Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum - Jerome Chave; David Coomes; Steven Jansen; Simon L. Lewis; Nathan G. Swenson; Amy E. Zanne (Ecology Letters, 2009)
Wood performs several essential functions in plants, including mechanically supporting aboveground tissue, storing water and other resources, and transporting sap. Woody tissues are likely to face physiological, structural and defensive trade‐offs. How a plant optimizes among these competing functions can have major ecological implications, which have been under‐appreciated by ecologists compared to the focus they have given to leaf function. To draw together our current understanding of wood function, we identify and collate data on the major wood functional traits, including the largest wood density database to date (8412 taxa), mechanical strength measures and anatomical features, as well as clade‐specific features such as secondary chemistry. We then show how wood traits are related to one another, highlighting functional trade‐offs, and to ecological and demographic plant features (growth form, growth rate, latitude, ecological setting). We suggest that, similar to the manifold that tree species leaf traits cluster around the ‘leaf economics spectrum’, a similar ‘wood economics spectrum’ may be defined. We then discuss the biogeography, evolution and biogeochemistry of the spectrum, and conclude by pointing out the major gaps in our current knowledge of wood functional traits.

Subambient Behavior of Mannitol in Ethanol–Water Co-solvent System - Akira Takada; Steven L. Nail; Masakatsu Yonese (Pharmaceutical Research, 2009)

The effect of hyperhydration on physiological and perceived strain during treadmill exercise in personal protective equipment - David Hostler; Michael Gallagher; Fredric L. Goss; Jennifer R. Seitz; Steven E. Reis; Robert J. Robertson; William E. Northington; Joe Suyama (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2009)

Isotopic and trace element constraints on the petrogenesis of lavas from the Mount Adams volcanic field, Washington - Brian R. Jicha; Garret L. Hart; Clark M. Johnson; Wes Hildreth; Brian L. Beard; Steven B. Shirey; John W. Valley (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2009)

High genetic divergence characterizes populations of the endemic plant Lithophragma maximum (Saxifragaceae) on San Clemente Island - M. Steven Furches; L. E. Wallace; K. Helenurm (Conservation Genetics, 2009)

Novel Organotypic Cultures of Human Skin Explants with an Implant-tissue Biomaterial Interface - Antonio Peramo; Cynthia L. Marcelo; Steven A. Goldstein; David C. Martin (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2009)

Natural variation in fruit abscission-related traits in apple (Malus) - Lingxia Sun; M. John Bukovac; Philip L. Forsline; Steven van Nocker (Euphytica, 2009)

Cell-specific temporal infection of the brain in a simian immunodeficiency virus model of human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis - Katherine A Thompson; John J Varrone; Tanja Jankovic-Karasoulos; Katherine A Thompson; John J Varrone; Tanja Jankovic-Karasoulos; Steven L Wesselingh; Katherine A Thompson; John J Varrone; Tanja Jankovic-Karasoulos; Steven L Wesselingh; Catriona A McLean (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2009)

White matter tract injury and cognitive impairment in human immunodeficiency virus–infected individuals - Assawin Gongvatana; Brian C Schweinsburg; Michael J Taylor; Rebecca J Theilmann; Scott L Letendre; Omar M Alhassoon; Joanna Jacobus; Steven P Woods; Terry L Jernigan; Ronald J Ellis; Lawrence R Frank; Igor Grant; et al. (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2009)

Lessons from comparative physiology: could uric acid represent a physiologic alarm signal gone awry in western society? - Richard J. Johnson; Yuri Y. Sautin; William J. Oliver; Carlos Roncal; Wei Mu; L. Gabriela Sanchez-Lozada; Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe; Takahiko Nakagawa; Steven A. Benner (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2009)

Latitudinal variation in herbivore pressure in Atlantic Coast salt marshes - Steven C. Pennings; Chuan-Kai Ho; Cristiano S. Salgado; Kazimierz Więski; Nilam Davé; Amy E. Kunza; Elizabeth L. Wason (Ecology, 2009)
Despite long‐standing interest in latitudinal variation in ecological patterns and processes, there is to date weak and conflicting evidence that herbivore pressure varies with latitude. We used three approaches to examine latitudinal variation in herbivore pressure in Atlantic Coast salt marshes, focusing on five abundant plant taxa: the grass Spartina alterniflora , the congeneric rushes Juncus gerardii and J. roemerianus , the forb Solidago sempervirens , and the shrubs Iva frutescens and Baccharis halimifolia . Herbivore counts indicated that chewing and gall‐making herbivores were typically ≥10 times more abundant at low‐latitude sites than at high‐latitude sites, but sucking herbivores did not show a clear pattern. For two herbivore taxa (snails and tettigoniid grasshoppers), correctly interpreting latitudinal patterns required an understanding of the feeding ecology of the species, because the species common at high latitudes did not feed heavily on plant leaves whereas the related species common at low latitudes did. Damage to plants from chewing herbivores was 2–10 times greater at low‐latitude sites than at high‐latitude sites. Damage to transplanted “phytometer” plants was 100 times greater for plants transplanted to low‐ than to high‐latitude sites, and two to three times greater for plants originating from high‐ vs. low‐latitude sites. Taken together, these results provide compelling evidence that pressure from chewing and gall‐making herbivores is greater at low vs. high latitudes in Atlantic Coast salt marshes. Sucking herbivores do not show this pattern and deserve greater study. Selective pressure due to greater herbivore damage at low latitudes is likely to partially explain documented patterns of low plant palatability to chewing herbivores and greater plant defenses at low latitudes, but other factors may also play a role in mediating these geographic patterns.

Effect of scrapie incubation on the concentrations of plasma amino acids and L-lactate in infected lambs - G. G. Allison; P. Rees Stevens; L. Heasman; A. M. Davis; R. Jackman; J. M. Moorby (Veterinary Research Communications, 2008)

Characterization of Insertion Sites in Rainbow Papaya, the First Commercialized Transgenic Fruit Crop - Jon Y. Suzuki; Savarni Tripathi; Gustavo A. Fermín; Fuh-Jyh Jan; Shaobin Hou; Jimmy H. Saw; Christine M. Ackerman; Qingyi Yu; Michael C. Schatz; Karen Y. Pitz; Marcela Yépes; Maureen M. M. Fitch; et al. (Tropical Plant Biology, 2008)

Genome-Wide Analysis of Repetitive Elements in Papaya - Niranjan Nagarajan; Rafael Navajas-Pérez; Mihai Pop; Maqsudul Alam; Ray Ming; Andrew H. Paterson; Steven L. Salzberg (Tropical Plant Biology, 2008)

Cortical activation during delay discounting in abstinent methamphetamine dependent individuals - William F. Hoffman; Daniel L. Schwartz; Marilyn S. Huckans; Bentson H. McFarland; Gal Meiri; Alexander A. Stevens; Suzanne H. Mitchell (Psychopharmacology, 2008)

Effects of large-scale anthropogenic development on juvenile lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris) populations of Bimini, Bahamas - David E. Jennings; Samuel H. Gruber; Bryan R. Franks; Steven T. Kessel; Anne L. Robertson (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2008)

Infertility, treatment of infertility, and the risk of breast cancer among women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations: a case–control study - Joanne Kotsopoulos; Clifford L. Librach; Jan Lubinski; Jacek Gronwald; Charmaine Kim-Sing; Parviz Ghadirian; Henry T. Lynch; Pal Moller; William D. Foulkes; Susan Randall; Siranoush Manoukian; Barbara Pasini; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2008)

Molecular and cytogenetic characterization of a durum wheat–Aegilops speltoides chromosome translocation conferring resistance to stem rust - Justin D. Faris; Steven S. Xu; Xiwen Cai; Timothy L. Friesen; Yue Jin (Chromosome Research, 2008)

RANK CLOCKS AND PLANT COMMUNITY DYNAMICS - Scott L. Collins; Katharine N. Suding; Elsa E. Cleland; Michael Batty; Steven C. Pennings; Katherine L. Gross; James B. Grace; Laura Gough; Joe E. Fargione; Christopher M. Clark (Ecology, 2008)
Summarizing complex temporal dynamics in communities is difficult to achieve in a way that yields an intuitive picture of change. Rank clocks and rank abundance statistics provide a graphical and analytical framework for displaying and quantifying community dynamics. We used rank clocks, in which the rank order abundance for each species is plotted over time in temporal clockwise direction, to display temporal changes in species abundances and richness. We used mean rank shift and proportional species persistence to quantify changes in community structure in long‐term data sets from fertilized and control plots in a late successional old field, frequently and infrequently burned tallgrass prairie, and Chihuahuan desert grassland and shrubland communities. Rank clocks showed that relatively constant species richness masks considerable temporal dynamics in relative species abundances. In the old field, fertilized plots initially experienced high mean rank shifts that stabilized rapidly below that of unfertilized plots. Rank shifts were higher in infrequently burned vs. annually burned tallgrass prairie and in desert grassland compared to shrubland vegetation. Proportional persistence showed that arid grasslands were more dynamic than mesic grasslands. We conclude that rank clocks and rank abundance statistics provide important insights into community dynamics that are often hidden by traditional univariate approaches.

Straw harvesting, fertilization, and fertilizer type alter soil microbiological and physical properties in a loblolly pine plantation in the mid-south USA - Michael A. Blazier; William B. Patterson; Steven L. Hotard (Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2008)

Increased bisecting and core-fucosylated N-glycans on mutant human amyloid precursor proteins - Keiko Akasaka-Manya; Hiroshi Manya; Yoko Sakurai; Boguslaw S. Wojczyk; Steven L. Spitalnik; Tamao Endo (Glycoconjugate Journal, 2008)

Taxonomic homogenization in ungulates: patterns and mechanisms at local and global scales - Dian Spear; Steven L. Chown (Journal of Biogeography, 2008)
Aim The aim of this paper is to examine taxonomic homogenization in ungulates globally and at the local scale in South Africa. Specifically, we aim to examine the roles of distance, scale, time, extinctions vs. introductions, and extralimital vs. extraregional introductions in the homogenization of ungulate biotas, and to determine pathways of introduction of ungulate species globally and the proximate explanatory variables of ungulate introductions in South Africa. Location Forty‐one countries globally and three spatial resolutions in South Africa. Methods Indigenous, extirpated and established introduced ungulate species data were obtained for countries globally, and at a quarter‐degree grid‐cell resolution in South Africa. Homogenization was calculated using Jaccard’s index of similarity (JI) for countries globally and for three spatial resolutions in South Africa. Zoo holdings and transfer data from the International Species Information System database were used to investigate the relationship between non‐indigenous ungulate species introductions and the number of non‐indigenous ungulate species in zoos. Relationships between JI and species richness, and between numbers of introductions and several environmental and social factors were examined using generalized linear models. Results Homogenization in ungulates was 2% for countries globally and 8% at the coarsest resolution in South Africa. Homogenization increased with increasing resolution and with time, but it decreased with increasing percentage change in species richness. Globally, introductions contributed more to homogenization than did extinctions. Within South Africa, extralimital introductions contributed more to the homogenization of ungulate assemblages than did extraregional ones, and ungulates were typically introduced to high‐income areas with high human population and livestock densities. The same was not true in the past, when ungulates were introduced to ungulate species‐poor areas. The number of non‐indigenous ungulate species established in a country is significantly related to the number of non‐indigenous ungulate species in zoos in the country, possibly owing to sales of surplus animals from zoos. Main conclusions Ungulate faunas are homogenized at both the global scale and in South Africa, with extralimital introductions being of considerable significance regionally. In consequence, increasing attention will have to be given to the conservation consequences of ungulate translocations, both within particular geopolitical regions and across the globe.

Simple three‐pool model accurately describes patterns of long‐term litter decomposition in diverse climates - E. CAROL ADAIR; WILLIAM J. PARTON; STEVEN J. DEL GROSSO; WHENDEE L. SILVER; MARK E. HARMON; SONIA A. HALL; INGRID C. BURKE; STEPHEN C. HART (Global Change Biology, 2008)
As atmospheric CO 2 increases, ecosystem carbon sequestration will largely depend on how global changes in climate will alter the balance between net primary production and decomposition. The response of primary production to climatic change has been examined using well‐validated mechanistic models, but the same is not true for decomposition, a primary source of atmospheric CO 2 . We used the Long‐term Intersite Decomposition Experiment Team (LIDET) dataset and model‐selection techniques to choose and parameterize a model that describes global patterns of litter decomposition. Mass loss was best represented by a three‐pool negative exponential model, with a rapidly decomposing labile pool, an intermediate pool representing cellulose, and a recalcitrant pool. The initial litter lignin/nitrogen ratio defined the size of labile and intermediate pools. Lignin content determined the size of the recalcitrant pool. The decomposition rate of all pools was modified by climate, but the intermediate pool's decomposition rate was also controlled by relative amounts of litter cellulose and lignin (indicative of lignin‐encrusted cellulose). The effect of climate on decomposition was best represented by a composite variable that multiplied a water‐stress function by the Lloyd and Taylor variable Q 10 temperature function. Although our model explained nearly 70% of the variation in LIDET data, we observed systematic deviations from model predictions. Below‐ and aboveground material decomposed at notably different rates, depending on the decomposition stage. Decomposition in certain ecosystem‐specific environmental conditions was not well represented by our model; this included roots in very wet and cold soils, and aboveground litter in N‐rich and arid sites. Despite these limitations, our model may still be extremely useful for global modeling efforts, because it accurately ( R 2 =0.6804) described general patterns of long‐term global decomposition for a wide array of litter types, using relatively minimal climatic and litter quality data.

Stoichiometry of soil enzyme activity at global scale - Robert L. Sinsabaugh; Christian L. Lauber; Michael N. Weintraub; Bony Ahmed; Steven D. Allison; Chelsea Crenshaw; Alexandra R. Contosta; Daniela Cusack; Serita Frey; Marcy E. Gallo; Tracy B. Gartner; Sarah E. Hobbie; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2008)
Extracellular enzymes are the proximate agents of organic matter decomposition and measures of these activities can be used as indicators of microbial nutrient demand. We conducted a global‐scale meta‐analysis of the seven‐most widely measured soil enzyme activities, using data from 40 ecosystems. The activities of β‐1,4‐glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, β‐1,4‐ N ‐acetylglucosaminidase and phosphatase g −1 soil increased with organic matter concentration; leucine aminopeptidase, phenol oxidase and peroxidase activities showed no relationship. All activities were significantly related to soil pH. Specific activities, i.e. activity g −1 soil organic matter, also varied in relation to soil pH for all enzymes. Relationships with mean annual temperature (MAT) and precipitation (MAP) were generally weak. For hydrolases, ratios of specific C, N and P acquisition activities converged on 1 : 1 : 1 but across ecosystems, the ratio of C : P acquisition was inversely related to MAP and MAT while the ratio of C : N acquisition increased with MAP. Oxidative activities were more variable than hydrolytic activities and increased with soil pH. Our analyses indicate that the enzymatic potential for hydrolyzing the labile components of soil organic matter is tied to substrate availability, soil pH and the stoichiometry of microbial nutrient demand. The enzymatic potential for oxidizing the recalcitrant fractions of soil organic material, which is a proximate control on soil organic matter accumulation, is most strongly related to soil pH. These trends provide insight into the biogeochemical processes that create global patterns in ecological stoichiometry and organic matter storage.

Some Useful Statistics for a Change - Steven L. Peck (Ecology, 2008)
Stauffer, Howard B. 2008. Contemporary Bayesian and frequentist statistical research methods for natural resource scientists. Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey. xv + 400 p. $100.00, ISBN: 978‐0‐470‐16504‐1.

Hyperspectral indices for detecting changes in canopy reflectance as a result of underground natural gas leakage - M. F. Noomen; K. L. Smith; J. J. Colls; M. D. Steven; A. K. Skidmore; F. D. Van Der Meer (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2008)

Association of PARL rs3732581 genetic variant with insulin levels, metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease - Brenda L. Powell; Steven Wiltshire; Gillian Arscott; Pamela A. McCaskie; Joseph Hung; Brendan M. McQuillan; Peter L. Thompson; Kim W. Carter; Lyle J. Palmer; John P. Beilby (Human Genetics, 2008)

Association of Interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with central obesity and metabolic syndrome in a coronary heart disease population - Kim W. Carter; Joseph Hung; Brenda L. Powell; Steven Wiltshire; Brendan T. X. Foo; Yuen C. Leow; Brendan M. McQuillan; Michelle Jennens; Pamela A. McCaskie; Peter L. Thompson; John P. Beilby; Lyle J. Palmer (Human Genetics, 2008)

Inducing the T cell fates required for immunity - Steven L. Reiner (Immunologic Research, 2008)

Shrub ( Prosopis velutina ) encroachment in a semidesert grassland: spatial–temporal changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools - HEATHER L. THROOP; STEVEN R. ARCHER (Global Change Biology, 2008)
Recent trends of increasing woody vegetation in arid and semiarid ecosystems may contribute substantially to the North American C sink. There is considerable uncertainty, however, in the extent to which woody encroachment alters dryland soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) pools. To date, studies assessing SOC and TN response to woody plant proliferation have not explicitly assessed the variability caused by shrub age or size and subcanopy spatial gradients. These factors were quantified via spatially intensive soil sampling around Prosopis velutina shrubs in a semidesert grassland, using shrub size as a proxy for age. We found that bulk density increased with distance from the bole ( P P = 0.056), while both SOC and TN increased with shrub size and decreased with distance from the bole ( P

Beneficial acclimation and the Bogert effect - Elrike Marais; Steven L. Chown (Ecology Letters, 2008)
Few studies have examined the extent to which phenotypic plasticity in a given trait might be influenced by behavioural responses to an environmental cue. Regulatory behaviour might eliminate environmental variation such that little selection for physiological change would take place. Here, to test this Bogert effect on acclimation, we use two life‐stages of a kelp fly that inhabit the same habitat, but differ profoundly in their behaviour. We predicted that when denied opportunities for behavioural regulation, mobile, though brachypterous adults would show a performance advantage in most thermal environments following acclimation to their preferred temperature(s). By contrast, in the less mobile larvae, that have a broader thermal preference, beneficial acclimation would be more evident. Ordered factor anova with orthogonal polynomial contrasts revealed that adults recovered faster from chill coma following any one of six short‐term temperature treatments if they had been acclimated at low temperature, whilst larvae showed beneficial acclimation.

Ecological and Economic Services Provided by Birds on Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee Farms - JHERIME L. KELLERMANN; MATTHEW D. JOHNSON; AMY M. STERCHO; STEVEN C. HACKETT (Conservation Biology, 2008)
Coffee farms can support significant biodiversity, yet intensification of farming practices is degrading agricultural habitats and compromising ecosystem services such as biological pest control. The coffee berry borer ( Hypothenemus hampei ) is the world's primary coffee pest. Researchers have demonstrated that birds reduce insect abundance on coffee farms but have not documented avian control of the berry borer or quantified avian benefits to crop yield or farm income. We conducted a bird‐exclosure experiment on coffee farms in the Blue Mountains, Jamaica, to measure avian pest control of berry borers, identify potential predator species, associate predator abundance and borer reductions with vegetation complexity, and quantify resulting increases in coffee yield. Coffee plants excluded from foraging birds had significantly higher borer infestation, more borer broods, and greater berry damage than control plants. We identified 17 potential predator species (73% were wintering Neotropical migrants), and 3 primary species composed 67% of migrant detections. Average relative bird abundance and diversity and relative resident predator abundance increased with greater shade‐tree cover. Although migrant predators overall did not respond to vegetation complexity variables, the 3 primary species increased with proximity to noncoffee habitat patches. Lower infestation on control plants was correlated with higher total bird abundance, but not with predator abundance or vegetation complexity. Infestation of fruit was 1–14% lower on control plants, resulting in a greater quantity of saleable fruits that had a market value of US$44–$105/ha in 2005/2006. Landscape heterogeneity in this region may allow mobile predators to provide pest control broadly, despite localized farming intensities. These results provide the first evidence that birds control coffee berry borers and thus increase coffee yield and farm income, a potentially important conservation incentive for producers.

Quantitative trait loci for grain fructan concentration in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - Bao-Lam Huynh; Hugh Wallwork; James C. R. Stangoulis; Robin D. Graham; Kerrie L. Willsmore; Steven Olson; Diane E. Mather (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2008)

β-Funaltrexamine Inhibits Inducible Nitric-oxide Synthase Expression in Human Astroglial Cells - Randall L. Davis; Daniel J. Buck; Neda Saffarian; Shekher Mohan; Udaya DeSilva; Samodha C. Fernando; Craig W. Stevens (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2008)

Atypical swimbladders of lake charr, Salvelinus namaycush, from Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada - Randy L. Eshenroder; E. Don Stevens; Mara S. Zimmerman; Charles C. Krueger (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2008)

US Forest Service Bark Beetle Research in the Western United States: Looking Toward the Future - José F. Negròn; Barbara J. Bentz; Christopher J. Fettig; Nancy Gillette; E. Matthew Hansen; Jane L. Hayes; Rick G. Kelsey; John E. Lundquist; Ann M. Lynch; Robert A. Progar; Steven J. Seybold (Journal of Forestry, 2008)
Bark beetles cause extensive tree mortality in coniferous forests of western North America and play an important role in the disturbance ecology of these ecosystems. Recently, elevated populations of bark beetles have been observed in all conifer forest types across the western United States. This has heightened public awareness of the issue and triggered legislation for increased funding for state and federal agencies to address issues associated with bark beetle outbreaks. Recently, US Forest Service, Research and Development entomologists from the western research stations met with US Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection entomologists, our primary stakeholder, to identify bark beetle research priorities. These include vegetation management; ecological, economic, and social consequences of outbreaks; fire and bark beetle interactions; effects of climate change on bark beetle populations; and chemical ecology.

The anti-predator function of ‘eyespots’ on camouflaged and conspicuous prey - Martin Stevens; Claire L Stubbins; Chloe J Hardman (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2008)

Factors affecting farmer adoption of remotely sensed imagery for precision management in cotton production - James A. Larson; Roland K. Roberts; Burton C. English; Sherry L. Larkin; Michele C. Marra; Steven W. Martin; Kenneth W. Paxton; Jeanne M. Reeves (Precision Agriculture, 2008)

Increased protein carbonylation in leaves of Arabidopsis and soybean in response to elevated [CO2] - Quan-Sheng Qiu; Joan L. Huber; Fitzgerald L. Booker; Vanita Jain; Andrew D. B. Leakey; Edwin L. Fiscus; Peter M. Yau; Donald R. Ort; Steven C. Huber (Photosynthesis Research, 2008)

Population PK–PD model for Fc-osteoprotegerin in healthy postmenopausal women - Matthew L. Zierhut; Marc R. Gastonguay; Steven W. Martin; Paolo Vicini; Pirow J. Bekker; Donna Holloway; Philip T. Leese; Mark C. Peterson (Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 2008)

An EST database for Liriodendron tulipifera L. floral buds: the first EST resource for functional and comparative genomics in Liriodendron - Haiying Liang; John E. Carlson; James H. Leebens-Mack; P. Kerr Wall; Lukas A. Mueller; Matyas Buzgo; Lena L. Landherr; Yi Hu; D. Scott DiLoreto; Daniel C. Ilut; Dawn Field; Steven D. Tanksley; et al. (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2008)

Conservation of Southern Ocean Islands: invertebrates as exemplars - Steven L. Chown; Jennifer E. Lee; Justine D. Shaw (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2008)

Characterization of the full-length genomic sequences of vesicular stomatitis Cocal and Alagoas viruses - Steven J. Pauszek; Rossana Allende; Luis L. Rodriguez (Archives of Virology, 2008)

Environmental factors, regional body size distributions and spatial variation in body size of local avian assemblages - Michelle Greve; Kevin J. Gaston; Berndt J. Van Rensburg; Steven L. Chown (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2008)
Aim To determine how well variation in median body size of avian assemblages is predicted by (1) the environmental models usually employed in analyses of Bergmann's rule and (2) random sampling from the regional body size frequency distribution. If body size frequency distributions of local assemblages represent a random sample of a regional frequency distribution, then geographical variation in body sizes of assemblages might be a consequence of the determinants of spatial variation in species richness rather than direct influences on body size per se . Location Southern Africa. Methods Median body masses (as a measure of body size) of avian assemblages were calculated for quarter‐degree grid cells across South Africa and Lesotho. The relationship between median body mass and four environmental variables (minimum and maximum monthly temperatures, precipitation and seasonality in the normalized difference vegetation index, as a measure of seasonality in productivity) was examined using general linear models first without taking spatial autocorrelation into account, and then accounting for it by fitting an exponential spatial covariance structure. Model fit was assessed using the Akaike information criterion and Akaike weights. At each species richness value, random assemblages were sampled by either drawing species randomly from the regional body mass frequency distribution, or drawing species from the regional body mass frequency distribution with a probability proportional to their geographical distribution in the area. The ability of randomizations to predict actual body masses was examined using two‐tailed Fisher exact tests. Results Seasonality in productivity was the only environmental variable that remained a significant predictor of body mass variation in spatially explicit models, though the positive relationship was weak. When species richness was included in the models it remained the only significant predictor of size variation. Randomizations predicted median body mass poorly at low species richness, but well at high richness. Main conclusions Environmental models that have previously been proposed explain little of the variation in body mass across avian assemblages in South Africa. However, much of the variation in the median mass of assemblages could be predicted by randomly drawing species from the regional body mass frequency distribution, particularly using randomizations in which all species were drawn from the regional body mass frequency distribution with equal probability and at high species richness values. This outcome emphasizes the need to consider null expectations in investigations of the geographical variation in body size together with the probable environmental mechanisms underlying spatial variation in average size. Moreover, it suggests that in the South African avifauna, spatial variation in the body sizes of assemblages may be determined indirectly by the factors that influence geographical variation in species richness.

Essential value of cocaine and food in rats: tests of the exponential model of demand - Chesley J. Christensen; Alan Silberberg; Steven R. Hursh; Mary E. Huntsberry; Anthony L. Riley (Psychopharmacology, 2008)

Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) Induces Dysregulation of Glutamate Uptake and Transporter Expression in Astrocytes - Julie Fotheringham; Elizabeth L. Williams; Nahid Akhyani; Steven Jacobson (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2008)

Self-plagiarism, recycling fraud, and the intent to mislead - Steven B. Bird; Marco L. A. Sivilotti (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2008)

Influences of the unsaturated, saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River, California, USA - Joseph L. Domagalski; Steven P. Phillips; E. Randall Bayless; Celia Zamora; Carol Kendall; Richard A. Wildman; Janet G. Hering (Hydrogeology Journal, 2008)

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Coalescent analyses support multiple mainland‐to‐island dispersals in the evolution of Malagasy Triaenops bats (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) - Amy L. Russell; Steven M. Goodman; Murray P. Cox (Journal of Biogeography, 2008)
Aim We investigate the directionality of mainland‐to‐island dispersals, focusing on a case study of an African‐Malagasy bat genus, Triaenops (Hipposideridae). Taxa include T. persicus from east Africa and three Triaenops species from Madagascar ( T. auritus, T. furculus, and T. rufus ). The evolution of this bat family considerably post‐dated the tectonic division of Madagascar from Africa, excluding vicariance as a viable hypothesis. Therefore, we consider three biogeographical scenarios to explain these species' current ranges: (A) a single dispersal from Africa to Madagascar with subsequent speciation of the Malagasy species; (B) multiple, unidirectional dispersals from Africa to Madagascar resulting in multiple, independent Malagasy lineages; or (C) early dispersal of a proto‐species from Africa to Madagascar, with later back‐dispersal of a descendant Malagasy taxon to Africa. Location East Africa, Madagascar, and the Mozambique Channel. Methods We compare the utility of phylogenetic and coalescent methodologies to address the question of directionality in a mainland‐to‐island dispersal event for recently diverged taxa. We also emphasize the application of biologically explicit demographic systems, such as the non‐equilibrium isolation‐with‐migration model. Here, these methods are applied to a four‐species haploid genetic data set, with simulation analyses being applied to validate this approach. Results Coalescent simulations favour scenario B: multiple, unidirectional dispersals from Africa to Madagascar resulting in multiple, independent Malagasy bat lineages. From coalescent dating, we estimate that the genus Triaenops was still a single taxon approximately 2.25 Ma. The most recent Africa to Madagascar dispersal occurred much more recently ( c. 660 ka), and led to the formation of the extant Malagasy species, T. rufus . Main conclusions Haploid genetic data from four species of Triaenops are statistically most consistent with multiple, unidirectional dispersals from mainland Africa to Madagascar during the late Pleistocene.

Detailed Devotion - Thomas L. Serfass; Sadie S. Stevens (Conservation Biology, 2008)

Gap Junctions Couple Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes - Jennifer L. Orthmann-Murphy; Charles K. Abrams; Steven S. Scherer (Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 2008)

DNA barcoding and the documentation of alien species establishment on sub-Antarctic Marion Island - Steven L. Chown; Brent J. Sinclair; Bettine Jansen van Vuuren (Polar Biology, 2008)

Ecology and management of northern pike in Wisconsin - Terry L. Margenau; Steven P. AveLallemant; David Giehtbrock; Stephen T. Schram (Hydrobiologia, 2008)

Investigating the association between K198N coding polymorphism in EDN1 and hypertension, lipoprotein levels, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease - Steven Wiltshire; Brenda L. Powell; Michelle Jennens; Pamela A. McCaskie; Kim W. Carter; Lyle J. Palmer; Peter L. Thompson; Brendan M. McQuillan; Joseph Hung; John P. Beilby (Human Genetics, 2008)

Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) Species Composition and Size Across Latitude in Atlantic Coast Salt Marshes - Elizabeth L. Wason; Steven C. Pennings (Estuaries and Coasts, 2008)

Impact of Fertilization on a Salt Marsh Food Web in Georgia - Caroline R. McFarlin; J. Stephen Brewer; Tracy L. Buck; Steven C. Pennings (Estuaries and Coasts, 2008)

No evolution of increased competitive ability or decreased allocation to defense in Melaleuca quinquenervia since release from natural enemies - Steven J. Franks; Paul D. Pratt; F. Allen Dray; Ellen L. Simms (Biological Invasions, 2008)

Development of a whole cell green fluorescent sensor for lysine quantification - Vesela I. Chalova; Irene B. Zabala-Díaz; Cassie L. Woodward; Steven C. Ricke (World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2008)

Effect of climate fluctuations on long-term vegetation dynamics in Carolina bay wetlands - Chrissa L. Stroh; Diane Steven; Glenn R. Guntenspergen (Wetlands, 2008)

Petrogenesis of contact-style PGE mineralization in the northern lobe of the Bushveld Complex: comparison of data from the farms Rooipoort, Townlands, Drenthe and Nonnenwerth - W. D. Maier; L. de Klerk; J. Blaine; T. Manyeruke; S.-J. Barnes; M. V. A. Stevens; J. A. Mavrogenes (Mineralium Deposita, 2008)

Modeling resource selection using polytomous logistic regression and kernel density estimates - Chadwick D. Rittenhouse; Joshua J. Millspaugh; Andrew B. Cooper; Michael W. Hubbard; Steven L. Sheriff; Robert A. Gitzen (Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 2008)

Evolution of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath eastern China: Re–Os isotopic evidence from mantle xenoliths in Paleozoic kimberlites and Mesozoic basalts - Hong-Fu Zhang; Steven L. Goldstein; Xin-Hua Zhou; Min Sun; Jian-Ping Zheng; Yue Cai (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2008)

Early Life Stress on Brain Structure and Function Across the Lifespan: A Preliminary Study - Donna L. Seckfort; Robert Paul; Stuart M. Grieve; Brian Vandenberg; Richard A. Bryant; Leanne M. Williams; C. Richard Clark; Ronald A. Cohen; Steven Bruce; Evian Gordon (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2008)

Cartilage Mechanical Response under Dynamic Compression at Physiological Stress Levels Following Collagenase Digestion - Seonghun Park; Steven B. Nicoll; Robert L. Mauck; Gerard A. Ateshian (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2008)

Ecogeographical rules: elements of a synthesis - Kevin J. Gaston; Steven L. Chown; Karl L. Evans (Journal of Biogeography, 2008)
The development of a more synthetic approach to understanding spatial patterns in biogeography, particularly of the way in which these patterns interact, constitutes a major challenge for the field. Here we propose some key elements of such a synthesis for what can broadly be termed ‘ecogeographical rules’, that is spatial patterns in biological traits. These include understanding: (1) the different kinds of patterns (intraspecific, interspecific and assemblage), and the distinctions between them; (2) the unifying role that geographical ranges play in linking the patterns together; (3) that this unification can be obscured by the methodological assumptions made in documenting some patterns (e.g. assuming that intraspecific variation does not significantly influence interspecific and assemblage patterns in traits); (4) the implications of other methodological issues for the nature of observed patterns (e.g. how ranges are located on positional or environmental axes for interspecific patterns); (5) the need for further development of models linking different types of traits; (6) the nature of the generality of documented patterns at all levels, and particularly the difference between the frequency with which patterns are documented in the literature and the variety of extant species; and (7) the constraints that the form of intraspecific patterns place on interspecific and assemblage patterns, and that interspecific patterns place on assemblage patterns.

Shrub encroachment in North American grasslands: shifts in growth form dominance rapidly alters control of ecosystem carbon inputs - ALAN K. KNAPP; JOHN M. BRIGGS; SCOTT L. COLLINS; STEVEN R. ARCHER; M. SYNDONIA BRET‐HARTE; BRENT E. EWERS; DEBRA P. PETERS; DONALD R. YOUNG; GAIUS R. SHAVER; ELISE PENDALL; MEAGAN B. CLEARY (Global Change Biology, 2008)
Shrub encroachment into grass‐dominated biomes is occurring globally due to a variety of anthropogenic activities, but the consequences for carbon (C) inputs, storage and cycling remain unclear. We studied eight North American graminoid‐dominated ecosystems invaded by shrubs, from arctic tundra to Atlantic coastal dunes, to quantify patterns and controls of C inputs via aboveground net primary production (ANPP). Across a fourfold range in mean annual precipitation (MAP), a key regulator of ecosystem C input at the continental scale, shrub invasion decreased ANPP in xeric sites, but dramatically increased ANPP (>1000 g m −2 ) at high MAP, where shrub patches maintained extraordinarily high leaf area. Concurrently, the relationship between MAP and ANPP shifted from being nonlinear in grasslands to linear in shrublands. Thus, relatively abrupt (

Individual Tree and Stand Level Influences on the Growth, Vigor, and Decline of Red Oaks in the Ozarks - Steven L. Voelker; Rose-Marie Muzika; Richard P. Guyette (Forest Science, 2008)
Repeated oak decline and mortality events have occurred in the Ozark region for decades and probably longer. We sampled an age sequence of 1,259 black and scarlet oaks (Quercus velutina Lam. and Quercus coccinea Muench.) to better describe the process of oak decline and mortality in the red oak group (subgenera Erythrobalanus). Trend in basal area increment (BAI) over the most recent 40 years was used to establish three vigor classes for trees with decreasing, stable, or increasing growth (Declining, Stable, or Healthy). We compared crown condition measures with absolute BAI and boundary line BAI, a measure of radial growth adjusted for tree size. A pulse of mortality was found to occur just subsequent to the most recent drought, although decline often started decades previously. Time series of individual tree BAI suggests that half of all oak decline events were incited by one or two drought-related step-changes in growth and variance. Predisposing factors to decline generally showed significant but weak relationships with crown conditions. Surviving oaks growing in high-mortality stands had poorer crown conditions and grew more slowly than trees in low-mortality stands. When recently dead trees were accounted for, the same high-mortality stands had significantly greater predecline basal area and stocking than low-mortality stands. Thus, a less competitive growth environment may afford some buffer to drought stress before oak decline but does not appear to help afflicted stands improve their growth and vigor.

Myxomycete diversity and distribution from the fossil record to the present - Steven L. Stephenson; Martin Schnittler; Yuri K. Novozhilov (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2008)

The World Can't Have Wild Tigers and Eat Them, Too - BRIAN GRATWICKE; ELIZABETH L. BENNETT; STEVEN BROAD; SARAH CHRISTIE; ADAM DUTTON; GRACE GABRIEL; CRAIG KIRKPATRICK; KRISTIN NOWELL (Conservation Biology, 2008)

Cellular FLIP can substitute for the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript gene to support a wild-type virus reactivation phenotype in mice - Ling Jin; Dale Carpenter; Megan Moerdyk-Schauwecker; Adam L Vanarsdall; Nelson Osorio; Chinhui Hsiang; Clinton Jones; Steven L Wechsler (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2008)

A speculated ribozyme site in the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript gene is not essential for a wild-type reactivation phenotype - Dale Carpenter; Sukhpreet Singh; Nelson Osorio; Chinhui Hsiang; Xianzhi Jiang; Ling Jin; Clinton Jones; Steven L. Wechsler (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2008)

Identification of two small RNAs within the first 1.5-kb of the herpes simplex virus type 1–encoded latency-associated transcript - Weiping Peng; Olga Vitvitskaia; Dale Carpenter; Steven L Wechsler; Clinton Jones (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2008)

Antiemetic use in acetaminophen poisoning: How does the route of N-acetylcysteine administration affect utilization? - Melissa A. Miller; Marisela Navarro; Steven B. Bird; Jennifer L. Donovan (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2007)

Handedness and Grooming in Pan troglodytes: Comparative Analysis Between Findings in Captive and Wild Individuals - William D. Hopkins; Jamie L. Russell; Margaret Remkus; Hani Freeman; Steven J. Schapiro (International Journal of Primatology, 2007)

A statistical approach to quasi‐extinction forecasting - Elizabeth Eli Holmes; John L. Sabo; Steven Vincent Viscido; William Fredric Fagan (Ecology Letters, 2007)
Forecasting population decline to a certain critical threshold (the quasi‐extinction risk) is one of the central objectives of population viability analysis (PVA), and such predictions figure prominently in the decisions of major conservation organizations. In this paper, we argue that accurate forecasting of a population's quasi‐extinction risk does not necessarily require knowledge of the underlying biological mechanisms. Because of the stochastic and multiplicative nature of population growth, the ensemble behaviour of population trajectories converges to common statistical forms across a wide variety of stochastic population processes. This paper provides a theoretical basis for this argument. We show that the quasi‐extinction surfaces of a variety of complex stochastic population processes (including age‐structured, density‐dependent and spatially structured populations) can be modelled by a simple stochastic approximation: the stochastic exponential growth process overlaid with Gaussian errors. Using simulated and real data, we show that this model can be estimated with 20–30 years of data and can provide relatively unbiased quasi‐extinction risk with confidence intervals considerably smaller than (0,1). This was found to be true even for simulated data derived from some of the noisiest population processes (density‐dependent feedback, species interactions and strong age‐structure cycling). A key advantage of statistical models is that their parameters and the uncertainty of those parameters can be estimated from time series data using standard statistical methods. In contrast for most species of conservation concern, biologically realistic models must often be specified rather than estimated because of the limited data available for all the various parameters. Biologically realistic models will always have a prominent place in PVA for evaluating specific management options which affect a single segment of a population, a single demographic rate, or different geographic areas. However, for forecasting quasi‐extinction risk, statistical models that are based on the convergent statistical properties of population processes offer many advantages over biologically realistic models.

Facilitation between herons and smallmouth bass foraging on common prey - Jeff Steinmetz; Daniel A. Soluk; Steven L. Kohler (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2007)

Resistance and tolerance in Populus tremuloides: genetic variation, costs, and environmental dependency - Michael T. Stevens; Donald M. Waller; Richard L. Lindroth (Evolutionary Ecology, 2007)

Oceanographic preferences of Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, on their Gulf of Mexico breeding grounds - Steven L. H. Teo; Andre M. Boustany; Barbara A. Block (Marine Biology, 2007)

Long‐Term Effects of Group‐Selection Timber Harvesting on Abundance of Forest Birds - STEVEN P. CAMPBELL; JACK W. WITHAM; MALCOLM L. HUNTER (Conservation Biology, 2007)
Relatively few studies have examined the ecological effects of group‐selection timber harvesting, and nearly all have been short‐term and have lacked experimental manipulations that allow pre‐ and posttreatment comparisons. We have been documenting the effects of a group‐selection timber harvest on bird abundance in a Maine forest for 24 years (preharvest, 1983–1987; postharvest, 1988–2006). Here we characterized the trends in bird abundance over the first 20 years of the study in the managed and control halves of the 40‐ha study area. Species responses to the group‐selection harvest were idiosyncratic, but in general the mature‐forest bird community was retained and species dependent on early successional habitat temporarily (≤8 years) benefited. The Eastern Wood‐Pewee ( Contopus virens ) , Winter Wren ( Troglodytes troglodytes ) , Pine Warbler ( Dendroica pinus ) , and White‐throated Sparrow ( Zonotrichia albicollis ) increased in abundance in the managed half of the study area following timber harvest, whereas the Veery ( Catharus fuscescens ) decreased. The Black‐and‐White Warbler ( Mniotilta varia ) , Nashville Warbler ( Vermivora ruficapilla ) , and Common Yellowthroat ( Geothlypis trichas ) responded positively to harvesting, as indicated by decreases in abundance in the control area and more protracted declines or stable abundances in the managed area. This study constitutes the longest experimental investigation to date of the effects of a group‐selection harvest on birds and thus provides important information on the strength, direction, and duration of temporal changes in bird populations following forest management.

Impact of carbon sources on growth and oxalate synthesis by the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum - Bryan J. Culbertson; Jaymie Krone; Erastus Gatebe; Norbert C. Furumo; Steven L. Daniel (World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2007)

Quantifying the effects of voluntary contraction and inter-stimulus interval on the human soleus H-reflex - Richard B. Stein; Kristen L. Estabrooks; Steven McGie; Michael J. Roth; Kelvin E. Jones (Experimental Brain Research, 2007)

Sample design, execution, and analysis for wetland assessment - Don L. Stevens; Susan F. Jensen (Wetlands, 2007)

Combining HGM and EMAP procedures to assess wetlands at the watershed scale — status of flats and non-tidal riverine wetlands in the Nanticoke River watershed, Delaware and Maryland (USA) - Dennis F. Whigham; Amy Deller Jacobs; Donald E. Weller; Thomas E. Jordan; Mary E. Kentula; Susan F. Jensen; Donald L. Stevens (Wetlands, 2007)

Assessment of wetland condition: An example from the Upper Juniata watershed in Pennsylvania, USA - Denice H. Wardrop; Mary E. Kentula; Donald L. Stevens; Susan F. Jensen; Robert P. Brooks (Wetlands, 2007)

Assessment of wetlands in the Upper Juniata watershed in Pennsylvania, USA using the hydrogeomorphic approach - Denice H. Wardrop; Mary E. Kentula; Susan F. Jensen; Donald L. Stevens; Kristen C. Hychka; Robert P. Brooks (Wetlands, 2007)

Seed germination of agricultural weeds is promoted by the butenolide 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one under laboratory and field conditions - J. C. Stevens; D. J. Merritt; G. R. Flematti; E. L. Ghisalberti; K. W. Dixon (Plant and Soil, 2007)

Poster abstracts - J. Ferrie; M. Shipley; F. Cappuccio; E. Brunner; M. Miller; M. Kumari; M. Marmot; A. Coenen; J. L. Castillo; F. Araya; G. Bustamante; L. Montecino; et al. (Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 2007)

Soil microbial activity, aggregation and nutrient responses to straw pulping liquor in corn cropping - C. Xiao; R. Stevens; M. Fauci; R. Bolton; M. Lewis; W. T. McKean; D. F. Bezdicek; W. L. Pan (Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2007)

Fecal steroid monitoring for assessing gonadal and adrenal activity in the golden eagle and peregrine falcon - Airica M. Staley; Juan M. Blanco; Alfred M. Dufty; David E. Wildt; Steven L. Monfort (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2007)

Using GIS to Generate Spatially Balanced Random Survey Designs for Natural Resource Applications - David M. Theobald; Don L. Stevens; Denis White; N. Scott Urquhart; Anthony R. Olsen; John B. Norman (Environmental Management, 2007)

Environmental and plant community determinants of species loss following nitrogen enrichment - Chris M. Clark; Elsa E. Cleland; Scott L. Collins; Joseph E. Fargione; Laura Gough; Katherine L. Gross; Steven C. Pennings; Katherine N. Suding; James B. Grace (Ecology Letters, 2007)
Global energy use and food production have increased nitrogen inputs to ecosystems worldwide, impacting plant community diversity, composition, and function. Previous studies show considerable variation across terrestrial herbaceous ecosystems in the magnitude of species loss following nitrogen (N) enrichment. What controls this variation remains unknown. We present results from 23 N‐addition experiments across North America, representing a range of climatic, soil and plant community properties, to determine conditions that lead to greater diversity decline. Species loss in these communities ranged from 0 to 65% of control richness. Using hierarchical structural equation modelling, we found greater species loss in communities with a lower soil cation exchange capacity, colder regional temperature, and larger production increase following N addition, independent of initial species richness, plant productivity, and the relative abundance of most plant functional groups. Our results indicate sensitivity to N addition is co‐determined by environmental conditions and production responsiveness, which overwhelm the effects of initial community structure and composition.

Population Status of North American Green Sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris - Peter B. Adams; Churchill Grimes; Joseph E. Hightower; Steven T. Lindley; Mary L. Moser; Michael J. Parsley (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2007)

Use of Washington Estuaries by Subadult and Adult Green Sturgeon - Mary L. Moser; Steven T. Lindley (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2007)

Visual memory capacity in transsaccadic integration - Steven L. Prime; Lia Tsotsos; Gerald P. Keith; J. Douglas Crawford (Experimental Brain Research, 2007)

An initial study into the use of microwave remediation of hexachlorobenzene treated soil using selected oxidants and coated graphite rods - Craig A. Calvert; Steven L. Suib (Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2007)

Using movements and diet analyses to assess effects of introduced muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Saint John River, New Brunswick - R. Allen Curry; Chad A. Doherty; Timothy D. Jardine; Steven L. Currie (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2007)

Population dynamics of muskellunge in Wisconsin waters of Green Bay, Lake Michigan, 1989–2005 - Kevin L. Kapuscinski; Brian J. Belonger; Steven Fajfer; Terrence J. Lychwick (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2007)

The Influence of Financial Incentive Programs in Promoting Sustainable Forestry on the Nation's Family Forests - Michael A. Kilgore; John L. Greene; Michael G. Jacobson; Thomas J. Straka; Steven E. Daniels (Journal of Forestry, 2007)
Financial incentive programs were evaluated to assess their contribution to promoting sustainable forestry practices on the nation's family forests. The evaluation consisted of an extensive review of the literature on financial incentive programs, a mail survey of the lead administrator of financial incentive programs in each state forestry agency, and focus groups with family forest owners in four regions of the country. The study found that financial incentive programs have limited influence on forest owners' decisions regarding the management and use of their land. Family forest owners viewed one-on-one access to a forester or other natural resource professional to “walk the land” with them and discuss their management alternatives as the most important type of assistance that can be provided. Recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of financial incentive programs in promoting sustainable forestry are discussed.

Analysis of clonal germplasm from five Saccharum species: S. barberi, S. robustum, S. officinarum, S. sinense and S. spontaneum. A study of inter- and intra species relationships using microsatellite markers - J. Steven Brown; R. J. Schnell; E. J. Power; Stephanie L. Douglas; David N. Kuhn (Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2007)

The predatory behavior of wintering Accipiter hawks: temporal patterns in activity of predators and prey - Timothy C. Roth; Steven L. Lima (Oecologia, 2007)

Results of satellite tagging of Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, off the coast of Ireland - Michael J. W. Stokesbury; Ronan Cosgrove; Andre Boustany; Daragh Browne; Steven L. H. Teo; Ronald K. O’Dor; Barbara A. Block (Hydrobiologia, 2007)

Browse Quality in Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides): Effects of Genotype, Nutrients, Defoliation, and Coppicing - Richard L. Lindroth; Jack R. Donaldson; Michael T. Stevens; Adam C. Gusse (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2007)

Migratory connectivity in barn swallows and other hirundines - Tibor Szép; Anders Pape Møller; Steven Piper; Rick Nuttall; Zoltán D. Szabó; Péter L. Pap (Journal of Ornithology, 2007)

Studies of Frostfire myxomycetes including a description of a new species of Diderma - Yuri K. Novozhilov; Steven L. Stephenson; Maribeth Overking; John C. Landolt; Gary A. Laursen (Mycological Progress, 2007)

Annual migrations, diving behavior, and thermal biology of Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, on their Gulf of Mexico breeding grounds - Steven L. H. Teo; Andre Boustany; Heidi Dewar; Michael J. W. Stokesbury; Kevin C. Weng; Shana Beemer; Andrew C. Seitz; Charles J. Farwell; Eric D. Prince; Barbara A. Block (Marine Biology, 2007)

Stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations at low levels: an assessment of reduction strategies and costs - Detlef P. van Vuuren; Michel G. J. den Elzen; Paul L. Lucas; Bas Eickhout; Bart J. Strengers; Bas van Ruijven; Steven Wonink; Roy van Houdt (Climatic Change, 2007)

Revising how the computer program cervus accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment - STEVEN T. KALINOWSKI; MARK L. TAPER; TRISTAN C. MARSHALL (Molecular Ecology, 2007)
Genotypes are frequently used to identify parentage. Such analysis is notoriously vulnerable to genotyping error, and there is ongoing debate regarding how to solve this problem. Many scientists have used the computer program cervus to estimate parentage, and have taken advantage of its option to allow for genotyping error. In this study, we show that the likelihood equations used by versions 1.0 and 2.0 of cervus to accommodate genotyping error miscalculate the probability of observing an erroneous genotype. Computer simulation and reanalysis of paternity in Rum red deer show that correcting this error increases success in paternity assignment, and that there is a clear benefit to accommodating genotyping errors when errors are present. A new version of cervus (3.0) implementing the corrected likelihood equations is available at http://www.fieldgenetics.com .

A long‐term record of carbon exchange in a boreal black spruce forest: means, responses to interannual variability, and decadal trends - ALLISON L. DUNN; CAROL C. BARFORD; STEVEN C. WOFSY; MICHAEL L. GOULDEN; BRUCE C. DAUBE (Global Change Biology, 2007)
We present a decadal (1994–2004) record of carbon dioxide flux in a 160‐year‐old black spruce forest/veneer bog complex in central Manitoba, Canada. The ecosystem shifted from a source (+41 g C m −2 , 1995) to a sink (−21 g C m −2 , 2004) of CO 2 over the decade, with an average net carbon balance near zero. Annual mean temperatures increased 1–2° during the period, consistent with the decadal trend across the North American boreal biome. We found that ecosystem carbon exchange responded strongly to air temperature, moisture status, potential evapotranspiration, and summertime solar radiation. The seasonal cycle of ecosystem respiration significantly lagged that of photosynthesis, limited by the rate of soil thaw and the slow drainage of the soil column. Factors acting over long time scales, especially water table depth, strongly influenced the carbon budget on annual time scales. Net uptake was enhanced and respiration inhibited by multiple years of rainfall in excess of evaporative demand. Contrary to expectations, we observed no correlation between longer growing seasons and net uptake, possibly because of offsetting increases in ecosystem respiration. The results indicate that the interactions between soil thaw and water table depth provide critical controls on carbon exchange in boreal forests underlain by peat, on seasonal to decadal time scales, and these factors must be simulated in terrestrial biosphere models to predict response of these regions to future climate.

Effects of motor imagery training after chronic, complete spinal cord injury - Steven C. Cramer; Elizabeth L. R. Orr; Michael J. Cohen; Michael G. Lacourse (Experimental Brain Research, 2007)

In-Vehicle Measurement of Particle Number Concentrations on School Buses Equipped with Diesel Retrofits - Davyda M. Hammond; Melinda M. Lalor; Steven L. Jones (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2007)

The Role of Cohort Studies in Drug Development: Clinical Evidence of Antiviral Activity of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors in the Central Nervous System - Scott L. Letendre; Jennifer Marquie-Beck; Ronald J. Ellis; Steven Paul Woods; Brookie Best; David B. Clifford; Ann C. Collier; Benjamin B. Gelman; Christina Marra; Justin C. McArthur; J. Allen McCutchan; Susan Morgello; et al. (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2007)

Distribution, reproduction and feeding of the Greenland shark Somniosus ( Somniosus ) microcephalus, with notes on two other sleeper sharks, Somniosus ( Somniosus ) pacificus and Somniosus ( Somniosus ) antarcticus - K. Yano; J. D. Stevens; L. J. V. Compagno (Journal of Fish Biology, 2007)
The size and depth distribution, stomach contents and reproductive status of Somniosus ( Somniosus ) microcephalus, Somniosus ( Somniosus ) pacificus and Somniosus ( Somniosus ) antarcticus were examined from specimens collected from the North and South Atlantic, North and South Pacific, and the Southern Ocean. Specimens ranged in size from 42 to 480 cm total length, L T , and were taken from depths of 35–1280 m. Stomach contents included coelenterates, gastropods, cephalopods, echinoderms, crustaceans, elasmobranchs, teleosts, penguins, marine mammals and human waste. Female S. ( S. ) microcephalus mature at c . 450 cm and S. ( S. ) antarcticus at c . 435 cm L T ; a female S. ( S. ) pacificus of 430 cm was mature. Male S. ( S. ) microcephalus mature at c . 300 cm, but male S. ( S. ) antarcticus may not mature until c . 400 cm L T . The size at birth in these three species of Somniosus is c . 40 cm L T .

Genetic evidence confirms the origin of the house mouse on sub-Antarctic Marion Island - Bettine Jansen van Vuuren; Steven L. Chown (Polar Biology, 2007)

A DNA prime, orally delivered protein boost vaccination strategy against viral encephalitis - Mark P Zanin; Diane E Webster; Steven L Wesselingh (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2007)

Reactivation phenotype in rabbits of a herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant containing an unrelated antiapoptosis gene in place of latency-associated transcript - Ling Jin; Guey-Chuen Perng; Dale Carpenter; Kevin R Mott; Nelson Osorio; Julia Naito; David J Brick; Clinton Jones; Steven L Wechsler (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2007)

Comparison of carbon dioxide fluxes over three boreal black spruce forests in Canada - ONIL BERGERON; HANK A. MARGOLIS; T. ANDREW BLACK; CAROLE COURSOLLE; ALLISON L. DUNN; ALAN G. BARR; STEVEN C. WOFSY (Global Change Biology, 2007)
Although mature black spruce forests are a dominant cover type in the boreal forest of North America, it is not clear how their carbon (C) budgets vary across the continent. The installation of an eddy covariance flux tower on an Old Black Spruce (OBS) site in eastern Canada (EOBS, Québec) provided a first opportunity to compare and contrast its annual (2004) and seasonal C exchange with two other pre‐existing OBS flux sites from different climatic regions located in Saskatchewan [Southern OBS (SOBS)] and Manitoba [Northern OBS (NOBS)]. Although there was a relatively uniform seasonal pattern of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) among sites, EOBS had a lower total annual NEP than the other two sites. This was primarily because warmer soil under a thicker snowpack at EOBS appeared to increase winter C losses and low light suppressed both NEP and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) in June. Across sites, greater total annual GEP and ecosystem respiration ( R ) were associated with greater mean annual air temperatures and an earlier beginning of the growing season. Also, GEP at all three sites showed a stronger relationship with air temperature in spring and early summer compared with later in the growing season, highlighting the importance of springtime conditions to the C budget of these boreal ecosystems. The three sites had different parameter estimates describing the responses of R and GEP at the half hour time scale to near surface temperature and light, respectively. On the other hand, the responses of both R and GEP to temperature at the monthly scale did not differ among sites. These results suggest that a general parameterization could be sufficient at coarse time resolutions to model the response of C exchange to environmental factors of mature black spruce forests from different climatic regions.

Bottom‐up forcing and the decline of Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus ) in Alaska: assessing the ocean climate hypothesis - ANDREW W. TRITES; ARTHUR J. MILLER; HERBERT D. G. MASCHNER; MICHAEL A. ALEXANDER; STEVEN J. BOGRAD; JOHN A. CALDER; ANTONIETTA CAPOTONDI; KENNETH O. COYLE; EMANUELE DI LORENZO; BRUCE P. FINNEY; EDWARD J. GREGR; CHESTER E. GROSCH; et al. (Fisheries Oceanography, 2007)
Declines of Steller sea lion ( Eumetopias jubatus ) populations in the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska could be a consequence of physical oceanographic changes associated with the 1976–77 climate regime shift. Changes in ocean climate are hypothesized to have affected the quantity, quality, and accessibility of prey, which in turn may have affected the rates of birth and death of sea lions. Recent studies of the spatial and temporal variations in the ocean climate system of the North Pacific support this hypothesis. Ocean climate changes appear to have created adaptive opportunities for various species that are preyed upon by Steller sea lions at mid‐trophic levels. The east–west asymmetry of the oceanic response to climate forcing after 1976–77 is consistent with both the temporal aspect (populations decreased after the late 1970s) and the spatial aspect of the decline (western, but not eastern, sea lion populations decreased). These broad‐scale climate variations appear to be modulated by regionally sensitive biogeographic structures along the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska, which include a transition point from coastal to open‐ocean conditions at Samalga Pass westward along the Aleutian Islands. These transition points delineate distinct clusterings of different combinations of prey species, which are in turn correlated with differential population sizes and trajectories of Steller sea lions. Archaeological records spanning 4000 yr further indicate that sea lion populations have experienced major shifts in abundance in the past. Shifts in ocean climate are the most parsimonious underlying explanation for the broad suite of ecosystem changes that have been observed in the North Pacific Ocean in recent decades.

Luminescence geochronology for sediments from Lake El’gygytgyn, northeast Siberia, Russia: constraining the timing of paleoenvironmental events for the past 200 ka - Steven L. Forman; James Pierson; Jeaneth Gómez; Julie Brigham-Grette; Norbert R. Nowaczyk; Martin Melles (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2006)

Pharmacokinetic and behavioral characterization of a long-term antipsychotic delivery system in rodents and rabbits - Kayla L. Metzger; Jody M. Shoemaker; Jonathan B. Kahn; Christina R. Maxwell; Yuling Liang; Jan Tokarczyk; Stephen J. Kanes; Meredith Hans; Anthony M. Lowman; Nily Dan; Karen I. Winey; Neal R. Swerdlow; et al. (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

Modeling studies of the upper ocean response to a tropical cyclone - Steven L. Morey; Mark A. Bourassa; Dmitry S. Dukhovskoy; James J. O’Brien (Ocean Dynamics, 2006)

Using Relative Risk to Compare the Effects of Aquatic Stressors at a Regional Scale - John Van Sickle; John L. Stoddard; Steven G. Paulsen; Anthony R. Olsen (Environmental Management, 2006)

Evaluation of manometric temperature measurement (MTM), a process analytical technology tool in freeze drying, part III: Heat and mass transfer measurement - Xiaolin Charlie Tang; Steven L. Nail; Michael J. Pikal (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2006)

Evaluation of manometric temperature measurement, a process analytical technology tool for freeze-drying: Part II measurement of dry-layer resistance - Xiaolin Charlie Tang; Steven L. Nail; Michael J. Pikal (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2006)

Integrating physiology and life history to improve fisheries management and conservation - Jeffery L. Young; Zosia B. Bornik; Michelle L. Marcotte; Kim N. Charlie; Glenn N. Wagner; Scott G. Hinch; Steven J. Cooke (Fish and Fisheries, 2006)
Knowledge of life‐history traits is increasingly recognized as an important criterion for effective management and conservation. Understanding the link between physiology and life history is an important component of this knowledge and in our view is particularly relevant to understanding marine and freshwater fishes. Such linkages (i.e. the life‐history/physiology nexus) have been recently advocated for avian systems and here we explore this concept for fish. This paper highlights the gap in fisheries literature with regard to understanding the relationship between physiology and life history, and proposes ways in which this integration could improve fisheries management and conservation. We use three case studies on different fishes (i.e. the Pacific salmon, the grouper complex and tuna) to explore these issues. The physiological structure and function of fish plays a central role in determining stock response to exploitation and changes in the environment. Physiological measures can provide simple indicators necessary for cost‐effective monitoring in the evaluation of fisheries sustainability. The declining state of world fisheries and the need to develop and implement restoration strategies, such as hatchery production or protected areas, provides strong incentive to better understand the influence of physiology on population and reproductive dynamics and early life history. Physiology influences key population‐level processes, particularly those dealing with reproduction, which must be incorporated into the design and successful implementation of specific and broadscale initiatives (e.g. aquatic protected areas and bycatch reduction). Suggestions are made for how to encourage wider application of the physiology/life‐history link, in fisheries management and conservation, as well as more broadly in education and research.

A Global Indicator for Biological Invasion - MELODIE A. McGEOCH; STEVEN L. CHOWN; JESSE M. KALWIJ (Conservation Biology, 2006)
“Trends in invasive alien species” is one of only two indicators of threat to biodiversity that form part of the Convention on Biological Diversity's (CBD) framework for monitoring progress toward its “2010 target” (i.e., the commitment to achieve by 2010 a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss). To date, however, there is no fully developed indicator for invasive alien species (IAS) that combines trends, derived from a standard set of methods, across species groups, ecosystems, and regions. Here we provide a rationale for the form and characteristics of an indicator of trends in IAS that will meet the 2010 framework goal and targets for this indicator. We suggest single and composite indicators that include problem‐status and management‐status measures that are designed to be flexible, readily disaggregated, and as far as possible draw on existing data. The single indicators at national and global scales are number of IAS and numbers of operational management plans for IAS. Global trends in IAS are measured as the progress of nations toward the targets of stabilizing IAS numbers and the implementation of IAS management plans. The proposed global indicator thus represents a minimum information set that most directly addresses the indicator objective and simultaneously aims to maximize national participation. This global indicator now requires testing to assess its accuracy, sensitivity, and tractability. Although it may not be possible to achieve the desired objective for a global indicator of biological invasion by 2010 as comprehensively as desired, it seems possible to obtain trend estimates for a component of the taxa, ecosystems, and regions involved. Importantly, current indicator development initiatives will also contribute to developing the mechanisms necessary for monitoring global trends in IAS beyond 2010.

The microarthropods of sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Island: a quantitative assessment - Elizabeth A. Hugo; Steven L. Chown; Melodie A. McGeoch (Polar Biology, 2006)

Stratified flow interactions with a suspended canopy - David R. Plew; Robert H. Spigel; Craig L. Stevens; Roger I. Nokes; Mark J. Davidson (Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 2006)

Maximum likelihood estimation of the frequency of null alleles at microsatellite loci - Steven T. Kalinowski; Mark L. Taper (Conservation Genetics, 2006)

Biocolloid retention in partially saturated soils - Tammo S. Steenhuis; Annette Dathe; Yuniati Zevi; Jennifer L. Smith; Bin Gao; Stephen B. Shaw; Dilkushi DeAlwis; Samary Amaro-Garcia; Rosemarie Fehrman; M. Ekrem Cakmak; Ian C. Toevs; Benjamin M. Liu; et al. (Biologia, 2006)

People, species richness and human population growth - Karl L. Evans; Berndt J. Van Rensburg; Kevin J. Gaston; Steven L. Chown (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2006)
Aim To investigate how the magnitude of conservation conflicts arising from positive relationships between human population size and species richness is altered during a period of marked human population growth (2% year −1 ). Location South Africa. Methods Anuran and avian species richness were calculated from atlas distribution maps, and human population was measured in 1996 and 2001, all at a quarter‐degree resolution. We investigated the relationships between human population size in, and its change during, these two periods and environmental energy availability. We then investigated the nature of relationships between species richness and human population size in both time periods, and its change during them; these analyses were conducted both with and without taking environmental energy availability into account. Finally, we investigated the nature of the relationships between human population size, and its change, and the proportion of protected land. Analyses were conducted both without and with taking spatial autocorrelation into account; the latter was achieved using mixed models that fitted a spatial covariance structure to the data. Results Change in human population size between 1996 and 2001 exhibited marked spatial variation, with both large increases and decreases, but was poorly correlated with environmental energy availability. The nature of the relationship between human population size and environmental energy availability did not, however, exhibit statistically significant differences regardless of whether the former was measured in 1996 or 2001. Similarly, relationships between species richness and human population size did not exhibit significant differences between the two periods. The strengths of the species–human relationships were markedly reduced when energy availability was taken into account. Change in human population size was poorly correlated with species richness. The proportion of protected land was negatively, albeit rather weakly, correlated with human population size in 1996 and 2001, and with its change between these two periods. Main conclusions Positive species–human relationships arise largely, but not entirely, because both species richness and human population size exhibit similar responses to environmental energy availability. During a period of rapid human population growth, and marked changes in the spatial variation in human population size, positive correlations remained between human population size and both anuran and avian species richness. The slope of these correlations did not, however, alter, and the most species‐rich areas are not those with the largest increases in human population. Despite marked population growth, the magnitude of conservation conflicts arising from positive species–human relationships thus appears to have remained largely unchanged.

A new species of Didymium (Myxomycetes) from subantarctic Macquarie Island - Steven L. Stephenson; Gabriel Moreno (Mycological Progress, 2006)

Evaluation of Three-dimensional Image Registration Methodologies for In Vivo Micro-computed Tomography - Steven K. Boyd; Stephan Moser; Michael Kuhn; Robert J. Klinck; Peter L. Krauze; Ralph Müller; Jürg A. Gasser (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2006)

Predictions of Onset of Crystallization from Experimental Relaxation Times I-Correlation of Molecular Mobility from Temperatures Above the Glass Transition to Temperatures Below the Glass Transition - Chandan Bhugra; Rama Shmeis; Steven L. Krill; Michael J. Pikal (Pharmaceutical Research, 2006)

The interplay between mangroves and saltmarshes at the transition between temperate and subtropical climate in Florida - Philip W. Stevens; Sandra L. Fox; Clay L. Montague (Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2006)

Homogenization of the Ionic Transport Equations in Periodic Porous Media - Jason R. Looker; Steven L. Carnie (Transport in Porous Media, 2006)

Mapping the central effects of ketamine in the rat using pharmacological MRI - Clare L. Littlewood; Nicholas Jones; Michael J. O’Neill; Stephen N. Mitchell; Mark Tricklebank; Steven C. R. Williams (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

A Bioenergetic Analysis of Factors Limiting Brown Trout Growth in an Ozark Tailwater River - Ronald L. Johnson; Steven C. Blumenshine; Stephen M. Coghlan (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2006)

Remarkable Amphibian Biomass and Abundance in an Isolated Wetland: Implications for Wetland Conservation - J. WHITFIELD GIBBONS; CHRISTOPHER T. WINNE; DAVID E. SCOTT; JOHN D. WILLSON; XAVIER GLAUDAS; KIMBERLY M. ANDREWS; BRIAN D. TODD; LUKE A. FEDEWA; LUCAS WILKINSON; RIA N. TSALIAGOS; STEVEN J. HARPER; JUDITH L. GREENE; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2006)
Despite the continuing loss of wetland habitats and associated declines in amphibian populations, attempts to translate wetland losses into measurable losses to ecosystems have been lacking. We estimated the potential productivity from the amphibian community that would be compromised by the loss of a single isolated wetland that has been protected from most industrial, agricultural, and urban impacts for the past 54 years. We used a continuous drift fence at Ellenton Bay, a 10‐ha freshwater wetland on the Savannah River Site, near Aiken, South Carolina (U.S.A.), to sample all amphibians for 1 year following a prolonged drought. Despite intensive agricultural use of the land surrounding Ellenton Bay prior to 1951, we documented 24 species and remarkably high numbers and biomass of juvenile amphibians (>360,000 individuals; >1,400 kg) produced during one breeding season. Anurans (17 species) were more abundant than salamanders (7 species), comprising 96.4% of individual captures. Most (95.9%) of the amphibian biomass came from 232095 individuals of a single species of anuran (southern leopard frog [Rana sphenocephala ]). Our results revealed the resilience of an amphibian community to natural stressors and historical habitat alteration and the potential magnitude of biomass and energy transfer from isolated wetlands to surrounding terrestrial habitat. We attributed the postdrought success of amphibians to a combination of adult longevity (often >5 years), a reduction in predator abundance, and an abundance of larval food resources. Likewise, the increase of forest cover around Ellenton Bay from 60% in 2001 probably contributed to the long‐term persistence of amphibians at this site. Our findings provide an optimistic counterpoint to the issue of the global decline of biological diversity by demonstrating that conservation efforts can mitigate historical habitat degradation.

EST database for early flower development in California poppy (Eschscholzia californica Cham., Papaveraceae) tags over 6000 genes from a basal eudicot - John E. Carlson; James H. Leebens-Mack; P. Kerr Wall; Laura M. Zahn; Lukas A. Mueller; Lena L. Landherr; Yi Hu; Daniel C. Ilut; Jennifer M. Arrington; Stephanie Choirean; Annette Becker; Dawn Field; et al. (Plant Molecular Biology, 2006)

Variability of motor potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation depends on muscle activation - Warren G. Darling; Steven L. Wolf; Andrew J. Butler (Experimental Brain Research, 2006)

People, species richness and human population growth - Karl L. Evans; Berndt J. van Rensburg; Kevin J. Gaston; Steven L. Chown (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2006)

Atypical anxiolytic-like response to naloxone in benzodiazepine-resistant 129S2/SvHsd mice: role of opioid receptor subtypes - R. J. Rodgers; R. Augar; N. Berryman; C. J. Hansom; M. L. O’Mahony; R. M. Palmer; A. Stevens; A. J. Tallett (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

Body size patterns in Drosophila inhabiting a mesocosm: interactive effects of spatial variation in temperature and abundance - Marié Warren; Melodie A. McGeoch; Sue W. Nicolson; Steven L. Chown (Oecologia, 2006)

On linking interannual tree ring variability with observations of whole‐forest CO 2 flux - ADRIAN V. ROCHA; MICHAEL L. GOULDEN; ALLISON L. DUNN; STEVEN C. WOFSY (Global Change Biology, 2006)
We used a 10‐year record of the CO 2 flux by an old growth boreal forest in central Manitoba (the Northern Old Black Spruce Site (NOBS)), a ∼150‐year‐old Picea mariana [Mill.] stand) to determine whether and how whole‐forest CO 2 flux is related to tree ring width. We compared a 37‐year ring width chronology collected at NOBS to a second chronology that was collected at a nearby Black Spruce stand with a different disturbance history, and also to three measures of annual whole‐forest photosynthesis [gross ecosystem production (GEP)], two measures of annual respiration (R), and one measure of annual carbon balance [net ecosystem production (NEP)]. The year‐to‐year ring width fluctuations were well correlated between the two sites; increasing our confidence in the NOBS chronology and implying that ring width variation is driven and synchronized by the physical environment. Both chronologies exhibited serial correlation, with a fluctuation in ring width that had an apparent periodicity of ∼7 years. Neither chronology was correlated with variation in annual precipitation or temperature. Ring width and NEP increased, while R decreased from 1995 to 2004. GEP either remained constant or decreased from 1995 to 2004, depending on which measure was considered. The lack of relationship between ring width and GEP may indicate that ring growth is controlled almost entirely by something other than carbon uptake. Alternative explanations for the ring width chronologies include the possibility that wood production varies as a result of shifts in respiration, or that an unidentified aspect of the environment, rather than the balance between GEP and respiration, controls wood production. The serial correlation in ring width may be related to increases and decreases in carbohydrate pools, or to gradual changes in nutrient availability, pathogens, herbivores, soil frost or soil water table. The cause or causes of serial correlation, and the controls on the allocation of photosynthate to wood production, emerge as critical uncertainties for efforts in predicting the carbon balance of boreal ecosystems and inferring past climate from tree rings.

Seasonal upwelling on the Western and Southern Shelves of the Gulf of Mexico - Jorge Zavala-Hidalgo; Artemio Gallegos-García; Benjamín Martínez-López; Steven L. Morey; James J. O’Brien (Ocean Dynamics, 2006)

Anti-CCL2 treatment inhibits Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease - William J. Karpus; Kevin J. Kennedy; Brian T. Fife; Jamie L. Bennett; Mauro C. Dal Canto; Steven L. Kunkel; Nicholas W. Lukacs (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2006)

Age-Related Shifts in Leaf Chemistry of Clonal Aspen (Populus tremuloides) - Jack R. Donaldson; Michael T. Stevens; Heidi R. Barnhill; Richard L. Lindroth (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2006)

Indirect effects of algae on coral: algae‐mediated, microbe‐induced coral mortality - Jennifer E. Smith; Morrigan Shaw; Rob A. Edwards; David Obura; Olga Pantos; Enric Sala; Stuart A. Sandin; Steven Smriga; Mark Hatay; Forest L. Rohwer (Ecology Letters, 2006)
Declines in coral cover are generally associated with increases in the abundance of fleshy algae. In many cases, it remains unclear whether algae are responsible, directly or indirectly, for coral death or whether they simply settle on dead coral surfaces. Here, we show that algae can indirectly cause coral mortality by enhancing microbial activity via the release of dissolved compounds. When coral and algae were placed in chambers together but separated by a 0.02 μ m filter, corals suffered 100% mortality. With the addition of the broad‐spectrum antibiotic ampicillin, mortality was completely prevented. Physiological measurements showed complementary patterns of increasing coral stress with proximity to algae. Our results suggest that as human impacts increase and algae become more abundant on reefs a positive feedback loop may be created whereby compounds released by algae enhance microbial activity on live coral surfaces causing mortality of corals and further algal growth.

Using DNA from non-invasive samples to identify individuals and census populations: an evidential approach tolerant of genotyping errors - Steven T. Kalinowski; Mark L. Taper; Scott Creel (Conservation Genetics, 2006)

Molecular targeting of the lymphovascular system for imaging and therapy - Heiko Schöder; Edwin C. Glass; Alain P. Pecking; Jay K. Harness; Anne M. Wallace; Peter Hirnle; Jean L. Alberini; Didier Vilain; Steven M. Larson; Carl K. Hoh; David R. Vera (Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2006)

The mycorrhizal status of Pseudotulostoma volvata (Elaphomycetaceae, Eurotiales, Ascomycota) - Terry W. Henkel; Timothy Y. James; Steven L. Miller; M. Catherine Aime; Orson K. Miller (Mycorrhiza, 2006)

Determinants of predation risk in small wintering birds: the hawk’s perspective - Timothy C. Roth; Steven L. Lima; William E. Vetter (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2006)

Construction of a quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) BAC library and its use in identifying genes encoding seed storage proteins - M. R. Stevens; C. E. Coleman; S. E. Parkinson; P. J. Maughan; H.-B. Zhang; M. R. Balzotti; D. L. Kooyman; K. Arumuganathan; A. Bonifacio; D. J. Fairbanks; E. N. Jellen; J. J. Stevens (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2006)

Mapping the central effects of ketamine in the rat using pharmacological MRI - Clare L. Littlewood; Nicholas Jones; Michael J. O’Neill; Stephen N. Mitchell; Mark Tricklebank; Steven C. R. Williams (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

Patterns of Fish Use and Piscivore Abundance within a Reconnected Saltmarsh Impoundment in the Northern Indian River Lagoon, Florida - Philip W. Stevens; Clay L. Montague; Kenneth J. Sulak (Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2006)

Searching for potential wintering and migration areas of a Danish Barn Swallow population in South Africa by correlating NDVI with survival estimates - Tibor Szép; Anders Pape Møller; Steven Piper; Rick Nuttall; Zoltán D. Szabó; Péter L. Pap (Journal of Ornithology, 2006)

Spatial and temporal variation in tissue halide levels of Salicornia virginica - Yvette Ralph; Steven L. Manley (Wetlands, 2006)

Transsaccadic integration of visual features in a line intersection task - Steven L. Prime; Matthias Niemeier; J.D. Crawford (Experimental Brain Research, 2006)

Evaluation of manometric temperature measurement, a process analytical technology tool for freeze-drying: Part I, product temperature measurement - Xiaolin Tang; Steven L. Nail; Michael J. Pikal (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2006)

Characterization of nicotine's ability to serve as a negative feature in a Pavlovian appetitive conditioning task in rats - Rick A. Bevins; Jamie L. Wilkinson; Matthew I. Palmatier; Hannah L. Siebert; Steven M. Wiltgen (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

Avian and human receptor binding by hemagglutinins of influenza A viruses - R. J. Russell; D. J. Stevens; L. F. Haire; S. J. Gamblin; J. J. Skehel (Glycoconjugate Journal, 2006)

Transcriptional activity of blood-and cerebrospinal fluid–derived nef /long-terminal repeat sequences isolated from a slow progressor infected with nef -deleted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) who developed HIV-associated dementia - Melissa J Churchill; Anna Figueiredo; Daniel Cowley; Lachlan Gray; Damian FJ Purcell; John S Sullivan; Dale A McPhee; Steven L Wesselingh; Bruce J Brew; Paul R Gorry (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2006)

Use of laser capture microdissection to detect integrated HIV-1 DNA in macrophages and astrocytes from autopsy brain tissues - Melissa J Churchill; Paul R Gorry; Daniel Cowley; Luxshimi Lal; Secondo Sonza; Damian FJ Purcell; Katherine A Thompson; Dana Gabuzda; Justin C McArthur; Carlos A Pardo; Steven L Wesselingh (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2006)

A mutant deleted for most of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) UOL gene does not affect the spontaneous reactivation phenotype in rabbits - David Chan; Jacob Cohen; Julie Naito; Kevin R Mott; Nelson Osorio; Ling Jin; Nigel W Fraser; Clinton Jones; Steven L Wechsler; Guey Chuen Perng (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2006)

Effect of the Federal Estate Tax on Nonindustrial Private Forest Holdings - John L. Greene; Steven H. Bullard; Tamara L. Cushing; Theodore Beauvais (Journal of Forestry, 2006)
Data for this study were collected using a questionnaire mailed to randomly selected members of two forest owner organizations. Among the key findings is that 38% of forest estates owed federal estate tax, a rate many times higher than US estates in general. In 28% of the cases whereestate tax was due, timber or land was sold because other assets were not adequate. In 29% of the cases where land was sold, it was converted to a more developed use. Questionnaires also were mailed to randomly selected individuals from a national database of rural landowners for comparisonwith forest owners. For most of the characteristics surveyed, there was no statistical difference between responses from the two groups.

A conceptual model of ecological interactions in the mangrove estuaries of the Florida Everglades - Steven M. Davis; Daniel L. Childers; Jerome J. Lorenz; Harold R. Wanless; Todd E. Hopkins (Wetlands, 2005)

Physiological state of phytoplankton communities in the Southwest Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, as measured by fast repetition rate fluorometry - Claire L. Holeton; Florence Nédélec; Richard Sanders; Louise Brown; C. Mark Moore; David P. Stevens; Karen J. Heywood; Peter J. Statham; Cathy H. Lucas (Polar Biology, 2005)

Future Sulfur Dioxide Emissions - Steven J. Smith; Hugh Pitcher; T. M. L. Wigley (Climatic Change, 2005)

Effects of a School-based Obesity-prevention Intervention on Menarche (United States) - Jorge E. Chavarro; Karen E. Peterson; Arthur M Sobol; Jean L. Wiecha; Steven L. Gortmaker (Cancer Causes & Control, 2005)

(2,3,4,4-Tetramethylcyclopentyl)Methyl Acetate, a Sex Pheromone from the Obscure Mealybug: First Example of a New Structural Class of Monoterpenes - Jocelyn G. Millar; Sharon L. Midland; J. Steven McElfresh; Kent M. Daane (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2005)

Resistance to apoptosis, increased growth potential, and altered gene expression in cells that survived genotoxic hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] exposure - Daryl E. Pritchard; Susan Ceryak; Keri E. Ramsey; Travis J. O'Brien; Linan Ha; Jamie L. Fornsaglio; Dietrich A. Stephan; Steven R. Patierno (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2005)

Differential impact of ionic and coordinate covalent chromium (Cr)-DNA binding on DNA replication - Jamie L. Fornsaglio; Travis J. O'Brien; Steven R. Patierno (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2005)

Dominantly inherited cutaneous small-vessel lymphocytic vasculitis maps to chromosome 6q26–q27 - Gabrielle S. Sellick; Richard J. Coleman; Emily L. Webb; Jade Chow; Steven Bevan; Jane L. Rosbotham; Richard S. Houlston (Human Genetics, 2005)

Human impacts, energy availability and invasion across Southern Ocean Islands - Steven L. Chown; Bruce Hull; Kevin J. Gaston (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2005)
Aim Ongoing biological invasions will enhance the impacts of humans on biodiversity. Nonetheless, the effects of exotic species on diversity are idiosyncratic. Increases in diversity might be a consequence of similar responses by species to available energy, or because of positive relationships between human density, energy and propagule pressure. Here we use data from the Southern Ocean island plants and insects to investigate these issues. Location The Southern Ocean Islands ranging from Tristan da Cunha to Heard Island and South Georgia. Methods Generalized linear models are used to explore the relationships between indigenous and exotic species richness for plants and insects on two different islands. Similar models are used to examine interactions between indigenous and exotic species richness, energy availability and propagule pressure at the regional scale. Results Positive relationships were found between indigenous and exotic species richness at local scales, although for plants, the relationship was partially triangular. Across the Southern Ocean Islands, there was strong positive covariation between indigenous and exotic plant species richness and insect species richness, even taking spatial autocorrelation into account. Both exotic and indigenous plant and insect species richness covaried with energy availability, as did human visitor frequency. When two islands with almost identical numbers of human visits were contrasted, it was clear that energy availability, or perhaps differences in climate‐matching, were responsible for differences in the extent of invasion. Conclusion In plants and insects, there are positive relationships between indigenous and exotic diversity at local and regional scales across the Southern Ocean islands. These relationships are apparently a consequence of similar responses by both groups and by human occupants to available energy. When visitor frequency is held constant, energy availability is the major correlate of exotic species richness, though the exact mechanistic cause of this relationship requires clarification.

Assessing the Comparability of Ammonium, Nitrate and Sulfate Concentrations Measured by Three Air Quality Monitoring Networks - Edith L Gego; P. Steven Porter; John S. Irwin; Christian Hogrefe; S. Trivikrama Rao (Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2005)

Examining Advocacy and Comprehensive Cancer Control - Wendy K. D. Selig; K. Larry Jenkins; Steven L. Reynolds; Dave Benson; Morgan Daven (Cancer Causes & Control, 2005)

Effects of a short‐term climate change experiment on a sub‐Antarctic keystone plant species - Peter C. Le Roux; Melodie A. McGeoch; Mawethu J. Nyakatya; Steven L. Chown (Global Change Biology, 2005)
The cushion plant Azorella selago is widespread across the sub‐Antarctic, and is considered a keystone species in the dominant fellfield vegetation. However, the impact of current changes in climate in the region (increasing temperature and declining rainfall) on this species is unknown. Here, the response of A. selago to reduced rainfall (a direct effect of climate change) and increased shading (a predicted indirect effect of increasing temperatures, via enhanced growth and wider distribution of more responsive competitors and epiphytes) was experimentally determined. Reduced rainfall increased stem mortality and accelerated autumnal senescence. Furthermore, under this treatment senescence was unequally distributed across individual plants, hypothesized to be a consequence of an interactive effect between rainfall and wind patterns. Shaded stems grew more, and carried larger leaves with lower trichome densities, than their exposed equivalents. As a result, shaded plants were less compact and their surface integrity reduced. The species' response to combined drying and shading was generally similar to its response to shading alone, suggesting that, at least over the short term, the indirect effects of climate change could be more severe than the direct effects. Thus, despite the species' slow growth rate and the short duration of the experiment, persistent direct and indirect effects were observed, both with potential longer‐term consequences for A. selago populations. Climate change is, therefore, likely to impact negatively on this long‐lived keystone species, with significant implications for the structure and functioning of fellfield systems.

Pseudomonas syringae genes induced during colonization of leaf surfaces - Maria L. Marco; Jennifer Legac; Steven E. Lindow (Environmental Microbiology, 2005)
Summary The foliar pathogen and ice nucleator, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a, demonstrates a high level of epiphytic fitness on plants. Using a promoter‐trapping strategy termed habitat‐inducible rescue of survival (HIRS), we identified genes of this organism that are induced during colonization of healthy bean leaf surfaces. These plant‐inducible genes ( pig s) encode diverse cellular functions including virulence, transcription regulation, transport, nutrient acquisition and other known and unknown loci, some of which may result in antisense transcripts to annotated P. syringae genes. Prominent among the pig s was ssuE , a gene in the sulfate‐starvation regulon, indicating that sulfate is not abundant on leaf surfaces. inaZ reporter gene fusion assays of the plant‐inducible loci revealed up to 300‐fold higher levels of pig transcriptional activity on plant leaves compared with minimal medium. However, the maximum levels of pig transcriptional activity were typically too weak to be measured using a gfp reporter gene. One exception was orf6 in the hrp/hrc pathogenicity island which was highly induced in epiphytic P. syringae cells. Four pigs were disrupted by insertional mutagenesis. While growth of the ssuE mutant was impaired under certain conditions in laboratory medium, the epiphytic and virulence properties of the mutants on bean plants were identical to wild‐type P. syringae . Our results demonstrate the utility of HIRS to identify genes expressed on leaves and provide new insight into the leaf surface environment.

Dormant Season Prescribed Fire as a Management Tool for the Control of Salix caroliniana Michx. in a Floodplain Marsh - Mary Ann B. Lee; Kenneth L. Snyder; Patricia Valentine-Darby; Steven J. Miller; Kimberli J. Ponzio (Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2005)

Association study of 12 polymorphisms spanning the dopamine D2 receptor gene and clozapine treatment response in two treatment refractory/intolerant populations - Rudi Hwang; Takahiro Shinkai; Vincenzo De Luca; Daniel J. Müller; Xingqun Ni; Fabio Macciardi; Steven Potkin; Jeffrey A. Lieberman; Herbert Y. Meltzer; James L. Kennedy (Psychopharmacology, 2005)

Comparison of light- and SST-based geolocation with satellite telemetry in free-ranging albatrosses - Scott A. Shaffer; Yann Tremblay; Jill A. Awkerman; R. William Henry; Steven L. H. Teo; David J. Anderson; Donald A. Croll; Barbara A. Block; Daniel P. Costa (Marine Biology, 2005)

Age at menarche and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers - Joanne Kotsopoulos; Jan Lubinski; Henry T. Lynch; Susan L. Neuhausen; Parviz Ghadirian; Claudine Isaacs; Barbara Weber; Charmaine Kim-Sing; William D. Foulkes; Ruth Gershoni-Baruch; Peter Ainsworth; Eitan Friedman; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2005)

Use of multivitamins and prostate cancer mortality in a large cohort of US men - Victoria L. Stevens; Marjorie L. McCullough; W. Ryan. Diver; Carmen Rodriguez; Eric J. Jacobs; Michael J. Thun; Eugenia E. Calle (Cancer Causes & Control, 2005)

Sex Pheromone of the Citrus Flower Moth Prays nephelomima: Pheromone Identification, Field Trapping Trials, and Phenology - A. R. Gibb; L. E. Jamieson; D. M. Suckling; P. Ramankutty; P. S. Stevens (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2005)

Experimental infection of pigs with West Nile virus - M. L. Teehee; M. L. Bunning; S. Stevens; R. A. Bowen (Archives of Virology, 2005)

Stable isotope analysis of aquatic invertebrate communities in irrigated rice fields cultivated under different management regimes - A. L. Wilson; D.S. Ryder; R.J. Watts; M.M. Stevens (Aquatic Ecology, 2005)

Freeze-drying of proteins from a sucrose-glycine excipient system: Effect of formulation composition on the initial recovery of protein activity - Wei Liu; D. Q. Wang; Steven L. Nail (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2005)

Surgical and pharmacological suppression of glucocorticoids prevents the enhancement of morphine conditioned place preference by uncontrollable stress in rats - Andre Der-Avakian; Matthew J. Will; Sondra T. Bland; Terrence Deak; Kien T. Nguyen; Megan J. Schmid; Robert L. Spencer; Linda R. Watkins; Steven F. Maier (Psychopharmacology, 2005)

Investigations of Contaminated Fluvial Sediment Deposits: Merging of Statistical and Geomorphic Approaches - Randall T. Ryti; Steven L. Reneau; Danny Katzman (Environmental Management, 2005)

Ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health - Steven A. Juliano; L. Philip Lounibos (Ecology Letters, 2005)
Investigations of biological invasions focus on patterns and processes that are related to introduction, establishment, spread and impacts of introduced species. This review focuses on the ecological interactions operating during invasions by the most prominent group of insect vectors of disease, mosquitoes. First, we review characteristics of non‐native mosquito species that have established viable populations, and those invasive species that have spread widely and had major impacts, testing whether biotic characteristics are associated with the transition from established non‐native to invasive. Second, we review the roles of interspecific competition, apparent competition, predation, intraguild predation and climatic limitation as causes of impacts on residents or as barriers to invasion. We concentrate on the best‐studied invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus , evaluating the application of basic ecological theory to invasions by Aedes albopictus . We develop a model based on observations of Aedes albopictus for effects of resource competition and predation as barriers to invasion, evaluating which community and ecosystem characteristics favour invasion. Third, we evaluate the ways in which invasive mosquitoes have contributed to outbreaks of human and animal disease, considering specifically whether invasive mosquitoes create novel health threats, or modify disease transmission for existing pathogen–host systems.

Freeze-Drying Process Design by Manometric Temperature Measurement: Design of a Smart Freeze-Dryer - Xiaolin (Charlie) Tang; Steven L. Nail; Michael J. Pikal (Pharmaceutical Research, 2005)

Simple Reaching Is Not So Simple: Association Between Hand Use and Grip Preferences in Captive Chimpanzees - William D. Hopkins; Jamie L. Russell; Michelle Hook; Stephanie Braccini; Steven J. Schapiro (International Journal of Primatology, 2005)

Diet-Related Modification of Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profiles of the Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile, Diminishes Intercolony Aggression - Grzegorz Buczkowski; Ranjit Kumar; Steven L. Suib; Jules Silverman (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2005)

Site‐level evaluation of satellite‐based global terrestrial gross primary production and net primary production monitoring - David P. Turner; William D. Ritts; Warren B. Cohen; Thomas K. Maeirsperger; Stith T. Gower; Al A. Kirschbaum; Steve W. Running; Maosheng Zhao; Steven C. Wofsy; Allison L. Dunn; Beverly E. Law; John L. Campbell; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2005)
Operational monitoring of global terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) and net primary production (NPP) is now underway using imagery from the satellite‐borne Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Evaluation of MODIS GPP and NPP products will require site‐level studies across a range of biomes, with close attention to numerous scaling issues that must be addressed to link ground measurements to the satellite‐based carbon flux estimates. Here, we report results of a study aimed at evaluating MODIS NPP/GPP products at six sites varying widely in climate, land use, and vegetation physiognomy. Comparisons were made for twenty‐five 1 km 2 cells at each site, with 8‐day averages for GPP and an annual value for NPP. The validation data layers were made with a combination of ground measurements, relatively high resolution satellite data (Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus at ∼30 m resolution), and process‐based modeling. There was strong seasonality in the MODIS GPP at all sites, and mean NPP ranged from 80 g C m −2 yr −1 at an arctic tundra site to 550 g C m −2 yr −1 at a temperate deciduous forest site. There was not a consistent over‐ or underprediction of NPP across sites relative to the validation estimates. The closest agreements in NPP and GPP were at the temperate deciduous forest, arctic tundra, and boreal forest sites. There was moderate underestimation in the MODIS products at the agricultural field site, and strong overestimation at the desert grassland and at the dry coniferous forest sites. Analyses of specific inputs to the MODIS NPP/GPP algorithm – notably the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the vegetation canopy, the maximum light use efficiency (LUE), and the climate data – revealed the causes of the over‐ and underestimates. Suggestions for algorithm improvement include selectively altering values for maximum LUE (based on observations at eddy covariance flux towers) and parameters regulating autotrophic respiration.

Habitat range and phenotypic variation in salt marsh plants - Christina L. Richards; Steven C. Pennings; Lisa A. Donovan (Plant Ecology, 2005)

ESPR A Journal for our Time - Alvin L. Young; John Holder; Gerhard Lammel; Peter Luthardt; Steven McCutcheon; Stefan Trapp (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2005)

Climate Change Impacts for the Conterminous USA: An Integrated Assessment - Steven J. Smith; Allison M. Thomson; Norman J. Rosenberg; R. Cesar Izaurralde; Robert A. Brown; Tom M. L. Wigley (Climatic Change, 2005)

A Facility to Investigate Effects of Elevated Soil Gas Concentration on Vegetation - K. L. Smith; J. J. COLLS; M. D. Steven (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2005)

Arsenic-induced skin conditions identified in southwest dermatology practices: an epidemiologic tool? - Kristine Tollestrup; Floyd J. Frost; Michelle Cristiani; Garnett P. McMillan; Rebecca L. Calderon; R. Steven. Padilla (Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2005)

Winter survival of age-0 smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, in north eastern lakes - R. Allen Curry; Steve L. Currie; Steven K. Arndt; Alex T. Bielak (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2005)