Immunohistochemical localization of urea and ammonia transporters in two confamilial fish species, the ureotelic gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) and the ammoniotelic plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus) - Carol Bucking; Susan L. Edwards; Paul Tickle; Craig P. Smith; M. Danielle McDonald; Patrick J. Walsh (Cell and Tissue Research, 2013)

Palynology supports ‘ O ld N orse’ introductions to the flora of G reenland - J. Edward Schofield; Kevin J. Edwards; Egill Erlendsson; Paul M. Ledger (Journal of Biogeography, 2013)
Aim This paper integrates pollen‐analytical data from sites across southern G reenland to revisit the debate regarding which plants may have been introduced during the N orse colonization or landnám c . ad 985. Location Palynological data are drawn from 14 sites (lakes and mires) located within the former E astern S ettlement of N orse G reenland ( c . 60.9° N, 45.5° W). Methods Maps are presented displaying palynological data for three taxa ( R umex acetosella , P olygonum aviculare and A chillea millefolium ), which earlier scholars have argued are ‘Old Norse’ anthropochores. The maps display pollen frequencies at regular ( c . 100‐year) intervals across a period ( ad 800–1500) encompassing N orse settlement. Results Maps for c . ad 800 and 900 (prior to N orse arrival) display the taxa as locally absent, with the appearance and expansion of their pollen at multiple sites from c . ad 1000 ( landnám ) providing support for the assumption that each taxon arrived with the first settlers. A general and widespread decline in pollen frequencies for these ‘Old Norse’ elements on the c. ad 1500 map (following N orse abandonment) demonstrates a close connection between these plants and a cultural landscape that was shaped and maintained predominantly via animal husbandry. Main conclusions Patterns emerging from this exercise may initiate wider debates related to the pattern and character of the N orse colonization of G reenland. It is suggested that differences in the function or role of farm sites could have led to the creation of greater areas of favourable habitat for ‘ O ld N orse’ flora in some locations relative to others, and that uneven patterns of colonization and the spread of ‘ O ld N orse’ plants might be explained if their introduction – presumably from Iceland – first occurred at only a few locations.

Genetic characterization and mapping of the Rht-1 homoeologs and flanking sequences in wheat - Edward P. Wilhelm; Rhian M. Howells; Nadia Al-Kaff; Jizeng Jia; Catherine Baker; Michelle A. Leverington-Waite; Simon Griffiths; Andy J. Greenland; Margaret I. Boulton; Wayne Powell (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2013)

Identification of serum analytes and metabolites associated with aerobic capacity - Michael S. Lustgarten; Lori Lyn Price; Tanya Logvinenko; Christos Hatzis; Nandan Padukone; Nicholas V. Reo; Edward M. Phillips; Dylan Kirn; John Mills; Roger A. Fielding (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2013)

Detection of Meloidogyne enterolobii in potatoes in South Africa and phylogenetic analysis based on intergenic region and the mitochondrial DNA sequences - Edward M. Onkendi; Lucy N. Moleleki (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2013)

Development of Fusarium langsethiae in commercial cereal production - N. Opoku; M. Back; S. G. Edwards (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2013)

Anthropometric factors in relation to risk of glioma - Rebecca B. Little; Melissa H. Madden; Reid C. Thompson; Jeffrey J. Olson; Renato V. LaRocca; Edward Pan; James E. Browning; Kathleen M. Egan; L. Burton Nabors (Cancer Causes & Control, 2013)

Cigarette smoking and risk of ovarian cancer: a pooled analysis of 21 case–control studies - Mette T. Faber; Susanne K. Kjær; Christian Dehlendorff; Jenny Chang-Claude; Klaus K. Andersen; Estrid Høgdall; Penelope M. Webb; Susan J. Jordan; Mary Anne Rossing; Jennifer A. Doherty; Galina Lurie; Pamela J. Thompson; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2013)

Microevolution in time and space: SNP analysis of historical DNA reveals dynamic signatures of selection in A tlantic cod - Nina O. Therkildsen; Jakob Hemmer‐Hansen; Thomas D. Als; Douglas P. Swain; M. Joanne Morgan; Edward A. Trippel; Stephen R. Palumbi; Dorte Meldrup; Einar E. Nielsen (Molecular Ecology, 2013)
Little is known about how quickly natural populations adapt to changes in their environment and how temporal and spatial variation in selection pressures interact to shape patterns of genetic diversity. We here address these issues with a series of genome scans in four overfished populations of Atlantic cod ( G adus morhua ) studied over an 80‐year period. Screening of >1000 gene‐associated single‐nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNP s) identified 77 loci that showed highly elevated levels of differentiation, likely as an effect of directional selection, in either time, space or both. Exploratory analysis suggested that temporal allele frequency shifts at certain loci may correlate with local temperature variation and with life history changes suggested to be fisheries induced. Interestingly, however, largely nonoverlapping sets of loci were temporal outliers in the different populations and outliers from the 1928 to 1960 period showed almost complete stability during later decades. The contrasting microevolutionary trajectories among populations resulted in sequential shifts in spatial outliers, with no locus maintaining elevated spatial differentiation throughout the study period. Simulations of migration coupled with observations of temporally stable spatial structure at neutral loci suggest that population replacement or gene flow alone could not explain all the observed allele frequency variation. Thus, the genetic changes are likely to at least partly be driven by highly dynamic temporally and spatially varying selection. These findings have important implications for our understanding of local adaptation and evolutionary potential in high gene flow organisms and underscore the need to carefully consider all dimensions of biocomplexity for evolutionarily sustainable management.

The influence of North Atlantic atmospheric and oceanic forcing effects on 1900–2010 Greenland summer climate and ice melt/runoff - Edward Hanna; Julie M. Jones; John Cappelen; Sebastian H. Mernild; Len Wood; Konrad Steffen; Philippe Huybrechts (International Journal of Climatology, 2013)
Correlation analysis of Greenland coastal weather station temperatures against the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) indices for the summer season (when Ice Sheet melt and runoff occur) reveals significant temporal variations over the last 100 years, with periods of strongest correlations in the early twentieth century and during recent decades. During the mid‐twentieth century, temperature changes at the stations are not significantly correlated with these circulation indices. Greenland coastal summer temperatures and Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) runoff since the 1970s are more strongly correlated with the Greenland Blocking Index (GBI) than with the NAO Index (NAOI), making the GBI a potentially useful predictor of ice‐sheet mass balance changes. Our results show that the changing strength of NAOI–temperature relationships found in boreal winter also extends to summer over Greenland. Greenland temperatures and GrIS runoff over the last 30–40 years are significantly correlated with AMO variations, although they are more strongly correlated with GBI changes. GrIS melt extent is less significantly correlated with atmospheric and oceanic index changes than runoff, which we attribute to the latter being a more quantitative index of Ice Sheet response to climate change. Moreover, the four recent warm summers of 2007–2010 are characterised by unprecedented high pressure (since at least 1948—the start of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis record) in the tropospheric column. Our results suggest complex and changing atmospheric forcing conditions that are not well captured using the NAO alone, and support theories of an oceanic influence on the recent increases in Greenland temperatures and GrIS runoff. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society

Phenotype and function of protective, CD4-independent CD8 T cell memory - Lindsay E. Edwards; Catherine Haluszczak; Ross M. Kedl (Immunologic Research, 2013)

Links between Indo-Pacific climate variability and drought in the Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas - Caroline C. Ummenhofer; Rosanne D. D’Arrigo; Kevin J. Anchukaitis; Brendan M. Buckley; Edward R. Cook (Climate Dynamics, 2013)

Polymorphisms in genes related to one-carbon metabolism are not related to pancreatic cancer in PanScan and PanC4 - Max Leenders; Samsiddhi Bhattacharjee; Paolo Vineis; Victoria Stevens; H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita; Xiao-Ou Shu; Laufey Amundadottir; Myron Gross; Geoffrey S. Tobias; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Alan A. Arslan; Eric J. Duell; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2013)

Clinal variation in colony breeding structure and level of inbreeding in the subterranean termites R eticulitermes flavipes and R . grassei - Edward L. Vargo; Laurianne Leniaud; Lois E. Swoboda; Sarah E. Diamond; Michael D. Weiser; Dini M. Miller; Anne‐Geneviève Bagnères (Molecular Ecology, 2013)
Social insects exhibit remarkable variation in their colony breeding structures, both within and among species. Ecological factors are believed to be important in shaping reproductive traits of social insect colonies, yet there is little information linking specific environmental variables with differences in breeding structure. Subterranean termites (Rhinotermitidae) show exceptional variation in colony breeding structure, differing in the number of reproductives and degree of inbreeding; colonies can be simple families headed by a single pair of monogamous reproductives (king and queen) or they can be extended families headed by multiple inbreeding neotenic reproductives (wingless individuals). Using microsatellite markers, we characterized colony breeding structure and levels of inbreeding in populations over large parts of the range of the subterranean termites Reticulitermes flavipes in the USA and R. grassei in Europe. Combining these new data with previous results on populations of both species, we found that latitude had a strong effect on the proportion of extended‐family colonies in R. flavipes and on levels of inbreeding in both species. We examined the effect of several environmental variables that vary latitudinally; while the degree of inbreeding was greatest in cool, moist habitats in both species, seasonality affected the species differently. Inbreeding in R. flavipes was most strongly associated with climatic variables (mean annual temperature and seasonality), whereas nonclimatic variables, including the availability of wood substrate and soil composition, were important predictors of inbreeding in R. grassei . These results are the first showing that termite breeding structure is shaped by local environmental factors and that species can vary in their responses to these factors.

Building the niche through time: using 13,000 years of data to predict the effects of climate change on three tree species in Europe - L. Maiorano; R. Cheddadi; N. E. Zimmermann; L. Pellissier; B. Petitpierre; J. Pottier; H. Laborde; B. I. Hurdu; P. B. Pearman; A. Psomas; J. S. Singarayer; O. Broennimann; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2013)
Aim Species distribution models (SDMs) based on current species ranges underestimate the potential distribution when projected in time and/or space. A multi‐temporal model calibration approach has been suggested as an alternative, and we evaluate this using 13,000 years of data. Location Europe. Methods We used fossil‐based records of presence for Picea abies , Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica and six climatic variables for the period 13,000 to 1000 yr bp . To measure the contribution of each 1000‐year time step to the total niche of each species (the niche measured by pooling all the data), we employed a principal components analysis (PCA) calibrated with data over the entire range of possible climates. Then we projected both the total niche and the partial niches from single time frames into the PCA space, and tested if the partial niches were more similar to the total niche than random. Using an ensemble forecasting approach, we calibrated SDMs for each time frame and for the pooled database. We projected each model to current climate and evaluated the results against current pollen data. We also projected all models into the future. Results Niche similarity between the partial and the total‐SDMs was almost always statistically significant and increased through time. SDMs calibrated from single time frames gave different results when projected to current climate, providing evidence of a change in the species realized niches through time. Moreover, they predicted limited climate suitability when compared with the total‐SDMs. The same results were obtained when projected to future climates. Main conclusions The realized climatic niche of species differed for current and future climates when SDMs were calibrated considering different past climates. Building the niche as an ensemble through time represents a way forward to a better understanding of a species' range and its ecology in a changing climate.

Fine map of the Gct1 spontaneous ovarian granulosa cell tumor locus - Kerri N. Smith; Sarah J. Halfyard; Edward S. Yaskowiak; Kathryn L. Shultz; Wesley G. Beamer; Ann M. Dorward (Mammalian Genome, 2013)

Trophic analysis of two subtropical South American freshwater crabs using stable isotope ratios - Edward D. Burress; Michael M. Gangloff; Lynn Siefferman (Hydrobiologia, 2013)

Genetic diversity, conservation, and utilization of Theobroma cacao L.: genetic resources in the Dominican Republic - Edward J. Boza; Brian M. Irish; Alan W. Meerow; Cecile L. Tondo; Orlando A. Rodríguez; Marisol Ventura-López; Jaime A. Gómez; J. Michael Moore; Dapeng Zhang; Juan Carlos Motamayor; Raymond J. Schnell (Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2013)

Characterisation of pectobacterium wasabiae causing blackleg and soft rot diseases in South Africa - Lucy N. Moleleki; Edward M. Onkendi; Aobakwe Mongae; Gugulethu C. Kubheka (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2013)

Conformational changes at the nucleotide site in the presence of bound ADP do not set the velocity of fast Drosophila myosins - Catherine C. Eldred; Nariman Naber; Edward Pate; Roger Cooke; Douglas M. Swank (Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility, 2013)

Fire in the Air: Biomass Burning Impacts in a Changing Climate - Melita Keywood; Maria Kanakidou; Andreas Stohl; Frank Dentener; Giacomo Grassi; C. P. Meyer; Kjetil Torseth; David Edwards; Anne M. Thompson; Ulrike Lohmann; John Burrows (Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2013)

A genome-wide association study of breast cancer in women of African ancestry - Fang Chen; Gary K. Chen; Daniel O. Stram; Robert C. Millikan; Christine B. Ambrosone; Esther M. John; Leslie Bernstein; Wei Zheng; Julie R. Palmer; Jennifer J. Hu; Tim R. Rebbeck; Regina G. Ziegler; et al. (Human Genetics, 2013)

Toxicity of sediment pore water in Puget Sound (Washington, USA): a review of spatial status and temporal trends - Edward R. Long; R. Scott Carr; James M. Biedenbach; Sandra Weakland; Valerie Partridge; Margaret Dutch (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2013)

Diabetes and risk of pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium - Joanne W. Elena; Emily Steplowski; Kai Yu; Patricia Hartge; Geoffrey S. Tobias; Michelle J. Brotzman; Stephen J. Chanock; Rachael Z. Stolzenberg-Solomon; Alan A. Arslan; H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita; Kathy Helzlsouer; Eric J. Jacobs; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2013)

Environmental Lithium Exposure in the North of Chile—II. Natural Food Sources - Leonardo T. Figueroa; Blago Razmillic; Oscar Zumeata; G. Nina Aranda; Sara Ann Barton; William J. Schull; Allan H. Young; Yumi M. Kamiya; John A Hoskins; Edward B. Ilgren (Biological Trace Element Research, 2013)

Trait-dependent declines of species following conversion of rain forest to oil palm plantations - Michael J. M. Senior; Keith C. Hamer; Simon Bottrell; David P. Edwards; Tom M. Fayle; Jennifer M. Lucey; Peter J. Mayhew; Robert Newton; Kelvin S.-H. Peh; Frederick H. Sheldon; Christopher Stewart; Alison R. Styring; et al. (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2013)

Testosterone induces off-line perceptual learning - Nicholas D. Wright; Thomas Edwards; Stephen M. Fleming; Raymond J. Dolan (Psychopharmacology, 2012)

Effects of mu opioid receptor antagonism on cognition in obese binge-eating individuals - Samuel R. Chamberlain; Karin Mogg; Brendan P. Bradley; Annelize Koch; Chris M. Dodds; Wenli X. Tao; Kay Maltby; Bhopinder Sarai; Antonella Napolitano; Duncan B. Richards; Edward T. Bullmore; Pradeep J. Nathan (Psychopharmacology, 2012)

Arboreal arthropod sampling methods for urban trees - Edward M. Waite; G. Closs; Y. Van Heezik; C. Berry; K. Dickinson (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2012)

Isolation and characterization of 14 microsatellite markers for Rhizophora mucronata (Rhizophoraceae) and their potential use in range-wide population studies - Yoshimi Shinmura; Alison K. S. Wee; Koji Takayama; Sankararamasubramanian Halasya Meenakshisundaram; Takeshi Asakawa; Onrizal; Bayu Adjie; Erwin Riyanto Ardli; Sarawood Sungkaew; Norhaslinda Binti Malekal; Nguyen Xuan Tung; Severino G. Salmo III; et al. (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2012)

Validation of the NEMO-ERSEM operational ecosystem model for the North West European Continental Shelf - K. P. Edwards; R. Barciela; M. Butenschön (Ocean Science, 2012)
This paper details updates to the Met Office's operational coupled hydrodynamic-ecosystem model from the 7 km Medium-Resolution Continental Shelf – POLCOMS-ERSEM (MRCS-PE) system (Siddorn et al., 2007) to the 7 km Atlantic Margin Model NEMO-ERSEM (AMM7-NE) system. We also provide a validation of the ecosystem component of the new operational system. Comparisons have been made between the model variables and available in situ, satellite and climatological data. The AMM7-NE system has also been benchmarked against the MRCS-PE system. The transition to the new AMM7-NE system was successful and it has been running operationally since March 2012 and has been providing products through MyOcean (http://www.myocean.eu.org) since that time. The results presented herein show the AMM7-NE system performs better than the MRCS-PE system with the most improvement in the model nutrient fields. The problem of nutrient accumulation in the MRCS-PE system appears to be solved in the new AMM7-NE system with nutrient fields improved throughout the domain as discussed in Sect. 4. Improvements in model chlorophyll are also seen but are more modest.

Comparisons of regional satellite sea surface temperature gradients derived from MODIS and AVHRR sensors - Edward M. Armstrong; Grant Wagner; Jorge Vazquez-Cuervo; Toshio M. Chin (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2012)

Integrating Climate and Ocean Change Vulnerability into Conservation Planning - Elizabeth McLeod; Alison Green; Edward Game; Kenneth Anthony; Joshua Cinner; Scott F. Heron; Joanie Kleypas; Catherine E. Lovelock; John M. Pandolfi; Robert L. Pressey; Rodney Salm; Steve Schill; et al. (Coastal Management, 2012)

Multiple environmental stressors elicit complex interactive effects in the western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis) - Craig A. McFarland; Larry G. Talent; Michael J. Quinn; Matthew A. Bazar; Mitchell S. Wilbanks; Mandana Nisanian; Robert M. Gogal; Mark S. Johnson; Edward J. Perkins; Kurt A. Gust (Ecotoxicology, 2012)

Geochronology, petrology and geochemistry of the Nanlinshan and Banpo mafic–ultramafic intrusions: implications for subduction initiation in the eastern Paleo-Tethys - Gangzhu Li; Chusi Li; Edward M. Ripley; Sandra Kamo; Shangguo Su (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2012)

Regular dental visits are associated with earlier stage at diagnosis for oral and pharyngeal cancer - Scott M. Langevin; Dominique S. Michaud; Melissa Eliot; Edward S. Peters; Michael D. McClean; Karl T. Kelsey (Cancer Causes & Control, 2012)

Oxidative stress induced by potassium bromate exposure results in altered tight junction protein expression in renal proximal tubule cells - Alice Limonciel; Anja Wilmes; Lydia Aschauer; Robert Radford; Katarzyna M. Bloch; Tara McMorrow; Walter Pfaller; Joost H. van Delft; Craig Slattery; Michael P. Ryan; Edward A. Lock; Paul Jennings (Archives of Toxicology, 2012)

Mathematical Simulation of Membrane Protein Clustering for Efficient Signal Transduction - Krishnan Radhakrishnan; Ádám Halász; Meghan M. McCabe; Jeremy S. Edwards; Bridget S. Wilson (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2012)

Microbial cell budgets of an A rctic glacier surface quantified using flow cytometry - T. D. L. Irvine‐Fynn; A. Edwards; S. Newton; H. Langford; S. M. Rassner; J. Telling; A. M. Anesio; A. J. Hodson (Environmental Microbiology, 2012)
Summary Uncertainty surrounds estimates of microbial cell and organic detritus fluxes from glacier surfaces. Here, we present the first enumeration of biological particles draining from a supraglacial catchment, on M idtre L ovénbreen ( S valbard) over 36 days. A stream cell flux of 1.08 × 10 7 cells m −2 h −1 was found, with strong inverse, non‐linear associations between water discharge and biological particle concentrations. Over the study period, a significant decrease in cell‐like particles exhibiting 530 nm autofluorescence was noted. The observed total fluvial export of ∼ 7.5 × 10 14 cells equates to 15.1–72.7 g C , and a large proportion of these cells were small ( 7 cells m −2 h −1 . Analysis of surface ice cores revealed cell concentrations comparable to previous studies (6 × 10 4 cells ml −1 ) but, critically, showed no variation with depth in the uppermost 1 m. The physical retention and growth of particulates at glacier surfaces has two implications: to contribute to ice mass thinning through feedbacks altering surface albedo, and to potentially seed recently deglaciated terrain with cells, genes and labile organic matter. This highlights the merit of further study into glacier surface hydraulics and biological processes.

Maternal allocation of lipid classes and fatty acids with seasonal egg production in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) of wild origin - Michelle M. Bachan; Ian A. Fleming; Edward A. Trippel (Marine Biology, 2012)

Adaptation of surround inhibition in the human motor system - P. Kassavetis; T. A. Saifee; A. Sadnicka; I. Pareés; M. Kojovic; J. C. Rothwell; M. J. Edwards (Experimental Brain Research, 2012)

Carbon outcomes of major land‐cover transitions in SE Asia: great uncertainties and REDD + policy implications - Alan D. Ziegler; Jacob Phelps; Jia QI Yuen; Edward L. Webb; Deborah Lawrence; Jeff M. Fox; Thilde B. Bruun; Stephen J. Leisz; Casey M. Ryan; Wolfram Dressler; Ole Mertz; Unai Pascual; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2012)
Policy makers across the tropics propose that carbon finance could provide incentives for forest frontier communities to transition away from swidden agriculture (slash‐and‐burn or shifting cultivation) to other systems that potentially reduce emissions and/or increase carbon sequestration. However, there is little certainty regarding the carbon outcomes of many key land‐use transitions at the center of current policy debates. Our meta‐analysis of over 250 studies reporting above‐ and below‐ground carbon estimates for different land‐use types indicates great uncertainty in the net total ecosystem carbon changes that can be expected from many transitions, including the replacement of various types of swidden agriculture with oil palm, rubber, or some other types of agroforestry systems. These transitions are underway throughout Southeast Asia, and are at the heart of REDD + debates. Exceptions of unambiguous carbon outcomes are the abandonment of any type of agriculture to allow forest regeneration (a certain positive carbon outcome) and expansion of agriculture into mature forest (a certain negative carbon outcome). With respect to swiddening, our meta‐analysis supports a reassessment of policies that encourage land‐cover conversion away from these [especially long‐fallow] systems to other more cash‐crop‐oriented systems producing ambiguous carbon stock changes – including oil palm and rubber. In some instances, lengthening fallow periods of an existing swidden system may produce substantial carbon benefits, as would conversion from intensely cultivated lands to high‐biomass plantations and some other types of agroforestry. More field studies are needed to provide better data of above‐ and below‐ground carbon stocks before informed recommendations or policy decisions can be made regarding which land‐use regimes optimize or increase carbon sequestration. As some transitions may negatively impact other ecosystem services, food security, and local livelihoods, the entire carbon and noncarbon benefit stream should also be taken into account before prescribing transitions with ambiguous carbon benefits.

Assimilating GlobColour ocean colour data into a pre-operational physical-biogeochemical model - D. A. Ford; K. P. Edwards; D. Lea; R. M. Barciela; M. J. Martin; J. Demaria (Ocean Science, 2012)
As part of the GlobColour project, daily chlorophyll a observations, derived using remotely sensed ocean colour data from the MERIS, MODIS and SeaWiFS sensors, are produced. The ability of these products to be assimilated into a pre-operational global coupled physical-biogeochemical model has been tested, on both a hindcast and near-real-time basis, and the impact on the system assessed. The assimilation was found to immediately and considerably improve the bias, root mean square error and correlation of modelled surface chlorophyll concentration compared to the GlobColour observations, an improvement which was sustained throughout the year and in every ocean basin. Errors against independent in situ chlorophyll observations were also reduced, both at and beneath the ocean surface. However, the model fit to in situ observations was not consistently better than that of climatology, due to errors in the underlying model. The assimilation scheme used is multivariate, updating all biogeochemical model state variables at all depths. The other variables were not degraded by the assimilation, with annual mean surface fields of nutrients, alkalinity and carbon variables remaining of similar quality compared to climatology. There was evidence of improved representation of zooplankton concentration, and reduced errors were seen against in situ observations of nitrate and pCO2, but too few observations were available to conclude about global model skill. The near-real-time GlobColour products were found to be sufficiently reliable for operational purposes, and of benefit to both operational-style systems and reanalyses.

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in an epiphytic ant-plant, Myrmecodia beccarii Hook.f. (Rubiaceae) - Edward W. J. Tsen; Joseph A. M. Holtum (Photosynthesis Research, 2012)

Genetically based differentiation in growth of multiple non-native plant species along a steep environmental gradient - Sylvia Haider; Christoph Kueffer; Peter J. Edwards; Jake M. Alexander (Oecologia, 2012)

Mechanisms for Eliminating Monoterpenes of Sagebrush by Specialist and Generalist Rabbits - Lisa A. Shipley; Edward M. Davis; Laura A. Felicetti; Stuart McLean; Jennifer Sorensen Forbey (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2012)

Development and characterization of 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci in Sonneratia alba (Lythraceae) using next-generation sequencing - Yoshimi Shinmura; Alison K. S. Wee; Koji Takayama; Takeshi Asakawa; Orlex Baylen Yllano; Severino G. Salmo; Erwin Riyanto Ardli; Nguyen Xuan Tung; Norhaslinda Binti Malekal; Onrizal; Sankararamasubramanian Halasya Meenakshisundaram; Sarawood Sungkaew; et al. (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2012)

Characterization of 13 novel microsatellite markers in the Galápagos tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra) - Sébastien Rioux Paquette; Shannon E. Engberg; Ryan M. Huebinger; Edward E. Louis (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2012)

Extensive gaps and biases in our knowledge of a well‐known fauna: implications for integrating biological traits into macroecology - Elizabeth H. M. Tyler; Paul J. Somerfield; Edward Vanden Berghe; Julie Bremner; Emma Jackson; Olivia Langmead; Maria Lourdes D. Palomares; Thomas J. Webb (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2012)
Aim Ecologists seeking to describe patterns at ever larger scales require compilations of data on the global abundance and distribution of species. Comparable compilations of biological data are needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind these patterns, but have received far less attention. We assess the availability of biological data across an entire assemblage: the well‐documented demersal marine fauna of the United Kingdom. We also test whether data availability for a species depends on its taxonomic group, maximum body size, the number of times it has been recorded in a global biogeographic database, or its commercial and conservation importance. Location Seas of the United Kingdom. Methods We defined a demersal marine fauna of 973 species from 15 phyla and 40 classes using five extensive surveys around the British Isles. We then quantified the availability of data on eight key biological traits (termed biological knowledge) for each species from online databases. Relationships between biological knowledge and our predictors were tested with generalized linear models. Results Full data on eight fundamental biological traits exist for only 9% ( n = 88) of the UK demersal marine fauna, and 20% of species completely lack data. Clear trends in our knowledge exist: fish (median biological knowledge score = six traits) are much better known than invertebrates (one trait). Biological knowledge increases with biogeographic knowledge and (to a lesser extent) with body size, and is greater in species that are commercially exploited or of conservation concern. Main conclusions Our analysis reveals deep ignorance of the basic biology of a well‐studied fauna, highlighting the need for far greater efforts to compile biological trait data. Clear biases in our knowledge, relating to how well sampled or ‘important’ species are suggests that caution is required in extrapolating small subsets of biologically well‐known species to ecosystem‐level studies.

Comparison of techniques used to count single-celled viable phytoplankton - Mia K. Steinberg; Matthew R. First; Edward J. Lemieux; Lisa A. Drake; Bruce N. Nelson; David M. Kulis; Donald M. Anderson; Nicholas A. Welschmeyer; Penny R. Herring (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2012)

Quantification of the relationship between the environment and Fusarium head blight, Fusarium pathogen density, and mycotoxins in winter wheat in Europe - Alissa B. Kriss; Pierce A. Paul; Xiangming Xu; Paul Nicholson; Fiona M. Doohan; Laszlo Hornok; Alberto Rietini; Simon G. Edwards; Laurence V. Madden (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2012)

Genetic stock identification of overwintering chum salmon in the North Pacific Ocean - W. Tyler McCraney; Edward V. Farley; Christine M. Kondzela; Svetlana V. Naydenko; Alexander N. Starovoytov; Jeffrey R. Guyon (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2012)

Seasonal variation in expression of markers in the vitamin D pathway in prostate tissue - Mara M. Epstein; Ove Andrén; Julie L. Kasperzyk; Irene M. Shui; Kathryn L. Penney; Katja Fall; Jennifer R. Rider; Meir J. Stampfer; Swen-Olof Andersson; Edward Giovannucci; Lorelei A. Mucci (Cancer Causes & Control, 2012)

DNA from soil mirrors plant taxonomic and growth form diversity - N. G. YOCCOZ; K. A. BRÅTHEN; L. GIELLY; J. HAILE; M. E. EDWARDS; T. GOSLAR; H. Von STEDINGK; A. K. BRYSTING; E. COISSAC; F. POMPANON; J. H. SØNSTEBØ; C. MIQUEL; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2012)
Ecosystems across the globe are threatened by climate change and human activities. New rapid survey approaches for monitoring biodiversity would greatly advance assessment and understanding of these threats. Taking advantage of next‐generation DNA sequencing, we tested an approach we call metabarcoding: high‐throughput and simultaneous taxa identification based on a very short (usually

The effect of experimental warming and precipitation change on proteolytic enzyme activity: positive feedbacks to nitrogen availability are not universal - Edward R. Brzostek; John M. Blair; Jeffrey S. Dukes; Serita D. Frey; Sarah E. Hobbie; Jerry M. Melillo; Robert J. Mitchell; Elise Pendall; Peter B. Reich; Gaius R. Shaver; Artur Stefanski; Mark G. Tjoelker; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2012)
Nitrogen regulates the E arth's climate system by constraining the terrestrial sink for atmospheric CO 2 . Proteolytic enzymes are a principal driver of the within‐system cycle of soil nitrogen, yet there is little to no understanding of their response to climate change. Here, we use a single methodology to investigate potential proteolytic enzyme activity in soils from 16 global change experiments. We show that regardless of geographical location or experimental manipulation (i.e., temperature, precipitation, or both), all sites plotted along a single line relating the response ratio of potential proteolytic activity to soil moisture deficit, the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration. In particular, warming and reductions in precipitation stimulated potential proteolytic activity in mesic sites – temperate and boreal forests, arctic tundra – whereas these manipulations suppressed potential activity in dry grasslands. This study provides a foundation for a simple representation of the impacts of climate change on a central component of the nitrogen cycle.

Ferumoxytol-Enhanced MRI to Image Inflammation Within Human Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: a Pilot Investigation - David M. Hasan; Matthew Amans; Tarik Tihan; Christopher Hess; Yi Guo; Soonmee Cha; Hua Su; Alastair J. Martin; Michael T. Lawton; Edward A. Neuwelt; David A. Saloner; William L. Young (Translational Stroke Research, 2012)

Incorporating invasive weeds into a plant indicator method (LakeSPI) to assess lake ecological condition - M. D. de Winton; J. S. Clayton; T. Edwards (Hydrobiologia, 2012)

Microbial community phylogenetic and trait diversity declines with depth in a marine oxygen minimum zone - Jessica A. Bryant; Frank J. Stewart; John M. Eppley; Edward F. DeLong (Ecology, 2012)
Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are natural physical features of the world's oceans. They create steep physiochemical gradients in the water column, which most notably include a dramatic draw down in oxygen concentrations over small vertical distances (

Immunocytochemical localization of short-chain family reductases involved in menthol biosynthesis in peppermint - Glenn W. Turner; Edward M. Davis; Rodney B. Croteau (Planta, 2012)

Muscle power failure in mobility-limited older adults: preserved single fiber function despite lower whole muscle size, quality and rate of neuromuscular activation - Kieran F. Reid; Gheorghe Doros; David J. Clark; Carolynn Patten; Robert J. Carabello; Gregory J. Cloutier; Edward M. Phillips; Lisa S. Krivickas; Walter R. Frontera; Roger A. Fielding (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2012)

Forest phenology and a warmer climate – growing season extension in relation to climatic provenance - Carla A. Gunderson; Nelson T. Edwards; Ashley V. Walker; Keiran H. O'Hara; Christina M. Campion; Paul J. Hanson (Global Change Biology, 2012)
Predicting forest responses to warming climates relies on assumptions about niche and temperature sensitivity that remain largely untested. Observational studies have related current and historical temperatures to phenological shifts, but experimental evidence is sparse, particularly for autumn responses. A 4 year field experiment exposed four deciduous forest species from contrasting climates ( L iquidambar styraciflua, Q uercus rubra, P opulus grandidentata, and B etula alleghaniensis ) to air temperatures 2 and 4 °C above ambient controls, using temperature‐controlled open top chambers. Impacts of year‐round warming on bud burst ( BB ), senescence, and abscission were evaluated in relation to thermal provenance. Leaves emerged earlier in all species by an average of 4–9 days at +2 °C and 6–14 days at +4 °C. Magnitude of advance varied with species and year, but was larger for the first 2 °C increment than for the second. Effect of warming increased with early BB , favoring L iquidambar , but even BB of northern species advanced, despite temperatures exceeding those of the realized niche. Treatment differences in BB were inadequately explained by temperature sums alone. In autumn, chlorophyll was retained an average of 4 and 7 days longer in +2 and +4 °C treatments, respectively, and abscission delayed by 8 and 13 days. Growing seasons in the warmer atmospheres averaged 5–18 days (E2) and 6–28 days (E4) longer, according to species, with the least impact in Q uercus . Results are compared with a 16 years record of canopy onset and offset in a nearby upland deciduous forest, where BB showed similar responsiveness to spring temperatures (2–4 days °C −1 ). Offset dates in the stand tracked August–September temperatures, except when late summer drought caused premature senescence. The common garden‐like experiment provides evidence that warming alone extends the growing season, at both ends, even if stand‐level impacts may be complicated by variation in other environmental factors.

Examining the effects of former cannabis use on cerebellum-dependent eyeblink conditioning in humans - Adam B. Steinmetz; Chad R. Edwards; Jennifer M. Vollmer; Molly A. Erickson; Brian F. O’Donnell; William P. Hetrick; Patrick D. Skosnik (Psychopharmacology, 2012)

Breeding success of four male life history types of spring Chinook Salmon spawning in an artificial stream - Steve L. Schroder; Curtis M. Knudsen; Todd N. Pearsons; Todd W. Kassler; Edward P. Beall; Sewall F. Young; David E. Fast (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2012)

Removing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from human blood using immobilized heparin - Roger A. Nassar; Edward P. Browne; Jianzhu Chen; Alexander M. Klibanov (Biotechnology Letters, 2012)

Navigating the Perfect Storm: Research Strategies for Socialecological Systems in a Rapidly Evolving World - John A. Dearing; Seth Bullock; Robert Costanza; Terry P. Dawson; Mary E. Edwards; Guy M. Poppy; Graham M. Smith (Environmental Management, 2012)

Transcriptomic alterations induced by Ochratoxin A in rat and human renal proximal tubular in vitro models and comparison to a rat in vivo model - Paul Jennings; Christina Weiland; Alice Limonciel; Katarzyna M. Bloch; Robert Radford; Lydia Aschauer; Tara McMorrow; Anja Wilmes; Walter Pfaller; Hans J. Ahr; Craig Slattery; Edward A. Lock; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2012)

Low-Ca contents and kink-banded textures are not unique to mantle olivine: evidence from the Duke Island Complex, Alaska - Chusi Li; Joyashish Thakurta; Edward M. Ripley (Mineralogy and Petrology, 2012)

Identification of 104 rapidly-evolving nuclear protein-coding markers for amplification across scaled reptiles using genomic resources - Daniel M. Portik; Perry L. Wood; Jesse L. Grismer; Edward L. Stanley; Todd R. Jackman (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2012)

Synthetic scaffold coating with adeno-associated virus encoding BMP2 to promote endogenous bone repair - Kenneth M. Dupont; Joel D. Boerckel; Hazel Y. Stevens; Tamim Diab; Yash M. Kolambkar; Masahiko Takahata; Edward M. Schwarz; Robert E. Guldberg (Cell and Tissue Research, 2012)

Endogenous tissue engineering: PTH therapy for skeletal repair - Masahiko Takahata; Hani A. Awad; Regis J. O’Keefe; Susan V. Bukata; Edward M. Schwarz (Cell and Tissue Research, 2012)

Meta-analysis of new genome-wide association studies of colorectal cancer risk - Ulrike Peters; Carolyn M. Hutter; Li Hsu; Fredrick R. Schumacher; David V. Conti; Christopher S. Carlson; Christopher K. Edlund; Robert W. Haile; Steven Gallinger; Brent W. Zanke; Mathieu Lemire; Jagadish Rangrej; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

Effect of cold acclimatization on exercise economy in the cold - Matthew D. Muller; Chul-Ho Kim; David M. Bellar; Edward J. Ryan; Yongsuk Seo; Sarah M. Muller; Ellen L. Glickman (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2012)

Characterisation of MHC haplotypes in a breeding colony of Indonesian cynomolgus macaques reveals a high level of diversity - Jane L. Mitchell; Edward T. Mee; Neil M. Almond; Keith Cutler; Nicola J. Rose (Immunogenetics, 2012)

Genetic diversity and colony breeding structure in native and introduced ranges of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus - Claudia Husseneder; Dawn M. Simms; Jennifer R. Delatte; Changlu Wang; J. Kenneth Grace; Edward L. Vargo (Biological Invasions, 2012)

Two-Photon and Second Harmonic Microscopy in Clinical and Translational Cancer Research - Seth W. Perry; Ryan M. Burke; Edward B. Brown (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2012)

Processes at multiple scales affect richness and similarity of non‐native plant species in mountains around the world - Tim Seipel; Christoph Kueffer; Lisa J. Rew; Curtis C. Daehler; Aníbal Pauchard; Bridgett J. Naylor; Jake M. Alexander; Peter J. Edwards; Catherine G. Parks; José Ramon Arevalo; Lohengrin A. Cavieres; Hansjörg Dietz; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2012)
Aim To investigate how species richness and similarity of non‐native plants varies along gradients of elevation and human disturbance. Location Eight mountain regions on four continents and two oceanic islands. Methods We compared the distribution of non‐native plant species along roads in eight mountainous regions. Within each region, abundance of plant species was recorded at 41–84 sites along elevational gradients using 100‐m 2 plots located 0, 25 and 75 m from roadsides. We used mixed‐effects models to examine how local variation in species richness and similarity were affected by processes at three scales: among regions (global), along elevational gradients (regional) and with distance from the road (local). We used model selection and information criteria to choose best‐fit models of species richness along elevational gradients. We performed a hierarchical clustering of similarity to investigate human‐related factors and environmental filtering as potential drivers at the global scale. Results Species richness and similarity of non‐native plant species along elevational gradients were strongly influenced by factors operating at scales ranging from 100 m to 1000s of km. Non‐native species richness was highest in the New World regions, reflecting the effects of colonization from Europe. Similarity among regions was low and due mainly to certain Eurasian species, mostly native to temperate Europe, occurring in all New World regions. Elevation and distance from the road explained little of the variation in similarity. The elevational distribution of non‐native species richness varied, but was always greatest in the lower third of the range. In all regions, non‐native species richness declined away from roadsides. In three regions, this decline was steeper at higher elevations, and there was an interaction between distance and elevation. Main conclusions Because non‐native plant species are affected by processes operating at global, regional and local scales, a multi‐scale perspective is needed to understand their patterns of distribution. The processes involved include global dispersal, filtering along elevational gradients and differential establishment with distance from roadsides.

Nitrogen source and p CO 2 synergistically affect carbon allocation, growth and morphology of the coccolithophore E miliania huxleyi : potential implications of ocean acidification for the carbon cycle - Stephane C. Lefebvre; Ina Benner; Jonathon H. Stillman; Alexander E. Parker; Michelle K. Drake; Pascale E. Rossignol; Kristine M. Okimura; Tomoko Komada; Edward J. Carpenter (Global Change Biology, 2012)
Coccolithophores are unicellular phytoplankton that produce calcium carbonate coccoliths as an exoskeleton. E miliania huxleyi , the most abundant coccolithophore in the world's ocean, plays a major role in the global carbon cycle by regulating the exchange of CO 2 across the ocean‐atmosphere interface through photosynthesis and calcium carbonate precipitation. As CO 2 concentration is rising in the atmosphere, the ocean is acidifying and ammonium ( NH 4 + ) concentration of future ocean water is expected to rise. The latter is attributed to increasing anthropogenic nitrogen ( N ) deposition, increasing rates of cyanobacterial N 2 fixation due to warmer and more stratified oceans, and decreased rates of nitrification due to ocean acidification. Thus, future global climate change will cause oceanic phytoplankton to experience changes in multiple environmental parameters including CO 2 , pH , temperature and nitrogen source. This study reports on the combined effect of elevated p CO 2 and increased NH 4 + to nitrate ( NO 3 − ) ratio ( NH 4 + / NO 3 − ) on E . huxleyi, maintained in continuous cultures for more than 200 generations under two p CO 2 levels and two different N sources. Herein, we show that NH 4 + assimilation under N ‐replete conditions depresses calcification at both low and high p CO 2 , alters coccolith morphology, and increases primary production. We observed that N source and p CO 2 synergistically drive growth rates, cell size, and the ratio of inorganic to organic carbon. These responses to N source suggest that, compared to increasing CO 2 alone, a greater disruption of the organic carbon pump could be expected in response to the combined effect of increased NH 4 + / NO 3 − ratio and CO 2 level in the future acidified ocean. Additional experiments conducted under lower nutrient conditions are needed prior to extrapolating our findings to the global oceans. Nonetheless, our results emphasize the need to assess combined effects of multiple environmental parameters on phytoplankton biology to develop accurate predictions of phytoplankton responses to ocean acidification.

Thrombomodulin and its role in inflammation - Edward M. Conway (Seminars in Immunopathology, 2012)

Drug-induced sleep: theoretical and practical considerations - Jeffrey M. Ellenbogen; Edward F. Pace-Schott (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2012)

Enhanced phosphorylation of caveolar PKC-α limits peptide internalization in lung endothelial cells - Tarun E. Hutchinson; Jianliang Zhang; Shen-Ling Xia; Sudeep Kuchibhotla; Edward R. Block; Jawaharlal M. Patel (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2012)

PGE geochemistry of the Eagle Ni–Cu–(PGE) deposit, Upper Michigan: constraints on ore genesis in a dynamic magma conduit - Xin Ding; Edward M. Ripley; Chusi Li (Mineralium Deposita, 2012)

The Kalatongke magmatic Ni–Cu deposits in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, NW China: product of slab window magmatism? - Chusi Li; Mingjie Zhang; Piaoer Fu; Zhuangzhi Qian; Peiqing Hu; Edward M. Ripley (Mineralium Deposita, 2012)

All Clone-mates are not Created Equal: Fitness Discounting Theory Predicts Pea Aphid Colony Structure - Keely M. Duff; Edward B. Mondor (Journal of Insect Behavior, 2012)

Modelling the effect of size on the aerial dispersal of microorganisms - David M. Wilkinson; Symeon Koumoutsaris; Edward A. D. Mitchell; Isabelle Bey (Journal of Biogeography, 2012)
Aim We investigate the long‐standing question of whether the small size of microbes allows most microbial species to colonize all suitable sites around the globe or whether their ranges are limited by opportunities for dispersal. In this study we use a modelling approach to investigate the effect of size on the probability of between‐continent dispersal using virtual microorganisms in a global model of the Earth’s atmosphere. Location Global. Methods We use a computer model of global atmospheric circulation to investigate the effect of microbe size (effective diameters of 9, 20, 40 and 60 μm) on the probability of aerial dispersal. Results We found that for smaller microbes, once airborne, dispersal is remarkably successful over a 1‐year period. The most striking results are the extensive within‐hemisphere distribution of virtual microbes of 9 and 20 μm diameter and the lack of dispersal between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres during the year‐long time‐scale of our simulations. Main conclusions Above a diameter of 20 μm wind dispersal of virtual microbes between continents becomes increasingly unlikely, and it does not occur at all (within our simulated 1‐year period) for those of 60 μm diameter. Within our simulation, the success of small microbes in long‐distance dispersal is due both to their greater abundance and to their longer time in the atmosphere – once airborne – compared with larger microbes.

Effects of biotic disturbances on forest carbon cycling in the U nited S tates and C anada - Jeffrey A. Hicke; Craig D. Allen; Ankur R. Desai; Michael C. Dietze; Ronald J. Hall; Edward H. (Ted) Hogg; Daniel M. Kashian; David Moore; Kenneth F. Raffa; Rona N. Sturrock; James Vogelmann (Global Change Biology, 2012)
Forest insects and pathogens are major disturbance agents that have affected millions of hectares in N orth A merica in recent decades, implying significant impacts to the carbon ( C ) cycle. Here, we review and synthesize published studies of the effects of biotic disturbances on forest C cycling in the U nited S tates and C anada. Primary productivity in stands was reduced, sometimes considerably, immediately following insect or pathogen attack. After repeated growth reductions caused by some insects or pathogens or a single infestation by some bark beetle species, tree mortality occurred, altering productivity and decomposition. In the years following disturbance, primary productivity in some cases increased rapidly as a result of enhanced growth by surviving vegetation, and in other cases increased slowly because of lower forest regrowth. In the decades following tree mortality, decomposition increased as a result of the large amount of dead organic matter. Net ecosystem productivity decreased immediately following attack, with some studies reporting a switch to a C source to the atmosphere, and increased afterward as the forest regrew and dead organic matter decomposed. Large variability in C cycle responses arose from several factors, including type of insect or pathogen, time since disturbance, number of trees affected, and capacity of remaining vegetation to increase growth rates following outbreak. We identified significant knowledge gaps, including limited understanding of carbon cycle impacts among different biotic disturbance types (particularly pathogens), their impacts at landscape and regional scales, and limited capacity to predict disturbance events and their consequences for carbon cycling. We conclude that biotic disturbances can have major impacts on forest C stocks and fluxes and can be large enough to affect regional C cycling. However, additional research is needed to reduce the uncertainties associated with quantifying biotic disturbance effects on the N orth A merican C budget.

Quantifying small‐scale deforestation and forest degradation in African woodlands using radar imagery - Casey M. Ryan; Timothy Hill; Emily Woollen; Claire Ghee; Edward Mitchard; Gemma Cassells; John Grace; Iain H. Woodhouse; Mathew Williams (Global Change Biology, 2012)
Carbon emissions from tropical land‐use change are a major uncertainty in the global carbon cycle. In African woodlands, small‐scale farming and the need for fuel are thought to be reducing vegetation carbon stocks, but quantification of these processes is hindered by the limitations of optical remote sensing and a lack of ground data. Here, we present a method for mapping vegetation carbon stocks and their changes over a 3‐year period in a > 1000 km 2 region in central Mozambique at 0.06 ha resolution. L‐band synthetic aperture radar imagery and an inventory of 96 plots are combined using regression and bootstrapping to generate biomass maps with known uncertainties. The resultant maps have sufficient accuracy to be capable of detecting changes in forest carbon stocks of as little as 12 MgC ha −1 over 3 years with 95% confidence. This allows characterization of biomass loss from deforestation and forest degradation at a new level of detail. Total aboveground biomass in the study area was reduced by 6.9 ± 4.6% over 3 years: from 2.13 ± 0.12 TgC in 2007 to 1.98 ± 0.11 TgC in 2010, a loss of 0.15 ± 0.10 TgC. Degradation probably contributed 67% (96.9 ± 91.0 GgC) of the net loss of biomass, but is associated with high uncertainty. The detailed mapping of carbon stock changes quantifies the nature of small‐scale farming. New clearances were on average small (median 0.2 ha) and were often additions to already cleared land. Deforestation events reduced biomass from 33.5 to 11.9 MgC ha −1 on average . Contrary to expectations, we did not find evidence that clearances were targeted towards areas of high biomass. Our method is scalable and suitable for monitoring land cover change and vegetation carbon stocks in woodland ecosystems, and can support policy approaches towards reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation ( REDD ).

Characteristics of Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) surviving a spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) outbreak - R. Jakuš; M. Edwards-Jonášová; P. Cudlín; M. Blaženec; M. Ježík; F. Havlíček; Ivo Moravec (Trees, 2011)

Dabigatran: Review of Pharmacology and Management of Bleeding Complications of This Novel Oral Anticoagulant - Michael Ganetsky; Kavita M. Babu; Steven D. Salhanick; Robert S. Brown; Edward W. Boyer (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2011)

Web 2.0 collaborations address uncertainty in climate reconstructions of the past millennium - David Morrill Anderson; Bruce A. Bauer; Charles R. Buckner; Edward Gille; Wendy S. Gross; Michael Hartman; Carrie Morrill; Anju M. Shah; Eugene R. Wahl (Earth Science Informatics, 2011)

Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in prostate cancer - Isabelle M. Berquin; Iris J. Edwards; Steven J. Kridel; Yong Q. Chen (Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2011)

Pacific Rim Forestry / Silviculture and Forest Ecology - Vishal Singh Negi; Archana Pal; Ratnesh Singh; Dulal Borthakur; Archana Pala; Vishal Singh Negi; Dulal Borthakur; Isabel Rushanaedy; Tyler Jones; Nicklos Dudley; Dulal Borthakur; Jannai Yafuso; et al. (Journal of Forestry, 2011)
Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) is an important agroforestry tree of tropics and subtropics due to its protein rich foliages, ability to grow on poor soils, and high level of tolerance to various stresses including drought and diseases. We hypothesized that leucaena have a unique set of genes which confer tolerance to various abiotic and biotic stresses and these genes are either absent or not expressed in other legumes that are susceptible to these stress conditions. Interspecies suppression subtractive hybridization (iSSH) was performed to identify some unique genes from leucaena using cDNAs from leucaena and Acacia confusa (acacia) as the tester and driver, respectively. We identified 100 leucaena genes showing homology to various plant genes with known functions, of which 23 genes had homology to various stress-related proteins including chitinase, PR-10 protein, wound-stress protein, type-2 metallothionein, thaumatin-like protein, disease resistance response protein, cysteine proteinase, and kunitz trypsin inhibitor. We also identified 50 leucaena genes which either had homology to hypothetical proteins (HyPs) or had no homology at all. Putative functions of 15 HyPs were predicted using conserved domain and PSI-BLAST analyses. Linear motif analyses identified 17 HyPs with MAPK recognition motif, which is involved in signaling pathways, including stress responses. This study identified 23 known and some putative unique stress-related genes from leucaena which may serve as a useful source of stress-tolerance genes for tree and crop improvement in the future.

New Choices and Challenges for Regulated Private Forests: The “Alternate Plan” Option - Roje S. Gootee; Keith A. Blatner; Matthew S. Carroll; David M. Baumgartner; Edward P. Weber (Journal of Forestry, 2011)
The state of Washington has developed a policy instrument that substantially amends traditional “top-down” private forest regulation. Called the “Alternate Plan” option, it gives landowners unusual new flexibility in designing forest management projects for their property. Projects may depart from any of the state's established Forest Practices Rules, if the property owner can satisfactorily show that a customized proposal would provide equivalent environmental protection. The state provides a prompt review and decision and then supervises project implementation and monitors compliance with the approved project specifications. We interviewed 109 stakeholders involved in the design, use, and implementation of this innovative program. From this data we evaluate the functional advantages and challenges inherent in this new regulatory approach, suggest modifications to improve its effectiveness, and discuss policymaking implications.

Equitable regulation of private forests - Roje S. Gootee; Keith A. Blatner; David M. Baumgartner; Matthew S. Carroll; Edward P. Weber (Small-scale Forestry, 2011)

Alcohol impairs brain reactivity to explicit loss feedback - Lindsay D. Nelson; Christopher J. Patrick; Paul Collins; Alan R. Lang; Edward M. Bernat (Psychopharmacology, 2011)

Predator biomass, prey density, and species composition effects on group size in recruit coral reef fishes - Edward E. DeMartini; Todd W. Anderson; Alan M. Friedlander; James P. Beets (Marine Biology, 2011)

Temporal and spatial variation in the δ15N and δ13C values of fish and squid from Alaskan waters - Carolyn M. Kurle; Elizabeth H. Sinclair; Ann E. Edwards; Carolyn J. Gudmundson (Marine Biology, 2011)

Patterns of Root Dynamics in Mangrove Forests Along Environmental Gradients in the Florida Coastal Everglades, USA - Edward Castañeda-Moya; Robert R. Twilley; Victor H. Rivera-Monroy; Brian D. Marx; Carlos Coronado-Molina; Sharon M. L. Ewe (Ecosystems, 2011)

Hybridisation of Australian chickpea cultivars with wild Cicer spp. increases resistance to root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus) - John P. Thompson; Roslyn A. Reen; Timothy G. Clewett; Jason G. Sheedy; Alison M. Kelly; Beverley J. Gogel; Edward J. Knights (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2011)

BMP4 loss-of-function mutations in developmental eye disorders including SHORT syndrome - Linda M. Reis; Rebecca C. Tyler; Kala F. Schilter; Omar Abdul-Rahman; Jeffrey W. Innis; Beth A. Kozel; Adele S. Schneider; Tanya M. Bardakjian; Edward J. Lose; Donna M. Martin; Ulrich Broeckel; Elena V. Semina (Human Genetics, 2011)

Gaze shift duration, independent of amplitude, influences the number of spikes in the burst for medium-lead burst neurons in pontine reticular formation - Mark M. G. Walton; Edward G. Freedman (Experimental Brain Research, 2011)

Polyandry and multiple paternities in the threatened Agassiz’s desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii - Christina M. Davy; Taylor Edwards; Amy Lathrop; Mark Bratton; Mark Hagan; Brian Henen; Kenneth A. Nagy; Jonathon Stone; L. Scott Hillard; Robert W. Murphy (Conservation Genetics, 2011)

Indoor Air Polychlorinated Biphenyl Concentrations in Three Communities Along the Upper Hudson River, New York - Lloyd R. Wilson; Patrick M. Palmer; Erin E. Belanger; Michael R. Cayo; Lorie A. Durocher; Syni-An A. Hwang; Edward F. Fitzgerald (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2011)

Resistance to the Translation Initiation Inhibitor Silvestrol is Mediated by ABCB1/P-Glycoprotein Overexpression in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells - Sneha V. Gupta; Ellen J. Sass; Melanie E. Davis; Ryan B. Edwards; Gerard Lozanski; Nyla A. Heerema; Amy Lehman; Xiaoli Zhang; David Jarjoura; John C. Byrd; Li Pan; Kenneth K. Chan; et al. (The AAPS Journal, 2011)

Influence of ley duration on the yield and quality of the subsequent cereal crop (spring oats) in an organically managed long-term crop rotation experiment - C. A. Watson; J. A. Baddeley; A. C. Edwards; R. M. Rees; R. L. Walker; C. F. E. Topp (Organic Agriculture, 2011)

Genetic architecture of the circadian clock and flowering time in Brassica rapa - P. Lou; Q. Xie; X. Xu; C. E. Edwards; M. T. Brock; C. Weinig; C. R. McClung (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011)

Recognizing Contemporary Roles of Swidden Agriculture in Transforming Landscapes of Southeast Asia - ALAN D. ZIEGLER; JEFF M. FOX; EDWARD L. WEBB; CHRISTINE PADOCH; STEVE J. LEISZ; ROB A. CRAMB; OLE MERTZ; THILDE B. BRUUN; TRAN DUC VIEN (Conservation Biology, 2011)

High frequency variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation - B. Balan Sarojini; J. M. Gregory; R. Tailleux; G. R. Bigg; A. T. Blaker; D. R. Cameron; N. R. Edwards; A. P. Megann; L. C. Shaffrey; B. Sinha (Ocean Science, 2011)
We compare the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) as simulated by the coupled climate models of the RAPID project, which cover a wide range of resolution and complexity, and observed by the RAPID/MOCHA array at about 26° N. We analyse variability on a range of timescales, from five-daily to interannual. In models of all resolutions there is substantial variability on timescales of a few days; in most AOGCMs the amplitude of the variability is of somewhat larger magnitude than that observed by the RAPID array, while the time-mean is within about 10 % of the observational estimate. The amplitude of the simulated annual cycle is similar to observations, but the shape of the annual cycle shows a spread among the models. A dynamical decomposition shows that in the models, as in observations, the AMOC is predominantly geostrophic (driven by pressure and sea-level gradients), with both geostrophic and Ekman contributions to variability, the latter being exaggerated and the former underrepresented in models. Other ageostrophic terms, neglected in the observational estimate, are small but not negligible. The time-mean of the western boundary current near the latitude of the RAPID/MOCHA array has a much wider model spread than the AMOC does, indicating large differences among models in the simulation of the wind-driven gyre circulation, and its variability is unrealistically small in the models. In many RAPID models and in models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3), interannual variability of the maximum of the AMOC wherever it lies, which is a commonly used model index, is similar to interannual variability in the AMOC at 26° N. Annual volume and heat transport timeseries at the same latitude are well-correlated within 15–45° N, indicating the climatic importance of the AMOC. In the RAPID and CMIP3 models, we show that the AMOC is correlated over considerable distances in latitude, but not the whole extent of the North Atlantic; consequently interannual variability of the AMOC at 50° N, where it is particularly relevant to European climate, is not well-correlated with that of the AMOC at 26° N, where it is monitored by the RAPID/MOCHA array.

Validity of the Actical for estimating free-living physical activity - Scott E. Crouter; Diane M. DellaValle; Magdalene Horton; Jere D. Haas; Edward A. Frongillo; David R. Bassett (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2011)

Mood and selective attention in the cold: the effect of interval versus continuous exercise - Matthew D. Muller; Sarah M. Muller; Chul-Ho Kim; Edward J. Ryan; John Gunstad; Ellen L. Glickman (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2011)

Role of individual and developmental differences in voluntary cocaine intake in rats - Nicole L. Schramm-Sapyta; Marty C. Cauley; Dalene K. Stangl; Susan Glowacz; K. Amy Stepp; Edward D. Levin; Cynthia M. Kuhn (Psychopharmacology, 2011)

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Overview - Edward P. Riley; M. Alejandra Infante; Kenneth R. Warren (Neuropsychology Review, 2011)

Shotgun Proteomic Analysis of Emiliania huxleyi, a Marine Phytoplankton Species of Major Biogeochemical Importance - Bethan M. Jones; Richard J. Edwards; Paul J. Skipp; C. David O’Connor; M. Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez (Marine Biotechnology, 2011)

Pain and thermal sensation in the cold: the effect of interval versus continuous exercise - Matthew D. Muller; Sarah M. Muller; Edward J. Ryan; David M. Bellar; Chul-Ho Kim; Ellen L. Glickman (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2011)

Repurposing climate reconstructions for drought prediction in Southeast Asia - Andrew R. Bell; Benjamin I. Cook; Kevin J. Anchukaitis; Brendan M. Buckley; Edward R. Cook (Climatic Change, 2011)

Introduction of the fire ant decapitating fly Pseudacteon obtusus in the United States: factors influencing establishment in Texas - Robert M. Plowes; Edward G. LeBrun; Lawrence E. Gilbert (BioControl, 2011)

Overturning conclusions of Lévy flight movement patterns by fishing boats and foraging animals - Andrew M. Edwards (Ecology, 2011)
A surprisingly diverse variety of foragers have previously been concluded to exhibit movement patterns known as Lévy flights, a special type of random walk. These foragers range in size from microzooplankton in experiments to fishermen in the Pacific Ocean and the North Sea. The Lévy flight conclusion implies that all the foragers have similar scale‐free movement patterns that can be described by a single dimensionless parameter, the exponent μ of a power‐law (Pareto) distribution. However, the previous conclusions have been made using methods that have since been shown to be problematic: inaccurate techniques were used to estimate μ, and the power‐law distribution was usually assumed to hold without testing any alternative hypotheses. Therefore, I address the open question of whether the previous data still support the Lévy flight hypothesis, and thus determine whether Lévy flights really are so ubiquitous in ecology. I present a comprehensive reanalysis of 17 data sets from seven previous studies for which Lévy flight behavior had been concluded, covering marine, terrestrial, and experimental systems from four continents. I use the modern likelihood and Akaike weights approach to test whether simple alternative models are more supported by the data than Lévy flights. The previously estimated values of the power‐law exponent μ do not match those calculated here using the accurate likelihood approach, and almost all of them lie outside of the likelihood‐based 95% confidence intervals. Furthermore, the original power‐law Lévy flight model is overwhelmingly rejected for 16 out of the 17 data sets when tested against three other simple models. For one data set, the data are consistent with coming from a bounded power‐law distribution (a truncated Lévy flight). For three other data sets, an exponential distribution corresponding to a simple Poisson process is suitable. Thus, Lévy flight movement patterns are not the common phenomena that was once thought, and are not suitable for use as ecosystem indicators for fisheries management, as has been proposed.

Large herbivores may alter vegetation structure of semi-arid savannas through soil nutrient mediation - Cornelis van der Waal; Ada Kool; Seline S. Meijer; Edward Kohi; Ignas M. A. Heitkönig; Willem F. de Boer; Frank van Langevelde; Rina C. Grant; Mike J. S. Peel; Rob Slotow; Henrik J. de Knegt; Herbert H. T. Prins; et al. (Oecologia, 2011)

The transcriptomic responses of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica , to environmental conditions - ROBERT W. CHAPMAN; ANNALAURA MANCIA; MARION BEAL; ARTUR VELOSO; CHARLES RATHBURN; ANNE BLAIR; A. F. HOLLAND; G. W. WARR; GUY DIDINATO; INNA M. SOKOLOVA; EDWARD F. WIRTH; EDWARD DUFFY; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2011)
Understanding the mechanisms by which organisms adapt to environmental conditions is a fundamental question for ecology and evolution. In this study, we evaluate changes in gene expression of a marine mollusc, the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica , associated with the physico‐chemical conditions and the levels of metals and other contaminants in their environment. The results indicate that transcript signatures can effectively disentangle the complex interactive gene expression responses to the environment and are also capable of disentangling the complex dynamic effects of environmental factors on gene expression. In this context, the mapping of environment to gene and gene to environment is reciprocal and mutually reinforcing. In general, the response of transcripts to the environment is driven by major factors known to affect oyster physiology such as temperature, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, with pollutant levels playing a relatively small role, at least within the range of concentrations found in the studied oyster habitats. Further, the two environmental factors that dominate these effects (temperature and pH) interact in a dynamic and nonlinear fashion to impact gene expression. Transcriptomic data obtained in our study provide insights into the mechanisms of physiological responses to temperature and pH in oysters that are consistent with the known effects of these factors on physiological functions of ectotherms and indicate important linkages between transcriptomics and physiological outcomes. Should these linkages hold in further studies and in other organisms, they may provide a novel integrated approach for assessing the impacts of climate change, ocean acidification and anthropogenic contaminants on aquatic organisms via relatively inexpensive microarray platforms.

A blended global snow product using visible, passive microwave and scatterometer satellite data - James L. Foster; Dorothy K. Hall; John B. Eylander; George A. Riggs; Son V. Nghiem; Marco Tedesco; Edward Kim; Paul M. Montesano; Richard E. J. Kelly; Kimberly A. Casey; Bhaskar Choudhury (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2011)

Relationships among precipitation regime, nutrient availability, and carbon turnover in tropical rain forests - Juan M. Posada; Edward A. G. Schuur (Oecologia, 2011)

Quality issues in clinical genetic services edited by Ulf Kristofferson, Jörg Schmidtke, and Jean-Jacques Cassiman - Edward M. Leter (Journal of Community Genetics, 2011)

Feasibility of Spectroscopic Characterization of Algal Lipids: Chemometric Correlation of NIR and FTIR Spectra with Exogenous Lipids in Algal Biomass - Lieve M. L. Laurens; Edward J. Wolfrum (BioEnergy Research, 2011)

Computational Model of the Human Elbow and Forearm: Application to Complex Varus Instability - Edward M. Spratley; Jennifer S. Wayne (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2011)

The Role of the Everglades Mangrove Ecotone Region (EMER) in Regulating Nutrient Cycling and Wetland Productivity in South Florida - Victor H. Rivera-Monroy; Robert R. Twilley; Stephen E. Davis; Daniel L. Childers; Marc Simard; Randolph Chambers; Rudolf Jaffe; Joseph N. Boyer; David T. Rudnick; Keqi Zhang; Edward Castañeda-Moya; Sharon M. L. Ewe; et al. (Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2011)

Dose-dependent binding of AZD3783 to brain 5-HT1B receptors in non-human primates and human subjects: a positron emission tomography study with [11C]AZ10419369 - Katarina Varnäs; Svante Nyberg; Per Karlsson; M. Edward Pierson; Matts Kågedal; Zsolt Cselényi; Dennis McCarthy; Alan Xiao; Minli Zhang; Christer Halldin; Lars Farde (Psychopharmacology, 2011)

Reduction of fear-potentiated startle by benzodiazepines in C57BL/6J mice - Kiersten S. Smith; Edward G. Meloni; Karyn M. Myers; Ashlee Van’t Veer; William A. Carlezon; Uwe Rudolph (Psychopharmacology, 2011)

The Permian Huangshanxi Cu–Ni deposit in western China: intrusive–extrusive association, ore genesis, and exploration implications - Mingjie Zhang; Chusi Li; Piaoer Fu; Peiqing Hu; Edward M. Ripley (Mineralium Deposita, 2011)

Isotope geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the Barton Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica - Jeong Hwang; Xiangshen Zheng; Edward M. Ripley; Jong-Ik Lee; Dongbok Shin (Journal of Earth Science, 2011)

Coordinated approaches to quantify long‐term ecosystem dynamics in response to global change - YIQI LUO; JERRY MELILLO; SHULI NIU; CLAUS BEIER; JAMES S. CLARK; AIMÉE T. CLASSEN; ERIC DAVIDSON; JEFFREY S. DUKES; R. DAVE EVANS; CHRISTOPHER B. FIELD; CLAUDIA I. CZIMCZIK; MICHAEL KELLER; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2011)
Many serious ecosystem consequences of climate change will take decades or even centuries to emerge. Long‐term ecological responses to global change are strongly regulated by slow processes, such as changes in species composition, carbon dynamics in soil and by long‐lived plants, and accumulation of nutrient capitals. Understanding and predicting these processes require experiments on decadal time scales. But decadal experiments by themselves may not be adequate because many of the slow processes have characteristic time scales much longer than experiments can be maintained. This article promotes a coordinated approach that combines long‐term, large‐scale global change experiments with process studies and modeling. Long‐term global change manipulative experiments, especially in high‐priority ecosystems such as tropical forests and high‐latitude regions, are essential to maximize information gain concerning future states of the earth system. The long‐term experiments should be conducted in tandem with complementary process studies, such as those using model ecosystems, species replacements, laboratory incubations, isotope tracers, and greenhouse facilities. Models are essential to assimilate data from long‐term experiments and process studies together with information from long‐term observations, surveys, and space‐for‐time studies along environmental and biological gradients. Future research programs with coordinated long‐term experiments, process studies, and modeling have the potential to be the most effective strategy to gain the best information on long‐term ecosystem dynamics in response to global change.

Reserve design for uncertain responses of coral reefs to climate change - Peter J. Mumby; Ian A. Elliott; C. Mark Eakin; William Skirving; Claire B. Paris; Helen J. Edwards; Susana Enríquez; Roberto Iglesias‐Prieto; Laurent M. Cherubin; Jamie R. Stevens (Ecology Letters, 2011)
Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 132–140 Abstract Rising sea temperatures cause mass coral bleaching and threaten reefs worldwide. We show how maps of variations in thermal stress can be used to help manage reefs for climate change. We map proxies of chronic and acute thermal stress and develop evidence‐based hypotheses for the future response of corals to each stress regime. We then incorporate spatially realistic predictions of larval connectivity among reefs of the Bahamas and apply novel reserve design algorithms to create reserve networks for a changing climate. We show that scales of larval dispersal are large enough to connect reefs from desirable thermal stress regimes into a reserve network. Critically, we find that reserve designs differ according to the anticipated scope for phenotypic and genetic adaptation in corals, which remains uncertain. Attempts to provide a complete reserve design that hedged against different evolutionary outcomes achieved limited success, which emphasises the importance of considering the scope for adaptation explicitly. Nonetheless, 15% of reserve locations were selected under all evolutionary scenarios, making them a high priority for early designation. Our approach allows new insights into coral holobiont adaptation to be integrated directly into an adaptive approach to management.

Scaling an Instantaneous Model of Tundra NEE to the Arctic Landscape - Michael M. Loranty; Scott J. Goetz; Edward B. Rastetter; Adrian V. Rocha; Gaius R. Shaver; Elyn R. Humphreys; Peter M. Lafleur (Ecosystems, 2011)

Host migration impacts on the phylogeography of Lyme Borreliosis spirochaete species in Europe - Stephanie A. Vollmer; Antra Bormane; Ruth E. Dinnis; Frederik Seelig; Andrew D. M. Dobson; David M. Aanensen; Marianne C. James; Michael Donaghy; Sarah E. Randolph; Edward J. Feil; Klaus Kurtenbach; Gabriele Margos (Environmental Microbiology, 2011)
Summary The geographic patterns of transmission opportunities of vector‐borne zoonoses are determined by a complex interplay between the migration patterns of the host and the vector. Here we examine the impact of host migration on the spread of a tick‐borne zoonotic disease, using Lyme Borreliosis (LB) spirochaetal species in Europe. We demonstrate that the migration of the LB species is dependent on and limited by the migration of their respective hosts. We note that populations of Borrelia spp. associated with birds ( Borrelia garinii and B. valaisiana ) show limited geographic structuring between countries compared with those associated with small mammals ( Borrelia afzelii ), and we argue that this can be explained by higher rates of migration in avian hosts. We also show the presence of B. afzelii strains in England and, through the use of the multi‐locus sequence analysis scheme, reveal that the strains are highly structured. This pattern in English sites is very different from that observed at the continental sites, and we propose that these may be recent introductions.

The biology and ecology of the ocean sunfish Mola mola: a review of current knowledge and future research perspectives - Edward C. Pope; Graeme C. Hays; Tierney M. Thys; Thomas K. Doyle; David W. Sims; Nuno Queiroz; Victoria J. Hobson; Lukas Kubicek; Jonathan D. R. Houghton (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2010)

Sex differences in force steadiness in three positions of the forearm - Ruth E. Brown; Darl L. Edwards; Jennifer M. Jakobi (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2010)

Experimental warming increases CO2 saturation in a shallow prairie pond - Kyla M. Flanagan; Edward McCauley (Aquatic Ecology, 2010)

Trophic level asynchrony in rates of phenological change for marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments - STEPHEN J. THACKERAY; TIMOTHY H. SPARKS; MORTEN FREDERIKSEN; SARAH BURTHE; PHILIP J. BACON; JAMES R. BELL; MARC S. BOTHAM; TOM M. BRERETON; PAUL W. BRIGHT; LAURENCE CARVALHO; TIM CLUTTON‐BROCK; ALISTAIR DAWSON; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2010)
Recent changes in the seasonal timing (phenology) of familiar biological events have been one of the most conspicuous signs of climate change. However, the lack of a standardized approach to analysing change has hampered assessment of consistency in such changes among different taxa and trophic levels and across freshwater, terrestrial and marine environments. We present a standardized assessment of 25 532 rates of phenological change for 726 UK terrestrial, freshwater and marine taxa. The majority of spring and summer events have advanced, and more rapidly than previously documented. Such consistency is indicative of shared large scale drivers. Furthermore, average rates of change have accelerated in a way that is consistent with observed warming trends. Less coherent patterns in some groups of organisms point to the agency of more local scale processes and multiple drivers. For the first time we show a broad scale signal of differential phenological change among trophic levels; across environments advances in timing were slowest for secondary consumers, thus heightening the potential risk of temporal mismatch in key trophic interactions. If current patterns and rates of phenological change are indicative of future trends, future climate warming may exacerbate trophic mismatching, further disrupting the functioning, persistence and resilience of many ecosystems and having a major impact on ecosystem services.

Abundance and distribution of major groups of diazotrophic cyanobacteria and their potential contribution to N 2 fixation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean - Nicole L. Goebel; Kendra A. Turk; Katherine M. Achilles; Ryan Paerl; Ian Hewson; Amanda E. Morrison; Joseph P. Montoya; Christopher A. Edwards; Jonathan P. Zehr (Environmental Microbiology, 2010)
Summary The abundances of six N 2 ‐fixing cyanobacterial phylotypes were profiled at 22 stations across the tropical Atlantic Ocean during June 2006, and used to model the contribution of the diazotrophs to N 2 fixation. Diazotroph abundances were measured by targeting the nifH gene of Trichodesmium , unicellular groups A, B, C (UCYN‐A, UCYN‐B and UCYN‐C), and diatom‐cyanobiont symbioses Hemiaulus–Richelia , Rhizosolenia–Richelia and Chaetoceros–Calothrix . West to east gradients in temperature, salinity and nutrients [NO 3 ‐ + NO 2 ‐ , PO 4 3− , Si(OH) 4 ] showed the influence of the Amazon River plume and its effect on the distributions of the diazotrophs. Trichodesmium accounted for more than 93% of all nifH genes detected, dominated the warmer waters of the western Atlantic, and was the only diazotroph detected at the equatorial upwelling station. UCYN‐A was the next most abundant (> 5% of all nifH genes) and dominated the cooler waters of the eastern Atlantic near the Cape Verde Islands. UCYN‐C was found at a single depth (200 m) of high salinity and low temperature and nutrients, whereas UCYN‐B cells were widespread but in very low abundance (6.1 × 10 1 ± 4.6 × 10 2 gene copies l −1 ). The diatom‐cyanobionts were observed primarily in the western Atlantic within or near the high Si(OH) 4 input of the Amazon River plume. Overall, highest diazotroph abundances were observed at the surface and declined with depth, except for some subsurface peaks in Trichodesmium , UCYN‐B and UCYN‐A. Modelled contributions of Trichodesmium , UCYN‐B and UCYN‐A to total N 2 fixation suggested that Trichodesmium had the largest input, except for the potential of UCYN‐A at the Cape Verde Islands.

Intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and use of multiple vitamin supplements and risk of colon cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies - Yikyung Park; Donna Spiegelman; David J. Hunter; Demetrius Albanes; Leif Bergkvist; Julie E. Buring; Jo L. Freudenheim; Edward Giovannucci; R. Alexandra Goldbohm; Lisa Harnack; Ikuko Kato; Vittorio Krogh; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2010)

A proposal to change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials - Marc H. V. Van Regenmortel; Donald S. Burke; Charles H. Calisher; Ralf G. Dietzgen; Claude M. Fauquet; Said A. Ghabrial; Peter B. Jahrling; Karl M. Johnson; Michael R. Holbrook; Marian C. Horzinek; Günther M. Keil; Jens H. Kuhn; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2010)

Toward the roles of store-operated Ca2+ entry in skeletal muscle - Bradley S. Launikonis; Robyn M. Murphy; Joshua N. Edwards (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2010)

Endothelial arginase II responds to pharmacological inhibition by elevation in protein level - Karina Krotova; Jawaharlal M. Patel; Edward R. Block; Sergey Zharikov (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2010)

A probabilistic calibration of climate sensitivity and terrestrial carbon change in GENIE-1 - Philip B. Holden; N. R. Edwards; K. I. C. Oliver; T. M. Lenton; R. D. Wilkinson (Climate Dynamics, 2010)

Cancer Patients and Their Companion Animals: Results from a 309-Patient Survey on Pet-Related Concerns and Anxieties During Chemotherapy - Brenda R. Larson; Sherry Looker; Dianne M. Herrera; Edward T. Creagan; Suzanne R. Hayman; Judith S. Kaur; Aminah Jatoi (Journal of Cancer Education, 2010)

Age independent and position-dependent alterations in motor unit activity of the biceps brachii - B. Harwood; D. L. Edwards; J. M. Jakobi (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2010)

Assessing regional impacts and adaptation strategies for climate change: the Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment - Edward L. Miles; Marketa M. Elsner; Jeremy S. Littell; Lara Whitely Binder; Dennis P. Lettenmaier (Climatic Change, 2010)

Co-regulation of dark and light reactions in three biochemical subtypes of C4 species - Olavi Kiirats; David M. Kramer; Gerald E. Edwards (Photosynthesis Research, 2010)

A new device for use in crushing rigid biomass and geological materials prior to compositional analysis - Lance W. Riley; Shirley M. Baker; Edward J. Phlips (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2010)

Alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium (PanScan) - Dominique S. Michaud; Alina Vrieling; Li Jiao; Julie B. Mendelsohn; Emily Steplowski; Shannon M. Lynch; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Alan A. Arslan; H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita; Charles S. Fuchs; Myron Gross; Kathy Helzlsouer; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2010)

Thermal plasticity of photosynthesis: the role of acclimation in forest responses to a warming climate - CARLA A. GUNDERSON; KEIRAN H. O'HARA; CHRISTINA M. CAMPION; ASHLEY V. WALKER; NELSON T. EDWARDS (Global Change Biology, 2010)
The increasing air temperatures central to climate change predictions have the potential to alter forest ecosystem function and structure by exceeding temperatures optimal for carbon gain. Such changes are projected to threaten survival of sensitive species, leading to local extinctions, range migrations, and altered forest composition. This study investigated photosynthetic sensitivity to temperature and the potential for acclimation in relation to the climatic provenance of five species of deciduous trees, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus rubra, Quercus falcata, Betula alleghaniensis , and Populus grandidentata . Open‐top chambers supplied three levels of warming (+0, +2, and +4 °C above ambient) over 3 years, tracking natural temperature variability. Optimal temperature for CO 2 assimilation was strongly correlated with daytime temperature in all treatments, but assimilation rates at those optima were comparable. Adjustment of thermal optima was confirmed in all species, whether temperatures varied with season or treatment, and regardless of climate in the species' range or provenance of the plant material. Temperature optima from 17° to 34° were observed. Across species, acclimation potentials varied from 0.55 °C to 1.07 °C per degree change in daytime temperature. Responses to the temperature manipulation were not different from the seasonal acclimation observed in mature indigenous trees, suggesting that photosynthetic responses should not be modeled using static temperature functions, but should incorporate an adjustment to account for acclimation. The high degree of homeostasis observed indicates that direct impacts of climatic warming on forest productivity, species survival, and range limits may be less than predicted by existing models.

The influence of interval versus continuous exercise on thermoregulation, torso hemodynamics, and finger dexterity in the cold - Matthew D. Muller; Edward J. Ryan; David M. Bellar; Chul-Ho Kim; Robert P. Blankfield; Sarah M. Muller; Ellen L. Glickman (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2010)

The WAMME regional model intercomparison study - Leonard M. Druyan; Jinming Feng; Kerry H. Cook; Yongkang Xue; Matthew Fulakeza; Samson M. Hagos; Abdourahamane Konaré; Wilfran Moufouma-Okia; David P. Rowell; Edward K. Vizy; Seidou Sanda Ibrah (Climate Dynamics, 2010)

Symbiosis research, technology, and education: Proceedings of the 6th International Symbiosis Society Congress held in Madison Wisconsin, USA, August 2009 - Heidi Goodrich-Blair; Jean-Michel Ané; James D. Bever; Seth R. Bordenstein; Monika Bright; John M. Chaston; Keith Clay; Cameron R. Currie; Angela E. Douglas; Nicole Gerardo; Maria J. Harrison; Ruth E. Ley; et al. (Symbiosis, 2010)

Negative soil feedbacks accumulate over time for non‐native plant species - Jeffrey M. Diez; Ian Dickie; Grant Edwards; Philip E. Hulme; Jon J. Sullivan; Richard P. Duncan (Ecology Letters, 2010)
Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 803–809 Abstract The enemy release hypothesis is a common explanation for species invasions, suggesting that introduced species benefit from leaving behind natural enemies in the native range. However, any such advantage may attenuate over time. In this study, we test a prediction of this more dynamic enemy release hypothesis: that non‐native plant species that became established longer ago exhibit stronger negative feedbacks with the soil. Consistent with declining enemy release over time, we found increasingly negative soil feedbacks for species established longer ago in New Zealand. Negative soil feedbacks were also stronger for more widespread species, but weaker for more locally abundant species, suggesting that species accumulate negative interactions as they spread and can be locally regulated by these interactions. We also present data to support the common assumption that relatives have similar impacts on and responses to soil communities. Together, these data highlight the dynamic nature of novel interactions arising from species introductions.

Choosing What to Believe About Forests: Differences Between Professional and Non-Professional Evaluative Criteria - Roje S. Gootee; Keith A. Blatner; David M. Baumgartner; Matthew S. Carroll; Edward P. Weber (Small-scale Forestry, 2010)

Moderate Ethanol Preconditioning of Rat Brain Cultures Engenders Neuroprotection Against Dementia-Inducing Neuroinflammatory Proteins: Possible Signaling Mechanisms - Michael A. Collins; Edward J. Neafsey; Kewei Wang; Nicholas J. Achille; Robert M. Mitchell; Sreevidya Sivaswamy (Molecular Neurobiology, 2010)

Age-related differences in force variability and visual display - Edward Ofori; Jean M. Samson; Jacob J. Sosnoff (Experimental Brain Research, 2010)

Genetic variation in sex-steroid receptors and synthesizing enzymes and colorectal cancer risk in women - Jennifer Lin; Robert Y. L. Zee; Kuang-Yu Liu; Shumin M. Zhang; I-Min Lee; JoAnn E. Manson; Edward Giovannucci; Julie E. Buring; Nancy R. Cook (Cancer Causes & Control, 2010)

On scientists’ discomfort in fisheries advisory science: the example of simulation‐based fisheries management‐strategy evaluations - Sarah B M Kraak; Ciaran J Kelly; Edward A Codling; Emer Rogan (Fish and Fisheries, 2010)
Scientists feel discomfort when they are asked to create certainty, where none exists, for use as an alibi in policy‐making. Recently, the scientific literature has drawn attention to some pitfalls of simulation‐based fisheries management‐strategy evaluation (MSE). For example, while estimates concerning central tendencies of distributions of simulation outcomes are usually fairly robust because they are conditioned on ample data, estimates concerning the tails of distributions (such as the probability of falling below a critical biomass) are usually conditional on few data and thus often rely on assumptions that have no strong knowledge base. The clients of scientific advice, such as the European Commission, are embracing the mechanization of the evaluation of proposed Harvest Control Rules against the precautionary principle and management objectives. Where the fisheries management institutions aim for simple answers from the scientists, giving ‘green/red light’ to a proposed management strategy, the scientists are forced into a split position between satisfying the demands of their advisory role and living up to the standards of scientific rigour. We argue against the mechanization of scientific advice that aims to incorporate all relevant processes into one big model algorithm that, after construction, can be run without circumspection. We rather encourage that fisheries advice should be a dynamic process of expert judgement, incorporating separate parallel concurrent, lines of scientific evidence, from quantitative and qualitative modelling exercises and factual knowledge of the biology and the fishery dynamics. This process can be formalized to a certain degree and can easily accommodate stakeholder viewpoints.

The Role of the Intestinal Lymphatics in the Absorption of Two Highly Lipophilic Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitors (CP524,515 and CP532,623) - Natalie L. Trevaskis; Claire L. McEvoy; Michelle P. McIntosh; Glenn A. Edwards; Ravi M. Shanker; William N. Charman; Christopher J. H. Porter (Pharmaceutical Research, 2010)

Immobilizing nitrogen to control plant invasion - Laura G. Perry; Dana M. Blumenthal; Thomas A. Monaco; Mark W. Paschke; Edward F. Redente (Oecologia, 2010)

Population description and its role in the interpretation of genetic association - Stephanie M. Fullerton; Joon-Ho Yu; Julia Crouch; Kelly Fryer-Edwards; Wylie Burke (Human Genetics, 2010)

Biological consequences of invasion by reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Greg Spyreas; Brian W. Wilm; Allen E. Plocher; David M. Ketzner; Jeffrey W. Matthews; James L. Ellis; Edward J. Heske (Biological Invasions, 2010)

Historical and paleolimnological evidence for expansion of Lake Athabasca (Canada) during the Little Ice Age - R. Niloshini Sinnatamby; Yi Yi; Michael A. Sokal; Kenneth P. Clogg-Wright; Taro Asada; Sheila R. Vardy; Tammy L. Karst-Riddoch; William M. Last; John W. Johnston; Roland I. Hall; Brent B. Wolfe; Thomas W. D. Edwards (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2010)

The high value of logged tropical forests: lessons from northern Borneo - Nicholas J. Berry; Oliver L. Phillips; Simon L. Lewis; Jane K. Hill; David P. Edwards; Noel B. Tawatao; Norhayati Ahmad; David Magintan; Chey V. Khen; M. Maryati; Robert C. Ong; Keith C. Hamer (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2010)

Local people value environmental services provided by forested parks - Navjot S. Sodhi; Tien Ming Lee; Cagan H. Sekercioglu; Edward L. Webb; Dewi M. Prawiradilaga; David J. Lohman; Naomi E. Pierce; Arvin C. Diesmos; Madhu Rao; Paul R. Ehrlich (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2010)

Effects of the Purkinje System and Cardiac Geometry on Biventricular Pacing: A Model Study - Daniel Romero; Rafael Sebastian; Bart H. Bijnens; Viviana Zimmerman; Patrick M. Boyle; Edward J. Vigmond; Alejandro F. Frangi (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2010)

Simulations of Reduced Conduction Reserve in the Diabetic Rat Heart: Response to Uncoupling and Reduced Excitability - Haisam A. Ghaly; Patrick M. Boyle; Edward J. Vigmond; Yakhin Shimoni; Anders Nygren (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2010)

Effects of seagrasses and algae of the Caulerpa family on hydrodynamics and particle-trapping rates - Iris E. Hendriks; Tjeerd J. Bouma; Edward P. Morris; Carlos M. Duarte (Marine Biology, 2010)

Estimating Uncertainty in Ecosystem Budget Calculations - Ruth D. Yanai; John J. Battles; Andrew D. Richardson; Corrie A. Blodgett; Dustin M. Wood; Edward B. Rastetter (Ecosystems, 2010)

Abundances of crenarchaeal amoA genes and transcripts in the Pacific Ocean - Matthew J. Church; Brenner Wai; David M. Karl; Edward F. DeLong (Environmental Microbiology, 2010)
Summary Planktonic Crenarchaea are thought to play a key role in chemolithotrophic ammonia oxidation, a critical step of the marine nitrogen (N) cycle. In this study, we examined the spatial distributions of ammonia‐oxidizing Crenarchaea across a large (∼5200 km) region of the central Pacific Ocean. Examination of crenarchaeal 16S rRNA, ammonia monooxygenase subunit A ( amoA ) genes, and amoA transcript abundances provided insight into their spatial distributions and activities. Crenarchaeal gene abundances increased three to four orders of magnitude with depth between the upper ocean waters and dimly lit waters of the mesopelagic zone. The resulting median value of the crenarchaeal amoA : 16S rRNA gene ratio was 1.3, suggesting the majority of Crenarchaea in the epi‐ and mesopelagic regions of the Pacific Ocean have the metabolic machinery for ammonia oxidation. Crenarchaeal amoA transcript abundances typically increased one to two orders of magnitude in the transitional zone separating the epipelagic waters from the mesopelagic (100–200 m), before decreasing into the interior of the mesopelagic zone. The resulting gene copy normalized transcript abundances revealed elevated amoA expression in the upper ocean waters (0–100 m) where crenarchaeal abundances were low, with transcripts decreasing into the mesopelagic zone as crenarchaeal gene abundances increased. These results suggest ammonia‐oxidizing Crenarchaea are active contributors to the N cycle throughout the epi‐ and mesopelagic waters of the Pacific Ocean.

Reduction of fumarate, mesaconate and crotonate by Mfr, a novel oxygen‐regulated periplasmic reductase in Campylobacter jejuni - Edward Guccione; Andrew Hitchcock; Stephen J. Hall; Francis Mulholland; Neil Shearer; Arnoud H. M. Van Vliet; David J. Kelly (Environmental Microbiology, 2010)
Summary Methylmenaquinol : fumarate reductase (Mfr) is a newly recognized type of fumarate reductase present in some ε‐proteobacteria, where the active site subunit (MfrA) is localized in the periplasm, but for which a physiological role has not been identified. We show that the Campylobacter jejuni mfrABE operon is transcribed from a single promoter, with the mfrA gene preceded by a small open reading‐frame ( mfrX ) encoding a C. jejuni ‐specific polypeptide of unknown function. The growth characteristics and enzyme activities of mutants in the mfrA and menaquinol : fumarate reductase A ( frdA ) genes show that the cytoplasmic facing Frd enzyme is the major fumarate reductase under oxygen limitation. The Mfr enzyme is shown to be necessary for maximal rates of growth by fumarate respiration and rates of fumarate reduction in intact cells measured by both viologen assays and 1 H‐NMR were slower in an mfrA mutant. As periplasmic fumarate reduction does not require fumarate/succinate antiport, Mfr may allow more efficient adaptation to fumarate‐dependent growth. However, a further rationale for the periplasmic location of Mfr is suggested by the observation that the enzyme also reduces the fumarate analogues mesaconate and crotonate; fermentation products of anaerobes with which C. jejuni shares its gut environment, that are unable to be transported into the cell. Both MfrA and MfrB subunits were localized in the periplasm by immunoblotting and 2D‐gel electrophoresis, but an mfrE mutant accumulated unprocessed MfrA in the cytoplasm, suggesting a preassembled MfrABE holoenzyme has to be recognized by the TAT system for translocation to occur. Gene expression studies in chemostat cultures following an aerobic‐anaerobic shift showed that mfrA is highly upregulated by oxygen limitation, as would be experienced in vivo . Our results indicate that in addition to a role in fumarate respiration, Mfr allows C. jejuni to reduce analogous substrates specifically present in the host gut environment.

Erratum to: Precise U–Pb zircon–baddeleyite age of the Jinchuan sulfide ore-bearing ultramafic intrusion, western China - Mingjie Zhang; Sandra L. Kamo; Chusi Li; Peiqing Hu; Edward M. Ripley (Mineralium Deposita, 2010)

Evaluation of pathogenicity and aggressiveness of F. langsethiae on oat and wheat seedlings relative to known seedling blight pathogens - Samuel M. Imathiu; Martin C. Hare; Rumiana V. Ray; Matthew Back; Simon G. Edwards (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2010)

Purkinje-mediated Effects in the Response of Quiescent Ventricles to Defibrillation Shocks - Patrick M. Boyle; Makarand Deo; Gernot Plank; Edward J. Vigmond (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2010)

Prey diversity is associated with weaker consumer effects in a meta‐analysis of benthic marine experiments - Kyle F. Edwards; Kristin M. Aquilino; Rebecca J. Best; Kirsten L. Sellheim; John J. Stachowicz (Ecology Letters, 2010)
Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 194–201 Abstract A rapidly accumulating body of research has shown that species diversity consistently affects the functioning of ecosystems. The incorporation of trophic complexity and the extension of this research to larger scales and natural ranges in species diversity remain as important challenges for understanding the true magnitude of these effects in natural systems. Here, we test whether the diversity of prey communities affects the magnitude of aggregate consumer effects. We conducted a meta‐analysis of 57 consumer removal field experiments from a range of intertidal and subtidal hard substrate marine communities. We found that the richness of the prey community was the strongest predictor of the magnitude of consumer effects while controlling for habitat type, taxonomic composition, and other variables. Consumer removal increased aggregate prey abundance on average by 1200% at the lower limit of prey diversity (two species), but only 200% at the upper limit of 37 species. Importantly, compositional change was substantial at both high and low prey diversity, suggesting predation intensity did not vary with prey richness. Rather diverse prey communities appear to be more capable of maintaining abundance via compensatory responses, by containing prey species that are resistant to (or tolerant of) predators. These results suggest that the effects of species diversity on trophic interactions may scale consistently from small‐scale manipulations to cross‐community comparisons.

Ecosystem Services as a Common Language for Coastal Ecosystem‐Based Management - ELISE F. GRANEK; STEPHEN POLASKY; CARRIE V. KAPPEL; DENISE J. REED; DAVID M. STOMS; EVAMARIA W. KOCH; CHRIS J. KENNEDY; LORI A. CRAMER; SALLY D. HACKER; EDWARD B. BARBIER; SHANKAR ASWANI; MARY RUCKELSHAUS; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2010)
Ecosystem‐based management is logistically and politically challenging because ecosystems are inherently complex and management decisions affect a multitude of groups. Coastal ecosystems, which lie at the interface between marine and terrestrial ecosystems and provide an array of ecosystem services to different groups, aptly illustrate these challenges. Successful ecosystem‐based management of coastal ecosystems requires incorporating scientific information and the knowledge and views of interested parties into the decision‐making process. Estimating the provision of ecosystem services under alternative management schemes offers a systematic way to incorporate biogeophysical and socioeconomic information and the views of individuals and groups in the policy and management process. Employing ecosystem services as a common language to improve the process of ecosystem‐based management presents both benefits and difficulties. Benefits include a transparent method for assessing trade‐offs associated with management alternatives, a common set of facts and common currency on which to base negotiations, and improved communication among groups with competing interests or differing worldviews. Yet challenges to this approach remain, including predicting how human interventions will affect ecosystems, how such changes will affect the provision of ecosystem services, and how changes in service provision will affect the welfare of different groups in society. In a case study from Puget Sound, Washington, we illustrate the potential of applying ecosystem services as a common language for ecosystem‐based management.

Genetic architecture of two red ruffed lemur (Varecia rubra) populations of Masoala National Park - Vololoniaina R. Razakamaharavo; Susie M. McGuire; Natalie Vasey; Edward E. Louis; Rick A. Brenneman (Primates, 2010)

Root-derived respiration and nitrous oxide production as affected by crop phenology and nitrogen fertilization - Benjamin K. Sey; Ameur M. Manceur; Joann K. Whalen; Edward G. Gregorich; Philippe Rochette (Plant and Soil, 2010)

Precise U–Pb zircon–baddeleyite age of the Jinchuan sulfide ore-bearing ultramafic intrusion, western China - Mingjie Zhang; Sandra L. Kamo; Chusi Li; Peiqing Hu; Edward M. Ripley (Mineralium Deposita, 2010)

Influence of crank length on cycle ergometry performance of well-trained female cross-country mountain bike athletes - Paul William Macdermid; Andrew M. Edwards (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2010)

Neurochemical and electrophysiological diagnosis of reversible neurotoxicity in earthworms exposed to sublethal concentrations of CL-20 - Ping Gong; Niladri Basu; Anton M. Scheuhammer; Edward J. Perkins (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2010)

Comparing plasma and faecal measures of steroid hormones in Adelie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae - Calum Edward Ninnes; J. R. Waas; N. Ling; S. Nakagawa; J. C. Banks; D. G. Bell; A. Bright; P. W. Carey; J. Chandler; Q. J. Hudson; J. R. Ingram; K. Lyall; et al. (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2010)

Genetic map construction and QTL mapping of resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) disease in Australian canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars - S. Kaur; N. O. I. Cogan; G. Ye; R. C. Baillie; M. L. Hand; A. E. Ling; A. K. Mcgearey; J. Kaur; C. J. Hopkins; M. Todorovic; H. Mountford; D. Edwards; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2009)

The emerging field of osteoimmunology - Kofi A. Mensah; Jie Li; Edward M. Schwarz (Immunologic Research, 2009)

Urothelial carcinoma: Stem cells on the edge - William D. Brandt; William Matsui; Jonathan E. Rosenberg; Xiaobing He; Shizhang Ling; Edward M. Schaeffer; David M. Berman (Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2009)

A limited innate immune response is induced by a replication-defective herpes simplex virus vector following delivery to the murine central nervous system - Zane Zeier; J Santiago Aguilar; Cecilia M Lopez; GB Devi-Rao; Zachary L Watson; Henry V Baker; Edward K Wagner; David C Bloom (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2009)

Reproducibility between counts of airborne allergenic pollen from two cities in the East Midlands, UK - Catherine H. Pashley; Abbie Fairs; Richard E. Edwards; John P. Bailey; Julie M. Corden; Andrew J. Wardlaw (Aerobiologia, 2009)

A peroxynitrite complex of copper: formation from a copper–nitrosyl complex, transformation to nitrite and exogenous phenol oxidative coupling or nitration - Ga Young Park; Subramanian Deepalatha; Simona C. Puiu; Dong-Heon Lee; Biplab Mondal; Amy A. Narducci Sarjeant; Diego del Rio; Monita Y. M. Pau; Edward I. Solomon; Kenneth D. Karlin (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2009)

Infection and replication of Bartonella species within a tick cell line - Sarah A. Billeter; Pedro Paulo V. P. Diniz; James M. Battisti; Ulrike G. Munderloh; Edward B. Breitschwerdt; Michael G. Levy (Experimental and Applied Acarology, 2009)

Distribution of Dissolved Trace Metals Around the Sacrificos Coral Reef Island, in the Southwestern Gulf of Mexico - L. Rosales-Hoz; A. Carranza-Edwards; L. Sanvicente-Añorve; M. A. Alatorre-Mendieta; F. Rivera-Ramirez (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2009)

Insights into the molecular basis of the microaerophily of three Campylobacterales: a comparative study - Nadeem O. Kaakoush; Claudia Baar; Joanna MacKichan; Peer Schmidt; Edward M. Fox; Stephan C. Schuster; George L. Mendz (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2009)

Genotypes of Brassica rapa respond differently to plant-induced variation in air CO2 concentration in growth chambers with standard and enhanced venting - Christine E. Edwards; Monia S. H. Haselhorst; Autumn M. McKnite; Brent E. Ewers; David G. Williams; Cynthia Weinig (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2009)

Characterization of 26 microsatellite marker loci in the fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) - Barbara R. Vogler; Carolyn A. Bailey; Gary D. Shore; Susie M. McGuire; Shannon E. Engberg; Joerns Fickel; Edward E. Louis; Rick A. Brenneman (Conservation Genetics, 2009)

Are adolescents more vulnerable to drug addiction than adults? Evidence from animal models - Nicole L. Schramm-Sapyta; Q. David Walker; Joseph M. Caster; Edward D. Levin; Cynthia M. Kuhn (Psychopharmacology, 2009)

Application of advanced borehole geophysical logging to managed aquifer recharge investigations - Robert G. Maliva; Edward A. Clayton; Thomas M. Missimer (Hydrogeology Journal, 2009)

Linking stream and landscape trajectories in the southern Appalachians - Edward P. Gardiner; Andrew B. Sutherland; Rebecca J. Bixby; Mark C. Scott; Judy L. Meyer; Gene S. Helfman; E. Fred Benfield; Cathy M. Pringle; Paul V. Bolstad; David N. Wear (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2009)

Shrub Encroachment Impacts the Potential for Multiple Use Conflicts on Public Land - Angela M. Burkinshaw; Edward W. Bork (Environmental Management, 2009)

Influences of wind-wave exposure on the distribution and density of recruit reef fishes at Kure and Pearl and Hermes Atolls, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands - Edward E. DeMartini; Brian J. Zgliczynski; Raymond C. Boland; Alan M. Friedlander (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2009)

Characterization of 22 microsatellite marker loci in the Madagascar rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis) - Andoniaina R. Andrianaivoarivelo; Gary D. Shore; Susie M. McGuire; Richard K. B. Jenkins; Olga Ramilijaona; Edward E. Louis; Rick A. Brenneman (Conservation Genetics, 2009)

Characterization of 21 microsatellite marker loci in the silky sifaka (Propithecus candidus) - Susie M. McGuire; George P. Emodi; Gary D. Shore; Rick A. Brenneman; Edward E. Louis (Conservation Genetics, 2009)