Diagnosis and management of small‐scale fisheries in developing countries - Neil L Andrew; Christophe Béné; Stephen J Hall; Edward H Allison; Simon Heck; Blake D Ratner (Fish and Fisheries, 2007)
Small‐scale fisheries (SSF) make important but undervalued contributions to the economies of some of the world’s poorest countries. They also provide much of the animal protein needed by societies in which food security remains a pressing issue. Assessment and management of these fisheries is usually inadequate or absent and they continue to fall short of their potential as engines for development and social change. In this study, we bring together existing theory and methods to suggest a general scheme for diagnosing and managing SSF. This approach can be adapted to accommodate the diversity of these fisheries in the developing world. Many threats and solutions to the problems that beset SSF come from outside the domain of the fishery. Significant improvements in prospects for fisheries will require major changes in societal priorities and values, with consequent improvements in policy and governance. Changes in development policy and science reflect these imperatives but there remains a need for intra‐sectoral management that builds resilience and reduces vulnerability to those forces beyond the influence of small‐scale fishers.

Population dynamics of marine magnetotactic bacteria in a meromictic salt pond described with qPCR - Sheri L. Simmons; Dennis A. Bazylinski; Katrina J. Edwards (Environmental Microbiology, 2007)
Summary Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) contain membrane‐bound magnetic iron minerals and are globally abundant in the suboxic/anoxic portions of chemically stratified marine and freshwater environments. However, their population dynamics and potential quantitative contribution to the biogeochemical cycles that they influence (iron, sulfur, carbon) have not been previously considered. Here we report the first quantitative description of the distribution of individual species of magnetite‐ and greigite‐producing MTB in a natural system. We developed a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay targeting 16s rRNA genes to enumerate four major groups of marine MTB, and applied the assay to samples collected with respect to geochemical parameters during summer 2003 in seasonally stratified Salt Pond, MA. Using catalysed reporter deposition‐fluorescent in situ hybridization, we also show that a large greigite‐producing bacterium is distantly related to Thiomicrospira pelophila in the Gammaproteobacteria . Ribosomal RNA copy numbers obtained with quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicate that MTB comprise up to 10% of total Bacteria and that each organism has a characteristic distributional profile with respect to the chemocline.

Evidence for a male-produced pheromone in Tetropium fuscum (F.) and Tetropium cinnamopterum (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) - Peter J. Silk; Jon Sweeney; Junping Wu; Jessica Price; Jerzy M. Gutowski; Edward G. Kettela (The Science of Nature, 2007)

Poster abstracts - J. Ferrie; M. Shipley; F. Cappuccio; E. Brunner; M. Miller; M. Kumari; M. Marmot; A. Coenen; J. L. Castillo; F. Araya; G. Bustamante; L. Montecino; et al. (Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 2007)

Exploration of Ellsworth Subglacial Lake: a concept paper on the development, organisation and execution of an experiment to explore, measure and sample the environment of a West Antarctic subglacial lake - M.J. Siegert; A. Behar; M. Bentley; D. Blake; S. Bowden; P. Christoffersen; C. Cockell; H. Corr; D. C. Cullen; H. Edwards; A. Ellery; C. Ellis-Evans; et al. (Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 2007)

Treatment of diabetic wounds with fetal murine mesenchymal stromal cells enhances wound closure - Andrea T. Badillo; Robert A. Redden; Liping Zhang; Edward J. Doolin; Kenneth W. Liechty (Cell and Tissue Research, 2007)

A note on the top-down and bottom-up gradient functions over a forested site - Weiguo Wang; Kenneth J. Davis; Chuixiang Yi; Edward G. Patton; Martha P. Butler; Daniel M. Ricciuto; Peter S. Bakwin (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2007)

Comparative genomics reveals functional transcriptional control sequences in the Prop1 gene - Robert D. Ward; Shannon W. Davis; MinChul Cho; Constance Esposito; Robert H. Lyons; Jan-Fang Cheng; Edward M. Rubin; Simon J. Rhodes; Lori T. Raetzman; Timothy P. L. Smith; Sally A. Camper (Mammalian Genome, 2007)

Measuring global gene expression in polyploidy; a cautionary note from allohexaploid wheat - Rebecca Poole; Gary Barker; Ian D. Wilson; Jane A. Coghill; Keith J. Edwards (Functional & Integrative Genomics, 2007)

Improved drought tolerance of transgenic Zea mays plants that express the glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdhA) of E. coli - David A. Lightfoot; Rajsree Mungur; Rafiqa Ameziane; Scott Nolte; Lynn Long; Karen Bernhard; Andrew Colter; Karen Jones; M. J. Iqbal; Edward Varsa; Brian Young (Euphytica, 2007)

Just Add Water and the Colorado River Still Reaches the Sea - Edward P. Glenn; Karl W. Flessa; Michael J. Cohen; Pamela L. Nagler; Kirsten Rowell; Francisco Zamora-Arroyo (Environmental Management, 2007)

Hierarchical Bayesian methods estimate invasive weed impacts at pertinent spatial scales - Matthew J. Rinella; Edward C. Luschei (Biological Invasions, 2007)

Impact of Plio‐Pleistocene arid cycling on the population history of a southwestern Australian frog - DANIELLE L. EDWARDS; J. DALE ROBERTS; J. SCOTT KEOGH (Molecular Ecology, 2007)
Southwestern Australia is regarded as a global biodiversity hotspot. The region contains a high number of endemic species, ranging from Gondwanan relicts to much more recently evolved plant and animal species. Myobatrachid frogs are diverse in southwestern Australia, and while we know they have speciated in situ in the southwest, we know little about the temporal and geographical patterning of speciation events. Crinia georgiana is an ideal subject to test hypotheses concerning the effect of climatic history on southwestern Australian anurans, as it is an old lineage with a broad distribution covering the entire region. We compiled an extensive phylogeographical data set based on 1085 bp of the mitochondrial gene ND2 for 68 individuals from 18 sites across the species’ range. Two major genetic clades were identified which were largely confined to the high rainfall and southeast coastal biogeographical zones, respectively. The clades appear to have diverged around the Plio‐Pleistocene border (1.26–1.72 million years ago), concordant with increasing intensity and frequency of arid climate cycles. Subsequent phylogeographical structure appears to have developed primarily during the Pleistocene climatic fluctuations that also have been integral in generating species diversity in the endemic southwestern Australian flora. Phylogeographical analyses identified several dispersal routes, possible refugial areas within the range of the species and also regions of secondary contact. Dispersal routes identified may now be closed to the species because of habitat destruction and salinity problems in inland regions, posing concerns about the evolutionary potential of the species in light of predicted climate change.

Relationships between desert dunes during the late Quaternary in the Lake Frome region, Strzelecki Desert, Australia - Kathryn E. Fitzsimmons; James M. Bowler; Edward J. Rhodes; John M. Magee (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2007)
Transverse and linear dunes near the ephemeral Lake Frome in the Strzelecki Desert of Australia provide evidence for a genetic geomorphic relationship between desert dune types. Transverse dunes, overlying palaeoshorelines, lie upwind from linear dunes. The sedimentology of both dune types is similar, suggesting reworking or downwind transport of the same source material over time. Clay pellets from several horizons within the linear and transverse dunes provide evidence for fluctuating water tables and high evaporation rates during those periods of aeolian activity, along with salt influx associated with the deflation of Lake Frome. We conclude that the nature and initiation of dune activity is controlled not only by aridity, but by local hydrology. OSL ages from both transverse and linear dunes indicate aeolian activity at 66–57 ka and 22–11 ka. Transverse dune building took place around 106–111 ka. Linear dune activity initiated at least 66 ka ago, with reactivation around 43–28 ka, followed by pedogenesis in response to humid conditions. Widespread dune reactivation from around 22 ka correlates broadly with the Last Glacial Maximum and late glacial period, consistent with evidence of cold, arid conditions and dune activity in Australia. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Mid to late Holocene vegetation and land use history in the Weald of south-eastern England: multiple pollen profiles from the Rye area - Martyn P. Waller; J. Edward Schofield (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2007)

Toward a Practical Method for Setting Screening-Level, Ecological Risk-Based Water Temperature Criteria and Monitoring Compliance - Sean W. Fleming; Edward J. Quilty (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007)

Development of Gradient Descent Adaptive Algorithms to Remove Common Mode Artifact for Improvement of Cardiovascular Signal Quality - Edward J. Ciaccio; Evangelia Micheli-Tzanakou (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2007)

Inferring the Timescale of Dengue Virus Evolution Under Realistic Models of DNA Substitution - Eleca J. Dunham; Edward C. Holmes (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2007)

Case files of the university of cincinnati fellowship in medical toxicology: Two patients with acute lethal occupational exposure to hydrogen sulfide - Michael A. Policastro; Edward J. Otten (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2007)

Allelic dropout from a high-quality DNA source - Carl D. Soulsbury; Graziella Iossa; Keith J. Edwards; Philip J. Baker; Stephen Harris (Conservation Genetics, 2007)

Phylogeography of the high alpine plant Senecio halleri (Asteraceae) in the European Alps: in situ glacial survival with postglacial stepwise dispersal into peripheral areas - O. BETTIN; C. CORNEJO; P. J. EDWARDS; R. HOLDEREGGER (Molecular Ecology, 2007)
Whether alpine plant species survived Pleistocene glaciations in situ on high alpine nunatak mountains is still under debate. To test this hypothesis, Senecio halleri , a high alpine and endemic species with a narrow distribution range in the European Alps, was chosen as a model organism. Polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphisms of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA PCR‐RFLPs) were used in a phylogeographic analysis of 14 populations of S. halleri , covering its total distribution area. The results of haplotype diversity and distribution gave evidence of in situ glacial survival on siliceous central‐alpine nunatak mountains in two areas, southwest and northeast of the Aosta valley. According to the absence of genetic differentiation between these two nunatak areas (based on amova ), nested clade analysis implied a history of preglacial gene flow, in situ survival and extinction of intermediate populations during glaciation and postglacial stepwise recolonization of peripheral and intermediate areas.

AAPS-FDA Workshop White Paper: Microdialysis Principles, Application and Regulatory Perspectives - Chandra S. Chaurasia; Markus Müller; Edward D. Bashaw; Eva Benfeldt; Jan Bolinder; Ross Bullock; Peter M. Bungay; Elizabeth C. M. DeLange; Hartmut Derendorf; William F. Elmquist; Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes; Christian Joukhadar; et al. (Pharmaceutical Research, 2007)

GPS sidereal filtering: coordinate- and carrier-phase-level strategies - A. E. Ragheb; P. J. Clarke; S. J. Edwards (Journal of Geodesy, 2007)

Quantitative distribution of presumptive archaeal and bacterial nitrifiers in Monterey Bay and the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre - Tracy J. Mincer; Matthew J. Church; Lance Trent Taylor; Christina Preston; David M. Karl; Edward F. DeLong (Environmental Microbiology, 2007)
Summary The recent isolation of the ammonia‐oxidizing crenarchaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus has expanded the known phylogenetic distribution of nitrifying phenotypes beyond the domain Bacteria . To further characterize nitrification in the marine environment and explore the potential crenarchaeal contribution to this process, we quantified putative nitrifying genes and phylotypes in picoplankton genomic libraries and environmental DNA samples from coastal and open ocean habitats. Betaproteobacteria ammonia monooxygenase subunit A ( amoA ) gene copy numbers were low or undetectable, in stark contrast to crenarchaeal amoA‐ like genes that were broadly distributed and reached up to 6 × 10 4 copies ml −1 . Unexpectedly, in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, a deeply branching crenarchaeal group related to a hot spring clade (pSL12) was at times abundant below the euphotic zone. Quantitative data suggested that the pSL12 relatives also contain archaeal amoA ‐like genes. In both coastal and open ocean habitats, close relatives of known nitrite‐oxidizing Nitrospina species were well represented in genomic DNA libraries and quantitative PCR profiles. Planktonic Nitrospina depth distributions correlated with those of Crenarchaea . Overall, the data suggest that amoA ‐containing Crenarchaea are more phylogenetically diverse than previously reported. Additionally, distributional patterns of planktonic Crenarchaea and Nitrospina species suggest potential metabolic interactions between these groups in the ocean's water column.

Measuring RNA:DNA ratios in individual Acartia tonsa (Copepoda) - Christa L. Speekmann; B. Scott Nunez; Edward J. Buskey (Marine Biology, 2007)

Delaying forelimb responses by microstimulation of macaque V1 - Edward J. Tehovnik; Warren M. Slocum (Experimental Brain Research, 2007)

Increasing the Proportional Content of Surfactant (Cremophor EL) Relative to Lipid in Self-emulsifying Lipid-based Formulations of Danazol Reduces Oral Bioavailability in Beagle Dogs - Jean F. Cuiné; William N. Charman; Colin W. Pouton; Glenn A. Edwards; Christopher J. H. Porter (Pharmaceutical Research, 2007)

AAPS-FDA workshop white paper: Microdialysis principles, application, and regulatory perspectives report from the Joint AAPS-FDA Workshop, November 4–5, 2005, Nashville, TN - Chandra S. Chaurasia; Markus Müller; Edward D. Bashaw; Eva Benfeldt; Jan Bolinder; Ross Bullock; Peter M. Bungay; Elizabeth C. M. DeLange; Hartmut Derendorf; William F. Elmquist; Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes; Christian Joukhadar; et al. (The AAPS Journal, 2007)

Quality of race, Hispanic ethnicity, and immigrant status in population-based cancer registry data: implications for health disparity studies - Limin X. Clegg; Marsha E. Reichman; Benjamin F. Hankey; Barry A. Miller; Yi D. Lin; Norman J. Johnson; Stephen M. Schwartz; Leslie Bernstein; Vivien W. Chen; Marc T. Goodman; Scarlett L. Gomez; John J. Graff; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2007)

A long‐term chlorophyll dataset reveals regime shift in North Sea phytoplankton biomass unconnected to nutrient levels - Abigail McQuatters-Gollop; Dionysios E. Raitsos; Martin Edwards; Yaswant Pradhan; Laurence D. Mee; Samantha J. Lavender; Martin J. Attrill (Limnology and Oceanography, 2007)
During the 1980s, a rapid increase in the Phytoplankton Colour Index (PCI), a semiquantitative visual estimate of algal biomass, was observed in the North Sea as part of a regionwide regime shift. Two new data sets created from the relationship between the PCI and SeaWiFS chlorophyll a (Chl a ) quantify differences in the previous and current regimes for both the anthropogenically affected coastal North Sea and the comparatively unaffected open North Sea. The new regime maintains a 13% higher Chl a concentration in the open North Sea and a 21% higher concentration in coastal North Sea waters. However, the current regime has lower total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations than the previous regime, although the molar N: P ratio in coastal waters is now well above the Redfield ratio and continually increasing. Besides becoming warmer, North Sea waters are also becoming clearer (i.e., less turbid), thereby allowing the normally light‐limited coastal phytoplankton to more effectively utilize lower concentrations of nutrients. Linear regression analyses indicate that winter Secchi depth and sea surface temperature are the most important predictors of coastal Chl a , while Atlantic inflow is the best predictor of open Chl a ; nutrient concentrations are not a significant predictor in either model. Thus, despite decreasing nutrient concentrations, Chl a continues to increase, suggesting that climatic variability and water transparency may be more important than nutrient concentrations to phytoplankton production at the scale of this study.

Modern pollen–vegetation relationships in subarctic southern Greenland and the interpretation of fossil pollen data from the Norse landnám - J. Edward Schofield; Kevin J. Edwards; J. Andy McMullen (Journal of Biogeography, 2007)
Aim The objective of this paper is to explore the relationships that exist between vegetation and modern pollen rain in the open, largely treeless landscape of subarctic Greenland. The implications of these results for the interpretation of fossil pollen assemblages from the time of the Norse landnám are then examined. Location The study area is the sheep farming district of Qassiarsuk in the subarctic, subcontinental vegetational and climatic zone of southern Greenland (61° N, 45° W). Between c. ad 1000–1500 this region was contained within the Norse Eastern Settlement. Methods Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) of harmonized plant–pollen data sets is used to compare plant cover in 64 vegetation quadrats with pollen assemblages obtained from moss polsters at matching locations. Presence/absence data are also used to calculate indices of association, over‐ and under‐representation for pollen types. Results Good correspondence between paired vegetation–pollen samples occurs in many cases, particularly in locations where Salix glauca – Betula glandulosa dwarf shrub heath is dominant, and across herbaceous field boundaries and meadows. Pollen samples are found to be poor at reflecting actual ground cover where ericales or Juniperus communis are the locally dominant shrubs. Dominant or ubiquitous taxa within this landscape ( Betula , Salix and Poaceae) are found to be over‐represented in pollen assemblages, as are several of the ‘weeds’ generally accepted as introduced by the Norse settlers. Main conclusions Due to their over‐representation in the pollen rain, many of the Norse apophytes and introductions (e.g. Rumex acetosa and R. acetosella ) traditionally used to infer human activity in Greenland should be particularly sensitive indicators for landnám , allowing early detection of Norse activity in fossil assemblages. Pteridophyte spores are found to be disassociated with the ground cover of ferns and clubmosses, but are over‐represented in pollen assemblages, indicating extra‐local or regional sources and long residence times in soil/sediment profiles for these microfossils. A pollen record for Hordeum ‐type registered in close proximity to a field containing barley suggests that summer temperatures under the current climatic regime are, at least on occasion, sufficient to allow flowering.

Spatio-temporal patterns in county-level incidence and reporting of Lyme disease in the northeastern United States, 1990–2000 - Lance A. Waller; Brett J. Goodwin; Mark L. Wilson; Richard S. Ostfeld; Stacie L. Marshall; Edward B. Hayes (Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 2007)

Guidelines on nicotine dose selection for in vivo research - Shannon G. Matta; David J. Balfour; Neal L. Benowitz; R. Thomas Boyd; Jerry J. Buccafusco; Anthony R. Caggiula; Caroline R. Craig; Allan C. Collins; M. Imad Damaj; Eric C. Donny; Phillip S. Gardiner; Sharon R. Grady; et al. (Psychopharmacology, 2007)

Phylogeny of Bonatea (Orchidaceae: Habenariinae) based on molecular and morphological data - M. E. Ponsie; A. Mitchell; T. J. Edwards; S. D. Johnson (Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2007)

Microstimulation of V1 delays visually guided saccades: a parametric evaluation of delay fields - Edward J. Tehovnik; Warren M. Slocum (Experimental Brain Research, 2007)

Degradation of water quality in Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland, by diffuse nitrogen flux from a phosphorus‐rich catchment - Lynda Bunting; Peter R. Leavitt; Christopher E. Gibson; Edward J. McGee; Valerie A. Hall (Limnology and Oceanography, 2007)
Annually resolved fossil records of nitrogen (N) inputs (as sedimentary δ 15 N, N content), aquatic production (δ 13 C, C content), and algal abundance and gross community composition (pigments, nonsiliceous microfossils) from Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland (NI), were compared with annual records of climatic variability, atmospheric and urban nutrient loading, whole‐catchment nutrient budgets, and limnological monitoring data to identify the unique effects of N on the eutrophication of a phosphorus (P)‐rich lake during ca. 1933‐1995. Cluster analysis revealed two major biostratigraphic zones. Zone I (ca. 1933–1955) was characterized by moderate lake production, as inferred from low concentrations of most fossil pigments and reduced δ 15 N signatures but elevated δ 13 C values and chlorophyte microfossil concentrations. In contrast, Zone II (ca. 1955‐1995) exhibited greatly increased contents of 15 N, N, C, and algal pigments, combined with strongly reduced δ 13 C ratios and chlorophyte fossil abundance, a pattern consistent with recent severe eutrophication. Overall, microfossils of diazotrophic cyanobacteria were most abundant during the transition period between zones (ca. 1955‐1964). Regression analysis revealed that past N influx to the lake (as δ 15 N; r 2 = 0.916, p 2 = 0.837, p 2 = 0.388, p 2 δ 15 N = 0.503, p 2 cyanobacteria = 0.296, p 2 total algae = 0.046, p

Climate‐related increases in jellyfish frequency suggest a more gelatinous future for the North Sea - Martin J. Attrill; Jade Wright; Martin Edwards (Limnology and Oceanography, 2007)
Data obtained since 1958 from the continuous plankton recorder show an increasing occurrence of jellyfish in the central North Sea that is positively related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Atlantic inflow to the northern North Sea. Since 1970, jellyfish frequency has been also significantly negatively correlated with mean annual pH, independent of NAO trends. Jellyfish frequency increased in the mid‐1980s, coincident with the reported regime shift in the North Sea and tracking trends in phytoplankton color. As models produced under all climate‐change scenarios indicate a move toward a positive NAO, and pH of the oceans is predicted to decrease with rising CO 2 , we suggest that jellyfish frequency will increase over the next 100 yr.

Separating climatic and possible human impacts in the early Holocene: biotic response around the time of the 8200 cal. yr BP event - Kevin J. Edwards; Peter G. Langdon; Heather Sugden (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2007)
The early Holocene is characterised by rapid climate change events, which in the North Atlantic region are often associated with changes in thermohaline circulation. Superimposed on this in northwest Europe is localised evidence for human impact on the landscape, although separating climatic and anthropogenic mechanisms for environmental change is often difficult. Biotic and sedimentological evidence from a lacustrine sequence from the Inner Hebrides, Scotland, shows a considerable reduction in inferred local woodland centred upon 8250 cal. yr BP. These data correlate precisely with a distinctive rise in the charcoal:pollen ratio and hence suggest a possible Mesolithic human impact upon the vegetation around this time. A quantitative temperature reconstruction from chironomid analyses from the same sequence, supported by sedimentological data, indicates that the fall in arboreal pollen taxa occurred as climate warmed significantly during the early Holocene. This warming was followed by a significant cold event, with mean July temperatures reduced by 2°C, that lasted for at least 320 years ca. 7790–7470 cal. yr BP. Woodland recovered during this phase suggesting that the vegetation during the 8250 cal. yr BP interval was likely to have been responding to human activity, and not climate, and hence it is possible at specific sites to separate the influence of these key drivers of environmental change. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Bottom‐up forcing and the decline of Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus ) in Alaska: assessing the ocean climate hypothesis - ANDREW W. TRITES; ARTHUR J. MILLER; HERBERT D. G. MASCHNER; MICHAEL A. ALEXANDER; STEVEN J. BOGRAD; JOHN A. CALDER; ANTONIETTA CAPOTONDI; KENNETH O. COYLE; EMANUELE DI LORENZO; BRUCE P. FINNEY; EDWARD J. GREGR; CHESTER E. GROSCH; et al. (Fisheries Oceanography, 2007)
Declines of Steller sea lion ( Eumetopias jubatus ) populations in the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska could be a consequence of physical oceanographic changes associated with the 1976–77 climate regime shift. Changes in ocean climate are hypothesized to have affected the quantity, quality, and accessibility of prey, which in turn may have affected the rates of birth and death of sea lions. Recent studies of the spatial and temporal variations in the ocean climate system of the North Pacific support this hypothesis. Ocean climate changes appear to have created adaptive opportunities for various species that are preyed upon by Steller sea lions at mid‐trophic levels. The east–west asymmetry of the oceanic response to climate forcing after 1976–77 is consistent with both the temporal aspect (populations decreased after the late 1970s) and the spatial aspect of the decline (western, but not eastern, sea lion populations decreased). These broad‐scale climate variations appear to be modulated by regionally sensitive biogeographic structures along the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska, which include a transition point from coastal to open‐ocean conditions at Samalga Pass westward along the Aleutian Islands. These transition points delineate distinct clusterings of different combinations of prey species, which are in turn correlated with differential population sizes and trajectories of Steller sea lions. Archaeological records spanning 4000 yr further indicate that sea lion populations have experienced major shifts in abundance in the past. Shifts in ocean climate are the most parsimonious underlying explanation for the broad suite of ecosystem changes that have been observed in the North Pacific Ocean in recent decades.

Unexpected diversity in populations of the many‐celled magnetotactic prokaryote - Sheri L. Simmons; Katrina J. Edwards (Environmental Microbiology, 2007)
Summary The many‐celled magnetotactic prokaryote (MMP) is an uncultivated, highly motile aggregate of 10–30 cells containing numerous chains of greigite (Fe 3 S 4 ) magnetosomes. It is unique to marine environments and is abundant in slightly sulfidic sediments of the Little Sippewissett salt marsh (Falmouth, MA). We sequenced 16s rDNA genes from a natural population of MMP and found five lineages separated by at least 5% sequence divergence. Fluorescent in situ hybridization probes for three of these lineages showed significant variation in their relative abundances across a seasonal cycle in marsh productivity. The MMP should therefore be considered a separate genus in the δ‐proteobacteria rather than a single species as previously thought. All cells in each aggregate express identical SSU rRNAs, suggesting that the aggregates are composed of a single MMP phylotype. This observation supports a model of the MMP as comprised of clonal cells which reproduce by binary fission of the aggregate.

Calanoid copepod escape behavior in response to a visual predator - Rebecca J. Waggett; Edward J. Buskey (Marine Biology, 2006)

Development of a real-time three-dimensional spinal motion measurement system for clinical practice - Christina Goodvin; Edward J. Park; Kevin Huang; Kelly Sakaki (Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2006)

Seeing red primes tomato: evidence for comparable priming from colour and colour name primes to semantically related word targets - Tanja C. W. Nijboer; Martine J. E. van Zandvoort; Edward H. F. de Haan (Cognitive Processing, 2006)

Diversity and expression of nitrogenase genes ( nifH ) from ectomycorrhizas of Corsican pine ( Pinus nigra ) - Hironari Izumi; Ian C. Anderson; Ian J. Alexander; Ken Killham; Edward R. B. Moore (Environmental Microbiology, 2006)
Summary The diversity of bacterial nitrogenase genes ( nifH ) and their mRNA transcription in ectomycorrhizas of Corsican pine ( Pinus nigra ) were examined. DNA and RNA were extracted from surface‐sterilized and non‐sterilized Corsican pine roots colonized by the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, Suillus variegatus and Tomentellopsis submollis . DNA‐derived nifH polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were obtained from all samples, but only a few reverse transcription PCRs for nifH mRNA were successful, suggesting that nitrogenase genes were not always transcribed. Several different nifH sequences were detected and the bacteria actively transcribing nifH were different from those whose genes were detected through DNA‐based PCR. Putative nitrogenase amino acid sequences revealed that more than half of the nifH products were derived from methylotrophic bacteria, such as Methylocella spp. The next most frequent sequence types were similar to those from Burkholderia .

In Vivo β-adrenergic activation of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) reporter expression - J. G. Edwards (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2006)

Breeding system of a plesiomorphic floral type: an investigation of small flowered Streptocarpus (Gesneriaceae) species - M. Hughes; G. MacMaster; M. Möller; D. U. Bellstedt; T. J. Edwards (Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2006)

A prospective study of fish, marine fatty acids, and bladder cancer risk among men and women (United States) - Crystal N. Holick; Edward L. Giovannucci; Meir J. Stampfer; Dominique S. Michaud (Cancer Causes & Control, 2006)

Comparative phylogeography of eastern chipmunks and white‐footed mice in relation to the individualistic nature of species - KEVIN C. ROWE; EDWARD J. HESKE; KEN N. PAIGE (Molecular Ecology, 2006)
Palaeoecological studies have demonstrated that ecological communities as a whole did not remain stable throughout the climatic fluctuations of the Quaternary. The result is that long‐term associations of species cannot be inferred by contemporary associations in ecological communities. Therefore, the evolutionary significance of any contemporary ecological interactions among species and of the biotic community within which species have evolved also cannot be assumed from contemporary conditions. Comparative phylogeographic data provide a method to identify species within ecological communities that have shared biogeographic histories. We present an example of a long‐term association between populations of two mammalian species, eastern chipmunks ( Tamias striatus ) and white‐footed mice ( Peromyscus leucopus ), which are commonly associated with deciduous forest habitats. The distribution of mitochondrial DNA variation in T. striatus and P. leucopus from previously glaciated regions of the eastern United States support the hypothesis that, in at least part of their range, genetic lineages of the two species have expanded from similar population sources since the Last Glacial Maximum. In addition, the spatial concordance of genetic lineages of T. striatus and P. leucopus with the oak‐savannah forest formations of Wisconsin and Illinois, suggest that populations associated with this community colonized the area in association with a set of arboreal species that comprise their deciduous forest habitat.

An eddy covariance mesonet to measure the effect of forest age on land–atmosphere exchange - MICHAEL L. GOULDEN; GREGORY C. WINSTON; ANDREW M. S. McMILLAN; MARCY E. LITVAK; EDWARD L. READ; ADRIAN V. ROCHA; J. ROB ELLIOT (Global Change Biology, 2006)
We deployed a mesonet of year‐round eddy covariance towers in boreal forest stands that last burned in ∼1850, ∼1930, 1964, 1981, 1989, 1998, and 2003 to understand how CO 2 exchange and evapotranspiration change during secondary succession. We used MODIS imagery to establish that the tower sites were representative of the patterns of secondary succession in the region, and Landsat images to show that the individual stands have changed over the last 22 years in ways that match the spatially derived trends. The eddy covariance towers were well matched, with similar equipment and programs, which maximized site‐to‐site precision and allowed us to operate the network in an efficient manner. The six oldest sites were fully operational for ∼90% of the growing season and ∼70% of the dormant season from 2001 or 2002 to 2004, with most of the missing data caused by low battery charge or bad signals from the sonic anemometers. The rates of midday growing‐season CO 2 uptake recovered to preburn levels within 4 years of fire. The seasonality of land–atmosphere exchange and growing‐season length changed markedly with stand age. The foliage in the younger stands (1989, 1998, and 2003 burns) was almost entirely deciduous, which resulted in comparatively short growing seasons that lasted ∼65 days. In contrast, the older stands (1850, 1930, 1964, and 1981) were mostly evergreen, which resulted in comparatively long growing seasons that lasted ∼130 days. The eddy covariance mesonet approach we describe could be used within the context of other ecological experimental designs such as controlled manipulations and gradient comparisons.

Temperature‐independent diel variation in soil respiration observed from a temperate deciduous forest - Q. LIU; N. T. EDWARDS; W. M. POST; L. GU; J. LEDFORD; S. LENHART (Global Change Biology, 2006)
The response of soil respiration ( R s ) to temperature depends largely on the temporal and spatial scales of interest and how other environmental factors interact with this response. They are often represented by empirical exponential equations in many ecosystem analyses because of the difficulties in separating covarying environmental responses and in observing below ground processes. The objective of this study was to quantify a soil temperature‐independent component in R s by examining the diel variation of an R s time series measured in a temperate deciduous forest located at Oak Ridge, TN, USA between March and December 2003. By fitting 2 hourly, continuous automatic chamber measurements of CO 2 efflux at the soil surface to a Q 10 function to obtain the temperature‐dependent respiration ( R t ) and plotting the diel cycles of R t , R s , and their difference ( R i ), we found that an obvious temperature‐independent component exists in R s during the growing season. The diel cycle of this component has a distinct day/night pattern and agrees well with diel variations in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and air temperature. Elevated canopy CO 2 concentration resulted in similar patterns in the diel cycle of the temperature‐independent component but with different daily average rates in different stages of growing season. We speculate that photosynthesis of the stand is one of the main contributors to this temperature‐independent respiration component although more experiments are needed to draw a firm conclusion. We also found that despite its relatively small magnitude compared with the temperature‐dependent component, the diel variation in the temperature‐independent component can lead to significantly different estimates of the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in the study forest. As a result, the common practice of using fitted temperature‐dependent function from night‐time measurements to extrapolate soil respiration during the daytime may underestimate daytime soil respiration.

Aquatic plants as environmental indicators of ecological condition in New Zealand lakes - J. Clayton; T. Edwards (Hydrobiologia, 2006)

A COMPARISON OF BIOFOULING COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH FREE‐RANGING AND CAPTIVE FLORIDA MANATEES ( TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS ) - Erin L. Bledsoe; Kendal E. Harr; Mary F. Cichra; Edward J. Phlips; Robert K. Bonde; Mark Lowe (Marine Mammal Science, 2006)

Millennia‐long tree‐ring records from Tasmania and New Zealand: a basis for modelling climate variability and forcing, past, present and future - Edward R. Cook; Brendan M. Buckley; Jonathan G. Palmer; Pavla Fenwick; Michael J. Peterson; Gretel Boswijk; Anthony Fowler (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2006)
Progress in the development of millennia‐long tree‐ring chronologies from Australia and New Zealand is reviewed from the perspective of modelling long‐term climate variability there. Three tree species have proved successful in this regard: Huon pine ( Lagarostrobos franklinii ) from Tasmania, silver pine ( L. colensoi ) from the South Island of New Zealand, and kauri ( Agathis australis ) from the North Island of New Zealand. Each of these species is very long‐lived and produces abundant quantities of well‐preserved wood for extending their tree‐ring chronologies back several millennia into the past. The growth patterns on these chronologies strongly correlate with both local and regional warm‐season temperature changes over significant areas of the Southern Hemisphere (especially Huon and silver pine) and to ENSO variability emanating from the equatorial Pacific region (especially kauri). In addition, there is evidence for significant, band‐limited, multi‐decadal and centennial timescale variability in the warm‐season temperature reconstruction based on Huon pine tree rings that may be related to slowly varying changes in ocean circulation dynamics in the southern Indian Ocean. This suggests the possibility of long‐term climate predictability there. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Greater vulnerability to the amnestic effects of ketamine in males - Celia J. A. Morgan; Edward B. Perry; Hyung-Sang Cho; John H. Krystal; Deepak Cyril D’Souza (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

The Absorption of Darbepoetin Alfa Occurs Predominantly via the Lymphatics Following Subcutaneous Administration to Sheep - Danielle N. McLennan; Christopher J. H. Porter; Glenn A. Edwards; Anne C. Heatherington; Steven W. Martin; Susan A. Charman (Pharmaceutical Research, 2006)

Nutritional status of four species of giant land snails in Nigeria - O. Fagbuaro; J. A. Oso; J. B. Edward; R. F. Ogunleye (Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 2006)

Optimizing crystal volume for neutron diffraction: D-xylose isomerase - Edward H. Snell; Mark J. van der Woerd; Michael Damon; Russell A. Judge; Dean A. A. Myles; Flora Meilleur (European Biophysics Journal, 2006)

A quasi-Laue neutron crystallographic study of d-xylose isomerase - Flora Meilleur; Edward H. Snell; Mark J. van der Woerd; Russell A. Judge; Dean A. A. Myles (European Biophysics Journal, 2006)

Co-management Policy Can Reduce Resilience in Traditionally Managed Marine Ecosystems - Stefan Gelcich; Gareth Edwards-Jones; Michel J. Kaiser; Juan C. Castilla (Ecosystems, 2006)

The public health informatics infrastructure: anticipating its role in cancer - Edward H. Shortliffe; Edward J. Sondik (Cancer Causes & Control, 2006)

Phloem Alkaloid Tolerance Allows Feeding on Resistant Lupinus angustifolius by the Aphid Myzus persicae - Yasmin J. Cardoza; Shao Fang Wang; Jenny Reidy-Crofts; Owain R. Edwards (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2006)

Pink eye is an unusual periderm disorder characterized by aberrant suberization: A cytological analysis - Edward C. Lulai; John J. Weiland; Jeffrey C. Suttle; Robert P. Sabba; A. J. Bussan (American Journal of Potato Research, 2006)

A reassessment of the mating system characteristics of the army ant Eciton burchellii - Daniel J. C. Kronauer; Stefanie M. Berghoff; Scott Powell; A. Jay Denny; Keith J. Edwards; Nigel R. Franks; Jacobus J. Boomsma (The Science of Nature, 2006)

Temporal and spatial appearance of wall polysaccharides during cellularization of barley (Hordeum vulgare) endosperm - Sarah M. Wilson; Rachel A. Burton; Monika S. Doblin; Bruce A. Stone; Edward J. Newbigin; Geoffrey B. Fincher; Antony Bacic (Planta, 2006)

Gap size and succession in cutover southern Appalachian forests: an 18 year study of vegetation dynamics - Donald J. Shure; Donald L. Phillips; P. Edward Bostick (Plant Ecology, 2006)

Evidence for adiabatic decompression melting in the Southern Mariana Arc from high-Mg lavas and melt inclusions - Edward J. Kohut; Robert J. Stern; Adam J. R. Kent; Roger L. Nielsen; Sherman H. Bloomer; Matthew Leybourne (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2006)

Pharmacodynamics of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1 Infected Patients: Using Viral Dynamic Models that Incorporate Drug Susceptibility and Adherence - Hulin Wu; Yangxin Huang; Edward P. Acosta; Jeong -Gun Park; Song Yu; Susan L. Rosenkranz; Daniel R. Kuritzkes; Joseph J. Eron; Alan S. Perelson; John G. Gerber (Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 2006)

The Influence of Habitat Variables on Bird Communities in Forest Remnants in Costa Rica - Robert B. Matlock; Peter J. Edwards (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2006)

Sensitivity of Marine‐Reserve Design to the Spatial Resolution of Socioeconomic Data - ELIZABETH A. RICHARDSON; MICHEL J. KAISER; GARETH EDWARDS‐JONES; HUGH P. POSSINGHAM (Conservation Biology, 2006)
Socioeconomic considerations should have an important place in reserve design. Systematic reserve‐selection tools allow simultaneous optimization for ecological objectives while minimizing costs but are seldom used to incorporate socioeconomic costs in the reserve‐design process. The sensitivity of this process to biodiversity data resolution has been studied widely but the issue of socioeconomic data resolution has not previously been considered. We therefore designed marine reserves for biodiversity conservation with the constraint of minimizing commercial fishing revenue losses and investigated how economic data resolution affected the results. Incorporating coarse‐resolution economic data from official statistics generated reserves that were only marginally less costly to the fishery than those designed with no attempt to minimize economic impacts. An intensive survey yielded fine‐resolution data that, when incorporated in the design process, substantially reduced predicted fishery losses. Such an approach could help minimize fisher displacement because the least profitable grounds are selected for the reserve. Other work has shown that low‐resolution biodiversity data can lead to underestimation of the conservation value of some sites, and a risk of overlooking the most valuable areas, and we have similarly shown that low‐resolution economic data can cause underestimation of the profitability of some sites and a risk of inadvertently including these in the reserve. Detailed socioeconomic data are therefore an essential input for the design of cost‐effective reserve networks.

The auxin-induced K+ channel gene Zmk1 in maize functions in coleoptile growth and is required for embryo development - Katrin Philippar; Kai Büchsenschütz; David Edwards; Julia Löffler; Hartwig Lüthen; Erhard Kranz; Keith J. Edwards; Rainer Hedrich (Plant Molecular Biology, 2006)

Smooth muscle trans-membrane sarcoglycan complex in partial bladder outlet obstruction - Edward J. Macarak; Jake Schulz; Stephen A. Zderic; Yoshikazu Sado; Yoshifumi Ninomiya; Erzsebet Polyak; Samuel Chacko; Pamela S. Howard (Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 2006)

Phosphorus Translocation by Red Deer on a Subalpine Grassland in the Central European Alps - Martin Schütz; Anita C. Risch; Gérald Achermann; Conny Thiel-Egenter; Deborah S. Page-Dumroese; Martin F. Jurgensen; Peter J. Edwards (Ecosystems, 2006)

Millennial timescale carbon cycle and climate change in an efficient Earth system model - T. M. Lenton; M. S. Williamson; N. R. Edwards; R. Marsh; A. R. Price; A. J. Ridgwell; J. G. Shepherd; S. J. Cox (Climate Dynamics, 2006)

O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Leu84Phe and Ile143Val Polymorphisms and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Nurses’ Health Study and Physicians’ Health Study (United States) - Gregory J. Tranah; James Bugni; Edward Giovannucci; Jing Ma; Charles Fuchs; Lisa Hines; Leona Samson; David J. Hunter (Cancer Causes & Control, 2006)

Dietary restriction-induced life extension: a broadly based biological phenomenon - Edward J. Masoro (Biogerontology, 2006)

Interactions between Widely Spaced Young Poplars (Populus spp.) and the Understorey Environment - G. B. Douglas; A. S. Walcroft; S. E. Hurst; J. F. Potter; A. G. Foote; L. E. Fung; W. R. N. Edwards; C. van den Dijssel (Agroforestry Systems, 2006)

Conservation Benefits of Temperate Marine Protected Areas: Variation among Fish Species - ROBERT E. BLYTH‐SKYRME; MICHEL J. KAISER; JAN G. HIDDINK; GARETH EDWARDS‐JONES; PAUL J. B. HART (Conservation Biology, 2006)
Marine protected areas, and other fishery management systems that impart partial or total protection from fishing, are increasingly advocated as an essential management tool to ensure the sustainable use of marine resources. Beneficial effects for fish species are well documented for tropical and reef systems, but the effects of marine protected areas remain largely untested in temperate waters. We compared trends in sport‐fishing catches of nine fish species in an area influenced by a large (500‐km 2 ) towed‐fishing‐gear restriction zone and in adjacent areas under conventional fishery management controls. Over the period 1973–2002 the mean reported weight of above‐average‐sized (trophy) fish of species with early age at maturity and limited home range was greatest within the area influenced by the fishing‐gear restriction zone. The reported weight of trophy fish of species that mature early also declined less and more slowly over time within the area influenced by the fishing‐gear restriction zone. Importantly, the mean reported weight of trophy fish of species that mature late and those that undertake extensive spatial movements declined at the same rate in all areas. Hence these species are likely to require protected areas >500 km 2 for effective protection. Our results also indicated that fish species with a localized distribution or high site fidelity may require additional protection from sport fishing to prevent declines in the number or size of fish within the local population.

Development of microsatellite markers and analysis of intraspecific genetic variability in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) - Niroj Kumar Sethy; Bhumika Shokeen; Keith J. Edwards; Sabhyata Bhatia (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2006)

Assembling a mutualism: ant symbionts locate their host plants by detecting volatile chemicals - D. P. Edwards; M. Hassall; W. J. Sutherland; D. W. Yu (Insectes Sociaux, 2006)

hAT element population genetics in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Mozambique - David A. O’Brochta; Ramanand A. Subramanian; Jamison Orsetti; Edward Peckham; Nicole Nolan; Peter Arensburger; Peter W. Atkinson; Derek J. Charlwood (Genetica, 2006)

A Case Study on the Effects of Heterogeneous Soil Moisture on Mesoscale Boundary-Layer Structure in the Southern Great Plains, U.S.A. Part I: Simple Prognostic Model - Ankur R. Desai; Kenneth J. Davis; Christoph J. Senff; Syed Ismail; Edward V. Browell; David R. Stauffer; Brian P. Reen (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2006)

Reinvestigation of the method used to map the electronic structure of blue copper proteins by NMR relaxation - D. Flemming Hansen; Serge I. Gorelsky; Ritimukta Sarangi; Keith O. Hodgson; Britt Hedman; Hans E. M. Christensen; Edward I. Solomon; Jens J. Led (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2006)

Handbook of statistical genetics, 2nd edition - J. H. Edwards (Journal of Genetics, 2006)

The Failure of Dose–response Models to Predict Low Dose Effects: A Major Challenge for Biomedical, Toxicological and Aging Research - Edward J. Calabrese (Biogerontology, 2006)

An indirect test of inbreeding depression in the termites Reticulitermes flavipes and Reticulitermes virginicus - Christopher J. DeHeer; Edward L. Vargo (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2006)

Trans-Endplate Nucleotomy Increases Deformation and Creep Response in Axial Loading - Wade Johannessen; Jordan M. Cloyd; Grace D. O'Connell; Edward J. Vresilovic; Dawn M. Elliott (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2006)

The Role of Ecolabeling in Fisheries Management and Conservation - MICHEL J. KAISER; GARETH EDWARDS‐JONES (Conservation Biology, 2006)
The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) regulates the ecolabeling of products from fisheries with the aim of promoting sustainable fishery practices. To date 11 fisheries have attained full certification and a further 7 are under review. Together these fisheries offer 220 ecolabeled marine products to consumers. Despite great potential to encourage sustainable fisheries, and thereby bring conservation benefits to marine systems, a range of issues may limit the wider uptake of MSC ecolabeled products. These include a general lack of consumer concern for marine fishes and sustainable fisheries, an absence of guaranteed continued financial benefits to participating fishers, and difficulties of quality assurance that are related to complexities of monitoring compliance of marine fisheries. In addition, it is apparent that property rights over the fishery seem to be an essential prerequisite for engagement in MSC, and this is one major impediment to wider uptake of the scheme in current marine fisheries, which tend to be open access. Some modifications to the current scheme may be needed if wider participation of marine fishers is to be achieved. These may include a tiered approach to certification, certification of fishers rather than fisheries, governmental facilitation to assist the latter, and greater engagement with retailers and buyers rather than individual consumers. None of these changes will occur without constructive engagement of government, retailers, and the fishing industry.

Determination of a Human Hepatic Microsomal Scaling Factor for Predicting in Vivo Drug Clearance - Nancy Hakooz; Kiyomi Ito; Helen Rawden; Helen Gill; Lynn Lemmers; Alan R. Boobis; Robert J. Edwards; David J. Carlile; Brian G. Lake; J. Brian Houston (Pharmaceutical Research, 2006)

Evaluation of benzene exposure in adults and urinary s-phenylmercapturic acid in children living in Adelaide, South Australia - A. R. Bahramiand; J. W. Edwards (International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2006)

Diet After Diagnosis and the Risk of Prostate Cancer Progression, Recurrence, and Death (United States) - June M. Chan; Crystal N. Holick; Michael F. Leitzmann; Eric B. Rimm; Walter C. Willett; Meir J. Stampfer; Edward L. Giovannucci (Cancer Causes & Control, 2006)

Two-locus genome-wide linkage scan for prostate cancer susceptibility genes with an interaction effect - Bao-Li Chang; Ethan M. Lange; Latchezar Dimitrov; Christopher J. Valis; Elizabeth M. Gillanders; Leslie A. Lange; Kathleen E. Wiley; Sarah D. Isaacs; Fredrik Wiklund; Agnes Baffoe-Bonnie; Carl D Langefeld; S. Lilly Zheng; et al. (Human Genetics, 2006)

Oracle-based optimization applied to climate model calibration - Cesar Beltran; N. R. Edwards; A. B. Haurie; J.-P. Vial; D. S. Zachary (Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 2006)

Are Findings from Studies of Obesity and Prostate Cancer Really in Conflict? - Stephen J. Freedland; Edward Giovannucci; Elizabeth A. Platz (Cancer Causes & Control, 2006)

Transgenic Plants for Insect Pest Control: A Forward Looking Scientific Perspective - N. Ferry; M. G. Edwards; J. Gatehouse; T. Capell; P. Christou; A. M. R. Gatehouse (Transgenic Research, 2006)

White Paper: Rationale, Goals, and Approach for Education of Biosystems and Biosignals in Undergraduate Biomedical Engineering Degree Programs - Kenneth R. Lutchen; Edward J. Berbari (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2006)

Interactions between Widely Spaced Young Poplars (Populus spp.) and Introduced Pasture Mixtures - G. B. Douglas; A. S. Walcroft; S. E. Hurst; J. F. Potter; A. G. Foote; L. E. Fung; W. R. N. Edwards; C. van den Dijssel (Agroforestry Systems, 2006)

COMPLEMENTARY ROLES OF MICROTUBULES AND MICROFILAMENTS IN THE LUNG FIBROBLAST-MEDIATED CONTRACTION OF COLLAGEN GELS: DYNAMICS AND THE INFLUENCE OF CELL DENSITY - ROBERT A. REDDEN; EDWARD J. DOOLIN (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 2006)

Intracellular colonization of roots of Arabidopsis and crop plants by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus - Edward C. Cocking; Philip J. Stone; Michael R. Davey (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 2006)

First record of anthracnose of spinach caused by Colletotrichum dematium in Australia - W. S. Washington; G. Irvine; R. Aldaoud; S. DeAlwis; J. Edwards; I. G. Pascoe (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2006)

Observation and Simulation of Root Reinforcement on Abandoned Mediterranean Slopes - L. P. H. van Beek; J. Wint; L. H. Cammeraat; J. P. Edwards (Plant and Soil, 2005)

Refugia, dispersal and divergence in a forest archipelago: a study of Streptocarpus in eastern South Africa - M. HUGHES; M. MÖLLER; D. U. BELLSTEDT; T. J. EDWARDS; M. DE VILLIERS (Molecular Ecology, 2005)
We describe a scenario of plant speciation across a relict forest archipelago in South Africa involving Pleistocene habitat expansion‐contraction cycles, dispersal and adaptation to lower temperatures. This is the first population level study using molecular data in South African forests and has significant implications for conservation efforts in this area. Populations of the mesophytic forest floor herbs Streptocarpus primulifolius sensu lato and Streptocarpus rexii were sampled throughout their range in the naturally fragmented forests of eastern South Africa in order to investigate population genetic and phylogenetic patterns within the species complex, using nuclear microsatellites, nuclear ribosomal ITS (internal transcribed spacer) sequences and chloroplast genome sequences. S . primulifolius harbours high levels of genetic diversity at both the nuclear (mean H E = 0.50) and the chloroplast level (each population fixed for a unique haplotype). This is consistent with populations of these coastal species being Pleistocene relicts. In contrast, populations of S . rexii in cooler habitats at higher altitudes and lower latitudes harbour little or no nuclear genetic diversity (mean H E = 0.09) and most share a common chloroplast haplotype. The split of S . rexii from populations intermediate between the two species ( S . cf. primulifolius ) occurred between 0 and 0.44 million years ago according to the calibrated ITS phylogeny of the taxa. The low genetic diversity and homogeneity of S . rexii is congruent with this species having reached its current range during the Holocene. We found no evidence of monophyly of any of the taxa in this study, which we consider a consequence of recent evolution in a fragmented habitat.

Phosphorus status determines biomass response to elevated CO 2 in a legume : C 4 grass community - Everard J. Edwards; Stephanie McCaffery; John R. Evans (Global Change Biology, 2005)
Thirty‐six mesocosms, each containing a two‐species community of Trifolium repens (C 3 legume) and Stenotaphrum secundatum (C 4 grass), were grown in sand with three nutrient regimes, zero N low P, zero N high P and supplied N high P, under ambient (aCO 2 ) and twice ambient CO 2 (eCO 2 ) for 15 months in two greenhouses. Aboveground annual production in the P limited mesocosms did not respond to eCO 2 and was reduced by 50% relative to mesocosms with an adequate P supply, where dry‐matter production was increased by 12–24% under eCO 2 . The stimulation of production by eCO 2 occurred throughout the year despite a clear seasonality in growth. There was no effect of eCO 2 on leaf area index (LAI), which was larger under high P than low P. Live root mass at the end of the experiment was higher under eCO 2 in all nutrient treatments, but the response of total belowground C (root+soil) to eCO 2 depended on P treatment. Under limiting P, belowground C was not significantly changed by eCO 2 (2–2.3 t belowground C ha −1 ). Under high P supply, both root and soil C pools increased under eCO 2 . Under aCO 2 , low P supply increased belowground C by 0.7–1 t C ha −1 above that added by the high P treatment. P is commonly limiting in Australian ecosystems and the majority of ecosystem N input is provided by biological N fixation. Consequently, the response of legumes to eCO 2 is of particular importance. These results demonstrate that at low P availability, there is likely to be only a limited response of biomass production by T. repens to eCO 2 , which in turn may constrain any ecosystem response.

Long-Term Growth and Succession in Restored and Natural Mangrove Forests in Southwestern Florida - C. Edward Proffitt; Donna J. Devlin (Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2005)

Symmetry Solutions for Transient Solute Transport in Unsaturated Soils with Realistic Water Profile - R. J. Moitsheki; P. Broadbridge; M. P. Edwards (Transport in Porous Media, 2005)

Sequence evolution and sex-specific expression patterns of the C class floral identity gene, SpAGAMOUS, in dioecious Spinacia oleracea L - D. Noah. Sather; Amber York; Kevin J. Pobursky; Edward M. Golenberg (Planta, 2005)

Temporal discrimination of two passive movements in humans: a new psychophysical approach to assessing kinaesthesia - Michele Tinazzi; Clementina Stanzani; Mirta Fiorio; Nicola Smania; Giuseppe Moretto; Antonio Fiaschi; Mark J. Edwards; Kailash P. Bhatia; John C. Rothwell (Experimental Brain Research, 2005)

Evaluating Wolf Translocation as a Nonlethal Method to Reduce Livestock Conflicts in the Northwestern United States - ELIZABETH H. BRADLEY; DANIEL H. PLETSCHER; EDWARD E. BANGS; KYRAN E. KUNKEL; DOUGLAS W. SMITH; CURT M. MACK; THOMAS J. MEIER; JOSEPH A. FONTAINE; CARTER C. NIEMEYER; MICHAEL D. JIMENEZ (Conservation Biology, 2005)
Successful nonlethal management of livestock predation is important for conserving rare or endangered carnivores. In the northwestern United States, wolves ( Canis lupus ) have been translocated away from livestock to mitigate conflicts while promoting wolf restoration. We assessed predation on livestock, pack establishment, survival, and homing behavior of 88 translocated wolves with radiotelemetry to determine the effectiveness of translocation in our region and consider how it may be improved. More than one‐quarter of translocated wolves preyed on livestock after release. Most translocated wolves (67%) never established or joined a pack, although eight new packs resulted from translocations. Translocated wolves had lower annual survival (0.60) than other radio‐collared wolves (0.73), with government removal the primary source of mortality. In northwestern Montana, where most wolves have settled in human‐populated areas with livestock, survival of translocated wolves was lowest (0.41) and more wolves proportionally failed to establish packs (83%) after release. Annual survival of translocated wolves was highest in central Idaho (0.71) and more wolves proportionally established packs (44%) there than in the other two recovery areas. Translocated wolves showed a strong homing tendency; most of those that failed to home still showed directional movement toward capture sites. Wolves that successfully returned to capture sites were more likely to be adults, hard (immediately) rather than soft (temporarily held in enclosure) released, and translocated shorter distances than other wolves that did not return home. Success of translocations varied and was most affected by the area in which wolves were released. We suggest managers translocating wolves or other large carnivores consider soft releasing individuals (in family groups, if social) when feasible because this may decrease homing behavior and increase release‐site fidelity.

Biases in Phylogenetic Estimation Can Be Caused by Random Sequence Segments - Edward Susko; Mathew Spencer; Andrew J. Roger (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2005)

Deficits in grasp versus reach during acute hemiparesis - Catherine E. Lang; Joanne M. Wagner; Amy J. Bastian; Qingli Hu; Dorothy F. Edwards; Shirley A. Sahrmann; Alexander W. Dromerick (Experimental Brain Research, 2005)

Microstimulation of V1 affects the detection of visual targets: manipulation of target contrast - Edward J. Tehovnik; Warren M. Slocum (Experimental Brain Research, 2005)

Cell Proliferation of Cultured Human Cancer Cells are Affected by the Elevated Tumor Pressures that Exist In Vivo - Gene R. DiResta; Saminathan S. Nathan; Mark W. Manoso; Jorge Casas-Ganem; Chris Wyatt; Tadaheko Kubo; Patrick J. Boland; Edward A. Athanasian; Jonathan Miodownik; Richard Gorlick; John H. Healey (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2005)

Development of baroreflex and endocrine responses to hypotensive stress in newborn foals and lambs - S. J. O’Connor; D. S. Gardner; J. C. Ousey; N. Holdstock; P. Rossdale; C. M. B. Edwards; A. L. Fowden; D. A. Giussani (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2005)

Monomorphic subtelomeric DNA in the filamentous fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae,contains a RecQ helicase-like gene - Peter W. Inglis; Daniel J. Rigden; Luciane V. Mello; Edward J. Louis; M. Cléria. Valadares-Inglis (Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2005)

Electrophysiological correlates of neural plasticity compensating for ischemia-induced damage in the hippocampus - Sabrina Wang; Nohjin Kee; Edward Preston; J. Martin Wojtowicz (Experimental Brain Research, 2005)

Alteration of the embryo transcriptome of hexaploid winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Mercia) during maturation and germination - Ian D. Wilson; Gary L. A. Barker; Chungui Lu; Jane A. Coghill; Richard W. Beswick; John R. Lenton; Keith J. Edwards (Functional & Integrative Genomics, 2005)

Development of anonymous cDNA microarrays to study changes to the Senecio floral transcriptome during hybrid speciation - MATTHEW J. HEGARTY; JOANNA M. JONES; IAN D. WILSON; GARY L. BARKER; JANE A. COGHILL; PATRICIA SANCHEZ‐BARACALDO; GUOQING LIU; RICHARD J. A. BUGGS; RICHARD J. ABBOTT; KEITH J. EDWARDS; SIMON J. HISCOCK (Molecular Ecology, 2005)
Interspecific hybridization is an important process through which abrupt speciation can occur. In recent years, genetic changes associated with hybrid speciation have been identified through a variety of techniques, including AFLP/SSR mapping, GISH/FISH and cDNA‐AFLP differential display. However, progress in using microarray technology to analyse whole genome/transcriptome changes associated with hybrid speciation has been limited due to the lack of extensive sequence data for many hybrid species and the difficulties in extrapolating results from commercially available microarrays for model species onto nonmodel hybrid taxa. Increasingly therefore researchers studying nonmodel systems are turning to the development of ‘anonymous’ cDNA microarrays, where the time and cost of producing microarrays is reduced by printing unsequenced cDNA clones, and sequencing only those clones that display interesting expression patterns. Here we describe the creation, testing and preliminary use of anonymous cDNA microarrays to study changes in floral transcriptome associated with allopolyploid speciation in the genus Senecio. We report a comparison of gene expression between the allohexaploid hybrid, Senecio cambrensis , its parental taxa Senecio squalidus (diploid) and Senecio vulgaris (tetraploid), and the intermediate triploid (sterile) hybrid Senecio × baxteri . Anonymous microarray analysis revealed dramatic differences in floral gene expression between these four taxa and demonstrates the power of this technique for studies of the genetic impact of hybridization in nonmodel flowering plants.

A general biophysical model of larval cod ( Gadus morhua ) growth applied to populations on Georges Bank - R. G. LOUGH; L. J. BUCKLEY; F. E. WERNER; J. A. QUINLAN; K. PEHRSON EDWARDS (Fisheries Oceanography, 2005)
Field‐derived growth rates (RNA‐DNA based) of cod ( Gadus morhua ) larvae collected on the southern flank of Georges Bank were higher on average in May 1993 than May 1994, despite the apparent higher abundance of potential prey in 1994. A biophysical modeling study is presented here in which factors are examined that may have led to the difference in population mean growth. A one‐dimensional physical model, forced by winds and tides, was used to simulate the vertical structure (of currents, temperature field, and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate) following a column of water in a Lagrangian sense at a site on the southern flank of Georges Bank over 5‐day periods in late May of 1993 and 1994. The biophysical model and observed zooplankton abundance allowed us to explore the vertical structure and temporal (hourly) evolution of feeding and growth for cod larvae in relation to environmental conditions. Our trophodynamic model is improved over previous versions and now includes the effect of light on larval feeding response, as well as the effect of temperature on larval metabolic costs, ingestion, and digestion. Larval prey profiles, comprising four copepod species, were used from a time series of 1/4‐m 2 MOCNESS tows to define the prey field. Data from a collateral time‐series of larval gut contents (1‐m 2 MOCNESS tows) was used to define maximum ingestion (satiation level) and prey selection. Model outputs provide depth‐dependent estimates of growth, prey biomass ingested, larval length, and larval weight. Water‐column growth‐rate profiles were made for four size classes of larvae (5, 6, 7 and 9 mm) under the environmental conditions observed in May 1993 and 1994. A weighted‐mean growth rate based on the mean vertical distribution of larvae was estimated for each size class. In all cases, when using all available potential prey, the model‐derived 1994 growth rates were higher (by 3–6% day −1 ) than those for 1993. However, simulations in which 7‐mm larvae followed the field‐derived weighted mean depth over the sampling period, and were limited to their preferred Pseudocalanus prey, resulted in average growth of 12.2% day −1 for 1993 and 9.7% day −1 for 1994. These compared closely to the field growth means of 11.3% day −1 in 1993 and 9.8% day −1 in 1994. Thus, the lower observed growth in May 1994 may have resulted from depth‐dependent food limitation and prey‐selectivity coupled with the greater metabolic costs induced by the higher temperature that year.

Investigation of the methanogen population structure and activity in a brackish lake sediment - Natasha Banning; Fiona Brock; John C. Fry; R. John Parkes; Edward R. C. Hornibrook; Andrew J. Weightman (Environmental Microbiology, 2005)
Summary The methanogen community in sediment from the edge of a small brackish lake connected to the Beaulieu Estuary (Hampshire, UK) was investigated by analysis of 16S rRNA gene diversity using new methanogen‐specific primers plus Archaea ‐specific primers. 16S rRNA gene primers previously used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of methanogenic Archaea from a variety of environments were evaluated by in silico testing. The primers displayed variable coverage of the four main orders of methanogens, highlighting the importance of this type of primer evaluation. Three PCR primer sets were designed using novel reverse primers to facilitate specific amplification of the orders Methanomicrobiales / Methanosarcinales , Methanobacteriales and Methanococcales . Diversity of the methanogen functional gene, methyl coenzyme M reductase ( mcrA ), was also studied. All gene libraries constructed from this sediment indicated that Methanomicrobiales and Methanosarcinales were the only methanogens detected. There was good agreement between the relative sequence abundances in the methanogen‐specific 16S rRNA gene library and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) profiling, suggesting that the population was dominated by putative H 2 /CO 2 utilizing Methanomicrobiales , although acetate‐utilizing methanogens were also present. The methanogen population analyses were in agreement with methanogenic activity measurements, which indicated that bicarbonate methanogenesis was higher than acetate methanogenesis at all depths measured and overall there was a significant difference ( P = 0.001) between the rates of the two pathways. This study demonstrates the utility of new 16S rRNA gene PCR primers targeting specific methanogenic orders, and the combined results suggest that the CO 2 reduction pathway dominates methanogenesis in the brackish sediment investigated.

Sleep quality deteriorates over a binge–abstinence cycle in chronic smoked cocaine users - Edward F. Pace-Schott; Robert Stickgold; Amir Muzur; Pia E. Wigren; Amie S. Ward; Carl L. Hart; Denise Clarke; Alexandra Morgan; J. Allan Hobson (Psychopharmacology, 2005)

NHERF and regulation of the renal sodium-hydrogen exchanger NHE3 - Edward J. Weinman; Rochelle Cunningham; Shirish Shenolikar (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2005)

Predominance and association of pathogenic fungi causing Fusarium ear blightin wheat in four European countries - X. -M. Xu; D. W. Parry; P. Nicholson; M. A. Thomsett; D. Simpson; S. G. Edwards; B. M. Cooke; F. M. Doohan; J. M. Brennan; A. Moretti; G. Tocco; G. Mule; et al. (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2005)

Nitrogen/phosphorus leaf stoichiometry and the scaling of plant growth - Karl J. Niklas; Thomas Owens; Peter B. Reich; Edward D. Cobb (Ecology Letters, 2005)
We adopted previous N : P stoichiometric models for zooplankton relative growth to predict the relative growth rates of the leaves μ L of vascular plants assuming that annual leaf growth in dry mass is dictated by how leaf nitrogen N L is allocated to leaf proteins and how leaf phosphorus P L is allocated to rRNA. This model is simplified provided that N L scales as some power function of P L across the leaves of different species. This approach successfully predicted the μ L of 131 species of vascular plants based on the observation that, across these species, N L scaled, on average, as the 3/4 power of P L , i.e. N L ∝ P . When juxtaposed with prior allometric theory and observations, our findings suggest that a transformation in N : P stoichiometry occurs when the plant body undergoes a transition from primary to secondary growth.

Wildlife Loss through Domestication: the Case of Endangered Key Deer - M. NILS PETERSON; ROEL R. LOPEZ; EDWARD J. LAURENT; PHILIP A. FRANK; NOVA J. SILVY; JIANGUO LIU (Conservation Biology, 2005)
Wildlife extinction represents the ultimate failure of wildlife conservation. It has many causes, some of them natural, but is increasingly tied to anthropogenic factors. Wildlife loss via domestication, however, is rarely considered. We evaluated the potential for inadvertent domestication of wildlife by determining the effect of feeding and watering on Key deer ( Odocoileus virginianus clavium ) density, group size, and distribution. Key deer sightings were significantly higher in areas (42 ha) surrounding the households that provided food and water (0.18 deer/m; n = 8 ) than in randomly selected areas (0.03 deer/m; t = 3.82, 14 df, p = 0.002 ). Average distance to a household providing food and water decreased logistically as group size increased, and large groups (>2 individuals each) were observed more frequently in areas where food and water were provided (27.5%) than in the randomly selected areas (7.5%). The incidence of large groups outside feeding areas (7.5%), however, was similar to the incidence of large groups during early urbanization (5.1%; 1968–1973). Our results suggest illegal feeding caused changes in density, group size, and distribution indicative of domestication. Because fresh water and food were primary selective pressures for Key deer before illegal feeding and watering, genetic changes may occur in the future. For those who value “wildness” in wildlife, domestication of wildlife species is a serious problem that must be addressed.

Importance of Attitudinal Differences among Artisanal Fishers toward Co‐Management and Conservation of Marine Resources - STEFAN GELCICH; GARETH EDWARDS‐JONES; MICHEL J. KAISER (Conservation Biology, 2005)
The Chilean government has introduced a policy that gives formal property rights over defined areas of seabed to organized groups of artisanal fishers with the goal of achieving sustainable exploitation of natural resources. We assessed differences in the attitudes of participating artisanal fishers toward this form of management to understand their importance in the design and implementation of fisheries management. We used questionnaires and participatory rural appraisal techniques to survey members of six fishing management committees. Fishers' attitudes varied significantly among syndicates in three main domains: attitudes toward the environment, unresolved aspects behind the management area policy, and perceived benefits derived from adoption of the policy. These differences indicated the existence of distinct world views that structure fishers' behavior toward the marine environment and its management. In addition, the responses made by fishers correlated best with the degree of off‐sector pluriactivity and their dependence on diving as a source of income. This suggested that a livelihood approach to the development of Chilean artisanal fisheries that considers the multiple economic niches of the fishers will be most effective in the implementation of dual conservation/management measures.

Gallus gallus aggrecan gene-based phylogenetic analysis of selected avian taxonomic groups - Edward J. Smith; Li Shi; Zhijian Tu (Genetica, 2005)

Multivariate statistical and other approaches for the separation of cereal from wild Poaceae pollen using a large Holocene dataset - John C. Tweddle; Kevin J. Edwards; Nick R. J. Fieller (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2005)

Properties of saccades generated as a choice response - Kyoung-Min Lee; Edward L. Keller; Stephen J. Heinen (Experimental Brain Research, 2005)

Plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 and binding protein-3 and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in the PSA era - Elizabeth A. Platz; Michael N. Pollak; Michael F. Leitzmann; Meir J. Stampfer; Walter C. Willett; Edward Giovannucci (Cancer Causes & Control, 2005)

ENVIRONMENTAL CORRELATES OF CETACEAN MASS STRANDING SITES IN FLORIDA - Rebekah J. Walker; Edward O. Keith; Alexander E. Yankovsky; Daniel K. Odell (Marine Mammal Science, 2005)

Non-native plants in the understory of riparian forests across a land use gradient in the Southeast - Nancy J. Loewenstein; Edward F. Loewenstein (Urban Ecosystems, 2005)

Construction of a Festuca pratensis BAC library for map-based cloning in Festulolium substitution lines - Iain S. Donnison; Donal M. O’Sullivan; Ann Thomas; Peter Canter; Beverley Moore; Ian Armstead; Howard Thomas; Keith J. Edwards; Ian P. King (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2005)

Characterization of the humanMDR1 gene - Miklos Bodor; Edward J. Kelley; Rodney J. Ho (The AAPS Journal, 2005)

Climate variability and campylobacter infection: an international study - R. Sari Kovats; Sally J. Edwards; Dominique Charron; John Cowden; Rennie M. D’Souza; Kristie L. Ebi; Charmaine Gauci; Peter Gerner-Smidt; Shakoor Hajat; Simon Hales; Gloria Hernández Pezzi; Bohumir Kriz; et al. (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2005)

A national framework for cancer surveillance in the United States - Phyllis A. Wingo; Holly L. Howe; Michael J. Thun; Rachel Ballard-Barbash; Elizabeth Ward; Martin L. Brown; JoAnne Sylvester; Gilbert H. Friedell; Linda Alley; Julia H. Rowland; Brenda K. Edwards (Cancer Causes & Control, 2005)

Gene regulation in planta by plant-derived engineered zinc finger protein transcription factors - Rachel Holmes-Davis; Guofu Li; Andrew C. Jamieson; Edward J. Rebar; Qiang Liu; Yanhong Kong; Casey C. Case; Philip D. Gregory (Plant Molecular Biology, 2005)

Knowing your nose better than your thumb: measures of over-grasp reveal that face-parts are special for grasping - M. G. Edwards; A. M. Wing; J. Stevens; G. W. Humphreys (Experimental Brain Research, 2005)

Molecular Analysis of the Relatedness of Five Domesticated Turkey Strains - Edward J. Smith; Tuoyu Geng; Elizabeth Long; F. William Pierson; D. Phillip Sponenberg; Cal Larson; Robert Gogal (Biochemical Genetics, 2005)

Sensitivity and Vulnerability in Marine Environments: an Approach to Identifying Vulnerable Marine Areas - MARK A. ZACHARIAS; EDWARD J. GREGR (Conservation Biology, 2005)
Marine environments have suffered from a lack of quantitative methods for delineating areas that are sensitive or vulnerable to particular stresses, natural and anthropogenic. We define sensitivity as the degree to which marine features respond to stresses, which are deviations of environmental conditions beyond the expected range. Vulnerability can then be defined as the probability that a feature will be exposed to a stress to which it is sensitive. Using these definitions, we provide a quantitative methodology for identifying vulnerable marine areas based on valued ecological features, defined as biological or physical features, processes, or structures deemed by humans to have environmental, social, cultural, or economic significance. The vulnerability of the valued ecological features is a function of their sensitivity to particular stresses and their vulnerability to those stresses. We used the methodology to demonstrate how vulnerable marine areas for two groups of endangered whale species (inshore and offshore) could be identified with a predictive habitat model and acoustic stress surfaces. Acoustic stress surfaces were produced for ferry traffic, commercial shipping traffic, potential offshore oil production, and small‐boat traffic. The vulnerabilities of the two whale groups to the four stressors considered in this example were relatively similar; however, inshore species were more sensitive to on‐shelf, coastal activities such as offshore hydrocarbon production, ferry traffic, and small‐boat traffic. Our approach demonstrates how valued features can be associated with stresses and the likelihood of encountering these stresses (vulnerability) in order to identify geographic areas for management and conservation purposes. The method can be applied to any combination of valued ecological features and stressors.

Influence of bedrock geology and tree species composition on stream nitrate concentrations in mid-appalachian forested watersheds - Karl W.J. Williard; David R. Dewalle; Pamela J. Edwards (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2005)

Genetic analysis and mapping of resistance to lettuce dieback: a soilborne disease caused by tombusviruses - Rebecca C. Grube; William M. Wintermantel; Paul Hand; Rami Aburomia; David A. C. Pink; Edward J. Ryder (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2005)

Effects of heterogeneous habitat use by cattle on nutrient availability and litter decomposition in soils of an Alpine pasture - Sabine Güsewell; Peter L. Jewell; Peter J. Edwards (Plant and Soil, 2005)

Comparative Effects of Fibrates on Drug Metabolizing Enzymes in Human Hepatocytes - Thomayant Prueksaritanont; Karen M. Richards; Yue Qiu; Kristine Strong-Basalyga; Alisha Miller; Chunze Li; Roy Eisenhandler; Edward J. Carlini (Pharmaceutical Research, 2005)

NMI-1182, a gastro-protective cyclo-oxygenase-inhibiting nitric oxide donor - James L. Ellis; Michael E. Augustyniak; Edward D. Cochran; Richard A. Earl; David S. Garvey; Laura J. Gordon; David R. Janero; Subhash P. Khanapure; L. Gordon Letts; Terry L. Melim; Madhavi G. Murty; David J. Schwalb; et al. (Inflammopharmacology, 2005)

Threatened fishes of the world: Cyprinodon eximius Girard 1859 - Gary P. Garrett; Clark Hubbs; Robert J. Edwards (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2005)

Exogenous IL-7 induces Fas-mediated human neuronal apoptosis: potential effects during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection - Giuseppe Nunnari; Yan Xu; Edward A Acheampong; Jianhua Fang; Rene Daniel; Chune Zhang; Hui Zhang; Muhammad Mukhtar; Roger J. Pomerantz (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2005)

Constraints on willow seedling survival in a Rocky Mountain Montane floodplain - Edward A. Gage; David J. Cooper (Wetlands, 2004)

Bistability of the thermohaline circulation identified through comprehensive 2-parameter sweeps of an efficient climate model - R. Marsh; A. Yool; T. M. Lenton; M. Y. Gulamali; N. R. Edwards; J. G. Shepherd; M. Krznaric; S. Newhouse; S. J. Cox (Climate Dynamics, 2004)

An efficient climate forecasting method using an intermediate complexity Earth System Model and the ensemble Kalman filter - J. C. Hargreaves; J. D. Annan; N. R. Edwards; R. Marsh (Climate Dynamics, 2004)

Refined histopathologic scoring system improves power todetect colitis QTL in mice - Andre Bleich; Michael Mähler; Claudia Most; Edward H. Leiter; Elisabeth Liebler–Tenorio; Charles O. Elson; Hans J. Hedrich; Brigitte Schlegelberger; John P. Sundberg (Mammalian Genome, 2004)

Relationship between the incidences of ear and spikelet infection of Fusarium ear blight in wheat - X.-m. Xu; D.W. Parry; S.G. Edwards; B.M. Cooke; F.M. Doohan; A. Maanen; J.M. Brennan; S. Monaghan; A. Moretti; G. Tocco; G. Mule; L. Hornok; et al. (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2004)

Sampling Considerations for Establishment of Baseline Loadings from Forested Watersheds for TMDL Application - Pamela J. Edwards; Karl W. J. Williard; James N. Kochenderfer (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2004)

Marker-evaluated selection in rice: shifts in allele frequency among bulks selected in contrasting agricultural environments identify genomic regions of importance to rice adaptation and breeding - K. A. Steele; G. Edwards; J. Zhu; J. R. Witcombe (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2004)

A high-density microsatellite consensus map for bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - Daryl J. Somers; Peter Isaac; Keith Edwards (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2004)

Characterization of the dog Agouti gene and a nonagoutimutation in German Shepherd Dogs - Julie A. Kerns; J. Newton; Tom G. Berryere; Edward M. Rubin; Jan-Fang Cheng; Sheila M. Schmutz; Gregory S. Barsh (Mammalian Genome, 2004)

Surrogate Pheromone Plumes in Three Forest Trunk Spaces: Composite Statistics and Case Studies - Harold W. Thistle; Holly Peterson; Gene Allwine; Brian Lamb; Tara Strand; Edward H. Holsten; Patrick J. Shea (Forest Science, 2004)
An atmospheric tracer gas was used as a pheromone surrogate to study near-field canopy dispersion within the trunk space. The objective is to improve guidance for forest managers deploying bark beetle antiaggregation pheromone sources to protect high-value forest stands. Data are shownfrom field studies in three forest canopies (oak-hickory, Quercus-Carya; lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.; and ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) and include over 13,000 chemical tracer samples compiled into half-hour dispersion fields arounda point source. Maximum normalized concentrations (χ/Q) at each arc distance for each sampling period were of similar order at 5 m from the tracer source in the three canopies, although the differences in maximum χ/Q between canopies increased with distance from thesource. Plume dilution was highest in this study in the more open ponderosa pine canopy. A high-frequency tracer gas analyzer was also deployed to ascertain the structure of the gas plumes at 1 Hz. The high-frequency tracer data showed that the 30-minute average mean plumes are compositesof narrow filamentous plumes. The near-field plumes in each canopy were strongly affected by changes in atmospheric stability, as wander range and meander frequency increased after the morning transition to an unstable boundary layer. FOR. SCI. 50(5):610–625.

16S rDNA library-based analysis of ruminal bacterial diversity - Joan E. Edwards; Neil R. McEwan; Anthony J. Travis; R. John Wallace (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2004)

Mapping Ds insertions in barley using a sequence-based approach - L. D. Cooper; L. Marquez-Cedillo; J. Singh; A. K. Sturbaum; S. Zhang; V. Edwards; K. Johnson; A. Kleinhofs; S. Rangel; V. Carollo; P. Bregitzer; P. G. Lemaux; et al. (Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2004)

Dissolved solids do not induce diapause in the calanoid copepod Aglaodiaptomus leptopus - Steve S. Di Lonardo; Edward J. Maly (Aquatic Ecology, 2004)

Elm bark beetle in Holocene peat deposits and the northwest European elm decline - Sarah H. E. Clark; Kevin J. Edwards (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2004)
The elm decline of 5000 14 C yr ago has been the most widely discussed phenomenon in post‐glacial vegetation history. This pan‐European reduction of elm populations, echoed in the decimation of elmwoods in Europe during the twentieth century, has attracted a series of interrelated hypotheses involving climate change, human activity, disease and soil deterioration. The elm bark beetle ( Scolytus scolytus L.) is an essential component of disease explanations. We present evidence for the presence of the beetle over a prolonged period (ca. 7950–4910 yr BP [8800–5660 cal. yr BP]) from a lowland raised mire deposit in northeast Scotland, with its final appearance at this site, and the first and only appearance in another mire of a single scolytid find, around the time of the elm decline. The subfossil S. scolytus finds are not only the first from Scotland, but they also represent the most comprehensive sequence of finds anywhere. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Susceptibility to Lipase-Mediated Digestion Reduces the Oral Bioavailability of Danazol After Administration as a Medium-Chain Lipid-Based Microemulsion Formulation - Christopher J. H. Porter; Ann Marie Kaukonen; Ben J. Boyd; Glenn A. Edwards; William N. Charman (Pharmaceutical Research, 2004)

Toxicological Evaluation and QSAR Modelling of Aromatic Amines to Chlorella vulgaris - T. I. Netzeva; J. C. Dearden; R. Edwards; A. D. P. Worgan; M. T. D. Cronin (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2004)

Effects of Direct Ocean CO2 Injection on Deep-Sea Meiofauna - James P. Barry; Kurt R. Buck; Chris F. Lovera; Linda Kuhnz; Patrick J. Whaling; Edward T. Peltzer; Peter Walz; Peter G. Brewer (Journal of Oceanography, 2004)

The gene encoding the ribulose monophosphate pathway enzyme, 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase, from Aminomonas aminovorus C2A1 is adjacent to coding sequences that exhibit similarity to histidine biosynthesis enzymes. - Edward J. Taylor; Nicola L. Smith; John Colby; Simon J. Charnock; Gary W. Black (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2004)

Rain forest invasion of eucalypt‐dominated woodland savanna, Iron Range, north‐eastern Australia: II. Rates of landscape change - Jeremy Russell‐Smith; Peter J. Stanton; Andrew C. Edwards; Peter J. Whitehead (Journal of Biogeography, 2004)
Aim To explore rates of rain forest expansion and associated ecological correlates in Eucalyptus ‐dominated woodland savanna vegetation in north‐eastern Australia, over the period 1943–91. Location Iron Range National Park and environs, north‐east Queensland, Australia. This remote region supports probably the largest extent of lowland ( c. 1700 mm p.a.) occurs mostly between November and June, with some rain typically occurring even in the driest months July–October. Methods Interpretation of change in lowland rain forest vegetation cover was undertaken for a 140 km 2 area comprising complex vegetation, geology and physiography using available air photos (1943, 1970 and 1991). A GIS database was assembled comprising rain forest extent for the three time periods, geology, elevation, slope, aspect, proximity to streams and roads. Using standard GIS procedures, a sample of 6996 10 × 10 m cells (0.5% of study area) was selected randomly and attributed for vegetation structure (rain forest and non‐rain forest), and landscape features. Associations of rain forest expansion with landscape features were examined with logistic regression using the subset of cells that had changed from other vegetation types to rain forest, and remained rain forest over the assessment period, and comparing them with cells that showed no change from their original, non‐rain forest condition. Results Rain forest in the air photo study area increased from 45 km 2 in 1943 to 78.1 km 2 by 1970, and to 82.6 km 2 by 1991. Rainfall (and atmospheric CO 2 concentration) was markedly lower in the first assessment period (1943–70). Modelled rates of rain forest invasion differed predominantly with respect to substrate type, occurring faster on substrates possessing better moisture retention properties, and across all elevation classes. Greatest expansion, at least in the first assessment period, occurred on the most inherently infertile substrates. Expansion was little constrained by slope, aspect and proximity to streams and roads. On schist substrates, probability of invasion remained high (> 60%) over distances up to 1500 m from mature rain forest margins; on less favourable substrates (diorite, granites), probability of expansion was negligible at sites more than 400 m from mature margins. Main conclusions (i) Rain forest expansion was associated primarily with release from burning pressure from c . the 1920s, following major disruption of customary Aboriginal lifestyles including hunting and burning practices. (ii) Decadal‐scale expansion of rain forest at Iron Range supports extensive observations from the palaeoecological literature concerning rapid rain forest invasion under conducive environmental conditions. (iii) The generality of these substrate‐mediated observations requires further testing, especially given that landscape‐scale rain forest invasion of sclerophyll‐dominated communities is reported from other regions of north‐eastern Australia.

Rain forest invasion of eucalypt‐dominated woodland savanna, Iron Range, north‐eastern Australia: I. Successional processes - Jeremy Russell‐Smith; Peter J. Stanton; Peter J. Whitehead; Andrew Edwards (Journal of Biogeography, 2004)
Aim To explore successional processes associated with rain forest expansion in Eucalyptus ‐dominated woodland savanna vegetation in north‐eastern Australia. Location Iron Range National Park and environs, northeast Queensland, Australia. This remote region supports probably the largest extent of lowland ( c. 1700 mm p.a.) occurs mostly between November and June, with some rain typically occurring even in the driest months July–October. Methods (1) Sampling of rain forest seedling distributions, and other vegetation structural attributes, in fifteen 10 × 10 m quadrats distributed equi‐distantly between mature rain forest margins (range: 70–840 m), at each of 10 sites which were open‐canopied vegetation in 1943. (2) Assessment of relationships between rain forest seedling densities and structural characteristics, including distance‐to‐rain forest‐margin, canopy height, stem density. (3) Assessment of lifeform and dispersal spectra for defined vegetation structural types. Results Rates of rain forest invasion were found to be substrate‐mediated. Transects established on hematite schist, diorite, riverine alluvium, and granite developed closed canopies (termed phase III sites) by 1991. The remainder (four transects on poorly drained colluvial/alluvial sediments; one on dune sands) continued to occur either as grassy woodland (phase I), or with developing rain forest understoreys (phase II). Rain forest seedlings were observed at maximum sampled distances from mature rain forest margins at all sites. Lifeform and dispersal spectra data illustrated that: (1) the proportions of woodland trees, shrubs and graminoids declined with successional phase, with concomitant increases in rain forest primary trees and all other lifeform categories save rain forest trees; (2) the proportions of major dispersal syndromes did not vary between successional phases, neither for rain forest nor woodland taxa. Main conclusions Rain forest seedling distribution data for phases I and II sites illustrate three successional processes: margin extension – seedling density significantly negatively correlated with distance from mature rain forest margins at two sites; nucleation – seedling densities significantly positively correlated with tall trees at two sites; and irruption – seedling densities at two sites neither correlated with distance from mature rain forest margins, nor with measured vegetation structural features. The observation of irruptive rain forest regeneration at these sites, combined with decadal‐scale rain forest canopy development at the five remaining sites, illustrates that under conditions conducive to growth (moisture, substrate), low fire disturbance, and maintenance of diverse dispersal processes (high frugivore richness), rain forest can rapidly invade regional landscapes.

West Nile virus: pending crisis for greater sage‐grouse - David E. Naugle; Cameron L. Aldridge; Brett L. Walker; Todd E. Cornish; Brendan J. Moynahan; Matt J. Holloran; Kimberly Brown; Gregory D. Johnson; Edward T. Schmidtmann; Richard T. Mayer; Cecilia Y. Kato; Marc R. Matchett; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2004)
Scientists have feared that emerging infectious diseases could complicate efforts to conserve rare and endangered species, but quantifying impacts has proven difficult until now. We report unexpected impacts of West Nile virus (WNv) on radio‐marked greater sage‐grouse ( Centrocercus urophasianus ), a species that has declined 45–80% and is endangered in Canada and under current consideration for federal listing in the US. We show that WNv reduced late‐summer survival an average of 25% in four radio‐marked populations in the western US and Canada. Serum from 112 sage‐grouse collected after the outbreak show that none had antibodies, suggesting that they lack resistance. The spread of WNv represents a significant new stressor on sage‐grouse and probably other at‐risk species. While managing habitat might lessen its impact on sage‐grouse populations, WNv has left wildlife and public health officials scrambling to address surface water and vector control issues in western North America.

P-glycoprotein Expression, Localization, and Function in Sandwich-Cultured Primary Rat and Human Hepatocytes: Relevance to the Hepatobiliary Disposition of a Model Opioid Peptide - Keith A. Hoffmaster; Ryan Z. Turncliff; Edward L. LeCluyse; Richard B. Kim; Peter J. Meier; Kim L. R. Brouwer (Pharmaceutical Research, 2004)

SURVIVAL ESTIMATES FOR FLORIDA MANATEES FROM THE PHOTO‐IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUALS - Catherine A. Langtimm; Cathy A. Beck; Holly H. Edwards; Kristin J. Fick‐Child; Bruce B. Ackerman; Sheri L. Barton; Wayne C. Hartley (Marine Mammal Science, 2004)
A bstract We estimated adult survival probabilities for the endangered Florida manatee ( Trichechus manatus latirostris ) in four regional populations using photoidentification data and open‐population capture‐recapture statistical models. The mean annual adult survival probability over the most recent 10‐yr period of available estimates was as follows: Northwest ‐ 0.956 (SE 0.007), Upper St. Johns River ‐ 0.960 (0.011), Atlantic Coast ‐ 0.937 (0.008), and Southwest ‐ 0.908 (0.019). Estimates of temporal variance independent of sampling error, calculated from the survival estimates, indicated constant survival in the Upper St. Johns River, true temporal variability in the Northwest and Atlantic Coast, and large sampling variability obscuring estimates for the Southwest. Calf and subadult survival probabilities were estimated for the Upper St. Johns River from the only available data for known‐aged individuals: 0.810 (95% CI 0.727–0.873) for 1st year calves, 0.915 (0.827–0.960) for 2nd year calves, and 0.969 (0.946–0.982) for manatee 3 yr or older. These estimates of survival probabilities and temporal variance, in conjunction with estimates of reproduction probabilities from photoidentification data can be used to model manatee population dynamics, estimate population growth rates, and provide an integrated measure of regional status.

Hybridization Between Canada Lynx and Bobcats: Genetic Results and Management Implications - Michael K. Schwartz; Kristine L. Pilgrim; Kevin S. McKelvey; Edward L. Lindquist; James J. Claar; Steve Loch; Leonard F. Ruggiero (Conservation Genetics, 2004)

Tree physiological responses to above‐ground herbivory directly modify below‐ground processes of soil carbon and nitrogen cycling - Edward Ayres; James Heath; Malcolm Possell; Helaina I. J. Black; Gerhard Kerstiens; Richard D. Bardgett (Ecology Letters, 2004)
Above‐ground herbivory is ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems, yet its impacts on below‐ground processes and consequences for plants remain ambiguous. To examine whether physiological responses of individual trees may potentially modify soil nutrient availability, we subjected Fagus sylvatica L. (European beech) and Abies alba Mill. (silver fir) to simulated foliar herbivory over two growing seasons. Above‐ground herbivory enhanced N mineralization and inorganic N availability in the soil. The total input of C from the plant roots to the soil is not known; however, carbon sequestration in the soil, measured using stable isotopic techniques, was unaffected by herbivory. Fagus responded to herbivory by producing larger leaves, with increased photosynthetic capacity and N content, which largely compensated for the loss of biomass; Abies exhibited no such response. We conclude that despite large interspecific differences in the growth response, tree physiological responses to foliar herbivory are capable of directly modifying soil biological processes.

Efficient large-scale development of microsatellites for marker and mapping applications in Brassica crop species - A. J. Lowe; C. Moule; M. Trick; K. J. Edwards (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2004)

Sources and predictors of resolvable indel polymorphism assessed using rice as a model - J. D. Edwards; V. M. Lee; S. R. McCouch (Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2004)

Stress Relaxation Preconditioning of Porcine Aortic Valves - Evelyn O. Carew; Anubhav Garg; J. Edward Barber; Ivan Vesely (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2004)

MODELING SPECIES‐HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT A COMMENT ON HAMAZAKI (2002) - Edward J. Gregr (Marine Mammal Science, 2004)

Highly variable SSR markers in Douglas-fir: Mendelian inheritance and map locations - G. T. Slavov; G. T. Howe; I. Yakovlev; K. J. Edwards; K. V. Krutovskii; G. A. Tuskan; J. E. Carlson; S. H. Strauss; W. T. Adams (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2004)

A microsatellite marker based framework linkage map of Vitis vinifera L. - S. Riaz; G. S. Dangl; K. J. Edwards; C. P. Meredith (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2004)

Characterisation of early transcriptional changes involving multiple signalling pathways in the Mla13 barley interaction with powdery mildew ( Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei ) - Ingo Hein; Edward I. Campbell; Mary Woodhead; Peter E. Hedley; Vanessa Young; Wayne L. Morris; Luke Ramsay; Joerg Stockhaus; Paul R. J. Birch; Gary D. Lyon; Adrian C. Newton (Planta, 2004)

Quantitative trait locus analysis of fungal disease resistance factors on a molecular map of grapevine - B. M. Fischer; I. Salakhutdinov; M. Akkurt; R. Eibach; K. J. Edwards; R. Töpfer; E. M. Zyprian (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2004)

Organic anion transport is the primary function of the SLC17/type I phosphate transporter family - Richard J. Reimer; Robert H. Edwards (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2004)

Electrical stimulation driving functional improvements and cortical changes in subjects with stroke - Teresa J. Kimberley; Scott M. Lewis; Edward J. Auerbach; Lisa L. Dorsey; Jeanne M. Lojovich; James R. Carey (Experimental Brain Research, 2004)

fMRI analysis of ankle movement tracking training in subject with stroke - Edward J. Auerbach; Kamil Ugurbil; James R. Carey; Kathleen M. Anderson; Teresa J. Kimberley; Scott M. Lewis (Experimental Brain Research, 2004)

Epstein-Barr virus-mediated protection against etoposide-induced apoptosis in BJA-B B cell lymphoma cells: role of Bcl-2 and caspase proteins - A. Blood; C. J. Edwards; H. H. Ishii; B. K. Pat; G. Bryson; T. B. Sculley; G. C. Gobe (Archives of Virology, 2004)

Colony genetic organization and colony fusion in the termite Reticulitermes flavipes as revealed by foraging patterns over time and space - Christopher J. Deheer; Edward L. Vargo (Molecular Ecology, 2004)
Temporal and spatial analyses are seldom utilized in the study of colony genetic structure, but they are potentially powerful methods which can yield novel insights into the mechanisms underlying variation in breeding systems. Here we present the results of a study which incorporated both of these dimensions in an examination of genetic structure of subterranean termites in the genus Reticulitermes ( primarily R. flavipes ). Most colonies of this species (70%) were simple families apparently headed by outbred primary reproductives, while most of the remaining (27% of the total) colonies contained low effective numbers of moderately inbred reproductives. Mapping the spatial distribution of colony foraging sites over time revealed that despite the high colony density, the absolute foraging boundaries of most R. flavipes colonies were persistent and exclusive of other conspecific colonies, which suggests that this species is more territorial than has been implied by laboratory studies of intraspecific aggression. Nevertheless, we found a single colony (3% of all colonies) which contained the offspring of more than two unrelated reproductives. Although other studies have also described subterranean termite colonies with a similarly complex genetic composition, we demonstrate here that such colonies can form under natural conditions via the fusion of whole colonies. This study underscores how repeated sampling from individual colonies over time and space can yield information about colony spatial and genetic structure that cannot be obtained from conventional analyses or sampling methods.

Root production is determined by radiation flux in a temperate grassland community - Everard J. Edwards; David G. Benham; Louise A. Marland; Alastair H. Fitter (Global Change Biology, 2004)
Accurate knowledge of the response of root turnover to a changing climate is needed to predict growth and produce carbon cycle models. A soil warming system and shading were used to vary soil temperature and received radiation independently in a temperate grassland dominated by Holcus lanatus L. Minirhizotrons allowed root growth and turnover to be examined non‐destructively. In two short‐term (8 week) experiments, root responses to temperature were seasonally distinct. Root number increased when heating was applied during spring, but root death increased during autumnal heating. An experiment lasting 12 months demonstrated that any positive response to temperature was short‐lived and that over a full growing season, soil warming led to a reduction in root number and mass due to increased root death during autumn and winter. Root respiration was also insensitive to soil temperature over much of the year. In contrast, root growth was strongly affected by incident radiation. Root biomass, length, birth rate, number and turnover were all reduced by shading. Photosynthesis in H. lanatus exhibited some acclimation to shading, but assimilation rates at growth irradiance were still lower in shaded plants. The negative effects of shading and soil warming on roots were additive. Comparison of root data with environmental measurements demonstrated a number of positive relationships with photosynthetically active radiation, but not with soil temperature. This was true both across the entire data set and within a shade treatment. These results demonstrate that root growth is unlikely to be directly affected by increased soil temperatures as a result of global warming, at least in temperate areas, and that predictions of net primary productivity should not be based on a positive root growth response to temperature.

Functional annotation of mouse mutations in embryonic stem cells by use of expression profiling - Derek J. Symula; Yiwen Zhu; John C. Schimenti; Edward M. Rubin (Mammalian Genome, 2004)

GROWTH, IMMORTALIZATION, AND DIFFERENTIATION POTENTIAL OF NORMAL ADULT HUMAN PROXIMAL TUBULE CELLS - DAVID E. OROSZ; PHILIP G. WOOST; ROBERT J. KOLB; MARGARET B. FINESILVER; WENWU JIN; PHYLLIS S. FRISA; CHEE-KEONG CHOO; CHUNG-FAI YAU; KWOK-WAH CHAN; MARTIN I. RESNICK; JANICE G. DOUGLAS; JOHN C. EDWARDS; et al. (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 2004)

Occurrence of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum associated with Petri disease and esca in Australian grapevines - J. Edwards; I. G. Pascoe (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2004)

Intervertebral Disc Mechanics Are Restored Following Cyclic Loading and Unloaded Recovery - Wade Johannessen; Edward J. Vresilovic; Alexander C. Wright; Dawn M. Elliott (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2004)

Aeolian activity in northern Amazonia: optical dating of Late Pleistocene and Holocene palaeodunes - Richard M. Teeuw; Edward J. Rhodes (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2004)
Palaeodunes were examined on the eastern margin of the Rio Branco–Rupununi savanna, northeast Amazonia. Optical dating suggests that the onset of aeolian activity was between 17 000 and 15 000 yr ago, just after the Last Glacial Maximum. Both the palaeodune axes and modern dominant wind directions have northeast to east‐northeast directions, implying no significant shift in atmospheric circulation patterns over northeast Amazonia during the Late Pleistocene to Holocene. Major regional climate change events, such as the Younger Dryas, do not appear to have had any effect on the rates of aeolian deposition at the study site. Aeolian activity appears to have continued to the present day, showing a remarkably constant deposition rate of around 0.13 m kyr −1 initially, increasing smoothly to the present. Until more palaeodunes in northern Amazonia are dated, it is impossible to determine if this record of gradual aeolian deposition is a reliable regional palaeoclimate indicator, rather than being the result of local bioclimatic and geomorphological effects. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Impact of soil warming and shading on colonization and community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots of a native grassland community - Andreas Heinemeyer; Karyn P. Ridgway; Everard J. Edwards; David G. Benham; J. Peter W. Young; Alastair H. Fitter (Global Change Biology, 2004)
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have a major influence on the structure, responses and below‐ground C allocation of plant communities. Our lack of understanding of the response of AM fungi to factors such as light and temperature is an obstacle to accurate prediction of the impact of global climate change on ecosystem functioning. In order to investigate this response, we divided a grassland site into 24 plots, each either unshaded or partly shaded with soil either unheated or heated by 3°C at 2 cm depth. In both short‐term studies in spring and autumn, and in a 1‐year‐long study, we measured root length colonization (L R C) by AM and non‐AM fungi. For selected root samples, DNA sequences were amplified by PCR with fungal‐specific primers for part of the small sub‐unit (SSU) rRNA gene. In spring, the total L R C increased over 6 weeks from 12% to 25%. Shading significantly reduced AM but increased non‐AM fungal colonization, while soil warming had no effect. In the year‐long study, colonization by AM fungi peaked in summer, whereas non‐AM colonization peaked in autumn, when there was an additive effect of shading and soil warming that reduced AM but increased non‐AM fungi. Stepwise regression revealed that light received within the 7 days prior to sampling was the most significant factor in determining AM L R C and that mean temperature was the most important influence on non‐AM L R C. Loglinear analysis confirmed that there were no seasonal or treatment effects on the host plant community. Ten AM fungal sequence types were identified that clustered into two families of the Glomales, Glomaceae and Gigasporaceae. Three other sequence types were of non‐AM fungi, all Ascomycotina. AM sequence types showed seasonal variation and shading impacts: loglinear regression analysis revealed changes in the AM fungal community with time, and a reduction of one Glomus sp. under shade, which corresponded to a decrease in the abundance of Trifolium repens. We suggest that further research investigating any impacts of climate change on ecosystem functioning must not only incorporate their natural AM fungal communities but should also focus on niche separation and community dynamics of AM fungi.

Clinical and serological associations of autoantibodies to GW bodies and a novel cytoplasmic autoantigen GW182 - Theophany Eystathioy; Edward K. L. Chan; Ken Takeuchi; Michael Mahler; LeeAnne M. Luft; Douglas W. Zochodne; Marvin J. Fritzler (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2003)

Playing in the Mud-Using Gene Expression to Assess Contaminant Effects on Sediment Dwelling Invertebrates - Edward J. Perkins; Guilherme R. Lotufo (Ecotoxicology, 2003)

Interval-integration underlies amplitude modulation band-suppression selectivity in the anuran midbrain - C. J. Edwards; G. J. Rose (Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 2003)

Individual‐based models of cod movement and population dynamics - H. J. Edwards (Journal of Fish Biology, 2003)
Many fish species undergo seasonal changes in distribution, as a result of horizontal migrations between feeding, nursery and spawning grounds. Exploring the processes involved in these movements may be the key to understanding interactions with other species, man and the environment, and is therefore crucial to effective fisheries management. Recent tagging experiments providing information on the distribution of migratory fish stocks have indicated pronounced regional and temporal differences in the migratory behaviour of cod, suggesting complex interactions between this commercially important fish species and the environment. This paper presents a model of the horizontal movements of demersal fish, principally cod, using an individual‐based modelling approach to explore and predict the relationship between demersal fish movements and key environmental and ecological factors. The model simulates the basic biological processes of growth, movement and mortality, and is driven by the analysis of physical tagging data recorded by electronic data storage tags (DSTs). Results show that the incorporation of behavioural data from DSTs into spatially explicit individual‐based models can provide realistic simulations of large‐scale fish stocks, thus giving a better understanding of their basic ecology and allowing more effective management of commercially important fish species. Possibilities of future improvements and extensions to the model are discussed.

The mapping of quantitative trait loci underlying strain differences in locomotor activity between 129S6 and C57BL/6J mice - Michele A. Kelly; Malcolm J. Low; Tamara J. Phillips; Edward K. Wakeland; Masashi Yanagisawa (Mammalian Genome, 2003)

Effects of Land Cover on Stream Ecosystems: Roles of Empirical Models and Scaling Issues - David L. Strayer; R. Edward Beighley; Lisa C. Thompson; Shane Brooks; Christer Nilsson; Gilles Pinay; Robert J. Naiman (Ecosystems, 2003)

Immunization with a vaccine that combines the expression of MUC1 and B7 co-stimulatory molecules prolongs the survival of mice and delays the appearance of mouse mammary tumors - Vitaly Vasilevko; Anahit Ghochikyan; Nadya Sadzikava; Irina Petrushina; Mike Tran; Edward P. Cohen; Patrick J. Kesslak; David H. Cribbs; Garth L. Nicolson; Michael G. Agadjanyan (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2003)

Genetic analysis of resistance to Type-1 Diabetes in ALR/Lt mice, a NOD-related strain with defenses against autoimmune-mediated diabetogenic stress - Clayton E. Mathews; Robert T. Graser; Rebecca J. Bagley; Jason W. Caldwell; Renhua Li; Gary A. Churchill; David V. Serreze; Edward H. Leiter (Immunogenetics, 2003)

Precision of Dialysis (Peeper) Sampling of Cadmium in Marine Sediment Interstitial Water - J. R. Serbst; R. M. Burgess; A. Kuhn; P. A. Edwards; M. G. Cantwell; M. C. Pelletier; W. J. Berry (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2003)

Colony and population genetic structure of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus , in Japan - Edward L. Vargo; Claudia Husseneder; J. Kenneth Grace (Molecular Ecology, 2003)
Subterranean termites have unusual plasticity in their breeding systems. As a result of their cryptic foraging and nesting habits, detailed information on the numbers and types of reproductive individuals in colonies has been difficult to obtain. In this study, we used microsatellite markers to infer the major features of the breeding system of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus , in southern Japan, where it is believed to have been introduced from China. A total of 30 colonies was sampled from two islands (Kyushu and Fukue) located 100 km apart. Twenty workers from each colony were genotyped at six microsatellite loci. Analysis of worker genotypes within colonies indicated that 27 colonies (90%) were simple (Mendelian) families. The remaining three colonies, all from Kyushu, were consistent with being extended families having begun as simple families but being currently headed by multiple neotenic (secondary) reproductives descended from the original king and queen. Workers from simple families in both populations were significantly inbred ( F IT = 0.10 for Kyushu and 0.46 for Fukue) and highly related to their nestmates (coefficient of relatedness, r = 0.59 for Kyushu and 0.77 for Fukue), suggesting that many simple‐family colonies were headed by closely related reproductives, especially in the Fukue population. This conclusion is supported by the high coefficient of relatedness between nestmate reproductives in simple‐family colonies ( r = 0.23 for Kyushu and 0.61 for Fukue) based on genotypes inferred from their worker offspring. There was moderate genetic differentiation ( F ST = 0.12) between the two populations, suggesting rather restricted gene flow between them. There was no significant isolation by distance among colonies, as might be expected given the limited dispersal of reproductives, presumably because of the frequent movement of colonies by humans. Finally, there was no evidence of a recent bottleneck, a finding possibly consistent with the more than 300‐year history of this species in Japan.