Zooplankton retention in the estuarine transition zone of the St. Lawrence Estuary - Rachel D. Simons; Stephen G. Monismith; Ladd E. Johnson; Gesche Winkler; François J. Saucier (Limnology and Oceanography, 2006)
We used a three‐dimensional physical‐biological model consisting of a Eulerian circulation model and a Lagrangian particle‐tracking model, which included vertical sinking and swimming, to explore zooplankton retention in the estuarine transition zone of the St. Lawrence Estuary (SLETZ). To test the accuracy of the model, the results were temporally and spatially compared to a passive scalar released simultaneously in the circulation model and to field data for zebra mussel veligers. The model was then used to study the effects of baroclinic density‐driven flow, vertical sinking and swimming, and tidal vertical migration on retention of simulated zooplankton. Baroclinic flow, created by longitudinal and lateral salinity gradients, was a critical part of retention in the SLETZ. In the presence of baroclinic flow, vertical sinking and swimming speeds of $0.2 mm s21 had a large effect on the residence time of the simulated zooplankton as a result of gravitational circulation. Tidal vertical migration—a pattern of upward movement on flood and downward movement on ebb—was a viable retention mechanism for the SLETZ, and its effectiveness was amplified by baroclinic flow. As the speed of tidal vertical migration increased, the simulated zooplankton were concentrated in smaller areas of the SLETZ and moved further upstream.

Smooth ocular pursuit during the transient disappearance of an accelerating visual target: the role of reflexive and voluntary control - Simon J. Bennett; Graham R. Barnes (Experimental Brain Research, 2006)

Deep groundwater flow and geochemical processes in limestone aquifers: evidence from thermal waters in Derbyshire, England, UK - John Gunn; Simon H. Bottrell; David J. Lowe; Stephen R. H. Worthington (Hydrogeology Journal, 2006)

Association patterns and kinship in female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) of southeastern Australia - Luciana M. Möller; Luciano B. Beheregaray; Simon J. Allen; Robert G. Harcourt (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2006)

Differential attenuation of d-amphetamine-induced disruption of conditional discrimination performance by dopamine and serotonin antagonists - Michael J. Dunn; Simon Killcross (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

Ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project: I. Petrology and geochemistry of the main hole (0–2,050 m) - Zeming Zhang; Yilin Xiao; Jochen Hoefs; J. G. Liou; Klaus Simon (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2006)

Performance of recalibration systems for GCM forecasts for southern Africa - Mxolisi E. Shongwe; Willem A. Landman; Simon J. Mason (International Journal of Climatology, 2006)
Two regression‐based methods that recalibrate the ECHAM4.5 general circulation model (GCM) output during austral summer have been developed for southern Africa, and their performance assessed over a 12‐year retroactive period 1989/90–2000/01. A linear statistical model linking near‐global sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs) to regional rainfall has also been developed. The recalibration technique is model output statistics (MOS) using principal components regression (PCR) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to statistically link archived records of the GCM to regional rainfall over much of Africa, south of the equator. The predictability of anomalously dry and wet conditions over each rainfall region during December–February (DJF) using the linear statistical model and MOS models has been quantitatively evaluated. The MOS technique outperforms the raw‐GCM ensembles and the linear statistical model. Neither the PCR‐MOS nor the CCA‐MOS models show clear superiority over the other, probably because the two methods are closely related. The need to recalibrate GCM predictions at regional scales to improve their skill at smaller spatial scales is further demonstrated in this paper. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.

Distribution and abundance of Wilson’s storm petrels Oceanites oceanicus at two locations in East Antarctica: testing habitat selection models - Frédérique Olivier; Simon J. Wotherspoon (Polar Biology, 2006)

An appraisal of simple tree-mounted shelters for non-lethal monitoring of weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae and Rhaphidophoridae) in New Zealand nature reserves - Mike H. Bowie; Simon Hodge; Jonathan C. Banks; Cor J. Vink (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2006)

Patterns of Species Richness at Varying Scales in Western Kenya: Planning for Agroecosystem Diversification - R. Kindt; P. Van Damme; A. J. Simons (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2006)

Molecular Cloning of Echis ocellatus Disintegrins Reveals Non-Venom-Secreted Proteins and a Pathway for the Evolution of Ocellatusin - Paula Juárez; Simon C. Wagstaff; Libia Sanz; Robert A. Harrison; Juan J. Calvete (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2006)

Genetic variants in the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and cardiovascular disease risk. The Leiden 85-plus Study - Maris Kuningas; Simon P. Mooijaart; P. Eline Slagboom; Rudi G. J. Westendorp; Diana van Heemst (Biogerontology, 2006)

Predicting Pathogen Introduction: West Nile Virus Spread to Galápagos - A. MARM KILPATRICK; PETER DASZAK; SIMON J. GOODMAN; HELMUTH ROGG; LAURA D. KRAMER; VIRNA CEDEÑO; ANDREW A. CUNNINGHAM (Conservation Biology, 2006)
Emerging infectious diseases are a key threat to conservation and public health, yet predicting and preventing their emergence is notoriously difficult. We devised a predictive model for the introduction of a zoonotic vector‐borne pathogen by considering each of the pathways by which it may be introduced to a new area and comparing the relative risk of each pathway. This framework is an adaptation of pest introduction models and estimates the number of infectious individuals arriving in a location and the duration of their infectivity. We used it to determine the most likely route for the introduction of West Nile virus to Galápagos and measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of introduction. The introduction of this highly pathogenic virus to this unique World Heritage Site could have devastating consequences, similar to those seen following introductions of pathogens into other endemic island faunas. Our model identified the transport of mosquitoes on airplanes as the highest risk for West Nile virus introduction. Pathogen dissemination through avian migration and the transportation of day‐old chickens appeared to be less important pathways. Infected humans and mosquitoes transported in sea containers, in tires, or by wind all represented much lower risk. Our risk‐assessment framework has broad applicability to other pathogens and other regions and depends only on the availability of data on the transport of goods and animals and the epidemiology of the pathogen.

The first gene-based map of Lupinus angustifolius L.-location of domestication genes and conserved synteny with Medicago truncatula - Matthew N. Nelson; Huyen T. T. Phan; Simon R. Ellwood; Paula M. Moolhuijzen; James Hane; Angela Williams; Clare E. O‘Lone; John Fosu-Nyarko; Marie Scobie; Mehmet Cakir; Michael G. K. Jones; Matthew Bellgard; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2006)

Identification and characterization of PiORP1, a Petunia oxysterol-binding-protein related protein involved in receptor-kinase mediated signaling in pollen, and analysis of the ORP gene family in Arabidopsis - Andrea L. Skirpan; Peter E. Dowd; Paja Sijacic; Cynthia J. Jaworski; Simon Gilroy; Teh-hui Kao (Plant Molecular Biology, 2006)

Molecular Cloning of Disintegrin-like Transcript BA-5A from a Bitis arietans Venom Gland cDNA Library: A Putative Intermediate in the Evolution of the Long-Chain Disintegrin Bitistatin - Paula Juárez; Simon C. Wagstaff; Jenny Oliver; Libia Sanz; Robert A. Harrison; Juan J. Calvete (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2006)

Self-selected exercise intensity during household/garden activities and walking in 55 to 65-year-old females - Robert T. Withers; Anthony G. Brooks; Simon M. Gunn; John L. Plummer; Christopher J. Gore; John Cormack (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2006)

Recovery of Nuclease Produced by Lactococcus Lactis Using Expanded Bed Ion Exchange Chromatography - E. Bodo; A. Durieux; C. Saint-Hubert; R. Lavallée; J-M Boufflette; J. -P. Simon (Biotechnology Letters, 2006)

Glycomic studies of Drosophila melanogaster embryos - Simon J. North; Kate Koles; Caleb Hembd; Howard R. Morris; Anne Dell; Vladislav M. Panin; Stuart M. Haslam (Glycoconjugate Journal, 2006)

Compensating for the costs of polygyny in hen harriers Circus cyaneus - Stephen M. Redpath; Fiona M. Leckie; Beatriz Arroyo; Arjun Amar; Simon J. Thirgood (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2006)

Planning tree species diversification in Kenya based on differences in tree species composition between farms. II. Analysis of tree niches. - R. Kindt; P. Van Damme; A. J. Simons; H. Beeckman (Agroforestry Systems, 2006)

Planning tree species diversification in Kenya based on differences in tree species composition between farms. I. Analysis of tree uses - R. Kindt; P. Van Damme; A. J. Simons; H. Beeckman (Agroforestry Systems, 2006)

The regional variation of aboveground live biomass in old‐growth Amazonian forests - YADVINDER MALHI; DANIEL WOOD; TIMOTHY R. BAKER; JAMES WRIGHT; OLIVER L. PHILLIPS; THOMAS COCHRANE; PATRICK MEIR; JEROME CHAVE; SAMUEL ALMEIDA; LUZMILLA ARROYO; NIRO HIGUCHI; TIMOTHY J. KILLEEN; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2006)
The biomass of tropical forests plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, both as a dynamic reservoir of carbon, and as a source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere in areas undergoing deforestation. However, the absolute magnitude and environmental determinants of tropical forest biomass are still poorly understood. Here, we present a new synthesis and interpolation of the basal area and aboveground live biomass of old‐growth lowland tropical forests across South America, based on data from 227 forest plots, many previously unpublished. Forest biomass was analyzed in terms of two uncorrelated factors: basal area and mean wood density. Basal area is strongly affected by local landscape factors, but is relatively invariant at regional scale in moist tropical forests, and declines significantly at the dry periphery of the forest zone. Mean wood density is inversely correlated with forest dynamics, being lower in the dynamic forests of western Amazonia and high in the slow‐growing forests of eastern Amazonia. The combination of these two factors results in biomass being highest in the moderately seasonal, slow growing forests of central Amazonia and the Guyanas (up to 350 Mg dry weight ha −1 ) and declining to 200–250 Mg dry weight ha −1 at the western, southern and eastern margins. Overall, we estimate the total aboveground live biomass of intact Amazonian rainforests (area 5.76 × 10 6 km 2 in 2000) to be 93±23 Pg C, taking into account lianas and small trees. Including dead biomass and belowground biomass would increase this value by approximately 10% and 21%, respectively, but the spatial variation of these additional terms still needs to be quantified.

Differential Gene Expression in Symbiodinium microadriaticum Clade B Following Stress - S. Karako-Lampert; G. Hershkovits; N. Stambler; N. Simon-Blecher; Y. Achituv; Z. Dubinsky; D. J. Katcoff (Marine Biotechnology, 2006)

High resolution mapping of chromosomal regions controlling resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infections in an advanced intercross line of mice - Jerzy M. Behnke; Fuad A. Iraqi; John M. Mugambi; Simon Clifford; Sonal Nagda; Derek Wakelin; Stephen J. Kemp; R. Leyden Baker; John P. Gibson (Mammalian Genome, 2006)

The Ecotoxicological Recovery of Ely Creek and Tributaries (Lee County, VA) after Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage - Mathew L. Simon; Donald S. Cherry; Rebecca J. Currie; Carl E. Zipper (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2006)

Solubility and partitioning of water in synthetic forsterite and enstatite in the system MgO–SiO2–H2O±Al2O3 - Kevin J. Grant; Simon C. Kohn; Richard A. Brooker (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2006)

Characterization of a mutant strain of Rhodovulum sulfidophilum lacking the pufA and pufB genes encoding the polypeptides for the light-harvesting complex 1 (B 870) - Laura J. Raiger-Iustman; Norma L. Kerber; Norma L. Pucheu; Marc J. Bornmann; Simon Kohler; Andreas Labahn; Monier Tadros; Gerhart Drews; Augusto F. García (Archives of Microbiology, 2006)

Fast-disintegrating sublingual tablets: Effect of epinephrine load on tablet characteristics - Mutasem M. Rawas-Qalaji; F. Estelle; R. Simons; Keith J. Simons (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2006)

Bacterial diversity is determined by volume in membrane bioreactors - Christopher J. Van Der Gast; Bruce Jefferson; Elizabeth Reid; Tim Robinson; Mark J. Bailey; Simon J. Judd; Ian P. Thompson (Environmental Microbiology, 2006)
Summary It has been proposed that established models and theories developed in classical ecology could be employed to greatly improve the optimization of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) by placing the microbiological component onto a model‐predictive basis. In particular, this could be achieved by better understanding bacterial community assembly and development. The species–area relationship is one of the oldest biological laws and has been used to describe spatial diversity patterns in contiguous habitats and on islands. In the current study, bacterial communities in seven membrane bioreactors (MBR), of increasing size, located across the UK were sampled. A significant linear relationship between bacterial taxa richness and reactor size was observed and was similar to classical species–area relationships of larger organisms colonizing oceanic islands. Rank‐abundance plots revealed a gradient of greater evenness in community structure as MBR volume increased. Application of the Raup and Crick probability‐based similarity index indicated a strong role for dispersal in MBR colonization and community structure. Our findings demonstrate that the MBR sampled behaved like islands with respect to bacterial colonization in accordance with the theory of island biogeography. In addition this study provides further evidence that biodiversity at the bacterial level is more similar to that of animals and plants than previously postulated.

Interactions of skin thickness and physicochemical properties of test compounds in percutaneous penetration studies - Simon C. Wilkinson; Wilfred J. M. Maas; Jesper Bo Nielsen; Laura C. Greaves; Johannes J. M. van de Sandt; Faith M. Williams (International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2006)

Stimulus-invariant processing and spectrotemporal reverse correlation in primary auditory cortex - David J. Klein; Jonathan Z. Simon; Didier A. Depireux; Shihab A. Shamma (Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 2006)

Evidence that Soil Carbon Pool Determines Susceptibility of Semi-Natural Ecosystems to Elevated Nitrogen Leaching - Christopher D. Evans; Brian Reynolds; Alan Jenkins; Rachel C. Helliwell; Christopher J. Curtis; Christine L. Goodale; Robert C. Ferrier; Bridget A. Emmett; Michael G. Pilkington; Simon J. M. Caporn; Jacky A. Carroll; David Norris; et al. (Ecosystems, 2006)

Quantifying uncertainty in changes in extreme event frequency in response to doubled CO2 using a large ensemble of GCM simulations - David N. Barnett; Simon J. Brown; James M. Murphy; David M. H. Sexton; Mark J. Webb (Climate Dynamics, 2006)

Tree Diversity in Western Kenya: Using Profiles to Characterise Richness and Evenness - R. Kindt; P. Van Damme; A. J. Simons (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2006)

Genomics, morphogenesis and biophysics: Triangulation of Purkinje cell development - Malcolm J. Simons; Andr’as J. Pellionisz (The Cerebellum, 2006)

Fine structure of naive and allogeneic challenged ampullae in Botrylloides subpopulation I from the Mediterranean coast of Israel - N. Simon-Blecher; J. Hanania; Y. Achituv; B. Rinkevich (Marine Biology, 2006)

An improved purification procedure for the soluble [NiFe]-hydrogenase of Ralstonia eutropha: new insights into its (in)stability and spectroscopic properties - Eddy van der Linden; Tanja Burgdorf; Antonio L. de Lacey; Thorsten Buhrke; Marcel Scholte; Victor M. Fernandez; Bärbel Friedrich; Simon P. J. Albracht (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2006)

On the utility of data from the International HapMap Project for Australian association studies - Jim Stankovich; Charles J. Cox; Rachel B. Tan; Douglas S. Montgomery; Stewart J. Huxtable; Justin P. Rubio; Margaret G. Ehm; Laura Johnson; Helmut Butzkueven; Trevor J. Kilpatrick; Terence P. Speed; Allen D. Roses; et al. (Human Genetics, 2006)

Evidence for novel loci for late-onset Parkinson’s disease in a genetic isolate from the Netherlands - Aida M. Bertoli-Avella; Marieke C. J. Dekker; Yurii S. Aulchenko; Jeanine J. Houwing-Duistermaat; Erik Simons; Leon Testers; Luba M. Pardo; Tessa A. M. Rademaker; Pieter J. L. M. Snijders; John C. van Swieten; Vincenzo Bonifati; Peter Heutink; et al. (Human Genetics, 2006)

Detecting genome wide haplotype sharing using SNP or microsatellite haplotype data - Melanie Bahlo; Jim Stankovich; Terence P. Speed; Justin P. Rubio; Rachel K. Burfoot; Simon J. Foote (Human Genetics, 2006)

Chemical availability of arsenic and antimony in industrial soils - Judit Gál; Andrew S. Hursthouse; Simon J. Cuthbert (Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2006)

Bycatch of Marine Mammals in U.S. and Global Fisheries - ANDREW J. READ; PHEBE DRINKER; SIMON NORTHRIDGE (Conservation Biology, 2006)
Fisheries bycatch poses a significant threat to many populations of marine mammals, but there are few published estimates of the magnitude of these catches. We estimated marine mammal bycatch in U.S. fisheries from 1990 to 1999 with data taken from the stock assessment reports required by the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act. The mean annual bycatch of marine mammals during this period was 6215 ± 448 (SE). Bycatch of cetaceans and pinnipeds occurred in similar numbers. Most cetacean (84%) and pinniped (98%) bycatch occurred in gill‐net fisheries. Marine mammal bycatch declined significantly over the decade, primarily because of a reduction in the bycatch of cetaceans. Total marine mammal bycatch was significantly lower after the implementation of take reduction measures in the latter half of the decade. We derived a crude first estimate of marine mammal bycatch in the world's fisheries by expanding U.S. bycatch with data on fleet composition from the Food and Agriculture Organization. The global bycatch of marine mammals is in the hundreds of thousands. Bycatch is likely to have significant demographic effects on many populations of marine mammals. Better data are urgently needed to fully understand the impact of these interactions.

The active site of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. II. Redox properties, light sensitivity and CO-ligand exchange as observed by infrared spectroscopy - Winfried Roseboom; Antonio L. De Lacey; Victor M. Fernandez; E. Claude Hatchikian; Simon P. J. Albracht (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2006)

The active site of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. I. Light sensitivity and magnetic hyperfine interactions as observed by electron paramagnetic resonance - Simon P. J. Albracht; Winfried Roseboom; E. Claude Hatchikian (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2006)

Combined smooth and saccadic ocular pursuit during the transient occlusion of a moving visual object - Simon J. Bennett; Graham R. Barnes (Experimental Brain Research, 2006)

Effect of posture on high-intensity constant-load cycling performance in men and women - Mikel Egaña; Simon Green; Eoin J. Garrigan; Stuart Warmington (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2006)

Age structure and growth of Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill) in PCB‐contaminated streams - D. S. Henshel; D. W. Sparks; T. P. Simon; M. J. Tosick (Journal of Fish Biology, 2006)
Creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus from two PCB contaminated streams (Clear Creek and Richland Creek) at three locations and a reference stream (Little Indian Creek), Indiana, U.S.A., were examined to determine if age class structure and growth variables were correlated with in‐situ PCB exposure. Approximately five to 15 fish were captured weekly during the spring spawning season and monthly thereafter for a 12 month period. Fish collected ranged from 25 to 267 mm total length ( L T ). Throughout the course of this study, no spawning activity was observed at either location in Clear Creek, although some very small young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) creek chub fry were observed at the downstream location by late summer. Creek chub nests were observed in both Richland Creek and Little Indian Creek but YOY were common only in Little Indian Creek. Exposure to PCBs was shown to both enhance and decrease growth in varied laboratory tests; subtle but significant gender‐specific differences in the growth of creek chub populations between the sites were observed. Creek chub up to 24 months in age from Clear Creek and Richland Creek were significantly larger (both L T and mass for males and L T for females) than reference site creek chub. This trend was reversed for creek chub aged ≥24 months as the reference site fish were consistently larger with reference males weighing significantly more. Older age classes of creek chub were missing in areas of higher PCB contamination. Female population growth rates and individual instantaneous growth rates were consistently higher at the reference site in comparison to the PCB‐contaminated sites. Calculation of ‘functional b ’(as a condition factor) did indicate that growth enhancement in young males did occur at the most contaminated site and reductions in growth (mass relative to L T ) occurred in females from all contaminated sites. Furthermore, long‐term survivorship for females was reduced in the PCB‐contaminated streams. All of these subtle alterations in growth would not have been observed if males and females had not been analysed separately.

Community Associations of Chalk Grassland Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha): Conclusions for Habitat Conservation - Norbert Maczey; Greg J. Masters; John A. Hollier; Simon R. Mortimer; Valerie K. Brown (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2005)

The petrogenesis of volcanics from Mt. Bulusan and Mt. Mayon in the Bicol arc, the Philippines - Frank McDermott; Francisco G. Delfin Jr.; Marc J. Defant; Simon Turner; Rene Maury (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2005)

Validating a Low Dose Gamma Irradiation Process for Sterilizing Allografts Using ISO 11137 Method 2B - Thomas F. Baker; Chad J. Ronholdt; Simon Bogdansky (Cell and Tissue Banking, 2005)

Tissue Engineering of Human Heart Valve Leaflets: A Novel Bioreactor for a Strain-Based Conditioning Approach - Anita Mol; Niels J. B. Driessen; Marcel C. M. Rutten; Simon P. Hoerstrup; Carlijn V. C. Bouten; Frank P. T. Baaijens (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2005)

Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change - SIMON D. DONNER; WILLIAM J. SKIRVING; CHRISTOPHER M. LITTLE; MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER; OVE HOEGH‐GULDBERG (Global Change Biology, 2005)
Elevated ocean temperatures can cause coral bleaching, the loss of colour from reef‐building corals because of a breakdown of the symbiosis with the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium . Recent studies have warned that global climate change could increase the frequency of coral bleaching and threaten the long‐term viability of coral reefs. These assertions are based on projecting the coarse output from atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (GCMs) to the local conditions around representative coral reefs. Here, we conduct the first comprehensive global assessment of coral bleaching under climate change by adapting the NOAA Coral Reef Watch bleaching prediction method to the output of a low‐ and high‐climate sensitivity GCM. First, we develop and test algorithms for predicting mass coral bleaching with GCM‐resolution sea surface temperatures for thousands of coral reefs, using a global coral reef map and 1985–2002 bleaching prediction data. We then use the algorithms to determine the frequency of coral bleaching and required thermal adaptation by corals and their endosymbionts under two different emissions scenarios. The results indicate that bleaching could become an annual or biannual event for the vast majority of the world's coral reefs in the next 30–50 years without an increase in thermal tolerance of 0.2–1.0°C per decade. The geographic variability in required thermal adaptation found in each model and emissions scenario suggests that coral reefs in some regions, like Micronesia and western Polynesia, may be particularly vulnerable to climate change. Advances in modelling and monitoring will refine the forecast for individual reefs, but this assessment concludes that the global prognosis is unlikely to change without an accelerated effort to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.

Species Review of Amphibian Extinction Risks in Madagascar: Conclusions from the Global Amphibian Assessment - FRANCO ANDREONE; JOHN E. CADLE; NEIL COX; FRANK GLAW; RONALD A. NUSSBAUM; CHRISTOPHER J. RAXWORTHY; SIMON N. STUART; DENIS VALLAN; MIGUEL VENCES (Conservation Biology, 2005)
We assessed the extinction risks of Malagasy amphibians by evaluating their distribution, occurrence in protected areas, population trends, habitat quality, and prevalence in commercial trade. We estimated and mapped the distribution of each of the 220 described Malagasy species and applied, for the first time, the IUCN Red List categories and criteria to all species described at the time of the assessment. Nine species were categorized as critically endangered, 21 as endangered, and 25 as vulnerable. The most threatened species occur on the High Plateau and/or have been subjected to overcollection for the pet trade, but restricted extent of occurrence and ongoing habitat destruction were identified as the most important factors influencing extinction threats. The two areas with the majority of threatened species were the northern Tsaratanana‐Marojejy‐Masoala highlands and the southeastern Anosy Mountains. The current system of protected areas includes 82% of the threatened amphibian species. Of the critically endangered species, 6 did not occur in any protected area. For conservation of these species we recommend the creation of a reserve for the species of the Mantella aurantiaca group, the inclusion of two Scaphiophryne species in the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species Appendix II, and the suspension of commercial collecting for Mantella cowani. Field surveys during the last 15 years reveal no pervasive extinction of Malagasy amphibians resulting from disease or other agents, as has been reported in some other areas of the world.

Marking the European eel with oxytetracycline, alizarin red and coded wire tags: an evaluation of methods - J. Simon; H. Dörner (Journal of Fish Biology, 2005)
After 1 week, the mortality of European eel Anguilla anguilla after marking glass eels with oxytetracycline (OTC) and alizarin red (ALC), and farm eels with coded wire tags (CWTs) was 0% within all treatments. The suitability of implanting CWTs in the nose region (tag loss 94% after 1 week) and in the dorsal musculature (tag loss 4% after 1 week) was also examined.

Upstream Turbulence Effect on Pollution Dispersion - Ijaz M. Khan; Richard R. Simons; Anthony J. Grass (Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 2005)

COLONIZATION HISTORY OF THE BALTIC HARBOR SEALS: INTEGRATING ARCHAEOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND GENETIC DATA - Tero Harkonen; Karin C. Harding; Simon J. Goodman; Kerstin Johannesson (Marine Mammal Science, 2005)

5-HT6 receptor antagonists improve performance in an attentional set shifting task in rats - Paula D. Hatcher; Verity J. Brown; David S. Tait; Simon Bate; Philip Overend; Jim J. Hagan; Declan N. C. Jones (Psychopharmacology, 2005)

Regulation of Harvest-induced Senescence in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) by Cytokinin, Ethylene, and Sucrose - Nigel E. Gapper; Simon A. Coupe; Marian J. McKenzie; Ben K. Sinclair; Ross E. Lill; Paula E. Jameson (Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 2005)

Structural differences between the ready and unready oxidized states of [NiFe] hydrogenases - Anne Volbeda; Lydie Martin; Christine Cavazza; Michaël Matho; Bart W. Faber; Winfried Roseboom; Simon P. J. Albracht; Elsa Garcin; Marc Rousset; Juan C. Fontecilla-Camps (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2005)

A novel role for Annexin 1 in macrophage phagocytosis - Simon Yona; Sigrid Heinsbroek; Siamon Gordon; Mauro Perretti; Roderick J. Flower (Inflammation Research, 2005)

Performance of Macrolichens and Lichen Genera as Indicators of Lichen Species Richness and Composition - ARIEL BERGAMINI; CHRISTOPH SCHEIDEGGER; SILVIA STOFER; PALMIRA CARVALHO; SIMON DAVEY; MICHAEL DIETRICH; FLORENCE DUBS; EDIT FARKAS; URS GRONER; KATI KÄRKKÄINEN; CHRISTINE KELLER; LÁSZLÓ LÖKÖS; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2005)
In the search for cost‐effective methods for measuring and monitoring lichen diversity, we tested the performance of two possible indicators: lichen genus diversity and macrolichen diversity. We studied the lichen vegetation of eight European countries situated in six different biogeographic regions. In each country, six land‐use units (each 1 km 2 ) representing a land‐use gradient ranging from old‐growth forest to farmland were sampled ( n = 48) for terricolous, saxicolous, and epiphytic lichens at 16 plots each. We found 768 different lichen species belonging to 157 genera. Relationships between richness and density of genera and species, species and macrolichens, and crustose lichens and macrolichens were highly significant ( p R 2 : 71.9%–98.0%). The relationship between crustose lichens and macrolichens explained less of the variation ( R 2 : 37.7%–70.1%). Effects of land‐use intensity on the richness and density of genera, species, and crustose lichens were similar, except for a strong difference between the forested and the more open land‐use units for epiphytic crustose lichens. For epiphytic macrolichens there were fewer significant effects. Detrended correspondence analysis indicated similar ordering of sites along the major gradients and similar length of these gradients for genera, species, macrolichens, and crustose lichens. Both genera and macrolichens are useful indicators of total lichen species richness and density. Macrolichens, however, are more suitable indicators than genera owing to (1) their more stable taxonomy of species than of genera, (2) the potential that nonspecialists could do the sampling, (3) the limited use of genera data for species conservation, and (4) the fact that species extinctions will not be indicated by nonmonotypic genera.

Performance of Macrolichens and Lichen Genera as Indicators of Lichen Species Richness and Composition - ARIEL BERGAMINI; CHRISTOPH SCHEIDEGGER; SILVIA STOFER; PALMIRA CARVALHO; SIMON DAVEY; MICHAEL DIETRICH; FLORENCE DUBS; EDIT FARKAS; URS GRONER; KATI KARKKAINEN; CHRISTINE KELLER; LASZLO LOKOS; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2005)

Evidence for a novel glaucoma locus at chromosome 3p21-22 - Paul N. Baird; Simon J. Foote; David A. Mackey; Jamie Craig; Terence P. Speed; Alexandre Bureau (Human Genetics, 2005)

Identifying nineteenth century genealogical links from genotypes - Jim Stankovich; Melanie Bahlo; Justin P. Rubio; Christopher R. Wilkinson; Russell Thomson; Annette Banks; Maree Ring; Simon J. Foote; Terence P. Speed (Human Genetics, 2005)

The energy cost of household and garden activities in 55- to 65-year-old males - Simon M. Gunn; Anthony G. Brooks; Robert T. Withers; Christopher J. Gore; John L. Plummer; John Cormack (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2005)

Development of anonymous cDNA microarrays to study changes to the Senecio floral transcriptome during hybrid speciation - MATTHEW J. HEGARTY; JOANNA M. JONES; IAN D. WILSON; GARY L. BARKER; JANE A. COGHILL; PATRICIA SANCHEZ‐BARACALDO; GUOQING LIU; RICHARD J. A. BUGGS; RICHARD J. ABBOTT; KEITH J. EDWARDS; SIMON J. HISCOCK (Molecular Ecology, 2005)
Interspecific hybridization is an important process through which abrupt speciation can occur. In recent years, genetic changes associated with hybrid speciation have been identified through a variety of techniques, including AFLP/SSR mapping, GISH/FISH and cDNA‐AFLP differential display. However, progress in using microarray technology to analyse whole genome/transcriptome changes associated with hybrid speciation has been limited due to the lack of extensive sequence data for many hybrid species and the difficulties in extrapolating results from commercially available microarrays for model species onto nonmodel hybrid taxa. Increasingly therefore researchers studying nonmodel systems are turning to the development of ‘anonymous’ cDNA microarrays, where the time and cost of producing microarrays is reduced by printing unsequenced cDNA clones, and sequencing only those clones that display interesting expression patterns. Here we describe the creation, testing and preliminary use of anonymous cDNA microarrays to study changes in floral transcriptome associated with allopolyploid speciation in the genus Senecio. We report a comparison of gene expression between the allohexaploid hybrid, Senecio cambrensis , its parental taxa Senecio squalidus (diploid) and Senecio vulgaris (tetraploid), and the intermediate triploid (sterile) hybrid Senecio × baxteri . Anonymous microarray analysis revealed dramatic differences in floral gene expression between these four taxa and demonstrates the power of this technique for studies of the genetic impact of hybridization in nonmodel flowering plants.

Enhancement of germination of spores ofVerticillium dahliae andFusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum in vascular fluid from cotton plants infected with the root-knot nematode - Dimitrios Katsantonis; Roy J. Hillocks; Simon Gowen (Phytoparasitica, 2005)

LIM-homeodomain genes in mammalian development and human disease - Chad S. Hunter; Simon J. Rhodes (Molecular Biology Reports, 2005)

Efficient and fast targeted production of murine models based on ENU mutagenesis - M. Augustin; R. Sedlmeier; T. Peters; U. Huffstadt; E. Kochmann; D. Simon; M. Schöniger; S. Garke-Mayerthaler; J. Laufs; M. Mayhaus; S. Franke; M. Klose; et al. (Mammalian Genome, 2005)

A new heterobinuclear FeIIICuII complex with a single terminal FeIII–O(phenolate) bond. Relevance to purple acid phosphatases and nucleases - Mauricio Lanznaster; Ademir Neves; Adailton J. Bortoluzzi; Veronika V. E. Aires; Bruno Szpoganicz; Hernán Terenzi; Patricia Cardoso Severino; Julie M. Fuller; Simon C. Drew; Lawrence R. Gahan; Graeme R. Hanson; Mark J. Riley; et al. (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2005)

A conserved functional role of pectic polymers in stomatal guard cells from a range of plant species - Louise Jones; Jennifer L. Milne; David Ashford; Maureen C. McCann; Simon J. McQueen-Mason (Planta, 2005)

The life history responses of the abalone pest, Terebrasabella heterouncinata, under natural and aquaculture conditions - Carol A. Simon; Horst Kaiser; Peter J. Britz (Marine Biology, 2005)

Structural differences between the ready and unready oxidized states of [NiFe] hydrogenases - Anne Volbeda; Lydie Martin; Christine Cavazza; Michaël Matho; Bart W. Faber; Winfried Roseboom; Simon P. J. Albracht; Elsa Garcin; Marc Rousset; Juan C. Fontecilla-Camps (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2005)

Timing the anticipatory recovery in smooth ocular pursuit during the transient disappearance of a visual target - Simon J. Bennett; Graham R. Barnes (Experimental Brain Research, 2005)

Indices of bird‐habitat preference from field surveys of birds and remote sensing of land cover: a study of south‐eastern England with wider implications for conservation and biodiversity assessment - Robin M. Fuller; Bernard J. Devereux; Simon Gillings; Gabriel S. Amable; Ross A. Hill (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2005)
Aim This paper describes the development of novel indices of bird‐habitat preference to examine bird species’ use of habitats and their distributions relative to habitats. It assesses the implications for bird conservation regionally and the scope for biodiversity assessments generally. Location A 200 km by 400 km area of farmland with seminatural and urban areas, covering south‐eastern England. Methods Cluster analysis was used to link birds to landscapes. Cluster centroid coordinate values were processed to derive indices of bird‐habitat preference. Further developments assessed the relative values of individual habitats for birds. Results Clustering objectively linked birds to landscapes. Maps of the clusters showed strong regional patterns associated with distinctive habitat assemblages. Derived indices related bird species directly to individual habitats and habitats to birds. Even rare species and scarce habitats showed successful linkages, often to each other. Objective corroboration strongly supported the associations of coastal, wetland, urban and woodland birds and habitats; but, it suggested that farmland birds, whose numbers have nearly halved since 1977, may prefer alternative habitats. Main conclusions Land cover maps from remote sensing provide an effective way to link birds to habitats and vice versa . Thus, generalized habitat maps might be used to extrapolate localized or sample‐based bird observations or the results of autecological studies, helping to predict and understand bird distributions in the wider countryside. The weak links between farmland birds and farmland habitats in a region dominated by farming, suggests that reasons for the decline in farmland birds may be deep seated and thus hard to reverse. The procedures described are repeatable elsewhere and applicable more generally to evaluate landscapes and biodiversity. It is suggested that remote sensing could rarely be bettered as a means of assessing habitats, comprehensively, over wide areas, in most parts of the world.

Point count summary statistics differentially predict reproductive activity in bird-habitat relationship studies - Matthew G. Betts; Neal P. P. Simon; Joseph J. Nocera (Journal of Ornithology, 2005)

Recombination and the origin of sequence diversity in the DRB MHC class II locus in chamois (Rupicapra spp.) - Helmut Schaschl; Franz Suchentrunk; Sabine Hammer; Simon J. Goodman (Immunogenetics, 2005)

Isolation and characterization of a polymorphic stigma-specific class III peroxidase gene from Senecio squalidus L. (Asteraceae) - Stephanie M. McInnis; Liliana M. Costa; José F. Gutiérrez-Marcos; Catherine A. Henderson; Simon J. Hiscock (Plant Molecular Biology, 2005)

DNA recognition properties of the LHX3b LIM homeodomain transcription factor - Benjamin C Yaden; Jesse J. Savage; Chad S. Hunter; Simon J. Rhodes (Molecular Biology Reports, 2005)

Climate variability and campylobacter infection: an international study - R. Sari Kovats; Sally J. Edwards; Dominique Charron; John Cowden; Rennie M. D’Souza; Kristie L. Ebi; Charmaine Gauci; Peter Gerner-Smidt; Shakoor Hajat; Simon Hales; Gloria Hernández Pezzi; Bohumir Kriz; et al. (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2005)

Characterization of Usher syndrome type I gene mutations in an Usher syndrome patient population - Xiao Mei Ouyang; Denise Yan; Li Lin Du; J. Fielding. Hejtmancik; Samuel G. Jacobson; Walter E. Nance; An Ren Li; Simon Angeli; Muriel Kaiser; Valerie Newton; Steve D. M. Brown; Thomas Balkany; et al. (Human Genetics, 2005)

Attenuation of d-amphetamine-induced disruption of conditional discrimination performance by ?-flupenthixol - Michael J. Dunn; David Futter; Charlotte Bonardi; Simon Killcross (Psychopharmacology, 2005)

In Vitro and ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue Models to Measure Mucoadhesion of Poly (Methacrylate) and N-Trimethylated Chitosan Polymers - Simon Keely; Atvinder Rullay; Carolyn Wilson; Adrian Carmichael; Steve Carrington; Anthony Corfield; David M. Haddleton; David J. Brayden (Pharmaceutical Research, 2005)

Admixed sexual and facultatively asexual aphid lineages at mating sites - F. HALKETT; M. PLANTEGENEST; N. PRUNIER‐LETERME; L. MIEUZET; F. DELMOTTE; J. C. SIMON (Molecular Ecology, 2005)
Cyclically parthenogenetic organisms may have facultative asexual counterparts. Such organisms, including aphids, are therefore interesting models for the study of ecological and genetic interactions between lineages differing in reproductive mode. Earlier studies on aphids have revealed major differences in the genetic outcomes of populations that are possibly resulting mostly either from sexual or from asexual reproduction. Besides, notable gene flow between sexual and asexual derivatives has been suspected, which could lead to the emergence of new asexual lineages. The present study examines the interplay between these lineages and is based on analyses of population structure of individuals that may contribute to the pool of sexual reproductive forms in the host alternating aphid Rhopalosiphum padi . Using a Bayesian assignment method, we first show that the sexual forms of R. padi on mating sites encompass two genetically distinct clusters of individuals in the western part of France. The first cluster included unique genotypes of sexual lineages, while the second cluster included facultatively asexual lineages in numerous copies, the reproductive mode of the two clusters being confirmed by reference clones. Sexual reproductive forms produced by sexual and facultatively asexual lineages are thus admixed at mating sites which gives a large opportunity for the two clusters to mate with each other. Nevertheless, this study also highlights, as previously demonstrated, that the two clusters retained high genetic differentiation. Possible explanations for the inferred limited genetic exchanges are advanced in the discussion, but further dedicated investigations are required to solve this paradox.

Anxiolytic-like profile in Wistar, but not Sprague?Dawley rats in the social interaction test - Andr Rex; Jrg-Peter Voigt; Christina Gustedt; Simon Beckett; Heidrun Fink (Psychopharmacology, 2004)

Habitat-Specific Nitrogen Dynamics in New Zealand Streams Containing Native or Invasive Fish - K. S. Simon; C. R. Townsend; B. J. F. Biggs; W. B. Bowden; R. D. Frew (Ecosystems, 2004)

Do Farm Characteristics Explain Differences in Tree Species Diversity among Western Kenyan Farms? - R. Kindt; A. J. Simons; P. Van Damme (Agroforestry Systems, 2004)

Organization of the MASP2 locus and its expression profile in mouse and rat - Cordula M. Stover; Nicholas J. Lynch; Steven J. Hanson; Michaela Windbichler; Simon G. Gregory; Wilhelm J. Schwaeble (Mammalian Genome, 2004)

Differential regulation of caspase-3 by pharmacological and developmental stimuli as demonstrated using humanised caspase-3 mice - L. E. Kerr; J-L. A. Birse-Archbold; A. Simon; N. Logan; F. Scott; G. Carlson; D. W. Nicholson; J. S. Kelly; J. Sharkey (Apoptosis, 2004)

Acetohydroxyacid synthase mutations conferring resistance to imidazolinone or sulfonylurea herbicides in sunflower - Judith M. Kolkman; Mary B. Slabaugh; Jose M. Bruniard; Simon Berry; B. Shaun Bushman; Christine Olungu; Nele Maes; Gustavo Abratti; Andres Zambelli; Jerry F. Miller; Alberto Leon; Steven J. Knapp (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2004)

Isolation and Physical Mapping of Sex-Linked AFLP Markers in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) - M. Tariq Ezaz; Simon C. Harvey; Chuta Boonphakdee; Alan J. Teale; Brendan J. McAndrew; David J. Penman (Marine Biotechnology, 2004)

Cetirizine from topical phosphatidylcholine-hydrogenated liposomes: Evaluation of peripheral antihistaminic activity and systemic absorption in a rabbit model - Abeer A. W. Elzainy; Xiaochen Gu; F. Estelle R. Simons; Keith J. Simons (The AAPS Journal, 2004)

Arabidopsis mutants that suppress the phenotype induced by transgene-mediated expression of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) gene VI are less susceptible to CaMV-infection and show reduced ethylene sensitivity - Chiara Geri; Andrew J. Love; Edi Cecchini; Stuart J. Barrett; Janet Laird; Simon N. Covey; Joel J. Milner (Plant Molecular Biology, 2004)

The activation of the [NiFe]-hydrogenase from Allochromatium vinosum. An infrared spectro-electrochemical study - Boris Bleijlevens; Fleur A. van Broekhuizen; Antonio L. De Lacey; Winfried Roseboom; Victor M. Fernandez; Simon P. J. Albracht (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2004)

Towards a mutant map of the mouse ? new models of neurological, behavioural, deafness, bone, renal and blood disorders - Sohaila Rastan; Tertius Hough; Amy Kierman; Rachel Hardisty; Alexandra Erven; Ian C. Gray; Stepanie Voeling; Adrian Isaacs; Hsun Tsai; Mark Strivens; Rebecca Washbourne; Claire Thornton; et al. (Genetica, 2004)

Pollen‐based reconstructions of biome distributions for Australia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific (SEAPAC region) at 0, 6000 and 18,000 14 C yr BP - Elizabeth J. Pickett; Sandy P. Harrison; Geoff Hope; Kate Harle; John R. Dodson; A. Peter Kershaw; I. Colin Prentice; John Backhouse; Eric A. Colhoun; Donna D'Costa; John Flenley; John Grindrod; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2004)
Aim This paper documents reconstructions of the vegetation patterns in Australia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific (SEAPAC region) in the mid‐Holocene and at the last glacial maximum (LGM). Methods Vegetation patterns were reconstructed from pollen data using an objective biomization scheme based on plant functional types. The biomization scheme was first tested using 535 modern pollen samples from 377 sites, and then applied unchanged to fossil pollen samples dating to 6000 ± 500 or 18,000 ± 1000 14 C yr bp . Results 1. Tests using surface pollen sample sites showed that the biomization scheme is capable of reproducing the modern broad‐scale patterns of vegetation distribution. The north–south gradient in temperature, reflected in transitions from cool evergreen needleleaf forest in the extreme south through temperate rain forest or wet sclerophyll forest (WSFW) and into tropical forests, is well reconstructed. The transitions from xerophytic through sclerophyll woodlands and open forests to closed‐canopy forests, which reflect the gradient in plant available moisture from the continental interior towards the coast, are reconstructed with less geographical precision but nevertheless the broad‐scale pattern emerges. 2. Differences between the modern and mid‐Holocene vegetation patterns in mainland Australia are comparatively small and reflect changes in moisture availability rather than temperature. In south‐eastern Australia some sites show a shift towards more moisture‐stressed vegetation in the mid‐Holocene with xerophytic woods/scrub and temperate sclerophyll woodland and shrubland at sites characterized today by WSFW or warm‐temperate rain forest (WTRF). However, sites in the Snowy Mountains, on the Southern Tablelands and east of the Great Dividing Range have more moisture‐demanding vegetation in the mid‐Holocene than today. South‐western Australia was slightly drier than today. The single site in north‐western Australia also shows conditions drier than today in the mid‐Holocene. Changes in the tropics are also comparatively small, but the presence of WTRF and tropical deciduous broadleaf forest and woodland in the mid‐Holocene, in sites occupied today by cool‐temperate rain forest, indicate warmer conditions. 3. Expansion of xerophytic vegetation in the south and tropical deciduous broadleaf forest and woodland in the north indicate drier conditions across mainland Australia at the LGM. None of these changes are informative about the degree of cooling. However the evidence from the tropics, showing lowering of the treeline and forest belts, indicates that conditions were between 1 and 9 °C (depending on elevation) colder. The encroachment of tropical deciduous broadleaf forest and woodland into lowland evergreen broadleaf forest implies greater aridity. Main conclusions This study provides the first continental‐scale reconstruction of mid‐Holocene and LGM vegetation patterns from Australia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific (SEAPAC region) using an objective biomization scheme. These data will provide a benchmark for evaluation of palaeoclimate simulations within the framework of the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project.

Distribution dynamics of a great bustard metapopulation throughout a decade: influence of conspecific attraction and recruitment - Juan C. Alonso; Carlos A. Martín; Javier A. Alonso; Carlos Palacín; Marina Magaña; Simon J. Lane (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2004)

The gene encoding the ribulose monophosphate pathway enzyme, 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase, from Aminomonas aminovorus C2A1 is adjacent to coding sequences that exhibit similarity to histidine biosynthesis enzymes. - Edward J. Taylor; Nicola L. Smith; John Colby; Simon J. Charnock; Gary W. Black (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2004)

Bioeconomic modelling in the development of invasive fish policy - David Choquenot; Simon J. Nicol; John D. Koehn (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2004)
Invasive species policy is either explicitly or implicitly underpinned by the question “When should investment in managing the invasive species stop?” Bioeconomic modelling provides a quantitative framework for considering the benefits and costs of alternative levels of investment in invasive species management by linking the level of investment to the costs of intervention (control) and value of benefits derived. Control costs are typically the product of the number of individuals that have to be removed to either eradicate the invasive species or constrain it at some specified density, and the cost of removing each individual. Impact functions take a variety of forms, but in general are systematically related to the density of the managed population. Where impacts can be accounted in monetary terms (e.g., where an invasive species affects income), control costs and benefits can be directly compared and an optimal level of investment (usually that which maximises return on investment) can be identified. However, where impacts do not have a directly accessible monetary value (e.g., where an invasive species affects conservation values), benefits and costs cannot be directly contrasted. Under these circumstances, bioeconomic modelling can be used to identify management strategies that maximise the level of benefit that can be achieved for expenditure of a fixed budget (benefit maximisation), or minimise the cost of achieving a given level of benefit (cost minimisation).

Observations on the distribution and abundance of carp and native fish, and their responses to a habitat restoration trial in the Murray River, Australia - Simon J. Nicol; Jason A. Lieschke; Jarod P. Lyon; John D. Koehn (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2004)
A native fish strategy has been initiated to rehabilitate native fish populations in the Murray‐Darling Basin, Australia. The reintroduction of large woody debris (LWD) into the Basin's large lowland rivers is one of the restoration activities in the strategy. The results from three separate studies undertaken on the Murray River between Yarrawonga and Tocumwal are presented on the relationship between carp (Cyprinus carpio) , native species, and LWD to examine whether native species and carp compete for LWD habitat. The first study reports on the relative abundance of carp and native fish in a river reach. Since 1995 carp abundance has declined, whereas the abundance of native fish populations has remained relatively constant providing little support for the hypothesis that competition for LWD habitat is having effects at the population level effects. The second study reports on the relationship between LWD, river channel position, and its use as habitat by carp and native species. A statistically significant relationship was observed between native fish, LWD, the location within a meander, and curvature of the meander. There was no statistically significant relation between carp and any of these parameters indicating that carp utilise a variety of riverine habitats, whereas native species were strongly associated with LWD. The third study reports on an experiment that tested the response of carp to the placement of new LWD habitat. The response from carp was statistically inconclusive. The combination of these studies suggest that it is unlikely that carp and native species are directly competing for LWD habitat and it is unlikely that carp will inundate restored LWD habitats and preclude native species.

The soluble [NiFe]-hydrogenase from Ralstonia eutropha contains four cyanides in its active site, one of which is responsible for the insensitivity towards oxygen - Eddy Van der Linden; Tanja Burgdorf; Michael Bernhard; Boris Bleijlevens; Bärbel Friedrich; Simon P. J. Albracht (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2004)

Small and intermediate conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channels confer distinctive patterns of distribution in human tissues and differential cellular localisation in the colon and corpus cavernosum - Mao Xiang Chen; Shelby A. Gorman; Bill Benson; Kuljit Singh; J. Paul Hieble; Martin C. Michel; Simon N. Tate; Derek J. Trezise (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2004)

Coordinating degrees of freedom during interceptive actions in children - Annieck X. C. Ricken; Geert J. P. Savelsbergh; Simon J. Bennett (Experimental Brain Research, 2004)

Measurement and prediction of energy expenditure in males during household and garden tasks - Simon M. Gunn; Grant E. van der Ploeg; Robert T. Withers; Christopher J. Gore; Neville Owen; Adrian E. Bauman; John Cormack (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2004)

Investigation of Different Transcript Quantitation Tools for High-Throughput Mapping of Brain Gene Expression Using Voxelation - Ram P. Singh; Dahai Liu; Abhijit Chaudhari; Simon R. Cherry; Richard M. Leahy; Desmond J. Smith (Journal of Molecular Histology, 2004)

Phylogenetic Analysis of the Plant Endo--1,4-Glucanase Gene Family - Emanuele Libertini; Yi Li; Simon J. McQueen-Mason (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2004)

Extended haplotype analysis in the HLA complex reveals an increased frequency of the HFE-C282Y mutation in individuals with multiple sclerosis - Justin P. Rubio; Niall Tubridy; Melanie Bahlo; Jim Stankovich; Rachel Burfoot; Helmut Butzkueven; Caron Chapman; Laura Johnson; Mark Marriott; Grant Mraz; Brian Tait; Chris Wilkinson; et al. (Human Genetics, 2004)

Immunocytochemical evidence for an NMDA1 receptor subunit in dissociated cells of Hydra vulgaris - A. A. Scappaticci; R. Jacques; J. E. Carroll; L. A. Hufnagel; G. Kass-Simon (Cell and Tissue Research, 2004)

Variation in wood density determines spatial patterns inAmazonian forest biomass - Timothy R. Baker; Oliver L. Phillips; Yadvinder Malhi; Samuel Almeida; Luzmila Arroyo; Anthony Di Fiore; Terry Erwin; Timothy J. Killeen; Susan G. Laurance; William F. Laurance; Simon L. Lewis; Jon Lloyd; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2004)
Uncertainty in biomass estimates is one of the greatest limitations to models of carbon flux in tropical forests. Previous comparisons of field‐based estimates of the aboveground biomass (AGB) of trees greater than 10 cm diameter within Amazonia have been limited by the paucity of data for western Amazon forests, and the use of site‐specific methods to estimate biomass from inventory data. In addition, the role of regional variation in stand‐level wood specific gravity has not previously been considered. Using data from 56 mature forest plots across Amazonia, we consider the relative roles of species composition (wood specific gravity) and forest structure (basal area) in determining variation in AGB. Mean stand‐level wood specific gravity, on a per stem basis, is 15.8% higher in forests in central and eastern, compared with northwestern Amazonia. This pattern is due to the higher diversity and abundance of taxa with high specific gravity values in central and eastern Amazonia, and the greater diversity and abundance of taxa with low specific gravity values in western Amazonia. For two estimates of AGB derived using different allometric equations, basal area explains 51.7% and 63.4%, and stand‐level specific gravity 45.4% and 29.7%, of the total variation in AGB. The variation in specific gravity is important because it determines the regional scale, spatial pattern of AGB. When weighting by specific gravity is included, central and eastern Amazon forests have significantly higher AGB than stands in northwest or southwest Amazonia. The regional‐scale pattern of species composition therefore defines a broad gradient of AGB across Amazonia.

The above‐ground coarse wood productivity of 104 Neotropical forest plots - Yadvinder Malhi; Timothy R. Baker; Oliver L. Phillips; Samuel Almeida; Esteban Alvarez; Luzmilla Arroyo; Jerome Chave; Claudia I. Czimczik; Anthony Di Fiore; Niro Higuchi; Timothy J. Killeen; Susan G. Laurance; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2004)
The net primary production of tropical forests and its partitioning between long‐lived carbon pools (wood) and shorter‐lived pools (leaves, fine roots) are of considerable importance in the global carbon cycle. However, these terms have only been studied at a handful of field sites, and with no consistent calculation methodology. Here we calculate above‐ground coarse wood carbon productivity for 104 forest plots in lowland New World humid tropical forests, using a consistent calculation methodology that incorporates corrections for spatial variations in tree‐size distributions and wood density, and for census interval length. Mean wood density is found to be lower in more productive forests. We estimate that above‐ground coarse wood productivity varies by more than a factor of three (between 1.5 and 5.5 Mg C ha −1 a −1 ) across the Neotropical plots, with a mean value of 3.1 Mg C ha −1 a −1 . There appear to be no obvious relationships between wood productivity and rainfall, dry season length or sunshine, but there is some hint of increased productivity at lower temperatures. There is, however, also strong evidence for a positive relationship between wood productivity and soil fertility. Fertile soils tend to become more common towards the Andes and at slightly higher than average elevations, so the apparent temperature/productivity relationship is probably not a direct one. Coarse wood productivity accounts for only a fraction of overall tropical forest net primary productivity, but the available data indicate that it is approximately proportional to total above‐ground productivity. We speculate that the large variation in wood productivity is unlikely to directly imply an equivalent variation in gross primary production. Instead a shifting balance in carbon allocation between respiration, wood carbon and fine root production seems the more likely explanation.

Predicting Forest Attributes in Southeast Alaska Using Artificial Neural Networks - Simon A. Corne; Stephen J. Carver; William E. Kunin; Jack J. Lennon; Willem W. S. van van Hees (Forest Science, 2004)
Artificial neural network (ANN) methods are used to predict forest characteristics. The data source is the Southeast Alaska (SEAK) Grid Inventory, a ground survey compiled by the USDA Forest Service at several thousand sites. The main objective of this article is to predict characteristics at unsurveyed locations between grid sites. A secondary objective is to evaluate the relative performance of different ANNs. Data from the grid sites are used to train six ANNs: multilayer perceptron, fuzzy ARTMAP, probabilistic, generalized regression, radial basis function, and learning vector quantization. A classification and regression tree method is used for comparison. Topographic variables are used to construct models: latitude and longitude coordinates, elevation, slope, and aspect. The models classify three forest characteristics: crown closure, species land cover, and tree size/structure. Models are constructed using n-fold cross-validation. Predictive accuracy is calculated using a method that accounts for the influence of misclassification as well as measuring correct classifications. The probabilistic and generalized regression networks are found to be the most accurate. The predictions of the ANN models are compared with a classification of the Tongass national forest in southeast Alaska based on the interpretation of satellite imagery and are found to be of similar accuracy. FOR. SCI. 50(2):259–276.

Limited transport and recolonization potential in shallow tidal estuaries - Carolyn J. Lundquist; Simon F. Thrush; John W. Oldman; Alastair K. Senior (Limnology and Oceanography, 2004)
Evidence of limited larval exchange and high levels of self‐recruitment in marine populations continues to accumulate, implying that marine systems are not as open as we once believed. In estuaries, some organisms with long larval periods, such as crab and bivalve species, are capable of long‐distance transport, while others, including many polychaete and gastropod species with crawling or brooded larvae, lack long‐distance larval dispersal mechanisms and may disperse as juveniles and adults. To predict transport rates and colonization potentials of macrofaunal life stages transported in the water column, we use a combined hydrodynamic and particle tracking model. We vary particle release location to investigate how different habitats (i.e., main channel, lower sandflat, high sandflat, tidal creek) will contribute to the supply of colonists in different parts of the estuary. Most particles traveled short distances and settled within their release habitat. Slightly negatively buoyant particles (corresponding to small larvae) traveled much farther than more negatively buoyant particles (corresponding to larger, heavier larvae and juveniles). Particles released from high intertidal locations had lower rates of transport and transfer among habitats compared to lower intertidal sites. Other influences on organism transport include timing of release (with respect to tide), release location within the water column, tidal range, and magnitude of freshwater flood events. In general, estuarine communities dominated by organisms with limited dispersal periods are likely to be recruitment limited and limited in their ability to reach mature community states when subject to increasing frequencies or spatial extent of disturbance.

Measurement and prediction of energy expenditure in males during household and garden tasks - Simon M. Gunn; Grant E. van der Ploeg; Robert T. Withers; Christopher J. Gore; Neville Owen; Adrian E. Bauman; John Cormack (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2004)

Boron isotopic variations in hydrous rhyolitic melts: a case study from Long Valley, California - A. K. Schmitt; J. I. Simon (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2004)

Boron isotopic variations in hydrous rhyolitic melts: a case study from Long Valley, California - A. K. Schmitt; J. I. Simon (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2004)

Simulating Climate over Western North America Using Stochastic Weather Generators - Simon J. Mason (Climatic Change, 2004)

Locating eutrophication effects across British vegetation between 1990 and 1998 - Simon M. Smart; Joanne C. Robertson; Eleanor J. Shield; Helena M. Van De Poll (Global Change Biology, 2003)
Large‐scale ecological surveillance data were analysed to determine the locations of apparent eutrophication effects across common British vegetation types between 1990 and 1998. Plant species composition was recorded from a total of 9514 fixed plots located in a stratified, random sample of 501 1 km squares across Britain. Changes in plant species composition along a gradient of substrate fertility were inferred from statistical tests of change in mean Ellenberg fertility value calculated for each fixed plot. Plots were grouped by eight vegetation types, five landscape features (hedges, road verges, watercourse banks, small biotopes, larger units in fields and unenclosed land) and six environmental zones. Tests of change in mean Ellenberg value were carried out on all combinations of these strata. Decision tree modelling was used to identify groups of test outcomes sharing the same direction of change and where each group was defined by a minimum number of strata. Post hoc power analysis was used to select statistically non‐significant test outcomes that could be used to infer stability in the sampled sub‐population. Out of a total of 142 tests of change in fertility value, 67% were increases, 8% were reductions and 25% indicated stability. The best overall predictor of increases in fertility value, and therefore of shifts in favour of plants suited to higher substrate fertility, was vegetation type. Irrespective of landscape feature and environmental zone, increased means were associated with infertile grasslands, moorland, upland woodlands and heath/bog. Already highly fertile grasslands and woodland assemblages in lowland Britain remained largely stable. The small number of decreasing test outcomes were associated with arable land in Scotland, Wales and western England. These patterns of change are hypothesized to reflect pervasive land‐use drivers combined with the inherent responsiveness of the vegetation.

Seasonal changes in carbohydrate reserves in mature northern Populus tremuloides clones - Simon M. Landhusser; Victor J. Lieffers (Trees, 2003)

Antarctic circumpolar modes in a coupled ocean?atmosphere model - Simon J. Marsland; Mojib Latif; Stephanie Legutke (Ocean Dynamics, 2003)

Geochemistry and Isotopic Composition of H2S-rich Water in Flooded Underground Mine Workings, Butte, Montana, USA - Christopher H. Gammons; Simon R. Poulson; John J. Metesh; Terence E. Duaime; Amber R. Henne (Mine Water and the Environment, 2003)

Tachykinin substance P signaling involved in diesel exhaust-induced bronchopulmonary neurogenic inflammation in rats - Simon S. Wong; Nina N. Sun; Ingegerd Keith; Chol-Bum Kweon; David E. Foster; James J. Schauer; Mark L. Witten (Archives of Toxicology, 2003)

Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms and the outcome of hepatitis C virus infection - Susanne Knapp; Branwen J. W. Hennig; Angela J. Frodsham; Lyna Zhang; Simon Hellier; Mark Wright; Rob Goldin; Adrian V. S. Hill; Howard C. Thomas; Mark R. Thursz (Immunogenetics, 2003)

Hydrocarbon distribution and colony odour homogenisation in Pachycondyla apicalis - V. Soroker; C. Lucas; T. Simon; A. Hefetz; D. Fresneau; J. L. Durand (Insectes Sociaux, 2003)

Sequence variation in the CHAT locus shows no association with late-onset Alzheimer's disease - Denise Harold; Timothy Peirce; Valentina Moskvina; Simon Lovestone; John Powell; Catherine Foy; Nicola Archer; Sarah Walter; Amanda Edmonson; Stephen McIlroy; David Craig; Peter A. Passmore; et al. (Human Genetics, 2003)

In vitro regeneration of Echinacea pallida from leaf explants - A. R. Koroch; J. Kapteyn; H. R. Juliani; J. E. Simon (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 2003)

Enhancing anthocyanin production by altering competition for substrate between flavonol synthase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase - Kevin M. Davies; Kathy E. Schwinn; Simon C. Deroles; David G. Manson; David H. Lewis; Stephen J. Bloor; J. Marie Bradley (Euphytica, 2003)

Comparative effect of root-knot nematode on severity of verticillium and fusarium wilt in cotton - Dimitrios Katsantonis; Roy J. Hillocks; Simon Gowen (Phytoparasitica, 2003)

Genetic differentiation in the squid Moroteuthis ingens inferred from RAPD analysis - Chester J. Sands; Simon N. Jarman; George D. Jackson (Polar Biology, 2003)

A Meta-Analysis of Structural and Functional Brain Imaging in Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type: A Neuroimaging Profile - Konstantine K. Zakzanis; Simon J. Graham; Zachariah Campbell (Neuropsychology Review, 2003)

Maintaining Data Integrity in Insect Biodiversity Assessment Projects - Simon J. Grove (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2003)

A Preliminary Study of the Phycological Degradation of Natural Stone Masonry - Ryan G. Welton; Simon J. Cuthbert; Roger Mclean; Andrew Hursthouse; John Hughes (Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2003)

Analysis of 15 primary open-angle glaucoma families from Australia identifies a founder effect for the Q368STOP mutation of myocilin - Paul N. Baird; Jamie E. Craig; Andrea J. Richardson; Maree A. Ring; Pamela Sim; Sue Stanwix; Simon J. Foote; David A. Mackey (Human Genetics, 2003)

The effects of mechanical site preparation and subsequent wildfire on trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) regeneration in central Alberta, Canada - Erin C. Fraser; Simon M. Landhäusser; Victor J. Lieffers (New Forests, 2003)

Phylogenetics of rat inbred strains - Michael A. Thomas; Chin-Fu Chen; Michael I. Jensen-Seaman; Peter J. Tonellato; Simon N. Twigger (Mammalian Genome, 2003)

Activation of brain stem neurons by irritant chemical stimulation of the throat assessed by c-fos immunohistochemistry - Y. Boucher; C. Simons; J. Cuellar; S.-W. Jung; M. Carstens; E. Carstens (Experimental Brain Research, 2003)

Late Cenozoic environments and hominid evolution: a tribute to Bill Bishop, P. Andrews and P. Banham, Geological Society Publishing House, Bath 1999 (274 pp) ISBN 1‐86239‐036‐3 - Simon J. Carr (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2002)

Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of Ocimum basilicum and O. citriodorum - J. Simon; C. Deschamps (Plant Cell Reports, 2002)

GPS measurements of ocean loading and its impact on zenith tropospheric delay estimates: a case study in Brittany, France - S. Vey; E. Calais; M. Llubes; N. Florsch; G. Woppelmann; J. Hinderer; M. Amalvict; M. F. Lalancette; B. Simon; F. Duquenne; J. S. Haase (Journal of Geodesy, 2002)

Genetic relationships and diversity of commercially relevant Echinacea species - J. Kapteyn; P. Goldsbrough; J. Simon (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2002)

Assessment of Injury to Fish and Wildlife Resources in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern, USA - D. D. MacDonald; C. G. Ingersoll; D. E. Smorong; R. A. Lindskoog; D. W. Sparks; J. R. Smith; T. P. Simon; M. A. Hanacek (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2002)

An Assessment of Injury to Sediments and Sediment-Dwelling Organisms in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern, USA - D. D. MacDonald; C. G. Ingersoll; D. E. Smorong; R. A. Lindskoog; D. W. Sparks; J. R. Smith; T. P. Simon; M. A. Hanacek (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2002)

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation to alter ethylene and cytokinin biosynthesis in broccoli - Nigel E. Gapper; Marian J. McKenzie; Mary C. Christey; Robert H. Braun; Simon A. Coupe; Ross E. Lill; Paula E. Jameson (Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2002)

A new mouse mutant, skijumper - Majid Hafezparast; Simon Ball; Sharon J. Nicholson; Abi Witherden; Demet Arac; Neil Broadway; David Saggerson; Edwin Cooper; Mahmoud Naase; Stephen Gokhale; Patti Quant; Carol Lascelles; et al. (Mammalian Genome, 2002)

Polymorphism in Major Urinary Proteins: Molecular Heterogeneity in a Wild Mouse Population - Robert J. Beynon; Christina Veggerby; Caroline E. Payne; Duncan H. L. Robertson; Simon J. Gaskell; Rick E. Humphries; Jane L. Hurst (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2002)

Vegetative propagation of Prunus africana: effects of rooting medium, auxin concentrations and leaf area - Z. Tchoundjeu; M. L. Avana; R. R. B. Leakey; A. J. Simons; E. Assah; B. Duguma; J. M. Bell (Agroforestry Systems, 2002)

Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities: prognosis and solutions - Michel J Kaiser; Jeremy S Collie; Stephen J Hall; Simon Jennings; Ian R Poiner (Fish and Fisheries, 2002)
Fishing affects the seabed habitat worldwide on the continental shelf. These impacts are patchily distributed according to the spatial and temporal variation in fishing effort that results from fishers' behaviour. As a consequence, the frequency and intensity of fishing disturbance varies among different habitat types. Different fishing methodologies vary in the degree to which they affect the seabed. Structurally complex habitats (e.g. seagrass meadows, biogenic reefs) and those that are relatively undisturbed by natural perturbations (e.g. deep‐water mud substrata) are more adversely affected by fishing than unconsolidated sediment habitats that occur in shallow coastal waters. These habitats also have the longest recovery trajectories in terms of the recolonization of the habitat by the associated fauna. Comparative studies of areas of the seabed that have experienced different levels of fishing activity demonstrate that chronic fishing disturbance leads to the removal of high‐biomass species that are composed mostly of emergent seabed organisms. Contrary to the belief of fishers that fishing enhances seabed production and generates food for target fish species, productivity is actually lowered as fishing intensity increases and high‐biomass species are removed from the benthic habitat. These organisms also increase the topographic complexity of the seabed which has been shown to provide shelter for juvenile fishes, reducing their vulnerability to predation. Conversely, scavengers and small‐bodied organisms, such as polychaete worms, dominate heavily fished areas. Major changes in habitat can lead to changes in the composition of the resident fish fauna. Fishing has indirect effects on habitat through the removal of predators that control bio‐engineering organisms such as algal‐grazing urchins. Fishing gear resuspend the upper layers of sedimentary seabed habitats and hence remobilize contaminants and fine particulate matter into the water column. The ecological significance of these fishing effects has not yet been determined but could have implications for eutrophication and biogeochemical cycling. Simulation results suggest that the effects of low levels of trawling disturbance will be similar to those of natural bioturbators. In contrast, high levels of trawling disturbance cause sediment systems to become unstable due to large carbon fluxes between oxic and anoxic carbon compartments. In low energy habitats, intensive trawling disturbance may destabilize benthic system chemical fluxes, which has the potential to propagate more widely through the marine ecosystem. Management regimes that aim to incorporate both fisheries and habitat conservation objectives can be achieved through the appropriate use of a number of approaches, including total and partial exclusion of towed bottom fishing gears, and seasonal and rotational closure techniques. However, the inappropriate use of closed areas may displace fishing activities into habitats that are more vulnerable to disturbance than those currently trawled by fishers. In many cases, the behaviour of fishers constrains the extent of the impact of their fishing activities. Management actions that force them to redistribute their effort may be more damaging in the longer term.

Improved PCR-based Assays for Pre-symptomatic Diagnosis of Light Leaf Spot and Determination of Mating Type of Pyrenopeziza Brassicae on Winter Oilseed Rape - Simon J. Foster; Alison M. Ashby; Bruce D.L. Fitt (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2002)

In vitro regeneration of Echinacea purpurea from leaf explants - A. Koroch; H.R. Juliani; J. Kapteyn; J.E. Simon (Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2002)

Genetic architecture of sexual and asexual populations of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi based on allozyme and microsatellite markers - F. Delmotte; N. Leterme; J.‐P. Gauthier; C. Rispe; J.‐C. Simon (Molecular Ecology, 2002)
Cyclical parthenogens, including aphids, are attractive models for comparing the genetic outcomes of sexual and asexual reproduction, which determine their respective evolutionary advantages. In this study, we examined how reproductive mode shapes genetic structure of sexual (cyclically parthenogenetic) and asexual (obligately parthenogenetic) populations of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi by comparing microsatellite and allozyme data sets. Allozymes showed little polymorphism, confirming earlier studies with these markers. In contrast, microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic and showed patterns very discordant from allozyme loci. In particular, microsatellites revealed strong heterozygote excess in asexual populations, whereas allozymes showed heterozygote deficits. Various hypotheses are explored that could account for the conflicting results of these two types of genetic markers. A strong differentiation between reproductive modes was found with both types of markers. Microsatellites indicated that sexual populations have high allelic polymorphism and heterozygote deficits (possibly because of population subdivision, inbreeding or selection). Little geographical differentiation was found among sexual populations confirming the large dispersal ability of this aphid. In contrast, asexual populations showed less allelic polymorphism but high heterozygosity at most loci. Two alternative hypotheses are proposed to explain this heterozygosity excess: allele sequence divergence during long‐term asexuality or hybrid origin of asexual lineages. Clonal diversity of asexual lineages of R. padi was substantial suggesting that they could have frozen genetic diversity from the pool of sexual lineages. Several widespread asexual genotypes were found to persist through time, as already seen in other aphid species, a feature seemingly consistent with the general‐purpose genotype hypothesis.

Are Alaskan trees found in locally more favourable sites in marginal areas? - Jack J. Lennon; William E. Kunin; Simon Corne; Steve Carver; Willem W. S. Van Hees (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2002)
Aim Species generally become rarer and more patchily distributed as the margins of their ranges are approached. We predicted that in such marginal sites, tree species would tend to occur where some key environmental factors are at particularly favourable levels, compensating in part for the low overall suitability of marginal sites. Location The article considers the spatial distributions of trees in Southeast Alaska (the Alaskan ‘panhandle’). Methods We quantified range marginality using spatial distributions of eight tree species across more than one thousand surveyed sites in Southeast Alaska. For each species we derived a site core/margin index using a three‐dimensional trend surface generated from logistic regression on site coordinates. For each species, the relationships between the environmental factors slope, aspect and site marginality were then compared for occupied and unoccupied sets of sites. Results We found that site slope is important for more Alaskan tree species than aspect. Three out of eight had a significant core/margin by occupied/unoccupied interaction, tending to be present in significantly shallower‐sloped (more favourable) sites in the marginal areas than the simple core/margin trend predicted. For site aspect, one species had a significant interaction, selecting potentially more favourable northerly aspects in marginal areas. A finer‐scale analysis based on the same data came to the same overall conclusions. Conclusions There is evidence that several tree species in Alaska tend to occur in especially favourable sites in marginal areas. In these marginal areas, these species amplify habitat preferences shown in core areas.

Establishment and characterization of Rubus tissue culture systems for in vitro bioassays against phytotoxins from Rubus fungal pathogens - Peter J. Hollmann; Gwen K. Lohbrunner; Simon F. Shamoun; Stephen P. Lee (Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2002)

The regulation of biofilm development by quorum sensing in Aeromonas hydrophila - Martin J. Lynch; Simon Swift; David F. Kirke; C. William Keevil; Christine E. R. Dodd; Paul Williams (Environmental Microbiology, 2002)
Summary Aeromonas hydrophila is an opportunistic Gram‐negative pathogen that readily attaches to stainless steel to produce a thin biofilm with a complex 3D structure covering 40–50% of the available surface and producing large microcolonies. As A. hydrophila possesses an N ‐acylhomoserine lactone (AHL)‐dependent quorum‐sensing system based on the ahyRI locus, the presence of the AhyI protein and C4‐HSL within the biofilm phase was first established by Western blot and AHL biosensor analysis respectively. The ability of the A. hydrophila AH‐1 N strain to form biofilms in a continuous‐flow chamber was compared with isogenic ahyI and ahyR mutants. The ahyI mutant, which cannot produce C4‐HSL, failed to form a mature biofilm. In addition, the viable count of biofilm, but not planktonic phase ahyI mutants, was significantly lower that the parent or ahyR mutant. This defect in the differentiation of the ahyI mutant biofilm could be partially restored by the addition of exogenous C4‐HSL. A mutation in ahyR increased coverage of the available surface to around 80% with no obvious effect upon biofilm microcolony formation. These data support a role for AHL‐dependent quorum sensing in A. hydrophila biofilm development. Exposure of the A. hydrophila AH‐1N biofilm to N ‐(3‐oxodecanoyl)homoserine lactone, which inhibits exoprotease production in planktonic cells, however, had no effect on biofilm formation or architecture within the continuous‐flow chamber.

Expression patterns of cell wall-modifying enzymes during grape berry development - Kylie J. Nunan; Christopher Davies; Simon P. Robinson; Geoffrey B. Fincher (Planta, 2001)

Substantial linkage disequilibrium across the insulin-degrading enzyme locus but no association with late-onset Alzheimer's disease - Richard Abraham; Amanda Myers; Fabienne Wavrant-DeVrieze; Marian L. Hamshere; Hollie V. Thomas; Helen Marshall; Danielle Compton; Gillian Spurlock; Dragana Turic; Bastiaan Hoogendoorn; Jennifer M. Kwon; Ronald C. Petersen; et al. (Human Genetics, 2001)

Use of transgenic mice model for understanding the placentation: towards clinical applications in human obstetrical pathologies? - Vincent Sapin; Loïc Blanchon; Anne-Françoise Serre; Didier Lémery; Bernard Dastugue; Simon J. Ward (Transgenic Research, 2001)

North African wetland lakes: characterization of nine sites included in the CASSARINA Project - Mohammed Ramdani; Roger J. Flower; Najat Elkhiati; Mohammed M. Kraïem; Adel A. Fathi; Hilary H. Birks; Simon T. Patrick (Aquatic Ecology, 2001)

Open water zooplankton communities in North African wetland lakes: the CASSARINA Project - Mohammed Ramdani; Najat Elkhiati; Roger J. Flower; Hilary H. Birks; Mejdidine M. Kraïem; Adel A. Fathi; Simon T. Patrick (Aquatic Ecology, 2001)

The molecular basis of plant cell wall extension - Catherine P. Darley; Andrew M. Forrester; Simon J. McQueen-Mason (Plant Molecular Biology, 2001)

Enhancement of Chromium Phytoextraction Capacity of Fodder Radish with Picolinic Acid - L. Simon; I. SzegvÁri; J. Prokisch (Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2001)

Metabolism of chicory fructooligosaccharides by bifidobacteria - A. Durieux; C. Fougnies; H. Jacobs; J.-P. Simon (Biotechnology Letters, 2001)

CD2F-10: a new member of the CD2 subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily - Janet A. Fennelly; Bela Tiwari; Simon J. Davis; Edward J. Evans (Immunogenetics, 2001)

In vitro germination and development of western hemlock dwarf mistletoe - Shannon J. Deeks; Simon F. Shamoun; Zamir K. Punja (Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2001)

A molecular approach to dominance in hypophosphatasia - A. Lia-Baldini; F. Muller; A. Taillandier; J. Gibrat; M. Mouchard; B. Robin; B. Simon-Bouy; J. Serre; A. Aylsworth; E. Bieth; S. Delanote; P. Freisinger; et al. (Human Genetics, 2001)

Identification and Characterization of Segments 3 and 4 of the ISAV Genome - Rachael J. Ritchie; Joël Heppell; Marcia B. Cook; Simon Jones; Steve G. Griffiths (Virus Genes, 2001)

Influence of plant development and environment on transgene expression in potato and consequences for insect resistance - Rachel E. Down; Louise Ford; Simon J. Bedford; Laurence N. Gatehouse; Christine Newell; John A. Gatehouse; Angharad M.R. Gatehouse (Transgenic Research, 2001)

Status and extinction probabilities of great bustard (Otis tarda) leks in Andalucía, southern Spain - Simon J. Lane; J. Carlos Alonso (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2001)

Bottlenecks, drift and differentiation: the population structure and demographic history of sika deer ( Cervus nippon ) in the Japanese archipelago - Simon J. Goodman; Hidetoshi B. Tamate; Rebecca Wilson; Junko Nagata; Shirow Tatsuzawa; Graeme M. Swanson; Josephine M. Pemberton; Dale R. McCullough (Molecular Ecology, 2001)
We assessed genetic differentiation and diversity in 14 populations of sika deer ( Cervus nippon ) from Japan and four populations of sika deer introduced to the UK, using nine microsatellite loci. We observed extreme levels of differentiation and significant differences in diversity between populations. Our results do not support morphological subspecies designations, but are consistent with previous mitochondrial DNA analyses which suggest the existence of two genetically distinct lineages of sika deer in Japan. The source of sika introduced to the UK was identified as Kyushu. The underlying structure of Japanese populations probably derives from drift in separate glacial refugia and male dispersal limited by distance. This structure has been perturbed by bottlenecks and habitat fragmentation, resulting from human activity from the mid‐nineteenth century. Most current genetic differentiation and differences in diversity among populations probably result from recent drift. Coalescent model analysis suggests sika on each of the main Japanese islands have experienced different recent population histories. Hokkaido, which has large areas of continuous habitat, has maintained high levels of gene flow. In Honshu the population is highly fragmented and is likely to have been evolving by drift alone. In Kyushu there has been a balance between gene flow and drift but all the populations have experienced high levels of drift. Habitat fragment size was not significantly associated with genetic diversity in populations but there was a significant correlation between habitat fragment size and effective population size.

Species- and agonist-dependent differences in the deactivation-kinetics of P2X 7 receptors - Hibell A.; Thompson K.; Simon J.; Xing M.; Humphrey P.; Michel A. (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2001)

40Ar/39Ar ages in deformed potassium feldspar: evidence of microstructural control on Ar isotope systematics - Steven M. Reddy; Graham J. Potts; Simon P. Kelley (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2001)

Syntheses and structures of M(L)(X)BPh4 complexes {M=Co(II), Zn(II); L=cis-1,3,5-tris[3-(2-furyl)prop-2-enylideneamino]cyclohexane, X=OAc, NO3}: structural models of the active site of carbonic anhydrase - Leroy Cronin; Simon P. Foxon; Paul J. Lusby; Paul H. Walton (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2001)

Effects of fungal inocula on the decomposition of lignin and structural polysaccharides in Pinus sylvestris litter - Peter Cox; Simon P. Wilkinson; J. M. Anderson (Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2001)

An In Situ Dissolution Study of Aspirin Crystal Planes (100) and (001) by Atomic Force Microscopy - Ardeshir Danesh; Simon D. Connell; Martyn C. Davies; Clive J. Roberts; Saul J. B. Tendler; Phillip M. Williams; M. J. Wilkins (Pharmaceutical Research, 2001)

Distribution of human kappa locus IGKV2-29 and IGKV2D-29 alleles in Swedish Caucasians and Hong Kong Chinese - Leonid Padyukov; Mirjana Hahn-Zoric; Sandra R. Blomqvist; Marina Ulanova; Simon G. Welch; Ann J. Feeney; Yu Lung Lau; Lars Åke Hanson (Immunogenetics, 2001)

A high-resolution genetic map and a diagnostic RFLP marker for the Mlg resistance locus to powdery mildew in barley - J. Kurth; R. Kolsch; V. Simons; P. Schulze-Lefert (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2001)

Retro‐active skill of multi‐tiered forecasts of summer rainfall over southern Africa - Willem A. Landman; Simon J. Mason; Peter D. Tyson; Warren J. Tennant (International Journal of Climatology, 2001)
Sea‐surface temperature (SST) variations of the oceans surrounding southern Africa are associated with seasonal rainfall variability, especially during austral summer when the tropical atmospheric circulation is dominant over the region. Because of instabilities in the linear association between summer rainfall over southern Africa and SSTs of the tropical Indian Ocean, the skilful prediction of seasonal rainfall may best be achieved using physically based models. A two‐tiered retro‐active forecast procedure for the December–February (DJF) season is employed over a 10‐year period starting from 1987/1988. Rainfall forecasts are produced for a number of homogeneous regions over part of southern Africa. Categorized (below‐normal, near‐normal and above‐normal) statistical DJF rainfall predictions are made for the region to form the baseline skill level that has to be outscored by more elaborate methods involving general circulation models (GCMs). The GCM used here is the Centre for Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Studies (COLA) T30, with predicted global SST fields as boundary forcing and initial conditions derived from the National Centres for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data. Bias‐corrected GCM simulations of circulation and moisture at certain standard pressure levels are downscaled to produce rainfall forecasts at the regional level using the perfect prognosis approach. In the two‐tiered forecasting system, SST predictions for the global oceans are made first. SST anomalies of the equatorial Pacific (NIÑO3.4) and Indian oceans are predicted skilfully at 1‐ and 3‐month lead‐times using a statistical model. These retro‐active SST forecasts are accurate for pre‐1990 conditions, but predictability seems to have weakened during the 1990s. Skilful multi‐tiered rainfall forecasts are obtained when the amplitudes of large events in the global oceans (such as El Niño and La Niña episodes) are described adequately by the predicted SST fields. GCM simulations using persisted August SST anomalies instead of forecast SSTs produce skill levels similar to those of the baseline for longer lead‐times. Given high‐skill SST forecasts, the scheme has the potential to provide climate forecasts that outscore the baseline skill level substantially. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society

Evidence for predominant clones in a cyclically parthenogenetic organism provided by combined demographic and genetic analyses - L. Haack; J.‐C. Simon; J.‐P. Gauthier; M. Plantegenest; C.‐A. Dedryver (Molecular Ecology, 2000)
Aphids are particularly interesting models in the study of genetic and demographic components of plant adaptation because of their breeding system which combines parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction (i.e. cyclical parthenogenesis), and the frequent emergence of host‐adapted races reported in this group. In this paper, patterns of host adaptation were assessed on local populations of the aphid Sitobion avenae by following their demographic and genetic structure in a maize field for two consecutive years. The existence of putative generalist (polyphagous) or specialized (host‐adapted) genotypes was also investigated by comparing the genotypic distribution of this aphid on maize and other cultivated host plants, using five microsatellite loci. Although population dynamics revealed strong variation in aphid abundance during the colonization period on maize, two genotypes identified at seven additional microsatellite loci were predominant and exhibited stable frequencies over cropping season and between years. Based on present and earlier studies, these two prevalent genotypes were shown to survive on different host plants other than maize, to colonize large geographical zones and to persist parthenogenetically for several years. All these data strongly suggest that these two genotypes are asexual generalist clones that could have been favoured by agricultural practices encountered in western Europe. Besides these two clones, a continual replacement of rare genotypes was observed on maize in both years. Hypotheses involving selection via aphid–plant interactions and natural enemies were proposed for explaining the disappearance of these genotypes on maize.

Field of view affects reaching, not grasping - Simon J. Watt; Mark F. Bradshaw; Simon K. Rushton (Experimental Brain Research, 2000)

Discriminating the role of binocular information in the timing of a one-handed catch - Simon J. Bennett; John van der Kamp; Geert J. P. Savelsbergh; Keith Davids (Experimental Brain Research, 2000)

Human dendritic cells are a physiological source of the chemotactic arachidonic acid metabolite 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid - U. Zimpfer; S. Dichmann; C.C. Termeer; J.C. Simon; J.-M. Schröder; J. Norgauer (Inflammation Research, 2000)

Continuous malolactic fermentation by Oenococcus Oeni entrapped in LentiKats - A. Durieux; X. Nicolay; J.-P. Simon (Biotechnology Letters, 2000)

Development of an Index of Biotic Integrity for the Little Arkansas RiverBasin, Kansas - M. J. Lydy; A. J. Strong; T. P. Simon (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2000)

Genes encoding troponin I and troponin T are organized as three paralogous pairs in the mouse genome - Paul J.R. Barton; Antony J. Mullen; Martin E. Cullen; Gurtej K. Dhoot; Dominique Simon-Chazottes; Jean-Louis Guénet (Mammalian Genome, 2000)

Expression of a heterologous expansin in transgenic tomato plants - Soizic F. Rochange; Simon J. McQueen-Mason (Planta, 2000)

Improvements in allelic discrimination of microsatellite markers using denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - R.C. Andrew Symons; Vikki M. Marshall; Simon J. Foote (Mammalian Genome, 2000)

Leftward shift in the acquisition of cocaine self-administration in isolation-reared rats: relationship to extracellular levels of dopamine, serotonin and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala-striatal FOS expression - Simon R. Howes; Jeffrey W. Dalley; Caroline H. Morrison; Trevor W. Robbins; Barry J. Everitt (Psychopharmacology, 2000)

Informatics for mutagenesis: the design of Mutabase—a distributed data recording system for animal husbandry, mutagenesis, and phenotypic analysis - Mark A. Strivens; Rachel L. Selley; Simon J. Greenaway; Mazda Hewitt; Xinhong Liu; Kirstin Battershill; Stefan L. McCormack; Karen A. Pickford; Lucie Vizor; Patrick M. Nolan; A. Jacqueline Hunter; Josephine Peters; et al. (Mammalian Genome, 2000)

Decrease of phosphoribulokinase activity by antisense RNA in transgenic tobacco: definition of the light environment under which phosphoribulokinase is not in large excess - Matthew J. Paul; Simon P. Driscoll; P. John Andralojc; Jacqui S. Knight; John C. Gray; David W. Lawlor (Planta, 2000)

Postsealing genetic variation and population structure of two species of fur seal ( Arctocephalus gazella and A. tropicalis ) - Louise P. Wynen; Simon D. Goldsworthy; Christophe Guinet; Marthán N. Bester; Ian L. Boyd; Ian Gjertz; Greg J. G. Hofmeyr; Robert W. G. White; Rob Slade (Molecular Ecology, 2000)
Commercial sealing in the 18th and 19th centuries had a major impact on the Antarctic and subantarctic fur seal populations ( Arctocephalus gazella and A. tropicalis ) in the Southern Ocean. The intensive and unrestricted nature of the industry ensured substantial reductions in population sizes and resulted in both species becoming locally extinct at some sites. However, both species are continuing to recover, through the recolonization of islands across their former range and increasing population size. This study investigated the extent and pattern of genetic variation in each species to examine the hypothesis that higher levels of historic sealing in A. gazella have resulted in a greater loss of genetic variability and population structure compared with A. tropicalis . A 316‐bp section of the mitochondrial control region was sequenced and revealed nucleotide diversities of 3.2% and 4.8% for A. gazella and A. tropicalis , respectively. There was no geographical distribution of lineages observed within either species, although the respective Φ ST values of 0.074 and 0.19 were significantly greater than zero. These data indicate low levels of population structure in A. gazella and relatively high levels in A. tropicalis. Additional samples screened with restriction endonucleases were incorporated, and the distribution of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence haplotypes were examined to identify the main source populations of newly recolonized islands. For A. tropicalis , the data suggest that Macquarie Island and Iles Crozet were probably recolonized by females from Marion Island, and to a lesser extent Ile Amsterdam. Although there was less population structure within A. gazella , there were two geographical regions identified: a western region containing the populations of South Georgia and Bouvetøya, which were the probable sources for populations at Marion, the South Shetland and Heard Islands; and an eastern region containing the panmictic populations of Iles Kerguelen and Macquarie Island. The latter region may be a result of a pronounced founder effect, or represent a remnant population that survived sealing at Iles Kerguelen.

RAPD linkage map of the genomic region encompassing the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) resistance locus in carrot - L. S. Boiteux; J. G. Belter; P. A. Roberts; P. W. Simon (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2000)

Diversity and habitat relationships of hypogeous fungi. II. Factors influencing the occurrence and number of taxa - Andrew W. Claridge; Simon C. Barry; Steven J. Cork; James M. Trappe (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2000)

The enzymes involved in synthesis and utilization of carbamylphosphate in the deep-sea tube worm Riftia pachyptila - V. Simon; C. Purcarea; K. Sun; J. Joseph; G. Frebourg; J.-P. Lechaire; F. Gaill; G. Hervé (Marine Biology, 2000)

Changes in root morphology of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and its adaptation to soils with heterogeneous alkaline/acid profiles - Simon J. Kerley (Plant and Soil, 2000)

Red-Legged Partridges ( Alectoris rufa ) as Bioindicators for Persistent Chlorinated Chemicals in Spain - A. Herrera; A. Ariño; M. P. Conchello; R. Lazaro; S. Bayarri; C. Yagüe; J. M. Peiro; S. Aranda; M. D. Simon (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2000)

Late Middle Pleistocene deposits at Norton Farm on the West Sussex coastal plain, southern England - Martin R. Bates; C. Richard Bates; Philip L. Gibbard; Richard I. Macphail; Frederick J. Owen; Simon A. Parfitt; Richard C. Preece; Mark B. Roberts; J. Eric Robinson; John E. Whittaker; Keith N. Wilkinson (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2000)

Disparate phylogeographic patterns of molecular genetic variation in four closely related South American small cat species - Warren E. Johnson; Jill Pecon Slattery; Eduardo Eizirik; Jae‐Heup Kim; Marilyn Menotti Raymond; Cristian Bonacic; Richard Cambre; Peter Crawshaw; Adauto Nunes; Héctor N. Seuánez; Miguel Angelo Martins Moreira; Kevin L. Seymour; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 1999)
Tissue specimens from four species of Neotropical small cats ( Oncifelis geoffroyi , N = 38; O. guigna , N = 6; Leopardus tigrinus , N = 32; Lynchailurus colocolo , N = 22) collected from throughout their distribution were examined for patterns of DNA sequence variation using three mitochondrial genes, 16S rRNA, ATP8, and NADH‐5. Patterns between and among O. guigna and O. geoffroyi individuals were assessed further from size variation at 20 microsatellite loci. Phylogenetic analyses using mitochondrial DNA sequences revealed monophyletic clustering of the four species, plus evidence of natural hybridization between L. tigrinus and L. colocolo in areas of range overlap and discrete population subdivisions reflecting geographical isolation. Several commonly accepted subspecies partitions were affirmed for L. colocolo , but not for O. geoffroyi . The lack of geographical substructure in O. geoffroyi was recapitulated with the microsatellite data, as was the monophyletic clustering of O. guigna and O. geoffroyi individuals. L. tigrinus forms two phylogeographic clusters which correspond to L.t. oncilla (from Costa Rica) and L.t. guttula (from Brazil) and which have mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic distance estimates comparable to interspecific values between other ocelot lineage species. Using feline‐specific calibration rates for mitochondrial DNA mutation rates, we estimated that extant lineages of O. guigna diverged 0.4 million years ago (Ma), compared with 1.7 Ma for L. colocolo , 2.0 Ma for O. geoffroyi , and 3.7 Ma for L. tigrinus .

Change in the association between Indian Ocean sea-surface temperatures and summer rainfall over South Africa and Namibia - Willem A. Landman; Simon J. Mason (International Journal of Climatology, 1999)

Regeneration of garlic callus as affected by clonal variation, plant growth regulators and culture conditions over time - J. M. Myers; P. W. Simon (Plant Cell Reports, 1999)

Rhizome growth of Calamagrostis canadensis into mounds created for tree seedling establishment - Simon M. Landhäusser; Victor J. Lieffers (New Forests, 1999)

DGGE screening of PKD1 gene reveals novel mutations in a large cohort of 146 unrelated patients - R.A. Perrichot; B. Mercier; P.M. Simon; B. Whebe; J. Cledes; C. Ferec (Human Genetics, 1999)