Attribution of the heavy rainfall events leading to severe flooding in Western Europe during July 2021 - Jordis S. Tradowsky; Sjoukje Y. Philip; Frank Kreienkamp; Sarah F. Kew; Philip Lorenz; Julie Arrighi; Thomas Bettmann; Steven Caluwaerts; Steven C. Chan; Lesley De Cruz; Hylke de Vries; Norbert Demuth; et al. (Climatic Change, 2023)
In July 2021 extreme rainfall across Western Europe caused severe flooding and substantial impacts, including over 200 fatalities and extensive infrastructure damage within Germany and the Benelux countries. After the event, a hydrological assessment and a probabilistic event attribution analysis of rainfall data were initiated and complemented by discussing the vulnerability and exposure context. The global mean surface temperature (GMST) served as a covariate in a generalised extreme value distribution fitted to observational and model data, exploiting the dependence on GMST to estimate how anthropogenic climate change affects the likelihood and severity of extreme events. Rainfall accumulations in Ahr/Erft and the Belgian Meuse catchment vastly exceeded previous observed records. In regions of that limited size the robust estimation of return values and the detection and attribution of rainfall trends are challenging. However, for the larger Western European region it was found that, under current climate conditions, on average one rainfall event of this magnitude can be expected every 400 years at any given location. Consequently, within the entire region, events of similar magnitude are expected to occur more frequently than once in 400 years. Anthropogenic climate change has already increased the intensity of the maximum 1-day rainfall event in the summer season by 3–19 %. The likelihood of such an event to occur today compared to a 1.2 $$^{° }$$ ∘ C cooler climate has increased by a factor of 1.2–9. Models indicate that intensity and frequency of such events will further increase with future global warming. While attribution of small-scale events remains challenging, this study shows that there is a robust increase in the likelihood and severity of rainfall events such as the ones causing extreme impacts in July 2021 when considering a larger region.

Shared and distinct patterns of genetic structure in two sympatric large decapods - Charlie D. Ellis; Kirsty L. MacLeod; Tom L. Jenkins; Lénia D. Rato; Youenn Jézéquel; Mišo Pavičić; David Díaz; Jamie R. Stevens (Journal of Biogeography, 2023)
Aim Comparing genetic structure in species with shared spatial ranges and ecological niches can help identify how dissimilar aspects of biology can shape differences in population connectivity. Similarly, where species are widely distributed across heterogeneous environments and major topographic barriers, knowledge of the structuring of populations can help reveal the impacts of factors which limit dispersal and/or drive divergence, aiding conservation management. Location European seas of the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean. Taxa European clawed lobster ( Homarus gammarus ) and European crawfish ( Palinurus elephas ), two sympatric, heavily fished decapods with extensive dispersal potential. Methods By RAD‐sequencing 214 H. gammarus from 32 locations and 349 P. elephas from 15 locations, we isolated 6340 and 7681 SNP loci, respectively. Using these data to characterise contemporary population structuring, we investigate potential spatial and environmental drivers of genomic heterogeneity. Results We found higher levels of differentiation among clawed lobsters than crawfish, both globally and within basins, and demonstrate where known hydrographic and topographic barriers generate shared patterns of divergence, such as a genetic break between the Atlantic and Mediterranean basins. Genetic structure not common to both species is principally apparent in the Atlantic portions of their range, where clawed lobster exhibits a genetic cline and increased differentiation towards range margins, while crawfish appear effectively panmictic throughout this region. Main Conclusions We attribute the comparative lack of crawfish population structuring to their greater dispersal tendencies via a longer pelagic larval duration and sporadic adult movements. In contrast, genetic connectivity in clawed lobster is relatively restricted, with the correlation of site of origin and temperature to geographical heterogeneity at many divergent loci indicative of both neutral and adaptive processes. Our results help inform how contemporary management can account for likely demographic connectivity and marry the conservation of genomic variation with sustainable fisheries in these ecologically and economically important crustaceans.

Framework for fostering just and equitable seagrass policy, management, and social-ecological outcomes: Lessons learned from Belizean marine resource managers - Kerry E. Grimm; Jessica L. Archibald; Sara E. Bonilla-Anariba; Nadia Bood; Steven W.J. Canty (Marine Policy, 2023)

Extreme low-flow conditions in a dual-chamber denitrification bioreactor contribute to pollution swapping with low landscape-scale impact - Lindsey M. Hartfiel; Natasha L. Hoover; Steven J. Hall; Thomas M. Isenhart; Carmen L. Gomes; Michelle L. Soupir (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

Geographic and taxonomic variation in adaptive capacity among mountain-dwelling small mammals: Implications for conservation status and actions - Erik A. Beever; Jennifer L. Wilkening; Peter D. Billman; Lindsey L. Thurman; Kristina A. Ernest; David H. Wright; Alisha M. Gill; April C. Craighead; Nolan A. Helmstetter; Leona K. Svancara; Meghan J. Camp; Sabuj Bhattacharyya; et al. (Biological Conservation, 2023)

Towards vibrant fish populations and sustainable fisheries that benefit all: learning from the last 30 years to inform the next 30 years - Steven J. Cooke; Elizabeth A. Fulton; Warwick H. H. Sauer; Abigail J. Lynch; Jason S. Link; Aaron A. Koning; Joykrushna Jena; Luiz G. M. Silva; Alison J. King; Rachel Kelly; Matthew Osborne; Julia Nakamura; et al. (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2023)

Goals, challenges, and next steps in transdisciplinary fisheries research: perspectives and experiences from early-career researchers - Elizabeth A. Nyboer; Andrea J. Reid; Amanda L. Jeanson; Rachel Kelly; Mary Mackay; Jenny House; Sarah M. Arnold; Paul W. Simonin; Mary Grace C. Sedanza; Emma D. Rice; T. E. Angela L. Quiros; Andrea Pierucci; et al. (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2023)

Long-term dasatinib plus quercetin effects on aging outcomes and inflammation in nonhuman primates: implications for senolytic clinical trial design - Alistaire D. Ruggiero; Ravichandra Vemuri; Megan Blawas; Masha Long; Darla DeStephanis; Abigail G. Williams; Haiying Chen; Jamie N. Justice; Shannon L. Macauley; Steven M. Day; Kylie Kavanagh (GeroScience, 2023)

Biophysical Factors Influence Methane Fluxes in Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands Using Eddy Covariance Methods - Zhuoran Yu; Christina L. Staudhammer; Sparkle L. Malone; Steven F. Oberbauer; Junbin Zhao; Julia A. Cherry; Gregory Starr (Ecosystems, 2023)

Classic Phytochemical Antioxidant and Lipoxygenase Inhibitor, Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid, Activates Phospholipase D through Oxidant Signaling and Tyrosine Phosphorylation Leading to Cytotoxicity in Lung Vascular Endothelial Cells - Narasimham L. Parinandi; Alex Liaugminas; Patrick J. Oliver; Saradhadevi Varadharaj; Anita Yenigalla; Austin C. Elliott; Sukruthi Arutla; Steven J. Campbell; Sainath R. Kotha; Shariq I. Sherwani; Vijay K. Kutala; Jodi C. McDaniel; et al. (Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2023)

Diversity, distribution, and expression of opsin genes in freshwater lakes - Shaomei He; Alexandra M. Linz; Sarah L. R. Stevens; Patricia Q. Tran; Francisco Moya‐Flores; Ben O. Oyserman; Jeffrey R. Dwulit‐Smith; Katrina T. Forest; Katherine D. McMahon (Molecular Ecology, 2023)
Microbial rhodopsins are widely distributed in aquatic environments and may significantly contribute to phototrophy and energy budgets in global oceans. However, the study of freshwater rhodopsins has been largely limited. Here, we explored the diversity, ecological distribution, and expression of opsin genes that encode the apoproteins of type I rhodopsins in humic and clearwater lakes with contrasting physicochemical and optical characteristics. Using metagenomes and metagenome‐assembled genomes, we recovered opsin genes from a wide range of taxa, mostly predicted to encode green light‐absorbing proton pumps. Viral opsin and novel bacterial opsin clades were recovered. Opsin genes occurred more frequently in taxa from clearwater than from humic water, and opsins in some taxa have nontypical ion‐pumping motifs that might be associated with physicochemical conditions of these two freshwater types. Analyses of the surface layer of 33 freshwater systems revealed an inverse correlation between opsin gene abundance and lake dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In humic water with high terrestrial DOC and light‐absorbing humic substances, opsin gene abundance was low and dramatically declined within the first few meters, whereas the abundance remained relatively high along the bulk water column in clearwater lakes with low DOC, suggesting opsin gene distribution is influenced by lake optical properties and DOC. Gene expression analysis confirmed the significance of rhodopsin‐based phototrophy in clearwater lakes and revealed different diel expressional patterns among major phyla. Overall, our analyses revealed freshwater opsin diversity, distribution and expression patterns, and suggested the significance of rhodopsin‐based phototrophy in freshwater energy budgets, especially in clearwater lakes.

Diet and Temperature Effects on the Survival of Larval Red Deep-Sea Crabs, Chaceon quinquedens (Smith, 1879), under Laboratory Conditions - Nivette M. Pérez-Pérez; Matthew Poach; Bradley Stevens; Stacy L. Smith; Gulnihal Ozbay (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2023)
Declines in commercial crustacean species (such as lobsters, king crab, etc.) have caused an increased interest in the harvest of the red deep-sea crab Chaceon quinquedens. The red deep-sea crab is a federally managed fishery; however, little is known about the species’ general biology, especially the conditions required for larval survival. We aimed to answer two main questions about the life history of the red deep-sea crab. First, is there a common larval hatching pattern between adult female crabs? Specifically, our inquiries are about the duration of the hatching process, daily peak hatching time, and the relationship between female morphometry and the total larvae hatched. Second, which are the factors affecting the survival and development of larval red deep-sea crabs? In order to answer these research questions, we studied the effects of diet (rotifers, Artemia sp., algae, and unfed), temperature (9 °C, 15 °C, and 20 °C), and aquaculture settings. Ovigerous females were obtained from commercial traps and transported to the NOAA James J. Howard Laboratory, NJ. They were placed in the Females Husbandry and Hatching Collection System (FHCS), where the larvae hatched. Hatching of adult females was monitored and measured by volume. A simple linear regression (SLR) was calculated to predict the number of larvae hatched based on the measured volumes, and it was significant (F = 1196; df = 1, 13; R2 = 0.9892, p = 3.498 × 10−14). Duration of hatching period showed an approximate 30 days for adult females red deep-sea crabs, with a common daily maximum hatching time at 22:00 hrs (hatching time seem to follow the sun cycle and the first hours after sunset, Perez, pers. observation). Linear polynomial quadratic regressions were conducted for both years with an interaction term for the two continuous variables (diet and temperature), and were used to model the proportion of larval survival through time. In both years, a highly significant difference was obtained (F = 56.15; df = 4, 2134; R2 = 0.09353; p =

Crude oil exposure of early life stages of Atlantic haddock suggests threshold levels for developmental toxicity as low as 0.1 μg total polyaromatic hydrocarbon (TPAH)/L - Elin Sørhus; Lisbet Sørensen; Bjørn Einar Grøsvik; Jérémie Le Goff; John P. Incardona; Tiffany L. Linbo; David H. Baldwin; Ørjan Karlsen; Trond Nordtug; Bjørn Henrik Hansen; Anders Thorsen; Carey E. Donald; et al. (Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2023)

Invasive frogs show persistent physiological differences to elevation and acclimate to colder temperatures - Jack R. Marchetti; Karen H. Beard; Emily E. Virgin; Erin L. Lewis; Steven C. Hess; Kwanho C. Ki; Layne O. Sermersheim; Adriana P. Furtado; Susannah S. French (Journal of Thermal Biology, 2023)

Spatiotemporal patterns in the prevalence of microscopic hepatic changes in Gulf of Mexico Tilefish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps) and associations with hepatic PAHs - Susan M. Snyder; Susan B. Fogelson; Erin L. Pulster; Steven A. Murawski (Aquatic Toxicology, 2023)

On the relevance of animal behavior to the management and conservation of fishes and fisheries - Steven J. Cooke; Heather L. Auld; Kim Birnie-Gauvin; Chris K. Elvidge; Morgan L. Piczak; William M. Twardek; Graham D. Raby; Jacob W. Brownscombe; Jonathan D. Midwood; Robert J. Lennox; Christine Madliger; Alexander D. M. Wilson; et al. (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2023)

Adverse impacts of Roundup on soil bacteria, soil chemistry and mycorrhizal fungi during restoration of a Colorado grassland - Clifton P. Bueno de Mesquita; Adam J. Solon; Amy Barfield; Claire F. Mastrangelo; Abigail J. Tubman; Kim Vincent; Dorota L. Porazinska; Rebecca A. Hufft; Nancy Shackelford; Katharine N. Suding; Steven K. Schmidt (Applied Soil Ecology, 2023)

Sulfolipid substitution ratios of Microcystis aeruginosa and planktonic communities as an indicator of phosphorus limitation in Lake Erie - Robbie M. Martin; Maddie K. Denney; Helena L. Pound; Justin D. Chaffin; George S. Bullerjahn; R. Michael L. McKay; Arthur Zastepa; Katarina A. Jones; Hector F. Castro; Shawn R. Campagna; Steven W. Wilhelm (Limnology and Oceanography, 2023)
Phosphorus (P) availability frequently limits primary production in lakes, influences the physiology of phytoplankton, shapes community structure, and can stimulate or constrain the formation of cyanobacterial blooms. Given the importance of P, numerous methods are available to assess P stress in phytoplankton communities. Marine phytoplankton are known to substitute sulfolipids for phospholipids in response to P limitation. We asked whether sulfolipid substitution might serve as an additional indicator of P stress in freshwater phytoplankton communities. The question was addressed using cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa , Lake Erie microcosms, and surveys of lipid profiles in Lake Erie during a Microcystis spp. bloom. Peak area response ratios of the intact polar lipids sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) to phosphatidylglycerol (PG) were used as the metric of lipid substitution. In cultures of M. aeruginosa NIES‐843, the SQDG : PG ratio increased from ~ 0.9 to ~ 3.3 with decreasing P concentration. In P‐limited communities, the SQDG : PG ratio increased from ~ 6 to ~ 11 after 48 h in microcosm controls, while P amendments reduced the ratio to ~ 3. In Lake Erie surveys, the SQDG : PG ratio ranged from ~ 0.4 to ~ 7.4 and was negatively correlated (Pearson r = −0.62) with total dissolved P. The SQDG : PG ratio was not correlated with concentrations of chlorophyll a , soluble reactive P, or N : P molar ratios. These results demonstrated that M. aeruginosa and Microcystis ‐dominated communities remodel lipid profiles in response to P scarcity, providing a potential short‐term, time‐integrated biomarker of nutrient history and P stress in fresh waters.

The ecological relevance of critical thermal maxima methodology for fishes - Jessica E. Desforges; Kim Birnie‐Gauvin; Fredrik Jutfelt; Kathleen M. Gilmour; Erika J. Eliason; Terra L. Dressler; David J. McKenzie; Amanda E. Bates; Michael J. Lawrence; Nann Fangue; Steven J. Cooke (Journal of Fish Biology, 2023)
Critical thermal maxima methodology (CTM) has been used to infer acute upper thermal tolerance in fishes since the 1950s, yet its ecological relevance remains debated. In this study, the authors synthesize evidence to identify methodological concerns and common misconceptions that have limited the interpretation of critical thermal maximum (CT max ; value for an individual fish during one trial) in ecological and evolutionary studies of fishes. They identified limitations of, and opportunities for, using CT max as a metric in experiments, focusing on rates of thermal ramping, acclimation regimes, thermal safety margins, methodological endpoints, links to performance traits and repeatability. Care must be taken when interpreting CTM in ecological contexts, because the protocol was originally designed for ecotoxicological research with standardized methods to facilitate comparisons within study individuals, across species and contexts. CTM can, however, be used in ecological contexts to predict impacts of environmental warming, but only if parameters influencing thermal limits, such as acclimation temperature or rate of thermal ramping, are taken into account. Applications can include mitigating the effects of climate change, informing infrastructure planning or modelling species distribution, adaptation and/or performance in response to climate‐related temperature change. The authors’ synthesis points to several key directions for future research that will further aid the application and interpretation of CTM data in ecological contexts.

Assessment of predictability of the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico from observing system experiments and observing system simulation experiments - Dmitry S. Dukhovskoy; Eric P. Chassignet; Alexandra Bozec; Steven L. Morey (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2023)
This study presents results from numerical model experiments with a high-resolution regional forecast system to evaluate model predictability of the Loop Current (LC) system and assess the added value of different types of observations. The experiments evaluate the impact of surface versus subsurface observations as well as different combinations and spatial coverage of observations on the forecasts of the LC variability. The experiments use real observations (observing system experiments) and synthetic observations derived from a high-resolution independent simulation (observing system simulation experiments). Model predictability is assessed based on a saturated error growth model. The forecast error is computed for the sea surface height fields and the LC frontal positions derived from the forecasts and control fields using two metrics. Estimated model predictability of the LC ranges from 2 to 3 months. Predictability limit depends on activity state of the LC, with shorter predictability limit during active LC configurations. Assimilation of subsurface temperature and salinity profiles in the LC area have notable impact on the medium-range forecasts (2–3 months), whereas the impact is less prominent on shorter scales. The forecast error depends on the uncertainty of the initial state; therefore, on the accuracy of the analysis providing the initial fields. Forecasts with the smallest initial error have the best predictive skills with reliable predictability beyond 2 months suggesting that the impact of the model error is less prominent than the initial error. Hence, substantial improvements in forecasts up to 3 months can be achieved with increased accuracy of initialization.

Laboratory safety evaluation of lokivetmab, a canine anti-interleukin-31 monoclonal antibody, in dogs - Matthew Krautmann; Rodney R. Walters; Vickie L. King; Kevin Esch; Sean P. Mahabir; Andrea Gonzales; Paul J. Dominowski; Laurel Sly; Duncan Mwangi; Dennis L. Foss; Sharath Rai; James E. Messamore; et al. (Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 2023)

Hydrologic restoration of anthropoentically altered springs in the Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge in the Great Basin, USA - Leah N. Knighton; Steven L. Petersen; Gail H. Collins; Loreen Allphin; Neil C. Hansen; Haley B. Johnston; Russell B. Rader (Journal of Arid Environments, 2023)

The mobility and fate of Cr during aging of ferrihydrite and ferrihydrite organominerals - Yao Zhao; Alba Otero-Fariña; Ke-Qing Xiao; Oliver W. Moore; Steven A. Banwart; Fu-Jun Ma; Qing-Bao Gu; Caroline L. Peacock (Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2023)

A comparison of PAH exposure in red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) around natural and artificial reefs in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico - Tiffany J. Nicholson; Erin L. Pulster; Steven A. Murawski; Heather L. Judkins (Continental Shelf Research, 2023)

The application of assisted migration as a climate change adaptation tactic: An evidence map and synthesis - William M. Twardek; Jessica J. Taylor; Trina Rytwinski; Sally N. Aitken; Alexander L. MacDonald; Rik Van Bogaert; Steven J. Cooke (Biological Conservation, 2023)

Prioritizing taxa for genetic reference database development to advance inland water conservation - Marie-Eve Monchamp; Zofia E. Taranu; Rebecca E. Garner; Tessa Rehill; Olivier Morissette; Lars L. Iversen; Vincent Fugère; Joanne E. Littlefair; Naíla Barbosa da Costa; Jessica E. Desforges; Joe R. Sánchez Schacht; Alison M. Derry; et al. (Biological Conservation, 2023)

Carabid specialists respond differently to nonnative plant invasion in urban forests - J. Christina Mitchell; Vincent D’Amico; Tara L. E. Trammell; Steven D. Frank (Urban Ecosystems, 2023)

Rate of onset of dopamine transporter inhibitors assessed with intracranial self-stimulation and in vivo dopamine photometry in rats - Tyson R. Baird; Kimberly N. Karin; Samuel A. Marsh; F. Ivy Carroll; J. M. L. Medina-Contreras; S. Stevens Negus; Jose M. Eltit (Psychopharmacology, 2023)

Material Legacies and Environmental Constraints Underlie Fire Resilience of a Dominant Boreal Forest Type - Nicola J. Day; Jill F. Johnstone; Kirsten A. Reid; Steven G. Cumming; Michelle C. Mack; Merritt R. Turetsky; Xanthe J. Walker; Jennifer L. Baltzer (Ecosystems, 2023)
Resilience of plant communities to disturbance is supported by multiple mechanisms, including ecological legacies affecting propagule availability, species’ environmental tolerances, and biotic interactions. Understanding the relative importance of these mechanisms for plant community resilience supports predictions of where and how resilience will be altered with disturbance. We tested mechanisms underlying resilience of forests dominated by black spruce ( Picea mariana ) to fire disturbance across a heterogeneous forest landscape in the Northwest Territories, Canada. We combined surveys of naturally regenerating seedlings at 219 burned plots with experimental manipulations of ecological legacies via seed addition of four tree species and vertebrate exclosures to limit granivory and herbivory at 30 plots varying in moisture and fire severity. Black spruce recovery was greatest where it dominated pre-fire, at wet sites with deep residual soil organic layers, and fire conditions of low soil or canopy combustion and longer return intervals. Experimental addition of seed indicated all species were seed-limited, emphasizing the importance of propagule legacies. Black spruce and birch ( Betula papyrifera ) recruitment were enhanced with vertebrate exclusion. Our combination of observational and experimental studies demonstrates black spruce is vulnerable to effects of increased fire activity that erode ecological legacies. Moreover, black spruce relies on wet areas with deep soil organic layers where other species are less competitive. However, other species can colonize these areas if enough seed is available or soil moisture is altered by climate change. Testing mechanisms underlying species’ resilience to disturbance aids predictions of where vegetation will transform with effects of climate change.

RNA virus discoveries in the electric ant, Wasmannia auropunctata - Steven M. Valles; Chaoyang Zhao; Adam R. Rivers; Ryo L. Iwata; David H. Oi; Dong H. Cha; R. Max Collignon; Nastassja A. Cox; Gary J. Morton; Luis A. Calcaterra (Virus Genes, 2023)
Despite being one of the most destructive invasive species of ants, only two natural enemies are known currently for Wasmannia auropunctata, commonly known as the electric ant or little fire ant. Because viruses can be effective biological control agents against many insect pests, including ants, a metagenomics/next-generation sequencing approach was used to facilitate discovery of virus sequences from the transcriptomes of W. auropunctata . Five new and complete positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus genomes, and one new negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus genome were identified, sequenced, and characterized from W. auropunctata collected in Argentina by this approach, including a dicistrovirus (Electric ant dicistrovirus), two polycipiviruses (Electric ant polycipivirus 1; Electric ant polycipivirus 2), a solinvivirus (Electric ant solinvivirus), a divergent genome with similarity to an unclassified group in the Picornavirales (Electric ant virus 1), and a rhabdovirus (Electric ant rhabdovirus). An additional virus genome was detected that is likely Solenopsis invicta virus 10 (MH727527). The virus genome sequences were absent from the transcriptomes of W. auropunctata collected in the USA (Hawaii and Florida). Additional limited field surveys corroborated the absence of these viruses in regions where the electric ant is invasive (the USA and Australia). The replicative genome strand of four of the viruses (Electric ant polycipivirus 2, Electric ant solinvivirus, Electric ant virus 1, and Solenopsis invicta virus 10 (in the electric ant) was detected in Argentinean-collected W. auropunctata indicating that the ant is a host for these viruses. These are the first virus discoveries to be made from W. auropunctata .

Detection and impact of sewage pollution on South Kohala's coral reefs, Hawai‘i - Devon K. Aguiar; Tracy N. Wiegner; Steven L. Colbert; John Burns; Leilani Abaya; James Beets; Courtney Couch; Julia Stewart; Jazmine Panelo; Kristina Remple; Craig Nelson (Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2023)

Eight-year field performance of backcross American chestnut (Castanea dentata) seedlings planted in the southern Appalachians, USA - Stacy L. Clark; Scott E. Schlarbaum; Arnold M. Saxton; Steven N. Jeffers; Richard E. Baird (Forest Ecology and Management, 2023)

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation does not stimulate soil phosphatase activity under temperate and tropical trees - Emily A. Jager; Andrew W. Quebbeman; Amelia A. Wolf; Steven S. Perakis; Jennifer L. Funk; Duncan N. L. Menge (Oecologia, 2023)

Nutrients strengthen density dependence of per-capita growth and mortality rates in the soil bacterial community - Bram W. Stone; Steven J. Blazewicz; Benjamin J. Koch; Paul Dijkstra; Michaela Hayer; Kirsten S. Hofmockel; Xiao Jun Allen Liu; Rebecca L. Mau; Jennifer Pett-Ridge; Egbert Schwartz; Bruce A. Hungate (Oecologia, 2023)

Insect seed and cone predation reduces reproductive potential of treeline conifers across northern Canada - Lucas Brehaut; Katie J. A. Goodwin; Kirsten A. Reid; Anna L. Crofts; Ryan K. Danby; Steven D. Mamet; Carissa D. Brown (Journal of Biogeography, 2023)
Aim Altitudinal and latitudinal treeline ecotones have not consistently responded to climate warming in the direction and/or magnitude predicted by climate alone, suggesting that non‐climatic mechanisms (e.g. biotic interactions) also mediate treeline range dynamics. Through a collaborative research approach, we assessed environmental conditions associated with pre‐dispersal insect cone granivory and how this biotic interaction may govern the reproductive potential, and therefore range dynamics, of spruce‐dominated treelines across northern Canada. Location In all, 10 boreal forest treelines, tundra and alpine, from Yukon to Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Taxa White spruce ( Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), Black spruce ( Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.), Strobilomyia spp., Megastigmus spp. Methods Treeline sites were assessed for presence and magnitude of pre‐dispersal seed granivory by insects along with viable seed availability. We quantified stand density metrics, organic layer depth and understorey vegetation composition at each location and, subsequently, incorporated those variables into generalized linear mixed models to establish predictors of granivory magnitude and viability of available seed. Results Insect granivory was widespread across sites; however, site‐specific patterns of granivory were associated with increased moss cover and decreased shrub cover and stand density. While all black spruce‐dominated sites exhibited seed viability rates > 50%, the number of seeds produced per cone varied, suggesting that within‐site abiotic conditions and biotic interaction pressures limit successful colonization of novel environments in advance of seed dispersal. Main Conclusions The modelled relationships between granivory, seed viability and environmental conditions represent an essential step towards generalizing how and when biotic interactions across subarctic treelines influence boreal tree range dynamics before seed dispersal. Connections between granivory magnitude and site‐level treeline characteristics (e.g. stand density, understorey vegetation) will provide a more comprehensive understanding of treeline range dynamics under continued climate change.

Effects of experimental nitrogen deposition on soil organic carbon storage in Southern California drylands - Johann F. Püspök; Sharon Zhao; Anthony D. Calma; George L. Vourlitis; Steven D. Allison; Emma L. Aronson; Joshua P. Schimel; Erin J. Hanan; Peter M. Homyak (Global Change Biology, 2023)
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is enriching soils with N across biomes. Soil N enrichment can increase plant productivity and affect microbial activity, thereby increasing soil organic carbon (SOC), but such responses vary across biomes. Drylands cover ~45% of Earth's land area and store ~33% of global SOC contained in the top 1 m of soil. Nitrogen fertilization could, therefore, disproportionately impact carbon (C) cycling, yet whether dryland SOC storage increases with N remains unclear. To understand how N enrichment may change SOC storage, we separated SOC into plant‐derived, particulate organic C (POC), and largely microbially derived, mineral‐associated organic C (MAOC) at four N deposition experimental sites in Southern California. Theory suggests that N enrichment increases the efficiency by which microbes build MAOC (C stabilization efficiency) if soil pH stays constant. But if soils acidify, a common response to N enrichment, then microbial biomass and enzymatic organic matter decay may decrease, increasing POC but not MAOC. We found that N enrichment had no effect on C fractions except for a decrease in MAOC at one site. Specifically, despite reported increases in plant biomass in three sites and decreases in microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activities in two sites that acidified, POC did not increase. Furthermore, microbial C use and stabilization efficiency increased in a non‐acidified site, but without increasing MAOC. Instead, MAOC decreased by 16% at one of the sites that acidified, likely because it lost 47% of the exchangeable calcium (Ca) relative to controls. Indeed, MAOC was strongly and positively affected by Ca, which directly and, through its positive effect on microbial biomass, explained 58% of variation in MAOC. Long‐term effects of N fertilization on dryland SOC storage appear abiotic in nature, such that drylands where Ca‐stabilization of SOC is prevalent and soils acidify, are most at risk for significant C loss.

Accelerated epigenetic aging in older adults with HIV disease: associations with serostatus, HIV clinical factors, and health literacy - Steven Paul Woods; Antonio L. Teixeira; Lais B. Martins; Gabriel R. Fries; Gabriela D. Colpo; Natalia P. Rocha (GeroScience, 2023)

Vulnerability to climate change of managed stocks in the California Current large marine ecosystem - Michelle M. McClure; Melissa A. Haltuch; Ellen Willis-Norton; David D. Huff; Elliott L. Hazen; Lisa G. Crozier; Michael G. Jacox; Mark W. Nelson; Kelly S. Andrews; Lewis A.K. Barnett; Aaron M. Berger; Sabrina Beyer; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2023)
Introduction Understanding how abundance, productivity and distribution of individual species may respond to climate change is a critical first step towards anticipating alterations in marine ecosystem structure and function, as well as developing strategies to adapt to the full range of potential changes. Methods This study applies the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Fisheries Climate Vulnerability Assessment method to 64 federally-managed species in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem to assess their vulnerability to climate change, where vulnerability is a function of a species’ exposure to environmental change and its biological sensitivity to a set of environmental conditions, which includes components of its resiliency and adaptive capacity to respond to these new conditions. Results Overall, two-thirds of the species were judged to have Moderate or greater vulnerability to climate change, and only one species was anticipated to have a positive response. Species classified as Highly or Very Highly vulnerable share one or more characteristics including: 1) having complex life histories that utilize a wide range of freshwater and marine habitats; 2) having habitat specialization, particularly for areas that are likely to experience increased hypoxia; 3) having long lifespans and low population growth rates; and/or 4) being of high commercial value combined with impacts from non-climate stressors such as anthropogenic habitat degradation. Species with Low or Moderate vulnerability are either habitat generalists, occupy deep-water habitats or are highly mobile and likely to shift their ranges. Discussion As climate-related changes intensify, this work provides key information for both scientists and managers as they address the long-term sustainability of fisheries in the region. This information can inform near-term advice for prioritizing species-level data collection and research on climate impacts, help managers to determine when and where a precautionary approach might be warranted, in harvest or other management decisions, and help identify habitats or life history stages that might be especially effective to protect or restore.

Zircon inheritance, sources of Devonian granitic magmas and crustal structure in central Victoria - J. D. Clemens; G. Stevens; L. M. Coetzer (Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2023)

Impact of upstream variability on the Loop Current dynamics in numerical simulations of the Gulf of Mexico - Rémi Laxenaire; Eric P. Chassignet; Dmitry S. Dukhovskoy; Steven L. Morey (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2023)
The Loop Current (LC), which is the main mesoscale dynamic feature of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), has a major impact on the circulation and its variability in the interior Gulf. The LC is a highly variable and dynamic feature. It changes shape from a short jet connecting the two openings of the GoM in an almost straight line ("retracted phase") to a long loop invading most of the eastern part of the GoM ("extended phase"). When it is in the extended phase, it can shed large anticyclonic eddies, called Loop Current Eddies, which then migrate to the western GoM. In this study, the processes controlling the LC dynamics are investigated using two multi-decadal simulations of the Gulf of Mexico HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model differing in their open boundary conditions (BCs) and altimetry-derived gridded fields. The LC in the simulation with BCs derived from monthly climatology state variables frequently remains in its retracted phase significantly longer than observed. In contrast, the duration of the retracted phase is notably shorter in the simulation in which the BCs have realistic daily variability. By examining the flow properties through the Yucatan Channel from which the LC originates, we find that increased intensity of this current and a westward shift of the mean core is associated with the LC transitions from the retracted to the extended phase. This transition is accompanied by an increase of both cyclonicity of the flow in the west and anticyclonicity in the east of the core of this jet. Moreover, the number of anticyclonic eddies entering in the GoM through the Yucatan Channel is significantly higher when the LC extends in the GoM. Consequently, this study demonstrates the importance of realistic flow variability at the lateral boundaries for accurate simulation of the LC system in a model, and reveals characteristics of the upstream flow associated with different LC behavior that can potentially aid in forecasting the LC system.

Social equity in shore-based fisheries: Identifying and understanding barriers to access - Kelsi L. Furman; Sharon L. Harlan; Luiz Barbieri; Steven B. Scyphers (Marine Policy, 2023)

Tectonic evolution of the eastern margin of the Southern Patagonian Andes fold-thrust belt: U-Pb detrital zircon geochronology and kinematic-structural modelling - Juan F. Albano; Laura Lombardi; Emilio Rocha; Jonathan Tobal; Inés Aramendía; Julie C. Fosdick; Andrea L. Stevens Goddard; Rebecca A. VanderLeest; Miguel Ramos; Pablo Giampaoli; Pedro Kress; Fernanda Raggio; et al. (Tectonophysics, 2023)

Active populations and growth of soil microorganisms are framed by mean annual precipitation in three California annual grasslands - Megan M. Foley; Steven J. Blazewicz; Karis J. McFarlane; Alex Greenlon; Michaela Hayer; Jeffrey A. Kimbrel; Benjamin J. Koch; Victoria L. Monsaint-Queeney; Keith Morrison; Ember Morrissey; Bruce A. Hungate; Jennifer Pett-Ridge (Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2023)

Co-exposure to UV radiation and crude oil increases acute embryotoxicity and sublethal malformations in the early life stages of Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) - Elin Sørhus; Carey E. Donald; Charlotte L. Nakken; Prescilla Perrichon; Caroline M.F. Durif; Steven Shema; Howard I. Browman; Anne Berit Skiftesvik; Kai K. Lie; Josef D. Rasinger; Mette H.B. Müller; Sonnich Meier (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

Projecting climate change impacts from physics to fisheries: A view from three California Current fisheries - James A. Smith; Mercedes Pozo Buil; Barbara Muhling; Desiree Tommasi; Stephanie Brodie; Timothy H. Frawley; Jerome Fiechter; Stefan Koenigstein; Amber Himes-Cornell; Michael A. Alexander; Steven J. Bograd; Nathalí Cordero Quirós; et al. (Progress in Oceanography, 2023)

Characteristics of peak exposure to black carbon pollution in school, commute and home environments among school children in an urban community - Kyung Hwa Jung; Kathleen E. Goodwin; James M. Ross; Jing Cai; Steven N. Chillrud; Matthew Perzanowski; Frederica P. Perera; Rachel L. Miller; Stephanie Lovinsky-Desir (Environmental Pollution, 2023)

A three-gene phylogeny supports taxonomic rearrangements in the family Didymiaceae (Myxomycetes) - Ilya S. Prikhodko; Oleg N. Shchepin; Nadezhda A. Bortnikova; Yuri K. Novozhilov; Vladimir I. Gmoshinskiy; Gabriel Moreno; Ángela López-Villalba; Steven L. Stephenson; Martin Schnittler (Mycological Progress, 2023)

Assessing the Impact of Provider Training and Perceived Barriers on the Provision of Spiritual Care: a Mixed Methods Study - Julia McGee; Elizabeth Palmer Kelly; Joseph Kelly-Brown; Erin Stevens; Brittany L. Waterman; Timothy M. Pawlik (Journal of Cancer Education, 2023)

Genome screening, reporting, and genetic counseling for healthy populations - Selina Casalino; Erika Frangione; Monica Chung; Georgia MacDonald; Sunakshi Chowdhary; Chloe Mighton; Hanna Faghfoury; Yvonne Bombard; Lisa Strug; Trevor J. Pugh; Jared Simpson; Saranya Arnoldo; et al. (Human Genetics, 2023)

Correction to: Cascading effects of climate change on recreational marine flats fishes and fisheries - Andy J. Danylchuk; Lucas P. Griffin; Robert Ahrens; Micheal S. Allen; Ross E. Boucek; Jacob W. Brownscombe; Grace A. Casselberry; Sascha Clark Danylchuk; Alex Filous; Tony L. Goldberg; Addiel U. Perez; Jennifer S. Rehage; et al. (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2023)

Cascading effects of climate change on recreational marine flats fishes and fisheries - Andy J. Danylchuk; Lucas P. Griffin; Robert Ahrens; Micheal S. Allen; Ross E. Boucek; Jacob W. Brownscombe; Grace A. Casselberry; Sascha Clark Danylchuk; Alex Filous; Tony L. Goldberg; Addiel U. Perez; Jennifer S. Rehage; et al. (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2023)

There’s no place like home: high site fidelity and small home range of bonefish (Albula vulpes) inhabiting fringing reef flats in Culebra, Puerto Rico - Lucas P. Griffin; Jacob W. Brownscombe; Tyler O. Gagné; Christopher R. Haak; Roxann Cormier; Sarah L. Becker; Steven J. Cooke; John T. Finn; Andy. J. Danylchuk (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2023)

Identification of fish habitat hotspots for use in prioritizing conservation and restoration projects in coastal rivers - Philip W. Stevens; Richard Paperno; Jeff L. Beal; Timothy C. MacDonald; H. Nathan Miller; Phyllis A. Klarmann; Christopher R. Malinowski (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2023)

Evaluating the impacts of alternative grazing management practices on soil carbon sequestration and soil health indicators - JungJin Kim; Srinivasulu Ale; Urs P. Kreuter; W. Richard Teague; Stephen J. DelGrosso; Steven L. Dowhower (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2023)

Quantifying the drivers of ecosystem fluxes and water potential across the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum in an arid woodland - Steven A. Kannenberg; Mallory L. Barnes; David R. Bowling; Avery W. Driscoll; Jessica S. Guo; William R.L. Anderegg (Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2023)

Foresight science in conservation: Tools, barriers, and mainstreaming opportunities - Gabrielle Ednie; Tyreen Kapoor; Olga Koppel; Morgan L. Piczak; Jessica L. Reid; Alyssa D. Murdoch; Carly N. Cook; William J. Sutherland; Steven J. Cooke (Ambio, 2023)

Multiple introductions, polyploidy and mixed reproductive strategies are linked to genetic diversity and structure in the most widespread invasive plant across Southern Ocean archipelagos - Mario Mairal; Carlos García‐Verdugo; Johannes J. Le Roux; John H. Chau; Bettine Jansen van Vuuren; Cang Hui; Zuzana Münzbergová; Steven L. Chown; Justine D. Shaw (Molecular Ecology, 2023)
Biological invasions in remote areas that experience low human activity provide unique opportunities to elucidate processes responsible for invasion success. Here we study the most widespread invasive plant species across the isolated islands of the Southern Ocean, the annual bluegrass, Poa annua . To analyse geographical variation in genome size, genetic diversity and reproductive strategies, we sampled all major sub‐Antarctic archipelagos in this region and generated microsatellite data for 470 individual plants representing 31 populations. We also estimated genome sizes for a subset of individuals using flow cytometry. Occasional events of island colonization are expected to result in high genetic structure among islands, overall low genetic diversity and increased self‐fertilization, but we show that this is not the case for P. annua . Microsatellite data indicated low population genetic structure and lack of isolation by distance among the sub‐Antarctic archipelagos we sampled, but high population structure within each archipelago. We identified high levels of genetic diversity, low clonality and low selfing rates in sub‐Antarctic P. annua populations (contrary to rates typical of continental populations). In turn, estimates of selfing declined in populations as genetic diversity increased. Additionally, we found that most P. annua individuals are probably tetraploid and that only slight variation exists in genome size across the Southern Ocean. Our findings suggest multiple independent introductions of P. annua into the sub‐Antarctic, which promoted the establishment of genetically diverse populations. Despite multiple introductions, the adoption of convergent reproductive strategies (outcrossing) happened independently in each major archipelago. The combination of polyploidy and a mixed reproductive strategy probably benefited P. annua in the Southern Ocean by increasing genetic diversity and its ability to cope with the novel environmental conditions.

Distribution of the reef manta ray Mobula alfredi and the oceanic manta ray Mobula birostris in the Philippines: a collaborative effort for conservation - Joshua Rambahiniarison; Ariana Agustines; Konstantinos Alexopoulos; Gonzalo Araujo; Asia O. Armstrong; Shannon Arnold; Aldrin Barruga; Titus Cañete; Segundo Conales; Kymry Delijero; Nonie P. Enolva; Anna L. Flam; et al. (Journal of Fish Biology, 2023)
Little is known about manta ray population size, structure and connectivity in the Philippines. In collaboration with dive operators, non‐governmental organizations and authorities, sightings of manta rays were collated into a single national database. Using in‐water photographs and videos gathered through citizen science and dedicated research efforts, this study compiled sightings between 2004 and 2020, showing 22 separate sites throughout the archipelago with manta rays present. A total of 392 individual reef manta rays ( Mobula alfredi ) and 107 oceanic manta rays ( Mobula birostris ) were identified from the collected footage. Four specific sites in the provinces of Masbate and Palawan together hosted 89% of all identified individuals and accounted for 95% of sightings, highlighting these areas are key aggregation sites. This study also reports the movements of M. birostris within the Philippines, based on photo‐identification of three individuals moving 150 km between Cebu and Masbate. Despite the growing number of recreational divers in Daanbantayan and San Jacinto, an 80% decline in M. birostris sightings was observed at these sites. To ensure effective future conservation, it is recommended that efforts focus on the identification and protection of manta ray hotspots and migratory corridors, the creation of a sustainable tourism framework and, most important, the implementation of mitigation strategies to reduce fisheries interactions.

Recommended Best Practices in Freeze Dryer Equipment Performance Qualification: 2022 - Arnab Ganguly; Lisa Hardwick; Serguei Tchessalov; Steven L. Nail; Dan Dixon; Frank Kanka; Anthony Guidinas; T. N. Thompson; Cindy Reiter; Zakaria Yusoff; Ted Tharp; Joseph Azzarella; et al. (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2023)
Best practices for performing freeze dryer equipment qualification are recommended, focusing on identifying methods to quantify shelf thermal uniformity (also known as “shelf surface uniformity”), equipment capability, and performance metrics of the freeze dryer essential to the pharmaceutical Quality by Design paradigm. Specific guidelines for performing shelf temperature mapping, freeze dryer equipment limit testing (the capability curve), and condenser performance metrics have been provided. Concerning shelf temperature mapping and equipment capability measurements, the importance of paying attention to the test setup and the use of appropriate testing tools are stressed. In all the guidelines provided, much attention has been paid to identifying the balance between obtaining useful process knowledge, logistical challenges associated with testing in the production environment vs that at laboratory scale, and the frequency of the testing necessary to obtain such useful information. Furthermore, merits and demerits of thermal conditions maintained on the cooled surfaces of the freeze dryer condenser have been discussed identifying the specific influence of the condenser surface temperature on the process conditions using experimental data to support the guidelines. Finally, guidelines for systematic leak rate testing criteria for a freeze dryer are presented. These specific procedural recommendations are based on calculations, measurements, and experience to provide useful process and equipment knowledge. Graphical Abstract

The stock assessment theory of relativity: deconstructing the term “data-limited” fisheries into components and guiding principles to support the science of fisheries management - Jason M. Cope; Natalie A. Dowling; Sybrand A. Hesp; Kristen L. Omori; Pia Bessell-Browne; Leandro Castello; Rowan Chick; Dawn Dougherty; Steven J. Holmes; Richard McGarvey; Daniel Ovando; Josh Nowlis; et al. (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2023)

Dating initial crystallisation of some Devonian plutons in central Victoria and geological implications - J. D. Clemens; G. Stevens; L. M. Coetzer (Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2023)

Geochemistry and fluxes of gases from hydrothermal features at Newberry Volcano, Oregon, USA - Jennifer L. Lewicki; William C. Evans; Steven E. Ingebritsen; Laura E. Clor; Peter J. Kelly; Sara Peek; Robert A. Jensen; Andrew G. Hunt (Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2023)

Flight activity and dispersal of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) across a mixed agricultural landscape in southern Australia - Mark M. Stevens; Gregory J. Daglish; Beverley A. Orchard; Glen N. Warren; Jianhua Mo; Jessica L. Hoskins (Journal of Stored Products Research, 2023)

Evidence of non-tailpipe emission contributions to PM2.5 and PM10 near southern California highways - Xiaoliang Wang; Steven Gronstal; Brenda Lopez; Heejung Jung; L.-W. Antony Chen; Guoyuan Wu; Steven Sai Hang Ho; Judith C. Chow; John G. Watson; Qi Yao; Seungju Yoon (Environmental Pollution, 2023)

Spatio-temporal development of the urban heat island in a socioeconomically diverse tropical city - Emma E. Ramsay; Grant A. Duffy; Kerrie Burge; Ruzka R. Taruc; Genie M. Fleming; Peter A. Faber; Steven L. Chown (Environmental Pollution, 2023)

Time-strain evolution of shear zones from petrographically constrained Rb–Sr muscovite analysis - Bruno V. Ribeiro; Christopher L. Kirkland; David E. Kelsey; Steven M. Reddy; Michael I.H. Hartnady; Frederico M. Faleiros; Kai Rankenburg; Janne Liebmann; Fawna J. Korhonen; Chris Clark (Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2023)

Multi-year evaluation of muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) spatial ecology during winter drawdowns in a regulated, urban waterway in Canada - Jordanna N. Bergman; Kate L. Neigel; Sean J. Landsman; Danny Glassman; Luc LaRochelle; Joseph R. Bennett; Colin D. Rennie; Jesse C. Vermaire; Steven J. Cooke (Hydrobiologia, 2023)

A will-o’-the wisp? On the utility of voluntary contributions of data and knowledge from the fishing industry to marine science - Nathalie A. Steins; Steven Mackinson; Stephen C. Mangi; Martin A. Pastoors; Robert L. Stephenson; Marta Ballesteros; Kate Brooks; James A. McIsaac; Matthew R. Baker; Julia Calderwood; Barbara Neis; Emily M. Ogier; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
For future sustainable management of fisheries, we anticipate deeper and more diverse information will be needed. Future needs include not only biological data, but also information that can only come from fishers, such as real-time ‘early warning’ indicators of changes at sea, socio-economic data and fishing strategies. The fishing industry, in our experience, shows clear willingness to voluntarily contribute data and experiential knowledge, but there is little evidence that current institutional frameworks for science and management are receptive and equipped to accommodate such contributions. Current approaches to producing knowledge in support of fisheries management need critical re-evaluation, including the contributions that industry can make. Using examples from well-developed advisory systems in Europe, United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, we investigate evidence for three interrelated issues inhibiting systematic integration of voluntary industry contributions to science: (1) concerns about data quality; (2) beliefs about limitations in useability of unique fishers’ knowledge; and (3) perceptions about the impact of industry contributions on the integrity of science. We show that whilst these issues are real, they can be addressed. Entrenching effective science-industry research collaboration (SIRC) calls for action in three specific areas; (i) a move towards alternative modes of knowledge production; (ii) establishing appropriate quality assurance frameworks; and (iii) transitioning to facilitating governance structures. Attention must also be paid to the science-policy-stakeholder interface. Better definition of industry’s role in contributing to science will improve credibility and legitimacy of the scientific process, and of resulting management.

Correction to: Clinical trial-ready patient cohorts for multiple system atrophy: coupling biospecimen and iPSC banking to longitudinal deep-phenotyping - Alain Ndayisaba; Ariana T. Pitaro; Ashlan S. Willett; Kristie A. Jones; Claudio Melo de Gusmao; Abby L. Olsen; Jisoo Kim; Eero Rissanen; Jared K. Woods; Sharan R. Srinivasan; Anna Nagy; Amanda Nagy; et al. (The Cerebellum, 2022)

Nature green with avarice and greed - Roger C. Prince; Graham N. George; Amy L. Stevens (Plant Physiology Reports, 2022)

Cognitive Intra-individual Variability in HIV: an Integrative Review - David E. Vance; Victor A. Del Bene; Jennifer Sandson Frank; Rebecca Billings; Kristen Triebel; Alison Buchholz; Leah H. Rubin; Steven Paul Woods; Wei Li; Pariya L. Fazeli (Neuropsychology Review, 2022)

Exploring the Role of Cryptic Nitrogen Fixers in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Frontier in Nitrogen Cycling Research - Cory C. Cleveland; Carla R. G. Reis; Steven S. Perakis; Katherine A. Dynarski; Sarah A. Batterman; Timothy E. Crews; Maga Gei; Michael J. Gundale; Duncan N. L. Menge; Mark B. Peoples; Sasha C. Reed; Verity G. Salmon; et al. (Ecosystems, 2022)

A pilot study of cognition and creativity among persons with HIV disease referred for neuropsychological evaluation - Steven Paul Woods; Anastasia Matchanova; Christina Alex; Samina Rahman; Michelle A. Babicz; Kelli L. Sullivan; Gunes Avci; Rodrigo Hasbun; Pariya L. Fazeli; Thomas P. Giordano (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2022)

2022 taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Martina Bandte; Martin Beer; Nicolas Bejerman; Éric Bergeron; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2022)

Density‐dependent and environmental influences on juvenile walleye Sander vitreus (Mitchill) survivorship in northern Wisconsin lakes - Logan R. Zebro; Joseph T. Mrnak; Stephanie L. Shaw; Steven R. Chipps; Greg G. Sass (Fisheries Management and Ecology, 2022)
Walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill), natural recruitment has declined in northern Wisconsin lakes over time. Age‐0 and age‐1 walleye relative abundance (catch per unit effort; CPE) data from northern Wisconsin (1986–2019) were used to test for abiotic (i.e. lake characteristics and temperature variables) and biotic (age‐0 and age‐1 CPE) factors influencing age‐0 to age‐1 walleye mortality. Age‐0 to age‐1 walleye mortality was elevated at high age‐0 CPE and variable at low age‐0 CPE, which indicated strong density‐dependence. Environmental factors such as spawning and ontogenetic phenology (climate change and ice‐off dates), trophic mismatches, and metabolic and consumptive demand influenced age‐0 to age‐1 walleye mortality less strongly. Elevated age‐0 to age‐1 walleye mortality at low age‐0 CPE supports previous findings of depensatory recruitment dynamics in northern Wisconsin walleye populations. Additional research is needed to address elevated juvenile walleye mortality at low adult stock sizes and/or with declining natural recruitment to inform management decisions.

Linking changes in species composition and biomass in a globally distributed grassland experiment - Emma Ladouceur; Shane A. Blowes; Jonathan M. Chase; Adam T. Clark; Magda Garbowski; Juan Alberti; Carlos Alberto Arnillas; Jonathan D. Bakker; Isabel C. Barrio; Siddharth Bharath; Elizabeth T. Borer; Lars A. Brudvig; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2022)
Global change drivers, such as anthropogenic nutrient inputs, are increasing globally. Nutrient deposition simultaneously alters plant biodiversity, species composition and ecosystem processes like aboveground biomass production. These changes are underpinned by species extinction, colonisation and shifting relative abundance. Here, we use the Price equation to quantify and link the contributions of species that are lost, gained or that persist to change in aboveground biomass in 59 experimental grassland sites. Under ambient (control) conditions, compositional and biomass turnover was high, and losses (i.e. local extinctions) were balanced by gains (i.e. colonisation). Under fertilisation, the decline in species richness resulted from increased species loss and decreases in species gained. Biomass increase under fertilisation resulted mostly from species that persist and to a lesser extent from species gained. Drivers of ecological change can interact relatively independently with diversity, composition and ecosystem processes and functions such as aboveground biomass due to the individual contributions of species lost, gained or persisting.

Assessing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in sediments and fishes in a large, urbanized estuary and the potential human health implications - Erin L. Pulster; Kylee Rullo; Sherryl Gilbert; Thomas M. Ash; Barbara Goetting; Kevin Campbell; Sara Markham; Steven A. Murawski (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
The primary source of chronic exposures to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in humans is through the ingestion of contaminated foods and drinking water, with fish and other seafood being a major contributor. Nevertheless, there is scant literature on the dietary exposure to PFASs for the general United States (U.S.) population. The Tampa Bay (Florida, USA) region has the highest population density in the State and communities and their attendant support services are arrayed in an urban to semi-rural continuum from the head of the Bay to the ocean mouth. Tampa Bay supports productive recreational and commercial fisheries, providing a diverse community of species. A variety of potential PFAS sources surround Tampa Bay including airports, industry, wastewater treatment plants, fire-fighting training areas and military installations. The objective of this study is to quantify PFASs in sediment and fishes collected from Tampa Bay to further estimate human health risks from dietary exposures. Sediment ( n = 17) and fish (24 species, n = 140) were collected throughout Tampa Bay in 2020 and 2021 and analyzed for 25 PFAS compounds. Concentrations of PFASs in sediments and edible tissues of fish ranged from 36.8 to 2,990 ng kg -1 (dry weight) and 307 to 33,600 ng kg -1 (wet weight), respectively. Generally, levels were highest in Old Tampa Bay and decreased south towards the Gulf of Mexico. Profiles in both matrices were generally dominated by perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) with variations by location. Estimated human health risks from the consumption of contaminated fish collected in Tampa Bay exceeded concentration thresholds for minimum risk levels (MRLs) and tolerable weekly intake (TWIs) values for adults and youths. Additionally, concentrations of PFOS in edible fish tissues of several recreationally important species collected in Tampa Bay exceeded consumption guideline levels established by several governmental agencies. In the current context, the elevated levels of PFAS in Tampa Bay and the exceedances of available thresholds for potential human health risks are a cause for concern and justify a more intensive examination especially for more heavily utilized species, particularly those used in subsistence-level fishing, which, as elsewhere may be significantly under documented.

Correction: Geostatistical Rock Physics Inversion for Predicting the Spatial Distribution of Porosity and Saturation in the Critical Zone - Dario Grana; Andrew D. Parsekian; Brady A. Flinchum; Russell P. Callahan; Natalie Y. Smeltz; Ang Li; Jorden L. Hayes; Brad J. Carr; Kamini Singha; Clifford S. Riebe; W. Steven Holbrook (Mathematical Geosciences, 2022)

Geostatistical Rock Physics Inversion for Predicting the Spatial Distribution of Porosity and Saturation in the Critical Zone - Dario Grana; Andrew D. Parsekian; Brady A. Flinchum; Russell P. Callahan; Natalie Y. Smeltz; Ang Li; Jorden L. Hayes; Brad J. Carr; Kamini Singha; Clifford S. Riebe; W. Steven Holbrook (Mathematical Geosciences, 2022)

Time Delta Head Impact Frequency: An Analysis on Head Impact Exposure in the Lead Up to a Concussion: Findings from the NCAA-DOD Care Consortium - Jack Seifert; Alok S. Shah; Jaroslaw Harezlak; Steven Rowson; Jason P. Mihalik; Larry Riggen; Stefan Duma; Alison Brooks; Kenneth L. Cameron; Christopher C. Giza; Joshua Goldman; Kevin M. Guskiewicz; et al. (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2022)
Sport-related concussions can result from a single high magnitude impact that generates concussive symptoms, repeated subconcussive head impacts aggregating to generate concussive symptoms, or a combined effect from the two mechanisms. The array of symptoms produced by these mechanisms may be clinically interpreted as a sport-related concussion. It was hypothesized that head impact exposure resulting in concussion is influenced by severity, total number, and frequency of subconcussive head impacts. The influence of total number and magnitude of impacts was previously explored, but frequency was investigated to a lesser degree. In this analysis, head impact frequency was investigated over a new metric called ‘time delta’, the time difference from the first recorded head impact of the day until the concussive impact. Four exposure metrics were analyzed over the time delta to determine whether frequency of head impact exposure was greater for athletes on their concussion date relative to other dates of contact participation. Those metrics included head impact frequency, head impact accrual rate, risk weighted exposure (RWE), and RWE accrual rate. Athletes experienced an elevated median number of impacts, RWE, and RWE accrual rate over the time delta on their concussion date compared to non-injury sessions. This finding suggests elevated frequency of head impact exposure on the concussion date compared to other dates that may precipitate the onset of concussion.

Persistence and expansion of cryptic endangered red wolf genomic ancestry along the American Gulf coast - Bridgett M. vonHoldt; Kristin E. Brzeski; Matthew L. Aardema; Christopher J. Schell; Linda Y. Rutledge; Steven R. Fain; Amy C. Shutt; Anna Linderholm; William J. Murphy (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
Admixture and introgression play a critical role in adaptation and genetic rescue that has only recently gained a deeper appreciation. Here, we explored the geographical and genomic landscape of cryptic ancestry of the endangered red wolf that persists within the genome of a ubiquitous sister taxon, the coyote, all while the red wolf has been extinct in the wild since the early 1980s. We assessed admixture across 120,621 single nucleotiode polymorphism (SNP) loci genotyped in 293 canid genomes. We found support for increased red wolf ancestry along a west‐to‐east gradient across the southern United States associated with historical admixture in the past 100 years. Southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas, the geographical zone where the last red wolves were known prior to extinction in the wild, contained the highest and oldest levels of red wolf ancestry. Further, given the paucity of inferences based on chromosome types, we compared patterns of ancestry on the X chromosome and autosomes. We additionally aimed to explore the relationship between admixture timing and recombination rate variation to investigate gene flow events. We found that X‐linked regions of low recombination rates were depleted of introgression, relative to the autosomes, consistent with the large X effect and enrichment with loci involved in maintaining reproductive isolation. Recombination rate was positively correlated with red wolf ancestry across coyote genomes, consistent with theoretical predictions. The geographical and genomic extent of cryptic red wolf ancestry can provide novel genomic resources for recovery plans targeting the conservation of the endangered red wolf.

Emerging biological archives can reveal ecological and climatic change in Antarctica - Jan M. Strugnell; Helen V. McGregor; Nerida G. Wilson; Karina T. Meredith; Steven L. Chown; Sally C. Y. Lau; Sharon A. Robinson; Krystyna M. Saunders (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Anthropogenic climate change is causing observable changes in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean including increased air and ocean temperatures, glacial melt leading to sea‐level rise and a reduction in salinity, and changes to freshwater water availability on land. These changes impact local Antarctic ecosystems and the Earth's climate system. The Antarctic has experienced significant past environmental change, including cycles of glaciation over the Quaternary Period (the past ~2.6 million years). Understanding Antarctica's paleoecosystems, and the corresponding paleoenvironments and climates that have shaped them, provides insight into present day ecosystem change, and importantly, helps constrain model projections of future change. Biological archives such as extant moss beds and peat profiles, biological proxies in lake and marine sediments, vertebrate animal colonies, and extant terrestrial and benthic marine invertebrates, complement other Antarctic paleoclimate archives by recording the nature and rate of past ecological change, the paleoenvironmental drivers of that change, and constrain current ecosystem and climate models. These archives provide invaluable information about terrestrial ice‐free areas, a key location for Antarctic biodiversity, and the continental margin which is important for understanding ice sheet dynamics. Recent significant advances in analytical techniques (e.g., genomics, biogeochemical analyses) have led to new applications and greater power in elucidating the environmental records contained within biological archives. Paleoecological and paleoclimate discoveries derived from biological archives, and integration with existing data from other paleoclimate data sources, will significantly expand our understanding of past, present, and future ecological change, alongside climate change, in a unique, globally significant region.

Local groundwater decline exacerbates response of dryland riparian woodlands to climatic drought - Jared Williams; John C. Stella; Steven L. Voelker; Adam M. Lambert; Lissa M. Pelletier; John E. Drake; Jonathan M. Friedman; Dar A. Roberts; Michael Bliss Singer (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Dryland riparian woodlands are considered to be locally buffered from droughts by shallow and stable groundwater levels. However, climate change is causing more frequent and severe drought events, accompanied by warmer temperatures, collectively threatening the persistence of these groundwater dependent ecosystems through a combination of increasing evaporative demand and decreasing groundwater supply. We conducted a dendro‐isotopic analysis of radial growth and seasonal (semi‐annual) carbon isotope discrimination (Δ 13 C) to investigate the response of riparian cottonwood stands to the unprecedented California‐wide drought from 2012 to 2019, along the largest remaining free‐flowing river in Southern California. Our goals were to identify principal drivers and indicators of drought stress for dryland riparian woodlands, determine their thresholds of tolerance to hydroclimatic stressors, and ultimately assess their vulnerability to climate change. Riparian trees were highly responsive to drought conditions along the river, exhibiting suppressed growth and strong stomatal closure (inferred from reduced Δ 13 C) during peak drought years. However, patterns of radial growth and Δ 13 C were quite variable among sites that differed in climatic conditions and rate of groundwater decline. We show that the rate of groundwater decline, as opposed to climate factors, was the primary driver of site differences in drought stress, and trees showed greater sensitivity to temperature at sites subjected to faster groundwater decline. Across sites, higher correlation between radial growth and Δ 13 C for individual trees, and higher inter‐correlation of Δ 13 C among trees were indicative of greater drought stress. Trees showed a threshold of tolerance to groundwater decline at 0.5 m year −1 beyond which drought stress became increasingly evident and severe. For sites that exceeded this threshold, peak physiological stress occurred when total groundwater recession exceeded ~3 m. These findings indicate that drought‐induced groundwater decline associated with more extreme droughts is a primary threat to dryland riparian woodlands and increases their susceptibility to projected warmer temperatures.

Recommendations for quantifying and reducing uncertainty in climate projections of species distributions - Stephanie Brodie; James A. Smith; Barbara A. Muhling; Lewis A. K. Barnett; Gemma Carroll; Paul Fiedler; Steven J. Bograd; Elliott L. Hazen; Michael G. Jacox; Kelly S. Andrews; Cheryl L. Barnes; Lisa G. Crozier; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Projecting the future distributions of commercially and ecologically important species has become a critical approach for ecosystem managers to strategically anticipate change, but large uncertainties in projections limit climate adaptation planning. Although distribution projections are primarily used to understand the scope of potential change—rather than accurately predict specific outcomes—it is nonetheless essential to understand where and why projections can give implausible results and to identify which processes contribute to uncertainty. Here, we use a series of simulated species distributions, an ensemble of 252 species distribution models, and an ensemble of three regional ocean climate projections, to isolate the influences of uncertainty from earth system model spread and from ecological modeling. The simulations encompass marine species with different functional traits and ecological preferences to more broadly address resource manager and fishery stakeholder needs, and provide a simulated true state with which to evaluate projections. We present our results relative to the degree of environmental extrapolation from historical conditions, which helps facilitate interpretation by ecological modelers working in diverse systems. We found uncertainty associated with species distribution models can exceed uncertainty generated from diverging earth system models (up to 70% of total uncertainty by 2100), and that this result was consistent across species traits. Species distribution model uncertainty increased through time and was primarily related to the degree to which models extrapolated into novel environmental conditions but moderated by how well models captured the underlying dynamics driving species distributions. The predictive power of simulated species distribution models remained relatively high in the first 30 years of projections, in alignment with the time period in which stakeholders make strategic decisions based on climate information. By understanding sources of uncertainty, and how they change at different forecast horizons, we provide recommendations for projecting species distribution models under global climate change.

Multi-dietary tracer approach reveals little overlap in foraging ecology between seasonally sympatric ringed and harp seals in the high Arctic - Jean-Pierre Desforges; Doreen Kohlbach; Cody G. Carlyle; Christine Michel; Lisa L. Loseto; Bruno Rosenberg; David J. Yurkowski; Steven H. Ferguson (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
The rapid rate of climate change in the Arctic is causing broad-scale changes to the physical environment and biological communities. Characterizing the foraging ecology and habitat use of Arctic marine top predators of high ecological and cultural significance is essential to our understanding of their vulnerability to ecosystem change, especially when there is potential for dietary resource competition in spatially co-occurring species. We therefore undertook this study to explore dietary resource competition between seasonally sympatric ringed seals ( Pusa hispida ) and harp seals ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ) in Mittimatalik (previously known as Pond Inlet), Nunavut, Canadian Arctic. We used bulk stable isotopes (δ 13 C and δ 15 N), fatty acid-specific carbon isotopes (δ 13 C), fatty acid profiles, and diatom lipid biomarkers in a multi-tracer framework to track carbon and trophic pathways in liver and muscle of both seal species. Altogether, the dietary tracers showed little overlap in the diet between ringed seals and harp seals when they co-occurred in the open-water season in northwest Baffin Bay. Though a high dependence on sea ice-derived carbon sources for both species was found, dietary tracers suggested that ringed seals relied to a far greater extent on sympagic carbon sources (~80% vs. 50% for harp seals) and a greater extent of benthic/coastal prey species compared to the more pelagic feeding harp seals. Ringed seal samples were available year-round, and analyses revealed a clear seasonal pattern of foraging on sympagic and benthic prey during ice-covered months of the year and shifting to greater reliance on pelagic prey during the summer open-water season. Overall, ringed seals may be more vulnerable to changes in sea-ice dynamics in the rapidly changing Arctic than harp seals, though it remains difficult to predict future dietary plasticity and competition between co-occurring top predators in an increasingly ice-free Arctic with a changing prey community.

Clinical Trial-Ready Patient Cohorts for Multiple System Atrophy: Coupling Biospecimen and iPSC Banking to Longitudinal Deep-Phenotyping - Alain Ndayisaba; Ariana T. Pitaro; Andrew S. Willett; Kristie A. Jones; Claudio Melo de Gusmao; Abby L. Olsen; Jisoo Kim; Eero Rissanen; Jared K. Woods; Sharan R. Srinivasan; Anna Nagy; Amanda Nagy; et al. (The Cerebellum, 2022)
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology characterized by widespread aggregation of the protein alpha-synuclein in neurons and glia. Its orphan status, biological relationship to Parkinson’s disease (PD), and rapid progression have sparked interest in drug development. One significant obstacle to therapeutics is disease heterogeneity. Here, we share our process of developing a clinical trial-ready cohort of MSA patients (69 patients in 2 years) within an outpatient clinical setting, and recruiting 20 of these patients into a longitudinal “n-of-few” clinical trial paradigm. First, we deeply phenotype our patients with clinical scales (UMSARS, BARS, MoCA, NMSS, and UPSIT) and tests designed to establish early differential diagnosis (including volumetric MRI, FDG-PET, MIBG scan, polysomnography, genetic testing, autonomic function tests, skin biopsy) or disease activity (PBR06-TSPO). Second, we longitudinally collect biospecimens (blood, CSF, stool) and clinical, biometric, and imaging data to generate antecedent disease-progression scores. Third, in our Mass General Brigham SCiN study ( s tem c ells i n n eurodegeneration), we generate induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models from our patients, matched to biospecimens, including postmortem brain. We present 38 iPSC lines derived from MSA patients and relevant disease controls (spinocerebellar ataxia and PD, including alpha-synuclein triplication cases), 22 matched to whole-genome sequenced postmortem brain. iPSC models may facilitate matching patients to appropriate therapies, particularly in heterogeneous diseases for which patient-specific biology may elude animal models. We anticipate that deeply phenotyped and genotyped patient cohorts matched to cellular models will increase the likelihood of success in clinical trials for MSA.

Photo-Oxidation Mechanisms in Liquid Pharmaceutical Formulations: The Overlooked Role of Singlet Oxygen Presented as a Case Study - Margaret Brunell; Steven Tignor; Elizabeth Pierson; Paul L. Walsh (Pharmaceutical Research, 2022)

The Toxicology Investigators Consortium Case Registry—the 2021 Annual Report - Jennifer S. Love; Dana L. Karshenas; Meghan B. Spyres; Lynn A. Farrugia; A. Min Kang; HoanVu Nguyen; Sharan L. Campleman; Shao Li; Paul M. Wax; Jeffery Brent; Kim Aldy; Michael Abesamis; et al. (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2022)

Challenges in Modeling Hemodynamics in Cerebral Aneurysms Related to Arteriovenous Malformations - Kimberly A. Stevens Boster; Tanmay C. Shidhore; Aaron A. Cohen-Gadol; Ivan C. Christov; Vitaliy L. Rayz (Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology, 2022)

Genomics reveal population structure, evolutionary history, and signatures of selection in the northern bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon ampullatus - Evelien de Greef; Anthony L. Einfeldt; Patrick J. O. Miller; Steven H. Ferguson; Colin J. Garroway; Kyle J. Lefort; Ian G. Paterson; Paul Bentzen; Laura J. Feyrer (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
Information on wildlife population structure, demographic history, and adaptations are fundamental to understanding species evolution and informing conservation strategies. To study this ecological context for a cetacean of conservation concern, we conducted the first genomic assessment of the northern bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon ampullatus , using whole‐genome resequencing data ( n = 37) from five regions across the North Atlantic Ocean. We found a range‐wide pattern of isolation‐by‐distance with a genetic subdivision distinguishing three subgroups: the Scotian Shelf, western North Atlantic, and Jan Mayen regions. Signals of elevated levels of inbreeding in the Endangered Scotian Shelf population indicate this population may be more vulnerable than the other two subgroups. In addition to signatures of inbreeding, evidence of local adaptation in the Scotian Shelf was detected across the genome. We found a long‐term decline in effective population size for the species, which poses risks to their genetic diversity and may be exacerbated by the isolating effects of population subdivision. Protecting important habitat and migratory corridors should be prioritized to rebuild population sizes that were diminished by commercial whaling, strengthen gene flow, and ensure animals can move across regions in response to environmental changes.

The movement ecology of fishes - Steven J. Cooke; Jordanna N. Bergman; William M. Twardek; Morgan L. Piczak; Grace A. Casselberry; Keegan Lutek; Lotte S. Dahlmo; Kim Birnie‐Gauvin; Lucas P. Griffin; Jacob W. Brownscombe; Graham D. Raby; Emily M. Standen; et al. (Journal of Fish Biology, 2022)
Movement of fishes in the aquatic realm is fundamental to their ecology and survival. Movement can be driven by a variety of biological, physiological and environmental factors occurring across all spatial and temporal scales. The intrinsic capacity of movement to impact fish individually ( e.g. , foraging) with potential knock‐on effects throughout the ecosystem ( e.g. , food web dynamics) has garnered considerable interest in the field of movement ecology. The advancement of technology in recent decades, in combination with ever‐growing threats to freshwater and marine systems, has further spurred empirical research and theoretical considerations. Given the rapid expansion within the field of movement ecology and its significant role in informing management and conservation efforts, a contemporary and multidisciplinary review about the various components influencing movement is outstanding. Using an established conceptual framework for movement ecology as a guide ( i.e. , Nathan et al. , 2008: 19052), we synthesized the environmental and individual factors that affect the movement of fishes. Specifically, internal ( e.g. , energy acquisition, endocrinology, and homeostasis) and external (biotic and abiotic) environmental elements are discussed, as well as the different processes that influence individual‐level (or population) decisions, such as navigation cues, motion capacity, propagation characteristics and group behaviours. In addition to environmental drivers and individual movement factors, we also explored how associated strategies help survival by optimizing physiological and other biological states. Next, we identified how movement ecology is increasingly being incorporated into management and conservation by highlighting the inherent benefits that spatio‐temporal fish behaviour imbues into policy, regulatory, and remediation planning. Finally, we considered the future of movement ecology by evaluating ongoing technological innovations and both the challenges and opportunities that these advancements create for scientists and managers. As aquatic ecosystems continue to face alarming climate (and other human‐driven) issues that impact animal movements, the comprehensive and multidisciplinary assessment of movement ecology will be instrumental in developing plans to guide research and promote sustainability measures for aquatic resources.

The rising threat of climate change for arthropods from Earth's cold regions: Taxonomic rather than native status drives species sensitivity - David Renault; Camille Leclerc; Marc‐Antoine Colleu; Aude Boutet; Hoel Hotte; Hervé Colinet; Steven L. Chown; Peter Convey (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Polar and alpine regions are changing rapidly with global climate change. Yet, the impacts on biodiversity, especially on the invertebrate ectotherms which are dominant in these areas, remain poorly understood. Short‐term extreme temperature events, which are growing in frequency, are expected to have profound impacts on high‐latitude ectotherms, with native species being less resilient than their alien counterparts. Here, we examined in the laboratory the effects of short periodic exposures to thermal extremes on survival responses of seven native and two non‐native invertebrates from the sub‐Antarctic Islands. We found that survival of dipterans was significantly reduced under warming exposures, on average having median lethal times (LT 50 ) of about 30 days in control conditions, which declined to about 20 days when exposed to daily short‐term maxima of 24°C. Conversely, coleopterans were either not, or were less, affected by the climatic scenarios applied, with predicted LT 50 as high as 65 days under the warmest condition (daily exposures at 28°C for 2 h). The native spider Myro kerguelensis was characterized by an intermediate sensitivity when subjected to short‐term daily heat maxima. Our results unexpectedly revealed a taxonomic influence, with physiological sensitivity to heat differing between higher level taxa, but not between native and non‐native species representing the same higher taxon. The survival of a non‐native carabid beetle under the experimentally imposed conditions was very high, but similar to that of native beetles, while native and non‐native flies also exhibited very similar sensitivity to warming. As dipterans are a major element of diversity of sub‐Antarctic, Arctic and other cold ecosystems, such observations suggest that the increased occurrence of extreme, short‐term, thermal events could lead to large‐scale restructuring of key terrestrial ecosystem components both in ecosystems protected from and those exposed to the additional impacts of biological invasions.

SNAPSHOT USA 2020: A second coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States during the COVID ‐19 pandemic - Roland Kays; Michael V. Cove; Jose Diaz; Kimberly Todd; Claire Bresnan; Matt Snider; Thomas E. Lee; Jonathan G. Jasper; Brianna Douglas; Anthony P. Crupi; Katherine C. B. Weiss; Helen Rowe; et al. (Ecology, 2022)
Managing wildlife populations in the face of global change requires regular data on the abundance and distribution of wild animals, but acquiring these over appropriate spatial scales in a sustainable way has proven challenging. Here we present the data from Snapshot USA 2020, a second annual national mammal survey of the USA. This project involved 152 scientists setting camera traps in a standardized protocol at 1485 locations across 103 arrays in 43 states for a total of 52,710 trap‐nights of survey effort. Most (58) of these arrays were also sampled during the same months (September and October) in 2019, providing a direct comparison of animal populations in 2 years that includes data from both during and before the COVID‐19 pandemic. All data were managed by the eMammal system, with all species identifications checked by at least two reviewers. In total, we recorded 117,415 detections of 78 species of wild mammals, 9236 detections of at least 43 species of birds, 15,851 detections of six domestic animals and 23,825 detections of humans or their vehicles. Spatial differences across arrays explained more variation in the relative abundance than temporal variation across years for all 38 species modeled, although there are examples of significant site‐level differences among years for many species. Temporal results show how species allocate their time and can be used to study species interactions, including between humans and wildlife. These data provide a snapshot of the mammal community of the USA for 2020 and will be useful for exploring the drivers of spatial and temporal changes in relative abundance and distribution, and the impacts of species interactions on daily activity patterns. There are no copyright restrictions, and please cite this paper when using these data, or a subset of these data, for publication.

State of the California Current Ecosystem in 2021: Winter is coming? - Andrew R. Thompson; Eric P. Bjorkstedt; Steven J. Bograd; Jennifer L. Fisher; Elliott L. Hazen; Andrew Leising; Jarrod A. Santora; Erin V. Satterthwaite; William J. Sydeman; Michaela Alksne; Toby D. Auth; Simone Baumann-Pickering; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
In late 2020, models predicted that a strong La Niña would take place for the first time since 2013, and we assessed whether physical and biological indicators in 2021 were similar to past La Niñas in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE). The Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Oceanic Niño Index indeed remained negative throughout 2021; the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation Index, however, remained strongly negative. The seventh largest marine heatwave on record was unexpectedly present from April to the end of 2021; however, similar to past La Niñas, this mass of warm water mostly remained seaward of the continental shelf. As expected from past La Niñas, upwelling and chlorophyll were mostly high and sea surface temperature was low throughout the CCE; however, values were close to average south of Point Conception. Similar to past La Niñas, abundances of lipid-rich, northern copepods off Oregon increased. In northern California, unlike past La Niñas, the body size of North Pacific krill ( Euphausia pacifica ) was close to average. Predictably, overall krill abundance was above average in far northern California but, unexpectedly, below average south of Cape Mendocino. Off Oregon, similar to past La Niñas, larval abundances of three of six coastal species rose, while five of six southern/offshore taxa decreased in 2021. Off California, as expected based on 2020, Northern Anchovy ( Engraulis mordax ) were very abundant, while Pacific Sardine ( Sardinops sagax ) were low. Similar to past La Niñas, market squid ( Doryteuthis opalescens ) and young of the year (YOY) Pacific Hake ( Merluccius pacificus ), YOY sanddabs ( Citharichthys spp.), and YOY rockfishes ( Sebastes spp.) increased. Southern mesopelagic (e.g., Panama lightfish Vinciguerria lucetia , Mexican lampfish Triphoturus mexicanus ) larvae decreased as expected but were still well above average, while northern mesopelagic (e.g., northern lampfish Stenobrachius leucopsarus ) larvae increased but were still below average. In line with predictions, most monitored bird species had above-average reproduction in Oregon and California. California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus ) pup count, growth, and weight were high given the abundant Anchovy forage. The CCE entered an enduring La Niña in 2021, and assessing the responses of various ecosystem components helped articulate aspects of the system that are well understood and those that need further study.

Nitrogen but not phosphorus addition affects symbiotic N2 fixation by legumes in natural and semi-natural grasslands located on four continents - Eduardo Vázquez; Per-Marten Schleuss; Elizabeth T. Borer; Miguel N. Bugalho; Maria C. Caldeira; Nico Eisenhauer; Anu Eskelinen; Philip A. Fay; Sylvia Haider; Anke Jentsch; Kevin P. Kirkman; Rebecca L. McCulley; et al. (Plant and Soil, 2022)
Background and aims The amount of nitrogen (N) derived from symbiotic N 2 fixation by legumes in grasslands might be affected by anthropogenic N and phosphorus (P) inputs, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. Methods We evaluated symbiotic N 2 fixation in 17 natural and semi-natural grasslands on four continents that are subjected to the same full-factorial N and P addition experiment, using the 15 N natural abundance method. Results N as well as combined N and P (NP) addition reduced aboveground legume biomass by 65% and 45%, respectively, compared to the control, whereas P addition had no significant impact. Addition of N and/or P had no significant effect on the symbiotic N 2 fixation per unit legume biomass. In consequence, the amount of N fixed annually per grassland area was less than half in the N addition treatments compared to control and P addition, irrespective of whether the dominant legumes were annuals or perennials. Conclusion Our results reveal that N addition mainly impacts symbiotic N 2 fixation via reduced biomass of legumes rather than changes in N 2 fixation per unit legume biomass. The results show that soil N enrichment by anthropogenic activities significantly reduces N 2 fixation in grasslands, and these effects cannot be reversed by additional P amendment.

Zika Virus Strains and Dengue Virus Induce Distinct Proteomic Changes in Neural Stem Cells and Neurospheres - Juliana Minardi Nascimento; Danielle Gouvêa-Junqueira; Giuliana S. Zuccoli; Carolina da Silva Gouveia Pedrosa; Caroline Brandão-Teles; Fernanda Crunfli; André S. L. M. Antunes; Juliana S. Cassoli; Karina Karmirian; José Alexandre Salerno; Gabriela Fabiano de Souza; Stéfanie Primon Muraro; et al. (Molecular Neurobiology, 2022)

Quadriceps muscle stimulation evokes heteronymous inhibition onto soleus with limited Ia activation compared to femoral nerve stimulation - Mark A. Lyle; Cristian Cuadra; Steven L. Wolf (Experimental Brain Research, 2022)

Are the current commercially available oximes capable of reactivating acetylcholinesterase inhibited by the nerve agents of the A-series? - Marcelo C. Santos; Fernanda D. Botelho; Arlan S. Gonçalves; Daniel A. S. Kitagawa; Caio V. N. Borges; Taynara Carvalho-Silva; Leandro B. Bernardo; Cíntia N. Ferreira; Rafael B. Rodrigues; Denise C. Ferreira Neto; Eugenie Nepovimova; Kamil Kuča; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2022)

Use of a multi‐metric macroalgal index to document severe eutrophication in a New Zealand estuary - Leigh M. Stevens; Barrie M. Forrest; Bruce D. Dudley; David R. Plew; John R. Zeldis; Ude Shankar; Arman Haddadchi; Keryn L. Roberts (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2022)
Environmental indicators that reliably describe estuary trophic response to nutrient loading are required for the effective management of New Zealand estuaries. A common estuary eutrophication response is frequent, extensive and persistent opportunistic macroalgae blooms. This study explores the utility of the Opportunistic Macroalgal Blooming Tool (OMBT) in the New River Estuary (∼4600 ha), a shallow intertidal‐dominated system within a pastoral farming catchment in Southland, New Zealand. Total nitrogen (TN) loads increased from 3206 T y −1 in 2000 to 5143 T y −1 in 2020. Concomitantly, areas of opportunistic macroalgae, measured using the OMBT, expanded across the available intertidal habitat (AIH) from 34.9 ha or 1.4% of the AIH to 1383 ha or 47.6% of the AIH, and the average wet weight biomass increased from 19.3 g m −2 to a peak of 1326 g m −2 in 2019. We hypothesise that opportunistic macroalgae expanded rapidly in direct response to temporal increases in TN load, with increases disproportionately contributed by expansion and intensification of dairy farming in the catchment. This study confirmed that the OMBT predictably responded to changes in TN concentration and may therefore be useful in defining estuary‐specific TN concentration thresholds to inform likely load reductions required to achieve improved environmental outcomes.

Tallo: A global tree allometry and crown architecture database - Tommaso Jucker; Fabian Jörg Fischer; Jérôme Chave; David A. Coomes; John Caspersen; Arshad Ali; Grace Jopaul Loubota Panzou; Ted R. Feldpausch; Daniel Falster; Vladimir A. Usoltsev; Stephen Adu‐Bredu; Luciana F. Alves; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Data capturing multiple axes of tree size and shape, such as a tree's stem diameter, height and crown size, underpin a wide range of ecological research—from developing and testing theory on forest structure and dynamics, to estimating forest carbon stocks and their uncertainties, and integrating remote sensing imagery into forest monitoring programmes. However, these data can be surprisingly hard to come by, particularly for certain regions of the world and for specific taxonomic groups, posing a real barrier to progress in these fields. To overcome this challenge, we developed the Tallo database, a collection of 498,838 georeferenced and taxonomically standardized records of individual trees for which stem diameter, height and/or crown radius have been measured. These data were collected at 61,856 globally distributed sites, spanning all major forested and non‐forested biomes. The majority of trees in the database are identified to species (88%), and collectively Tallo includes data for 5163 species distributed across 1453 genera and 187 plant families. The database is publicly archived under a CC‐BY 4.0 licence and can be access from: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6637599 . To demonstrate its value, here we present three case studies that highlight how the Tallo database can be used to address a range of theoretical and applied questions in ecology—from testing the predictions of metabolic scaling theory, to exploring the limits of tree allometric plasticity along environmental gradients and modelling global variation in maximum attainable tree height. In doing so, we provide a key resource for field ecologists, remote sensing researchers and the modelling community working together to better understand the role that trees play in regulating the terrestrial carbon cycle.

Dispersion of subsurface lagrangian drifters in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico - Cathrine Hancock; Kevin Speer; Joao Marcos Azevedo Correia de Souza; Steven L. Morey (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
The dispersion of subsurface Lagrangian floats by eddies was observed directly in DeSoto Canyon, located in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Key elements of dispersion include the capture and release of floats by variations in eddy structure and intensity. Two separate eddy events were revealed through 60-day trajectories from five subsurface drifters deployed at 400 m depth in DeSoto Canyon. A changing background flow in DeSoto Canyon allowed for the contraction and expansion of the eddy’s “trap zone,” resulting in the capture and release of several drifters deployed in the area. To investigate the variability of dispersion due to this capture-and-release effect, virtual particle tracks from a 5-year numerical model simulation of the Gulf of Mexico were used. Large interannual variability was observed in eddy activity over the 5-year simulation. When coupled with a variable background flow, this greatly affected Lagrangian particle transport within the entire eastern Gulf of Mexico. During years of increased eddy activity, more virtual particles were “captured” from the along-slope flow and “released” offshore, increasing dispersion and residence time within the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The opposite was observed during minimal eddy activity, where more virtual particles remained within the along-slope flow and thus were funneled toward two main exit points out of the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Regions such as DeSoto Canyon with strong topographic constraints, a highly variable background flow, and considerable eddy activity are likely to spread tracers such as nutrients and contaminants over a substantial area due to this capture-and-release effect.

Haplotype variants of Sr46 in Aegilops tauschii, the diploid D genome progenitor of wheat - Naveenkumar Athiyannan; Yunming Long; Houyang Kang; Sutha Chandramohan; Dhara Bhatt; Qijun Zhang; Daryl L. Klindworth; Matthew N. Rouse; Timothy L. Friesen; Robert McIntosh; Peng Zhang; Kerrie Forrest; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2022)

In Memoriam Roy W. Pickens 1939–2022 - Jonathan L. Katz; Dorothy Hatsukami; Jack E. Henningfield; Steven W. Gust (Psychopharmacology, 2022)

Memantine treatment does not affect compulsive behavior or frontostriatal connectivity in an adolescent rat model for quinpirole-induced compulsive checking behavior - Milou Straathof; Erwin L. A. Blezer; Christel E. Smeele; Caroline van Heijningen; Annette van der Toorn; Jan K. Buitelaar; Jeffrey C. Glennon; Willem M. Otte; Rick M. Dijkhuizen; Jan Buitelaar; Saskia de Ruiter; Jilly Naaijen; et al. (Psychopharmacology, 2022)
Rationale Compulsivity often develops during childhood and is associated with elevated glutamate levels within the frontostriatal system. This suggests that anti-glutamatergic drugs, like memantine, may be an effective treatment. Objective Our goal was to characterize the acute and chronic effect of memantine treatment on compulsive behavior and frontostriatal network structure and function in an adolescent rat model of compulsivity. Methods Juvenile Sprague–Dawley rats received repeated quinpirole, resulting in compulsive checking behavior ( n = 32; compulsive) or saline injections ( n = 32; control). Eight compulsive and control rats received chronic memantine treatment, and eight compulsive and control rats received saline treatment for seven consecutive days between the 10th and 12th quinpirole/saline injection. Compulsive checking behavior was assessed, and structural and functional brain connectivity was measured with diffusion MRI and resting-state fMRI before and after treatment. The other rats received an acute single memantine (compulsive: n = 12; control: n = 12) or saline injection (compulsive: n = 4; control: n = 4) during pharmacological MRI after the 12th quinpirole/saline injection. An additional group of rats received a single memantine injection after a single quinpirole injection ( n = 8). Results Memantine treatment did not affect compulsive checking nor frontostriatal structural and functional connectivity in the quinpirole-induced adolescent rat model. While memantine activated the frontal cortex in control rats, no significant activation responses were measured after single or repeated quinpirole injections. Conclusions The lack of a memantine treatment effect in quinpirole-induced compulsive adolescent rats may be partly explained by the interaction between glutamatergic and dopaminergic receptors in the brain, which can be evaluated with functional MRI.

Glucose metabolism patterns: A potential index to characterize brain ageing and predict high conversion risk into cognitive impairment - Jiehui Jiang; Can Sheng; Guanqun Chen; Chunhua Liu; Shichen Jin; Lanlan Li; Xueyan Jiang; Ying Han; Michael W. Weiner; Paul Aisen; Ronald Petersen; Clifford R. Jack; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)

Aging-associated changes in motor function are ovarian somatic tissue-dependent, but germ cell and estradiol independent in post-reproductive female mice exposed to young ovarian tissue - Tracy L. Habermehl; Kaden B. Underwood; Kevin D. Welch; Steven P. Gawrys; Kate C. Parkinson; Augusto Schneider; Michal M. Masternak; Jeffrey B. Mason (GeroScience, 2022)

Improving species‐based area protection in Antarctica - Laura M. Phillips; Rachel I. Leihy; Steven L. Chown (Conservation Biology, 2022)
Area protection is a major mechanism deployed for environmental conservation in Antarctica. Yet, the Antarctic protected areas network is widely acknowledged as inadequate, in part because the criteria for area protection south of 60°S are not fully applied. The most poorly explored of these criteria is the type locality of species, which provides the primary legal means for Antarctic species‐based area protection and a method for conserving species even if little is known about their habitat or distribution. The type locality criterion has not been systematically assessed since its incorporation into the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty in 1991, so the extent to which the criterion is being met or might be useful for area protection is largely unknown. To address the matter, we created and analyzed a comprehensive database of Antarctic type localities of terrestrial and lacustrine lichens, plants, and animals. We compiled the database via a literature search of key taxonomic and geographic terms and then analyzed the distance between type localities identifiable to a ≤ 25km 2 resolution and current Antarctic Specially Protected Areas (ASPAs) and human infrastructure. We used a distance‐clustering approach for localities outside current ASPAs to determine candidate protected areas that could contain these unprotected localities. Of the 386 type localities analyzed, 108 were within or overlapped current ASPAs. Inclusion of the remaining 278 type localities in the ASPA network would require the designation of a further 105 protected areas. Twenty‐four of these areas included human infrastructure disturbance. Given the slow rate of ASPA designation, growing pace of human impacts on the continent, and the management burden associated with ASPAs, we propose ways in which the type locality criterion might best be deployed. These include a comprehensive, systematic conservation planning approach and an alternative emphasis on the habitat of species, rather than on a single locality.

A Guide to International Climate Mitigation Policy and Finance Frameworks Relevant to the Protection and Restoration of Blue Carbon Ecosystems - Mathew A. Vanderklift; Dorothée Herr; Catherine E. Lovelock; Daniel Murdiyarso; Jacqueline L. Raw; Andrew D. L. Steven (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
The protection, management and restoration of vegetated ecosystems on land and in the ocean (‘natural climate solutions’) can be a useful strategy for reducing net greenhouse gas emissions to help limit global warming. Their potential contribution to reducing net emissions has led to the development of policies and financial incentives for their protection and restoration. These have in turn created a set of expectations among some stakeholders, and interest in expanding these to encompass other ecosystems. However, there are specific rules about how abatement is calculated in international policy and climate finance, and the frameworks and terminology associated with them are often complex. This can be a barrier to stakeholders who want to leverage the potential of natural climate solutions, sometimes leading to incongruence between realised and anticipated benefits. In this article, we attempt to outline some of the key international policy and carbon market frameworks for coastal ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems, and the extent to which different ecosystems are accommodated. Currently, among the coastal ecosystems, only mangrove forests, seagrass meadows, and tidal marshes are typically considered in international policy and carbon market frameworks. The defining feature of these ecosystems is that the foundation species are plants that grow in sediment (soil). They are the only coastal ecosystems currently included in IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, and in compliance and voluntary carbon markets. There is interest in potentially including other marine ecosystems, such as kelp forests and unvegetated tidal flats, into carbon accounting frameworks, but there are unresolved questions about whether sequestration and storage of carbon by these ecosystems meets the rigorous standards required. Voluntary carbon markets have greater flexibility than mechanisms linked to national greenhouse gas inventories, and so might be early implementers of expanding methods to include other ecosystems. Incorporating coastal ecosystems into national greenhouse gas inventory is a useful action countries can take that will likely help generate incentives for protection and restoration of these important ecosystems.

Spatial Ecology of Atlantic Halibut across the Northwest Atlantic: A Recovering Species in an Era of Climate Change - Nancy L. Shackell; Jonathan A. D. Fisher; Cornelia E. den Heyer; Daniel R. Hennen; Andrew C. Seitz; Arnault Le Bris; Dominique Robert; Michael E. Kersula; Steven X. Cadrin; Richard S. McBride; Christopher H. McGuire; Tony Kess; et al. (Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 2022)

Molecular glues: enhanced protein-protein interactions and cell proteome editing - Evita G. Weagel; Jason M. Foulks; Adam Siddiqui; Steven L. Warner (Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2022)
The druggable genome is limited by structural features that can be targeted by small molecules in disease-relevant proteins. While orthosteric and allosteric protein modulators have been well studied, they are limited to antagonistic/agonistic functions. This approach to protein modulation leaves many disease-relevant proteins as undruggable targets. Recently, protein-protein interaction modulation has emerged as a promising therapeutic field for previously undruggable protein targets. Molecular glues and heterobifunctional degraders such as PROTACs can facilitate protein interactions and bring the proteasome into proximity to induce targeted protein degradation. In this review, we discuss the function and rational design of molecular glues, heterobifunctional degraders, and hydrophobic tag degraders. We also review historic and novel molecular glues and targets and discuss the challenges and opportunities in this new therapeutic field.

Associations between perceived quantitative work demands at different organisational levels and pain and sickness absence in eldercare workers: a multi-level longitudinal analysis - Matthew L. Stevens; Kristina Karstad; Svend Erik Mathiassen; Leticia Bergamin Januario; Reiner Rugulies; David M. Hallman; Andreas Holtermann (International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2022)
Purpose Eldercare work is characterised by high quantitative work demands and high occurrence of musculoskeletal pain and sickness absence. Our aim was to investigate the association between quantitative demands aggregated at the different organizational levels of eldercare and low back pain (LBP) and sickness absence due to pain among workers. Methods This study was conducted in 527 eldercare workers from 105 wards across 20 nursing homes in Denmark. We collected workers’ perceived quantitative demands at baseline and workers’ LBP and sickness absence repeatedly over the following year. We aggregated worker-level quantitative demands to the ward and nursing home-levels, and used mixed-effects regression models to investigate the associations between quantitative demands at different organizational levels and LBP and sickness absence over 1 year. Results Across all models, increased quantitative demands (0–100 scale) at the worker-level was associated with an increased likelihood (OR 1.02) and intensity of LBP ( β = 0.01). We did not identify any associations between quantitative demands at the ward-level and either of our outcomes. Across all models, increased quantitative demands at the nursing home-level was associated with increased days with sickness absence due to pain ( β = 0.03 to 0.06). Conclusion In eldercare, workers’ perceived quantitative demands are associated with the presence and intensity of LBP. Further, quantitative demands across the overall nursing home-level are associated with sickness absence due to pain among eldercare workers. These results are of relevance to developing organisational interventions targeting quantitative demands to reduce sickness absence in eldercare.

Two new neoavian taxa with contrasting palaeobiogeographical implications from the early Miocene St Bathans Fauna, New Zealand - Trevor H. Worthy; R. Paul Scofield; Steven W. Salisbury; Suzanne J. Hand; Vanesa L. De Pietri; Michael Archer (Journal of Ornithology, 2022)
Two new neoavian landbirds are reported from the early Miocene St Bathans Fauna from New Zealand. Aegotheles zealandivetus sp. nov. is described from several bones, among which, notably, the tarsometatarsus shows more similarity to New Guinean taxa than to Australian—New Zealand species. Zealandornis relictus gen. et sp. nov. is described from a distal end of a humerus and placed in the new family Zealandornithidae, tentatively among the ‘higher landbirds’ Telluraves, with most similarity to coliiforms. The humerus is of similar size to that of species of Colius and its gracile shaft and very shallow sulcus scapulotricipitalis suggests reduced flying ability. The new species of Aegotheles reinforces the Australasian nature of the Zealandian fauna, while in contrast, Zealandornis relictus gen. et sp. nov. appears to have no close relatives. It is as distinct as Acanthisittidae and Strigopidae among birds, or Leiopelmatidae and Sphenodontidae among the herpetofauna, and like them, represents a similar relictual taxon. Together they confer a highly evolutionarily distinctive nature to the Zealandian fauna concomitant with a minimal 60 million years of isolation.

Tissue Distribution of Mercury in the Bodies of Wild American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from a Coastal Marsh in Louisiana (USA) - Liberty A. Moore; John W. Finger; David L. Haskins; Ruth M. Elsey; Steven B. Castleberry; Travis C. Glenn; Charles H. Jagoe; I. Lehr Brisbin (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2022)

Thirty‐five years of tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier relative abundance near Bimini, The Bahamas, and the Southeastern United States with a comparison across jurisdictional bounds - Matthew J. Smukall; John Carlson; Steven T. Kessel; Tristan L. Guttridge; Félicie Dhellemmes; Andrew C. Seitz; Samuel Gruber (Journal of Fish Biology, 2022)
Abundances of large sharks are reported to have declined worldwide, and in response various levels of fisheries management and conservation efforts have been established. For example, marine‐protected areas have been suggested as a means to protect large expanses of ocean from fishing and other industrial activities ( e.g. , habitat destruction), and in 2011 The Commonwealth of The Bahamas established The Bahamas Shark Sanctuary. Nonetheless, assessing the effectiveness of conservation efforts is challenging because consistent long‐term data sets of shark abundances are often lacking, especially throughout the Caribbean and The Bahamas. In this study, the authors investigated the catch rates and demographics of tiger sharks Galeocerdo cuvier caught in a fishery‐independent survey near Bimini, The Bahamas, from 1984 to 2019 to assess relative abundance trends following the banning of longline fishing in 1993 and the subsequent establishment of the shark sanctuary. To contextualize the relative abundance trends near Bimini, the authors compared this to the relative abundance of tiger sharks in a fishery‐dependent survey from the Southeastern USA (SE USA), conducted from 1994 to 2019. The data of this study suggest that local abundance of tiger sharks has been stable near Bimini since the 1980s, including after the ban of longline fishing and the implementation of the shark sanctuary. In comparison, the abundance near the SE USA has slowly increased in the past decade, following potential declines in the decade preceding the USA Shark Management Plan. The results of this study provide some optimism that current conservation efforts in The Bahamas have been effective to maintain local tiger shark abundance within the protected area. In addition, current fisheries management in the SE USA is allowing this species to recover within those waters.

Digital fisheries data in the Internet age: Emerging tools for research and monitoring using online data in recreational fisheries - Robert J. Lennox; Valerio Sbragaglia; Knut Wiik Vollset; Lene K. Sortland; Loren McClenachan; Ivan Jarić; Meaghan L. Guckian; Keno Ferter; Andy J. Danylchuk; Steven J. Cooke; Robert Arlinghaus; William M. Twardek (Fish and Fisheries, 2022)
Recreational fisheries are diverse in scale, scope, and participation worldwide, constituting an important ecosystem service of marine and freshwater ecosystems. Management of these socio‐ecological systems is challenged by monitoring gaps, stemming from difficulties engaging with participants, biased sampling, and insufficient resources to conduct biological or social surveys of fish and human populations. In the Internet age, online data have great potential to make a meaningful contribution to recreational fisheries research, monitoring, and management. Recreational fishers in some countries increasingly use social and other digital media to share their experiences with followers, with most data freely available to web scrapers that compile databases of text (e.g. tweets, status updates, comments), photos, videos and other media that contain information about spatiotemporal activity, sentiments towards catches/experiences, targeted and bycatch species, effort levels, and more. Although the future of recreational fisheries research, monitoring and management will likely involve more digital scraping, uptake is only just beginning and there are several challenges including tool availability/accessibility, sampling biases, and making findings relevant and usable to practitioners. Despite these challenges, we envision fisheries managers will increasingly turn towards online sources of fisheries data to supplement conventional methods. We challenge scientists to work towards continued method development and validation of various digital fisheries data tools and emphasize how biases from the online behaviour of users may complicate interpretations of these data for fisheries management.

Novel Fusarium wilt resistance genes uncovered in natural and cultivated strawberry populations are found on three non-homoeologous chromosomes - Dominique D. A. Pincot; Mitchell J. Feldmann; Michael A. Hardigan; Mishi V. Vachev; Peter M. Henry; Thomas R. Gordon; Marta Bjornson; Alan Rodriguez; Nicolas Cobo; Randi A. Famula; Glenn S. Cole; Gitta L. Coaker; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2022)
Key Message Several Fusarium wilt resistance genes were discovered, genetically and physically mapped, and rapidly deployed via marker-assisted selection to develop cultivars resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae , a devastating soil-borne pathogen of strawberry . Abstract Fusarium wilt, a soilborne disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae , poses a significant threat to strawberry ( Fragaria $$×$$ × ananassa ) production in many parts of the world. This pathogen causes wilting, collapse, and death in susceptible genotypes. We previously identified a dominant gene ( FW1 ) on chromosome 2B that confers resistance to race 1 of the pathogen, and hypothesized that gene-for-gene resistance to Fusarium wilt was widespread in strawberry. To explore this, a genetically diverse collection of heirloom and modern cultivars and octoploid ecotypes were screened for resistance to Fusarium wilt races 1 and 2. Here, we show that resistance to both races is widespread in natural and domesticated populations and that resistance to race 1 is conferred by partially to completely dominant alleles among loci ( FW1 , FW2 , FW3 , FW4 , and FW5 ) found on three non-homoeologous chromosomes (1A, 2B, and 6B). The underlying genes have not yet been cloned and functionally characterized; however, plausible candidates were identified that encode pattern recognition receptors or other proteins known to confer gene-for-gene resistance in plants. High-throughput genotyping assays for SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with FW1 - FW5 were developed to facilitate marker-assisted selection and accelerate the development of race 1 resistant cultivars. This study laid the foundation for identifying the genes encoded by FW1-FW5 , in addition to exploring the genetics of resistance to race 2 and other races of the pathogen, as a precaution to averting a Fusarium wilt pandemic.

Constraints on the Geometry and Gold Distribution in the Black Reef Formation of South Africa Using 3D Reflection Seismic Data and Micro-X-ray Computed Tomography - Glen T. Nwaila; Musa S. D. Manzi; Steven E. Zhang; Julie E. Bourdeau; Lunga C. Bam; Derek H. Rose; Kebone Maselela; David L. Reid; Yousef Ghorbani; Raymond J. Durrheim (Natural Resources Research, 2022)

Major histocompatibility complex class I molecule expression by pancreatic cancer cells is regulated by activation and inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor - Shelby M. Knoche; Alaina C. Larson; Gabrielle L. Brumfield; Steven Cate; William H. Hildebrand; Joyce C. Solheim (Immunologic Research, 2022)

Persistent viral RNA shedding of SARS-CoV-2 is associated with delirium incidence and six-month mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients - Ayush Batra; Jeffrey R. Clark; Anthony K. Kang; Sareen Ali; Tulsi R. Patel; Nathan A. Shlobin; Steven C. Hoffman; Patrick H. Lim; Zachary S. Orban; Lavanya Visvabharathy; Edith L. Graham; David P. Sullivan; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)

Comprehensive analysis of epigenetic clocks reveals associations between disproportionate biological ageing and hippocampal volume - Lidija Milicic; Michael Vacher; Tenielle Porter; Vincent Doré; Samantha C. Burnham; Pierrick Bourgeat; Rosita Shishegar; James Doecke; Nicola J. Armstrong; Rick Tankard; Paul Maruff; Colin L. Masters; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)
The concept of age acceleration, the difference between biological age and chronological age, is of growing interest, particularly with respect to age-related disorders, such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Whilst studies have reported associations with AD risk and related phenotypes, there remains a lack of consensus on these associations. Here we aimed to comprehensively investigate the relationship between five recognised measures of age acceleration, based on DNA methylation patterns (DNAm age), and cross-sectional and longitudinal cognition and AD-related neuroimaging phenotypes (volumetric MRI and Amyloid-β PET) in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Significant associations were observed between age acceleration using the Hannum epigenetic clock and cross-sectional hippocampal volume in AIBL and replicated in ADNI. In AIBL, several other findings were observed cross-sectionally, including a significant association between hippocampal volume and the Hannum and Phenoage epigenetic clocks. Further, significant associations were also observed between hippocampal volume and the Zhang and Phenoage epigenetic clocks within Amyloid-β positive individuals. However, these were not validated within the ADNI cohort. No associations between age acceleration and other Alzheimer’s disease-related phenotypes, including measures of cognition or brain Amyloid-β burden, were observed, and there was no association with longitudinal change in any phenotype. This study presents a link between age acceleration, as determined using DNA methylation, and hippocampal volume that was statistically significant across two highly characterised cohorts. The results presented in this study contribute to a growing literature that supports the role of epigenetic modifications in ageing and AD-related phenotypes.

Prediction of disability-free survival in healthy older people - Johannes Tobias Neumann; Le T. P. Thao; Anne M. Murray; Emily Callander; Prudence R. Carr; Mark R. Nelson; Rory Wolfe; Robyn L. Woods; Christopher M. Reid; Raj C. Shah; Anne B. Newman; Jeff D. Williamson; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)
Prolonging survival in good health is a fundamental societal goal. However, the leading determinants of disability-free survival in healthy older people have not been well established. Data from ASPREE, a bi-national placebo-controlled trial of aspirin with 4.7 years median follow-up, was analysed. At enrolment, participants were healthy and without prior cardiovascular events, dementia or persistent physical disability. Disability-free survival outcome was defined as absence of dementia, persistent disability or death. Selection of potential predictors from amongst 25 biomedical, psychosocial and lifestyle variables including recognized geriatric risk factors, utilizing a machine-learning approach. Separate models were developed for men and women. The selected predictors were evaluated in a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model and validated internally by bootstrapping. We included 19,114 Australian and US participants aged ≥65 years (median 74 years, IQR 71.6–77.7). Common predictors of a worse prognosis in both sexes included higher age, lower Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score, lower gait speed, lower grip strength and abnormal (low or elevated) body mass index. Additional risk factors for men included current smoking, and abnormal eGFR. In women, diabetes and depression were additional predictors. The biased-corrected areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the final prognostic models at 5 years were 0.72 for men and 0.75 for women. Final models showed good calibration between the observed and predicted risks. We developed a prediction model in which age, cognitive function and gait speed were the strongest predictors of disability-free survival in healthy older people. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01038583)

Wildfire, Smoke Exposure, Human Health, and Environmental Justice Need to be Integrated into Forest Restoration and Management - Savannah M. D’Evelyn; Jihoon Jung; Ernesto Alvarado; Jill Baumgartner; Pete Caligiuri; R. Keala Hagmann; Sarah B. Henderson; Paul F. Hessburg; Sean Hopkins; Edward J. Kasner; Meg A. Krawchuk; Jennifer E. Krenz; et al. (Current Environmental Health Reports, 2022)
Purpose of Review Increasing wildfire size and severity across the western United States has created an environmental and social crisis that must be approached from a transdisciplinary perspective. Climate change and more than a century of fire exclusion and wildfire suppression have led to contemporary wildfires with more severe environmental impacts and human smoke exposure. Wildfires increase smoke exposure for broad swaths of the US population, though outdoor workers and socially disadvantaged groups with limited adaptive capacity can be disproportionally exposed. Exposure to wildfire smoke is associated with a range of health impacts in children and adults, including exacerbation of existing respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, worse birth outcomes, and cardiovascular events. Seasonally dry forests in Washington, Oregon, and California can benefit from ecological restoration as a way to adapt forests to climate change and reduce smoke impacts on affected communities. Recent Findings Each wildfire season, large smoke events, and their adverse impacts on human health receive considerable attention from both the public and policymakers. The severity of recent wildfire seasons has state and federal governments outlining budgets and prioritizing policies to combat the worsening crisis. This surging attention provides an opportunity to outline the actions needed now to advance research and practice on conservation, economic, environmental justice, and public health interests, as well as the trade-offs that must be considered. Summary Scientists, planners, foresters and fire managers, fire safety, air quality, and public health practitioners must collaboratively work together. This article is the result of a series of transdisciplinary conversations to find common ground and subsequently provide a holistic view of how forest and fire management intersect with human health through the impacts of smoke and articulate the need for an integrated approach to both planning and practice.

The Open-Ocean Gulf of Mexico After Deepwater Horizon: Synthesis of a Decade of Research - Tracey T. Sutton; Rosanna J. Milligan; Kendra Daly; Kevin M. Boswell; April B. Cook; Maëlle Cornic; Tamara Frank; Kaitlin Frasier; Daniel Hahn; Frank Hernandez; John Hildebrand; Chuanmin Hu; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
The scale of the Deepwater Horizon disaster was and is unprecedented: geographic extent, pollutant amount, countermeasure scope, and of most relevance to this Research Topic issue, range of ecotypes affected. These ecotypes include coastal/nearshore, continental shelf, deep benthic, and open-ocean domains, the last of which is the subject of this synthesis. The open-ocean ecotype comprises ~90% of the volume of the Gulf of Mexico. The exact percentage of this ecotype contaminated with toxins is unknown due to its three-dimensional nature and dynamics, but estimates suggest that the footprint encompassed most of its eastern half. Further, interactions between the water column and the deep benthos may be persistent, making this synthesis one of time (a decade) rather than event conclusion. Here we examine key elements of the open-ocean ecosystem, with emphasis on vulnerability and resilience. Of paramount importance relative to the Gulf nearshore and shelf ecotypes, pre-disaster baseline data were lacking for most of the fauna. In such cases, inferences were drawn from post-disaster assessments. Both phytoplankton and mesozooplankton vulnerabilities were quite high, but resilience appeared equally so. The phytoplankton situation was a bit more complex in that toxin-imposed reductions may have been offset by nutrient injection via high freshwater discharge in 2010. Intermediate trophic levels exhibited population-level depressions, ostensibly due to high vulnerability and low resilience. Apex predator impacts were variable. Certain large epipelagic fishes may have avoided the highest concentrations of hydrocarbons/dispersant, and thus larval abundances returned to pre-disaster levels of variability and abundance within a few years after a steep initial decline. Oceanic cetaceans, particularly shallow-diving stenellid dolphins, did not appear to avoid oiled waters and exhibited strong declines in the northern Gulf. Given that population declines of many open-ocean taxa appear to be ongoing a decade later, we conclude that this largest of Gulf ecosystem components, like its deep-benthic counterpart, is as fragile as it is voluminous. This is particularly concerning given the rapid, and likely irreversible, shift to deeper waters by the US and Mexican oil industries in concert with the higher likelihood of accidents with increasing platform depth.

Correction to: Complement in ischaemia–reperfusion injury and transplantation - Mark C. Howard; Christopher L. Nauser; Conrad A. Farrar; Steven H. Sacks (Seminars in Immunopathology, 2022)

Estimated life-history traits and movements of the Caribbean reef shark (Carcharhinus perezi) in The Bahamas based on tag-recapture data - Brendan S. Talwar; Darcy Bradley; Christopher Berry; Mark E. Bond; Ian A. Bouyoucos; Annabelle M. L. Brooks; Candace Y. A. Fields; Austin J. Gallagher; Tristan L. Guttridge; Annie E. Guttridge; Neil Hammerschlag; Ian Hamilton; et al. (Marine Biology, 2022)

Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in raptors from Ontario, Canada - Grace L. Thornton; Brian Stevens; Shannon K. French; Leonard J. Shirose; Felipe Reggeti; Nick Schrier; E. Jane Parmley; Alexandra Reid; Claire M. Jardine (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022)

Internal seiches as drivers of fish depth use in lakes - Jill L. Brooks; Jonathan D. Midwood; Adam Smith; Steven J. Cooke; Bryan Flood; Christine M. Boston; Patricia Semecsen; Susan E. Doka; Mathew G. Wells (Limnology and Oceanography, 2022)
Inland temperate lakes undergo various physical processes, such as thermal stratification, that dictate the spatial availability of suitable temperature and dissolved oxygen conditions. Here, we use intensive limnological monitoring and acoustic telemetry transmitters implanted in wild fish to document the magnitude and frequency of thermocline deflection events (i.e., wind driven internal seiches that lead to upwelling of hypoxic hypolimnetic water) and their influence on freshwater fish depth use in a coastal embayment of Lake Ontario. The embayment experienced around 100 internal seiche events during a 3‐month period and tracking of walleye ( Stizostedion vitreus ) vertical positions in the water column showed clear trends of avoidance of low dissolved oxygen. Quantile regression showed a significant correlation between walleye vertical position and the depth of the 3, 4, and 5 mg L −1 oxyclines, with the 3 mg L −1 oxycline having the largest effect. Upwellings of the hypoxic hypolimnion forced walleye to use the water column above these fluctuating oxyclines (5 th percentile, p −1 oxycline. Understanding how fish respond to upwelling events (both temperature and oxygen) is important for fisheries assessment, management, and habitat restoration planning as there is clear avoidance of suboptimal oxygen conditions and sampling in the overcrowded fringes of these low‐oxygen zones could artificially inflate population estimates.

Expert range maps of global mammal distributions harmonised to three taxonomic authorities - Charles J. Marsh; Yanina V. Sica; Connor J. Burgin; Wendy A. Dorman; Robert C. Anderson; Isabel del Toro Mijares; Jessica G. Vigneron; Vijay Barve; Victoria L. Dombrowik; Michelle Duong; Robert Guralnick; Julie A. Hart; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2022)
Aim Comprehensive, global information on species' occurrences is an essential biodiversity variable and central to a range of applications in ecology, evolution, biogeography and conservation. Expert range maps often represent a species' only available distributional information and play an increasing role in conservation assessments and macroecology. We provide global range maps for the native ranges of all extant mammal species harmonised to the taxonomy of the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) mobilised from two sources, the Handbook of the Mammals of the World (HMW) and the Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World (CMW). Location Global. Taxon All extant mammal species. Methods Range maps were digitally interpreted, georeferenced, error‐checked and subsequently taxonomically aligned between the HMW (6253 species), the CMW (6431 species) and the MDD taxonomies (6362 species). Results Range maps can be evaluated and visualised in an online map browser at Map of Life ( mol.org ) and accessed for individual or batch download for non‐commercial use. Main conclusion Expert maps of species' global distributions are limited in their spatial detail and temporal specificity, but form a useful basis for broad‐scale characterizations and model‐based integration with other data. We provide georeferenced range maps for the native ranges of all extant mammal species as shapefiles, with species‐level metadata and source information packaged together in geodatabase format. Across the three taxonomic sources our maps entail, there are 1784 taxonomic name differences compared to the maps currently available on the IUCN Red List website. The expert maps provided here are harmonised to the MDD taxonomic authority and linked to a community of online tools that will enable transparent future updates and version control.

Global maps of soil temperature - Jonas J. Lembrechts; Johan van den Hoogen; Juha Aalto; Michael B. Ashcroft; Pieter De Frenne; Julia Kemppinen; Martin Kopecký; Miska Luoto; Ilya M. D. Maclean; Thomas W. Crowther; Joseph J. Bailey; Stef Haesen; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1‐km 2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1‐km 2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse‐grained air temperature estimates from ERA5‐Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome‐specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near‐surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil‐related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.

The impacts of mangrove range expansion on wetland ecosystem services in the southeastern United States: Current understanding, knowledge gaps, and emerging research needs - Michael J. Osland; A. Randall Hughes; Anna R. Armitage; Steven B. Scyphers; Just Cebrian; Savannah H. Swinea; Christine C. Shepard; Micheal S. Allen; Laura C. Feher; James A. Nelson; Cherie L. O’Brien; Colt R. Sanspree; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Climate change is transforming ecosystems and affecting ecosystem goods and services. Along the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts of the southeastern United States, the frequency and intensity of extreme freeze events greatly influence whether coastal wetlands are dominated by freeze‐sensitive woody plants (mangrove forests) or freeze‐tolerant grass‐like plants (salt marshes). In response to warming winters, mangroves have been expanding and displacing salt marshes at varying degrees of severity in parts of north Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. As winter warming accelerates, mangrove range expansion is expected to increasingly modify wetland ecosystem structure and function. Because there are differences in the ecological and societal benefits that salt marshes and mangroves provide, coastal environmental managers are challenged to anticipate the effects of mangrove expansion on critical wetland ecosystem services, including those related to carbon sequestration, wildlife habitat, storm protection, erosion reduction, water purification, fisheries support, and recreation. Mangrove range expansion may also affect wetland stability in the face of extreme climatic events and rising sea levels. Here, we review the current understanding of the effects of mangrove range expansion and displacement of salt marshes on wetland ecosystem services in the southeastern United States. We also identify critical knowledge gaps and emerging research needs regarding the ecological and societal implications of salt marsh displacement by expanding mangrove forests. One consistent theme throughout our review is that there are ecological trade‐offs for consideration by coastal managers. Mangrove expansion and marsh displacement can produce beneficial changes in some ecosystem services, while simultaneously producing detrimental changes in other services. Thus, there can be local‐scale differences in perceptions of the impacts of mangrove expansion into salt marshes. For very specific local reasons, some individuals may see mangrove expansion as a positive change to be embraced, while others may see mangrove expansion as a negative change to be constrained.

Do small‐scale fisheries have the capacity to provide food security to coastal populations? - Steven W. J. Canty; Jessica L. Deichmann (Fish and Fisheries, 2022)
Whilst total global fisheries landed catches declined from 1950 to 2016, small‐scale fisheries (SSFs) landed catches increased. Amongst SSFs landed catches, approximately 95% are consumed domestically. Taken together, these highlight the importance of the potential for SSFs to contribute to food security and well‐being of coastal populations, particularly in Developing Economy Countries (DECs). We used the Sea Around Us database to evaluate long‐term trends of marine SSFs landed catches in 85 DECs. We analyse whether yields from SSFs have the capacity to provide the coastal populations of DECs with a recommended annual intake (RAI) of 10.6 kg of fish per person, and how that capacity has changed over the period of 1960 to 2016. We show that landed catches of SSFs increased in the majority of DECs evaluated from 1950 to 2016. However, in 2016, over one‐third of SSFs in DECs assessed did not have the capacity to provide the RAI of fish to coastal communities, and 64% of all SSFs assessed are exhibiting significant declines in their capacity to fulfil this need. Regional trends in providing RAI were highly variable, putting the long‐term sustainability and capacity of SSFs to contribute meaningfully to food security in doubt. This study demonstrates that landed catches of SSFs alone are not a useful proxy for food security. Implementation of proven effective management practices, policies to improve accessibility and consumption patterns, and the prioritization of small‐scale wild‐caught fisheries are needed to ensure the food security of billions of people in coastal communities.

Effects of artificial light at night on fishes: A synthesis with future research priorities - Arshpreet Bassi; Oliver P. Love; Steven J. Cooke; Theresa R. Warriner; Christopher M. Harris; Christine L. Madliger (Fish and Fisheries, 2022)
Nearly all organisms rely on natural fluctuations of light as cues for synchronizing physiological processes and behavioural actions associated with foraging, growth, sleep and rest, reproduction, and migration. Consequently, although artificial lighting sources have provided a plethora of benefits for humans, they can lead to disruptions for wild organisms. With one quarter of the human population living within 100 km of coastlines, there is great potential for artificial light at night (ALAN) to influence the physiology, behaviour and fitness of fishes. Through a review of the literature ( n = 584 publications focused on the effects of ALAN on individual organisms or ecosystems), we illustrate that most papers have concentrated on terrestrial species (59%) compared with aquatic species (20%) or a mixed approach (21%). Fishes have been underrepresented in comparison with many other taxa such as birds, insects and mammals, representing the focus of less than 8% of taxa‐specific publications. While the number of publications per year focusing on fishes has generally been increasing since the mid‐2000s, there has been a downturn in publication rate in the last few years. To understand where research related to ALAN in fishes has been focused, we partitioned studies into categories and found that publications have mostly concerned behaviour (41.0%), abundance and community structure (24.4%), and physiology (22.8%), while the longer‐term effects on fitness (6.9%) are lacking. We synthesize the research completed in fishes and outline future priorities that will help ascertain the short‐ and long‐term consequences of this relatively novel stressor for fish health and persistence.

Invasive annual cheatgrass enhances the abundance of native microbial and microinvertebrate eukaryotes but reduces invasive earthworms - Dorota L. Porazinska; Timothy R. Seastedt; Eli M. S. Gendron; Steven K. Schmidt (Plant and Soil, 2022)

Root Growth Dynamics, Dominant Rhizosphere Bacteria, and Correlation Between Dominant Bacterial Genera and Root Traits Through Brassica napus Development - Zelalem M. Taye; Kalli Noble; Steven D. Siciliano; Bobbi L. Helgason; Eric G. Lamb (Plant and Soil, 2022)

Coastal inundation under concurrent mean and extreme sea-level rise in Coral Gables, Florida, USA - Vladimir J. Alarcon; Anna C. Linhoss; Christopher R. Kelble; Paul F. Mickle; Gonzalo F. Sanchez-Banda; Fernando E. Mardonez-Meza; Joseph Bishop; Steven L. Ashby (Natural Hazards, 2022)

Integrating Aquatic Metabolism and Net Ecosystem CO2 Balance in Short- and Long-Hydroperiod Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands - Sparkle L. Malone; Junbin Zhao; John S. Kominoski; Gregory Starr; Christina L. Staudhammer; Paulo C. Olivas; Justin C. Cummings; Steven F. Oberbauer (Ecosystems, 2022)
How aquatic primary productivity influences the carbon (C) sequestering capacity of wetlands is uncertain. We evaluated the magnitude and variability in aquatic C dynamics and compared them to net ecosystem CO 2 exchange (NEE) and ecosystem respiration ( R eco ) rates within calcareous freshwater wetlands in Everglades National Park. We continuously recorded 30-min measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO), water level, water temperature ( T water ), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). These measurements were coupled with ecosystem CO 2 fluxes over 5 years (2012–2016) in a long-hydroperiod peat-rich, freshwater marsh and a short-hydroperiod, freshwater marl prairie. Daily net aquatic primary productivity (NAPP) rates indicated both wetlands were generally net heterotrophic. Gross aquatic primary productivity (GAPP) ranged from 0 to − 6.3 g C m −2 day −1 and aquatic respiration ( R Aq ) from 0 to 6.13 g C m −2 day −1 . Nonlinear interactions between water level, T water , and GAPP and R Aq resulted in high variability in NAPP that contributed to NEE. Net aquatic primary productivity accounted for 4–5% of the deviance explained in NEE rates. With respect to the flux magnitude, daily NAPP was a greater proportion of daily NEE at the long-hydroperiod site (mean = 95%) compared to the short-hydroperiod site (mean = 64%). Although we have confirmed the significant contribution of NAPP to NEE in both long- and short-hydroperiod freshwater wetlands, the decoupling of the aquatic and ecosystem fluxes could largely depend on emergent vegetation, the carbonate cycle, and the lateral C flux.

Tracking the early stages of an invasion with biotelemetry: behaviour of round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) in Canada’s historic Rideau Canal - Jordanna N. Bergman; Graham D. Raby; Kate L. Neigel; Colin D. Rennie; Sigal Balshine; Joseph R. Bennett; Aaron T. Fisk; Steven J. Cooke (Biological Invasions, 2022)

Nutrient identity modifies the destabilising effects of eutrophication in grasslands - Oliver Carroll; Evan Batzer; Siddharth Bharath; Elizabeth T. Borer; Sofía Campana; Ellen Esch; Yann Hautier; Timothy Ohlert; Eric W. Seabloom; Peter B. Adler; Jonathan D. Bakker; Lori Biederman; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2022)
Nutrient enrichment can simultaneously increase and destabilise plant biomass production, with co‐limitation by multiple nutrients potentially intensifying these effects. Here, we test how factorial additions of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium with essential nutrients (K+) affect the stability (mean/standard deviation) of aboveground biomass in 34 grasslands over 7 years. Destabilisation with fertilisation was prevalent but was driven by single nutrients, not synergistic nutrient interactions. On average, N‐based treatments increased mean biomass production by 21–51% but increased its standard deviation by 40–68% and so consistently reduced stability. Adding P increased interannual variability and reduced stability without altering mean biomass, while K+ had no general effects. Declines in stability were largest in the most nutrient‐limited grasslands, or where nutrients reduced species richness or intensified species synchrony. We show that nutrients can differentially impact the stability of biomass production, with N and P in particular disproportionately increasing its interannual variability.

NeoBat Interactions: A data set of bat–plant interactions in the Neotropics - Guillermo L. Florez‐Montero; Renata L. Muylaert; Marcelo R. Nogueira; Cullen Geiselman; Sharlene E. Santana; Richard D. Stevens; Marco Tschapka; Francisco A. Rodrigues; Marco A. R. Mello (Ecology, 2022)
Data papers and open databases have revolutionized contemporary science, as they provide the long‐needed incentive to collaborate in large international teams and make natural history information widely available. Nevertheless, most data papers have focused on species occurrence or abundance, whereas interactions have received much less attention. To help fill this gap, we have compiled a georeferenced data set of interactions between 93 bat species of the family Phyllostomidae (Chiroptera) and 501 plant species of 68 families. Data came from 169 studies published between 1957 and 2007 covering the entire Neotropical Region, with most records from Brazil (34.5% of all study sites), Costa Rica (16%), and Mexico (14%). Our data set includes 2571 records of frugivory (75.1% of all records) and nectarivory (24.9%). The best represented bat genera are Artibeus (28% of all records), Carollia (24%), Sturnira (10.1%), and Glossophaga (8.8%). Carollia perspicillata (187), Artibeus lituratus (125), Artibeus jamaicensis (94), Glossophaga soricina (86), and Artibeus planirostris (74) were the bat species with the broadest diets recorded based on the number of plant species. Among the plants, the best represented families were Moraceae (17%), Piperaceae (15.4%), Urticaceae (9.2%), and Solanaceae (9%). Plants of the genera Cecropia (46), Ficus (42), Piper (40), Solanum (31), and Vismia (27) exhibited the largest number of interactions. These data are stored as arrays (records, sites, and studies) organized by logical keys and rich metadata, which helped to compile the information on different ecological and geographic scales, according to how they should be used. Our data set on bat–plant interactions is by far the most extensive, both in geographic and taxonomic terms, and includes abiotic information of study sites, as well as ecological information of plants and bats. It has already facilitated several studies and we hope it will stimulate novel analyses and syntheses, in addition to pointing out important gaps in knowledge. Data are provided under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Please cite this paper when the data are used in any kind of publication related to research, outreach, and teaching activities.

Sublethal Injuries and Physical Abnormalities in Maldives Manta Rays, Mobula alfredi and Mobula birostris - Elspeth M. Strike; Joanna L. Harris; Kirsty L. Ballard; Julie P. Hawkins; Jennifer Crockett; Guy M. W. Stevens (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Manta ray populations worldwide are vulnerable to sublethal injuries resulting from human activities, e.g., entanglement in fishing line and boat strikes, which have the potential to impact an individual’s health, fitness, and behaviour. Sublethal injuries and physical abnormalities also occur naturally from predation events, deformity, parasites, and disease. To determine the type and frequency of anthropogenic and natural originated injury events affecting Mobula alfredi and M. birostris in the Maldives, we examined data from the Manta Trust’s Maldivian Manta Ray Project (MMRP) database, which contains 73,638 photo-identification (photo-ID) sightings of the two manta ray species from 1987 to 2019. The likely origin of each injury or physical abnormality was determined based on visual assessment of the photo-ID images. Multiple injuries to an individual originating from the same event were grouped for analysis. Generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) were used to investigate the relationship between the occurrence of injury events and the explanatory variables sex and maturity status for both species, with the additional variable site function (cleaning, feeding, cruising) investigated for M. alfredi. Spatial and temporal variations in M. alfredi injury events, and their origin and type, were investigated by calculating the percentage of injury events per sighted individual at each Maldivian atoll, and per re-sighted individual in each year from 2005 to 2019. For both species, injury events were predominantly of natural origin, with predatory bites being the most frequent type. The most common anthropogenic injury type was entanglement in fishing line. Injuries to M. alfredi were significantly more likely to be observed on juveniles than adults, males than females, and at cleaning stations as opposed to feeding or cruising sites. Neither sex nor maturity status were significant explanatory variables for the occurrence of injuries to M. birostris. Highest percentages of anthropogenic injuries per sighted M. alfredi were recorded in North Malé, South Malé, Baa, Addu, and Laamu Atolls, where boat traffic, fishing, and tourism activities are concentrated. Overall, this work greatly improves understanding of the sublethal threats faced by manta rays in the Maldives; identifying focus areas where conservation management actions are required to ensure more effective protection of this threatened species group.

Utilizing an End-User Driven Process to Identify and Address Climate-Resilience Tool Needs in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico - Renee C. Collini; Mikaela C. Heming; Christina Mohrman; Melissa T. Daigle; Casey A. Fulford; Celina L. Gauthier Lowry; Marian D. Hanisko; Steven Mikulencak; Rhonda Price; Kristin R. Ransom; Tracie T. Sempier; Christine Shepard; et al. (Coastal Management, 2022)

Cetacean Strandings in the US Pacific Northwest 2000–2019 Reveal Potential Linkages to Oceanographic Variability - Amanda J. Warlick; Jessica L. Huggins; Dyanna M. Lambourn; Deborah A. Duffield; Dalin N. D’Alessandro; James M. Rice; John Calambokidis; M. Bradley Hanson; Joseph K. Gaydos; Steven J. Jeffries; Jennifer K. Olson; Jonathan J. Scordino; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Studying patterns in marine mammal stranding cases can provide insight into changes in population health, abundance, and distribution. Cetaceans along the United States West coast strand for a wide variety of reasons, including disease, injury, and poor nutritional status, all of which may be caused by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Examining the potential drivers of these stranding cases can reveal how populations respond to changes in their habitat, notably oceanographic variability and anthropogenic activities. In this study, we aim to synthesize recent patterns in 1,819 cetacean strandings across 26 species in the Pacific Northwest from 2000 to 2019 to compare with previous findings. Additionally, we aim to quantify the effects of localized and basin-scale oceanographic conditions on monthly stranding cases for five focal species using generalized additive models in order to explore potential relationships between strandings and changes in biophysical features that could affect foraging conditions or other important physiological cues. Our results suggest that strandings of harbor porpoises, gray whales, humpback whales, Dall’s porpoises, and striped dolphins are correlated with certain environmental variables, including sea surface temperature, chlorophyll concentration, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation depending on the species. While it remains challenging to identify the causal mechanisms that underlie these relationships for a given species or population based on its utilization of such a complex ecosystem, improving our understanding of periods of increased strandings can enhance our knowledge of how these species interact with their environment and assist conservation and management efforts. This study enhances the utility of stranding records over time beyond simply reporting trends and has broader applicability to other geographic regions amid global climate change.

Chemical Disinfection of Potato Cutting Machinery to Avoid Dissemination of Clavibacter sepedonicus - L. H. Stevens; J. Y. Tom; O. Mendes; P. S. van der Zouwen; J. M. van der Wolf (Potato Research, 2022)
A potential cause of the dissemination of the potato ring rot bacterium Clavibacter sepedonicus (Cs) is the use of automated seed potato cutters. The present study focuses on the question of whether disinfection practices are sufficient to prevent the transmission of Cs from contaminated machine parts to a new tuber lot. The disinfection efficacy was determined by establishing the culturability of Cs that remained after spray application of sodium-p-toluenesulfochloramide solution on clean and fouled specimens of machinery material that had been provided with an imprint of Cs biofilm. Although conventional spraying, with the authorized concentration of sodium-p-toluenesulfochloramide, of inoculated rubber, PVC and lacquered steel led to a substantial decrease of colony forming units, the treatment was insufficient for complete eradication of Cs. The presence of dirt negatively affected the efficacy of the disinfectant.

Strong Predictive Algorithm of Pathogenesis-Based Biomarkers Improves Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis - Daniel Kam Yin Chan; Nady Braidy; Ren Fen Chen; Ying Hua Xu; Steven Bentley; Michal Lubomski; Ryan L. Davis; Jack Chen; Carolyn M. Sue; George D. Mellick (Molecular Neurobiology, 2022)

A ready-to-use, thermoresponsive, and extended-release delivery system for the paranasal sinuses - Andrea L. Schilling; Erin Cannon; Susan K. Fullerton-Shirey; Stella E. Lee; Eric W. Wang; Steven R. Little (Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 2022)

Human activity strongly influences genetic dynamics of the most widespread invasive plant in the sub‐Antarctic - Mario Mairal; Steven L. Chown; Justine Shaw; Desalegn Chala; John H. Chau; Cang Hui; Jesse M. Kalwij; Zuzana Münzbergová; Bettine Jansen van Vuuren; Johannes J. Le Roux (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
The link between the successful establishment of alien species and propagule pressure is well‐documented. Less known is how humans influence the post‐introduction dynamics of invasive alien populations. The latter requires studying parallel invasions by the same species in habitats that are differently impacted by humans. We analysed microsatellite and genome size variation, and then compared the genetic diversity and structure of invasive Poa annua L. on two sub‐Antarctic islands: human‐occupied Marion Island and unoccupied Prince Edward Island. We also carried out niche modelling to map the potential distribution of the species on both islands. We found high levels of genetic diversity and evidence for extensive admixture between genetically distinct lineages of P . annua on Marion Island. By contrast, the Prince Edward Island populations showed low genetic diversity, no apparent admixture, and had smaller genomes. On both islands, high genetic diversity was apparent at human landing sites, and on Marion Island, also around human settlements, suggesting that these areas received multiple introductions and/or acted as initial introduction sites and secondary sources (bridgeheads) for invasive populations. More than 70 years of continuous human activity associated with a meteorological station on Marion Island led to a distribution of this species around human settlements and along footpaths, which facilitates ongoing gene flow among geographically separated populations. By contrast, this was not the case for Prince Edward Island, where P . annua populations showed high genetic structure. The high levels of genetic variation and admixture in P . annua facilitated by human activity, coupled with high habitat suitability on both islands, suggest that P . annua is likely to increase its distribution and abundance in the future.

Corrigendum: State of the California Current 2019–2020: Back to the Future With Marine Heatwaves? - Edward D. Weber; Toby D. Auth; Simone Baumann-Pickering; Timothy R. Baumgartner; Eric P. Bjorkstedt; Steven J. Bograd; Brian J. Burke; José L. Cadena-Ramírez; Elizabeth A. Daly; Martin de la Cruz; Heidi Dewar; John C. Field; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)

Distributions of native and invasive Typha (cattail) throughout the Prairie Pothole Region of North America - Brian A. Tangen; Sheel Bansal; Joanna R. Freeland; Steven E. Travis; Jennifer D. Wasko; Terence P. McGonigle; L. Gordon Goldsborough; Keira Gow; Joy E. Marburger; Jacob A. Meier (Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2022)

Acute pain-related depression of operant responding maintained by social interaction or food in male and female rats - A. N. Baldwin; M. L. Banks; S. A. Marsh; E. A. Townsend; M. Venniro; Y. Shaham; S. Stevens Negus (Psychopharmacology, 2022)

Heterogeneous isotope effects decouple conifer leaf and branch sugar δ18O and δ13C - Richard P. Fiorella; Steven A. Kannenberg; William R. L. Anderegg; Russell K. Monson; James R. Ehleringer (Oecologia, 2022)

The influence of wastewater pretreatment, attachment material, and inoculation strategy on the growth of target algal species in cultivated biofilms - Samantha L. Cheung; Steven M. Short; D. Grant Allen (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2022)

Combined effects of older age and HIV disease on changes in everyday functioning over one year - Jennifer L. Thompson; Steven Paul Woods; Luis D. Medina; Troy A. Webber (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2022)

Changes in tree drought sensitivity provided early warning signals to the California drought and forest mortality event - Rachel M. Keen; Steven L. Voelker; S.‐Y. Simon Wang; Barbara J. Bentz; Michael L. Goulden; Cody R. Dangerfield; Charlotte C. Reed; Sharon M. Hood; Adam Z. Csank; Todd E. Dawson; Andrew G. Merschel; Christopher J. Still (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Climate warming in recent decades has negatively impacted forest health in the western United States. Here, we report on potential early warning signals (EWS) for drought‐related mortality derived from measurements of tree‐ring growth (ring width index; RWI) and carbon isotope discrimination (∆ 13 C), primarily focused on ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ). Sampling was conducted in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains, near the epicenter of drought severity and mortality associated with the 2012–2015 California drought and concurrent outbreak of western pine beetle ( Dendroctonus brevicomis ). At this site, we found that widespread mortality was presaged by five decades of increasing sensitivity (i.e., increased explained variation) of both tree growth and ∆ 13 C to Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). We hypothesized that increasing sensitivity of tree growth and ∆ 13 C to hydroclimate constitute EWS that indicate an increased likelihood of widespread forest mortality caused by direct and indirect effects of drought. We then tested these EWS in additional ponderosa pine‐dominated forests that experienced varying mortality rates associated with the same California drought event. In general, drier sites showed increasing sensitivity of RWI to PDSI over the last century, as well as higher mortality following the California drought event compared to wetter sites. Two sites displayed evidence that thinning or fire events that reduced stand basal area effectively reversed the trend of increasing hydroclimate sensitivity. These comparisons indicate that reducing competition for soil water and/or decreasing bark beetle host tree density via forest management—particularly in drier regions—may buffer these forests against drought stress and associated mortality risk. EWS such as these could provide land managers more time to mitigate the extent or severity of forest mortality in advance of droughts. Substantial efforts at deploying additional dendrochronological research in concert with remote sensing and forest modeling will aid in forecasting of forest responses to continued climate warming.

Western Gull Foraging Behavior as an Ecosystem State Indicator in Coastal California - Megan A. Cimino; Scott A. Shaffer; Heather Welch; Jarrod A. Santora; Pete Warzybok; Jaime Jahncke; Isaac Schroeder; Elliott L. Hazen; Steven J. Bograd (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
With accelerating climate variability and change, novel approaches are needed to warn managers of changing ecosystem state and to identify appropriate management actions. One strategy is using indicator species—like seabirds as ecosystem sentinels—to monitor changes in marine environments. Here, we explore the utility of western gulls ( Larus occidentalis ) breeding on Southeast Farallon Island as a proxy of ecosystem state in coastal California by investigating the interannual variability in gull foraging behavior from 2013 to 2019 in relation to upwelling conditions, prey abundances, and overlap with humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) as gulls frequently feed in association with whales. Western gulls have a flexible diet and forage on land and at-sea. We combined gull GPS tracking data during the incubation phase, ecosystem survey data on multiple predator and prey species, and derived oceanographic upwelling products. When foraging at sea, gulls overlapped with cool upwelled waters. During 2015–2017, 25% more gull foraging trips visited land than in other years, where land trips were on average ∼8 h longer and 40% further than sea trips, which coincided with high compression of coastally upwelled waters (habitat compression) in 2015–2016. Gull foraging behavior was related to local prey abundances, where more foraging occurred near shore or on land when prey abundances were low. However, visual surveys indicated that ∼70% of humpback whale observations co-occurred with gulls, and the year with the most foraging on land (2017) corresponded to regionally low relative whale abundances, suggesting gull movement patterns could be an indicator of whale presence. Further, both whales and gulls forage near-shore under high upwelling habitat compression and low krill abundance. Hence, the deployment of year-round tags on gulls with the capability of near real-time data accessibility could provide important fine-scale metrics for conservation and management of the threatened yet recovering eastern Pacific humpback whale population between infrequent and coarse surveys. Entanglement in fishing gear and ship strikes are major inhibitors to whale recovery and have increased concomitantly with human use of ocean resources. Moreover, as climate variability and change increase, novel indicators should be explored and implemented to inform marine spatial planning and protect species across multiple scales from new risks.

Estimation of maximum seasonal tropical cyclone damage in the Atlantic using climate models - Sally L. Lavender; Kevin J. E. Walsh; Steven Utembe; Louis-Philippe Caron; Mark Guishard (Natural Hazards, 2022)

Using an integrative research approach to improve fish migrations in regulated rivers: a case study on Pacific Salmon in the Seton River, Canada - Nolan N. Bett; Scott G. Hinch; Arthur L. Bass; Douglas C. Braun; Nicholas J. Burnett; Matthew T. Casselman; Steven J. Cooke; S. Matthew Drenner; Ahmed Gelchu; William L. Harrower; Roxx Ledoux; Andrew G. Lotto; et al. (Hydrobiologia, 2022)

Natural Resource Managers Use and Value Western-Based Science, but Barriers to Access Persist - Morgan L. Piczak; Andrew N. Kadykalo; Steven J. Cooke; Nathan Young (Environmental Management, 2022)

Aspirin use and prostate tumor angiogenesis - Benjamin C. Fu; Kai Wang; Lorelei A. Mucci; Steven K. Clinton; Edward L. Giovannucci (Cancer Causes & Control, 2022)

Host‐pathogen‐environment interactions predict survival outcomes of adult sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) released from fisheries - Amy K. Teffer; Scott G. Hinch; Kristina M. Miller; David. A. Patterson; Arthur L. Bass; Steven J. Cooke; Anthony P. Farrell; Terry D. Beacham; Jacqueline M. Chapman; Francis Juanes (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
Incorporating host‐pathogen(s)‐environment axes into management and conservation planning is critical to preserving species in a warming climate. However, the role pathogens play in host stress resilience remains largely unexplored in wild animal populations. We experimentally characterized how independent and cumulative stressors (fisheries handling, high water temperature) and natural infections affected the health and longevity of released wild adult sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) in British Columbia, Canada. Returning adults were collected before and after entering the Fraser River, yielding marine‐ and river‐collected groups, respectively ( N = 185). Fish were exposed to a mild (seine) or severe (gill net) fishery treatment at collection, and then held in flow‐through freshwater tanks for up to four weeks at historical (14°C) or projected migration temperatures (18°C). Using weekly nonlethal gill biopsies and high‐throughput qPCR, we quantified loads of up to 46 pathogens with host stress and immune gene expression. Marine‐collected fish had less severe infections than river‐collected fish, a short migration distance (100 km, 5–7 days) that produced profound infection differences. At 14°C, river‐collected fish survived 1–2 weeks less than marine‐collected fish. All fish held at 18°C died within 4 weeks unless they experienced minimal handling. Gene expression correlated with infections in river‐collected fish, while marine‐collected fish were more stressor‐responsive. Cumulative stressors were detrimental regardless of infections or collection location, probably due to extreme physiological disturbance. Because river‐derived infections correlated with single stressor responses, river entry probably decreases stressor resilience of adult salmon by altering both physiology and pathogen burdens, which redirect host responses toward disease resistance.

Decreased growth of wild soil microbes after 15 years of transplant‐induced warming in a montane meadow - Alicia M. Purcell; Michaela Hayer; Benjamin J. Koch; Rebecca L. Mau; Steven J. Blazewicz; Paul Dijkstra; Michelle C. Mack; Jane C. Marks; Ember M. Morrissey; Jennifer Pett‐Ridge; Rachel L. Rubin; Egbert Schwartz; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
The carbon stored in soil exceeds that of plant biomass and atmospheric carbon and its stability can impact global climate. Growth of decomposer microorganisms mediates both the accrual and loss of soil carbon. Growth is sensitive to temperature and given the vast biological diversity of soil microorganisms, the response of decomposer growth rates to warming may be strongly idiosyncratic, varying among taxa, making ecosystem predictions difficult. Here, we show that 15 years of warming by transplanting plant–soil mesocosms down in elevation, strongly reduced the growth rates of soil microorganisms, measured in the field using undisturbed soil. The magnitude of the response to warming varied among microbial taxa. However, the direction of the response—reduced growth—was universal and warming explained twofold more variation than did the sum of taxonomic identity and its interaction with warming. For this ecosystem, most of the growth responses to warming could be explained without taxon‐specific information, suggesting that in some cases microbial responses measured in aggregate may be adequate for climate modeling. Long‐term experimental warming also reduced soil carbon content, likely a consequence of a warming‐induced increase in decomposition, as warming‐induced changes in plant productivity were negligible. The loss of soil carbon and decreased microbial biomass with warming may explain the reduced growth of the microbial community, more than the direct effects of temperature on growth. These findings show that direct and indirect effects of long‐term warming can reduce growth rates of soil microbes, which may have important feedbacks to global warming.

Complement in ischaemia–reperfusion injury and transplantation - Mark C. Howard; Christopher L. Nauser; Conrad A. Farrar; Steven H. Sacks (Seminars in Immunopathology, 2021)
Until recently, the only known condition in which complement could mediate transplant injury was the rare occurrence of antibody-mediated rejection, in which the original concept of antibody immunity against the transplant was supported by complementary proteins present in the serum. This has changed within the last two decades because of evidence that the processes of ischaemia–reperfusion injury followed by T cell–mediated rejection are also critically dependent on components generated by the complement system. We now have a clearer understanding of the complement triggers and effectors that mediate injury, and a detailed map of their local sites of production and activation in the kidney. This is providing helpful guidelines as to how these harmful processes that restrict transplant outcomes can be targeted for therapeutic benefit. Here we review some of the recent advances highlighting relevant therapeutic targets.

The ten steps to responsible Inland fisheries in practice: reflections from diverse regional case studies around the globe - Steven J. Cooke; Elizabeth Nyboer; Abigail Bennett; Abigail J. Lynch; Dana M. Infante; Ian G. Cowx; T. Douglas Beard; Devin Bartley; Craig P. Paukert; Andrea J. Reid; Simon Funge-Smith; Edith Gondwe; et al. (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2021)

Fossil frogs from the early Campanian of West Texas, USA, with comments on Late Cretaceous anuran diversity in southern Laramidia - Steven L. Wick (Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 2021)

Interactive effects of aging and aerobic capacity on energy metabolism–related metabolites of serum, skeletal muscle, and white adipose tissue - Haihui Zhuang; Sira Karvinen; Timo Törmäkangas; Xiaobo Zhang; Xiaowei Ojanen; Vidya Velagapudi; Markku Alen; Steven L. Britton; Lauren G. Koch; Heikki Kainulainen; Sulin Cheng; Petri Wiklund (GeroScience, 2021)
Aerobic capacity is a strong predictor of longevity. With aging, aerobic capacity decreases concomitantly with changes in whole body metabolism leading to increased disease risk. To address the role of aerobic capacity, aging, and their interaction on metabolism, we utilized rat models selectively bred for low and high intrinsic aerobic capacity (LCRs/HCRs) and compared the metabolomics of serum, muscle, and white adipose tissue (WAT) at two time points: Young rats were sacrificed at 9 months of age, and old rats were sacrificed at 21 months of age. Targeted and semi-quantitative metabolomics analysis was performed on the ultra-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) platform. The effects of aerobic capacity, aging, and their interaction were studied via regression analysis. Our results showed that high aerobic capacity is associated with an accumulation of isovalerylcarnitine in muscle and serum at rest, which is likely due to more efficient leucine catabolism in muscle. With aging, several amino acids were downregulated in muscle, indicating more efficient amino acid metabolism, whereas in WAT less efficient amino acid metabolism and decreased mitochondrial β-oxidation were observed. Our results further revealed that high aerobic capacity and aging interactively affect lipid metabolism in muscle and WAT, possibly combating unfavorable aging-related changes in whole body metabolism. Our results highlight the significant role of WAT metabolism for healthy aging.

Differences in representation of extreme precipitation events in two high resolution models - Emma D. Thomassen; Elizabeth J. Kendon; Hjalte J. D. Sørup; Steven C. Chan; Peter L. Langen; Ole B. Christensen; Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen (Climate Dynamics, 2021)

Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2021)

2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2021)

The human hepatocyte TXG-MAPr: gene co-expression network modules to support mechanism-based risk assessment - Giulia Callegaro; Steven J. Kunnen; Panuwat Trairatphisan; Solène Grosdidier; Marije Niemeijer; Wouter den Hollander; Emre Guney; Janet Piñero Gonzalez; Laura Furlong; Yue W. Webster; Julio Saez-Rodriguez; Jeffrey J. Sutherland; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2021)
Mechanism-based risk assessment is urged to advance and fully permeate into current safety assessment practices, possibly at early phases of drug safety testing. Toxicogenomics is a promising source of mechanisms-revealing data, but interpretative analysis tools specific for the testing systems (e.g. hepatocytes) are lacking. In this study, we present the TXG-MAPr webtool (available at https://txg-mapr.eu/WGCNA_PHH/TGGATEs_PHH/ ), an R-Shiny-based implementation of weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) obtained from the Primary Human Hepatocytes (PHH) TG-GATEs dataset. The 398 gene co-expression networks (modules) were annotated with functional information (pathway enrichment, transcription factor) to reveal their mechanistic interpretation. Several well-known stress response pathways were captured in the modules, were perturbed by specific stressors and showed preservation in rat systems (rat primary hepatocytes and rat in vivo liver), with the exception of DNA damage and oxidative stress responses. A subset of 87 well-annotated and preserved modules was used to evaluate mechanisms of toxicity of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress inducers, including cyclosporine A, tunicamycin and acetaminophen. In addition, module responses can be calculated from external datasets obtained with different hepatocyte cells and platforms, including targeted RNA-seq data, therefore, imputing biological responses from a limited gene set. As another application, donors’ sensitivity towards tunicamycin was investigated with the TXG-MAPr, identifying higher basal level of intrinsic immune response in donors with pre-existing liver pathology. In conclusion, we demonstrated that gene co-expression analysis coupled to an interactive visualization environment, the TXG-MAPr, is a promising approach to achieve mechanistic relevant, cross-species and cross-platform evaluation of toxicogenomic data.

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 as a major risk factor for severe COVID-19? - Sebastiaan Dhont; Rutger Callens; Dieter Stevens; Fre Bauters; Jan L. De Bleecker; Eric Derom; Eva Van Braeckel (Acta Neurologica Belgica, 2021)

Predicting how climate change threatens the prey base of Arctic marine predators - Katie R. N. Florko; Travis C. Tai; William W. L. Cheung; Steven H. Ferguson; U. Rashid Sumaila; David J. Yurkowski; Marie Auger‐Méthé (Ecology Letters, 2021)
Arctic sea ice loss has direct consequences for predators. Climate‐driven distribution shifts of native and invasive prey species may exacerbate these consequences. We assessed potential changes by modelling the prey base of a widely distributed Arctic predator (ringed seal; Pusa hispida ) in a sentinel area for change (Hudson Bay) under high‐ and low‐greenhouse gas emission scenarios from 1950 to 2100. All changes were relatively negligible under the low‐emission scenario, but under the high‐emission scenario, we projected a 50% decline in the abundance of the well‐distributed, ice‐adapted and energy‐rich Arctic cod ( Boreogadus saida ) and an increase in the abundance of smaller temperate‐associated fish in southern and coastal areas. Furthermore, our model predicted that all fish species declined in mean body size, but a 29% increase in total prey biomass. Declines in energy‐rich prey and restrictions in their spatial range are likely to have cascading effects on Arctic predators.

Age affects temporal response, but not durability, to serial ketamine infusions for treatment refractory depression - Steven Pennybaker; Brian J. Roach; Susanna L. Fryer; Anusha Badathala; Art W. Wallace; Daniel H. Mathalon; Tobias F. Marton (Psychopharmacology, 2021)

Playbacks of food-associated calls attract chimpanzees towards known food patches in a captive setting - Lisa R. O’Bryan; Susan P. Lambeth; Steven J. Schapiro; Michael L. Wilson (Primates, 2021)

Recessive ciliopathy mutations in primary endocardial fibroelastosis: a rare neonatal cardiomyopathy in a case of Alstrom syndrome - Yan Zhao; Lee-kai Wang; Ascia Eskin; Xuedong Kang; Viviana M. Fajardo; Zubin Mehta; Stacy Pineles; Ryan J. Schmidt; Aaron Nagiel; Gary Satou; Meena Garg; Myke Federman; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2021)
Among neonatal cardiomyopathies, primary endocardial fibroelastosis (pEFE) remains a mysterious disease of the endomyocardium that is poorly genetically characterized, affecting 1/5000 live births and accounting for 25% of the entire pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with a devastating course and grave prognosis. To investigate the potential genetic contribution to pEFE, we performed integrative genomic analysis, using whole exome sequencing (WES) and RNA-seq in a female infant with confirmed pathological diagnosis of pEFE. Within regions of homozygosity in the proband genome, WES analysis revealed novel parent-transmitted homozygous mutations affecting three genes with known roles in cilia assembly or function. Among them, a novel homozygous variant [c.1943delA] of uncertain significance in ALMS1 was prioritized for functional genomic and mechanistic analysis. Loss of function mutations of ALMS1 have been implicated in Alstrom syndrome (AS) [OMIM 203800], a rare recessive ciliopathy that has been associated with cardiomyopathy. The variant of interest results in a frameshift introducing a premature stop codon. RNA-seq of the proband’s dermal fibroblasts confirmed the impact of the novel ALMS1 variant on RNA-seq reads and revealed dysregulated cellular signaling and function, including the induction of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and activation of TGFβ signaling. ALMS1 loss enhanced cellular migration in patient fibroblasts as well as neonatal cardiac fibroblasts, while ALMS1-depleted cardiomyocytes exhibited enhanced proliferation activity. Herein, we present the unique pathological features of pEFE compared to DCM and utilize integrated genomic analysis to elucidate the molecular impact of a novel mutation in ALMS1 gene in an AS case. Our report provides insights into pEFE etiology and suggests, for the first time to our knowledge, ciliopathy as a potential underlying mechanism for this poorly understood and incurable form of neonatal cardiomyopathy. Key message Primary endocardial fibroelastosis (pEFE) is a rare form of neonatal cardiomyopathy that occurs in 1/5000 live births with significant consequences but unknown etiology. Integrated genomics analysis (whole exome sequencing and RNA sequencing) elucidates novel genetic contribution to pEFE etiology. In this case, the cardiac manifestation in Alstrom syndrome is pEFE. To our knowledge, this report provides the first evidence linking ciliopathy to pEFE etiology. Infants with pEFE should be examined for syndromic features of Alstrom syndrome. Our findings lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pEFE, paving the way to potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

Movescapes and eco‐evolutionary movement strategies in marine fish: Assessing a connectivity hotspot - Susan K. Lowerre‐Barbieri; Claudia Friess; Lucas P. Griffin; Danielle Morley; Gregory B. Skomal; Joel W. Bickford; Neil Hammerschlag; Mitchell J. Rider; Matthew J. Smukall; Maurits P. M. van Zinnicq Bergmann; Tristan L. Guttridge; Andrea M. Kroetz; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2021)
Data from the Integrated Tracking of Aquatic Animals in the Gulf of Mexico (iTAG) network, and sister networks, were used to evaluate fish movements in the Florida Keys—an extensive reef fish ecosystem just north of Cuba connecting the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. We analysed ~2 million detections for 23 species, ranging from reef fish such as Nassau grouper ( Epinephelus striatus , Serranidae) to migratory apex predators such as white sharks ( Carcharodon carcharias , Lamnidae). To facilitate comparisons across species, we used an eco‐evolutionary movement strategy framework that identified measurable movement traits and their proximate and ultimate drivers. Detectability was species‐specific and quantified with a detection potential index. Life stages detected in the study area varied by species and residency varied with life stage. Four annual movement types were identified as follows: high site‐fidelity residents, range residents, seasonal migrants and general migrants. The endangered smalltooth sawfish ( Pristis pectinata , Pristidae), a seasonal migrant, exhibited the greatest within‐ecosystem connectivity. Site attachment, stopover and deep‐water migration behaviours differed between individuals, species and annual movement types. All apex predators were migratory. General migrants were significantly larger than fish in the other movement types, a life‐history and movement trait combination that is common but not exclusive, as many small pelagics also migrate. Most teleosts exhibited movements associated with spawning. As concerns grow over habitat and biodiversity loss, multispecies movescapes, such as presented here, are expected to play an increasingly important role in informing ecosystem‐based and non‐extractive fisheries management strategies.

Temporal rarity is a better predictor of local extinction risk than spatial rarity - Peter A. Wilfahrt; Ashley L. Asmus; Eric W. Seabloom; Jeremiah A. Henning; Peter Adler; Carlos A. Arnillas; Jonathan D. Bakker; Lori Biederman; Lars A. Brudvig; Marc Cadotte; Pedro Daleo; Anu Eskelinen; et al. (Ecology, 2021)
Spatial rarity is often used to predict extinction risk, but rarity can also occur temporally. Perhaps more relevant in the context of global change is whether a species is core to a community (persistent) or transient (intermittently present), with transient species often susceptible to human activities that reduce niche space. Using 5–12 yr of data on 1,447 plant species from 49 grasslands on five continents, we show that local abundance and species persistence under ambient conditions are both effective predictors of local extinction risk following experimental exclusion of grazers or addition of nutrients; persistence was a more powerful predictor than local abundance. While perturbations increased the risk of exclusion for low persistence and abundance species, transient but abundant species were also highly likely to be excluded from a perturbed plot relative to ambient conditions. Moreover, low persistence and low abundance species that were not excluded from perturbed plots tended to have a modest increase in abundance following perturbance. Last, even core species with high abundances had large decreases in persistence and increased losses in perturbed plots, threatening the long‐term stability of these grasslands. Our results demonstrate that expanding the concept of rarity to include temporal dynamics, in addition to local abundance, more effectively predicts extinction risk in response to environmental change than either rarity axis predicts alone.

Advanced mass balance characterization and fractionation of algal biomass composition - Stefanie Van Wychen; Steven M. Rowland; Kaitlin C. Lesco; Peter V. Shanta; Tao Dong; Lieve M. L. Laurens (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2021)
Opportunities associated with biomass production and bioproduct isolation from algae-derived feedstocks are plentiful and promising; however, there are challenges associated with realizing these applications. One of the most important, and often overlooked, challenges is the lack of availability of a strong foundation of compositional analysis methods validated on microalgal biomass. Currently, compositional analysis in algae is dominated by the use of interference-prone methods, a lack of full mass balance accounting, and the use of top-down approaches that bin all unaccounted-for mass into a single category, such as carbohydrates. We present here an approach based on a bottom-up algal biomass characterization aimed at moving towards, and highlighting the importance of, full and accurate mass closure to achieve the maximum economic potential from a sustainable and renewable feedstock. Algal biomass representing three genera, Nannochloropsis , Scenedesmus , and Monoraphidium , was subjected to a cell rupture and fractionation process, followed by detailed characterization of each fraction to determine the partitioning of measured and unknown components. The goal of this work is to identify where the missing components partition, and develop a strategy to close the mass balance or identify the unknowns, while utilizing a rigorous characterization approach for characterizing algal biomass. Although only 75–80% of the biomass was accounted for, the fractionation approach utilized here provides key insight into possible chemical components for future investigations.

University of Alabama at Birmingham Nathan Shock Center: comparative energetics of aging - Steven N. Austad; Thomas W. Buford; David B. Allison; Scott. W. Ballinger; Andrew W. Brown; Christy S. Carter; Victor M. Darley-Usmar; John L. Hartman; Timothy R. Nagy; Daniel L. Smith; Liou Sun; Jianhua Zhang (GeroScience, 2021)

The scope and severity of white‐nose syndrome on hibernating bats in North America - Tina L. Cheng; Jonathan D. Reichard; Jeremy T. H. Coleman; Theodore J. Weller; Wayne E. Thogmartin; Brian E. Reichert; Alyssa B. Bennett; Hugh G. Broders; Joshua Campbell; Katherine Etchison; Daniel J. Feller; Richard Geboy; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2021)
Assessing the scope and severity of threats is necessary for evaluating impacts on populations to inform conservation planning. Quantitative threat assessment often requires monitoring programs that provide reliable data over relevant spatial and temporal scales, yet such programs can be difficult to justify until there is an apparent stressor. Leveraging efforts of wildlife management agencies to record winter counts of hibernating bats, we collated data for 5 species from over 200 sites across 27 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces from 1995 to 2018 to determine the impact of white‐nose syndrome (WNS), a deadly disease of hibernating bats. We estimated declines of winter counts of bat colonies at sites where the invasive fungus that causes WNS ( Pseudogymnoascus destructans ) had been detected to assess the threat impact of WNS. Three species undergoing species status assessment by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( Myotis septentrionalis , Myotis lucifugus , and Perimyotis subflavus ) declined by more than 90%, which warrants classifying the severity of the WNS threat as extreme based on criteria used by NatureServe. The scope of the WNS threat as defined by NatureServe criteria was large (36% of Myotis lucifugus range) to pervasive (79% of Myotis septentrionalis range) for these species. Declines for 2 other species ( Myotis sodalis and Eptesicus fuscus ) were less severe but still qualified as moderate to serious based on NatureServe criteria. Data‐sharing across jurisdictions provided a comprehensive evaluation of scope and severity of the threat of WNS and indicated regional differences that can inform response efforts at international, national, and state or provincial jurisdictions. We assessed the threat impact of an emerging infectious disease by uniting monitoring efforts across jurisdictional boundaries and demonstrated the importance of coordinated monitoring programs, such as the North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat), for data‐driven conservation assessments and planning.

Uranium Adsorption on Three Nanohydroxyapatites Under Various Biogeochemical Conditions - Precious Cooper; Jing Nie; Steven L. Larson; John H. Ballard; Heather M. Knotek-Smith; Ahmet Celik; Shaloam Dasari; Xianchun Zhu; Fengxiang X. Han (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2021)

On the theory-practice gap in the environmental realm: perspectives from and for diverse environmental professionals - Steven J. Cooke; Amanda L. Jeanson; Ian Bishop; Brett A. Bryan; Chundi Chen; Christopher Cvitanovic; Yang Fen; John Forester; Christine Fürst; Jie Hu; Daniele La Rosa; Colin Meurk; et al. (Socio-Ecological Practice Research, 2021)

Effect of Temperature Treatments on the Viability of Clavibacter sepedonicus in Infected Potato Tissue - L. H. Stevens; J. Y. Tom; P. S. van der Zouwen; O. Mendes; L. M. Poleij; J. M. van der Wolf (Potato Research, 2021)
The objective of the present study was to establish whether exposure to temperatures of 55-70 °C results in eradication of the pathogen Clavibacter sepedonicus (Cs) in colonised potato tissue, in order to evaluate the efficiency of composting for disinfection of Cs-infected potato waste. Pre-sprouted potato tubers were inoculated and planted to produce Cs-colonised stem and tuber material. After incubation in temperature-controlled water baths, the infected potato tissue was analysed for the presence of culturable and pathogenic Cs. Additional experiments were performed with Cs-colonised potato stem tissue crushed and deaerated, thus simulating macerated stem tissue in the compost heap. To enable a comparison with bacterial cells that are not enclosed by their natural organic matrix, temperature treatments were applied to non-infected stem tissue crushed and deaerated, and spiked with freshly prepared Cs-suspensions. Cs settled inside colonised potato tissue, as well as Cs present as Cs-suspensions supplemented to potato tissue, was eradicated by exposure to heat, even after a treatment of 1 h at 55 °C, with the exception of one case in which the pathogen present in intact stem material escaped a treatment of 6 h at 60 °C, indicating that incidentally stems may provide niches in which the pathogen is protected against heat.

Climate Change Implications for Tidal Marshes and Food Web Linkages to Estuarine and Coastal Nekton - Denise D. Colombano; Steven Y. Litvin; Shelby L. Ziegler; Scott B. Alford; Ronald Baker; Myriam A. Barbeau; Just Cebrián; Rod M. Connolly; Carolyn A. Currin; Linda A. Deegan; Justin S. Lesser; Charles W. Martin; et al. (Estuaries and Coasts, 2021)
Climate change is altering naturally fluctuating environmental conditions in coastal and estuarine ecosystems across the globe. Departures from long-term averages and ranges of environmental variables are increasingly being observed as directional changes [e.g., rising sea levels, sea surface temperatures (SST)] and less predictable periodic cycles (e.g., Atlantic or Pacific decadal oscillations) and extremes (e.g., coastal flooding, marine heatwaves). Quantifying the short- and long-term impacts of climate change on tidal marsh seascape structure and function for nekton is a critical step toward fisheries conservation and management. The multiple stressor framework provides a promising approach for advancing integrative, cross-disciplinary research on tidal marshes and food web dynamics. It can be used to quantify climate change effects on and interactions between coastal oceans (e.g., SST, ocean currents, waves) and watersheds (e.g., precipitation, river flows), tidal marsh geomorphology (e.g., vegetation structure, elevation capital, sedimentation), and estuarine and coastal nekton (e.g., species distributions, life history adaptations, predator-prey dynamics). However, disentangling the cumulative impacts of multiple interacting stressors on tidal marshes, whether the effects are additive, synergistic, or antagonistic, and the time scales at which they occur, poses a significant research challenge. This perspective highlights the key physical and ecological processes affecting tidal marshes, with an emphasis on the trophic linkages between marsh production and estuarine and coastal nekton, recommended for consideration in future climate change studies. Such studies are urgently needed to understand climate change effects on tidal marshes now and into the future.

Identifying Policy-relevant Indicators for Assessing Landscape Vegetation Patterns to Inform Planning and Management on Multiple-use Public Lands - Sarah K. Carter; L. E. Burris; Christopher T. Domschke; Steven L. Garman; Travis Haby; Benjamin R. Harms; E. Kachergis; S. E. Litschert; Kevin H. Miller (Environmental Management, 2021)
Understanding the structure and composition of landscapes can empower agencies to effectively manage public lands for multiple uses while sustaining land health. Many landscape metrics exist, but they are not often used in public land decision-making. Our objectives were to (1) develop and (2) apply a process for identifying a core set of indicators that public land managers can use to understand landscape-level resource patterns on and around public lands. We first developed a process for identifying indicators that are grounded in policy, feasible to quantify using existing data and resources, and useful for managers. We surveyed landscape monitoring efforts by other agencies, gathered science and agency input on monitoring goals, and quantified the prevalence of potential indicators in agency land health standards to identify five landscape indicators: amount, distribution, patch size, structural connectivity, and diversity of vegetation types. We then conducted pilot applications in four bureau of land management (BLM) field offices in Arizona, California, and Colorado to refine procedures for quantifying the indicators and assess the utility of the indicators for managers. Results highlighted the dominance of upland and the limited extent of riparian/wetland vegetation communities, moderate connectivity of priority vegetation patches, and lower diversity of native vegetation types on BLM compared to non-BLM lands. Agency staff can use the indicators to inform the development of quantitative resource management objectives in land use plans, evaluate progress in meeting those objectives, quantify potential impacts of proposed actions, and as a foundation for an all-lands approach to landscape-level management across public lands.

Pleistocene origins, western ghost lineages, and the emerging phylogeographic history of the red wolf and coyote - Benjamin N. Sacks; Kieren J. Mitchell; Cate B. Quinn; Lauren M. Hennelly; Mikkel‐Holger S. Sinding; Mark J. Statham; Sophie Preckler‐Quisquater; Steven R. Fain; Logan Kistler; Stevi L. Vanderzwan; Julie A. Meachen; Elaine A. Ostrander; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
The red wolf ( Canis rufus ) of the eastern US was driven to near‐extinction by colonial‐era persecution and habitat conversion, which facilitated coyote ( C . latrans ) range expansion and widespread hybridization with red wolves. The observation of some grey wolf ( C . lupus ) ancestry within red wolves sparked controversy over whether it was historically a subspecies of grey wolf with its predominant “coyote‐like” ancestry obtained from post‐colonial coyote hybridization (2‐species hypothesis) versus a distinct species closely related to the coyote that hybridized with grey wolf (3‐species hypothesis). We analysed mitogenomes sourced from before the 20th century bottleneck and coyote invasion, along with hundreds of modern amplicons, which led us to reject the 2‐species model and to investigate a broader phylogeographic 3‐species model suggested by the fossil record. Our findings broadly support this model, in which red wolves ranged the width of the American continent prior to arrival of the grey wolf to the mid‐continent 60–80 ka; red wolves subsequently disappeared from the mid‐continent, relegated to California and the eastern forests, which ushered in emergence of the coyote in their place (50–30 ka); by the early Holocene (12–10 ka), coyotes had expanded into California, where they admixed with and phenotypically replaced western red wolves in a process analogous to the 20th century coyote invasion of the eastern forests. Findings indicate that the red wolf pre‐dated not only European colonization but human, and possibly coyote, presence in North America. These findings highlight the urgency of expanding conservation efforts for the red wolf.

Coping with darkness: The adaptive response of marine picocyanobacteria to repeated light energy deprivation - Allison Coe; Steven J. Biller; Elaina Thomas; Konstantinos Boulias; Christina Bliem; Aldo Arellano; Keven Dooley; Anna N. Rasmussen; Kristen LeGault; Tyler J. O'Keefe; Sarah Stover; Eric L. Greer; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
The picocyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are found throughout the ocean's euphotic zone, where the daily light:dark cycle drives their physiology. Periodic deep mixing events can, however, move cells below this region, depriving them of light for extended periods of time. Here, we demonstrate that members of these genera can adapt to tolerate repeated periods of light energy deprivation. Strains kept in the dark for 3 d and then returned to the light initially required 18–26 d to resume growth, but after multiple rounds of dark exposure they began to regrow after only 1–2 d. This dark‐tolerant phenotype was stable and heritable; some cultures retained the trait for over 132 generations even when grown in a standard 13:11 light:dark cycle. We found no genetic differences between the dark‐tolerant and parental strains of Prochlorococcus NATL2A, indicating that an epigenetic change is likely responsible for the adaptation. To begin to explore this possibility, we asked whether DNA methylation—one potential mechanism mediating epigenetic inheritance in bacteria—occurs in Prochlorococcus . LC–MS/MS analysis showed that while DNA methylations, including 6 mA and 5 mC, are found in some other Prochlorococcus strains, there were no methylations detected in either the parental or dark‐tolerant NATL2A strains. These findings suggest that Prochlorococcus utilizes a yet‐to‐be‐determined epigenetic mechanism to adapt to the stress of extended light energy deprivation, and highlights phenotypic heterogeneity as an additional dimension of Prochlorococcus diversity.

Has stocking contributed to an increase in the rod catch of anadromous trout ( Salmo trutta L.) in the Shetland Islands , UK ? - R. Andrew King; Andrew L. Miller; Jamie R. Stevens (Journal of Fish Biology, 2021)
The stocking of hatchery‐origin fish into rivers and lakes has long been used in fisheries management to try to enhance catches, especially for trout and salmon species. Frequently, however, the long‐term impacts of stocking programmes have not been evaluated. In this study, the authors investigate the contribution of a stocking programme undertaken to support the rod catch of sea trout in the Shetland Islands, UK. Once a highly productive recreational fishery, Shetland sea trout catches crashed in the mid‐1990s. Around the time that stocking began, increases in rod catches were also reported, with advocates of the stocking highlighting the apparent success of the programme. Using a suite of genetic markers (microsatellites), this study explores the contribution of the stocking programme to the Shetland sea trout population. The authors found that the domesticated broodstock and wild spawned brown trout from seven streams were genetically distinct. Despite extensive stocking, wild spawned brown trout dominated, even in those streams with a long history of supplementation. The majority of sea trout caught and analysed were of wild origin – only a single individual was of pure stocked origin, with a small number of fish being of wild × stocked origins. This study suggests that stocking with a domesticated strain of brown trout has made only a very limited contribution to the Shetland Islands rod catch, and that the revival of sea trout numbers appears to be driven almost exclusively by recovery of trout spawned in the wild.

Statistical upscaling of ecosystem CO 2 fluxes across the terrestrial tundra and boreal domain: Regional patterns and uncertainties - Anna‐Maria Virkkala; Juha Aalto; Brendan M. Rogers; Torbern Tagesson; Claire C. Treat; Susan M. Natali; Jennifer D. Watts; Stefano Potter; Aleksi Lehtonen; Marguerite Mauritz; Edward A. G. Schuur; John Kochendorfer; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
The regional variability in tundra and boreal carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) fluxes can be high, complicating efforts to quantify sink‐source patterns across the entire region. Statistical models are increasingly used to predict (i.e., upscale) CO 2 fluxes across large spatial domains, but the reliability of different modeling techniques, each with different specifications and assumptions, has not been assessed in detail. Here, we compile eddy covariance and chamber measurements of annual and growing season CO 2 fluxes of gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) during 1990–2015 from 148 terrestrial high‐latitude (i.e., tundra and boreal) sites to analyze the spatial patterns and drivers of CO 2 fluxes and test the accuracy and uncertainty of different statistical models. CO 2 fluxes were upscaled at relatively high spatial resolution (1 km 2 ) across the high‐latitude region using five commonly used statistical models and their ensemble, that is, the median of all five models, using climatic, vegetation, and soil predictors. We found the performance of machine learning and ensemble predictions to outperform traditional regression methods. We also found the predictive performance of NEE‐focused models to be low, relative to models predicting GPP and ER. Our data compilation and ensemble predictions showed that CO 2 sink strength was larger in the boreal biome (observed and predicted average annual NEE −46 and −29 g C m −2 yr −1 , respectively) compared to tundra (average annual NEE +10 and −2 g C m −2 yr −1 ). This pattern was associated with large spatial variability, reflecting local heterogeneity in soil organic carbon stocks, climate, and vegetation productivity. The terrestrial ecosystem CO 2 budget, estimated using the annual NEE ensemble prediction, suggests the high‐latitude region was on average an annual CO 2 sink during 1990–2015, although uncertainty remains high.

State of the California Current 2019–2020: Back to the Future With Marine Heatwaves? - Edward D. Weber; Toby D. Auth; Simone Baumann-Pickering; Timothy R. Baumgartner; Eric P. Bjorkstedt; Steven J. Bograd; Brian J. Burke; José L. Cadena-Ramírez; Elizabeth A. Daly; Martin de la Cruz; Heidi Dewar; John C. Field; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
The California Current System (CCS) has experienced large fluctuations in environmental conditions in recent years that have dramatically affected the biological community. Here we synthesize remotely sensed, hydrographic, and biological survey data from throughout the CCS in 2019–2020 to evaluate how recent changes in environmental conditions have affected community dynamics at multiple trophic levels. A marine heatwave formed in the north Pacific in 2019 and reached the second greatest area ever recorded by the end of summer 2020. However, high atmospheric pressure in early 2020 drove relatively strong Ekman-driven coastal upwelling in the northern portion of the CCS and warm temperature anomalies remained far offshore. Upwelling and cooler temperatures in the northern CCS created relatively productive conditions in which the biomass of lipid-rich copepod species increased, adult krill size increased, and several seabird species experienced positive reproductive success. Despite these conditions, the composition of the fish community in the northern CCS remained a mixture of both warm- and cool-water-associated species. In the southern CCS, ocean temperatures remained above average for the seventh consecutive year. Abundances of juvenile fish species associated with productive conditions were relatively low, and the ichthyoplankton community was dominated by a mixture of oceanic warm-water and cosmopolitan species. Seabird species associated with warm water also occurred at greater densities than cool-water species in the southern CCS. The population of northern anchovy, which has been resurgent since 2017, continued to provide an important forage base for piscivorous fishes, offshore colonies of seabirds, and marine mammals throughout the CCS. Coastal upwelling in the north, and a longer-term trend in warming in the south, appeared to be controlling the community to a much greater extent than the marine heatwave itself.

Establishing the Biofidelity of a Multiphysics Finite Element Model of the Human Heart - Steven M. Kreuzer; Paul L. Briant; Jorge A. Ochoa (Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology, 2021)

Anomalous poleward advection facilitates episodic range expansions of pelagic red crabs in the eastern North Pacific - Megan A. Cimino; Michael G. Jacox; Steven J. Bograd; Stephanie Brodie; Gemma Carroll; Elliott L. Hazen; Bertha E. Lavaniegos; Mark M. Morales; Erin Satterthwaite; Ryan R. Rykaczewski (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
The episodic stranding of millions of pelagic red crabs ( Pleuroncodes planipes ) along California beaches is a striking and puzzling phenomenon. Pleuroncodes planipes are usually abundant off Baja California, Mexico, and their appearance in central California is thought to coincide with anomalously warm waters and northward advection related to El Niño. This anecdotal association has stimulated many hypotheses, but no hypothesis has gained clear and convincing support. Motivated by an unprecedented number of P. planipes strandings and at‐sea observations in 2015–2019, we compiled 10 P. planipes datasets spanning 1950–2019, tested the anomalous advection hypothesis using a transport analysis from 1981 to 2010, and explored other compelling hypotheses. We found P. planipes presence off central California was related to anomalous advection of waters from Mexico, sometimes but not always associated with El Niño events, with P. planipes likely remaining residents of northern waters for several years without additional anomalous transport but potentially facilitated by warm waters. By identifying a mechanism behind episodic P. planipes range expansions, we show that a source water index could provide an early indicator for anomalous events in the future.

N supply mediates the radiative balance of N 2 O emissions and CO 2 sequestration driven by N‐fixing vs. non‐fixing trees - Sian Kou‐Giesbrecht; Jennifer L. Funk; Steven S. Perakis; Amelia A. Wolf; Duncan N. L. Menge (Ecology, 2021)
Forests are a significant CO 2 sink. However, CO 2 sequestration in forests is radiatively offset by emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), a potent greenhouse gas, from forest soils. Reforestation, an important strategy for mitigating climate change, has focused on maximizing CO 2 sequestration in plant biomass without integrating N 2 O emissions from soils. Although nitrogen (N)‐fixing trees are often recommended for reforestation because of their rapid growth on N‐poor soil, they can stimulate significant N 2 O emissions from soils. Here, we first used a field experiment to show that a N‐fixing tree ( Robinia pseudoacacia ) initially mitigated climate change more than a non‐fixing tree ( Betula nigra ). We then used our field data to parameterize a theoretical model to investigate these effects over time. Under lower N supply, N‐fixers continued to mitigate climate change more than non‐fixers by overcoming N limitation of plant growth. However, under higher N supply, N‐fixers ultimately mitigated climate change less than non‐fixers by enriching soil N and stimulating N 2 O emissions from soils. These results have implications for reforestation, suggesting that N‐fixing trees are more effective at mitigating climate change at lower N supply, whereas non‐fixing trees are more effective at mitigating climate change at higher N supply.

Controlling Factors of Phytoplankton Productivity in Marshes in a Hot Climate with High Seasonal Variation - Fuad Ameen; Alaa I. Albueajee; Fikrat M. Hassan; Steven L. Stephenson; Ali A. Z. Douabul (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2021)
In this work the Auda marsh, which is part of a system of Iraqi marshes, was sampled to assess the seasonal dynamics and controlling factors of microalgae productivity. The marshes are situated in a hot climate with high seasonal variation near the Arabian Gulf. Physicochemical and biological measurements were taken for water in three areas. Bio-optical models were constructed to describe the primary productivity and chlorophyll-a concentrations in the wet and dry seasons separately and also for the entire area of the Iraqi marshes. The models, as well as almost all measurements, showed high seasonal variation. The mean water temperature was 16 °C in the wet season and 28 °C in the dry season. An almost twofold difference was measured for turbidity and the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll-a for the two seasons. Chlorophyll-a appeared to be a better indicator of ecosystem conditions than primary productivity or biological oxygen demand, according to the results obtained from canonical correlation analysis. Nitrogen or phosphorous did not explain primary productivity or chlorophyll-a to an appreciable extent. Biological variables were related most strongly to water temperature and turbidity, which were the factors most important for controlling phytoplankton productivity in the marshes.

Mechanisms of Lateral Spreading in a Near-Field Buoyant River Plume Entering a Fjord - Rebecca A. McPherson; Craig L. Stevens; Joanne M. O'Callaghan; Andrew J. Lucas; Jonathan D. Nash (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Observations collected from a fast-flowing buoyant river plume entering the head of Doubtful Sound, New Zealand, were analysed to examine the drivers of plume lateral spreading. The near-field plume is characterised by flow speeds of over 2 ms −1 , and strong stratification ( N 2 > 0.1 s −2 ), resulting in enhanced shear which supports the elevated turbulence dissipation rates (ϵ > 10 −3 W kg −1 ). Estimates of plume lateral spreading rates were derived from the trajectories of Lagrangian GPS surface drifters and from cross-plume hydrographic transects. Lateral spreading rates derived from the latter compared favourably with estimates derived from a control volume technique in a previous study. The lateral spreading of the plume was driven by a baroclinic pressure gradient toward the base of the plume. However, spreading rates were underestimated by the surface drifters. A convergence of near-surface flow from the barotropic pressure gradient concentrated the drifters within the plume core. The combination of enhanced internal turbulence stress and mixing at the base of the surface layer, and the presence of steep fjord sidewalls likely reduced the rate of lateral spreading relative to the theoretical spreading rate. The estimates of plume width from the observations provided evidence of scale-dependent dispersion which followed a 4/3 power law. Two theoretical models of dispersion, turbulence and shear flow dispersion, were examined to assess which was capable of representing the observed spreading. An analytical horizontal shear-flow dispersion model generated estimates of lateral dispersion that were consistent with the observed 4/3 law of dispersion. Therefore, horizontal shear dispersion appeared to be the dominant mechanism of dispersion, thus spreading, in the surface plume layer.

Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation Techniques for the Remediation of Heavy Metal and Trace Element–Polluted Soils and Water - Xue Chen; Dan Zhang; Steven L. Larson; John H. Ballard; Heather M. Knotek-Smith; Jing Nie; Nan Hu; Dexin Ding; Fengxiang X. Han (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2021)

Dysfunctional sleep insufficiency and reduced P3 attentional response to positive social information - Steven L. Bistricky; Christine Walther; Jessica Balderas; Jasmin Prudon; Christopher P. Ward; Rick E. Ingram; Ruth Ann Atchley (Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 2021)

Lack of effect of different pain-related manipulations on opioid self-administration, reinstatement of opioid seeking, and opioid choice in rats - David J. Reiner; E. Andrew Townsend; Javier Orihuel; Sarah V. Applebey; Sarah M. Claypool; Matthew L. Banks; Yavin Shaham; S. Stevens Negus (Psychopharmacology, 2021)

Calculation of Hydroacoustic Propagation and Conversion to Seismic Phases at T-Stations - Jeffry L. Stevens; Jeffrey Hanson; Peter Nielsen; Mario Zampolli; Ronan Le Bras; Georgios Haralabus; Steven M. Day (Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2021)
The International Monitoring System (IMS) hydroacoustic network consists of six hydrophone stations and 5 T-stations. The IMS T-stations are high-frequency seismic stations (sample rates of 100 Hz) situated on islands or coastal stations and intended primarily to capture impulsive signals from in-water explosions. However, while there are numerous recordings of impulsive-like signals from in-water explosions at the hydrophone stations, recordings of this type of signal at the T-stations are rare. This is because the conversion of the hydroacoustic to a seismic signal as it propagates from ocean to land is inefficient, characterized both by complex geologic and topographic features and by strong attenuation. To improve the understanding of this signal conversion at T-stations, we performed numerical calculations using the spectral element code SPECFEM2D, modelling the acoustic signal as it propagates from the deep ocean through the ocean/land interface and finally, as an elastic signal, to the T-station. Environmental information from a variety of sources was gathered to construct the earth and ocean models used in the calculations. The goal of this work is to provide a set of calculated waveforms to complement the limited set of observed waveforms and to assist in the characterization of arrivals from explosion-generated hydroacoustic waves recorded at the T-stations.

Investigation into the Occurrence of Juvenile Common Snook Centropomus undecimalis, a Subtropical Estuarine Sport Fish, in Saltmarshes Beyond Their Established Range - Philip W. Stevens; Matthew E. Kimball; Garrett M. Elmo; Kyle L. Williams; Jared L. Ritch; Derek P. Crane (Estuaries and Coasts, 2021)

Are visual working memory and episodic memory distinct processes? Insight from stroke patients by lesion-symptom mapping - Selma Lugtmeijer; Linda Geerligs; Frank Erik de Leeuw; Edward H. F. de Haan; Roy P. C. Kessels; Anouk R. Smits; Ben A. Schmand; Edward H. F. de Haan; Frank Erik de Leeuw; Gert jan Luijckx; H. Steven Scholte; Joke M. Spikman; et al. (Brain Structure and Function, 2021)
Working memory and episodic memory are two different processes, although the nature of their interrelationship is debated. As these processes are predominantly studied in isolation, it is unclear whether they crucially rely on different neural substrates. To obtain more insight in this, 81 adults with sub-acute ischemic stroke and 29 elderly controls were assessed on a visual working memory task, followed by a surprise subsequent memory test for the same stimuli. Multivariate, atlas- and track-based lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) analyses were performed to identify anatomical correlates of visual memory. Behavioral results gave moderate evidence for independence between discriminability in working memory and subsequent memory, and strong evidence for a correlation in response bias on the two tasks in stroke patients. LSM analyses suggested there might be independent regions associated with working memory and episodic memory. Lesions in the right arcuate fasciculus were more strongly associated with discriminability in working memory than in subsequent memory, while lesions in the frontal operculum in the right hemisphere were more strongly associated with criterion setting in subsequent memory. These findings support the view that some processes involved in working memory and episodic memory rely on separate mechanisms, while acknowledging that there might also be shared processes.

Retreat dynamics of the eastern sector of the British–Irish Ice Sheet during the last glaciation - David J. A. Evans; David H. Roberts; Mark D. Bateman; Chris D. Clark; Alicia Medialdea; Louise Callard; Elena Grimoldi; Richard C. Chiverrell; Jeremy Ely; Dayton Dove; Colm Ó Cofaigh; Margot Saher; et al. (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2021)
The findings of BRITICE‐CHRONO Transect 2 through the North Sea Basin and eastern England are reported. We define ice‐sheet marginal oscillation between ~31 and 16 ka, with seven distinctive former ice‐sheet limits (L1–7) constrained by Bayesian statistical analysis. The southernmost limit of the North Sea Lobe is recorded by the Bolders Bank Formation (L1; 25.8–24.6 ka). L2 represents ice‐sheet oscillation and early retreat to the northern edge of the Dogger Bank (23.5–22.2 ka), with the Garret Hill Moraine in north Norfolk recording a significant regional readvance to L3 at 21.5–20.8 ka. Ice‐marginal oscillations at ~26–21 ka resulted in L1, L2 and L3 being partially to totally overprinted. Ice‐dammed lakes related to L1–3, including Lake Humber, are dated at 24.1–22.3 ka. Ice‐sheet oscillation and retreat from L4 to L5 occurred between 19.7 and 17.3 ka, with grounding zone wedges marking an important transition from terrestrial to marine tidewater conditions, triggered by the opening of the Dogger Lake spillway between 19.9 and 17.5 ka. L6 relates to ice retreat under glacimarine conditions and final ice retreat into the Firth of Forth by 15.8 ka. L7 (~15 ka) represents an ice retreat from Bosies Bank into the Moray Firth.