Functional biogeography of Neotropical moist forests: Trait–climate relationships and assembly patterns of tree communities - Bruno X. Pinho; Marcelo Tabarelli; Cajo J. F. ter Braak; S. Joseph Wright; Víctor Arroyo‐Rodríguez; Maíra Benchimol; Bettina M. J. Engelbrecht; Simon Pierce; Peter Hietz; Bráulio A. Santos; Carlos A. Peres; Sandra C. Müller; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2021)
Aim Here we examine the functional profile of regional tree species pools across the latitudinal distribution of Neotropical moist forests, and test trait–climate relationships among local communities. We expected opportunistic strategies (acquisitive traits, small seeds) to be overrepresented in species pools further from the equator, but also in terms of abundance in local communities in currently wetter, warmer and more seasonal climates. Location Neotropics. Time period Recent. Major taxa studied Trees. Methods We obtained abundance data from 471 plots across nine Neotropical regions, including c . 100,000 trees of 3,417 species, in addition to six functional traits. We compared occurrence‐based trait distributions among regional species pools, and evaluated single trait–climate relationships across local communities using community abundance‐weighted means (CWMs). Multivariate trait–climate relationships were assessed by a double‐constrained correspondence analysis that tests both how CWMs relate to climate and how species distributions, parameterized by niche centroids in climate space, relate to their traits. Results Regional species pools were undistinguished in functional terms, but opportunistic strategies dominated local communities further from the equator, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Climate explained up to 57% of the variation in CWM traits, with increasing prevalence of lower‐statured, light‐wooded and softer‐leaved species bearing smaller seeds in more seasonal, wetter and warmer climates. Species distributions were significantly but weakly related to functional traits. Main conclusions Neotropical moist forest regions share similar sets of functional strategies, from which local assembly processes, driven by current climatic conditions, select for species with different functional strategies. We can thus expect functional responses to climate change driven by changes in relative abundances of species already present regionally. Particularly, equatorial forests holding the most conservative traits and large seeds are likely to experience the most severe changes if climate change triggers the proliferation of opportunistic tree species.

Range edges of North American marine species are tracking temperature over decades - Alexa Fredston; Malin Pinsky; Rebecca L. Selden; Cody Szuwalski; James T. Thorson; Steven D. Gaines; Benjamin S. Halpern (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Understanding the dynamics of species range edges in the modern era is key to addressing fundamental biogeographic questions about abiotic and biotic drivers of species distributions. Range edges are where colonization and extirpation processes unfold, and so these dynamics are also important to understand for effective natural resource management and conservation. However, few studies to date have analyzed time series of range edge positions in the context of climate change, in part because range edges are difficult to detect. We first quantified positions for 165 range edges of marine fishes and invertebrates from three U.S. continental shelf regions using up to five decades of survey data and a spatiotemporal model to account for sampling and measurement variability. We then analyzed whether those range edges maintained their edge thermal niche—the temperatures found at the range edge position—over time. A large majority of range edges (88%) maintained either summer or winter temperature extremes at the range edge over the study period, and most maintained both (76%), although not all of those range edges shifted in space. However, we also found numerous range edges—particularly poleward edges and edges in the region that experienced the most warming—that did not shift at all, shifted further than predicted by temperature alone, or shifted opposite the direction expected, underscoring the multiplicity of factors that drive changes in range edge positions. This study suggests that range edges of temperate marine species have largely maintained the same edge thermal niche during periods of rapid change and provides a blueprint for testing whether and to what degree species range edges track temperature in general.

Novel disease resistance gene paralogs created by CRISPR/Cas9 in soy - Ervin D. Nagy; Julia L. Stevens; Neil Yu; Chris S. Hubmeier; Nona LaFaver; Megan Gillespie; Brian Gardunia; Qianshun Cheng; Steven Johnson; Audrey L. Vaughn; Miguel E. Vega-Sanchez; Mingqui Deng; et al. (Plant Cell Reports, 2021)
Key message Novel disease resistance gene paralogues are generated by targeted chromosome cleavage of tandem duplicated NBS-LRR gene complexes and subsequent DNA repair in soybean. This study demonstrates accelerated diversification of innate immunity of plants using CRISPR. Abstract Nucleotide-binding-site-leucine-rich-repeat (NBS-LRR) gene families are key components of effector-triggered immunity. They are often arranged in tandem duplicated arrays in the genome, a configuration that is conducive to recombinations that will lead to new, chimeric genes. These rearrangements have been recognized as major sources of novel disease resistance phenotypes. Targeted chromosome cleavage by CRISPR/Cas9 can conceivably induce rearrangements and thus emergence of new resistance gene paralogues. Two NBS-LRR families of soy have been selected to demonstrate this concept: a four-copy family in the Rpp1 region (Rpp1L) and a large, complex locus, Rps1 with 22 copies. Copy-number variations suggesting large-scale, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated chromosome rearrangements in the Rpp1L and Rps1 complexes were detected in up to 58.8% of progenies of primary transformants using droplet-digital PCR. Sequencing confirmed development of novel, chimeric paralogs with intact open reading frames. These novel paralogs may confer new disease resistance specificities. This method to diversify innate immunity of plants by genome editing is readily applicable to other disease resistance genes or other repetitive loci.

Phaeohyphomycosis due to Veronaea botryosa in cultured white sturgeon ( Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) from California USA during 2006 to 2015 - Joseph M. Groff; Mai Y. Mok; Steven V. Kubiski; Adam O. Michel; Galaxia A. Cortés‐Hinojosa; Barbara A. Byrne; Brian L. Wickes; E. Scott Weber; Lori A Campbell; Thomas B. Waltzek (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2021)
Infection with Veronaea botryosa can result in rare cutaneous or disseminated, granulomatous to pyogranulomatous phaeohyphomycosis in humans, although disease due to the fungus has also been reported in non‐mammalian vertebrates. This report documents disease due to V . botryosa in captive, juvenile to subadult or young adult white sturgeon ( Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) from California USA and complements a previous report of the disease in captive Siberian sturgeon ( Acipenser baerii ) from Florida USA. Pathological examinations revealed granulomatous to pyogranulomatous inflammation of multiple organs. Isolates of the fungal agent were phenotypically consistent with V . botryosa, and molecular analyses of the D1/D2 region of the fungal 28S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region located between the fungal 18S and 28S rRNA genes confirmed the aetiologic agent as V . botryosa . The disease in captive sturgeon results in a considerable economic encumbrance to the producer due to the loss of the cumulative financial resources invested in the production of older subadult to young adult sturgeon.

SNAPSHOT USA 2019: a coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States - Michael V. Cove; Roland Kays; Helen Bontrager; Claire Bresnan; Monica Lasky; Taylor Frerichs; Renee Klann; Thomas E. Lee; Seth C. Crockett; Anthony P. Crupi; Katherine C. B. Weiss; Helen Rowe; et al. (Ecology, 2021)
With the accelerating pace of global change, it is imperative that we obtain rapid inventories of the status and distribution of wildlife for ecological inferences and conservation planning. To address this challenge, we launched the SNAPSHOT USA project, a collaborative survey of terrestrial wildlife populations using camera traps across the United States. For our first annual survey, we compiled data across all 50 states during a 14‐week period (17 August–24 November of 2019). We sampled wildlife at 1,509 camera trap sites from 110 camera trap arrays covering 12 different ecoregions across four development zones. This effort resulted in 166,036 unique detections of 83 species of mammals and 17 species of birds. All images were processed through the Smithsonian’s eMammal camera trap data repository and included an expert review phase to ensure taxonomic accuracy of data, resulting in each picture being reviewed at least twice. The results represent a timely and standardized camera trap survey of the United States. All of the 2019 survey data are made available herein. We are currently repeating surveys in fall 2020, opening up the opportunity to other institutions and cooperators to expand coverage of all the urban–wild gradients and ecophysiographic regions of the country. Future data will be available as the database is updated at eMammal.si.edu/snapshot‐usa, as will future data paper submissions. These data will be useful for local and macroecological research including the examination of community assembly, effects of environmental and anthropogenic landscape variables, effects of fragmentation and extinction debt dynamics, as well as species‐specific population dynamics and conservation action plans. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this paper when using the data for publication.

Brown meets green: light and nutrients alter detritivore assimilation of microbial nutrients from leaf litter - Taylor L. Price; Jennifer Harper; Steven N. Francoeur; Halvor M. Halvorson; Kevin A. Kuehn (Ecology, 2021)
In aquatic detrital‐based food webs, research suggests that autotroph‐heterotroph microbial interactions exert bottom‐up controls on energy and nutrient transfer. To address this emerging topic, we investigated microbial responses to nutrient and light treatments during Liriodendron tulipifera litter decomposition and fed litter to the caddisfly larvae Pycnopsyche sp. We measured litter‐associated algal, fungal, and bacterial biomass and production. Microbes were also labeled with 14 C and 33 P to trace distinct microbial carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) supporting Pycnopsyche assimilation and incorporation (growth). Litter‐associated algal and fungal production rates additively increased with higher nutrient and light availability. Incorporation of microbial P did not differ across diets, except for higher incorporation efficiency of slower‐turnover P on low‐nutrient, shaded litter. On average, Pycnopsyche assimilated fungal C more efficiently than bacterial or algal C, and Pycnopsyche incorporated bacterial C more efficiently than algal or fungal C. Due to high litter fungal biomass, fungi supported 89.6–93.1% of Pycnopsyche C growth, compared to 0.2% to 3.6% supported by bacteria or algae. Overall, Pycnopsyche incorporated the most C in high nutrient and shaded litter. Our findings affirm others' regarding autotroph‐heterotroph microbial interactions and extend into the trophic transfer of microbial energy and nutrients through detrital food webs.

Using Geomorphology to Better Define Habitat Associations of a Large-Bodied Fish, Common Snook Centropomus undecimalis, in Coastal Rivers of Florida - Alexis A. Trotter; Jared L. Ritch; Eric Nagid; James A. Whittington; Jynessa Dutka-Gianelli; Philip W. Stevens (Estuaries and Coasts, 2021)

Age, duration and mineral markers of magma interactions in the deep crust: an example from the Pyrenees - D. Vielzeuf; J.-L. Paquette; J. D. Clemens; G. Stevens; A. Gannoun; K. Suchorski; A. Saúl (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2021)

Effects of moisture and temperature on C and N mineralization from surface-applied cover crop residues - Resham Thapa; Katherine L. Tully; Miguel L. Cabrera; Carson Dann; Harry H. Schomberg; Dennis Timlin; Chris Reberg-Horton; Julia Gaskin; Brian W. Davis; Steven B. Mirsky (Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2021)

The extent and variability of storm‐induced temperature changes in lakes measured with long‐term and high‐frequency data - Jonathan P. Doubek; Orlane Anneville; Gaël Dur; Aleksandra M. Lewandowska; Vijay P. Patil; James A. Rusak; Nico Salmaso; Christian Torsten Seltmann; Dietmar Straile; Pablo Urrutia‐Cordero; Patrick Venail; Rita Adrian; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
The intensity and frequency of storms are projected to increase in many regions of the world because of climate change. Storms can alter environmental conditions in many ecosystems. In lakes and reservoirs, storms can reduce epilimnetic temperatures from wind‐induced mixing with colder hypolimnetic waters, direct precipitation to the lake's surface, and watershed runoff. We analyzed 18 long‐term and high‐frequency lake datasets from 11 countries to assess the magnitude of wind‐ vs. rainstorm‐induced changes in epilimnetic temperature. We found small day‐to‐day epilimnetic temperature decreases in response to strong wind and heavy rain during stratified conditions. Day‐to‐day epilimnetic temperature decreased, on average, by 0.28°C during the strongest windstorms (storm mean daily wind speed among lakes: 6.7 ± 2.7 m s −1 , 1 SD) and by 0.15°C after the heaviest rainstorms (storm mean daily rainfall: 21.3 ± 9.0 mm). The largest decreases in epilimnetic temperature were observed ≥2 d after sustained strong wind or heavy rain (top 5 th percentile of wind and rain events for each lake) in shallow and medium‐depth lakes. The smallest decreases occurred in deep lakes. Epilimnetic temperature change from windstorms, but not rainstorms, was negatively correlated with maximum lake depth. However, even the largest storm‐induced mean epilimnetic temperature decreases were typically

Tissue and Stem Cell Sourced Extracellular Vesicle Communications with Microglia - Samantha E. Spellicy; Steven L. Stice (Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 2021)
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nano- to micro- sized vesicles released from cells, have garnered attention in recent years for their role in intercellular communication. Specifically, EVs from various cell sources including stem cells, have shown to have an exacerbatory or therapeutic effect in the content of pro- and anti-inflammatory environments through their interaction with immune recipient cells. This review aims to the coalescence information surrounding EVs derived from various sources and their interaction with microglia in neutral, anti, and pro- inflammatory environments. Overall, in homeostatic environments, EVs from many CNS lineages have been shown to have specific interactions with recipient microglia. In complex inflammatory environments, such as the tumor micro-environment (TME), EVs have been shown to further influence immune dampening through transition of microglia to a more M2-like phenotype. While not advantageous in the TME, this effect can be harnessed therapeutically in proinflammatory neurological conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s. EVs derived from various stem cell and non-stem cell derived sources were found to attenuate proinflammatory responses in microglia in in vitro and in vivo models of these conditions. EVs loaded with anti-inflammatory therapeutics furthered this anti-inflammatory effect on recipient microglia.

An unusually diverse genus of Collembola in the Cape Floristic Region characterised by substantial desiccation tolerance - W. P. Amy Liu; Laura M. Phillips; John S. Terblanche; Charlene Janion-Scheepers; Steven L. Chown (Oecologia, 2021)

QTc Prolongation in COVID-19 Patients Using Chloroquine - Matthijs L. Becker; Dominic Snijders; Claudia W. van Gemeren; Hylke Jan Kingma; Steven F. L. van Lelyveld; Thijs J. Giezen (Cardiovascular Toxicology, 2021)

The end of the Acheulo-Yabrudian and the Lower Paleolithic in the Levant: a view from the “transitional” Unit X of Tabun Cave, Israel - Ron Shimelmitz; Steven L. Kuhn; Michael Bisson; Mina Weinstein-Evron (Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2021)

Carbon flux and forest dynamics: Increased deadwood decomposition in tropical rainforest tree‐fall canopy gaps - Hannah M. Griffiths; Paul Eggleton; Nicole Hemming‐Schroeder; Tom Swinfield; Joel S. Woon; Steven D. Allison; David A. Coomes; Louise A. Ashton; Catherine L. Parr (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Tree mortality rates are increasing within tropical rainforests as a result of global environmental change. When trees die, gaps are created in forest canopies and carbon is transferred from the living to deadwood pools. However, little is known about the effect of tree‐fall canopy gaps on the activity of decomposer communities and the rate of deadwood decay in forests. This means that the accuracy of regional and global carbon budgets is uncertain, especially given ongoing changes to the structure of rainforest ecosystems. Therefore, to determine the effect of canopy openings on wood decay rates and regional carbon flux, we carried out the first assessment of deadwood mass loss within canopy gaps in old‐growth rainforest. We used replicated canopy gaps paired with closed canopy sites in combination with macroinvertebrate accessible and inaccessible woodblocks to experimentally partition the relative contribution of microbes vs. termites to decomposition within contrasting understorey conditions. We show that over a 12 month period, wood mass loss increased by 63% in canopy gaps compared with closed canopy sites and that this increase was driven by termites. Using LiDAR data to quantify the proportion of canopy openings in the study region, we modelled the effect of observed changes in decomposition within gaps on regional carbon flux. Overall, we estimate that this accelerated decomposition increases regional wood decay rate by up to 18.2%, corresponding to a flux increase of 0.27 Mg C ha −1 year −1 that is not currently accounted for in regional carbon budgets. These results provide the first insights into how small‐scale disturbances in rainforests can generate hotspots for decomposer activity and carbon fluxes. In doing so, we show that including canopy gap dynamics and their impacts on wood decomposition in forest ecosystems can help improve the predictive accuracy of the carbon cycle in land surface models.

The influence of vector‐borne disease on human history: socio‐ecological mechanisms - Tejas S. Athni; Marta S. Shocket; Lisa I. Couper; Nicole Nova; Iain R. Caldwell; Jamie M. Caldwell; Jasmine N. Childress; Marissa L. Childs; Giulio A. De Leo; Devin G. Kirk; Andrew J. MacDonald; Kathryn Olivarius; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2021)
Vector‐borne diseases (VBDs) are embedded within complex socio‐ecological systems. While research has traditionally focused on the direct effects of VBDs on human morbidity and mortality, it is increasingly clear that their impacts are much more pervasive. VBDs are dynamically linked to feedbacks between environmental conditions, vector ecology, disease burden, and societal responses that drive transmission. As a result, VBDs have had profound influence on human history. Mechanisms include: (1) killing or debilitating large numbers of people, with demographic and population‐level impacts; (2) differentially affecting populations based on prior history of disease exposure, immunity, and resistance; (3) being weaponised to promote or justify hierarchies of power, colonialism, racism, classism and sexism; (4) catalysing changes in ideas, institutions, infrastructure, technologies and social practices in efforts to control disease outbreaks; and (5) changing human relationships with the land and environment. We use historical and archaeological evidence interpreted through an ecological lens to illustrate how VBDs have shaped society and culture, focusing on case studies from four pertinent VBDs: plague, malaria, yellow fever and trypanosomiasis. By comparing across diseases, time periods and geographies, we highlight the enormous scope and variety of mechanisms by which VBDs have influenced human history.

Transcriptomic Responses of Four Pelagophytes to Nutrient (N, P) and Light Stress - Yoonja Kang; Matthew J. Harke; Dianna L. Berry; Jackie L. Collier; Steven W. Wilhelm; Sonya T. Dyhrman; Christopher J. Gobler (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Pelagophytes are abundant picophytoplankton within open ocean ecosystems and the causative algae of harmful brown tide blooms in estuaries. The physiological capabilities facilitating the ecological success of pelagophytes in these diverse ecosystems remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the transcriptional response of two coastal pelagophytes ( Aureococcus anophagefferens and Aureoumbra lagunensis ) and two open ocean pelagophytes ( Pelagococcus subviridis and Pelagomonas calceolata ) to conditions commonly found within the marine ecosystems where they thrive: low concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), or light. OrthoMCL was used to generate a total of 62,653 orthologous groups (OGs) with only a small fraction of these OGs (2,776 or 4.4%) being shared among all four pelagophytes. Of the commonly shared OGs, 8% were significantly differentially abundant under low N, P, or light with the majority associated with energy and lipid metabolism. Distinct responses among pelagophytes included increased abundance of transcripts encoding phosphate transporters ( Aureococcus ) and transcripts encoding a pyrophosphatase ( Aureococcus and Pelagomonas ) under low P, the expression of a suite of organic nitrogen-degrading enzymes under low N ( Aureoumbra and Pelagomonas ), increased abundance of transcripts encoding flavodoxins relative to ferredoxins ( Pelagomonas ) and transcripts encoding lysophospholipase ( Pelagococcus ) under low light, and both increases and decreases in abundance of transcripts encoding selenoproteins in all pelagophytes except Pelagococcus . Collectively, this study provides new information on the expressed gene compliment of these poorly characterized taxa and demonstrates that these pelagophytes possess a combination of shared and unique physiological features that likely facilitate their adaptation to distinct environmental conditions.

Development of the CSOMIO Coupled Ocean-Oil-Sediment- Biology Model - Dmitry S. Dukhovskoy; Steven L. Morey; Eric P. Chassignet; Xu Chen; Victoria J. Coles; Linlin Cui; Courtney K. Harris; Robert Hetland; Tian-Jian Hsu; Andrew J. Manning; Michael Stukel; Kristen Thyng; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
The fate and dispersal of oil in the ocean is dependent upon ocean dynamics, as well as transformations resulting from the interaction with the microbial community and suspended particles. These interaction processes are parameterized in many models limiting their ability to accurately simulate the fate and dispersal of oil for subsurface oil spill events. This paper presents a coupled ocean-oil-biology-sediment modeling system developed by the Consortium for Simulation of Oil-Microbial Interactions in the Ocean (CSOMIO) project. A key objective of the CSOMIO project was to develop and evaluate a modeling framework for simulating oil in the marine environment, including its interaction with microbial food webs and sediments. The modeling system developed is based on the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport model (COAWST). Central to CSOMIO’s coupled modeling system is an oil plume model coupled to the hydrodynamic model (Regional Ocean Modeling System, ROMS). The oil plume model is based on a Lagrangian approach that describes the oil plume dynamics including advection and diffusion of individual Lagrangian elements, each representing a cluster of oil droplets. The chemical composition of oil is described in terms of three classes of compounds: saturates, aromatics, and heavy oil (resins and asphaltenes). The oil plume model simulates the rise of oil droplets based on ambient ocean flow and density fields, as well as the density and size of the oil droplets. The oil model also includes surface evaporation and surface wind drift. A novel component of the CSOMIO model is two-way Lagrangian-Eulerian mapping of the oil characteristics. This mapping is necessary for implementing interactions between the ocean-oil module and the Eulerian sediment and biogeochemical modules. The sediment module is a modification of the Community Sediment Transport Modeling System. The module simulates formation of oil-particle aggregates in the water column. The biogeochemical module simulates microbial communities adapted to the local environment and to elevated concentrations of oil components in the water column. The sediment and biogeochemical modules both reduce water column oil components. This paper provides an overview of the CSOMIO coupled modeling system components and demonstrates the capabilities of the modeling system in the test experiments.

Effect of a Once in 100-Year Flood on a Subtropical Coastal Phytoplankton Community - Lesley A. Clementson; Anthony J. Richardson; Wayne A. Rochester; Kadija Oubelkheir; Bingqing Liu; Eurico J. D’Sa; Luiz Felipe Mendes Gusmão; Penelope Ajani; Thomas Schroeder; Phillip W. Ford; Michele A. Burford; Emily Saeck; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Subtropical systems experience occasional severe floods, dramatically altering the phytoplankton community structure, in response to changes in salinity, nutrients, and light. This study examined the effects of a 1:100 year summer flood on the phytoplankton community in an Australian subtropical bay – Moreton Bay – over 48 weeks, from January to December 2011. Immediately after maximum flood levels were reached on the rivers flowing into the bay, the lowest salinity, and highest turbidity values, in more than a decade, were measured in the Bay and the areal extent of the flood-related parameters was also far greater than previous flood events. Changes in these parameters together with changes in Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) and sediment concentrations significantly reduced the light availability within the water column. Despite the reduced light availability, the phytoplankton community responded rapidly (1–2 weeks) to the nutrients from flood inputs, as measured using pigment concentrations and cell counts and observed in ocean color satellite imagery. Initially, the phytoplankton community was totally dominated by micro-phytoplankton, particularly diatoms; however, in the subsequent weeks (up to 48-weeks post flood) the community changed to one of nano- and pico-plankton in all areas of the Bay not usually affected by river flow. This trend is consistent with many other studies that show the ability of micro-phytoplankton to respond rapidly to increased nutrient availability, stimulating their growth rates. The results of this study suggest that one-off extreme floods have immediate, but short-lived effects, on phytoplankton species composition and biomass as a result of the interacting and dynamic effects of changes in nutrient and light availability.

Applying global best practices for estimating unreported catches in Norwegian fisheries under a discard ban - Thomas L. Clegg; Steven J. Kennelly; Geir Blom; Kjell Nedreaas (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2021)
In addition to their role as a fisheries management tool, discard bans can be effective in improving knowledge of total catches via the requirement to land and report all catches. This shifts the focus to understanding the scale of unreported catches in fisheries, rather than only on discards. However, the presence of a discard ban can cause problems with estimation process, as it involves the observation of illegal activities, and the complex sources of unreported catches require a different approach to estimation. The Norwegian discard ban was introduced in 1987 as part of a wider suite of regulatory measures to improve exploitation patterns in commercial fisheries, but a framework for the regular estimation of unreported catches has yet to be established and operationalised. Here, we aim to identify global best practices for estimating unreported catches under a discard ban and assess their applicability to Norwegian fisheries. We approach this in three steps: (1) defining the scope of an estimation, (2) data collection, and (3) the actual procedure for estimation. We discuss how each step can affect the quality of an estimate with regards to accuracy, precision, practical limitations and whether the estimate is fit for purpose. Finally, we provide a list of recommendations for future studies and identify key knowledge gaps and limitations regarding their application to Norwegian fisheries.

The conduction velocity-potassium relationship in the heart is modulated by sodium and calcium - D. Ryan King; Michael Entz; Grace A. Blair; Ian Crandell; Alexandra L. Hanlon; Joyce Lin; Gregory S. Hoeker; Steven Poelzing (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2021)
The relationship between cardiac conduction velocity (CV) and extracellular potassium (K + ) is biphasic, with modest hyperkalemia increasing CV and severe hyperkalemia slowing CV. Recent studies from our group suggest that elevating extracellular sodium (Na + ) and calcium (Ca 2+ ) can enhance CV by an extracellular pathway parallel to gap junctional coupling (GJC) called ephaptic coupling that can occur in the gap junction adjacent perinexus. However, it remains unknown whether these same interventions modulate CV as a function of K + . We hypothesize that Na + , Ca 2+ , and GJC can attenuate conduction slowing consequent to severe hyperkalemia. Elevating Ca 2+ from 1.25 to 2.00 mM significantly narrowed perinexal width measured by transmission electron microscopy. Optically mapped, Langendorff-perfused guinea pig hearts perfused with increasing K + revealed the expected biphasic CV-K + relationship during perfusion with different Na + and Ca 2+ concentrations. Neither elevating Na + nor Ca 2+ alone consistently modulated the positive slope of CV-K + or conduction slowing at 10-mM K + ; however, combined Na + and Ca 2+ elevation significantly mitigated conduction slowing at 10-mM K + . Pharmacologic GJC inhibition with 30-μM carbenoxolone slowed CV without changing the shape of CV-K + curves. A computational model of CV predicted that elevating Na + and narrowing clefts between myocytes, as occur with perinexal narrowing, reduces the positive and negative slopes of the CV-K + relationship but do not support a primary role of GJC or sodium channel conductance. These data demonstrate that combinatorial effects of Na + and Ca 2+ differentially modulate conduction during hyperkalemia, and enhancing determinants of ephaptic coupling may attenuate conduction changes in a variety of physiologic conditions.

Genetic analysis of endometriosis and depression identifies shared loci and implicates causal links with gastric mucosa abnormality - Emmanuel O. Adewuyi; Divya Mehta; Yadav Sapkota; Yadav Sapkota; Kosuke Yoshihara; Mette Nyegaard; Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir; Andrew P. Morris; Amelie Fassbender; Nilufer Rahmioglu; Immaculata De Vivo; Julie E. Buring; et al. (Human Genetics, 2021)

A Cross University-Led COVID-19 Rapid-Response Effort: Design, Build, and Distribute Drexel AJFlex Face Shields - Amy L. Throckmorton; Ellen J. Bass; Bryan Ferrick; Arun Ramakrishnan; Scott Eichmann; Nicholas Catucci; Bradley Eshelman; John McNamara; Erik Sundquist; Nathan Beatson; Matthew Hirschhorn; Pooja Menon; et al. (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2021)
The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how a new cross-community leadership team came together, collaborated, coordinated across academic units with external community partners, and executed a joint mission to address the unmet clinical need for medical face shields during these unprecedented times. Key aspects of this success include the ability to forge and leverage new opportunities, overcome challenges, adapt to changing constraints, and serve the significant need across the Philadelphia region and healthcare systems. We teamed to design-build durable face shields ( AJFlex Shields ). This was accomplished by high-volume manufacturing via injection molding and by 3-D printing the key headband component that supports the protective shield. Partnering with industry collaborators and civic-minded community allies proved to be essential to bolster production and deliver approximately 33,000 face shields to more than 100 organizations in the region. Our interdisciplinary team of engineers, clinicians, product designers, manufacturers, distributors, and dedicated volunteers is committed to continuing the design-build effort and providing Drexel AJFlex Shields to our communities.

The physics of New Zealand’s shelf seas: introduction to the special issue - Craig L. Stevens; Joe O’Callaghan; Stephen M. Chiswell; Moninya Roughan (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2021)

Pūtahitanga: the intersection of western science and mātauranga Māori in the context of Aotearoa New Zealand’s physical oceanography - Craig L. Stevens; Kura Paul‐Burke (Ngāti Awa, Ngāti Whakahemo); Peter Russell (Ngāpuhi) (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2021)
Aotearoa New Zealand is a land and cultures surrounded by one of the planet’s larger marine exclusive economic zones per capita. Understanding, living within and utilising this domain requires a well‐developed knowledge of the physical oceanography – fate, provenance and transfer of ocean‐water, material and energy. In the Aotearoa New Zealand context, understanding and utilising the environment through science also requires that Māori have a stake in the science and a pathway to connecting with their mātauranga. The pūtahitanga (intersection) of mātauranga Māori and western science perspectives brings challenges for implementation of the Vision Mātauranga framework for physical oceanographic science. Here we discuss the drivers and key themes for the pūtahitanga and propose a mahere kaupapa/plan bound by: (i) climate, (ii) decolonisation, (iii) shared language, (iv) data sovereignty, and (v) developing a cohort who can lead the field in the coming decades.

A modelling synthesis of the volume flux through Cook Strait - Mark G. Hadfield; Craig L. Stevens (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2021)
We present hindcasts of currents in Cook Strait from a baroclinic, tide‐resolving ocean model. Three hindcasts are run, forced respectively at the lateral boundaries with data from the Bluelink Reanalysis (BRAN), the global Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and a New Zealand Shelf Seas baroclinic hindcast (NZROMS). The hindcast forced by BRAN is evaluated against measured currents at locations in the Cook Strait Narrows and South Taranaki Bight. The model reproduces the observed tidal, subtidal and mean currents well. The three hindcasts produce a 3‐year‐mean volume flux southward through the Narrows of 0.360, 0.734 and 0.230 Sv, respectively. When corrected for the observed discrepancies between model and measurements in the Narrows, the estimates are 0.430, 0.498 and 0.337 Sv. We conclude that true 3‐year mean volume flux through Cook Strait is 0.42 ± 0.08 Sv. The tidal volume flux amplitude is 4.68 Sv (M2). The subtidal fluctuations in volume flux have a standard deviation of 0.62 Sv. The effect of wind is investigated with a wind‐forced barotropic model, which produces volume flux fluctuations that are highly correlated ( r = 0.93) with the subtidal fluctuations from the baroclinic model, implying that the latter are largely wind‐generated.

Physical oceanography of New Zealand/Aotearoa shelf seas – a review - Craig L. Stevens; Joanne M. O’Callaghan; Stephen M. Chiswell; Mark G. Hadfield (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2021)
The shelf seas surrounding New Zealand/Aotearoa, a region nominally extending out to the 250 m depth contour, are complex and varied as they sit above the submerged continent of Zealandia. These seas surround the two main islands that span 1,500 km in latitude from 34°S to 47°S and include a series of plateaus that extend far beyond. This review summarises the present state of knowledge of the physical processes that control ocean transport and mixing in this domain. The focus is on documenting recent regional advances in understanding the balance between off‐shelf drivers, terrestrially sourced freshwater, winds, tides, stratification and the underlying topography. The review considers outstanding themes such as connectivity, climate and stratification and closes with an assessment of the potential future for understanding the physical marine environment of the shelf seas of the New Zealand region.

Circulation in Tasman‐Golden bays and Greater Cook Strait, New Zealand - Stephen M. Chiswell; Craig L. Stevens; Helen S. Macdonald; Brett S. Grant; Olivia Price (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2021)
Analyses are presented of model simulations and Lagrangian drifter experiments designed to quantify circulation and dispersal in Tasman and Golden Bays, and their connection to Cook Strait, New Zealand. Observations made in autumn 2017 and summer 2018 are compared with numerical model results. The drifter experiments were focussed on three repeat experiments in each bay designed to measure the local horizontal eddy diffusivity. An additional experiment investigated the connection with, and flow through, Greater Cook Strait. Point by point velocities extracted from the model show low correlation with, but on average are in the same direction as observed velocities. Eddy diffusivities computed from the drifter experiments are highly variable, but the observations support the modelling. We find that the mean velocity in Tasman and Golden Bays is weak and the circulation is dominated by wind and tidal flows. The mean depth‐averaged velocity shows anticyclonic flows in the south of both Tasman and Golden Bays, with cyclonic flow in the north of Golden Bay. The mean near‐surface velocity is generally out of each bay and is compensated for by inward circulation at depth.

Assessing the impact of taxon resolution on network structure - David R. Hemprich‐Bennett; Hernani F. M. Oliveira; Steven C. Le Comber; Stephen J. Rossiter; Elizabeth L. Clare (Ecology, 2021)
Constructing ecological networks has become an indispensable approach in understanding how different taxa interact. However, the methods used to generate data in network research vary widely among studies, potentially limiting our ability to compare results meaningfully. In particular, methods of classifying nodes vary in their precision, likely altering the architecture of the network studied. For example, rather than being classified as Linnaean species, taxa are regularly assigned to morphospecies in observational studies, or to molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) in molecular studies, with the latter defined based on an arbitrary threshold of sequence similarity. Although the use of MOTUs in ecological networks holds great potential, especially for allowing rapid construction of large data sets of interactions, it is unclear how the choice of clustering threshold can influence the conclusions obtained. To test the impact of taxonomic precision on network architecture, we obtained and analyzed 16 data sets of ecological interactions, inferred from metabarcoding and observations. Our comparisons of networks constructed under a range of sequence thresholds for assigning taxa demonstrate that even small changes in node resolution can cause wide variation in almost all key metric values. Moreover, relative values of commonly used metrics such as robustness were seen to fluctuate continuously with node resolution, thereby potentially causing error in conclusions drawn when comparing multiple networks. In observational networks, we found that changing node resolution could, in some cases, lead to substantial changes to measurements of network topology. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of classifying nodes to the greatest precision possible, and demonstrate the need for caution when comparing networks that differ with respect to node resolution, even where taxonomic groups and interaction types are similar. In such cases, we recommend that comparisons of networks should focus on relative differences rather than absolute values between the networks studied.

Breaking All the Rules: The First Recorded Hard Substrate Sessile Benthic Community Far Beneath an Antarctic Ice Shelf - Huw J. Griffiths; Paul Anker; Katrin Linse; Jamie Maxwell; Alexandra L. Post; Craig Stevens; Slawek Tulaczyk; James A. Smith (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
The seafloor beneath floating ice shelves accounts roughly a third of the Antarctic’s 5 million km 2 of continental shelf. Prior to this study, our knowledge of these habitats and the life they support was restricted to what has been observed from eight boreholes drilled for geological and glaciological studies. The established theory of sub-ice shelf biogeography is that both functional and taxonomic diversities decrease along a nutrient gradient with distance from the ice shelf front, resulting in a depauperate fauna, dominated by mobile scavengers and predators toward the grounding line. Mobile macro-benthic life and mega-benthic life have been observed as far as 700 km under an ice shelf. New observations from two boreholes in the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf challenge the idea that sessile organisms reduce in prevalence the further under the ice you go. The discovery of an established community consisting of only sessile, probably filter feeding, organisms (sponges and other taxa) on a boulder 260 km from the ice front raises significant questions, especially when the local currents suggest that this community is somewhere between 625 km and 1500 km in the direction of water flow from the nearest region of photosynthesis. This new evidence requires us to rethink our ideas with regard to the diversity of community types found under ice shelves, the key factors which control their distribution and their vulnerability to environmental change and ice shelf collapse.

Upwinding and artificial viscosity for robust discontinuous Galerkin schemes of two-phase flow in mass conservation form - Savithru Jayasinghe; David L. Darmofal; Steven R. Allmaras; Eric Dow; Marshall C. Galbraith (Computational Geosciences, 2021)

Persistent COVID-19-associated neurocognitive symptoms in non-hospitalized patients - Joanna Hellmuth; T. Allen Barnett; Breton M. Asken; J. Daniel Kelly; Leonel Torres; Melanie L. Stephens; Bryan Greenhouse; Jeffrey N. Martin; Felicia C. Chow; Steven G. Deeks; Meredith Greene; Bruce L. Miller; et al. (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2021)
As cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mount worldwide, attention is needed on potential long-term neurologic impacts for the majority of patients who experience mild to moderate illness managed as outpatients. To date, there has not been discussion of persistent neurocognitive deficits in patients with milder COVID-19. We present two cases of non-hospitalized patients recovering from COVID-19 with persistent neurocognitive symptoms. Commonly used cognitive screens were normal, while more detailed testing revealed working memory and executive functioning deficits. An observational cohort study of individuals recovering from COVID-19 (14 or more days following symptom onset) identified that among the first 100 individuals enrolled, 14 were non-hospitalized patients reporting persistent cognitive issues. These 14 participants had a median age of 39 years (interquartile range: 35–56), and cognitive symptoms were present for at least a median of 98 days (interquartile range: 71–120 following acute COVID-19 symptoms); no participants with follow-up evaluation reported symptom resolution. We discuss potential mechanisms to be explored in future studies, including direct viral effects, indirect consequences of immune activation, and immune dysregulation causing auto-antibody production.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is associated with depressive symptoms in older adults with HIV disease - Steven Paul Woods; Michelle Babicz; Lokesh Shahani; Gabriela Delevati Colpo; Erin E. Morgan; Antonio L. Teixeira (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2021)

A Synthesis of Deepwater Horizon Impacts on Coastal and Nearshore Living Marine Resources - Steven A. Murawski; Joshua P. Kilborn; Adriana C. Bejarano; David Chagaris; David Donaldson; Frank J. Hernandez; Timothy C. MacDonald; Craig Newton; Ernst Peebles; Kelly L. Robinson (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil blowout in the Gulf of Mexico began on April 20, originating in the deep sea 66 km off the Louisiana coast. By early June, DWH oil had spread to coastal Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and western Florida. An estimated 2,113 km of shoreline were oiled, making DWH the largest marine oil spill in global history by length of affected shoreline. Additionally, a series of oil spill response measures were deployed, including diversions of Mississippi River discharge to forestall oil coming ashore, and the establishment of large-scale fishery closures, with both affecting coastal resources to varying degrees. Here, we review published studies and describe additional analyses evaluating long-term impacts of DWH on coastal/nearshore biological resources. We assembled time-series data collected by state, federal and academic partners on population abundance and environmental conditions to evaluate species and community change. Our study focused on plankton, invertebrates, fishes and dolphins, and 13 “key species” were selected to conduct semi-quantitative vulnerability-resilience (V-R) analyses. At one extreme, early life stages of Gulf Menhaden ( Brevoortia patronus ) were not affected due to seasonal spawning and larval development preceding the spill. In contrast, demographically independent populations of the common Bottlenose Dolphin, ( Tursiops truncatus ) suffered a variety of severe and ongoing health effects owing to oil exposure. Virtually all of the heavily oiled salt marsh habitat was in Louisiana, with the majority occurring in Barataria Bay. Multispecies trawl survey abundances declined post-DWH throughout eastern coastal Louisiana but remained stable elsewhere. A regime shift in composition of Barataria Bay trawl survey catches occurred during and following the spill, the persistence of which was associated with long-term reductions in average salinity and increases in water clarity. In some cases, fishery closures were associated with measurable but ephemeral increases in abundance of some targeted and bycatch species. Freshwater flooding of marshes was ineffective in preventing coastal oiling and severely affected benthic euryhaline resources including Eastern Oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) and Marsh Periwinkle ( Littoraria irrorata ). The flooding response measure experiment also indicates the directionality of impacts that further planned water diversions may have on ecological communities of lower Mississippi River basins.

Increasing effects of chronic nutrient enrichment on plant diversity loss and ecosystem productivity over time - Eric W. Seabloom; Peter B. Adler; Juan Alberti; Lori Biederman; Yvonne M. Buckley; Marc W. Cadotte; Scott L. Collins; Laura Dee; Philip A. Fay; Jennifer Firn; Nicole Hagenah; W. Stanley Harpole; et al. (Ecology, 2021)
Human activities are enriching many of Earth’s ecosystems with biologically limiting mineral nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). In grasslands, this enrichment generally reduces plant diversity and increases productivity. The widely demonstrated positive effect of diversity on productivity suggests a potential negative feedback, whereby nutrient‐induced declines in diversity reduce the initial gains in productivity arising from nutrient enrichment. In addition, plant productivity and diversity can be inhibited by accumulations of dead biomass, which may be altered by nutrient enrichment. Over longer time frames, nutrient addition may increase soil fertility by increasing soil organic matter and nutrient pools. We examined the effects of 5–11 yr of nutrient addition at 47 grasslands in 12 countries. Nutrient enrichment increased aboveground live biomass and reduced plant diversity at nearly all sites, and these effects became stronger over time. We did not find evidence that nutrient‐induced losses of diversity reduced the positive effects of nutrients on biomass; however, nutrient effects on live biomass increased more slowly at sites where litter was also increasing, regardless of plant diversity. This work suggests that short‐term experiments may underestimate the long‐term nutrient enrichment effects on global grassland ecosystems.

Urgent plea for global protection of springs - Marco Cantonati; Roderick J. Fensham; Lawrence E. Stevens; Reinhard Gerecke; Douglas S. Glazier; Nico Goldscheider; Robert L. Knight; John S. Richardson; Abraham E. Springer; Klement Tockner (Conservation Biology, 2021)

The Origin of NOAA’s Integrated Ecosystem Assessment Program: A Retrospective and Prospective - Chris J. Harvey; David L. Fluharty; Michael J. Fogarty; Phillip S. Levin; Steven A. Murawski; Franklin B. Schwing; Rebecca L. Shuford; Christopher R. Kelble; Mark E. Monaco (Coastal Management, 2021)

Articles You Might Have Missed - Alexis L. Cates; Richard J. Chen; Laura B. Roper; Steven J. Walsh (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2021)

Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Management of Texas Coral Snake (Micrurus tener) Envenomations Reported to the North American Snakebite Registry - Spencer Greene; Anne-Michelle Ruha; Sharan Campleman; Jeffrey Brent; Paul Wax; Kim Aldy; Peter Akpunonu; Vikhyat S. Bebarta; Gillian A. Beauchamp; Michael C. Beuhler; Mary Billington; William Boroughf; et al. (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2021)

Magdalenian and Epimagdalenian chronology and palaeoenvironments at Kůlna Cave, Moravia, Czech Republic - Hazel Reade; Sonja B. Grimm; Jennifer A. Tripp; Petr Neruda; Zdeňka Nerudová; Martina Roblíčková; Kerry L. Sayle; Rebecca Kearney; Samantha Brown; Katerina Douka; Thomas F. G. Higham; Rhiannon E. Stevens (Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2021)
Kůlna Cave is the only site in Moravia, Czech Republic, from which large assemblages of both Magdalenian and Epimagdalenian archaeological materials have been excavated from relatively secure stratified deposits. The site therefore offers the unrivalled opportunity to explore the relationship between these two archaeological phases. In this study, we undertake radiocarbon, stable isotope (carbon, nitrogen and sulphur), and ZooMS analysis of the archaeological faunal assemblage to explore the chronological and environmental context of the Magdalenian and Epimagdalenian deposits. Our results show that the Magdalenian and Epimagdalenian deposits can be understood as discrete units from one another, dating to the Late Glacial between c. 15,630 cal. BP and 14,610 cal. BP, and c. 14,140 cal. BP and 12,680 cal. BP, respectively. Stable isotope results (δ 13 C, δ 15 N, δ 34 S) indicate that Magdalenian and Epimagdalenian activity at Kůlna Cave occurred in very different environmental settings. Magdalenian occupation took place within a nutrient-poor landscape that was experiencing rapid changes to environmental moisture, potentially linked to permafrost thaw. In contrast, Epimagdalenian occupation occurred in a relatively stable, temperate environment composed of a mosaic of woodland and grassland habitats. The potential chronological gap between the two phases, and their associations with very different environmental conditions, calls into question whether the Epimagdalenian should be seen as a local, gradual development of the Magdalenian. It also raises the question of whether the gap in occupation at Kůlna Cave could represent a change in settlement dynamics and/or behavioural adaptations to changing environmental conditions.

Equipment Capability Measurement of Laboratory Freeze-Dryers: a Comparison of Two Methods - Jayasree M. Srinivasan; Gregory A. Sacha; Vaibhav Kshirsagar; Alina Alexeenko; Steven L. Nail (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2021)
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate two methods for measuring the maximum sublimation rate that a freeze-dryer will support—the minimum controllable pressure method and the choke point method. Both methods gave equivalent results, but the minimum controllable pressure method is preferred, since it is easier, faster, and less subjective. The ratio of chamber pressure to condenser pressure corresponding to the onset of choked flow was considerably higher in this investigation (up to about 20:1) than in previously published reports. This ratio was not affected by the location of the pressure gauge on the condenser; that is, on the foreline of the vacuum pump versus on the body of the condenser itself. The total water loss due to sublimation as measured by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy was consistently within 5% of gravimetrically determined weight loss, regardless of whether the measurement took place during choked versus non-choked process conditions.

Eco-cultural Restoration of Riparian Wetlands in California: Case Study of White Root (Carex barbarae Dewey; Cyperaceae) - Michelle L. Stevens (Wetlands, 2020)

Seismic hazard and risk in Bhutan - Victoria L. Stevens; Raffaele De Risi; Romain Le Roux-Mallouf; Dowchu Drukpa; György Hetényi (Natural Hazards, 2020)

Environmental Influences on Long-term Movement Patterns of a Euryhaline Elasmobranch (Carcharhinus leucas) Within a Subtropical Estuary - R. D. Pillans; G. C. Fry; A. D. L. Steven; T. Patterson (Estuaries and Coasts, 2020)

Assessing the Eutrophic Susceptibility of New Zealand Estuaries - David R. Plew; John R. Zeldis; Bruce D. Dudley; Amy L. Whitehead; Leigh M. Stevens; Barry M. Robertson; Ben P. Robertson (Estuaries and Coasts, 2020)
We developed a method to predict the susceptibility of New Zealand estuaries to eutrophication. This method predicts macroalgae and phytoplankton responses to potential nutrient concentrations and flushing times, obtained nationally from simple dilution models, a GIS land-use model and physical estuary properties. Macroalgal response was based on an empirically derived relationship between potential nitrogen concentrations and an established macroalgal index (EQR) and phytoplankton response using an analytical growth model. Intertidal area was used to determine which primary producer was likely to lead to eutrophic conditions within estuaries. We calculated the eutrophication susceptibility of 399 New Zealand estuaries and assigned them to susceptibility bands A (lowest expected impact) to D (highest expected impact). Twenty-seven percent of New Zealand estuaries have high or very high eutrophication susceptibilities (band C or D), mostly (63% of band C and D) due to macroalgae. The physical properties of estuaries strongly influence susceptibility to macroalgae or phytoplankton blooms, and estuaries with similar physical properties cluster spatially around New Zealand’s coasts. As a result, regional patterns in susceptibility are apparent due to a combination of estuary types and land use patterns. The few areas in New Zealand with consistently low estuary eutrophication susceptibilities are either undeveloped or have estuaries with short flushing times, low intertidal area and/or minimal tidal influx. Estuaries with conditions favourable for macroalgae are most at risk. Our approach provides estuary-integrated susceptibility scores likely to be of use as a regional or national screening tool to prioritise more in-depth estuary assessments, to evaluate likely responses to altered nutrient loading regimes and assist in developing management strategies for estuaries.

Forest Vegetation Change and Its Impacts on Soil Water Following 47 Years of Managed Wildfire - Jens T. Stevens; Gabrielle F. S. Boisramé; Ekaterina Rakhmatulina; Sally E. Thompson; Brandon M. Collins; Scott L. Stephens (Ecosystems, 2020)

Ocean and coastal indicators: understanding and coping with climate change at the land-sea interface - Patricia M. Clay; Jennifer Howard; D. Shallin Busch; Lisa L. Colburn; Amber Himes-Cornell; Steven S. Rumrill; Stephani G. Zador; Roger B. Griffis (Climatic Change, 2020)

Seasonality of biological and physical systems as indicators of climatic variation and change - Jake F. Weltzin; Julio L. Betancourt; Benjamin I. Cook; Theresa M. Crimmins; Carolyn A. F. Enquist; Michael D. Gerst; John E. Gross; Geoffrey M. Henebry; Rebecca A. Hufft; Melissa A. Kenney; John S. Kimball; Bradley C. Reed; et al. (Climatic Change, 2020)

2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Daniela Alioto; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Simon J. Anthony; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Tomáš Bartonička; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2020)

Laboratory Reconstructions of Bicycle Helmet Damage: Investigation of Cyclist Head Impacts Using Oblique Impacts and Computed Tomography - Megan L. Bland; Craig McNally; Jessica B. Cicchino; David S. Zuby; Becky C. Mueller; Melissa L. McCarthy; Craig D. Newgard; Paige E. Kulie; Brittany N. Arnold; Steven Rowson (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

Global impacts of fertilization and herbivore removal on soil net nitrogen mineralization are modulated by local climate and soil properties - Anita C. Risch; Stefan Zimmermann; Barbara Moser; Martin Schütz; Frank Hagedorn; Jennifer Firn; Philip A. Fay; Peter B. Adler; Lori A. Biederman; John M. Blair; Elizabeth T. Borer; Arthur A. D. Broadbent; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Soil nitrogen (N) availability is critical for grassland functioning. However, human activities have increased the supply of biologically limiting nutrients, and changed the density and identity of mammalian herbivores. These anthropogenic changes may alter net soil N mineralization (soil net N min ), that is, the net balance between N mineralization and immobilization, which could severely impact grassland structure and functioning. Yet, to date, little is known about how fertilization and herbivore removal individually, or jointly, affect soil net N min across a wide range of grasslands that vary in soil and climatic properties. Here we collected data from 22 grasslands on five continents, all part of a globally replicated experiment, to assess how fertilization and herbivore removal affected potential (laboratory‐based) and realized (field‐based) soil net N min . Herbivore removal in the absence of fertilization did not alter potential and realized soil net N min . However, fertilization alone and in combination with herbivore removal consistently increased potential soil net N min. Realized soil net N min , in contrast, significantly decreased in fertilized plots where herbivores were removed. Treatment effects on potential and realized soil net N min were contingent on site‐specific soil and climatic properties. Fertilization effects on potential soil net N min were larger at sites with higher mean annual precipitation (MAP) and temperature of the wettest quarter (T.q.wet). Reciprocally, realized soil net N min declined most strongly with fertilization and herbivore removal at sites with lower MAP and higher T.q.wet. In summary, our findings show that anthropogenic nutrient enrichment, herbivore exclusion and alterations in future climatic conditions can negatively impact soil net N min across global grasslands under realistic field conditions. This is an important context‐dependent knowledge for grassland management worldwide.

A Decade of Monitoring an Indo-Pacific Grouper Spawning Aggregation: Benefits of Protection and Importance of Survey Design - Yvonne Sadovy de Mitcheson; Patrick L. Colin; Steven J. Lindfield; Asap Bukurrou (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Screening method for the detection of residues of amphenicol antibiotics in bovine milk by optical biosensor - Colin S. Thompson; Imelda M. Traynor; Terence L. Fodey; P. Barnes; Dermot V. Faulkner; Steven R.H. Crooks (Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2020)

A review of a decade of lessons from one of the world’s largest MPAs: conservation gains and key challenges - Graeme C. Hays; Heather J. Koldewey; Samantha Andrzejaczek; Martin J. Attrill; Shanta Barley; Daniel T. I. Bayley; Cassandra E. Benkwitt; Barbara Block; Robert J. Schallert; Aaron B. Carlisle; Pete Carr; Taylor K. Chapple; et al. (Marine Biology, 2020)

Coastal Impacts, Recovery, and Resilience Post-Hurricane Sandy in the Northeastern US - Amanda L. Babson; Richard O. Bennett; Susan Adamowicz; Sara Stevens (Estuaries and Coasts, 2020)
Post-Hurricane Sandy research has improved our understanding of coastal resilience during major storm events, accelerated sea level rise, and other climate-related factors, helping to enhance science-based decision-making, restoration, and management of coastal systems. The central question this special section examines is: “looking across the breadth of research, natural resource management actions and restoration projects post-Hurricane Sandy, what can we say about coastal impact, recovery, and resilience to prepare for increasing impacts of future storms?” These five studies, along with lessons from other published and unpublished research, advance our understanding beyond just the documentation of hurricane impacts but also highlights both natural and managed recovery, thereby advancing the developing field of coastal resilience.

Concussion Risk Between Individual Football Players: Survival Analysis of Recurrent Events and Non-events - Steven Rowson; Eamon T. Campolettano; Stefan M. Duma; Brian Stemper; Alok Shah; Jaroslaw Harezlak; Larry Riggen; Jason P. Mihalik; Alison Brooks; Kenneth L. Cameron; Steven J. Svoboda; Megan N. Houston; et al. (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

Assessing the Accuracy of Underwater Photogrammetry for Archaeology: A Comparison of Structure from Motion Photogrammetry and Real Time Kinematic Survey at the East Key Construction Wreck - Anne E. Wright; David L. Conlin; Steven M. Shope (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2020)
The National Park Service (NPS) Submerged Resources Center (SRC) documented the East Key Construction Wreck in Dry Tortugas National Park using Structure from Motion photogrammetry, traditional archaeological hand mapping, and real time kinematic GPS (Global Positioning System) survey to test the accuracy of and establish a baseline “worst case scenario” for 3D models created with NPS SRC’s tri-camera photogrammetry system, SeaArray. The data sets were compared using statistical analysis to determine accuracy and precision. Additionally, the team evaluated the amount of time and resources necessary to produce an acceptably accurate photogrammetry model that can be used for a variety of archaeological functions, including site monitoring and interpretation. Through statistical analysis, the team determined that, in the worst case scenario, in its current iteration, photogrammetry models created with SeaArray have a margin of error of 5.29 cm at a site over 84 m in length and 65 m in width. This paper discusses the design of the survey, acquisition and processing of data, analysis, issues encountered, and plans to improve the accuracy of the SeaArray photogrammetry system.

Spatial Structure of Low Salinity Submesoscale Features and Their Interactions With a Coastal Current - Khushboo Jhugroo; Joanne O'Callaghan; Craig L. Stevens; Helen S. Macdonald; Fiona Elliott; Mark Gregory Hadfield (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Genomic islands of divergence infer a phenotypic landscape in Pacific lamprey - Jon E. Hess; Jeramiah J. Smith; Nataliya Timoshevskaya; Cyndi Baker; Christopher C. Caudill; David Graves; Matthew L. Keefer; Andrew P. Kinziger; Mary L. Moser; Laurie L. Porter; Greg Silver; Steven L. Whitlock; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
High rates of dispersal can breakdown coadapted gene complexes. However, concentrated genomic architecture (i.e., genomic islands of divergence) can suppress recombination to allow evolution of local adaptations despite high gene flow. Pacific lamprey ( Entosphenus tridentatus ) is a highly dispersive anadromous fish. Observed trait diversity and evidence for genetic basis of traits suggests it may be locally adapted. We addressed whether concentrated genomic architecture could influence local adaptation for Pacific lamprey. Using two new whole genome assemblies and genotypes from 7,716 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in 518 individuals from across the species range, we identified four genomic islands of divergence (on chromosomes 01, 02, 04, and 22). We determined robust phenotype‐by‐genotype relationships by testing multiple traits across geographic sites. These trait associations probably explain genomic divergence across the species’ range. We genotyped a subset of 302 broadly distributed SNPs in 2,145 individuals for association testing for adult body size, sexual maturity, migration distance and timing, adult swimming ability, and larval growth. Body size traits were strongly associated with SNPs on chromosomes 02 and 04. Moderate associations also implicated SNPs on chromosome 01 as being associated with variation in female maturity. Finally, we used candidate SNPs to extrapolate a heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution of these predicted phenotypes based on independent data sets of larval and adult collections. These maturity and body size results guide future elucidation of factors driving regional optimization of these traits for fitness. Pacific lamprey is culturally important and imperiled. This research addresses biological uncertainties that challenge restoration efforts.

Evaluating the potential of full‐waveform lidar for mapping pan‐tropical tree species richness - Suzanne M. Marselis; Katharine Abernethy; Alfonso Alonso; John Armston; Timothy R. Baker; Jean‐Francois Bastin; Jan Bogaert; Doreen S. Boyd; Pascal Boeckx; David F. R. P. Burslem; Robin Chazdon; David B. Clark; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Mapping tree species richness across the tropics is of great interest for effective conservation and biodiversity management. In this study, we evaluated the potential of full‐waveform lidar data for mapping tree species richness across the tropics by relating measurements of vertical canopy structure, as a proxy for the occupation of vertical niche space, to tree species richness. Location Tropics. Time period Present. Major taxa studied Trees. Methods First, we evaluated the characteristics of vertical canopy structure across 15 study sites using (simulated) large‐footprint full‐waveform lidar data (22 m diameter) and related these findings to in‐situ tree species information. Then, we developed structure–richness models at the local (within 25–50 ha plots), regional (biogeographical regions) and pan‐tropical scale at three spatial resolutions (1.0, 0.25 and 0.0625 ha) using Poisson regression. Results The results showed a weak structure–richness relationship at the local scale. At the regional scale (within a biogeographical region) a stronger relationship between canopy structure and tree species richness across different tropical forest types was found, for example across Central Africa and in South America [ R 2 ranging from .44–.56, root mean squared difference as a percentage of the mean (RMSD%) ranging between 23–61%]. Modelling the relationship pan‐tropically, across four continents, 39% of the variation in tree species richness could be explained with canopy structure alone ( R 2 = .39 and RMSD% = 43%, 0.25‐ha resolution). Main conclusions Our results may serve as a basis for the future development of a set of structure–richness models to map high resolution tree species richness using vertical canopy structure information from the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI). The value of this effort would be enhanced by access to a larger set of field reference data for all tropical regions. Future research could also support the use of GEDI data in frameworks using environmental and spectral information for modelling tree species richness across the tropics.

Using Propagules to Restore Coastal Marine Ecosystems - Mathew A. Vanderklift; Christopher Doropoulos; Daniel Gorman; Inês Leal; Antoine J. P. Minne; John Statton; Andrew D. L. Steven; Thomas Wernberg (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats - Annie P. S. Wong; Susan E. Wijffels; Stephen C. Riser; Sylvie Pouliquen; Shigeki Hosoda; Dean Roemmich; John Gilson; Gregory C. Johnson; Kim Martini; David J. Murphy; Megan Scanderbeg; T. V. S. Udaya Bhaskar; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Treatment with One Dose of Reltecimod is Superior to Two Doses in Mouse Models of Lethal Infection - Rotem Edgar; Margarite L. Tarrio; Greg Maislin; Feng Chiguang; Raymond Kaempfer; Alan Cross; Steven M. Opal; Anat Shirvan (International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, 2020)

Contrasting fine‐scale distributional patterns of zooplankton driven by the formation of a diatom‐dominated thin layer - Adam T. Greer; Adam D. Boyette; Valerie J. Cruz; Mustafa Kemal Cambazoglu; Brian Dzwonkowski; Luciano M. Chiaverano; Steven L. Dykstra; Christian Briseño‐Avena; Robert K. Cowen; Jerry D. Wiggert (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
Although plankton thin layers have been described and modeled in a variety of environments, the physical structure surrounding the layer, associated biological rates, and distributions of multiple trophic levels are rarely examined simultaneously. Similar combinations of measurements, such as growth, mortality, and spatial relationships among plankton, are key to understanding how physical processes generating thin layers can influence abundances, composition, and predator‐prey interactions. An in situ imaging system was deployed along a southward‐oriented transect to describe the full ~ 2.3‐km extent of a thin layer arching from 8 to 4 m deep, with Chlorophyll a enhanced by an order of magnitude inside the layer (23.9 mg m −3 peak concentration). Physical oceanographic measurements, distributions of different plankton groups, and output from a high‐resolution model indicated that surface convergence and vertical shear drove the formation of the layer, which was dominated by Odontella sp. diatoms that were relatively scarce in the broader study region. Phytoplankton apparent growth (0.64 d −1 ) balanced microzooplankton grazing rates (0.52 d −1 ) within the layer, whereas grazing mortality (2.23 d −1 ) greatly exceeded phytoplankton growth (−0.39 d −1 ) outside the thin layer. Mesozooplankton had starkly differing distributions; copepods aggregated south of the layer near the surface, and doliolids followed the thin layer trajectory. A physical oceanographic model run over a 1‐month time period, including the time of sampling, indicated that similar surface convergences occurred frequently. Thin layers driven by convergence and shear may be common, with behavioral and buoyancy differences among plankton likely contributing to community structure and modification of trophic transfer.

The global abundance of tree palms - Robert Muscarella; Thaise Emilio; Oliver L. Phillips; Simon L. Lewis; Ferry Slik; William J. Baker; Thomas L. P. Couvreur; Wolf L. Eiserhardt; Jens‐Christian Svenning; Kofi Affum‐Baffoe; Shin‐Ichiro Aiba; Everton C. de Almeida; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

Neural Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles Disrupt Midline Shift Predictive Outcomes in Porcine Ischemic Stroke Model - Samantha E. Spellicy; Erin E. Kaiser; Michael M. Bowler; Brian J. Jurgielewicz; Robin L. Webb; Franklin D. West; Steven L. Stice (Translational Stroke Research, 2020)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a clinically relevant non-invasive imaging tool commonly utilized to assess stroke progression in real time. This study investigated the utility of MRI as a predictive measure of clinical and functional outcomes when a stroke intervention is withheld or provided, in order to identify biomarkers for stroke functional outcome under these conditions. Fifteen MRI and ninety functional parameters were measured in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) porcine ischemic stroke model. Multiparametric analysis of correlations between MRI measurements and functional outcome was conducted. Acute axial and coronal midline shift (MLS) at 24 h post-stroke were associated with decreased survival and recovery measured by modified Rankin scale (mRS) and were significantly correlated with 52 measured acute (day 1 post) and chronic (day 84 post) gait and behavior impairments in non-treated stroked animals. These results suggest that MLS may be an important non-invasive biomarker that can be used to predict patient outcomes and prognosis as well as guide therapeutic intervention and rehabilitation in non-treated animals and potentially human patients that do not receive interventional treatments. Neural stem cell–derived extracellular vesicle (NSC EV) was a disruptive therapy because NSC EV administration post-stroke disrupted MLS correlations observed in non-treated stroked animals. MLS was not associated with survival and functional outcomes in NSC EV–treated animals. In contrast to untreated animals, NSC EVs improved stroked animal outcomes regardless of MLS severity.

A genome-wide association study implicates the BMP7 locus as a risk factor for nonsyndromic metopic craniosynostosis - Cristina M. Justice; Araceli Cuellar; Krithi Bala; Jeremy A. Sabourin; Michael L. Cunningham; Karen Crawford; Julie M. Phipps; Yan Zhou; Deirdre Cilliers; Jo C. Byren; David Johnson; Steven A. Wall; et al. (Human Genetics, 2020)

Posttraumatic stress symptom persistence across 24 years: association with brain structures - Carol E. Franz; Sean N. Hatton; Richard L. Hauger; M. Alexandra Kredlow; Anders M. Dale; Lisa Eyler; Linda K. McEvoy; Christine Fennema-Notestine; Donald Hagler; Kristen C. Jacobson; Ruth E. McKenzie; Matthew S. Panizzon; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2020)

Ensuring tests of conservation interventions build on existing literature - William J. Sutherland; Sergio Ticul Alvarez‐Castañeda; Tatsuya Amano; Roberto Ambrosini; Philip Atkinson; John M. Baxter; Alexander L. Bond; Philip J. Boon; Katherine L. Buchanan; Jos Barlow; Giuseppe Bogliani; Olivia M. Bragg; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2020)

The role of turbulence and internal waves in the structure and evolution of a near-field river plume - Rebecca A. McPherson; Craig L. Stevens; Joanne M. O'Callaghan; Andrew J. Lucas; Jonathan D. Nash (Ocean Science, 2020)
An along-channel momentum budget is quantified in the near-field plume region of a controlled river flow entering Doubtful Sound, New Zealand. Observations include highly resolved density, velocity and turbulence, enabling a momentum budget to be constructed over a control volume. Estimates of internal stress (τ) were made from direct measurements of turbulence dissipation rates (ϵ) using vertical microstructure profiles. High flow speeds of the surface plume over 2 m s−1 and strong stratification (N2∼10-1 s−2) resulted in enhanced turbulence dissipation rates (ϵ>10-3 W kg−1) and internal stress (τ>10-2 m2 s−2) at the base of the surface layer. Internal waves were observed propagating along the base of the plume, potentially released subsequent to a hydraulic jump in the initial 1 km downstream of the plume discharge point. The momentum flux divergence of these internal waves suggests that almost 15 % of the total plume momentum can be transported out of the system by wave radiation, therefore playing a crucial role in the redistribution of momentum within the near-field plume. Observations illustrate that the evolution of the momentum budget components vary between the distinct surface plume layer and the turbulent, shear-stratified interfacial layer. Within the surface plume, a momentum balance was achieved. The dynamical balance demonstrates that the deceleration of the plume, driven by along-channel advection, is controlled by turbulence stress from the plume discharge point to as far as 3 km downstream. In the interfacial layer, however, the momentum equation was dominated by the turbulence stress term and the balance was not closed. The redistribution of momentum within the shear-stratified layer by internal wave radiation and other hydraulic features could account for the discrepancy in the budget.

Priorities and Motivations of Marine Coastal Restoration Research - Elisa Bayraktarov; Shantala Brisbane; Valerie Hagger; Carter S. Smith; Kerrie A. Wilson; Catherine E. Lovelock; Chris Gillies; Andrew D. L. Steven; Megan I. Saunders (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Drag production mechanisms of filamentous biofilms - Joel D. Hartenberger; Elizabeth G. Callison; James W. Gose; Marc Perlin; Steven L. Ceccio (Biofouling, 2020)

Ecto- and endoparasitic nematodes respond differently across sites to changes in precipitation - Katharine E. Ankrom; André L. C. Franco; Steven J. Fonte; Laureano A. Gherardi; Cecilia Milano de Tomasel; Walter S. Andriuzzi; E. Ashley Shaw; Osvaldo E. Sala; Diana H. Wall (Oecologia, 2020)

Sources, selection and breeding of Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum) race 4 (FOV4) resistance in Upland (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cotton - Mauricio Ulloa; Robert B. Hutmacher; TariLee Schramm; Margaret L. Ellis; Robert Nichols; Philip A. Roberts; Steven D. Wright (Euphytica, 2020)

Do the risks of Lynch syndrome-related cancers depend on the parent of origin of the mutation? - Shimelis Dejene Gemechu; Christine M. van Vliet; Aung Ko Win; Jane C. Figueiredo; Loic Le Marchand; Steven Gallinger; Polly A. Newcomb; John L. Hopper; Noralane M. Lindor; Mark A. Jenkins; James G. Dowty (Familial Cancer, 2020)

Combined effects of biological control of an invasive shrub and fluvial processes on riparian vegetation dynamics - Eduardo González; Patrick B. Shafroth; Steven R. Lee; Steven M. Ostoja; Matthew L. Brooks (Biological Invasions, 2020)

An updated geographic distribution of Myxobolus cerebralis (Hofer, 1903) (Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae) and the first diagnosed case of whirling disease in wild‐caught trout in the south‐eastern United States - Steven P. Ksepka; Jacob M. Rash; Brandon L. Simcox; Doug A. Besler; Haley R. Dutton; Micah B. Warren; Stephen A. Bullard (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2020)
Myxobolus cerebralis (Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae), the aetiological agent of salmonid whirling disease, was detected in 2 river basins of North Carolina during 2015, which initiated the largest spatial–temporal monitoring project for the disease ever conducted within the south‐eastern United States (focused mainly in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina). A total of 2072 rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss , 1,004 brown trout Salmo trutta and 468 brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis were screened from 113 localities within 7 river basins during June 2017 through October 2019. Infections were detected by pepsin–trypsin digest, microscopy and the species‐specific nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 19 localities across 6 river basins. Myxospore morphology was indistinguishable from the published literature. In 2019, five rainbow trout that symptomatic for whirling disease (sloping neurocranium and lordosis) were captured and processed for histopathology. Myxospores were detected in the calvarial cartilage of two deformed trout with associated erosion of the cartilage consistent with reported whirling disease lesions. This is the first report of M. cerebralis in Tennessee and the first histologically confirmed cases of whirling disease in southern Appalachian (south‐eastern United States) rivers and streams and expands the distribution of M. cerebralis throughout western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee.

Dominant native and non‐native graminoids differ in key leaf traits irrespective of nutrient availability - Arthur A. D. Broadbent; Jennifer Firn; James M. McGree; Elizabeth T. Borer; Yvonne M. Buckley; W. Stanley Harpole; Kimberly J. Komatsu; Andrew S. MacDougall; Kate H. Orwin; Nicholas J. Ostle; Eric W. Seabloom; Jonathan D. Bakker; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Nutrient enrichment is associated with plant invasions and biodiversity loss. Functional trait advantages may predict the ascendancy of invasive plants following nutrient enrichment but this is rarely tested. Here, we investigate (a) whether dominant native and non‐native plants differ in important morphological and physiological leaf traits, (b) how their traits respond to nutrient addition, and (c) whether responses are consistent across functional groups. Location Australia, Europe, North America and South Africa. Time period 2007–2014. Major taxa studied Graminoids and forbs. Methods We focused on two types of leaf traits connected to resource acquisition: morphological features relating to light‐foraging surfaces and investment in tissue (specific leaf area, SLA) and physiological features relating to internal leaf chemistry as the basis for producing and utilizing photosynthate. We measured these traits on 503 leaves from 151 dominant species across 27 grasslands on four continents. We used an identical nutrient addition treatment of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) at all sites. Sites represented a broad range of grasslands that varied widely in climatic and edaphic conditions. Results We found evidence that non‐native graminoids invest in leaves with higher nutrient concentrations than native graminoids, particularly at sites where native and non‐native species both dominate. We found little evidence that native and non‐native forbs differed in the measured leaf traits. These results were consistent in natural soil fertility levels and nutrient‐enriched conditions, with dominant species responding similarly to nutrient addition regardless of whether they were native or non‐native. Main conclusions Our work identifies the inherent physiological trait advantages that can be used to predict non‐native graminoid establishment, potentially because of higher efficiency at taking up crucial nutrients into their leaves. Most importantly, these inherent advantages are already present at natural soil fertility levels and are maintained following nutrient enrichment.

Bacterial communities on the gills of bonefish (Albula vulpes) in the Florida Keys and The Bahamas show spatial structure and differential abundance of disease-associated bacteria - Christopher D. Dunn; Lewis J. Campbell; Elizabeth M. Wallace; Andy J. Danylchuk; Steven J. Cooke; Aaron D. Shultz; Brooke D. Black; Jacob W. Brownscombe; Lucas P. Griffin; David P. Philipp; Aaron J. Adams; Tony L. Goldberg (Marine Biology, 2020)

Winter Urban Particulate Chemistry and Denver’s “Brown Cloud”: Part II. Air Chemistry and Meteorology - George M. Hidy; Steven L. Heisler; John G. Watson; George T. Wolff; Donald L. Blumenthal (Aerosol Science and Engineering, 2020)

Climate and geographic adaptation drive latitudinal clines in biomass of a widespread saltmarsh plant in its native and introduced ranges - Wenwen Liu; Xincong Chen; Donald R. Strong; Steven C. Pennings; Matthew L. Kirwan; Xiaolin Chen; Yihui Zhang (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
Introduced plants provide a unique opportunity to examine how plants respond through plasticity and adaptation to changing climates. We compared plants of Spartina alterniflora from the native (United States, 27–43°N) and introduced (China, 19–40°N) ranges. In the field and greenhouse, aboveground productivity of Chinese plants was greater than that of North American plants. Aboveground biomass in the field declined with increasing latitude in the native range, a pattern that persisted in the greenhouse, indicating a genetic basis. Aboveground biomass in the field displayed hump‐shaped relationships with latitude in China, but this pattern disappeared in field and greenhouse common gardens, indicating phenotypic plasticity. Relationships in both geographic regions were explained by temperature, which is probably the underlying environmental factor affecting aboveground biomass. S. alterniflora has evolved greater biomass in China, but in the four decades since it was introduced, it has not yet evolved the genetic cline in biomass seen in its native range. By working at lower latitudes in the introduced range than have been sampled in the native range, we identified an optimum temperature in the introduced range above which aboveground productivity decreases.

Increased yield and CO 2 sequestration potential with the C 4 cereal Sorghum bicolor cultivated in basaltic rock dust‐amended agricultural soil - Mike E. Kelland; Peter W. Wade; Amy L. Lewis; Lyla L. Taylor; Binoy Sarkar; M. Grace Andrews; Mark R. Lomas; T. E. Anne Cotton; Simon J. Kemp; Rachael H. James; Christopher R. Pearce; Sue E. Hartley; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Land‐based enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a biogeochemical carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy aiming to accelerate natural geological processes of carbon sequestration through application of crushed silicate rocks, such as basalt, to croplands and forested landscapes. However, the efficacy of the approach when undertaken with basalt, and its potential co‐benefits for agriculture, require experimental and field evaluation. Here we report that amending a UK clay‐loam agricultural soil with a high loading (10 kg/m 2 ) of relatively coarse‐grained crushed basalt significantly increased the yield (21 ± 9.4%, SE ) of the important C 4 cereal Sorghum bicolor under controlled environmental conditions, without accumulation of potentially toxic trace elements in the seeds. Yield increases resulted from the basalt treatment after 120 days without P‐ and K‐fertilizer addition. Shoot silicon concentrations also increased significantly (26 ± 5.4%, SE ), with potential benefits for crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Elemental budgets indicate substantial release of base cations important for inorganic carbon removal and their accumulation mainly in the soil exchangeable pools. Geochemical reactive transport modelling, constrained by elemental budgets, indicated CO 2 sequestration rates of 2–4 t CO 2 /ha, 1–5 years after a single application of basaltic rock dust, including via newly formed soil carbonate minerals whose long‐term fate requires assessment through field trials. This represents an approximately fourfold increase in carbon capture compared to control plant–soil systems without basalt. Our results build support for ERW deployment as a CDR technique compatible with spreading basalt powder on acidic loamy soils common across millions of hectares of western European and North American agriculture.

Nitrogen flux into metabolites and microcystins changes in response to different nitrogen sources in Microcystis aeruginosa NIES ‐843 - Lauren E. Krausfeldt; Abigail T. Farmer; Hector F. Castro; Gregory L. Boyer; Shawn R. Campagna; Steven W. Wilhelm (Environmental Microbiology, 2020)
Summary The over‐enrichment of nitrogen (N) in the environment has contributed to severe and recurring harmful cyanobacterial blooms, especially by the non‐N 2 ‐fixing Microcystis spp. N chemical speciation influences cyanobacterial growth, persistence and the production of the hepatotoxin microcystin, but the physiological mechanisms to explain these observations remain unresolved. Stable‐labelled isotopes and metabolomics were employed to address the influence of nitrate, ammonium, and urea on cellular physiology and production of microcystins in Microcystis aeruginosa NIES‐843. Global metabolic changes were driven by both N speciation and diel cycling. Tracing 15 N‐labelled nitrate, ammonium, and urea through the metabolome revealed N uptake, regardless of species, was linked to C assimilation. The production of amino acids, like arginine, and other N‐rich compounds corresponded with greater turnover of microcystins in cells grown on urea compared to nitrate and ammonium. However, 15 N was incorporated into microcystins from all N sources. The differences in N flux were attributed to the energetic efficiency of growth on each N source. While N in general plays an important role in sustaining biomass, these data show that N‐speciation induces physiological changes that culminate in differences in global metabolism, cellular microcystin quotas and congener composition.

Decision‐support tools for dynamic management - Heather Welch; Stephanie Brodie; Michael G. Jacox; Steven J. Bograd; Elliott L. Hazen (Conservation Biology, 2020)
Spatial management is a valuable strategy to advance regional goals for nature conservation, economic development, and human health. One challenge of spatial management is navigating the prioritization of multiple features. This challenge becomes more pronounced in dynamic management scenarios, in which boundaries are flexible in space and time in response to changing biological, environmental, or socioeconomic conditions. To implement dynamic management, decision‐support tools are needed to guide spatial prioritization as feature distributions shift under changing conditions. Marxan is a widely applied decision‐support tool designed for static management scenarios, but its utility in dynamic management has not been evaluated. EcoCast is a new decision‐support tool developed explicitly for the dynamic management of multiple features, but it lacks some of Marxan's functionality. We used a hindcast analysis to compare the capacity of these 2 tools to prioritize 4 marine species in a dynamic management scenario for fisheries sustainability. We successfully configured Marxan to operate dynamically on a daily time scale to resemble EcoCast. The relationship between EcoCast solutions and the underlying species distributions was more linear and less noisy, whereas Marxan solutions had more contrast between waters that were good and poor to fish. Neither decision‐support tool clearly outperformed the other; the appropriateness of each depends on management purpose, resource‐manager preference, and technological capacity of tool developers. Article impact statement : Marxan can function as a decision‐support tool for dynamic management scenarios in which boundaries are flexible in space and time.

Implementing Ecosystem-Based Management Principles in the Design of a Salmon Ocean Ecology Program - Brian K. Wells; David D. Huff; Brian J. Burke; Richard D. Brodeur; Jarrod A. Santora; John C. Field; Kate Richerson; Nathan J. Mantua; Kurt L. Fresh; Michelle M. McClure; William H. Satterthwaite; Forbes Darby; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Spatiotemporal variability of light attenuation and net ecosystem metabolism in a back-barrier estuary - Neil K. Ganju; Jeremy M. Testa; Steven E. Suttles; Alfredo L. Aretxabaleta (Ocean Science, 2020)
Quantifying system-wide biogeochemical dynamics and ecosystem metabolism in estuaries is often attempted using a long-term continuous record at a single site or short-term records at multiple sites due to sampling limitations that preclude long-term monitoring. However, differences in the dominant primary producer at a given location (e.g., phytoplankton versus benthic producers) control diel variations in dissolved oxygen and associated ecosystem metabolism, and they may confound metabolic estimates that do not account for this variability. We hypothesize that even in shallow, well-mixed estuaries there is strong spatiotemporal variability in ecosystem metabolism due to benthic and water-column properties, as well as ensuing feedbacks to sediment resuspension, light attenuation, and primary production. We tested this hypothesis by measuring hydrodynamic properties, biogeochemical variables (fluorescent dissolved organic matter – fDOM, turbidity, chlorophyll a fluorescence, dissolved oxygen), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) over 1 year at 15 min intervals at paired channel (unvegetated) and shoal (vegetated by eelgrass) sites in Chincoteague Bay, Maryland–Virginia, USA, a shallow back-barrier estuary. Light attenuation (KdPAR) at all sites was dominated by turbidity from suspended sediment, with lower contributions from fDOM and chlorophyll a. However, there was significant seasonal variability in the resuspension–shear stress relationship on the vegetated shoals, but not in adjacent unvegetated channels. This indicated that KdPAR on the shoals was mediated by submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and possibly microphytobenthos presence in the summer, which reduced resuspension and therefore KdPAR. We also found that gross primary production (Pg) and KdPAR were significantly negatively correlated on the shoals and uncorrelated in the channels, indicating that Pg over the vegetated shoals is controlled by a feedback loop between benthic stabilization by SAV and/or microphytobenthos, sediment resuspension, and light availability. Metabolic estimates indicated substantial differences in net ecosystem metabolism between vegetated and unvegetated sites, with the former tending towards net autotrophy in the summer. Ongoing trends of SAV loss in this and other back-barrier estuaries suggest that these systems may also shift towards net heterotrophy, reducing their effectiveness as long-term carbon sinks. With regards to temporal variability, we found that varying sampling frequency between 15 min and 1 d resulted in comparable mean values of biogeochemical variables, but extreme values were missed by daily sampling. In fact, daily resampling minimized the variability between sites and falsely suggested spatial homogeneity in biogeochemistry, emphasizing the need for high-frequency sampling. This study confirms that properly quantifying ecosystem metabolism and associated biogeochemical variability requires characterization of the diverse estuarine environments, even in well-mixed systems, and demonstrates the deficiencies introduced by infrequent sampling to the interpretation of spatial variability.

Mafic schlieren, crystal accumulation and differentiation in granitic magmas: an integrated case study - J. D. Clemens; G. Stevens; S. le Roux; G. L. Wallis (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2020)

High spatial turnover in springtails of the Cape Floristic Region - Charlene Janion‐Scheepers; Jan Bengtsson; Grant A. Duffy; Louis Deharveng; Hans Petter Leinaas; Steven L. Chown (Journal of Biogeography, 2020)
Aim The extraordinary diversity of plants across the Cape Floristic Region is characterized by considerable species turnover among sites. Phytophagous insects show similarly high turnover, but their patterns are closely coupled to those of their hosts. If the mechanisms underlying high plant turnover are not unique to plants, similar patterns of turnover should also be seen in non‐herbivorous arthropod groups. We tested this hypothesis using new data for the Collembola fauna of the Fynbos biome. Location The south‐western Cape, South Africa. Taxon Springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola). Methods We sampled springtails from six sites over two seasons. Species richness was compared with expected values from other studies worldwide given the environmental characteristics of the sites sampled. Nestedness and turnover components of beta diversity were calculated and compared against beta diversity patterns of springtails across Europe. Results A total of 114 morphospecies from 14 families was collected. Species richness of Fynbos sites ranged from 14 to 31 species, which was not significantly different to that previously reported for non‐Fynbos locations and generally within expectations given the temperature, rainfall and productive energy of each site. Beta diversity was high across all pairwise comparisons of Fynbos sites and dominated by species replacement rather than assemblage nestedness. Relative to the distance between sites, Fynbos assemblages, with a median inter‐site distance of 140 km, showed beta diversity substantially higher than in European assemblages, which had a median inter‐site distance of 1,270 km. Main conclusions Alpha diversity of Fynbos Collembola assemblages is in keeping with species richness expectations. By contrast, beta diversity is high given the small distances among sites and is characterized predominantly by species turnover. These patterns of unremarkable alpha diversity, but high turnover among sites are comparable to many Fynbos plant groups. The mechanisms giving rise to high beta diversity of the plants may also have led to high diversity in other taxa.

Opportunities for agent‐based modelling in human dimensions of fisheries - Matthew G. Burgess; Ernesto Carrella; Michael Drexler; Robert L. Axtell; Richard M. Bailey; James R. Watson; Reniel B. Cabral; Michaela Clemence; Christopher Costello; Chris Dorsett; Steven D. Gaines; Emily S. Klein; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2020)
Models of human dimensions of fisheries are important to understanding and predicting how fishing industries respond to changes in marine ecosystems and management institutions. Advances in computation have made it possible to construct agent‐based models (ABMs)—which explicitly describe the behaviour of individual people, firms or vessels in order to understand and predict their aggregate behaviours. ABMs are widely used for both academic and applied purposes in many settings including finance, urban planning and the military, but are not yet mainstream in fisheries science and management, despite a growing literature. ABMs are well suited to understanding emergent consequences of fisher interactions, heterogeneity and bounded rationality, especially in complex ecological, social and institutional contexts. For these reasons, we argue that ABMs of human behaviour can contribute significantly to human dimensions of fisheries in three areas: (a) understanding interactions between multiple management institutions; (b) incorporating cognitive and behavioural sciences into fisheries science and practice; and (c) understanding and projecting the social consequences of management institutions. We provide simple examples illustrating the potential for ABMs in each of these areas, using conceptual (“toy”) versions of the POSEIDON model. We argue that salient strategic advances in these areas could pave the way for increased tactical use of ABMs in fishery management settings. We review common ABM development and application challenges, with the aim of providing guidance to beginning ABM developers and users studying human dimensions of fisheries.

Ghosts of the past: how drought legacy effects shape forest functioning and carbon cycling - Steven A. Kannenberg; Christopher R. Schwalm; William R. L. Anderegg (Ecology Letters, 2020)
Multi‐year lags in tree drought recovery, termed ‘drought legacy effects’, are important for understanding the impacts of drought on forest ecosystems, including carbon (C) cycle feedbacks to climate change. Despite the ubiquity of lags in drought recovery, large uncertainties remain regarding the mechanistic basis of legacy effects and their importance for the C cycle. In this review, we identify the approaches used to study legacy effects, from tree rings to whole forests. We then discuss key knowledge gaps pertaining to the causes of legacy effects, and how the various mechanisms that may contribute these lags in drought recovery could have contrasting implications for the C cycle. Furthermore, we conduct a novel data synthesis and find that legacy effects differ drastically in both size and length across the US depending on if they are identified in tree rings versus gross primary productivity. Finally, we highlight promising approaches for future research to improve our capacity to model legacy effects and predict their impact on forest health. We emphasise that a holistic view of legacy effects – from tissues to whole forests – will advance our understanding of legacy effects and stimulate efforts to investigate drought recovery via experimental, observational and modelling approaches.

Annual Bands in Vertebrae Validated by Bomb Radiocarbon Assays Provide Estimates of Age and Growth of Whale Sharks - Joyce J. L. Ong; Mark G. Meekan; Hua Hsun Hsu; L. Paul Fanning; Steven E. Campana (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Sub-Arctic Field Degradation of Metsulfuron-Methyl in Two Alaskan Soils and Microbial Community Composition Effects - Patrick L. Tomco; Steven S. Seefeldt; Katinna Rodriguez-Baisi; Jasmine J. Hatton; Khrystyne N. Duddleston (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2020)

Estimates of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) utilization by monarch larvae (Danaus plexippus) and the significance of larval movement - Kelsey E. Fisher; Richard L. Hellmich; Steven P. Bradbury (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2020)

Microspatial Differences in Soil Temperature Cause Phenology Change on Par with Long-Term Climate Warming in Salt Marshes - Jessica L. O’Connell; Merryl Alber; Steven C. Pennings (Ecosystems, 2020)

ALE meta-analysis, its role in node identification and the effects on estimates of local network organization - Dimitri Falco; Asadur Chowdury; David R. Rosenberg; Steven L. Bressler; Vaibhav A. Diwadkar (Brain Structure and Function, 2020)

Nutrient availability controls the impact of mammalian herbivores on soil carbon and nitrogen pools in grasslands - Judith Sitters; E. R. Jasper Wubs; Elisabeth S. Bakker; Thomas W. Crowther; Peter B. Adler; Sumanta Bagchi; Jonathan D. Bakker; Lori Biederman; Elizabeth T. Borer; Elsa E. Cleland; Nico Eisenhauer; Jennifer Firn; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Grasslands are subject to considerable alteration due to human activities globally, including widespread changes in populations and composition of large mammalian herbivores and elevated supply of nutrients. Grassland soils remain important reservoirs of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Herbivores may affect both C and N pools and these changes likely interact with increases in soil nutrient availability. Given the scale of grassland soil fluxes, such changes can have striking consequences for atmospheric C concentrations and the climate. Here, we use the Nutrient Network experiment to examine the responses of soil C and N pools to mammalian herbivore exclusion across 22 grasslands, under ambient and elevated nutrient availabilities (fertilized with NPK + micronutrients). We show that the impact of herbivore exclusion on soil C and N pools depends on fertilization. Under ambient nutrient conditions, we observed no effect of herbivore exclusion, but under elevated nutrient supply, pools are smaller upon herbivore exclusion. The highest mean soil C and N pools were found in grazed and fertilized plots. The decrease in soil C and N upon herbivore exclusion in combination with fertilization correlated with a decrease in aboveground plant biomass and microbial activity, indicating a reduced storage of organic matter and microbial residues as soil C and N. The response of soil C and N pools to herbivore exclusion was contingent on temperature – herbivores likely cause losses of C and N in colder sites and increases in warmer sites. Additionally, grasslands that contain mammalian herbivores have the potential to sequester more N under increased temperature variability and nutrient enrichment than ungrazed grasslands. Our study highlights the importance of conserving mammalian herbivore populations in grasslands worldwide. We need to incorporate local‐scale herbivory, and its interaction with nutrient enrichment and climate, within global‐scale models to better predict land–atmosphere interactions under future climate change.

The Deep Sea and Me: Using a Science Center Exhibit to Promote Lasting Public Literacy and Elucidate Public Perception of the Deep Sea - Katherine D. Darr; Jennifer L. East; Sarah Seabrook; Steven J. Dundas; Andrew R. Thurber (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Preparing for a changing future in recreational fisheries: 100 research questions for global consideration emerging from a horizon scan - Peter E. Holder; Amanda L. Jeanson; Robert J. Lennox; Jacob W. Brownscombe; Robert Arlinghaus; Andy J. Danylchuk; Shannon D. Bower; Kieran Hyder; Len M. Hunt; Eli P. Fenichel; Paul A. Venturelli; Eva B. Thorstad; et al. (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2020)

Effects of a methamphetamine vaccine, IXT-v100, on methamphetamine-related behaviors - Courtney M Keller; Allyson L Spence; Misty W Stevens; S. Michael Owens; Glenn F Guerin; Nicholas E Goeders (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Investigating connectivity between two sardine stocks off South Africa using a high‐resolution IBM: Retention and transport success of sardine eggs - Alice M. McGrath; Juliet C. Hermes; Coleen L. Moloney; Claude Roy; Gildas Cambon; Steven Herbette; Carl D. van der Lingen (Fisheries Oceanography, 2020)
This study applied a previously used Lagrangian individual‐based model (IBM) for sardine in the Southern Benguela to an improved and more robust hydrodynamic model to investigate whether a more representative spatial coverage, greater horizontal and vertical resolution, more realistic winds and improved representation of mesoscale features such as eddies and filaments would give different results for transport and retention of early life stages. Despite major differences between the old and new hydrodynamic models, overall the IBM results were quite similar to the previous southern Benguela sardine IBM study. This surprising result indicates that it is the macroscale circulation features resolved by the two hydrodynamic models that are controlling transport and retention of sardine early life stages. The contribution of transient mesoscale features such as eddies and filaments appears to be less important when transport patterns are averaged over the 21‐year‐long experiment. Another aim of this study was to better estimate the contribution of south coast spawning to west coast sardine recruitment. This was possible because of an eastward extension of the geographical domain of the new hydrodynamic model which provided a more realistic representation of the south coast spawning ground. Three main spawning and nursery area systems, similar to those identified in the previous sardine IBM, were identified: west coast and west coast (WC‐WC), south coast and west coast (SC‐WC), and south coast and south coast (SC‐SC). Spawning area proved to be an important determinant of modelled retention and transport success, with spawning depth also playing an important role on the west coast. The main difference observed from the previous study was an increase in the average percentage of particles released on the south coast and transported to the west coast (P 0 , 17.4%). This indicates more connectivity between the southern and western sardine stocks than previously thought and is therefore important for fishery management. Standardized anomalies from the modelled retention/transport were compared with recruitment estimates from stock assessment models but there was no correlation between the two sets of anomalies. However, a significant correlation was observed between the modelled retention/transport anomalies for the west coast and total cumulative upwelling anomalies for the Southern Benguela ( r = −0.67, p

In Memoriam: Nicolaas Johannes Marie (Niek) Gremmen (July 13, 1948–August 11, 2019) - Ad Huiskes; Steven L. Chown (Polar Biology, 2020)

The pharmacokinetics of meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactam during sustained low efficiency haemodiafiltration (SLED-HDF) - Sine Donnellan; Daniel F. B. Wright; Jason A. Roberts; Stephen B. Duffull; John B. W. Schollum; Tracey L. Putt; Steven C. Wallis; Robert J. Walker (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020)

A sensitivity study on the response of convection initiation to in situ soil moisture in the central United States - Shanshui Yuan; Yuechun Wang; Steven M. Quiring; Trent W. Ford; Adam L. Houston (Climate Dynamics, 2020)

Unconventional high-pressure Raman spectroscopy study of kinetic and peak pressure effects in plagioclase feldspars - Melissa Sims; Steven J. Jaret; Jeffrey R. Johnson; Matthew L. Whitaker; Timothy D. Glotch (Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 2020)
We present the results of a high-pressure semi-hydrostatic study of two plagioclase minerals, andesine and albite, using diamond anvil cells (DACs) to characterize in situ variations in Raman spectra under different static pressures. In this work, we also examined the kinetic effects on deformation at both long and short timescales through non-traditional experiments in which the DAC was either dropped or struck with a mallet. We examined the effects of strain rate, quench rate, and pressure duration on the Raman spectra of plagioclase. We observed that amorphization occurred in all the plagioclase samples we analyzed, and that amorphization onset and permanence differ depending on the composition, kinetics, energy input, and peak pressure. In andesine, samples pressurized above a peak pressure of 18 GPa, amorphization is permanent. Below this critical pressure, the phase has ‘memory’, and crystalline andesine reforms on decompression. Our findings suggest the presence of a thermodynamic energy well in andesine around 18 GPa, and we show that any additional energy input while close to 18 GPa results in amorphization becoming permanent. The effect of the energy well may be relevant for longer duration impacts. For such impacts, equilibrium state studies of deformation and phase formation were previously considered to be applicable. These experiments illuminating the presence of memory effects in plagioclase have implications for comparing static compression, in which samples are measured while under compression, with shock compression, for which samples are measured after decompression.

Swabbing the surface: critical factors in environmental monitoring and a path towards standardization and improvement - Sarah L. Jones; Steven C. Ricke; D. Keith Roper; Kristen E. Gibson (Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2020)

Convergence of DNA Methylation Profiles of the Reef Coral Porites astreoides in a Novel Environment - James L. Dimond; Steven B. Roberts (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Inflammation-associated suppression of metabolic gene networks in acute and chronic liver disease - Gisela Campos; Wolfgang Schmidt-Heck; Jonathan De Smedt; Agata Widera; Ahmed Ghallab; Larissa Pütter; Daniela González; Karolina Edlund; Cristina Cadenas; Rosemarie Marchan; Reinhard Guthke; Catherine Verfaillie; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2020)

Development of the STAR Evaluation System for Assessing Bicycle Helmet Protective Performance - Megan L. Bland; Craig McNally; David S. Zuby; Becky C. Mueller; Steven Rowson (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

Multilocus phylogeny of a cryptic radiation of Afrotropical long‐fingered bats (Chiroptera, Miniopteridae) - Terrence C. Demos; Paul W. Webala; Holly L. Lutz; Julian C. Kerbis Peterhans; Steven M. Goodman; Natalia Cortés‐Delgado; Michael Bartonjo; Bruce D. Patterson (Zoologica Scripta, 2020)
The Old World bat family Miniopteridae comprises only the genus Miniopterus , which includes 20 currently recognized species from the Afrotropical realm and 15 species from Eurasia and Australasia. Since 2003, the number of recognized Miniopterus species has grown from 19 to 35, with most newly described species endemic to Madagascar and the Comoros Archipelago. We investigated genetic variation, phylogenetic relationships and clade membership in Miniopterus focusing on Afrotropical taxa. We generated mitochondrial cytochrome‐ b (cyt‐ b ) and nuclear intron data (five genes) from 352 vouchered individuals collected at 78 georeferenced localities. Including 99 additional mitochondrial sequences from GenBank, we analysed a total of 25 recognized species. Mitochondrial genetic distances among cyt‐ b ‐supported clades averaged 9.3%, representing as many as five undescribed species. Multilocus coalescent delimitation strongly supported the genetic isolation of eight of nine tested unnamed clades. A large number of sampled clades in sub‐Saharan Africa are distributed wholly or partly in East Africa (nine of 13 clades), suggesting that Miniopterus diversity has been grossly underestimated. Although 25 of 27 cyt‐ b and 23 of 25 nuclear gene tree lineages from the Afrotropics were strongly supported as monophyletic, a majority of deep nodes were poorly resolved in phylogenetic analyses. Long terminal branches subtending short backbone internodes in the phylogenetic analyses suggest a rapid radiation model of diversification. This hypothesis needs to be tested using more phylogenetically informative data.

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access - Jens Kattge; Gerhard Bönisch; Sandra Díaz; Sandra Lavorel; Iain Colin Prentice; Paul Leadley; Susanne Tautenhahn; Gijsbert D. A. Werner; Tuomas Aakala; Mehdi Abedi; Alicia T. R. Acosta; George C. Adamidis; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.

Marine Vertebrate Biodiversity and Distribution Within the Central California Current Using Environmental DNA (eDNA) Metabarcoding and Ecosystem Surveys - Collin J. Closek; Jarrod A. Santora; Hilary A. Starks; Isaac D. Schroeder; Elizabeth A. Andruszkiewicz; Keith M. Sakuma; Steven J. Bograd; Elliott L. Hazen; John C. Field; Alexandria B. Boehm (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Potential for industrial ecology to support healthcare sustainability: Scoping review of a fragmented literature and conceptual framework for future research - Alexander Cimprich; Jair Santillán‐Saldivar; Cassandra L. Thiel; Guido Sonnemann; Steven B. Young (Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2019)
Summary Healthcare is a critical service sector with a sizable environmental footprint from both direct activities and the indirect emissions of related products and infrastructure. As in all other sectors, the “inside‐out” environmental impacts of healthcare (e.g., from greenhouse gas emissions, smog‐forming emissions, and acidifying emissions) are harmful to public health. The environmental footprint of healthcare is subject to upward pressure from several factors, including the expansion of healthcare services in developing economies, global population growth, and aging demographics. These factors are compounded by the deployment of increasingly sophisticated medical procedures, equipment, and technologies that are energy‐ and resource‐intensive. From an “outside‐in” perspective, on the other hand, healthcare systems are increasingly susceptible to the effects of climate change, limited resource access, and other external influences. We conducted a comprehensive scoping review of the existing literature on environmental issues and other sustainability aspects in healthcare, based on a representative sample from over 1,700 articles published between 1987 and 2017. To guide our review of this fragmented literature, and to build a conceptual foundation for future research, we developed an industrial ecology framework for healthcare sustainability. Our framework conceptualizes the healthcare sector as comprising “foreground systems” of healthcare service delivery that are dependent on “background product systems.” By mapping the existing literature onto our framework, we highlight largely untapped opportunities for the industrial ecology community to use “top‐down” and “bottom‐up” approaches to build an evidence base for healthcare sustainability.

Challenges to Educating Smokers About Lung Cancer Screening: a Qualitative Study of Decision Making Experiences in Primary Care - Preston A. Greene; George Sayre; Jaimee L. Heffner; Deborah E. Klein; Paul Krebs; David H. Au; Steven B. Zeliadt (Journal of Cancer Education, 2019)

Robustness of trait connections across environmental gradients and growth forms - Habacuc Flores‐Moreno; Farideh Fazayeli; Arindam Banerjee; Abhirup Datta; Jens Kattge; Ethan E. Butler; Owen K. Atkin; Kirk Wythers; Ming Chen; Madhur Anand; Michael Bahn; Chaeho Byun; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2019)
Aim Plant trait databases often contain traits that are correlated, but for whom direct (undirected statistical dependency) and indirect (mediated by other traits) connections may be confounded. The confounding of correlation and connection hinders our understanding of plant strategies, and how these vary among growth forms and climate zones. We identified the direct and indirect connections across plant traits relevant to competition, resource acquisition and reproductive strategies using a global database and explored whether connections within and between traits from different tissue types vary across climates and growth forms. Location Global. Major taxa studied Plants. Time period Present. Methods We used probabilistic graphical models and a database of 10 plant traits (leaf area, specific leaf area, mass‐ and area‐based leaf nitrogen and phosphorous content, leaf life span, plant height, stem specific density and seed mass) with 16,281 records to describe direct and indirect connections across woody and non‐woody plants across tropical, temperate, arid, cold and polar regions. Results Trait networks based on direct connections are sparser than those based on correlations. Land plants had high connectivity across traits within and between tissue types; leaf life span and stem specific density shared direct connections with all other traits. For both growth forms, two groups of traits form modules of more highly connected traits; one related to resource acquisition, the other to plant architecture and reproduction. Woody species had higher trait network modularity in polar compared to temperate and tropical climates, while non‐woody species did not show significant differences in modularity across climate regions. Main conclusions Plant traits are highly connected both within and across tissue types, yet traits segregate into persistent modules of traits. Variation in the modularity of trait networks suggests that trait connectivity is shaped by prevailing environmental conditions and demonstrates that plants of different growth forms use alternative strategies to cope with local conditions.

Mapping and characterization of two stem rust resistance genes derived from cultivated emmer wheat accession PI 193883 - Jyoti S. Sharma; Qijun Zhang; Matthew N. Rouse; Daryl L. Klindworth; Timothy L. Friesen; Yunming Long; Pablo D. Olivera; Yue Jin; Phillip E. McClean; Steven S. Xu; Justin D. Faris (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2019)

Experimental cryoconite holes as mesocosms for studying community ecology - Pacifica Sommers; Dorota L. Porazinska; John L. Darcy; Felix Zamora; Andrew G. Fountain; Steven K. Schmidt (Polar Biology, 2019)

Editorial - Lee E. Brown; Jakob L. Vingren; Steven J. Fleck (Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, 2019)

Can the inclusion of uniconazole improve the effectiveness of acibenzolar-S-methyl in managing bacterial speck (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) and bacterial spot (Xanthomonas gardneri) in tomato? - Cheryl L. Trueman; Steven A. Loewen; Paul H. Goodwin (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2019)

Belowground Biomass Response to Nutrient Enrichment Depends on Light Limitation Across Globally Distributed Grasslands - Elsa E. Cleland; Eric M. Lind; Nicole M. DeCrappeo; Elizabeth DeLorenze; Rachel Abbott Wilkins; Peter B. Adler; Jonathan D. Bakker; Cynthia S. Brown; Kendi F. Davies; Ellen Esch; Jennifer Firn; Scott Gressard; et al. (Ecosystems, 2019)

Intramuscular fast-flow vascular anomaly contains somatic MAP2K1 and KRAS mutations - Jeremy A. Goss; Dennis J. Konczyk; Patrick J. Smits; Harry P. W. Kozakewich; Ahmad I. Alomari; Alyaa Al-Ibraheemi; Amir H. Taghinia; Belinda H. Dickie; Denise M. Adams; Steven J. Fishman; John B. Mulliken; Matthew L. Warman; et al. (Angiogenesis, 2019)

Passage survival of European and American eels at Francis and propeller turbines - Paul G. Heisey; Dilip Mathur; Joanne L. Phipps; Jerry Christopher Avalos; Cory E. Hoffman; Steven W. Adams; Eric De‐Oliveira (Journal of Fish Biology, 2019)
We present the magnitude of losses of European eel Anguilla anguilla and American eel A. rostrata in passage through propeller and Francis turbines at hydroelectric projects. Survival and injury rates and types were turbine type related. Overall, eel survival was higher (mean ± 90% CI = 95.1 ± 5.3%,) and injury rate lower (12.5 ± 10.5) at Francis than propeller turbines (survival = 80.7 ± 6.4%; injury rate = 25.7 ± 7.9%). The common injury type at Francis turbines was bruises and at propeller turbines was severance. Blade shape and thickness of the leading edge of the blades (rounded, thick buckets of Francis turbines v . flatter, sharper edged blades in propeller turbines); eel entry routes into the turbines; their flexible, cylindrical body shape and orientation probably contributed to these differences. Relationship between survival and injury and turbine characteristics was turbine specific. For Francis turbines, one negative correlation ( r = −0.986, P r = 0.740, P r = 0.835, P

Tandem host‐parasite dispersal inferred from similarities in phylogeographical patterns among Little Penguins and their ‘terrestrial’ ectoparasites - Katherine L. Moon; Steven L. Chown; Ceridwen I. Fraser (Journal of Biogeography, 2019)
Aim Organisms with poor intrinsic dispersal capacity, such as parasites, often rely entirely on transport with host species that have a greater dispersal capacity. Penguins, for example, are exploited by terrestrial ectoparasites when they come ashore to breed. Recent research indicates that Little Penguin ( Eudyptula minor and E. novaehollandiae ) hard ticks ( Ixodes eudyptidis and I. kohlsi ) may be capable of surviving short periods (days) at sea with their hosts, but their capacity to survive longer voyages (weeks) is not known. We here aimed to assess whether phylogeographical patterns in Little Penguins and their ticks indicate that the terrestrial ectoparasites are able to disperse long distances at sea with their swimming hosts. Location Southern Australia and New Zealand. Taxon Ixodes eudyptidis and I. kohlsi ticks. Methods We conducted a broad‐scale genomic assessment of Little Penguin ticks from across their hosts’ ranges in Australia and New Zealand. Using genotyping by sequencing, we generated SNP data sets from ticks from 14 penguin colonies, and analysed phylogeographical structure. We included ticks from some sympatric flighted seabirds to verify host specificity. Results We resolved two distinct lineages of Ixodes from Little Penguins, with one restricted to Australia, and the other found throughout New Zealand and in low numbers at some eastern Australian sites. Both lineages exhibited phylogeographical structure consistent with patterns observed in their hosts, with some evidence of occasional oceanic dispersal, including across the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand. Ticks from sympatric short‐tailed shearwaters ( Ardenna tenuirostris ), which disperse aerially, were genetically distinct from those collected from Little Penguins, supporting prior evidence of host specificity in seabird ticks. Main conclusions The most parsimonious explanation for our results is that ticks can travel at sea with Little Penguins. We infer that some terrestrial ectoparasites associated with aquatically dispersing hosts have evolved the capacity to survive oceanic voyages.

A review of methods for quantifying spatial predator–prey overlap - Gemma Carroll; Kirstin K. Holsman; Stephanie Brodie; James T. Thorson; Elliott L. Hazen; Steven J. Bograd; Melissa A. Haltuch; Stan Kotwicki; Jameal Samhouri; Paul Spencer; Ellen Willis‐Norton; Rebecca L. Selden (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2019)
Background Studies that attempt to measure shifts in species distributions often consider a single species in isolation. However, understanding changes in spatial overlap between predators and their prey might provide deeper insight into how species redistribution affects food web dynamics. Predator–prey overlap metrics Here, we review a suite of 10 metrics [range overlap, area overlap, the local index of collocation (Pianka's O ), Hurlbert's index, biomass‐weighted overlap, asymmetrical alpha, Schoener's D , Bhattacharyya's coefficient, the global index of collocation and the AB ratio] that describe how two species overlap in space, using concepts such as binary co‐occurrence, encounter rates, spatial niche similarity, spatial independence, geographical similarity and trophic transfer. We describe the specific ecological insights that can be gained using each overlap metric, in order to determine which is most appropriate for describing spatial predator–prey interactions for different applications. Simulation and case study We use simulated predator and prey distributions to demonstrate how the 10 metrics respond to variation in three types of predator–prey interactions: changing spatial overlap between predator and prey, changing predator population size and changing patterns of predator aggregation in response to prey density. We also apply these overlap metrics to a case study of a predatory fish (arrowtooth flounder, Atheresthes stomias ) and its prey (juvenile walleye pollock, Gadus chalcogrammus ) in the Eastern Bering Sea, AK, USA. We show how the metrics can be applied to understand spatial and temporal variation in the overlap of species distributions in this rapidly changing Arctic ecosystem. Conclusions Using both simulated and empirical data, we provide a roadmap for ecologists and other practitioners to select overlap metrics to describe particular aspects of spatial predator–prey interactions. We outline a range of research and management applications for which each metric may be suited.

Supporting Spartina : Interdisciplinary perspective shows Spartina as a distinct solid genus - Alejandro Bortolus; Paul Adam; Janine B. Adams; Malika L. Ainouche; Debra Ayres; Mark D. Bertness; Tjeerd J. Bouma; John F. Bruno; Isabel Caçador; James T. Carlton; Jesus M. Castillo; Cesar S. B. Costa; et al. (Ecology, 2019)
In 2014, a DNA‐based phylogenetic study confirming the paraphyly of the grass subtribe Sporobolinae proposed the creation of a large monophyletic genus Sporobolus , including (among others) species previously included in the genera Spartina , Calamovilfa , and Sporobolus. Spartina species have contributed substantially (and continue contributing) to our knowledge in multiple disciplines, including ecology, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, biogeography, experimental ecology, biological invasions, environmental management, restoration ecology, history, economics, and sociology. There is no rationale so compelling to subsume the name Spartina as a subgenus that could rival the striking, global iconic history and use of the name Spartina for over 200 yr. We do not agree with the subjective arguments underlying the proposal to change Spartina to Sporobolus . We understand the importance of both the objective phylogenetic insights and of the subjective formalized nomenclature and hope that by opening this debate we will encourage positive feedback that will strengthen taxonomic decisions with an interdisciplinary perspective. We consider that the strongly distinct, monophyletic clade Spartina should simply and efficiently be treated as the genus Spartina .

Understanding the Tabletability Differences between Indomethacin Polymorphs Using Powder Brillouin Light Scattering - Beth A. Young; Dherya Bahl; Lewis L. Stevens (Pharmaceutical Research, 2019)

Correction to: Progress on bringing together raptor collections in Europe for contaminant research and monitoring in relation to chemicals regulation - Paola Movalli; Guy Duke; Gloria Ramello; René Dekker; Al Vrezec; Richard F. Shore; Antonio García-Fernández; Chris Wernham; Oliver Krone; Nikiforos Alygizakis; Alexander Badry; Fausto Barbagli; et al. (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019)

Ability of known susceptibility SNPs to predict colorectal cancer risk for persons with and without a family history - Mark A. Jenkins; Aung K. Win; James G. Dowty; Robert J. MacInnis; Enes Makalic; Daniel F. Schmidt; Gillian S. Dite; Mirosl Kapuscinski; Mark Clendenning; Christophe Rosty; Ingrid M. Winship; Jon D. Emery; et al. (Familial Cancer, 2019)

Repetitive Head Impact Exposure in College Football Following an NCAA Rule Change to Eliminate Two-A-Day Preseason Practices: A Study from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium - Brian D. Stemper; Alok S. Shah; Jaroslaw Harezlak; Steven Rowson; Stefan Duma; Jason P. Mihalik; Larry D. Riggen; Alison Brooks; Kenneth L. Cameron; Christopher C. Giza; Megan N. Houston; Jonathan Jackson; et al. (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2019)

Level of Agreement Between Human-Rated and Instrumented Balance Error Scoring System Scores - Megan N. Houston; Matthew C. Hoch; Steven R. Malvasi; Karen Y. Peck; Steven J. Svoboda; Kenneth L. Cameron (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2019)

Comparison of Head Impact Exposure Between Concussed Football Athletes and Matched Controls: Evidence for a Possible Second Mechanism of Sport-Related Concussion - Brian D. Stemper; Alok S. Shah; Jaroslaw Harezlak; Steven Rowson; Jason P. Mihalik; Stefan M. Duma; Larry D. Riggen; Alison Brooks; Kenneth L. Cameron; Darren Campbell; John P. DiFiori; Christopher C. Giza; et al. (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2019)

Influence of occupation history and habitat on Washington sea otter diet - Jessica R. Hale; Kristin L. Laidre; M. Tim Tinker; Ronald J. Jameson; Steven J. Jeffries; Shawn E. Larson; James L. Bodkin (Marine Mammal Science, 2019)
Habitat characteristics are primary determinants of nearshore marine communities. However, biological drivers like predation can also be important for community composition. Sea otters ( Enhydra lutris ssp.) are a salient example of a keystone species exerting top‐down control on ecosystem community structure. The translocation and subsequent population growth and range expansion of the northern sea otter ( Enhydra lutris kenyoni ) in Washington State over the last five decades has created a spatio‐temporal gradient in sea otter occupation time and density, and acts as a natural experiment to quantify how sea otter population status and habitat type influence sea otter diet. We collected focal observations of sea otters foraging at sites across the gradient in varying habitat types between 2010 and 2017. We quantified sea otter diet composition and diversity, and long‐term rates of energy gain across the gradient. We found that sea otter diet diversity was positively correlated with cumulative sea otter density, while rate of energy gain was negatively correlated with cumulative density. Additionally, we found that habitat type explained 1.77 times more variance in sea otter diet composition than sea otter cumulative density. Long‐term diet studies can provide a broader picture of sea otter population status in Washington State.

Intensified inundation shifts a freshwater wetland from a CO 2 sink to a source - Junbin Zhao; Sparkle L. Malone; Steven F. Oberbauer; Paulo C. Olivas; Jessica L. Schedlbauer; Christina L. Staudhammer; Gregory Starr (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Climate change has altered global precipitation patterns and has led to greater variation in hydrological conditions. Wetlands are important globally for their soil carbon storage. Given that wetland carbon processes are primarily driven by hydrology, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of inundation is needed. In this study, we evaluated the effect of water level (WL) and inundation duration (ID) on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) fluxes by analysing a 10‐year (2008–2017) eddy covariance dataset from a seasonally inundated freshwater marl prairie in the Everglades National Park. Both gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) rates showed declines under inundation. While GPP rates decreased almost linearly as WL and ID increased, ER rates were less responsive to WL increase beyond 30 cm and extended inundation periods. The unequal responses between GPP and ER caused a weaker net ecosystem CO 2 sink strength as inundation intensity increased. Eventually, the ecosystem tended to become a net CO 2 source on a daily basis when either WL exceeded 46 cm or inundation lasted longer than 7 months. Particularly, with an extended period of high‐WLs in 2016 (i.e., WL remained >40 cm for >9 months), the ecosystem became a CO 2 source, as opposed to being a sink or neutral for CO 2 in other years. Furthermore, the extreme inundation in 2016 was followed by a 4‐month postinundation period with lower net ecosystem CO 2 uptake compared to other years. Given that inundation plays a key role in controlling ecosystem CO 2 balance, we suggest that a future with more intensive inundation caused by climate change or water management activities can weaken the CO 2 sink strength of the Everglades freshwater marl prairies and similar wetlands globally, creating a positive feedback to climate change.

Future Ocean Observations to Connect Climate, Fisheries and Marine Ecosystems - Jörn O. Schmidt; Steven J. Bograd; Haritz Arrizabalaga; José L. Azevedo; Steven J. Barbeaux; John A. Barth; Tim Boyer; Stephanie Brodie; Juan José Cárdenas; Scott Cross; Jean-Noël Druon; Agneta Fransson; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Bioaccumulation of methylmercury in wood frogs and spotted salamanders in Vermont vernal pools - Steven D. Faccio; Kate L. Buckman; John D. Lloyd; Amanda N. Curtis; Vivien F. Taylor (Ecotoxicology, 2019)

Optimising Seagrass Conservation for Ecological Functions - Christopher J. Henderson; Tim Stevens; Shing Y. Lee; Ben L. Gilby; Thomas A. Schlacher; Rod M. Connolly; Jan Warnken; Paul S. Maxwell; Andrew D. Olds (Ecosystems, 2019)

SNP discovery in European lobster (Homarus gammarus) using RAD sequencing - Tom L. Jenkins; Charlie D. Ellis; Jamie R. Stevens (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2019)

Internal waves influence the thermal and nutrient environment on a shallow coral reef - Emma C. Reid; Thomas M. DeCarlo; Anne L. Cohen; George T. F. Wong; Steven J. Lentz; Aryan Safaie; Austin Hall; Kristen A. Davis (Limnology and Oceanography, 2019)
Internal waves can influence water properties in coastal ecosystems through the shoreward transport and mixing of subthermocline water into the nearshore region. In June 2014, a field experiment was conducted at Dongsha Atoll in the northern South China Sea to study the impact of internal waves on a coral reef. Instrumentation included a distributed temperature sensing system, which resolved spatially and temporally continuous temperature measurements over a 4‐km cross‐reef section from the lagoon to 50‐m depth on the fore reef. Our observations show that during summer, internal waves shoaling on the shallow atoll regularly transport cold, nutrient‐rich water shoreward, altering near‐surface water properties on the fore reef. This water is transported shoreward of the reef crest by tides, breaking surface waves and wind‐driven flow, where it significantly alters the water temperature and nutrient concentrations on the reef flat. We find that without internal wave forcing on the fore reef, temperatures on the reef flat could be up to 2.0°C ± 0.2°C warmer. Additionally, we estimate a change in degree heating weeks of 0.7°C‐weeks warmer without internal waves, which significantly increases the probability of a more severe bleaching event occurring at Dongsha Atoll. Furthermore, using nutrient samples collected on the fore reef during the study, we estimated that instantaneous onshore nitrate flux is about four‐fold higher with internal waves than without internal waves. This work highlights the importance of internal waves as a physical mechanism shaping the nearshore environment, and likely supporting resilience of the reef.

The ecological biogeography of indigenous and introduced Antarctic springtails - Helena P. Baird; Charlene Janion‐Scheepers; Mark I. Stevens; Rachel I. Leihy; Steven L. Chown (Journal of Biogeography, 2019)
Aim We investigated turnover and richness in Antarctic springtails to understand large‐scale patterns in soil faunal diversity and how these are altered by biological invasions. Location Antarctica and the Southern Ocean Islands. Taxon Collembola (springtails). Methods We developed a database of all springtail species recorded from the Antarctic region. The relationship of species richness and turnover to high‐resolution environmental data was explored using generalized linear models and generalized dissimilarity models, and compared among indigenous and introduced species. Endemicity and species turnover were assessed using beta‐diversity and multi‐site zeta diversity metrics to explore whether introduced species have homogenized assemblages across the region. Results Indigenous, endemic and introduced species richness covaried positively with temperature. Endemic richness was further related to thermal heterogeneity, and introduced species richness to human occupancy. Indigenous and introduced species richness covaried positively. Species turnover across the region was high, and the introduction of non‐indigenous species further differentiated assemblages. Species similarity between sites was not related to distance, nor was geographic isolation correlated with species richness. Assemblage turnover was influenced by the area and temperature range of islands. Main conclusions Energy availability appears to be the primary covariate of species richness, with human presence additionally influencing introduced species richness, in agreement with other soil‐dwelling taxa. Dispersal limitation surprisingly does not seem to be important in structuring these assemblages, nor does island age appear to affect richness; this may in part reflect the severe glacial history of the region. The differentiating effect of introduced species on assemblages suggests that anthropogenic introductions originate from distinct source pools, challenging common assumptions for the Antarctic. Positive covariance between indigenous and introduced species richness accords with the “rich get richer” hypothesis. Thus, the most biotically diverse terrestrial areas of Antarctica may be the most prone to future biological invasion.

Linking drought legacy effects across scales: From leaves to tree rings to ecosystems - Steven A. Kannenberg; Kimberly A. Novick; M. Ross Alexander; Justin T. Maxwell; David J. P. Moore; Richard P. Phillips; William R. L. Anderegg (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Severe drought can cause lagged effects on tree physiology that negatively impact forest functioning for years. These “drought legacy effects” have been widely documented in tree‐ring records and could have important implications for our understanding of broader scale forest carbon cycling. However, legacy effects in tree‐ring increments may be decoupled from ecosystem fluxes due to (a) postdrought alterations in carbon allocation patterns; (b) temporal asynchrony between radial growth and carbon uptake; and (c) dendrochronological sampling biases. In order to link legacy effects from tree rings to whole forests, we leveraged a rich dataset from a Midwestern US forest that was severely impacted by a drought in 2012. At this site, we compiled tree‐ring records, leaf‐level gas exchange, eddy flux measurements, dendrometer band data, and satellite remote sensing estimates of greenness and leaf area before, during, and after the 2012 drought. After accounting for the relative abundance of tree species in the stand, we estimate that legacy effects led to ~10% reductions in tree‐ring width increments in the year following the severe drought. Despite this stand‐scale reduction in radial growth, we found that leaf‐level photosynthesis, gross primary productivity (GPP), and vegetation greenness were not suppressed in the year following the 2012 drought. Neither temporal asynchrony between radial growth and carbon uptake nor sampling biases could explain our observations of legacy effects in tree rings but not in GPP. Instead, elevated leaf‐level photosynthesis co‐occurred with reduced leaf area in early 2013, indicating that resources may have been allocated away from radial growth in conjunction with postdrought upregulation of photosynthesis and repair of canopy damage. Collectively, our results indicate that tree‐ring legacy effects were not observed in other canopy processes, and that postdrought canopy allocation could be an important mechanism that decouples tree‐ring signals from GPP.

Optical Properties of Living Corals Determined With Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy - Steven L. Jacques; Daniel Wangpraseurt; Michael Kühl (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Typha (Cattail) Invasion in North American Wetlands: Biology, Regional Problems, Impacts, Ecosystem Services, and Management - Sheel Bansal; Shane C. Lishawa; Sue Newman; Brian A. Tangen; Douglas Wilcox; Dennis Albert; Michael J. Anteau; Michael J. Chimney; Ryann L. Cressey; Edward DeKeyser; Kenneth J. Elgersma; Sarah A. Finkelstein; et al. (Wetlands, 2019)

Preconditioning in the Rhesus Macaque Induces a Proteomic Signature Following Cerebral Ischemia that Is Associated with Neuroprotection - Susan L. Stevens; Tao Liu; Frances Rena Bahjat; Vladislav A. Petyuk; Athena A. Schepmoes; Ryan L. Sontag; Marina A. Gritsenko; Chaochao Wu; Sheng Wang; Anil K. Shukla; Jon M. Jacobs; Richard D. Smith; et al. (Translational Stroke Research, 2019)

Auditory pitch glides influence time-to-contact judgements of visual stimuli - Carly King; Steven L. Prime (Experimental Brain Research, 2019)

History matters: contemporary versus historic population structure of bobcats in the New England region, USA - Rory P. Carroll; Marian K. Litvaitis; Sarah J. Clements; Clark L. Stevens; John A. Litvaitis (Conservation Genetics, 2019)

Ocean Climate Observing Requirements in Support of Climate Research and Climate Information - Detlef Stammer; Annalisa Bracco; Krishna AchutaRao; Lisa Beal; Nathaniel L. Bindoff; Pascale Braconnot; Wenju Cai; Dake Chen; Matthew Collins; Gokhan Danabasoglu; Boris Dewitte; Riccardo Farneti; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Correction to: Genetic variant predictors of gene expression provide new insight into risk of colorectal cancer - Stephanie A. Bien; Yu-Ru Su; David V. Conti; Tabitha A. Harrison; Conghui Qu; Xingyi Guo; Yingchang Lu; Demetrius Albanes; Paul L. Auer; Barbara L. Banbury; Sonja I. Berndt; Stéphane Bézieau; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

A temporal and spatial map of axons in developing mouse prostate - Anne E. Turco; Mark T. Cadena; Helen L. Zhang; Jaskiran K. Sandhu; Steven R. Oakes; Thrishna Chathurvedula; Richard E. Peterson; Janet R. Keast; Chad M. Vezina (Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 2019)

Progress on bringing together raptor collections in Europe for contaminant research and monitoring in relation to chemicals regulation - Paola Movalli; Guy Duke; Gloria Ramello; René Dekker; Al Vrezec; Richard F. Shore; Antonio García-Fernández; Chris Wernham; Oliver Krone; Nikiforos Alygizakis; Alexander Badry; Fausto Barbagli; et al. (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019)

Methodological elements for optimising the spatial monitoring design to support regional benthic ecosystem assessments - Gert Van Hoey; Julia Wischnewski; Johan Craeymeersch; Jennifer Dannheim; Lisette Enserink; Laurent Guerin; Francisco Marco-Rius; Joey O’Connor; Henning Reiss; Anne F. Sell; Marie Vanden Berghe; Michael L. Zettler; et al. (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2019)

Correction to: The genomics of invasion: characterization of red lionfish (Pterois volitans) populations from the native and introduced ranges - M. O. Burford Reiskind; E. M. X. Reed; A. Elias; J. J. Giacomini; A. F. McNear; J. Nieuwsma; G. A. Parker; R. B. Roberts; R. E. Rossi; C. N. Stephenson; J. L. Stevens; B. E. Williams (Biological Invasions, 2019)

The genomics of invasion: characterization of red lionfish (Pterois volitans) populations from the native and introduced ranges - M. O. Burford Reiskind; E. M. X. Reed; A. Elias; J. J. Giacomini; A. F. McNear; J. Nieuwsma; G. A. Parker; R. B. Roberts; R. E. Rossi; C. N. Stephenson; J. L. Stevens; B. E. Williams (Biological Invasions, 2019)

Historical, current, and potential population size estimates of invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in the United States - Jesse S. Lewis; Joseph L. Corn; John J. Mayer; Thomas R. Jordan; Matthew L. Farnsworth; Christopher L. Burdett; Kurt C. VerCauteren; Steven J. Sweeney; Ryan S. Miller (Biological Invasions, 2019)

Feeding and respiration by giant barrel sponges across a gradient of food abundance in the Red Sea - Michael K. Wooster; Steven E. McMurray; Joseph R. Pawlik; Xosé A. G. Morán; Michael L. Berumen (Limnology and Oceanography, 2019)
While sponges are well‐known to be suspension feeders, consumption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) has recently been highlighted as a mechanism whereby sponges may avoid food limitation. Further, the sponge‐loop hypothesis proposes that sponges consume DOC and then release shed cellular detritus back to the reef benthos. We examined the carbon flux mediated by the giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia testudinaria , on reefs in the Red Sea across an inshore–offshore gradient that had previously been proposed to affect sponge nutrition in other parts of the tropics. Seawater samples were collected from the incurrent and excurrent flow of 35 sponges. Concentrations of total organic carbon and its components, DOC, live particulate organic carbon (LPOC), and detritus, were all significantly higher in incurrent seawater on inshore than offshore reefs. The diet of X. testudinaria was comprised primarily of DOC and detritus, with mean values across all reef sites of 61.5% DOC, 34.6% detritus, and 3.9% LPOC. Across the inshore–offshore gradient, there was evidence (1) of a threshold concentration of DOC (≈ 79 μ mol C L seawater −1 ) below which sponges ceased to be net consumers of DOC, and (2) that sponges on offshore reefs were food limited, with a mean carbon deficit relative to sponges on inshore reef sites. Sponges on offshore reef sites exhibited higher pumping rates, perhaps indicating optimal foraging for POC. As previously demonstrated for Xestospongia muta , and contrary to the sponge‐loop hypothesis, there was no evidence that X. testudinaria returned DOC to the benthos in the form of detritus.

Northern areas as refugia for temperate species under current climate warming: Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) as a model in northern Europe - Jose L. Horreo; Andrew M. Griffiths; Gonzalo Machado‐Schiaffino; Jamie R. Stevens; Eva Garcia‐Vazquez (Journal of Fish Biology, 2019)
In this work, patterns of geographical genetic diversity in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were studied across the whole Atlantic Arc; whether these patterns (and thus genetic population structure) were affected by water temperatures was also evaluated. Salmo salar populations were characterized using microsatellite loci and then analysed with reference to ocean surface temperature data from across the region. Analysis showed the presence of a latitudinal cline of genetic variability (higher in northern areas) and water temperatures (sea surface temperatures) determining genetic population structure (the latter in combination with genetic drift in southern populations). Under the current global change scenario, northern areas of Europe would constitute refugia for diversity in the future. This is effectively the inverse of what appears to have happened in glacial refugia during the last glacial maximum. From this perspective, the still abundant and large northern populations S. salar should be considered as precious as the small almost relict southern ones and given appropriate protection. Careful management of the species, coordinated across countries and latitudes, is needed in order to avoid its extinction in Europe.

Environmental associations of Pacific bluefin tuna ( Thunnus orientalis ) catch in the California Current system - Rosa M. Runcie; Barbara Muhling; Elliott L. Hazen; Steven J. Bograd; Toby Garfield; Gerard DiNardo (Fisheries Oceanography, 2019)
We investigate the impact of oceanographic variability on Pacific bluefin tuna ( Thunnus orientalis : PBF ) distributions in the California Current system using remotely sensed environmental data, and fishery‐dependent data from multiple fisheries in a habitat‐modeling framework. We examined the effects of local oceanic conditions (sea surface temperature, surface chlorophyll, sea surface height, eddy kinetic energy), as well as large‐scale oceanographic phenomena, such as El Niño, on PBF availability to commercial and recreational fishing fleets. Results from generalized additive models showed that warmer temperatures of around 17–21°C with low surface chlorophyll concentrations ( 3 ) increased probability of occurrence of PBF in the Commercial Passenger Fishing Vessel and purse seine fisheries. These associations were particularly evident during a recent marine heatwave (the “Blob”). In contrast, PBF were most likely to be encountered on drift gillnet gear in somewhat cooler waters (13–18°C), with moderate chlorophyll concentrations (0.5–1.0 mg/m 3 ). This discrepancy was likely a result of differing spatiotemporal distribution of fishing effort among fleets, as well as the different vertical depths fished by each gear, demonstrating the importance of understanding selectivity when building correlative habitat models. In the future, monitoring and understanding environmentally driven changes in the availability of PBF to commercial and recreational fisheries can contribute to the implementation of ecosystem approaches to fishery management.

More salt, please: global patterns, responses and impacts of foliar sodium in grasslands - E. T. Borer; E. M. Lind; J. Firn; E. W. Seabloom; T. M. Anderson; E. S. Bakker; L. Biederman; K. J. La Pierre; A. S. MacDougall; J. L. Moore; A. C. Risch; M. Schutz; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2019)
Sodium is unique among abundant elemental nutrients, because most plant species do not require it for growth or development, whereas animals physiologically require sodium. Foliar sodium influences consumption rates by animals and can structure herbivores across landscapes. We quantified foliar sodium in 201 locally abundant, herbaceous species representing 32 families and, at 26 sites on four continents, experimentally manipulated vertebrate herbivores and elemental nutrients to determine their effect on foliar sodium. Foliar sodium varied taxonomically and geographically, spanning five orders of magnitude. Site‐level foliar sodium increased most strongly with site aridity and soil sodium; nutrient addition weakened the relationship between aridity and mean foliar sodium. Within sites, high sodium plants declined in abundance with fertilisation, whereas low sodium plants increased. Herbivory provided an explanation: herbivores selectively reduced high nutrient, high sodium plants. Thus, interactions among climate, nutrients and the resulting nutritional value for herbivores determine foliar sodium biogeography in herbaceous‐dominated systems.

Animal-Borne Telemetry: An Integral Component of the Ocean Observing Toolkit - Rob Harcourt; Ana M. M. Sequeira; Xuelei Zhang; Fabien Roquet; Kosei Komatsu; Michelle Heupel; Clive McMahon; Fred Whoriskey; Mark Meekan; Gemma Carroll; Stephanie Brodie; Colin Simpfendorfer; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Ten tips for developing interdisciplinary socio-ecological researchers - Rachel Kelly; Mary Mackay; Kirsty L. Nash; Christopher Cvitanovic; Edward H. Allison; Derek Armitage; Aletta Bonn; Steven J. Cooke; Stewart Frusher; Elizabeth A. Fulton; Benjamin S. Halpern; Priscila F. M. Lopes; et al. (Socio-Ecological Practice Research, 2019)

Genetic analysis of threshability and other spike traits in the evolution of cultivated emmer to fully domesticated durum wheat - Jyoti S. Sharma; Katherine L. D. Running; Steven S. Xu; Qijun Zhang; Amanda R. Peters Haugrud; Sapna Sharma; Phillip E. McClean; Justin D. Faris (Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2019)

Genomic data mining for functional annotation of human long noncoding RNAs - Brian L. Gudenas; Jun Wang; Shu-zhen Kuang; An-qi Wei; Steven B. Cogill; Liang-jiang Wang (Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 2019)

Hot and bothered? Associations between temperature and crime in Australia - Heather R. Stevens; Paul J. Beggs; Petra L. Graham; Hsing-Chung Chang (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2019)

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) mutants with reduced levels of palmitic acid (C16:0) in seed lipids - Corey N. Thompson; Bralie R. Hendon; Deepika Mishra; Jacob M. Rieff; Cindy C. Lowery; Kimberly C. Lambert; Travis W. Witt; Steven J. Oswalt; Efrem Bechere; C. Wayne Smith; Roy G. Cantrell; Brendan R. Kelly; et al. (Euphytica, 2019)

Integrating team science into interdisciplinary graduate education: an exploration of the SESYNC Graduate Pursuit - Kenneth E. Wallen; Karen Filbee-Dexter; Jeremy B. Pittman; Stephen M. Posner; Steven M. Alexander; Chelsie L. Romulo; Drew E. Bennett; Elizabeth C. Clark; Stella J.M. Cousins; Bradford A. Dubik; Margaret Garcia; Heather A. Haig; et al. (Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 2019)

UDINEE: Evaluation of Multiple Models with Data from the JU2003 Puff Releases in Oklahoma City. Part I: Comparison of Observed and Predicted Concentrations - Miguel A. Hernández-Ceballos; Steven Hanna; Roberto Bianconi; Roberto Bellasio; Thomas Mazzola; Joseph Chang; Spyros Andronopoulos; Patrick Armand; Najat Benbouta; Peter Čarný; Nils Ek; Eva Fojcíková; et al. (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2019)

UDINEE: Evaluation of Multiple Models with Data from the JU2003 Puff Releases in Oklahoma City. Part II: Simulation of Puff Parameters - Miguel A. Hernández-Ceballos; Steven Hanna; Roberto Bianconi; Roberto Bellasio; Joseph Chang; Thomas Mazzola; Spyros Andronopoulos; Patrick Armand; Najat Benbouta; Peter Čarný; Nils Ek; Eva Fojcíková; et al. (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2019)

Thermoregulatory traits combine with range shifts to alter the future of montane ant assemblages - Tom R. Bishop; Catherine L. Parr; Heloise Gibb; Berndt J. van Rensburg; Brigitte Braschler; Steven L. Chown; Stefan H. Foord; Kévin Lamy; Thinandavha C. Munyai; Iona Okey; Pfarelo G. Tshivhandekano; Victoria Werenkraut; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Predicting and understanding the biological response to future climate change is a pressing challenge for humanity. In the 21st century, many species will move into higher latitudes and higher elevations as the climate warms. In addition, the relative abundances of species within local assemblages are likely to change. Both effects have implications for how ecosystems function. Few biodiversity forecasts, however, take account of both shifting ranges and changing abundances. We provide a novel analysis predicting the potential changes to assemblage‐level relative abundances in the 21st century. We use an established relationship linking ant abundance and their colour and size traits to temperature and UV‐B to predict future abundance changes. We also predict future temperature driven range shifts and use these to alter the available species pool for our trait‐mediated abundance predictions. We do this across three continents under a low greenhouse gas emissions scenario (RCP2.6) and a business‐as‐usual scenario (RCP8.5). Under RCP2.6, predicted changes to ant assemblages by 2100 are moderate. On average, species richness will increase by 26%, while species composition and relative abundance structure will be 26% and 30% different, respectively, compared with modern assemblages. Under RCP8.5, however, highland assemblages face almost a tripling of species richness and compositional and relative abundance changes of 66% and 77%. Critically, we predict that future assemblages could be reorganized in terms of which species are common and which are rare: future highland assemblages will not simply comprise upslope shifts of modern lowland assemblages. These forecasts reveal the potential for radical change to montane ant assemblages by the end of the 21st century if temperature increases continue. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating trait–environment relationships into future biodiversity predictions. Looking forward, the major challenge is to understand how ecosystem processes will respond to compositional and relative abundance changes.

Nutrient stoichiometry shapes microbial coevolution - Megan L. Larsen; Steven W. Wilhelm; Jay T. Lennon (Ecology Letters, 2019)
Coevolution is a force contributing to the generation and maintenance of biodiversity. It is influenced by environmental conditions including the scarcity of essential resources, which can drive the evolution of defence and virulence traits. We conducted a long‐term chemostat experiment where the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus was challenged with a lytic phage under nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) limitation. This manipulation of nutrient stoichiometry altered the stability of host–parasite interactions and the underlying mode of coevolution. By assessing the infectivity with > 18 000 pairwise challenges, we documented directional selection for increased phage resistance, consistent with arms‐race dynamics while phage infectivity fluctuated through time, as expected when coevolution is driven by negative frequency‐dependent selection. The resulting infection networks were 50% less modular under N‐ versus P‐limitation reflecting host‐range contraction and asymmetric coevolutionary trajectories. Nutrient stoichiometry affects eco‐evolutionary feedbacks in ways that may alter the dynamics and functioning of environmental and host‐associated microbial communities.

Sensitivity of global soil carbon stocks to combined nutrient enrichment - T. W. Crowther; C. Riggs; E. M. Lind; E. T. Borer; E. W. Seabloom; S. E. Hobbie; J. Wubs; P. B. Adler; J. Firn; L. Gherardi; N. Hagenah; K. S. Hofmockel; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2019)
Soil stores approximately twice as much carbon as the atmosphere and fluctuations in the size of the soil carbon pool directly influence climate conditions. We used the Nutrient Network global change experiment to examine how anthropogenic nutrient enrichment might influence grassland soil carbon storage at a global scale. In isolation, enrichment of nitrogen and phosphorous had minimal impacts on soil carbon storage. However, when these nutrients were added in combination with potassium and micronutrients, soil carbon stocks changed considerably, with an average increase of 0.04 KgCm −2 year −1 (standard deviation 0.18 KgCm −2 year −1 ). These effects did not correlate with changes in primary productivity, suggesting that soil carbon decomposition may have been restricted. Although nutrient enrichment caused soil carbon gains most dry, sandy regions, considerable absolute losses of soil carbon may occur in high‐latitude regions that store the majority of the world's soil carbon. These mechanistic insights into the sensitivity of grassland carbon stocks to nutrient enrichment can facilitate biochemical modelling efforts to project carbon cycling under future climate scenarios.

Integrating social and ecological data to model metapopulation dynamics in coupled human and natural systems - Nathan D. Van Schmidt; Tony Kovach; A. Marm Kilpatrick; Jose L. Oviedo; Lynn Huntsinger; Tracy Hruska; Norman L. Miller; Steven R. Beissinger (Ecology, 2019)
Understanding how metapopulations persist in dynamic working landscapes requires assessing the behaviors of key actors that change patches as well as intrinsic factors driving turnover. Coupled human and natural systems ( CHANS ) research uses a multidisciplinary approach to identify the key actors, processes, and feedbacks that drive metapopulation and landscape dynamics. We describe a framework for modeling metapopulations in CHANS that integrates ecological and social data by coupling stochastic patch occupancy models of metapopulation dynamics with agent‐based models of land‐use change. We then apply this framework to metapopulations of the threatened black rail ( Laterallus jamaicensis ) and widespread Virginia rail ( Rallus limicola ) that inhabit patchy, irrigation‐fed wetlands in the rangelands of the California Sierra Nevada foothills. We collected data from five diverse sources (rail occupancy surveys, land‐use change mapping, a survey of landowner decision making, climate and reservoir databases, and mosquito trapping and West Nile virus testing) and integrated them into an agent‐based stochastic patch occupancy model. We used the model to (1) quantify the drivers of metapopulation dynamics, and the potential interactions and feedbacks among them; (2) test predictions of the behavior of metapopulations in dynamic working landscapes; and (3) evaluate the impact of three policy options on metapopulation persistence (irrigation district water cutbacks during drought, incentives for landowners to create wetlands, and incentives for landowners to protect wetlands). Complex metapopulation dynamics emerged when landscapes functioned as CHANS , highlighting the importance of integrating human activities and other ecological processes into metapopulation models. Rail metapopulations were strongly top‐down regulated by precipitation, and the black rail's decade‐long decline was caused by the combination of West Nile virus and drought. Theoretical predictions of the two metapopulations’ responses to dynamic landscapes and incentive programs were complicated by heterogeneity in patch quality and CHANS couplings, respectively. Irrigation cutbacks during drought posed a serious extinction risk that neither incentive policy effectively ameliorated.

A missense variant in the titin gene in Doberman pinscher dogs with familial dilated cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death - Kathryn M. Meurs; Steven G. Friedenberg; Justin Kolb; Chandra Saripalli; Paola Tonino; Kathleen Woodruff; Natasha J. Olby; Bruce W. Keene; Darcy B. Adin; Oriana L. Yost; Teresa C. DeFrancesco; Sunshine Lahmers; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

Computational detection and experimental validation of segmental duplications and associated copy number variations in water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ) - Shuli Liu; Xiaolong Kang; Claudia R. Catacchio; Mei Liu; Lingzhao Fang; Steven G. Schroeder; Wenli Li; Benjamin D. Rosen; Daniela Iamartino; Leopoldo Iannuzzi; Tad S. Sonstegard; Curtis P. Van Tassell; et al. (Functional & Integrative Genomics, 2019)

Tail-flashing as an anti-predator signal in small wintering birds - Divya Ramesh; Steven L. Lima (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2019)

Australia’s Long-Term Plankton Observations: The Integrated Marine Observing System National Reference Station Network - Ruth S. Eriksen; Claire H. Davies; Pru Bonham; Frank E. Coman; Steven Edgar; Felicity R. McEnnulty; David McLeod; Margaret J. Miller; Wayne Rochester; Anita Slotwinski; Mark L. Tonks; Julian Uribe-Palomino; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Advancing Research for the Management of Long-Lived Species: A Case Study on the Greenland Shark - Jena E. Edwards; Elizabeth Hiltz; Franziska Broell; Peter G. Bushnell; Steven E. Campana; Jørgen S. Christiansen; Brynn M. Devine; Jeffrey J. Gallant; Kevin J. Hedges; M. Aaron MacNeil; Bailey C. McMeans; Julius Nielsen; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Genetic variant predictors of gene expression provide new insight into risk of colorectal cancer - Stephanie A. Bien; Yu-Ru Su; David V. Conti; Tabitha A. Harrison; Conghui Qu; Xingyi Guo; Yingchang Lu; Demetrius Albanes; Paul L. Auer; Barbara L. Banbury; Sonja I. Berndt; Stéphane Bézieau; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

Brillouin Light Scattering: Development of a Near Century-Old Technique for Characterizing the Mechanical Properties of Materials - Aditya B. Singaraju; Dherya Bahl; Lewis L. Stevens (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2019)

Evolutionary dynamics of hybridization and introgression following the recent colonization of Glossy Ibis (Aves: Plegadis falcinellus ) into the New World - Jessica A. Oswald; Michael G. Harvey; Rosalind C. Remsen; DePaul U. Foxworth; Donna L. Dittmann; Steven W. Cardiff; Robb T. Brumfield (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
Geographic range shifts can cause secondary contact and hybridization between closely related species, revealing mechanisms of species formation and integrity. These dynamics typically play out in restricted geographic regions, but highly vagile species may experience major distributional changes resulting in broad areas of contact. The Glossy Ibis ( Plegadis falcinellus ) is a dispersive waterbird of the Old World and Australia that colonized eastern North America in the early 19th century and came into contact with the native White‐faced Ibis ( P. chihi ). Putative hybrids between the two species have been observed across North America. To examine the population genomic consequences of this natural invasion, we sequenced 4,616 ultraconserved elements from 66 individuals sampled across the distributions of falcinellus , chihi , and the Puna Ibis ( P . ridgwayi ) of South America. We found genomic differentiation among the three species. Loci with high sequence divergence were often shared across all pairwise species comparisons, were associated with regions of high nucleotide diversity, and were concentrated on the Z chromosome. We detected signals of genetic admixture between chihi and falcinellus in individuals both near and far from their core area of sympatry. Genomic cline analyses revealed evidence of greater introgression into falcinellus from chihi , but we found little evidence for selection against hybrids. We also found signals of admixture between ridgwayi and South American populations of chihi . Our results indicate vagile species can experience pervasive introgression upon secondary contact, although we suggest these dynamics may be more ephemeral than the stable hybrid zones often observed in less dispersive organisms.

Phototactic tails: Evolution and molecular basis of a novel sensory trait in sea snakes - Jenna M. Crowe‐Riddell; Bruno F. Simões; Julian C. Partridge; David M. Hunt; Steven Delean; Julian G. Schwerdt; James Breen; Alastair Ludington; David J. Gower; Kate L. Sanders (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
Dermal phototaxis has been reported in a few aquatic vertebrate lineages spanning fish, amphibians and reptiles. These taxa respond to light on the skin of their elongate hind‐bodies and tails by withdrawing under cover to avoid detection by predators. Here, we investigated tail phototaxis in sea snakes (Hydrophiinae), the only reptiles reported to exhibit this sensory behaviour. We conducted behavioural tests in 17 wild‐caught sea snakes of eight species by illuminating the dorsal surface of the tail and midbody skin using cold white, violet, blue, green and red light. Our results confirmed phototactic tail withdrawal in the previously studied Aipysurus laevis , revealed this trait for the first time in A. duboisii and A. tenuis , and suggested that tail photoreceptors have peak spectral sensitivities between blue and green light (457–514 nm). Based on these results, and an absence of photoresponses in five Aipysurus and Hydrophis species, we tentatively infer that tail phototaxis evolved in the ancestor of a clade of six Aipysurus species (comprising 10% of all sea snakes). Quantifying tail damage, we found that the probability of sustaining tail injuries was not influenced by tail phototactic ability in snakes. Gene profiling showed that transcriptomes of both tail skin and body skin lacked visual opsins but contained melanopsin ( opn4x ) in addition to key genes of the retinal regeneration and phototransduction cascades. This work suggests that a nonvisual photoreceptor (e.g., Gq rhabdomeric) signalling pathway underlies tail phototaxis, and provides candidate gene targets for future studies of this unusual sensory innovation in reptiles.

Fire deficits have increased drought sensitivity in dry conifer forests: Fire frequency and tree‐ring carbon isotope evidence from Central Oregon - Steven L. Voelker; Andrew G. Merschel; Frederick C. Meinzer; Danielle E. M. Ulrich; Thomas A. Spies; Christopher J. Still (Global Change Biology, 2019)
A century of fire suppression across the Western United States has led to more crowded forests and increased competition for resources. Studies of forest thinning or stand conditions after mortality events have provided indirect evidence for how competition can promote drought stress and predispose forests to severe fire and/or bark beetle outbreaks. Here, we demonstrate linkages between fire deficits and increasing drought stress through analyses of annually resolved tree‐ring growth, fire scars, and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ 13 C) across a dry mixed‐conifer forest landscape. Fire deficits across the study area have increased the sensitivity of leaf gas exchange to drought stress over the past >100 years. Since 1910, stand basal area in these forests has more than doubled and fire‐return intervals have increased from 25 to 140 years. Meanwhile, the portion of interannual variation in tree‐ring Δ 13 C explained by the Palmer Drought Severity Index has more than doubled in ca . 300–500‐year‐old Pinus ponderosa as well as in fire‐intolerant, ca . 90–190‐year‐old Abies grandis . Drought stress has increased in stands with a basal area of ≥25 m 2 /ha in 1910, as indicated by negative temporal Δ 13 C trends, whereas stands with basal area ≤25 m 2 /ha in 1910, due to frequent or intense wildfire activity in decades beforehand, were initially buffered from increased drought stress and have benefited more from rising ambient carbon dioxide concentrations, [CO 2 ], as demonstrated by positive temporal Δ 13 C trends. Furthermore, the average Δ 13 C response across all P. ponderosa since 1830 indicates that photosynthetic assimilation rates and stomatal conductance have been reduced by ~10% and ~20%, respectively, compared to expected trends due to increasing [CO 2 ]. Although disturbance legacies contribute to local‐scale intensity of drought stress, fire deficits have reduced drought resistance of mixed‐conifer forests and made them more susceptible to challenges by pests and pathogens and other disturbances.

Synthetic cathinone adulteration of illegal drugs - Chicora F. Oliver; Joseph J. Palamar; Alberto Salomone; Steven J. Simmons; Helene L. Philogene-Khalid; Nick Stokes-McCloskey; Scott M. Rawls (Psychopharmacology, 2019)

Aerobiology and passive restoration of biological soil crusts - Steven D. Warren; Larry L. St. Clair; Steven D. Leavitt (Aerobiologia, 2019)

Testing the intermittent upwelling hypothesis: reply - Alan L. Shanks; Steven G. Morgan (Ecology, 2019)

Rates and Pathways of N2 Production in a Persistently Anoxic Fjord: Saanich Inlet, British Columbia - Céline C. Michiels; Julia A. Huggins; Karina E. Giesbrecht; Jenifer S. Spence; Rachel L. Simister; Diana E. Varela; Steven J. Hallam; Sean A. Crowe (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Characterisation of the NRF2 transcriptional network and its response to chemical insult in primary human hepatocytes: implications for prediction of drug-induced liver injury - Ian M. Copple; Wouter den Hollander; Giulia Callegaro; Fiona E. Mutter; James L. Maggs; Amy L. Schofield; Lucille Rainbow; Yongxiang Fang; Jeffrey J. Sutherland; Ewa C. Ellis; Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg; Stephen W. Fenwick; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2019)

Development and characterization of wheat–sea wheatgrass (Thinopyrum junceiforme) amphiploids for biotic stress resistance and abiotic stress tolerance - Wanlong Li; Qijun Zhang; Shuwen Wang; Marie A. Langham; Dilkaran Singh; Robert L. Bowden; Steven S. Xu (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2019)

Historical sediment mercury deposition for select South Dakota, USA, lakes: implications for watershed transport and flooding - Maria K. Squillace; Heidi L. Sieverding; Hailemelekot H. Betemariam; Noel R. Urban; Michael R. Penn; Thomas M. DeSutter; Steven R. Chipps; James J. Stone (Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2019)

Mechanisms for reducing low back pain: a mediation analysis of a multifaceted intervention in workers in elderly care - Matthew L. Stevens; Eleanor Boyle; Jan Hartvigsen; Gemma Mansell; Karen Søgaard; Marie B. Jørgensen; Andreas Holtermann; Charlotte D. N. Rasmussen (International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2019)

Preliminary observations of the skeletal development in pre-flexion larvae of sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria - Alison L. Deary; Steven M. Porter; Annette B. Dougherty; Janet T. Duffy-Anderson (Ichthyological Research, 2019)

Investigating the scale of prehistoric social networks using culture, language, and point types in western North America - Briggs Buchanan; Marcus J. Hamilton; James C. Hartley; Steven L. Kuhn (Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2019)

Approaches to integrating genetic data into ecological networks - Elizabeth L. Clare; Aron J. Fazekas; Natalia V. Ivanova; Robin M. Floyd; Paul D. N. Hebert; Amanda M. Adams; Juliet Nagel; Rebecca Girton; Steven G. Newmaster; M. Brock Fenton (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
As molecular tools for assessing trophic interactions become common, research is increasingly focused on the construction of interaction networks. Here, we demonstrate three key methods for incorporating DNA data into network ecology and discuss analytical considerations using a model consisting of plants, insects, bats and their parasites from the Costa Rica dry forest. The simplest method involves the use of Sanger sequencing to acquire long sequences to validate or refine field identifications, for example of bats and their parasites, where one specimen yields one sequence and one identification. This method can be fully quantified and resolved and these data resemble traditional ecological networks. For more complex taxonomic identifications, we target multiple DNA loci, for example from a seed or fruit pulp sample in faeces. These networks are also well resolved but gene targets vary in resolution and quantification is difficult. Finally, for mixed templates such as faecal contents of insectivorous bats, we use DNA metabarcoding targeting two sequence lengths (157 and 407 bp) of one gene region and a MOTU, BLAST and BIN association approach to resolve nodes. This network type is complex to generate and analyse, and we discuss the implications of this type of resolution on network analysis. Using these data, we construct the first molecular‐based network of networks containing 3,304 interactions between 762 nodes of eight trophic functions and involving parasitic, mutualistic and predatory interactions. We provide a comparison of the relative strengths and weaknesses of these data types in network ecology.

No apparent negative tagging effects after 13 years at liberty for lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris implanted with acoustic transmitter - Matthew J. Smukall; Steven T. Kessel; Bryan R. Franks; Kevin A. Feldheim; Tristan L. Guttridge; Samuel H. Gruber (Journal of Fish Biology, 2019)
An intact and uncompromised internal acoustic transmitter was non‐lethally recovered from a lemon shark Negaprion brevirostris , after 13 years at liberty. The shark, first tagged at an estimated age of 2 years old near South Bimini, Bahamas in 2004, was recaptured in 2017 with a total length of 264 cm. The tagged shark displayed typical growth rate, pregnancy, natal homing and pupping behaviour of other individuals in this population. This observation provides important evidence regarding the effects from long‐term retention of implanted acoustic transmitters in a carcharhinid shark.

Drought legacies are dependent on water table depth, wood anatomy and drought timing across the eastern US - Steven A. Kannenberg; Justin T. Maxwell; Neil Pederson; Loïc D'Orangeville; Darren L. Ficklin; Richard P. Phillips (Ecology Letters, 2019)
Severe droughts can impart long‐lasting legacies on forest ecosystems through lagged effects that hinder tree recovery and suppress whole‐forest carbon uptake. However, the local climatic and edaphic factors that interact to affect drought legacies in temperate forests remain unknown. Here, we pair a dataset of 143 tree ring chronologies across the mesic forests of the eastern US with historical climate and local soil properties. We found legacy effects to be widespread, the magnitude of which increased markedly in diffuse porous species, sites with deep water tables, and in response to late‐season droughts (August–September). Using an ensemble of downscaled climate projections, we additionally show that our sites are projected to drastically increase in water deficit and drought frequency by the end of the century, potentially increasing the size of legacy effects by up to 65% and acting as a significant process shaping forest composition, carbon uptake and mortality.

Analysis of multi-decadal wetland changes, and cumulative impact of multiple storms 1984 to 2017 - Steven H. Douglas; Julie C. Bernier; Kathryn E. L. Smith (Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2018)

The involvement of diamond-forming fluids in the metasomatic ‘cocktail’ of kimberlite sources - Yaakov Weiss; Steven L. Goldstein (Mineralogy and Petrology, 2018)

Investigating the genetic diversity and differentiation patterns in the Penstemon scariosus species complex under different sample sizes using AFLPs and SSRs - Rosa A. Rodríguez-Peña; Robert L. Johnson; Leigh A. Johnson; Chris D. Anderson; Nathan J. Ricks; Kevin M. Farley; Matthew D. Robbins; Andrea D. Wolfe; Mikel R. Stevens (Conservation Genetics, 2018)
Habitat fragmentation due to anthropogenic activities is the major cause of biodiversity loss. Endemic and narrowly distributed species are the most susceptible to habitat degradation. Penstemon scariosus is one of many species whose natural habitat is vulnerable to industrialization. All varieties of P. scariosus ( P. scariosus var. albifluvis, P. scariosus var. cyanomontanus, P. scariosus var. garrettii, P. scariosus var. scariosus ) have small distribution ranges, but only P. scariosus var. albifluvis is being considered for listing under the Endangered Species Act. We used eight microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) loci and two amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations to investigate the population genetic structure and diversity of P. scariosus varieties. Moreover, we compared the utility of the two marker systems in conservation genetics and estimated an appropriate sample size in population genetic studies. Genetic differentiation among populations based on F st ranged from low to moderate ( F st = 0.056–0.157) and from moderate to high when estimated with D es ( D es = 0.15–0.32). Also, AMOVA analysis shows that most of the genetic variation is within populations. Inbreeding coefficients ( F is ) were high in all varieties (0.20–0.56). The Bayesian analysis, STRUCTURE, identified three clusters from SSR data and four clusters from AFLPs. Clusters were not consistent between marker systems and did not represent the current taxonomy. MEMGENE revealed that a high proportion of the genetic variation is due to geographic distance (R 2 = 0.38, P = 0.001). Comparing the genetic measurements from AFLPs and SSRs, we found that AFLP results were more accurate than SSR results across sample size when populations were larger than 25 individuals. As sample size decreases, the estimates become less stable in both AFLP and SSR datasets. Finally, this study provides insight into the population genetic structure of these varieties, which could be used in conservation efforts.

Influence of Selection Method on Skidder-Trail Soil Compaction in Longleaf Pine Forest - Seth W Bigelow; Noah A Jansen; Steven B Jack; Christina L Staudhammer (Forest Science, 2018)

Influences of U Sources and Forms on Its Bioaccumulation in Indian Mustard and Sunflower - Fande Meng; Decheng Jin; Kai Guo; Steven L. Larson; John H. Ballard; Liangmei Chen; Zikri Arslan; Guodong Yuan; Jeremy R. White; Lixiang Zhou; Youhua Ma; Charles A. Waggoner; et al. (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2018)

Response Hand and Motor Set Differentially Modulate the Connectivity of Brain Pathways During Simple Uni-manual Motor Behavior - Alexandra Morris; Mathura Ravishankar; Lena Pivetta; Asadur Chowdury; Dimitri Falco; Jessica S. Damoiseaux; David R. Rosenberg; Steven L. Bressler; Vaibhav A. Diwadkar (Brain Topography, 2018)

Aggregate Elasticity and Tabletability of Molecular Solids: a Validation and Application of Powder Brillouin Light Scattering - Dherya Bahl; Aditya B. Singaraju; Lewis L. Stevens (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2018)

A general framework for combining ecosystem models - Michael A. Spence; Julia L. Blanchard; Axel G. Rossberg; Michael R. Heath; Johanna J. Heymans; Steven Mackinson; Natalia Serpetti; Douglas C. Speirs; Robert B. Thorpe; Paul G. Blackwell (Fish and Fisheries, 2018)
When making predictions about ecosystems, we often have available a number of different ecosystem models that attempt to represent their dynamics in a detailed mechanistic way. Each of these can be used as a simulator of large‐scale experiments and make projections about the fate of ecosystems under different scenarios to support the development of appropriate management strategies. However, structural differences, systematic discrepancies and uncertainties lead to different models giving different predictions. This is further complicated by the fact that the models may not be run with the same functional groups, spatial structure or time scale. Rather than simply trying to select a “best” model, or taking some weighted average, it is important to exploit the strengths of each of the models, while learning from the differences between them. To achieve this, we construct a flexible statistical model of the relationships between a collection of mechanistic models and their biases, allowing for structural and parameter uncertainty and for different ways of representing reality. Using this statistical meta‐model, we can combine prior beliefs, model estimates and direct observations using Bayesian methods and make coherent predictions of future outcomes under different scenarios with robust measures of uncertainty. In this study, we take a diverse ensemble of existing North Sea ecosystem models and demonstrate the utility of our framework by applying it to answer the question what would have happened to demersal fish if fishing was to stop.