has not been identified. We show that the Campylobacter jejuni mfrABE operon is transcribed from a single promoter, with the mfrA gene preceded by a small open reading‐frame ( mfrX ) encoding a C. jejuni ‐specific polypeptide of unknown function. The growth characteristics and enzyme activities of mutants in the mfrA and menaquinol : fumarate reductase A ( frdA ) genes show that the cytoplasmic facing Frd enzyme is the major fumarate reductase under oxygen limitation. The Mfr enzyme is shown to be necessary for maximal rates of growth by fumarate respiration and rates of fumarate reduction in intact cells measured by both viologen assays and 1 H‐NMR were slower in an mfrA mutant. As periplasmic fumarate reduction does not require fumarate/succinate antiport, Mfr may allow more efficient adaptation to fumarate‐dependent growth. However, a further rationale for the periplasmic location of Mfr is suggested by the observation that the enzyme also reduces the fumarate analogues mesaconate and crotonate; fermentation products of anaerobes with which C. jejuni shares its gut environment, that are unable to be transported into the cell. Both MfrA and MfrB subunits were localized in the periplasm by immunoblotting and 2D‐gel electrophoresis, but an mfrE mutant accumulated unprocessed MfrA in the cytoplasm, suggesting a preassembled MfrABE holoenzyme has to be recognized by the TAT system for translocation to occur. Gene expression studies in chemostat cultures following an aerobic‐anaerobic shift showed that mfrA is highly upregulated by oxygen limitation, as would be experienced in vivo . Our results indicate that in addition to a role in fumarate respiration, Mfr allows C. jejuni to reduce analogous substrates specifically present in the host gut environment.

Acid loads induced by the detoxification of plant secondary metabolites do not limit feeding by common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) - Melanie J. Edwards; Ian R. Wallis; William J. Foley (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2010)

Purkinje-mediated Effects in the Response of Quiescent Ventricles to Defibrillation Shocks - Patrick M. Boyle; Makarand Deo; Gernot Plank; Edward J. Vigmond (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2010)

The End of the Line: Who is Most at Risk from the Crisis in Global Fisheries? - Stephen J. Hall; Patrick Dugan; Edward H. Allison; Neil L. Andrew (Ambio, 2010)

Molecular identification of Na + –H + exchanger isoforms (NHE2) in the gills of the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus - S. L. Edwards; J. C. Weakley; A. W. Diamanduros; J. B. Claiborne (Journal of Fish Biology, 2010)
In the current study, reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR were used to clone full‐length putative Na + –H + exchanger isoforms (NHE2a) cDNA from the gills of Fundulus heteroclitus. The 2480 bp cDNA includes a coding region for a protein that shows a 57% amino acid homology to rabbit NHE2. These sequences allowed data mining of available fish genome data, which revealed at least three NHE2 subtypes in some teleost species.

Prey diversity is associated with weaker consumer effects in a meta‐analysis of benthic marine experiments - Kyle F. Edwards; Kristin M. Aquilino; Rebecca J. Best; Kirsten L. Sellheim; John J. Stachowicz (Ecology Letters, 2010)
Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 194–201 Abstract A rapidly accumulating body of research has shown that species diversity consistently affects the functioning of ecosystems. The incorporation of trophic complexity and the extension of this research to larger scales and natural ranges in species diversity remain as important challenges for understanding the true magnitude of these effects in natural systems. Here, we test whether the diversity of prey communities affects the magnitude of aggregate consumer effects. We conducted a meta‐analysis of 57 consumer removal field experiments from a range of intertidal and subtidal hard substrate marine communities. We found that the richness of the prey community was the strongest predictor of the magnitude of consumer effects while controlling for habitat type, taxonomic composition, and other variables. Consumer removal increased aggregate prey abundance on average by 1200% at the lower limit of prey diversity (two species), but only 200% at the upper limit of 37 species. Importantly, compositional change was substantial at both high and low prey diversity, suggesting predation intensity did not vary with prey richness. Rather diverse prey communities appear to be more capable of maintaining abundance via compensatory responses, by containing prey species that are resistant to (or tolerant of) predators. These results suggest that the effects of species diversity on trophic interactions may scale consistently from small‐scale manipulations to cross‐community comparisons.

Ecosystem Services as a Common Language for Coastal Ecosystem‐Based Management - ELISE F. GRANEK; STEPHEN POLASKY; CARRIE V. KAPPEL; DENISE J. REED; DAVID M. STOMS; EVAMARIA W. KOCH; CHRIS J. KENNEDY; LORI A. CRAMER; SALLY D. HACKER; EDWARD B. BARBIER; SHANKAR ASWANI; MARY RUCKELSHAUS; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2010)
Ecosystem‐based management is logistically and politically challenging because ecosystems are inherently complex and management decisions affect a multitude of groups. Coastal ecosystems, which lie at the interface between marine and terrestrial ecosystems and provide an array of ecosystem services to different groups, aptly illustrate these challenges. Successful ecosystem‐based management of coastal ecosystems requires incorporating scientific information and the knowledge and views of interested parties into the decision‐making process. Estimating the provision of ecosystem services under alternative management schemes offers a systematic way to incorporate biogeophysical and socioeconomic information and the views of individuals and groups in the policy and management process. Employing ecosystem services as a common language to improve the process of ecosystem‐based management presents both benefits and difficulties. Benefits include a transparent method for assessing trade‐offs associated with management alternatives, a common set of facts and common currency on which to base negotiations, and improved communication among groups with competing interests or differing worldviews. Yet challenges to this approach remain, including predicting how human interventions will affect ecosystems, how such changes will affect the provision of ecosystem services, and how changes in service provision will affect the welfare of different groups in society. In a case study from Puget Sound, Washington, we illustrate the potential of applying ecosystem services as a common language for ecosystem‐based management.

Plant species from mesotrophic wetlands cause relatively high methane emissions from peat soil - Albert Koelbener; Lena Ström; Peter J. Edwards; Harry Olde Venterink (Plant and Soil, 2010)

Neurochemical and electrophysiological diagnosis of reversible neurotoxicity in earthworms exposed to sublethal concentrations of CL-20 - Ping Gong; Niladri Basu; Anton M. Scheuhammer; Edward J. Perkins (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2010)

Comparing plasma and faecal measures of steroid hormones in Adelie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae - Calum Edward Ninnes; J. R. Waas; N. Ling; S. Nakagawa; J. C. Banks; D. G. Bell; A. Bright; P. W. Carey; J. Chandler; Q. J. Hudson; J. R. Ingram; K. Lyall; et al. (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2010)

Genetic map construction and QTL mapping of resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) disease in Australian canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars - S. Kaur; N. O. I. Cogan; G. Ye; R. C. Baillie; M. L. Hand; A. E. Ling; A. K. Mcgearey; J. Kaur; C. J. Hopkins; M. Todorovic; H. Mountford; D. Edwards; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2009)

How many is enough? Determining optimal count totals for ecological and palaeoecological studies of testate amoebae - Richard J. Payne; Edward A. D. Mitchell (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2009)

Fractured bedrock and saprolite hydrogeologic controls on groundwater/surface-water interaction: a conceptual model (Australia) - Edward W. Banks; Craig T. Simmons; Andrew J. Love; Roger Cranswick; Adrian D. Werner; Erick A. Bestland; Martin Wood; Tania Wilson (Hydrogeology Journal, 2009)

Mitochondrial genome sequence of Unionicola foili (Acari: Unionicolidae): a unique gene order with implications for phylogenetic inference - Brian R. Ernsting; Dale D. Edwards; Katie J. Aldred; Jeffrey S. Fites; Caroline R. Neff (Experimental and Applied Acarology, 2009)

Erratum to: MHC class I genes of birds of prey: isolation, polymorphism and diversifying selection - Miguel Alcaide; Scott V. Edwards; Luis Cadahía; Juan J. Negro (Conservation Genetics, 2009)

A limited innate immune response is induced by a replication-defective herpes simplex virus vector following delivery to the murine central nervous system - Zane Zeier; J Santiago Aguilar; Cecilia M Lopez; GB Devi-Rao; Zachary L Watson; Henry V Baker; Edward K Wagner; David C Bloom (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2009)

Patient preferences and National Health Service costs: a cost-consequences analysis of cancer genetic services - Gethin L. Griffith; Rhiannon Tudor Edwards; J. Mark G. Williams; Jonathon Gray; Val Morrison; Clare Wilkinson; Jim Turner; Barbara France; Paul Bennett (Familial Cancer, 2009)

Hybridization and polymorphic microsatellite markers for two lagomorph species (Genus Sylvilagus): implications for conservation - Leah K. Berkman; Melody J. Saltzgiver; Edward J. Heist; Clayton K. Nielsen; Charlotte L. Roy; Paul D. Scharine (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2009)

Reproducibility between counts of airborne allergenic pollen from two cities in the East Midlands, UK - Catherine H. Pashley; Abbie Fairs; Richard E. Edwards; John P. Bailey; Julie M. Corden; Andrew J. Wardlaw (Aerobiologia, 2009)

Sampling rate and misidentification of Lévy and non‐Lévy movement paths - Michael J. Plank; Edward A. Codling (Ecology, 2009)
A large number of empirical studies have attributed Lévy search patterns to the foraging movements of animals. Typically, this is done by fitting a power‐law distribution with an exponent of 1

Terrestrial mesofauna in above- and below-ground habitats: Taylor Valley, Antarctica - Breana L. Simmons; Diana H. Wall; Byron J. Adams; Edward Ayres; John E. Barrett; Ross A. Virginia (Polar Biology, 2009)

Acid soil indicators in forest soils of the Cherry River Watershed, West Virginia - C. Farr; J. Skousen; P. Edwards; S. Connolly; J. Sencindiver (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2009)

A Small-Scale Sulfate-Reducing Bioreactor for Manganese Removal from a Synthetic Mine Drainage - J. D. Edwards; C. D Barton; A. D. Karathanasis (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2009)

Cognitive enhancing effects of ghrelin receptor agonists - Zeenat Atcha; Woei-Shin Chen; Agnes B. Ong; Fong-Kuan Wong; Aveline Neo; Edward R. Browne; Jason Witherington; Darrel J. Pemberton (Psychopharmacology, 2009)

Rapid effects of hypoxia on H+ homeostasis in articular chondrocytes - John S. Gibson; David McCartney; Joanna Sumpter; Thomas P. A. Fairfax; Peter I. Milner; Hannah L. Edwards; Robert J. Wilkins (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2009)

Lake sediment evidence for late Holocene climate change and landscape erosion in western Iceland - Freddy J. Gathorne-Hardy; Egill Erlendsson; Peter G. Langdon; Kevin J. Edwards (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2009)

Microzooplankton grazing and the control of phytoplankton biomass in the Suwannee River estuary, USA - Erin L. Quinlan; Christina H. Jett; Edward J. Phlips (Hydrobiologia, 2009)

MHC class I genes of birds of prey: isolation, polymorphism and diversifying selection - Miguel Alcaide; Scott V. Edwards; Luis Cadahía; Juan J. Negro (Conservation Genetics, 2009)

Influence of light and nutrient conditions on seedling growth of native and invasive trees in the Seychelles - Eva Schumacher; Christoph Kueffer; Peter J. Edwards; Hansjörg Dietz (Biological Invasions, 2009)

Perspectives on biogeomorphology, ecosystem engineering and self-organisation in island-braided fluvial ecosystems - Robert A. Francis; Dov Corenblit; Peter J. Edwards (Aquatic Sciences, 2009)

Polysaccharide addition effects on rhizosphere nitrogen fixation rates of the California cordgrass,Spartina foliosa - Risa A. Cohen; Katelyn Walker; Edward J. Carpenter (Wetlands, 2009)

Linking stream and landscape trajectories in the southern Appalachians - Edward P. Gardiner; Andrew B. Sutherland; Rebecca J. Bixby; Mark C. Scott; Judy L. Meyer; Gene S. Helfman; E. Fred Benfield; Cathy M. Pringle; Paul V. Bolstad; David N. Wear (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2009)

Indirect method to estimate specific Hispanic group cancer rates - Holly L. Howe; Andrew Lake; Maria J. Schymura; Brenda K. Edwards (Cancer Causes & Control, 2009)

Impacts of Nonnative Invasive Species on US Forests and Recommendations for Policy and Management - W. Keith Moser; Edward L. Barnard; Ronald F. Billings; Susan J. Crocker; Mary Ellen Dix; Andrew N. Gray; George G. Ice; Mee-Sook Kim; Richard Reid; Sue U. Rodman; William H. McWilliams (Journal of Forestry, 2009)
The introduction of nonnative invasive species (NNIS) into the United States has had tremendous impacts on the nation's commercial and urban forest resources. Of principal concern are the effects of NNIS on forest composition, structure, function, productivity, and patterns of carbon sequestration. In 2006, the Society of American Foresters commissioned an ad hoc team to prepare a white paper on the effect of NNIS on America's forests. The paper was the genesis of this article, which provides an overview of the impacts of NNIS within the United States and includes recommendations for NNIS policy and management.

Measurement and calculation of OH reactivity at a United Kingdom coastal site - James D. Lee; Jennifer C. Young; Katie A. Read; Jacqueline F. Hamilton; James R. Hopkins; Alastair C. Lewis; Brian J. Bandy; James Davey; Peter Edwards; Trevor Ingham; Daniel E. Self; Shona C. Smith; et al. (Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2009)

Fishery‐induced demographic changes in the timing of spawning: consequences for reproductive success* - Peter J. Wright; Edward A. Trippel (Fish and Fisheries, 2009)
Demography can have a significant effect on reproductive timing and the magnitude of such an effect can be comparable to environmentally induced variability. This effect arises because the individuals of many fish species spawn progressively earlier within a season and may produce more egg batches over a longer period as they get older, thus extending their lifetime spawning duration. Inter‐annual variation in spawning time is a critical factor in reproductive success because it affects the early environmental conditions experienced by progeny and the period they have to complete phases of development. By reducing the average lifetime spawning duration within a fish stock, fishing pressure could be increasing the variability in reproductive success and reducing long‐term stock reproductive potential. Empirical estimates of selection on birth date, from experiments and using otolith microstructure, demonstrate that there is considerable variation in selection on birth date both within a spawning season and between years. The few multi‐year studies that have linked egg production with the survival of progeny to the juvenile stage further highlight the uncertainty that adults face in timing their spawning to optimize offspring survival. The production of many small batches of eggs over a long period of time within a season and over a lifetime is therefore likely to decrease variance and increase mean progeny survival. Quantifying this effect of demography on variability in survival requires a focus on lifetime reproductive success rather than year specific relationships between recruitment and stock reproductive potential. Modelling approaches are suggested that can better quantify the likely impact of changing spawning times on year‐class strength and lifetime reproductive potential. The evidence presented strengthens the need to avoid fishing severely age truncated fish stocks.

Formulation and Pharmacokinetics of Self-Assembled Rifampicin Nanoparticle Systems for Pulmonary Delivery - Jean C. Sung; Danielle J. Padilla; Lucila Garcia-Contreras; Jarod L. VerBerkmoes; David Durbin; Charles A. Peloquin; Katharina J. Elbert; Anthony J. Hickey; David A. Edwards (Pharmaceutical Research, 2009)

Influences of wind-wave exposure on the distribution and density of recruit reef fishes at Kure and Pearl and Hermes Atolls, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands - Edward E. DeMartini; Brian J. Zgliczynski; Raymond C. Boland; Alan M. Friedlander (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2009)

Siderophores of Marinobacter aquaeolei: petrobactin and its sulfonated derivatives - Vanessa V. Homann; Katrina J. Edwards; Eric A. Webb; Alison Butler (BioMetals, 2009)

Radiative Processes in the Stable Boundary Layer: Part I. Radiative Aspects - J. M. Edwards (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2009)

Biodegradation and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in treatment systems: a review - Kathryn M. Onesios; Jim T. Yu; Edward J. Bouwer (Biodegradation, 2009)

Historical biogeography of the endemic Campanulaceae of Crete - Nicoletta Cellinese; Stephen A. Smith; Erika J. Edwards; Sang‐Tae Kim; Rosemarie C. Haberle; Manolis Avramakis; Michael J. Donoghue (Journal of Biogeography, 2009)
Aim The clade Campanulaceae in the Cretan area is rich in endemics, with c. 50% of its species having restricted distributions. These species are analysed in the context of a larger phylogeny of the Campanulaceae. Divergence times are calculated and hypotheses of vicariance and dispersal are tested with the aim of understanding whether Cretan lineages represent remnants of an older continental flora. Location The Cretan area: Crete and the Karpathos Islands (Greece). Methods We obtained chloroplast DNA sequence data from rbc L, atp B and mat K genes for 102 ingroup taxa, of which 18 are from the Cretan area, 11 are endemics, and two have disjunct, bi‐regional distributions. We analysed the data using beast , a Bayesian approach that simultaneously infers the phylogeny and divergence times. We calibrated the tree by placing a seed fossil in the phylogeny, and used published age estimates as a prior for the root. Results The phylogenetic reconstruction shows that all Campanula species fall within a well‐supported campanuloid clade; however, Campanula is highly polyphyletic. The Cretan endemics do not form a monophyletic group, and species are scattered throughout the campanuloid clade. Therefore, the Cretan taxa did not evolve following a single vicariance or dispersal event. Most Cretan lineages represent remnants of an older continental flora, with the exception of one clade that radiated in situ after island isolation, and one lineage that appears to have arrived by dispersal. Main conclusions Most Cretan species were present in the islands at the time of their isolation, and very little long‐distance dispersal to Crete and diversification within Crete has occurred since then. Endemism is probably driven by loss of species on the mainland after island isolation. Species on the islands may have been more widespread in the past, but they are now restricted to often inaccessible areas, probably as a result of human pressure.

An interlaboratory comparison of 16S rRNA gene‐based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing methods for assessing microbial diversity of seafloor basalts - Beth Orcutt; Brad Bailey; Hubert Staudigel; Bradley M. Tebo; Katrina J. Edwards (Environmental Microbiology, 2009)
Summary We present an interlaboratory comparison between full‐length 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) for microbial communities hosted on seafloor basaltic lavas, with the goal of evaluating how similarly these two different DNA‐based methods used in two independent labs would estimate the microbial diversity of the same basalt samples. Two samples were selected for these analyses based on differences detected in the overall levels of microbial diversity between them. Richness estimators indicate that TRFLP analysis significantly underestimates the richness of the relatively high‐diversity seafloor basalt microbial community: at least 50% of species from the high‐diversity site are missed by TRFLP. However, both methods reveal similar dominant species from the samples, and they predict similar levels of relative diversity between the two samples. Importantly, these results suggest that DNA‐extraction or PCR‐related bias between the two laboratories is minimal. We conclude that TRFLP may be useful for relative comparisons of diversity between basalt samples, for identifying dominant species, and for estimating the richness and evenness of low‐diversity, skewed populations of seafloor basalt microbial communities, but that TRFLP may miss a majority of species in relatively highly diverse samples.

Intestinal Lymphatic Transport Enhances the Post-Prandial Oral Bioavailability of a Novel Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist Via Avoidance of First-Pass Metabolism - Natalie L. Trevaskis; David M. Shackleford; William N. Charman; Glenn A. Edwards; Anne Gardin; Silke Appel-Dingemanse; Olivier Kretz; Bruno Galli; Christopher J. H. Porter (Pharmaceutical Research, 2009)

Adaptive response of equine intestinal Na+/glucose co-transporter (SGLT1) to an increase in dietary soluble carbohydrate - Jane Dyer; Miran Al-Rammahi; Louise Waterfall; Kieron S. H. Salmon; Ray J. Geor; Ludovic Bouré; G. Barrie Edwards; Christopher J. Proudman; Soraya P. Shirazi-Beechey (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2009)

The influence of evolutionary distance between cross-species microsatellites and primer base-pair composition on allelic dropout rates - Carl D. Soulsbury; Graziella Iossa; Keith J. Edwards (Conservation Genetics, 2009)

Phylogeny of the genus Hesperodiaptomus (Copepoda) based on nucleotide sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal gene - Malgorzata A. Marszalek; Selvadurai Dayanandan; Edward J. Maly (Hydrobiologia, 2009)

Impact of socioeconomic status on cancer incidence and stage at diagnosis: selected findings from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results: National Longitudinal Mortality Study - Limin X. Clegg; Marsha E. Reichman; Barry A. Miller; Benjamin F. Hankey; Gopal K. Singh; Yi Dan Lin; Marc T. Goodman; Charles F. Lynch; Stephen M. Schwartz; Vivien W. Chen; Leslie Bernstein; Scarlett L. Gomez; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2009)

Mhc haplotype H6 is associated with sustained control of SIVmac251 infection in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques - Edward T. Mee; Neil Berry; Claire Ham; Ulrike Sauermann; Maria T. Maggiorella; Frédéric Martinon; Ernst J. Verschoor; Jonathan L. Heeney; Roger Le Grand; Fausto Titti; Neil Almond; Nicola J. Rose (Immunogenetics, 2009)

Radiative Processes in the Stable Boundary Layer: Part I. Radiative Aspects - J. M. Edwards (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2009)

Radiative Processes in the Stable Boundary Layer: Part II. The Development of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer - J. M. Edwards (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2009)

Targeted transgene integration in plant cells using designed zinc finger nucleases - Charles Q. Cai; Yannick Doyon; W. Michael Ainley; Jeffrey C. Miller; Russell C. DeKelver; Erica A. Moehle; Jeremy M. Rock; Ya-Li Lee; Robbi Garrison; Lisa Schulenberg; Ryan Blue; Andrew Worden; et al. (Plant Molecular Biology, 2009)

Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa Lam.) seedling emergence and establishment in a Colorado grassland - Paul J. Meiman; Edward F. Redente; Mark W. Paschke (Plant Ecology, 2009)

Changes in Nutritional Value of Cyanogenic Trifolium repens Grown at Elevated Atmospheric CO2 - Roslyn M. Gleadow; Everard J. Edwards; John R. Evans (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2009)

Climatic drivers of hemispheric asymmetry in global patterns of ant species richness - Robert R. Dunn; Donat Agosti; Alan N. Andersen; Xavier Arnan; Carsten A. Bruhl; Xim Cerdá; Aaron M. Ellison; Brian L. Fisher; Matthew C. Fitzpatrick; Heloise Gibb; Nicholas J. Gotelli; Aaron D. Gove; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2009)
Although many taxa show a latitudinal gradient in richness, the relationship between latitude and species richness is often asymmetrical between the northern and southern hemispheres. Here we examine the latitudinal pattern of species richness across 1003 local ant assemblages. We find latitudinal asymmetry, with southern hemisphere sites being more diverse than northern hemisphere sites. Most of this asymmetry could be explained statistically by differences in contemporary climate. Local ant species richness was positively associated with temperature, but negatively (although weakly) associated with temperature range and precipitation. After contemporary climate was accounted for, a modest difference in diversity between hemispheres persisted, suggesting that factors other than contemporary climate contributed to the hemispherical asymmetry. The most parsimonious explanation for this remaining asymmetry is that greater climate change since the Eocene in the northern than in the southern hemisphere has led to more extinctions in the northern hemisphere with consequent effects on local ant species richness.

Estimating watershed area for playas in the Southern High Plains, USA - Amy J. Ekanayake; Jo -Szu Tsai; Linda J. S. Allen; Loren M. Smith; James G. Surles; Edward J. Allen (Wetlands, 2009)

Forward and reverse genetics of rapid-cycling Brassica oleracea - Edward Himelblau; Erin J. Gilchrist; Kelly Buono; Colleen Bizzell; Laurie Mentzer; Robert Vogelzang; Thomas Osborn; Richard M. Amasino; Isobel A. P. Parkin; George W. Haughn (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2009)

Glucose homeostasis across human airway epithelial cell monolayers: role of diffusion, transport and metabolism - Kameljit K. Kalsi; Emma H. Baker; Owen Fraser; Yuen-Li Chung; Oliver J. Mace; Edward Tarelli; Barbara J. Philips; Deborah L. Baines (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2009)

Case files of the medical toxicology fellowship at the university of Massachusetts Medical Center in Worcester, Massachusetts: Stumbling through a blue haze - Richard J. Church; Edward W. Boyer (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2009)

Is the Response of Estuarine Nekton to Freshwater Flow in the San Francisco Estuary Explained by Variation in Habitat Volume? - Wim J. Kimmerer; Edward S. Gross; Michael L. MacWilliams (Estuaries and Coasts, 2009)

Application of the probability-based Maryland Biological Stream Survey to the state’s assessment of water quality standards - Mark T. Southerland; Jon H. Vølstad; Edward D. Weber; Ronald J. Klauda; Charles A. Poukish; Matthew C. Rowe (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2009)

Selection and application of a rainbow trout toxicity testing procedure for screening Sacramento River Watershed, California samples - Jeffrey L. Miller; Michael J. Miller; Victor de Vlaming; Karen Larsen; Edward Smith; Kevin Reece (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2009)

Changes over three decades in the floristic composition of nutrient-poor grasslands in the Swiss Alps - Markus Peter; Andreas Gigon; Peter J. Edwards; Andreas Lüscher (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2009)

The road to linearity: why linearity at low doses became the basis for carcinogen risk assessment - Edward J. Calabrese (Archives of Toxicology, 2009)

Getting the dose–response wrong: why hormesis became marginalized and the threshold model accepted - Edward J. Calabrese (Archives of Toxicology, 2009)

Extreme changes to gene expression associated with homoploid hybrid speciation - MATTHEW J. HEGARTY; GARY L. BARKER; ADRIAN C. BRENNAN; KEITH J. EDWARDS; RICHARD J. ABBOTT; SIMON J. HISCOCK (Molecular Ecology, 2009)
Hybridization is an important cause of abrupt speciation. Hybrid speciation without a change in ploidy (homoploid hybrid speciation) is well‐established in plants but has also been reported in animals and fungi. A notable example of recent homoploid hybrid speciation is Senecio squalidus (Oxford ragwort), which originated in the UK in the 18th Century following introduction of hybrid material from a hybrid zone between S. chrysanthemifolius and S. aethnensis on Mount Etna, Sicily. To investigate genetic divergence between these taxa, we used complementary DNA microarrays to compare patterns of floral gene expression. These analyses revealed major differences in gene expression between the parent species and wild and resynthesized S. squalidus . Comparisons of gene expression between S. aethnensis , S. chrysanthemifolius and natural S. squalidus identified genes potentially involved in local environmental adaptation. The analysis also revealed non‐additive patterns of gene expression in the hybrid relative to its progenitors. These expression changes were more dramatic and widespread in resynthesized hybrids than in natural S. squalidus , suggesting that a unique expression pattern may have been fixed during the allopatric divergence of British S. squalidus . We speculate that hybridization‐induced gene‐expression change may provide an immediate source of novel phenotypic variation upon which selection can act to facilitate homoploid hybrid speciation in plants.

Establishment of parallel altitudinal clines in traits of native and introduced forbs - Jake M. Alexander; Peter J. Edwards; Myriam Poll; Catherine G. Parks; Hansjörg Dietz (Ecology, 2009)
Due to altered ecological and evolutionary contexts, we might expect the responses of alien plants to environmental gradients, as revealed through patterns of trait variation, to differ from those of the same species in their native range. In particular, the spread of alien plant species along such gradients might be limited by their ability to establish clinal patterns of trait variation. We investigated trends in growth and reproductive traits in natural populations of eight invasive Asteraceae forbs along altitudinal gradients in their native and introduced ranges (Valais, Switzerland, and Wallowa Mountains, Oregon, USA). Plants showed similar responses to altitude in both ranges, being generally smaller and having fewer inflorescences but larger seeds at higher altitudes. However, these trends were modified by region‐specific effects that were independent of species status (native or introduced), suggesting that any differential performance of alien species in the introduced range cannot be interpreted without a fully reciprocal approach to test the basis of these differences. Furthermore, we found differences in patterns of resource allocation to capitula among species in the native and the introduced areas. These suggest that the mechanisms underlying trait variation, for example, increasing seed size with altitude, might differ between ranges. The rapid establishment of clinal patterns of trait variation in the new range indicates that the need to respond to altitudinal gradients, possibly by local adaptation, has not limited the ability of these species to invade mountain regions. Studies are now needed to test the underlying mechanisms of altitudinal clines in traits of alien species.

A method of error adjustment for marine gravity with application to Mean Dynamic Topography in the northern North Atlantic - A. Hunegnaw; R. G. Hipkin; J. Edwards (Journal of Geodesy, 2009)

Enhanced Resistance to Control Potato Tuberworm by Combining Engineered Resistance, Avidin, and Natural Resistance Derived from, Solanum Chacoense - Susannah G. Cooper; David S. Douches; Kelly Zarka; Edward J. Grafius (American Journal of Potato Research, 2009)

Recognition between symbiotic Vibrio fischeri and the haemocytes of Euprymna scolopes - Spencer V. Nyholm; Jennifer J. Stewart; Edward G. Ruby; Margaret J. McFall‐Ngai (Environmental Microbiology, 2009)
Summary The light organ crypts of the squid Euprymna scolopes permit colonization exclusively by the luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Because the crypt interior remains in contact with seawater, the squid must not only foster the specific symbiosis, but also continue to exclude other bacteria. Investigation of the role of the innate immune system in these processes revealed that macrophage‐like haemocytes isolated from E. scolopes recognized and phagocytosed V. fischeri less than other closely related bacterial species common to the host's environment. Interestingly, phagocytes isolated from hosts that had been cured of their symbionts bound five times more V. fischeri cells than those from uncured hosts. No such change in the ability to bind other species of bacteria was observed, suggesting that the host adapts specifically to V. fischeri . Deletion of the gene encoding OmpU, the major outer membrane protein of V. fischeri , increased binding by haemocytes from uncured animals to the level observed for haemocytes from cured animals. Co‐incubation with wild‐type V. fischeri reduced this binding, suggesting that they produce a factor that complements the mutant's defect. Analyses of the phagocytosis of bound cells by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting indicated that once binding to haemocytes had occurred, V. fischeri cells are phagocytosed as effectively as other bacteria. Thus, discrimination by this component of the squid immune system occurs at the level of haemocyte binding, and this response: (i) is modified by previous exposure to the symbiont and (ii) relies on outer membrane and/or secreted components of the symbionts. These data suggest that regulation of host haemocyte binding by the symbiont may be one of many factors that contribute to specificity in this association.

The diversity and abundance of bacteria inhabiting seafloor lavas positively correlate with rock alteration - Cara M. Santelli; Virginia P. Edgcomb; Wolfgang Bach; Katrina J. Edwards (Environmental Microbiology, 2009)
Summary Young, basaltic ocean crust exposed near mid‐ocean ridge spreading centers present a spatially extensive environment that may be exploited by epi‐ and endolithic microbes in the deep sea. Geochemical energy released during basalt alteration reactions can theoretically support chemosynthesis, contributing to a trophic base for the ocean crust biome. To examine associations between endolithic microorganisms and basalt alteration processes, we compare the phylogenetic diversity, abundance and community structure of bacteria existing in several young, seafloor lavas from the East Pacific Rise at ∼9°N that are variably affected by oxidative seawater alteration. The results of 16S rRNA gene analyses and real‐time, quantitative polymerase chain reaction measurements show that the abundance of prokaryotic communities, dominated by the bacterial domain, positively correlates with the extent of rock alteration – the oldest, most altered basalt harbours the greatest microbial biomass. The bacterial community overlap, structure and species richness relative to alteration state is less explicit, but broadly corresponds to sample characteristics (type of alteration products and general alteration state). Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the basalt biome may contribute to the geochemical cycling of Fe, S, Mn, C and N in the deep sea.

Characterizing microbial diversity in production water from an Alaskan mesothermic petroleum reservoir with two independent molecular methods - Vinh D. Pham; Linda L. Hnatow; Shiping Zhang; Robert D. Fallon; Scott C. Jackson; Jean‐Francois Tomb; Edward F. DeLong; Sharon J. Keeler (Environmental Microbiology, 2009)
Summary The phylogenetic diversity of Bacteria and Archaea within a biodegraded, mesothermic petroleum reservoir in the Schrader Bluff Formation of Alaska was examined by two culture‐independent methods based on fosmid and small‐subunit rRNA gene PCR clone libraries. Despite the exclusion of certain groups by each method, there was overall no significant qualitative difference in the diversity of phylotypes recovered by the two methods. The resident Bacteria belonged to at least 14 phylum‐level lineages, including the polyphyletic Firmicutes , which accounted for 36.2% of all small‐subunit rRNA gene‐containing (SSU + ) fosmid clones identified. Members of uncultured divisions were also numerous and made up 35.2% of the SSU + fosmid clones. Clones from domain Archaea accounted for about half of all SSU + fosmids, suggesting that their cell numbers were comparable to those of the Bacteria in this microbial community. In contrast to the Bacteria , however, nearly all archaeal clones recovered by both methods were related to methanogens, especially acetoclastic methanogens, while the plurality of bacterial fosmid clones was affiliated with Synergistes ‐like acetogenic Firmicutes that possibly degrade longer‐chain carboxylic acid components in the crude oil to acetate. These data suggest that acetate may be a key intermediary metabolite in this subsurface anaerobic food chain, which leads to methane production as the primary terminal electron sink.

Relationship Between Pink Eye Symptoms and Cell Damage in the Tuber Periderm and Cortex - Robert P. Sabba; Alvin J. Bussan; Edward C. Lulai (American Journal of Potato Research, 2008)

Phylogeography of native ploidy levels and invasive tetraploids of Solidago gigantea - DANIEL R. SCHLAEPFER; PETER J. EDWARDS; ALEX WIDMER; REGULA BILLETER (Molecular Ecology, 2008)
Ploidy level is an important aspect of the genetic makeup of a plant, and can strongly influence ecological characteristics such as invasiveness. We used a phylogeographical approach to elucidate the history of polyploidization and colonization success of diploid and tetraploid Solidago gigantea Aiton (Asteraceae) within its native range in North America. We were also able to identify the probable source material of the haplotype lineages invasive in Europe and Asia, where only tetraploid plants occur. To do this, we sequenced 1275 bp of chloroplast intergenic spacer DNA in 268 individuals from 57 populations. In addition, we performed a crossing experiment, which supported the hypothesis that chloroplast inheritance in this species is maternal. The phylogeographical analysis showed a complex pattern of 20 haplotypes of diploid and tetraploid plants. In North America, we found significant differentiation among regions, private haplotypes, and isolation by distance. Ploidy levels were more differentiated in the northern regions than in the South. The haplotype network was shallow and included one tetraploid‐only, star‐shaped cluster of haplotypes that were particularly successful colonizers. Post‐glacial migration of diploid S. gigantea occurred mainly northwards east of the Appalachian Mountains, and to a lesser degree also southward. Our data suggest that tetraploids have formed several times in North America. Haplotype number and diversity were lower in European populations than in the native range, and we found evidence that four haplotypes were introduced to Europe from two source areas, New England and the Southern Appalachian Mountains.

Sub‐millennial climate shifts in the western Mediterranean during the last glacial period recorded in a speleothem from Mallorca, Spain - Edward J. Hodge; David A. Richards; Peter L. Smart; Angel Ginés; David P. Mattey (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2008)
Very few high‐resolution and directly dated terrestrial archives of the last glacial period exist for the western Mediterranean region, yet this is a key locality for recording sub‐millennial North Atlantic and Mediterranean climate change. Here, we present evidence of effective precipitation changes based on growth history and δ 13 C of calcite in a Mallorcan stalagmite that grew between 112 and 48 ka. Effective precipitation in Mallorca appears to have been sensitive to proximal sea surface temperature variations and at certain times, ca. 76 ka for example, changed rapidly from moist to arid conditions in only a few centuries. A sea‐level highstand during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5a interrupted growth. Regrowth started promptly after this, but effective precipitation decreased markedly for much of the later part of MIS 5a, and also for shorter periods correlative with Heinrich events H8 (ca. 90 ka) and H6 (ca. 65 ka), with growth ceasing during H5 (ca. 48 ka). Arid episodes in Mallorca appear to be expressions of extremely cold periods recorded further north in Europe and occur contemporaneously with rapid decreases in Greenland temperature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effects of Human Trampling on Populations of Soil Fauna in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica - EDWARD AYRES; JOHNSON N. NKEM; DIANA H. WALL; BYRON J. ADAMS; J. E. BARRETT; EMMA J. BROOS; ANDREW N. PARSONS; LAURA E. POWERS; BREANA L. SIMMONS; ROSS A. VIRGINIA (Conservation Biology, 2008)
Antarctic ecosystems are often considered nearly pristine because levels of anthropogenic disturbance are extremely low there. Nevertheless, over recent decades there has been a rapid increase in the number of people, researchers and tourists, visiting Antarctica. We evaluated, over 10 years, the direct impact of foot traffic on the abundance of soil animals and soil properties in Taylor Valley within the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. We compared soils from minimally disturbed areas with soils from nearby paths that received intermediate and high levels of human foot traffic (i.e., up to approximately 80 passes per year). The nematodes Scottnema lindsayae and Eudorylaimus sp. were the most commonly found animal species, whereas rotifers and tardigrades were found only occasionally. On the highly trampled footpaths, abundance of S. lindsayae and Eudorylaimus sp. was up to 52 and 76% lower, respectively, than in untrampled areas. Moreover, reduction in S. lindsayae abundance was more pronounced after 10 years than 2 years and in the surface soil than in the deeper soil, presumably because of the longer period of disturbance and the greater level of physical disturbance experienced by the surface soil. The ratio of living to dead Eudorylaimus sp. also declined with increased trampling intensity, which is indicative of increased mortality or reduced fecundity. At one site there was evidence that high levels of trampling reduced soil CO 2 fluxes, which is related to total biological activity in the soil. Our results show that even low levels of human traffic can significantly affect soil biota in this ecosystem and may alter ecosystem processes, such as carbon cycling. Consequently, management and conservation plans for Antarctic soils should consider the high sensitivity of soil fauna to physical disturbance as human presence in this ecosystem increases.

A region of barley chromosome 6H harbors multiple major genes associated with net type net blotch resistance - M. Abu Qamar; Z. H. Liu; J. D. Faris; S. Chao; M. C. Edwards; Z. Lai; J. D. Franckowiak; T. L. Friesen (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2008)

Genetic variation for big-vein symptom expression and resistance to Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus in Lactuca virosa L., a wild relative of cultivated lettuce - Ryan J. Hayes; Edward J. Ryder; William M. Wintermantel (Euphytica, 2008)

Association of the TCF7L2 polymorphism with colorectal cancer and adenoma risk - Aditi Hazra; Charles S. Fuchs; Andrew T. Chan; Edward L. Giovannucci; David J. Hunter (Cancer Causes & Control, 2008)

Reply to Haddock, S.H.D. Reconsidering evidence for potential climate‐related increases in jellyfish - Martin J. Attrill; Martin Edwards (Limnology and Oceanography, 2008)

Cytogeography of Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae) and its invasive ploidy level - Daniel R. Schlaepfer; Peter J. Edwards; John C. Semple; Regula Billeter (Journal of Biogeography, 2008)
Aim Newly formed polyploids experience problems of establishment and spread similar to those faced by newly introduced alien species. To understand the significance of polyploidy in biological invasions, we mapped the distribution of ploidy levels in Solidago gigantea Aiton in its native range in North America, and in Europe and East Asia where it is invasive. Location North America, Europe and East Asia. Methods Flow cytometry was used to measure ploidy levels in a total of 834 plants from 149 locations. Together with data from contributors and a literature review, ploidy‐level data were assembled for 336 locations. Cytogeographical maps from North America and Europe were prepared, incorporating new and previously published ploidy‐level data. Results In the native range, diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid plants were found, and also one triploid and one pentaploid plant (2 n = 3 x and 2 n = 5 x , respectively, each being new reports for this species). There was a high degree of geographical separation among the ploidy levels, and populations with mixed ploidy were rare. However, four zones were identified where plants of different ploidy could come into contact. In Europe and East Asia, only tetraploid plants were found. Main conclusions The geographical pattern in North America suggests that the ploidy levels are ecologically differentiated, although further investigations are needed to identify the nature of these differences. Alien populations appear to be exclusively tetraploid, but it is not clear whether this is because tetraploids were selectively introduced or because diploids were unsuccessful. In any case, comparisons between native and introduced populations need to account for ploidy level.

Origin of, and conservation units in, the Irish red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) population - Laura A. Finnegan; Ceiridwen J. Edwards; John M. Rochford (Conservation Genetics, 2008)

Plant development inhibitory genes in binary vector backbone improve quality event efficiency in soybean transformation - Xudong Ye; Edward J. Williams; Junjiang Shen; James A. Esser; Amy M. Nichols; Michael W. Petersen; Larry A. Gilbertson (Transgenic Research, 2008)

Syringeal anatomy and allometry in murres (Alcidae: Uria) - Edward H. Miller; Sampath S. Seneviratne; Ian L. Jones; Gregory J. Robertson; Sabina I. Wilhelm (Journal of Ornithology, 2008)

Climatic fluctuations shape the phylogeography of a mesic direct‐developing frog from the south‐western Australian biodiversity hotspot - Danielle L. Edwards; J. Dale Roberts; J. Scott Keogh (Journal of Biogeography, 2008)
Aim To assess phylogeographic pattern throughout the range of Metacrinia nichollsi in order to develop specific biogeographical hypotheses for the wet forests of south‐western Australia. This was carried out by contrasting a direct‐developing frog species, M. nichollsi , that breeds independently of free surface water with conventional, aquatic breeders and highly specialized direct developers. Location Wet forests of the south‐western Australian biodiversity hotspot – an area of high species richness and endemism for myobatrachid frogs and many other faunal groups. Methods We compiled an extensive phylogeographic data set from field‐collected samples based on mitochondrial ND2 sequences. Phylogenetic analyses combined with estimates of divergence times were used to build a model of major biogeographical events affecting the species. Phylogeographic analyses were used to provide insights into smaller‐scale processes acting within each major lineage. Results Phylogenetic analysis recovered three major lineages, with divergence dates coincident with late Miocene–early Pliocene arid cycles. One lineage was confined to geographically isolated populations in the Stirling Ranges (Stirling Ranges Lineage, SRL). The continuous range of M. nichollsi was split into two: the Main Range Lineage (MRL) and the Southern Coastal Lineage (SCL). The SCL displays a strong drainage‐based population structure, whereas the MRL displays a strong signature of recent expansion, suggesting that these two lineages have had very different biogeographical histories. Main conclusions Late Miocene–Pliocene aridity appears to have isolated populations in the Stirling Ranges and resulted in the formation of two additional lineages on a north–south gradient that are independent of southward‐flowing drainage systems. Our results demonstrate that climatic fluctuations are likely to have generated fine‐scale phylogeographic structure within M. nichollsi and that catchment regions are important refugia during arid cycles.

Antiproliferative compounds of Artabotrys madagascariensis from the Madagascar rainforest - Brian T. Murphy; Shugeng Cao; Peggy J. Brodie; James S. Miller; Fidy Ratovoson; Chris Birkinshaw; Etienne Rakotobe; Vincent E. Rasamison; Karen Tendyke; Edward M. Suh; David G. I. Kingston (Natural Product Research, 2008)

Heavy Minerals and Rare Earth Elements in Coastal and Inland Dune Sands of El Vizcaino Desert, Baja California Peninsula, Mexico - J. J. Kasper-Zubillaga; A. Carranza-Edwards; O. Morton-Bermea (Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2008)

Conserving idealized landscapes: past history, public perception and future management in the New Forest (UK) - Michael J. Grant; Mary E. Edwards (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2008)

Effects of Herbivory, Fire and N2-fixation on Nutrient Limitation in a Humid African Savanna - Patrick G. Cech; Thomas Kuster; Peter J. Edwards; Harry Olde Venterink (Ecosystems, 2008)

Cell-type-specific level of DNA nucleotide excision repair in primary human mammary and ovarian epithelial cell cultures - Jean J. Latimer; Jennifer M. Johnson; Tiffany D. Miles; Jason M. Dimsdale; Robert P. Edwards; Joseph L. Kelley; Stephen G. Grant (Cell and Tissue Research, 2008)

Potential implications of differential preservation of testate amoeba shells for paleoenvironmental reconstruction in peatlands - Edward A. D. Mitchell; Richard J. Payne; Mariusz Lamentowicz (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2008)

Replication of association between ELAVL4 and Parkinson disease: the GenePD study - Anita L. DeStefano; Jeanne Latourelle; Mark F. Lew; Oksana Suchowersky; Christine Klein; Lawrence I. Golbe; Margery H. Mark; John H. Growdon; G. Fredrick Wooten; Ray Watts; Mark Guttman; Brad A. Racette; et al. (Human Genetics, 2008)

Age- and sex-related differences in muscle activation for a discrete functional task - B. Harwood; D. L. Edwards; J. M. Jakobi (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2008)

Heterologous expression of pyruvate decarboxylase in Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius - Ann H. Thompson; David J. Studholme; Edward M. Green; David J. Leak (Biotechnology Letters, 2008)

Testate amoebae analysis in ecological and paleoecological studies of wetlands: past, present and future - Edward A. D. Mitchell; Daniel J. Charman; Barry G. Warner (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2008)

Overexpression of the maize Teosinte Branched1 gene in wheat suppresses tiller development - Janet M. Lewis; Caroline A. Mackintosh; Sanghyun Shin; Edward Gilding; Sasha Kravchenko; Gerald Baldridge; Richard Zeyen; Gary J. Muehlbauer (Plant Cell Reports, 2008)

Geochemical reconstruction of late Holocene drainage and mixing in Kluane Lake, Yukon Territory - Janice Brahney; John J. Clague; Brian Menounos; Thomas W. D. Edwards (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2008)

TCR-MHC docking orientation: natural selection, or thymic selection? - Edward J. Collins; David S. Riddle (Immunologic Research, 2008)

Carbapenems versus other beta-lactams in treating severe infections in intensive care: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials - S. J. Edwards; M. J. Clarke; S. Wordsworth; C. E. Emmas (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2008)

Upgrades to the Boundary-Layer Scheme in the Met Office Numerical Weather Prediction Model - A. R. Brown; R. J. Beare; J. M. Edwards; A. P. Lock; S. J. Keogh; S. F. Milton; D. N. Walters (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2008)

Dispersal of black sea bass ( Centropristis striata ) larvae on the southeast U.S. continental shelf: results of a coupled vertical larval behavior – 3D circulation model - K. P. EDWARDS; J. A. HARE; F. E. WERNER (Fisheries Oceanography, 2008)
In the marine environment, pelagic dispersal is important for determining the distribution and abundance of populations, as well as providing connections among populations. Estimates of larval dispersal from spawning grounds are important to determining temporal and spatial patterns in recruitment that may have significant influences on the dynamics of the population. We present a case study of the dispersal of Centropristis striata (black sea bass) larvae on the southeast U.S. continental shelf. We use a coupled larval behavior – 3D circulation model to compare the effects of the timing and location of spawning against that of larval vertical migration on larval dispersal. Using the results of field data on larval vertical distributions, we compare the dispersal of virtual ‘larvae’ which have ontogenetic changes in vertical behavior with that of particles fixed near the surface and near the bottom. Larvae were released at potential spawning sites four times throughout the spawning season (February through May) for 3 yr (2002–04) and tracked for the assumed larval duration (from 27 to 37 days including the egg stage). Results indicate that adult behavior, in the form of spawning time and location, may be more important than larval vertical behavior in determining larval dispersal on the inner‐ and mid‐ continental shelves of this region.

Darwin’s naturalization conundrum: dissecting taxonomic patterns of species invasions - Jeffrey M. Diez; Jon J. Sullivan; Philip E. Hulme; Grant Edwards; Richard P. Duncan (Ecology Letters, 2008)
Darwin acknowledged contrasting, plausible arguments for how species invasions are influenced by phylogenetic relatedness to the native community. These contrasting arguments persist today without clear resolution. Using data on the naturalization and abundance of exotic plants in the Auckland region, we show how different expectations can be accommodated through attention to scale, assumptions about niche overlap, and stage of invasion. Probability of naturalization was positively related to the number of native species in a genus but negatively related to native congener abundance, suggesting the importance of both niche availability and biotic resistance. Once naturalized, however, exotic abundance was not related to the number of native congeners, but positively related to native congener abundance. Changing the scale of analysis altered this outcome: within habitats exotic abundance was negatively related to native congener abundance, implying that native and exotic species respond similarly to broad scale environmental variation across habitats, with biotic resistance occurring within habitats.

Distribution and activity of bats at local and landscape scales within a rural–urban gradient - Joshua B. Johnson; J. Edward Gates; W. Mark Ford (Urban Ecosystems, 2008)

Dynamics of T cell memory in human cytomegalovirus infection - Edward C. P. Waller; Elizabeth Day; J. G. Patrick Sissons; Mark R. Wills (Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 2008)

Nitrogen versus phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton growth in Ten Mile Creek, Florida, USA - Youjian Lin; Zhenli He; Yuangen Yang; Peter J. Stoffella; Edward J. Phlips; Charles A. Powell (Hydrobiologia, 2008)

Short term effects of experimental eutrophication on carbon and nitrogen cycling in two types of wet grassland - T. Picek; E. Kaštovská; K. Edwards; K. Zemanová; J. Dušek (Community Ecology, 2008)

Changes in fire regimes since the Last Glacial Maximum: an assessment based on a global synthesis and analysis of charcoal data - M. J. Power; J. Marlon; N. Ortiz; P. J. Bartlein; S. P. Harrison; F. E. Mayle; A. Ballouche; R. H. W. Bradshaw; C. Carcaillet; C. Cordova; S. Mooney; P. I. Moreno; et al. (Climate Dynamics, 2008)

Natural radiation and its hazard in copper ore mines in Poland - Nguyen Dinh Chau; Paweł Jodłowski; Stefan J. Kalita; Paweł Olko; Edward Chruściel; Adam Maksymowicz; Michał Waligórski; Paweł Bilski; Maciej Budzanowski (Acta Geophysica, 2008)

Extensive polymorphism and geographical variation at a positively selected MHC class II B gene of the lesser kestrel ( Falco naumanni ) - MIGUEL ALCAIDE; SCOTT V. EDWARDS; JUAN J. NEGRO; DAVID SERRANO; JOSÉ L. TELLA (Molecular Ecology, 2008)
Understanding the selective forces that shape genetic variation in natural populations remains a high priority in evolutionary biology. Genes at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have become excellent models for the investigation of adaptive variation and natural selection because of their crucial role in fighting off pathogens. Here we present one of the first data sets examining patterns of MHC variation in wild populations of a bird of prey, the lesser kestrel, Falco naumanni . We report extensive polymorphism at the second exon of a putatively functional MHC class II gene, Fana‐ DAB*1. Overall, 103 alleles were isolated from 121 individuals sampled from Spain to Kazakhstan. Bayesian inference of diversifying selection suggests that several amino acid sites may have experienced strong positive selection (ω = 4.02 per codon). The analysis also suggests a prominent role of recombination in generating and maintaining MHC diversity (ρ = 4 Nc = 0.389 per codon, θ = 0.017 per codon). Both the Fana ‐DAB*1 locus and a set of eight polymorphic microsatellite markers revealed an isolation‐by‐distance pattern across the Western Palaearctic ( r = 0.67; P = 0.01 and r = 0.50; P = 0.04, respectively). Nonetheless, geographical variation at the MHC contrasts with relatively uniform distributions in the frequencies of microsatellite alleles. In addition, we found lower fixation rates in the MHC than those predicted by genetic drift after controlling for neutral mitochondrial sequences. Our results therefore underscore the role of balancing selection as well as spatial variations in parasite‐mediated selection regimes in shaping MHC diversity when gene flow is limited.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Human impact on an island ecosystem: pollen data from Sandoy, Faroe Islands - Ian T. Lawson; Kevin J. Edwards; Mike J. Church; Anthony J. Newton; Gordon T. Cook; Freddy J. Gathorne‐Hardy; Andrew J. Dugmore (Journal of Biogeography, 2008)
Aim To investigate the form and dynamics of ecosystems on an isolated island in the North Atlantic before human settlement in the first millennium ad , and the effects of human activities thereafter. Location The island of Sandoy, Faroes (61°50′ N, 6°45′ W). Methods Two sequences of lake sediments and one of peat were studied using pollen analysis and sedimentological techniques. Age models were constructed on the basis of radiocarbon dating and, in one case, tephrochronology. The data were analysed statistically and compared with existing data from the region. Results The pollen data indicate that early Holocene vegetation consisted of fell‐field communities probably growing on raw, skeletal soils. These communities gave way to grass‐ and sedge‐dominated communities, which in turn were largely replaced by dwarf shrub‐dominated blanket mire communities well before the first arrival of humans. There is evidence for episodic soil erosion, particularly in the uplands. Changes in the records attributable to human impact are minor in comparison with many other situations in the North Atlantic margins, and with certain published sequences from elsewhere in the Faroes. They include: (1) the appearance of cereal pollen and charcoal, (2) an expansion of ruderal taxa, (3) a decline in certain taxa, notably Juniperus communis and Filipendula ulmaria , and (4) a renewed increase in rates of upland soil erosion. The reliability of palaeoecological inferences drawn from these sites, and more generally from sites in similar unforested situations, is discussed. Main conclusions The subdued amplitude of palynological and sedimentological responses to settlement at these sites can be explained partly in terms of their location and partly in terms of the sensitivity of different parts of the ecosystem to human activities. This study is important in establishing that the imposition of people on the pristine environment of Sandoy, while far from negligible, especially in the immediate vicinity of early farms and at high altitudes, had relatively little ecological impact in many parts of the landscape.

Analysis of skeletal muscle function in the C57BL6/SV129 syncoilin knockout mouse - Karl J. A. McCullagh; Ben Edwards; Matthew W. Kemp; Laura C. Giles; Matthew Burgess; Kay E. Davies (Mammalian Genome, 2008)

Scale‐dependent carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus seston stoichiometry in marine and freshwaters - Robert W. Sterner; Tom Andersen; James J. Elser; Dag O. Hessen; James M. Hood; Edward McCauley; Jotaro Urabe (Limnology and Oceanography, 2008)
The classical Redfield ratio of carbon106 : nitrogen16 : phosphorus1 is a cornerstone of biogeochemistry. With the use of >2,000 observations of the chemistry of particulate matter from small and large lakes, as well as near and off‐shore marine environments, we found that the best model to describe seston stoichiometry depended on the scale of analysis. We also found that there were better estimates for seston chemistry than the classical ratio for all habitats, whether freshwater or marine. Across the entire data set, a constant proportionality of C 166 :N 20 : P 1 (±error) described the data, which implies higher C sequestration per unit of N and P in surface waters than given in the classical ratio. At a regional scale, however, C: P and C:N often declined with increasing seston abundance, rejecting a constant ratio model. Within both freshwater and marine habitats, higher seston abundance is often associated with lower C: P and C:N ratios (higher nutrient content). The difference in appropriateness of the constant ratio model with respect to the entire data compared with subsets of the data indicates a scale dependence in stoichiometric relationships in seston C:N: P ratios. Given these consistent shifts in seston chemistry with particle abundance, the narrower variation in seston chemistry associated with marine seston chemistry could occur because of a reduced range of particulate nutrient concentration. For all but the largest scales, the classical Redfield model of biogeochemical cycling should be replaced with a more general power function model.

Changes in abundance and spatial distribution of geese molting near Teshekpuk Lake, Alaska: interspecific competition or ecological change? - Paul L. Flint; Edward J. Mallek; Rodney J. King; Joel A. Schmutz; Karen S. Bollinger; Dirk V. Derksen (Polar Biology, 2008)

Sediment quality triad assessment of an industrialized estuary of the northeastern USA - Timothy J. Iannuzzi; Tina N. Armstrong; Edward R. Long; Jacqueline Iannuzzi; David F. Ludwig (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2008)

Huperzine a provides neuroprotection against several cell death inducers usingin vitro model systems of motor neuron cell death - Richelle A. Hemendinger; Edward J. Armstrong; Rafal Persinski; Julianne Todd; Jean-Luc Mougeot; Franklin Volvovitz; Jeffrey Rosenfeld (Neurotoxicity Research, 2008)

Phylogeography, historical demography, and the role of post-settlement ecology in two Hawaiian damselfish species - Marina L. Ramon; Peter A. Nelson; Edward De Martini; William J. Walsh; Giacomo Bernardi (Marine Biology, 2008)

Closely linked non-additive blood pressure quantitative trait loci - Edward J. Toland; Yasser Saad; Shane Yerga-Woolwine; Steven Ummel; Phyllis Farms; Ramona Ramdath; Bryan C. Frank; Norman H. Lee; Bina Joe (Mammalian Genome, 2008)

Liver lesions in demersal fishes near a large ocean outfall on the San Pedro Shelf, California - Edward Basmadjian; Edwin M. Perkins; Charles R. Phillips; Daniel J. Heilprin; Susan D. Watts; Douglas R. Diener; Mark S. Myers; Kelly A. Koerner; Michael J. Mengel; George Robertson; Jeffrey L. Armstrong; Andrew L. Lissner; et al. (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2008)

Aureoles of Pb(II)-enriched feldspar around monazite in paragneiss and anatectic pods of the Napier Complex, Enderby Land, East Antarctica: the roles of dissolution-reprecipitation and diffusion - Edward S. Grew; Martin G. Yates; Christopher J. L. Wilson (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2008)

Multi-species spawning of corals in north-western Philippines - K. C. Vicentuan; J. R. Guest; M. V. Baria; P. C. Cabaitan; R. M. Dizon; R. D. Villanueva; P. M. Aliño; A. J. Edwards; E. D. Gomez; A. J. Heyward (Coral Reefs, 2008)

Molecular phylogeny of rootworms and related galerucine beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) - Joseph J. Gillespie; Douglas W. Tallamy; Edward G. Riley; Anthony I. Cognato (Zoologica Scripta, 2008)
The Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) sensu stricto (true galerucines) comprise a large assemblage of diverse phytophagous beetles containing over 5000 described species. Together with their sister taxon, the flea beetles, which differ from true galerucines by having the hind femora usually modified for jumping, the Galerucinae sensu lato comprises over 13 000 described species and is the largest natural group within the Chrysomelidae. Unlike the flea beetles, for which robust hierarchical classification schemes have not been erected, an existing taxonomic structure exists for the true galerucines, based mostly on the works of the late John Wilcox. In the most recent taxonomic list of the Galerucinae sensu stricto , five tribes were established comprising 29 sections housing 488 genera. The majority of the diversity within these tribes is found within the tribe Luperini, in which two genera, Monolepta and Diabrotica , are known to contain over 500 described species. Here, we extend the work from previous phylogenetic studies of the Galerucinae by analysing four amplicons from three gene regions (18S and 28S rRNA; COI) representing 249 taxa, providing the largest phylogenetic analysis of this taxon to date. Using two seven‐state RNA models, we combine five maximum likelihood models (RNA + DNA for the rRNAs; three separate DNA models for the COI codon positions) for these partitions and analyse the data under likelihood using Bayesian inference. The results of these two analyses are compared with those from equally weighted parsimony. Instead of choosing the results from one optimality criterion over another, either based on statistical support, tree topology or philosophical predisposition, we elect to draw attention to the similar results produced by all three analyses, illustrating the robustness of the data to these different analytical methods. In general, the results from all three analyses are consistent with each other and previous molecular phylogenetic reconstructions for Galerucinae, except that increased taxon sampling for several groups, namely the tribes Hylaspini and Oidini, has improved the phylogenetic position of these taxa. As with previous analyses, under‐sampled taxa, such as the Old World Metacyclini and all sections of the subtribe Luperina, continue to be unstable, with the few taxa representing these groups fluctuating in their positions based on the implemented optimality criterion. Nonetheless, we report here the most comprehensive phylogenetic estimation for the Galerucinae to date.

Climate, phylogeny and the ecological distribution of C4 grasses - Erika J. Edwards; Christopher J. Still (Ecology Letters, 2008)
‘C4 photosynthesis’ refers to a suite of traits that increase photosynthesis in high light and high temperature environments. Most C4 plants are grasses, which dominate tropical and subtropical grasslands and savannas but are conspicuously absent from cold growing season climates. Physiological attributes of C4 photosynthesis have been invoked to explain C4 grass biogeography; however, the pathway evolved exclusively in grass lineages of tropical origin, suggesting that the prevalence of C4 grasses in warm climates could be due to other traits inherited from their non‐C4 ancestors. Here we investigate the relative influences of phylogeny and photosynthetic pathway in determining the ecological distributions of C4 grasses in Hawaii. We find that the restriction of C4 grasses to warmer areas is due largely to their evolutionary history as members of a warm‐climate grass clade, but that the pathway does appear to confer a competitive advantage to grasses in more arid environments.

Prediction uncertainty of environmental change effects on temperate European biodiversity - Carsten F. Dormann; Oliver Schweiger; P. Arens; I. Augenstein; St. Aviron; Debra Bailey; J. Baudry; R. Billeter; R. Bugter; R. Bukácek; F. Burel; M. Cerny; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2008)
Observed patterns of species richness at landscape scale (gamma diversity) cannot always be attributed to a specific set of explanatory variables, but rather different alternative explanatory statistical models of similar quality may exist. Therefore predictions of the effects of environmental change (such as in climate or land cover) on biodiversity may differ considerably, depending on the chosen set of explanatory variables. Here we use multimodel prediction to evaluate effects of climate, land‐use intensity and landscape structure on species richness in each of seven groups of organisms (plants, birds, spiders, wild bees, ground beetles, true bugs and hoverflies) in temperate Europe. We contrast this approach with traditional best‐model predictions, which we show, using cross‐validation, to have inferior prediction accuracy. Multimodel inference changed the importance of some environmental variables in comparison with the best model, and accordingly gave deviating predictions for environmental change effects. Overall, prediction uncertainty for the multimodel approach was only slightly higher than that of the best model, and absolute changes in predicted species richness were also comparable. Richness predictions varied generally more for the impact of climate change than for land‐use change at the coarse scale of our study. Overall, our study indicates that the uncertainty introduced to environmental change predictions through uncertainty in model selection both qualitatively and quantitatively affects species richness projections.

Congenic mapping of a blood pressure QTL region on rat chromosome 10 using the Dahl salt-sensitive rat with introgressed alleles from the Milan normotensive strain - Yasser Saad; Edward J. Toland; Shane Yerga-Woolwine; Phyllis Farms; Bina Joe (Mammalian Genome, 2008)

Macroinvertebrate drift density in relation to abiotic factors in the Missouri River - Christopher H. Hay; Thomas G. Franti; David B. Marx; Edward J. Peters; Larry W. Hesse (Hydrobiologia, 2008)

Association between frost tolerance and the alleles of high molecular weight glutenin subunits present in Polish winter wheats - Edward Witkowski; Jacek Waga; Krystyna Witkowska; Marcin Rapacz; Magdalena Gut; Amelia Bielawska; Helena Luber; Adam J. Lukaszewski (Euphytica, 2008)

Pyrethroid tolerance is associated with elevated expression of antioxidants and agricultural practice in Anopheles arabiensis sampled from an area of cotton fields in Northern Cameroon - PIE MÜLLER; MOUHAMADOU CHOUAÏBOU; PATRICIA PIGNATELLI; JOSIANE ETANG; EDWARD D. WALKER; MARTIN J. DONNELLY; FRÉDÉRIC SIMARD; HILARY RANSON (Molecular Ecology, 2008)
Spraying of agricultural crops with insecticides can select for resistance in nontarget insects and this may compromise the use of insecticides for the control of vector‐borne diseases. The tolerance of the malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis to deltamethrin was determined in a field population from a cotton‐growing region of Northern Cameroon both prior to and midway through the 4‐month period of insecticide application to the cotton crop. A 1.6‐fold increase in the median knockdown time was observed. To determine whether this increased tolerance was associated with constitutively elevated levels of genes commonly associated with insecticide resistance, RNA was extracted from F 1 progeny from family lines of field‐caught mosquitoes and hybridized to the Anopheles gambiae detox chip. The experimental design avoided the confounding effects of colonization, and this study is the first to measure gene expression in the progeny of gravid, wild‐caught mosquitoes. Several genes with antioxidant roles, including superoxide dismutases, a glutathione S‐transferase and a thioredoxin‐dependent peroxidase, and a cytochrome P450 showed elevated expression in mosquito families collected during the insecticide‐spraying programme. These genes may constitute an important general defence mechanism against insecticides. Intriguingly, the levels of expression of these genes were strongly correlated suggesting a common regulatory mechanism.

Postglacial relative sea‐level observations from Ireland and their role in glacial rebound modelling - Anthony J. Brooks; Sarah L. Bradley; Robin J. Edwards; Glenn A. Milne; Ben Horton; Ian Shennan (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2008)
The British Isles have been the focus of a number of recent modelling studies owing to the existence of a high‐quality sea‐level dataset for this region and the suitability of these data for constraining shallow earth viscosity structure, local to regional ice sheet histories and the magnitude/timing of global meltwater signals. Until recently, the paucity of both glaciological and relative sea‐level (RSL) data from Ireland has meant that the majority of these glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) modelling studies of the British Isles region have tended to concentrate on reconstructing ice cover over Britain. However, the recent development of a sea‐level database for Ireland along with emergence of new glaciological data on the spatial extent, thickness and deglacial chronology of the Irish Ice Sheet means it is now possible to revisit this region of the British Isles. Here, we employ these new data to constrain the evolution of the Irish Ice Sheet. We find that in order to reconcile differences between model predictions and RSL evidence, a thick, spatially extensive ice sheet of ∼600–700 m over much of north and central Ireland is required at the LGM with very rapid deglaciation after 21 k cal. yr BP. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Contrasting success in the restoration of plant and phytophagous beetle assemblages of species-rich mesotrophic grasslands - B. A. Woodcock; A. R. Edwards; C. S. Lawson; D. B. Westbury; A. J. Brook; S. J. Harris; V. K. Brown; S. R. Mortimer (Oecologia, 2008)

Topological Estimation Biases with Covarion Evolution - Huai-Chun Wang; Edward Susko; Matthew Spencer; Andrew J. Roger (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2008)

Atlantic reef fish biogeography and evolution - S. R. Floeter; L. A. Rocha; D. R. Robertson; J. C. Joyeux; W. F. Smith‐Vaniz; P. Wirtz; A. J. Edwards; J. P. Barreiros; C. E. L. Ferreira; J. L. Gasparini; A. Brito; J. M. Falcón; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2008)
Aim To understand why and when areas of endemism (provinces) of the tropical Atlantic Ocean were formed, how they relate to each other, and what processes have contributed to faunal enrichment. Location Atlantic Ocean. Methods The distributions of 2605 species of reef fishes were compiled for 25 areas of the Atlantic and southern Africa. Maximum‐parsimony and distance analyses were employed to investigate biogeographical relationships among those areas. A collection of 26 phylogenies of various Atlantic reef fish taxa was used to assess patterns of origin and diversification relative to evolutionary scenarios based on spatio‐temporal sequences of species splitting produced by geological and palaeoceanographic events. We present data on faunal (species and genera) richness, endemism patterns, diversity buildup (i.e. speciation processes), and evaluate the operation of the main biogeographical barriers and/or filters. Results Phylogenetic (proportion of sister species) and distributional (number of shared species) patterns are generally concordant with recognized biogeographical provinces in the Atlantic. The highly uneven distribution of species in certain genera appears to be related to their origin, with highest species richness in areas with the greatest phylogenetic depth. Diversity buildup in Atlantic reef fishes involved (1) diversification within each province, (2) isolation as a result of biogeographical barriers, and (3) stochastic accretion by means of dispersal between provinces. The timing of divergence events is not concordant among taxonomic groups. The three soft (non‐terrestrial) inter‐regional barriers (mid‐Atlantic, Amazon, and Benguela) clearly act as ‘filters’ by restricting dispersal but at the same time allowing occasional crossings that apparently lead to the establishment of new populations and species. Fluctuations in the effectiveness of the filters, combined with ecological differences among provinces, apparently provide a mechanism for much of the recent diversification of reef fishes in the Atlantic. Main conclusions Our data set indicates that both historical events (e.g. Tethys closure) and relatively recent dispersal (with or without further speciation) have had a strong influence on Atlantic tropical marine biodiversity and have contributed to the biogeographical patterns we observe today; however, examples of the latter process outnumber those of the former.

Dietary fat’gene interactions in cancer - Yong Q. Chen; Iris J. Edwards; Steven J. Kridel; Todd Thornburg; Isabelle M. Berquin (Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2007)

Within-field variability of Fusarium head blight pathogens and their associated mycotoxins - X.-M. Xu; D. W. Parry; P. Nicholson; M. A. Thomsett; D. Simpson; S. G. Edwards; B. M. Cooke; F. M. Doohan; S. Monaghan; A. Moretti; G. Tocco; G. Mule; et al. (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2007)

Characterization, Polymorphism, and Evolution of MHC Class II B Genes in Birds of Prey - Miguel Alcaide; Scott V. Edwards; Juan J. Negro (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2007)

History of mercury inputs to Minnesota lakes: Influences of watershed disturbance and localized atmospheric deposition - Daniel R. Engstrom; Steven J. Balogh; Edward B. Swain (Limnology and Oceanography, 2007)
The history of mercury (Hg) inputs to 55 Minnesota (U.S.A.) lakes was reconstructed from 210 Pb (lead‐210)‐ dated sediment cores to determine if erosion of soils from agriculture and urbanization contributes a significant loading of Hg to lakes, and whether lakes near Hg‐emitting facilities receive appreciable local atmospheric deposition. Modern (1994–1997) Hg accumulation and Hg flux ratios (modern : preindustrial) increase significantly with the percentage of watershed area under urban or agricultural land‐use. Both past and modern Hg accumulation rates are strongly correlated with the flux of total aluminum (Al), a tracer for soil erosion. Modern Hg accumulation rates are substantially higher in the Minneapolis‐St. Paul metropolitan area and in agriculturally dominated south‐central Minnesota than in the forested northeastern part of the state, largely because of erosional inputs of soil‐bound Hg from disturbed catchments. Modern Hg loading from direct atmospheric deposition is also greater in the metropolitan region than in the rural areas of south‐central or northeastern Minnesota. However, some of the excess loading to urban lakes may also be a legacy of formerly high Hg deposition to urban watersheds. A decline in local Hg emissions from peak levels in the 1970s coupled with reduced erosional inputs has cut Hg loading to many metro‐area lakes by more than half.

Effects of Helicobacter hepaticus on the proteome of HEp-2 cells - Arinze S. Okoli; Edward M. Fox; Mark J. Raftery; George L. Mendz (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2007)

KILLER WHALES, WHALING, AND SEQUENTIAL MEGAFAUNAL COLLAPSE IN THE NORTH PACIFIC: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF MARINE MAMMALS IN ALASKA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA FOLLOWING COMMERCIAL WHALING - Andrew W. Trites; Volker B. Deecke; Edward J. Gregr; John K.B. Ford; Peter F. Olesiuk (Marine Mammal Science, 2007)
The hypothesis that commercial whaling caused a sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean by forcing killer whales to eat progressively smaller species of marine mammals is not supported by what is known about the biology of large whales, the ecology of killer whales, and the patterns of ecosystem change that took place in Alaska, British Columbia, and elsewhere in the world following whaling. A comparative analysis shows that populations of seals, sea lions, and sea otters increased in British Columbia following commercial whaling, unlike the declines noted in the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands. The declines of seals and sea lions that began in western Alaska around 1977 were mirrored by increases in numbers of these species in British Columbia. A more likely explanation is that the seal and sea lion declines and other ecosystem changes in Alaska stem from a major oceanic regime shift that occurred in 1977. Killer whales are unquestionably a significant predator of seals, sea lions, and sea otters—but not because of commercial whaling.

Optimisation and evaluation of a generic microplate-based HPLC screen for transketolase activity - Oliver J. Miller; Edward G. Hibbert; Christine U. Ingram; Gary J. Lye; Paul A. Dalby (Biotechnology Letters, 2007)

The reference genetic linkage map for the multinational Brassica rapa genome sequencing project - Su Ryun Choi; Graham R. Teakle; Prikshit Plaha; Jeong Hee Kim; Charlotte J. Allender; Elena Beynon; Zhong Yun Piao; Pilar Soengas; Tae Ho Han; Graham J. King; Guy C. Barker; Paul Hand; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2007)

Unique Similarity of Faunal Communities across Aquatic–Terrestrial Interfaces in a Polar Desert Ecosystem - Edward Ayres; Diana H. Wall; Byron J. Adams; John E. Barrett; Ross A. Virginia (Ecosystems, 2007)

Effects of atmospheric dynamics and ocean resolution on bi-stability of the thermohaline circulation examined using the Grid ENabled Integrated Earth system modelling (GENIE) framework - T. M. Lenton; R. Marsh; A. R. Price; D. J. Lunt; Y. Aksenov; J. D. Annan; T. Cooper-Chadwick; S. J. Cox; N. R. Edwards; S. Goswami; J. C. Hargreaves; P. P. Harris; et al. (Climate Dynamics, 2007)

Patterns of Vertebrate Isochore Evolution Revealed by Comparison of Expressed Mammalian, Avian, and Crocodilian Genes - Jena L. Chojnowski; James Franklin; Yoshinao Katsu; Taisen Iguchi; Louis J. Guillette; Rebecca T. Kimball; Edward L. Braun (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2007)