Response to Letter to the Editor submitted by Dr. Nick Chartres and Ms. Courtney Cooper: RE: A systematic review of adverse health effects associated with oral cadmium exposure, by Schaefer HR et al. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2022; 134:105243 - Heather R. Schaefer; Brenna M. Flannery; Lynn M. Crosby; Olivia E. Jones-Dominic; Cecile Punzalan; Karlyn Middleton (Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2023)

Successional changes in fungal communities occur a few weeks following wildfire in a mixed Douglas-fir-ponderosa pine forest - Erica E. Packard; Daniel M. Durall; Melanie D. Jones (Fungal Ecology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2,4-hexadienyl isobutyrate, CAS Registry number 16491-24-0 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-phenylhexanenitrile, CAS registry number 3508-98-3 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, diphenylmethane, CAS Registry Number 101-81-5 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-methyl-3-(1-oxopropoxy)-4H-pyran-4-one, CAS Registry Number 68555-63-5 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, ethyl p-anisate, CAS registry number 94-30-4 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, CAS registry number 123-08-0 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 6,6-dimethoxy-2,5,5-trimethylhex-2-ene, CAS registry number 67674-46-8 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; M. Date; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, isoamyl octanoate, CAS registry number 2035-99-6 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

Development of a monoclonal antibody specific to burbot (Lota lota) IgM and optimization of an ELISA to measure anti-Aeromonas sp. antibody titers following pathogen challenge - Luke P. Oliver; Timothy J. Bruce; Jie Ma; Evan M. Jones; Kenneth D. Cain (Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2023)

Characterization of maternal immunity following vaccination of broodstock against IHNV or Flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) - Jie Ma; Jesse T. Trushenski; Evan M. Jones; Timothy J. Bruce; Doug G. McKenney; Gael Kurath; Kenneth D. Cain (Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2,3,3-trimethylindanone, CAS registry number 54440-17-4 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2,3-dethylpyrazine, CAS registry number 15707-24-1 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-methoxy-3(5 and 6)-isopropylpyrazine, CAS Registry Number 25773-40-4 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-acetylthiophene, CAS registry number 88-15-3 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM natural complex substance (NCS) fragrance ingredient safety assessment, petitgrain mandarin oil, CAS registry number 8014-17-3, RIFM ID: 250-E2.12 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; M. Date; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

Evaluating the accuracy and usefulness of commercially-available proximal soil mapping services for grassland nutrient management planning and soil health monitoring - Jennifer Rhymes; Dave R. Chadwick; A. Prysor Williams; Ian M. Harris; R. Murray Lark; David L. Jones (Precision Agriculture, 2023)
Grasslands play an important role in global food security. However, there are increasing pressures to improve the sustainability of ruminant farming. Precision nutrient management tools (e.g., proximal soil sensors for soil mapping) offer opportunities to improve nutrient use efficiency through spatially-variable nutrient application rate maps. Despite little research validating these technologies on grasslands, commercial companies promote these technologies to grassland farmers. In this study, the accuracy of commercial companies offering these services was evaluated by comparing soil pH, P, K, Mg and SOM measurements derived from conventional soil sampling and laboratory analyses to measurements derived from the commercial operators, across a range of soils that are typical found in UK grasslands. Results showed that soil mapping services utilising gamma-ray spectroscopy (GRS) were not sufficiently accurate to predict soil pH, P, K and Mg on grasslands, and subsequently inappropriate for nutrient management planning for variable rate lime and nutrient application. Conversely, both GRS and visible-near infrared spectroscopy (Vis–NIR) accurately predicted between-field SOM variations in grassland soils but not within-field variation. This study emphasises the need for further research to explore the limitations of, and opportunities for, the universal application of these technologies across different soil types and/or land uses before their commercial application. It is therefore highly recommended that commercially-available soil mapping services are subject to certification, similar to centralised soil testing laboratories, to ensure data are accurate for soil management interpretation. The lack of reliability of such systems risks farmers’ confidence in the value of soil mapping, which could severely hinder future adoption of potentially valuable technologies.

Assessing Antigen-Adjuvant Complex Stability Against Physical Stresses By wNMR - Marc B. Taraban; Katharine T. Briggs; Yihua Bruce Yu; Michael T. Jones; Lindsey Rosner; Akhilesh Bhambhani; Donna M. Williams; Christopher Farrell; Mikhail Reibarkh; Yongchao Su (Pharmaceutical Research, 2023)

Repurposing FDA-approved drugs as inhibitors of therapy-induced invadopodia activity in glioblastoma cells - Dylan Jones; Clarissa A. Whitehead; Marija Dinevska; Samuel S. Widodo; Liam M. Furst; Andrew P. Morokoff; Andrew H. Kaye; Katharine J. Drummond; Theo Mantamadiotis; Stanley S. Stylli (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2023)
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent primary central nervous system tumour in adults. The lethality of GBM lies in its highly invasive, infiltrative, and neurologically destructive nature resulting in treatment failure, tumour recurrence and death. Even with current standard of care treatment with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, surviving tumour cells invade throughout the brain. We have previously shown that this invasive phenotype is facilitated by actin-rich, membrane-based structures known as invadopodia. The formation and matrix degrading activity of invadopodia is enhanced in GBM cells that survive treatment. Drug repurposing provides a means of identifying new therapeutic applications for existing drugs without the need for discovery or development and the associated time for clinical implementation. We investigate several FDA-approved agents for their ability to act as both cytotoxic agents in reducing cell viability and as ‘anti-invadopodia’ agents in GBM cell lines. Based on their cytotoxicity profile, three agents were selected, bortezomib, everolimus and fludarabine, to test their effect on GBM cell invasion. All three drugs reduced radiation/temozolomide-induced invadopodia activity, in addition to reducing GBM cell viability. These drugs demonstrate efficacious properties warranting further investigation with the potential to be implemented as part of the treatment regime for GBM.

Intensities of human disturbance dictate the floral diversity in tropical forest: the case of a secondary forest in Benguet, Philippines - Domelson A. Balangen; Melchor S. Catones; Jane M. Bayeng; Jones T. Napaldet (Journal of Mountain Science, 2023)

Intestinal microbiota of Nearctic‐Neotropical migratory birds vary more over seasons and years than between host species - Heather R. Skeen; David E. Willard; Andrew W. Jones; Benjamin M. Winger; Ethan F. Gyllenhaal; Brian R. Tsuru; Shannon J. Hackett; John Novembre (Molecular Ecology, 2023)
Seasonal migration of Nearctic‐Neotropical passerine birds may have profound effects on the diversity and abundance of their host‐associated microbiota. Migratory birds experience seasonal change in environments and diets throughout the course of the annual cycle that, along with recurrent biological events such as reproduction, may significantly impact their microbiota. In this study, we characterize the intestinal microbiota of four closely related species of migratory Catharus thrushes at three time points of their migratory cycle: during spring migration, on the summer breeding territories and during fall migration. Using observations replicated over 3 years, we determined that microbial community diversity of Catharus thrushes was significantly different across distinct time periods of the annual cycle, whereas community composition was more similar within than across years. Elevated alpha diversity in the summer birds compared to either migratory period indicated that birds may harbour a reduced microbiota during active migration. We also found that community composition of the microbiota did not substantially differ between host species. Finally, we recovered two phyla, Cyanobacteria and Planctomycetota, which are not commonly described from birds, that were in relatively high abundance in specific years. This study contributes to our growing understanding of how microbiota in wild birds vary throughout disparate ecological conditions and reveals potential axes across which an animal's microbial flexibility adapts to variable environments and recurrent biological conditions throughout the annual cycle.

Molecular insights into the dynamics of species invasion by hybridisation in Tasmanian eucalypts - Thais R. Pfeilsticker; Rebecca C. Jones; Dorothy A. Steane; René E. Vaillancourt; Brad M. Potts (Molecular Ecology, 2023)
In plants where seed dispersal is limited compared with pollen dispersal, hybridisation may enhance gene exchange and species dispersal. We provide genetic evidence of hybridisation contributing to the expansion of the rare Eucalyptus risdonii into the range of the widespread Eucalyptus amygdalina . These closely related tree species are morphologically distinct, and observations suggest that natural hybrids occur along their distribution boundaries and as isolated trees or in small patches within the range of E. amygdalina . Hybrid phenotypes occur outside the range of normal dispersal for E. risdonii seed, yet in some hybrid patches small individuals resembling E. risdonii occur and are hypothesised to be a result of backcrossing. Using 3362 genome‐wide SNPs assessed from 97 individuals of E. risdonii and E. amygdalina and 171 hybrid trees, we show that (i) isolated hybrids match the genotypes expected of F 1 /F 2 hybrids, (ii) there is a continuum in the genetic composition among the isolated hybrid patches from patches dominated by F 1 /F 2 ‐like genotypes to those dominated by E. risdonii ‐backcross genotypes, and (iii) the E. risdonii ‐like phenotypes in the isolated hybrid patches are most‐closely related to proximal larger hybrids. These results suggest that the E. risdonii phenotype has been resurrected in isolated hybrid patches established from pollen dispersal, providing the first steps in its invasion of suitable habitat by long‐distance pollen dispersal and complete introgressive displacement of E. amygdalina . Such expansion accords with the population demographics, common garden performance data, and climate modelling which favours E. risdonii and highlights a role of interspecific hybridisation in climate change adaptation and species expansion.

The legacy of human use in Amazonian palm communities along environmental and accessibility gradients - Gabriela Zuquim; Mirkka M. Jones; Otso Ovaskainen; William Trujillo; Henrik Balslev (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2023)
Aim Palms are iconic and dominant elements of neotropical forests. In the Amazon region, palms have been used and managed by humans for food, material, medicine and other purposes for millennia. It is, however, debated to what extent the structure of modern palm communities reflects long‐term human modification. Here, we investigate the complex interplay of ecological and societal factors that influence the distributions of both human‐used and non‐used palms in western Amazonia. Location Amazonia. Time period Present. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We used Bayesian hierarchical joint species distribution models to predict the distributions and environmental niche dimensions of 78 western Amazonian species, and to explore their relationships with their diversity of human uses and with specific uses (food, construction and medicine). The models were parameterized with a comprehensive set of field‐ and satellite‐derived environmental predictors. Results Our results suggest that a combination of ecological and anthropogenic factors drive the present‐day distributions of Amazonian palms. The modelled ecological niches of the species revealed use‐related species‐sorting along soil, climatic, accessibility and drainage gradients. We found peaks in the proportions of useful palms and their diversity of uses in fertile soils, close to rivers, and on floodplains. These are habitats favourable for human settlement, although they harbour naturally restricted palm species pools. We also found a negative correlation between predicted palm species richness and number of human uses across western Amazonia. Main conclusions Soil characteristics, accessibility, and species pool size all contribute to defining palm–human relationships. At the basin scale, the signature of human use on palm communities was predicted to be stronger in the species‐poor south‐west than in central‐western Amazonia. Overall, we conclude that environmental conditions have influenced modern Amazonian palm distributions both directly and indirectly, by regulating human settlement patterns and natural resource use over extended time periods.

Application of a 3D hydrogel-based model to replace use of animals for passaging patient-derived xenografts - Sal Jones; Jennifer C. Ashworth; Marian Meakin; Pamela Collier; Catherine Probert; Alison A. Ritchie; Catherine L. R. Merry; Anna M. Grabowska (In vitro models, 2023)
Purpose This 3D in vitro cancer model for propagation of patient-derived cells, using a synthetic self-assembling peptide gel, allows the formation of a fully characterised, tailorable tumour microenvironment. Unlike many existing 3D cancer models, the peptide gel is inert, apart from molecules and motifs deliberately added or produced by cells within the model. Methods Breast cancer patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were disaggregated and embedded in a peptide hydrogel. Growth was monitored by microscopic examination and at intervals, cells were extracted from the gels and passaged on into fresh gels. Passaged cells were assessed by qPCR and immunostaining techniques for the retention of characteristic markers. Results Breast cancer PDXs were shown to be capable of expansion over four or more passages in the peptide gel. Contaminating mouse cells were found to be rapidly removed by successive passages. The resulting human cells were shown to be compatible with a range of common assays useful for assessing survival, growth and maintenance of heterogeneity. Conclusions Based on these findings, the hydrogel has the potential to provide an effective and practical breast cancer model for the passage of PDXs which will have the added benefits of being relatively cheap, fully-defined and free from the use of animals or animal products. Encapsulated cells will require further validation to confirm the maintenance of cell heterogeneity, genotypes and phenotypes across passage, but with further development, including the addition of bespoke cell and matrix components of the tumour microenvironment, there is clear potential to model other cancer types.

PlantACT! – how to tackle the climate crisis - Heribert Hirt; Salim Al-Babili; Marilia Almeida-Trapp; Antoine Martin; Manuel Aranda; Dorothea Bartels; Malcolm Bennett; Ikram Blilou; Damian Boer; Alix Boulouis; Chris Bowler; Sophie Brunel-Muguet; et al. (Trends in Plant Science, 2023)

Influence of social enrichment on transport stress in fish: a behavioural approach - M. Jones; M.E. Alexander; S. Lightbody; D. Snellgrove; P. Smith; S. Bramhall; F.L. Henriquez; I. McLellan; K.A. Sloman (Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2023)

Bringing in the experts: application of industry knowledge to advance catch rate standardization for northern shortfin squid (Illex illecebrosus) - Anna J. M. Mercer; John P. Manderson; Brooke A. Lowman; Sarah L. Salois; Kimberly J. W. Hyde; Jeffrey Pessutti; Andrew W. Jones; Robert Ruhle; Bill Bright; Troy Sawyer; Meghan Lapp; Jeff Kaelin; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2023)
Sources of fisheries information outside of fishery-independent surveys (e.g. fishery-dependent data) are especially valuable for species that support productive fisheries and lack reliable biological information, such as the northern shortfin squid ( Illex illecebrosus ). Fishery-dependent data streams are available for most species, however collaboration with industry members is critical to ensure that these fishery-dependent data are collected, applied, and interpreted correctly. Despite the need for collaboration and the frequency that fishery data are used in scientific research, there is limited literature on the structure of interactions and knowledge sharing that inform the analysis and application of fishery data. Between 2019 and 2022, a group of researchers collaborated with members of the northern shortfin squid fishing industry to bring together research data sets and knowledge from harvesters and processors to better describe the fishery dynamics, distribution, life history, and oceanographic drivers of the species. The collaboration focused on developing custom standardized fishery catch per unit effort (CPUE) indices to provide indicators of population trends that accounted for the impacts of technical and economic aspects of harvesting, processing and marketing on fishing effort, selectivity and landings of northern shortfin squid. We describe the methods used to inform and interpret the CPUE analyses, focusing on novel structure of interactions we had with industry members, and suggest best practices for integrating industry knowledge into CPUE standardization. The information shared and research products produced through this science-industry research collaboration advanced understanding of northern shortfin squid population and fishery dynamics, and contributed directly to the 2022 stock assessment and management process. Given the complex and stochastic nature of the northern shortfin squid population and fishery, we found it critical to maintain open communication and trust with processors and harvesters, who have unique insight into the factors that may be driving changes in catch, landings, and productivity of the valuable resource species.

Sulfolipid substitution ratios of Microcystis aeruginosa and planktonic communities as an indicator of phosphorus limitation in Lake Erie - Robbie M. Martin; Maddie K. Denney; Helena L. Pound; Justin D. Chaffin; George S. Bullerjahn; R. Michael L. McKay; Arthur Zastepa; Katarina A. Jones; Hector F. Castro; Shawn R. Campagna; Steven W. Wilhelm (Limnology and Oceanography, 2023)
Phosphorus (P) availability frequently limits primary production in lakes, influences the physiology of phytoplankton, shapes community structure, and can stimulate or constrain the formation of cyanobacterial blooms. Given the importance of P, numerous methods are available to assess P stress in phytoplankton communities. Marine phytoplankton are known to substitute sulfolipids for phospholipids in response to P limitation. We asked whether sulfolipid substitution might serve as an additional indicator of P stress in freshwater phytoplankton communities. The question was addressed using cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa , Lake Erie microcosms, and surveys of lipid profiles in Lake Erie during a Microcystis spp. bloom. Peak area response ratios of the intact polar lipids sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) to phosphatidylglycerol (PG) were used as the metric of lipid substitution. In cultures of M. aeruginosa NIES‐843, the SQDG : PG ratio increased from ~ 0.9 to ~ 3.3 with decreasing P concentration. In P‐limited communities, the SQDG : PG ratio increased from ~ 6 to ~ 11 after 48 h in microcosm controls, while P amendments reduced the ratio to ~ 3. In Lake Erie surveys, the SQDG : PG ratio ranged from ~ 0.4 to ~ 7.4 and was negatively correlated (Pearson r = −0.62) with total dissolved P. The SQDG : PG ratio was not correlated with concentrations of chlorophyll a , soluble reactive P, or N : P molar ratios. These results demonstrated that M. aeruginosa and Microcystis ‐dominated communities remodel lipid profiles in response to P scarcity, providing a potential short‐term, time‐integrated biomarker of nutrient history and P stress in fresh waters.

A status assessment of selected data synthesis products for ocean biogeochemistry - Nico Lange; Toste Tanhua; Benjamin Pfeil; Hermann W. Bange; Siv K. Lauvset; Marilaure Grégoire; Dorothee C. E. Bakker; Steve D. Jones; Björn Fiedler; Kevin M. O’Brien; Arne Körtzinger (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2023)
Ocean data synthesis products for specific biogeochemical essential ocean variables have the potential to facilitate today’s biogeochemical ocean data usage and comply with the Findable Accessible Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR) data principles. The products constitute key outputs from the Global Ocean Observation System, laying the observational foundation for information and services regarding climate and environmental status of the ocean. Using the Framework of Ocean Observing (FOO) readiness level concept, we present an evaluation framework for biogeochemical data synthesis products, which enables a systematic assessment of each product’s maturity. A new criteria catalog provides the foundation for assigning scores to the nine FOO readiness levels. As an example, we apply the assessment to four existing biogeochemical essential ocean variables data products. In descending readiness level order these are: The Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas (SOCAT); the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP); the MarinE MethanE and NiTrous Oxide (MEMENTO) data product and the Global Ocean Oxygen Database and ATlas (GO 2 DAT). Recognizing that the importance of adequate and comprehensive data from the essential ocean variables will grow, we recommend using this assessment framework to guide the biogeochemical data synthesis activities in their development. Moreover, we envision an overarching cross-platform FAIR biogeochemical data management system that sustainably supports the products individually and creates an integrated biogeochemical essential ocean variables data synthesis product; in short a system that provides truly comparable and FAIR data of the entire biogeochemical essential ocean variables spectrum.

Metabolomic changes associated with chronic arsenic exposure in a Bangladeshi population - Haotian Wu; Vrinda Kalia; Megan M. Niedzwiecki; Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou; Brandon Pierce; Vesna Ilievski; Jeff Goldsmith; Dean P. Jones; Ana Navas-Acien; Douglas I. Walker; Mary V. Gamble (Chemosphere, 2023)

Ecological momentary assessment of changes in eating behaviors, appetite, and other aspects of eating regulation in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy patients - J Graham Thomas; Leah M. Schumacher; Sivamainthan Vithiananthan; Daniel B. Jones; Kathryn E. Smith; Tommy Chou; Pavlos K. Papasavas; Dale S. Bond (Appetite, 2023)

Effects of variation in natural and artificial light at night on acoustic communication: a review and prospectus - Ashton L. Dickerson; Michelle L. Hall; Therésa M. Jones (Animal Behaviour, 2023)

Juxtaposition of intensive agriculture, vulnerable aquifers, and mixed chemical/microbial exposures in private-well tapwater in northeast Iowa - Paul M. Bradley; Dana W. Kolpin; Darrin A. Thompson; Kristin M. Romanok; Kelly L. Smalling; Sara E. Breitmeyer; Mary C. Cardon; David M. Cwiertny; Nicola Evans; R. William Field; Michael J. Focazio; Laura E. Beane Freeman; et al. (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

The formation of sulfate-green rust through Fe(II) sorption to montmorillonite: Impacts on abiotic nitrate reduction - Xin Wang; Wei Xiao; Jiaqi Wang; Adele M. Jones; Richard N. Collins (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

Regional variability in peatland burning at mid-to high-latitudes during the Holocene - Thomas G. Sim; Graeme T. Swindles; Paul J. Morris; Andy J. Baird; Angela V. Gallego-Sala; Yuwan Wang; Maarten Blaauw; Philip Camill; Michelle Garneau; Mark Hardiman; Julie Loisel; Minna Vӓliranta; et al. (Quaternary Science Reviews, 2023)

Earlier sea-ice melt extends the oligotrophic summer period in the Barents Sea with low algal biomass and associated low vertical flux - Doreen Kohlbach; Lucie Goraguer; Yasemin V. Bodur; Oliver Müller; Martí Amargant-Arumí; Katalin Blix; Gunnar Bratbak; Melissa Chierici; Anna Maria Dąbrowska; Ulrike Dietrich; Bente Edvardsen; Laura M. García; et al. (Progress in Oceanography, 2023)

Risk of rinderpest virus re-introduction 10-years post-eradication - Younjung Kim; Bryony A. Jones; Dirk U. Pfeiffer; Mariana Marrana; Heather L. Simmons; Christine M. Budke; Guillaume Fournié (Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2023)

The condition, use and future of the UK's largest accessible dinosaur tracksite at Spyway Quarry, Dorset - Kirsty M. Edgar; Luke E. Meade; Harry T. Jones; Lewis Haller; Sam Scriven; Christopher Reedman; Richard J. Butler (Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 2023)

LDPE and biodegradable PLA-PBAT plastics differentially affect plant-soil nitrogen partitioning and dynamics in a Hordeum vulgare mesocosm - Michaela K. Reay; Lucy M. Greenfield; Martine Graf; Charlotte E.M. Lloyd; Richard P. Evershed; Dave R. Chadwick; Davey L. Jones (Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2023)

Abiotic reduction of nitrate to ammonium by iron (oxy)(hydr)oxides and its stable isotope (δ15N, δ18O) dynamics - Xin Wang; Naomi S. Wells; Wei Xiao; Jessica L. Hamilton; Adele M. Jones; Richard N. Collins (Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2023)

Pregnancy-related hemodynamic biomarkers in relation to trimester-specific maternal per - and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposures and adverse birth outcomes - Kaitlin R. Taibl; Donghai Liang; Anne L. Dunlop; Dana Boyd Barr; M. Ryan Smith; Kyle Steenland; Youran Tan; P. Barry Ryan; Parinya Panuwet; Todd Everson; Carmen J. Marsit; Kurunthachalam Kannan; et al. (Environmental Pollution, 2023)

Is inconsistent reporting of self-assessed health persistent and systematic? Evidence from the UKHLS - Apostolos Davillas; Victor Hugo de Oliveira; Andrew M. Jones (Economics & Human Biology, 2023)

The effect of a digital health coaching and health education protocol on cognition in adults at-risk for Alzheimer’s - Anthony Campitelli; Joshua L. Gills; Megan D. Jones; Sally Paulson; Jennifer Myers; Kelsey Bryk; Erica N. Madero; Jordan M. Glenn; Charlie H. Rodgers; Jenova A. Kempkes; Michelle Gray (GeroScience, 2023)
Several modifiable lifestyle factors have been linked to cognitive ability and the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). Health coaching (HC) is an intervention that addresses lifestyle factors associated with cognition. The effectiveness of an HC protocol was evaluated and compared with a health education (HE) intervention, representing the current standard of care, in a sample of 216 adults between the ages of 45 and 75 years who were at-risk for developing ADRD. Outcomes examined were global cognition, neuropsychological cognition, and Alzheimer’s risk. HC participants received personalized coaching from a health coach focusing on nutrition, physical activity, sleep, stress, social engagement, and cognitive activity. HE participants received biweekly education materials focusing on the same modifiable lifestyle factors addressed by HC. Participants were assessed at baseline and again 4 months later. Self-reported global cognition scores improved only in the HC group (16.18 to 15.52, p = .03) and neuropsychological cognitive ability improved in the HE group (104.48 to 108.76, p < .001). When non-adherence in the HC group was accounted for, however, the mean change in neuropsychological score was similar between groups ( p > .05), self-reported global cognition demonstrated an even larger mean improvement in the HC group (16.20 to 15.41, p = .01), and the HC group saw an improvement in ADRD protective risk score (− 10.39 to − 11.45, p = .007). These results indicate that HC and HE can both improve cognition, but HC may be more effective and may yield increased protection against ADRD risk.

Diverse patterns of larval coral reef fish vertical distribution and consequences for dispersal and connectivity - Christina M. Hernández; Claire B. Paris; Ana C. Vaz; Benjamin T. Jones; Julie B. Kellner; David E. Richardson; Su Sponaugle; Robert K. Cowen; Joel K. Llopiz (Coral Reefs, 2023)

Conservation of endangered galaxiid fishes in the Falkland Islands requires urgent action on invasive brown trout - J. F. Minett; D. M. Fowler; J. A. H. Jones; P. Brickle; G. T. Crossin; S. Consuegra; C. Garcia de Leaniz (Biological Invasions, 2023)
Non-native salmonids are protected in the Southern hemisphere where they sustain aquaculture and lucrative sport fisheries, but also impact many native fishes, which poses a conservation conundrum. Legal protection and human-assisted secondary releases may have helped salmonids to spread, but this has seldom been tested. We reconstructed the introduction of brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) to the Falkland Islands using historical records and modelled its dispersal and probability of invasion using a generalized linear model and Leave One out Cross Validation. Our results indicate that establishment success was ~ 88%, and that dispersal was facilitated over land by proximity to invaded sites and density of stream-road crossings, suggesting it was human assisted. Brown trout have already invaded 54% of Falkland rivers, which are 2.9–4.5 times less likely to contain native galaxiids than uninvaded streams. Without strong containment we predict brown trout will invade nearly all suitable freshwater habitats in the Falklands within the next ~ 70 years, which might put native freshwater fishes at a high risk of extinction.

Soil carbon, nitrogen, and biotic properties after long-term no-till and nitrogen fertilization in a subtropical Vertisol - Yaqi Zhang; Ranjan Bhattacharyya; Damien Finn; Henry W.G. Birt; Paul G. Dennis; Ram C. Dalal; Andrew R. Jones; Gregor Meyer; Buddhi Dayananda; Peng Wang; Neal W. Menzies; Peter M. Kopittke (Soil and Tillage Research, 2023)

Volcanism and carbon cycle perturbations in the High Arctic during the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous - Madeleine L. Vickers; Mads E. Jelby; Kasia K. Śliwińska; Lawrence M.E. Percival; Feiyue Wang; Hamed Sanei; Gregory D. Price; Clemens V. Ullmann; Stephen E. Grasby; Lutz Reinhardt; Tamsin A. Mather; Joost Frieling; et al. (Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-octenoic acid, 4-ethyl-, (2E)-, CAS Registry Number 60308-76-1 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2,11-dodecadienal, (E)- (9CI), CAS registry number 118635-60-2 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, citronellyl tiglate, CAS Registry Number 24717-85-9 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, guaiacyl phenylacetate, CAS Registry Number 4112-89-4 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, CAS registry number 108-50-9 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2,6-dimethyl-10-methylene-2,6,11-dodecatrienal, CAS registry number 17909-77-2 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, CAS registry number 14667-55-1 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, (+-)-ethyl 3-mercapto-2-methylbutanoate, CAS Registry Number 888021-82-7 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; L. Jones; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 3-methylbutyl 2-methylpropanoate, CAS Registry Number 2050-01-3 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; M. Date; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment,2-methyl-2-propanol, CAS registry number 75-65-0 - A.M. Api; D. Belsito; D. Botelho; M. Bruze; G.A. Burton; M.A. Cancellieri; H. Chon; M.L. Dagli; M. Date; W. Dekant; C. Deodhar; A.D. Fryer; et al. (Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2023)

Networks of placental DNA methylation correlate with maternal serum PCB concentrations and child neurodevelopment - Julia S. Mouat; Xueshu Li; Kari Neier; Yihui Zhu; Charles E. Mordaunt; Michele A. La Merrill; Hans-Joachim Lehmler; Michael P. Jones; Pamela J. Lein; Rebecca J. Schmidt; Janine M. LaSalle (Environmental Research, 2023)

Linking ecosystem services provisioning with demand for animal-sourced food: an integrated modeling study for Tanzania - Dolapo Enahoro; Marta Kozicka; Catherine Pfeifer; Sarah K. Jones; Nhuong Tran; Chin Yee Chan; Timothy B. Sulser; Elisabetta Gotor; Karl M. Rich (Regional Environmental Change, 2023)
Standard tools that can quantitatively track the impacts of higher global demand for animal-sourced food to their local environmental effects in developing countries are largely missing. This paper presents a novel integrated assessment framework that links a model of the global agricultural and food system, a landscape-level environmental impact assessment model, and an ecosystem services simulation model. For Tanzania, this integrated assessment showed that a projected increase in the demand and production of foods of livestock origin with optimistic economic growth between 2010 and 2030 leads to an improvement in food security. However, resulting transitions in land use impact negatively on the future provisioning of ecosystem services, increasing phosphorus, nitrogen, and sediment in runoff and reducing water quality in areas downstream of the agricultural expansion. Losses in ecosystem services are lowest when diversified farming practices are adopted in areas of agricultural land expansion. The role of land management in the environmental impacts of expanded livestock production is highlighted, as is the need for a new generation of analytical tools to inform policy recommendations.

Pathways to achieving nature-positive and carbon–neutral land use and food systems in Wales - Sarah M. Jones; Alison C. Smith; Nicholas Leach; Peter Henrys; Peter M. Atkinson; Paula A. Harrison (Regional Environmental Change, 2023)
Land use and its management can play a vital role in carbon sequestration, but trade-offs may exist with other objectives including food security and nature recovery. Using an integrated model (the FABLE calculator), four pathways, co-created with colleagues at the Welsh Government, towards achieving climate and biodiversity targets in Wales were explored: status quo, improvements on current trends, land sparing and land sharing. We found that continuing as usual will not be sufficient to meet Wales’s climate and biodiversity targets. In contrast, the land use and agricultural sector became a net carbon sink in both the land sparing and land sharing pathways, through high afforestation targets, peatland restoration, reducing food waste and moving towards a healthier diet. Whilst both pathways released land for biodiversity, the gains were greater in the land sharing pathway, which was also less dependent on optimistic assumptions concerning productivity improvements. The results demonstrate that alternative approaches to achieving nature-positive and carbon–neutral land use and food systems may be possible, but they come with stringent and transformative requirements for policy changes, with an integrated approach necessary to maximise benefits for climate, food and nature.

Targeting de novo loss-of-function variants in constrained disease genes improves diagnostic rates in the 100,000 Genomes Project - Eleanor G. Seaby; N. Simon Thomas; Amy Webb; Helen Brittain; Ana Lisa Taylor Tavares; J. C. Ambrose; P Arumugam; R Bevers; M Bleda; F Boardman-Pretty; C. R. Boustred; H Brittain; et al. (Human Genetics, 2023)
Background Genome sequencing was first offered clinically in the UK through the 100,000 Genomes Project (100KGP). Analysis was restricted to predefined gene panels associated with the patient’s phenotype. However, panels rely on clearly characterised phenotypes and risk missing diagnoses outside of the panel(s) applied. We propose a complementary method to rapidly identify pathogenic variants, including those missed by 100KGP methods. Methods The Loss-of-function Observed/Expected Upper-bound Fraction (LOEUF) score quantifies gene constraint, with low scores correlated with haploinsufficiency. We applied DeNovoLOEUF, a filtering strategy to sequencing data from 13,949 rare disease trios in the 100KGP, by filtering for rare, de novo, loss-of-function variants in disease genes with a LOEUF score < 0.2. We compared our findings with the corresponding patient’s diagnostic reports. Results 324/332 (98%) of the variants identified using DeNovoLOEUF were diagnostic or partially diagnostic (whereby the variant was responsible for some of the phenotype). We identified 39 diagnoses that were “missed” by 100KGP standard analyses, which are now being returned to patients. Conclusion We have demonstrated a highly specific and rapid method with a 98% positive predictive value that has good concordance with standard analysis, low false-positive rate, and can identify additional diagnoses. Globally, as more patients are being offered genome sequencing, we anticipate that DeNovoLOEUF will rapidly identify new diagnoses and facilitate iterative analyses when new disease genes are discovered.

Spectral Phasor Analysis of Nile Red Identifies Membrane Microenvironment Changes in the Presence of Amyloid Peptides - Bhawantha M. Jayawardena; Resmi Menon; Mark R. Jones; Christopher E. Jones (Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2023)

Ontogenetic effects of brood parasitism by the Brown‐headed Cowbird on host offspring - Todd M. Jones; Alexander J. Di Giovanni; Mark E. Hauber; Michael P. Ward (Ecology, 2023)
Nest‐sharer avian brood parasites do not evict or otherwise kill host chicks, but instead inflict a range of negative effects on their nestmates that are mediated by interactions between the parasite and host life history traits. Although many of the negative fitness effects of avian brood parasitism are well documented across diverse host species, there remains a paucity of studies that have examined the impacts of parasitism across the entirety of host ontogeny (i.e., from when an egg is laid until independence). More specifically, few studies have examined the impact of brood parasitism on the pre‐ and post‐fledging development, physiology, behavior, and survival of host offspring. To help fill this knowledge gap, we assessed the effects of brood parasitism by Brown‐headed Cowbirds ( Molothrus ater ) across the ontogeny (incubation, nestling, and post‐fledging period) of nine sympatrically breeding host species in central Illinois, USA; due to sample sizes, impacts on the post‐fledging period were only examined in two of the nine species. Specifically, we examined the impact of brood parasitism on ontogenetic markers including the embryonic heart rate, hatching rate, nestling period length, nest survival, and offspring growth and development. Additionally, in species in which we found negative impacts of cowbird parasitism on host nestmate ontogeny, we examined whether the difference in adult size between parasites and their hosts and their hatching asynchrony positively predicted variation in host costs across these focal taxa. We found that costs of cowbird parasitism were most severe during early nesting stages (reduction in the host clutch or brood size) and were predicted negatively by host size and positively by incubation length. In contrast, we only found limited costs of cowbird parasitism on other stages of host ontogeny; critically, post‐fledging survival did not differ between host offspring that fledged alongside cowbirds and those that did not. Our findings (i) highlight the direct costs of cowbird parasitism on host fitness, (ii) provide evidence for when (the stage) those costs are manifested, and (iii) may help to explain why many anti‐cowbird defenses of hosts have evolved for protection from parasitism during the laying and incubation stages.

Carbon substrate selects for different lineages of N2O reducing communities in soils under anoxic conditions - Arpita Maheshwari; Christopher M. Jones; Maren Tiemann; Sara Hallin (Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2023)

Resilience of ecosystem service delivery in grasslands in response to single and compound extreme weather events - Rosalind J. Dodd; David R. Chadwick; Paul W. Hill; Felicity Hayes; Antonio R. Sánchez-Rodríguez; Dylan Gwynn-Jones; Simon M. Smart; Davey L. Jones (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

Factors influencing mercury levels in Leach's storm-petrels at northwest Atlantic colonies - Ingrid L. Pollet; Laura McFarlane-Tranquilla; Neil M. Burgess; Antony W. Diamond; Carina Gjerdrum; April Hedd; Rielle Hoeg; Patricia L. Jones; Robert A. Mauck; William A. Montevecchi; Isabeau Pratte; Robert A. Ronconi; et al. (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

Evaluating the transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 from sewage pollution - E. Ransome; F. Hobbs; S. Jones; C.M. Coleman; N.D. Harris; G. Woodward; T. Bell; J. Trew; S. Kolarević; M. Kračun-Kolarević; V. Savolainen (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

What drives the abundance of marsupial carnivores in production forest landscapes? - Evie M. Jones; Amelia J. Koch; Dydee F. Mann; Rodrigo K. Hamede; Menna E. Jones (Forest Ecology and Management, 2023)

Using the Community Readiness Model to Assess American Indian Communities Readiness to Address Cancer Prevention and Control Programs - Teshia G. Arambula Solomon; Desiree Jones; Kelly Laurila; Jamie Ritchey; Felina M. Cordova-Marks; Amanda Urbina Hunter; Berna Villanueva (Journal of Cancer Education, 2023)

Is substrate choice an overlooked variable in ecotoxicology experiments? - Georgia M. Sinclair; Michela Di Giannantonio; Oliver A. H. Jones; Sara M. Long (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2023)
It is crucial to understand the effects caused by experimental parameters such as temperature, light, and food type on lab and field-based ecotoxicology experiments, as these variables, and combinations thereof, can affect results. The type of substrate used in exposure experiments, however, is generally assumed to have no effect. This may not always be correct. The metabolic changes in the freshwater crustacean, Austrochiltonia subtenuis exposed to copper, using three common substrates, gauze; toilet paper; and cellulose were investigated. Substrate alone did not affect survival, but each substrate elicited a different metabolic response and adult and juvenile amphipods had different substrate preferences. Several classes of metabolites were shown to change in response to different substrates and toxicant. These included disaccharides, monosaccharides, fatty acids, and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. The results illustrate that metabolomic responses can differ in response to experimental factors that were previously thought not to be significant. In fact, our data indicate that substrate should be viewed as an experimental factor as important to control for as more well-known confounders such as temperature or food, thus challenging the current paradigm. Assuming substrate type has no effect on the experiment could potentially lead to errors in contaminant toxicity assessments. We propose that ideal good practise would be that all experimental factors should be evaluated for their potential influence on metabolomic profiles prior to contaminant response experiments being undertaken.

Outdoor light at night and risk of endometrial cancer in the NIH-AARP diet and health study - Danielle N. Medgyesi; Britton Trabert; Jared A. Fisher; Qian Xiao; Peter James; Alexandra J. White; Jessica M. Madrigal; Rena R. Jones (Cancer Causes & Control, 2023)

Effects of rearing with vertical structures on the ontogeny of depth perception in laying hens - Claire T. Jones; Allison N. Pullin; Richard A. Blatchford; Maja M. Makagon; Kristina Horback (Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2023)

Polaris Gold: An Attractive, Yellow-fleshed Tablestock Cultivar with Chipping Potential - Thomas R. Stefaniak; Jeffrey Miller; Colin R. Jones; Michael Miller; Muyideen Yusuf; Megan A. Harder; John C. Larsen; Cari A. Schmitz Carley; Darrin Haagenson; Asunta Thompson; Thomas E. Michaels; Christian Thill; et al. (American Journal of Potato Research, 2023)

Mass falls of crustacean carcasses link surface waters and the deep seafloor - Erik Simon‐Lledó; Brian J. Bett; Noëlie M. A. Benoist; Henk‐Jan Hoving; Dmitry Aleynik; Tammy Horton; Daniel O. B. Jones (Ecology, 2023)

Introducing a common taxonomy to support learning from failure in conservation - Iain Dickson; Stuart H. M. Butchart; Allison Catalano; David Gibbons; Julia P. G. Jones; Katie Lee‐Brooks; Thomasina Oldfield; David Noble; Stuart Paterson; Sugoto Roy; Julien Semelin; Paul Tinsley‐Marshall; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2023)
Although some sectors have made significant progress in learning from failure, there is currently limited consensus on how a similar transition could best be achieved in conservation and what is required to facilitate this. One of the key enabling conditions for other sectors is a widely accepted and standardized classification system for identifying and analyzing root causes of failure. We devised a comprehensive taxonomy of root causes of failure affecting conservation projects. To develop this, we solicited examples of real‐life conservation efforts that were deemed to have failed in some way, identified their underlying root causes of failure, and used these to develop a generic, 3‐tier taxonomy of the ways in which projects fail, at the top of which are 6 overarching cause categories that are further divided into midlevel cause categories and specific root causes. We tested the taxonomy by asking conservation practitioners to use it to classify the causes of failure for conservation efforts they had been involved in. No significant gaps or redundancies were identified during this testing phase. We then analyzed the frequency that particular root causes were encountered by projects within this test sample, which suggested that some root causes were more likely to be encountered than others and that a small number of root causes were more likely to be encountered by projects implementing particular types of conservation action. Our taxonomy could be used to improve identification, analysis, and subsequent learning from failed conservation efforts, address some of the barriers that currently limit the ability of conservation practitioners to learn from failure, and contribute to establishing an effective culture of learning from failure within conservation.

Connectivity between countries established by landbirds and raptors migrating along the African–Eurasian flyway - João L. Guilherme; Victoria R. Jones; Inês Catry; Martin Beal; Maria P. Dias; Steffen Oppel; Juliet A. Vickery; Chris M. Hewson; Stuart H. M. Butchart; Ana S. L. Rodrigues (Conservation Biology, 2023)
The conservation of long‐distance migratory birds requires coordination between the multiple countries connected by the movements of these species. The recent expansion of tracking studies is shedding new light on these movements, but much of this information is fragmented and inaccessible to conservation practitioners and policy makers. We synthesized current knowledge on the connectivity established between countries by landbirds and raptors migrating along the African–Eurasian flyway. We reviewed tracking studies to compile migration records for 1229 individual birds, from which we derived 544 migratory links, each link corresponding to a species’ connection between a breeding country in Europe and a nonbreeding country in sub‐Saharan Africa. We used these migratory links to analyze trends in knowledge over time and spatial patterns of connectivity per country (across species), per species (across countries), and at the flyway scale (across all countries and all species). The number of tracking studies available increased steadily since 2010 (particularly for landbirds), but the coverage of existing tracking data was highly incomplete. An average of 7.5% of migratory landbird species and 14.6% of raptor species were tracked per country. More data existed from central and western European countries, and it was biased toward larger bodied species. We provide species‐ and country‐level syntheses of the migratory links we identified from the reviewed studies, involving 123 populations of 43 species, migrating between 28 European and 43 African countries. Several countries (e.g., Spain, Poland, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo) are strategic priorities for future tracking studies to complement existing data, particularly on landbirds. Despite the limitations in existing tracking data, our data and results can inform discussions under 2 key policy instruments at the flyway scale: the African–Eurasian Migratory Landbirds Action Plan and the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia.

Insights from the management of offshore energy resources: Toward an ecosystem-services based management approach for deep-ocean industries - M. Emilia Bravo; Miriam I. Brandt; Jesse M. A. van der Grient; Thomas G. Dahlgren; Patricia Esquete; Sabine Gollner; Daniel O. B. Jones; Lisa A. Levin; Craig R. McClain; Bhavani E. Narayanaswamy; Tracey Sutton; Lissette Victorero; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2023)
The deep ocean comprises complex ecosystems made up of numerous community and habitat types that provide multiple services that benefit humans. As the industrialization of the deep sea proceeds, a standardized and robust set of methods and metrics need to be developed to monitor the baseline conditions and any anthropogenic and climate change-related impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem function, and ecosystem services. Here, we review what we have learned from studies involving offshore-energy industries, including state-of-the-art technologies and strategies for obtaining reliable metrics of deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem function. An approach that includes the detection and monitoring of ecosystem services, with open access to baseline data from multiple sectors, can help to improve our global capacity for the management of the deep ocean.

Resource dilution in maternal feeding practices after birth of a secondborn - Cara F. Ruggiero; Amy M. Moore; Michele E. Marini; Stephen R. Kodish; Damon E. Jones; Susan M. McHale; Jennifer S. Savage (Appetite, 2023)

Reflecting on 25 years of quota management in a spiny lobster fishery: Lessons learned from a harvest strategy perspective - Adrian Linnane; Richard McGarvey; Annabel Jones; Nathan Kimber; John E. Feenstra; Janet M. Matthews (Fisheries Research, 2023)

Corrigendum to “Priorities to inform research on marine plastic pollution in Southeast Asia” [Sci. Total Environ. volume 841 (2022) Article 156704] - Lucy C.M. Omeyer; Emily M. Duncan; Kornrawee Aiemsomboon; Nicola Beaumont; Sujaree Bureekul; Bin Cao; Luis R. Carrasco; Suchana Chavanich; James R. Clark; Muhammad R. Cordova; Fay Couceiro; Simon M. Cragg; et al. (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

Suitability of aircraft wastewater for pathogen detection and public health surveillance - Davey L. Jones; Jennifer M. Rhymes; Matthew J. Wade; Jessica L. Kevill; Shelagh K. Malham; Jasmine M.S. Grimsley; Charlotte Rimmer; Andrew J. Weightman; Kata Farkas (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

Microplastics in urban freshwater streams in Adelaide, Australia: A source of plastic pollution in the Gulf St Vincent - Sophie C. Leterme; Elise M. Tuuri; Woody J. Drummond; Russell Jones; Jason R. Gascooke (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

Probing prenatal bisphenol exposures and tissue-specific DNA methylation responses in cord blood, cord tissue, and placenta - Carolyn F. McCabe; Jaclyn M. Goodrich; Kelly M. Bakulski; Steven E. Domino; Tamara R. Jones; Justin Colacino; Dana C. Dolinoy; Vasantha Padmanabhan (Reproductive Toxicology, 2023)

Calibration of the comet assay using ionising radiation - Gunnar Brunborg; Dag M. Eide; Anne Graupner; Kristine Gutzkow; Sergey Shaposhnikov; Marcin Kruszewski; Nikolai Sirota; George D.D. Jones; Gudrun Koppen; Filip Vanhavere; Peter Møller; Rudolf Stetina; et al. (Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 2023)

Bioplastic (PHBV) addition to soil alters microbial community structure and negatively affects plant-microbial metabolic functioning in maize - Robert W. Brown; David R. Chadwick; Huadong Zang; Martine Graf; Xuejun Liu; Kai Wang; Lucy M. Greenfield; Davey L. Jones (Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2023)

Using science-based role-play simulations to inform payment for hydrological services program design in Mexico - Andres M. Urcuqui-Bustamante; Theresa Selfa; Catherine M. Ashcraft; Heidi Asbjornsen; Kelly W. Jones; Robert H. Manson; Alex Mayer (Environmental Science & Policy, 2023)

Sustainable pathways towards climate and biodiversity goals in the UK: the importance of managing land-use synergies and trade-offs - Alison C. Smith; Paula A. Harrison; Nicholas J. Leach; H. Charles J. Godfray; Jim W. Hall; Sarah M. Jones; Sarah S. Gall; Michael Obersteiner (Sustainability Science, 2023)
Agricultural and environmental policies are being fundamentally reviewed and redesigned in the UK following its exit from the European Union. The UK government and the Devolved Administrations recognise that current land use is not sustainable and that there is now an unprecedented opportunity to define a better land strategy that responds fully to the interconnected challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss and sustainable development. This paper presents evidence from three pathways (current trends, sustainable medium ambition, and sustainable high ambition) to mid-century that were co-created with UK policymakers. The pathways were applied to a national integrated food and land-use model (the FABLE calculator) to explore potential synergies and trade-offs between achieving multiple sustainability targets under limited land availability and constraints to balance food supply and demand at national and global levels. Results show that under the Current Trends pathway all unprotected open natural land would be converted to urban, agriculture and afforested land, with the consequence that from 2030 onwards tree planting targets could not be met. In contrast, the two sustainable pathways illustrate how dietary change, agricultural productivity improvements and waste reduction can free up land for nature recovery and carbon sequestration. This enables a transition to a sustainable food and land-use system that provides a net carbon sink with up to 44% of land able to support biodiversity conservation. We highlight key trade-offs and synergies, which are important to consider for designing and implementing emerging national policies. These include the strong dependence of climate, food and biodiversity targets on dietary shifts, sustainable improvements in agricultural productivity, improved land-use design for protecting and restoring nature, and rapid reductions in food loss and waste.

How can diverse national food and land-use priorities be reconciled with global sustainability targets? Lessons from the FABLE initiative - Aline Mosnier; Guido Schmidt-Traub; Michael Obersteiner; Sarah Jones; Valeria Javalera-Rincon; Fabrice DeClerck; Marcus Thomson; Frank Sperling; Paula Harrison; Katya Pérez-Guzmán; Gordon Carlos McCord; Javier Navarro-Garcia; et al. (Sustainability Science, 2023)
There is an urgent need for countries to transition their national food and land-use systems toward food and nutritional security, climate stability, and environmental integrity. How can countries satisfy their demands while jointly delivering the required transformative change to achieve global sustainability targets? Here, we present a collaborative approach developed with the FABLE—Food, Agriculture, Biodiversity, Land, and Energy—Consortium to reconcile both global and national elements for developing national food and land-use system pathways. This approach includes three key features: (1) global targets, (2) country-driven multi-objective pathways, and (3) multiple iterations of pathway refinement informed by both national and international impacts. This approach strengthens policy coherence and highlights where greater national and international ambition is needed to achieve global goals (e.g., the SDGs). We discuss how this could be used to support future climate and biodiversity negotiations and what further developments would be needed.

Isolation and characterization of a SARS-CoV-2 variant with a Q677H mutation in the spike protein - Xiaoyu Niu; Jiayu Xu; Mingde Liu; Huolin Tu; Sara N. Koenig; Linda J. Saif; Daniel M. Jones; Qiuhong Wang (Archives of Virology, 2023)

A retrospective socio‐ecological analysis of seal strandings in the Gulf of Maine - Holland Haverkamp; Hsiao‐Yun Chang; Emma Newcomb; Lynda Doughty; Dominique Walk; Rosemary Seton; Lindsey S. Jones; Sean Todd; Kristina M. Cammen (Marine Mammal Science, 2023)
Over the past several decades, the Gulf of Maine has experienced significant socio‐ecological change. Coastlines have become more densely populated and developed, rapid and dramatic climate change has affected coastal ocean environments, and seal populations have grown as a result of federal protections. Long‐term data sets from marine mammal stranding networks represent a valuable resource for investigating indicator species for coastal ocean health during this period of change. Using data collected from stranded harbor ( Phoca vitulina ), harp ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ), and gray ( Halichoerus grypus ) seals from 2002 to 2017 in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine, we tested for spatiotemporal correlations between stranding density and human population density, size of and proximity to seal haul‐outs, sea surface temperature, North Atlantic Oscillation, snowfall, and sea ice extent. We found that in the Gulf of Maine proximity to coastal human population centers and large seal haul‐outs are the greatest drivers of reported seal stranding density. Environmental factors played an important role only for harp seals, which do not breed in the study area, although recent shifts in the environmental seascape have the potential to affect all seal species in the Gulf of Maine.

Carbon and nutrient cycling in Antarctic landfast sea ice from winter to summer - Elizabeth M. Jones; Sian F. Henley; Maria A. van Leeuwe; Jacqueline Stefels; Michael P. Meredith; Mairi Fenton; Hugh J. Venables (Limnology and Oceanography, 2023)
Seasonal cycling in carbon, alkalinity, and nutrients in landfast sea ice in Hangar Cove, Adelaide Island, West Antarctic Peninsula, were investigated during winter, spring, and summer 2014–2015. Temporal dynamics were driven by changes in the sea‐ice physicochemical conditions, ice‐algal community composition, and organic matter production. Winter sea ice was enriched with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and inorganic nutrients from organic matter remineralization. Variations in alkalinity (Alk) and DIC indicated that abiotic calcium carbonate (ikaite) precipitation had taken place. Relative to other nutrients, low phosphate (PO 4 ) concentrations potentially resulted from co‐precipitation with ikaite. Seawater flooding and meltwater induced variability in the physical and biogeochemical properties in the upper ice in spring where nutrient resupply supported haptophyte productivity and increased particulate organic carbon (POC) in the interstitial layer. Rapid nitrate (NO 3 ) and DIC ( μ mol kg −1 ) uptake occurred alongside substantial build‐up of algal biomass (746 μ g chlorophyll a L −1 ) and POC (6191 μ mol L −1 ) during summer. Silicic acid drawdown followed NO 3 depletion by approximately 1 month with a shift to diatom‐dominated communities. Accumulation of PO 4 in the lower ice layers in summer likely resulted from PO 4 released during ikaite dissolution in the presence of biofilms. Increased Alk : DIC ratios in the lower ice and under‐ice water suggested that ikaite dissolution buffered against meltwater dilution and enhanced the potential for atmospheric CO 2 uptake. This study revealed strong seasonality in carbon and nutrient cycling in landfast sea ice and showed the importance of sea ice in biogeochemical cycling in seasonally ice‐covered waters around Antarctica.

A review of algal toxin exposures on reserved federal lands and among trust species in the United States - Zachary R. Laughrey; Victoria G. Christensen; Robert J. Dusek; Sarena Senegal; Julia S. Lankton; Tracy A. Ziegler; Lee C. Jones; Daniel K. Jones; Brianna M. Williams; Stephanie Gordon; Gerald A. Clyde; Erich B. Emery; et al. (Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022)

Correction to: Clinical trial-ready patient cohorts for multiple system atrophy: coupling biospecimen and iPSC banking to longitudinal deep-phenotyping - Alain Ndayisaba; Ariana T. Pitaro; Ashlan S. Willett; Kristie A. Jones; Claudio Melo de Gusmao; Abby L. Olsen; Jisoo Kim; Eero Rissanen; Jared K. Woods; Sharan R. Srinivasan; Anna Nagy; Amanda Nagy; et al. (The Cerebellum, 2022)

Urban forest invertebrates: how they shape and respond to the urban environment - D. Johan Kotze; Elizabeth C. Lowe; J. Scott MacIvor; Alessandro Ossola; Briony A. Norton; Dieter F. Hochuli; Luis Mata; Marco Moretti; Sara A. Gagné; I. Tanya Handa; Therésa M. Jones; Caragh G. Threlfall; et al. (Urban Ecosystems, 2022)
Invertebrates comprise the most diversified animal group on Earth. Due to their long evolutionary history and small size, invertebrates occupy a remarkable range of ecological niches, and play an important role as “ecosystem engineers” by structuring networks of mutualistic and antagonistic ecological interactions in almost all terrestrial ecosystems. Urban forests provide critical ecosystem services to humans, and, as in other systems, invertebrates are central to structuring and maintaining the functioning of urban forests. Identifying the role of invertebrates in urban forests can help elucidate their importance to practitioners and the public, not only to preserve biodiversity in urban environments, but also to make the public aware of their functional importance in maintaining healthy greenspaces. In this review, we examine the multiple functional roles that invertebrates play in urban forests that contribute to ecosystem service provisioning, including pollination, predation, herbivory, seed and microorganism dispersal and organic matter decomposition, but also those that lead to disservices, primarily from a public health perspective, e.g., transmission of invertebrate-borne diseases. We then identify a number of ecological filters that structure urban forest invertebrate communities, such as changes in habitat structure, increased landscape imperviousness, microclimatic changes and pollution. We also discuss the complexity of ways that forest invertebrates respond to urbanisation, including acclimation, local extinction and evolution. Finally, we present management recommendations to support and conserve viable and diverse urban forest invertebrate populations into the future.

Learning impacts of policy games: investigating role-play simulations (RPS) for stakeholder engagement in payment for hydrological services program in Veracruz, Mexico - Andres M. Urcuqui-Bustamante; Theresa L. Selfa; Kelly W. Jones; Catherine M. Ashcraft; Robert H. Manson; Heidi Asbjornsen (Socio-Ecological Practice Research, 2022)

Abundant microbes of surface sea waters of the uncharted Engaño Bay at the Atlantic Patagonian Coast: relevance of bacteria-sized photosynthetic eukaryotes - Laura I. Giaccardi; Misael A. Badenas; Leandro R. Jones; Julieta M. Manrique (Aquatic Ecology, 2022)

Taking flight: An ecological, evolutionary and genomic perspective on bat telomeres - Megan L. Power; Nicole M. Foley; Gareth Jones; Emma C. Teeling (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
Over 20% of all living mammals are bats (order Chiroptera). Bats possess extraordinary adaptations including powered flight, laryngeal echolocation and a unique immune system that enables them to tolerate a diversity of viral infections without presenting clinical disease symptoms. They occupy multiple trophic niches and environments globally. Significant physiological and ecological diversity occurs across the order. Bats also exhibit extreme longevity given their body size with many species showing few signs of ageing. The molecular basis of this extended longevity has recently attracted attention. Telomere maintenance potentially underpins bats’ extended healthspan, although functional studies are still required to validate the causative mechanisms. In this review, we detail the current knowledge on bat telomeres, telomerase expression, and how these relate to ecology, longevity and life‐history strategies. Patterns of telomere shortening and telomerase expression vary across species, and comparative genomic analyses suggest that alternative telomere maintenance mechanisms evolved in the longest‐lived bats. We discuss the unique challenges faced when working with populations of wild bats and highlight ways to advance the field including expanding long‐term monitoring across species that display contrasting life‐histories and occupy different environmental niches. We further review how new high quality, chromosome‐level genome assemblies can enable us to uncover the molecular mechanisms governing telomere dynamics and how phylogenomic analyses can reveal the adaptive significance of telomere maintenance and variation in bats.

Bacterioplankton dispersal and biogeochemical function across Alaskan Arctic catchments - Raymond M. Lee; Natasha Griffin; Erin Jones; Benjamin W. Abbott; Rebecca J. Frei; Samuel Bratsman; Mary Proteau; Isabella M. Errigo; Arial Shogren; William B. Bowden; Jay P. Zarnetske; Zachary T. Aanderud (Environmental Microbiology, 2022)
In Arctic catchments, bacterioplankton are dispersed through soils and streams, both of which freeze and thaw/flow in phase, seasonally. To characterize this dispersal and its potential impact on biogeochemistry, we collected bacterioplankton and measured stream physicochemistry during snowmelt and after vegetation senescence across multiple stream orders in alpine, tundra, and tundra‐dominated‐by‐lakes catchments. In all catchments, differences in community composition were associated with seasonal thaw, then attachment status (i.e. free floating or sediment associated), and then stream order. Bacterioplankton taxonomic diversity and richness were elevated in sediment‐associated fractions and in higher‐order reaches during snowmelt. Families Chthonomonadaceae , Pyrinomonadaceae , and Xiphinematobacteraceae were abundantly different across seasons, while Flavobacteriaceae and Microscillaceae were abundantly different between free‐floating and sediment‐associated fractions. Physicochemical data suggested there was high iron (Fe + ) production (alpine catchment); Fe + production and chloride (Cl − ) removal (tundra catchment); and phosphorus (SRP) removal and ammonium (NH 4 + ) production (lake catchment). In tundra landscapes, these ‘hot spots’ of Fe + production and Cl − removal accompanied shifts in species richness, while SRP promoted the antecedent community. Our findings suggest that freshet increases bacterial dispersal from headwater catchments to receiving catchments, where bacterioplankton‐mineral relations stabilized communities in free‐flowing reaches, but bacterioplankton‐nutrient relations stabilized those punctuated by lakes.

A technique for preparing undecalcified osteochondral fresh frozen sections for elemental mapping and understanding disease etiology - Xiwei Fan; Kah Meng Lee; Michael W. M. Jones; Daryl Howard; Ross Crawford; Indira Prasadam (Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 2022)
The anatomy of the osteochondral junction is complex because several tissue components exist as a unit, including uncalcified cartilage (with superficial, middle, and deep layers), calcified cartilage, and subchondral bone. Furthermore, it is difficult to study because this region is made up of a variety of cell types and extracellular matrix compositions. Using X-ray fluorescence microscopy, we present a protocol for simultaneous elemental detection on fresh frozen samples. We transferred the osteochondral sample using a tape-assisted system and successfully tested it in synchrotron X-ray fluorescence. This protocol elucidates the distinct distribution of elements at the human knee’s osteochondral junction, making it a useful tool for analyzing the co-distribution of various elements in both healthy and diseased states.

Correction: Research strategies to catalyze agroecological transitions in low- and middle-income countries - Sarah K. Jones; Nadia Bergamini; Francesca Beggi; Didier Lesueur; Barbara Vinceti; Arwen Bailey; Fabrice A. DeClerck; Natalia Estrada-Carmona; Carlo Fadda; Etienne M. Hainzelin; Danny Hunter; Chris Kettle; et al. (Sustainability Science, 2022)

Research strategies to catalyze agroecological transitions in low- and middle-income countries - Sarah K. Jones; Nadia Bergamini; Francesca Beggi; Didier Lesueur; Barbara Vinceti; Arwen Bailey; Fabrice A. DeClerck; Natalia Estrada-Carmona; Carlo Fadda; Etienne M. Hainzelin; Danny Hunter; Chris Kettle; et al. (Sustainability Science, 2022)
Governments are updating national strategies to meet global goals on biodiversity, climate change and food systems proposed in the Convention on Biological Diversity post-2020 framework and agreed at the United Nation’s Climate Change Conference (COP26) and Food Systems Summit (UNFSS). This represents a unique and crucial opportunity to integrate and accelerate food system actions to tackle interconnected global challenges. In this context, agroecology is a game-changing approach that can provide the world’s growing population with nutritious, healthy affordable food, ensure fair incomes to farmers and halt and reverse the degradation of the natural environment. Here, we explore agroecological transition pathways in four case studies from low- and middle- income countries and identify catalysts for change. We find that enabling policy and market environments, participatory action research and local socio-technical support each plays a critical role in stimulating transitions towards agroecology. We propose strategies and priorities for research to better support agroecological transitions using these catalysts of change as entry points. Engagement of governments, private sector, civil society, farmers and farm workers in this research agenda is essential.

Head Impact Exposure in Youth and Collegiate American Football - Grace B. Choi; Eric P. Smith; Stefan M. Duma; Steven Rowson; Eamon Campolettano; Mireille E. Kelley; Derek A. Jones; Joel D. Stitzel; Jillian E. Urban; Amaris Genemaras; Jonathan G. Beckwith; Richard M. Greenwald; et al. (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2022)

Smoke pollution must be part of the savanna fire management equation: A case study from Darwin, Australia - Penelope J. Jones; James M. Furlaud; Grant J. Williamson; Fay H. Johnston; David M. J. S. Bowman (Ambio, 2022)
Savanna fire management is a topic of global debate, with early dry season burning promoted as a large-scale emissions reduction opportunity. To date, discussions have centred on carbon abatement efficacy, biodiversity and cultural benefits and/or risks. Here we use a case study of Darwin, Australia to highlight smoke pollution as another critical consideration. Smoke pollution from savanna fires is a major public health issue, yet absent so far from discussions of program design. Here, we assess the likely impacts of increased early dry season burning on smoke pollution in Darwin between 2004 and 2019, spanning the introduction and expansion of carbon abatement programs. We found increased smoke pollution in the early dry season but little change in the late dry season, contributing to a net annual increase in air quality standard exceedances. Geospatial analysis suggests this relates to increased burning in the path of early dry season trade winds. This study highlights the complex health trade-offs involved with any large-scale prescribed burning, including for carbon abatement.

Clinical Trial-Ready Patient Cohorts for Multiple System Atrophy: Coupling Biospecimen and iPSC Banking to Longitudinal Deep-Phenotyping - Alain Ndayisaba; Ariana T. Pitaro; Andrew S. Willett; Kristie A. Jones; Claudio Melo de Gusmao; Abby L. Olsen; Jisoo Kim; Eero Rissanen; Jared K. Woods; Sharan R. Srinivasan; Anna Nagy; Amanda Nagy; et al. (The Cerebellum, 2022)
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology characterized by widespread aggregation of the protein alpha-synuclein in neurons and glia. Its orphan status, biological relationship to Parkinson’s disease (PD), and rapid progression have sparked interest in drug development. One significant obstacle to therapeutics is disease heterogeneity. Here, we share our process of developing a clinical trial-ready cohort of MSA patients (69 patients in 2 years) within an outpatient clinical setting, and recruiting 20 of these patients into a longitudinal “n-of-few” clinical trial paradigm. First, we deeply phenotype our patients with clinical scales (UMSARS, BARS, MoCA, NMSS, and UPSIT) and tests designed to establish early differential diagnosis (including volumetric MRI, FDG-PET, MIBG scan, polysomnography, genetic testing, autonomic function tests, skin biopsy) or disease activity (PBR06-TSPO). Second, we longitudinally collect biospecimens (blood, CSF, stool) and clinical, biometric, and imaging data to generate antecedent disease-progression scores. Third, in our Mass General Brigham SCiN study ( s tem c ells i n n eurodegeneration), we generate induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models from our patients, matched to biospecimens, including postmortem brain. We present 38 iPSC lines derived from MSA patients and relevant disease controls (spinocerebellar ataxia and PD, including alpha-synuclein triplication cases), 22 matched to whole-genome sequenced postmortem brain. iPSC models may facilitate matching patients to appropriate therapies, particularly in heterogeneous diseases for which patient-specific biology may elude animal models. We anticipate that deeply phenotyped and genotyped patient cohorts matched to cellular models will increase the likelihood of success in clinical trials for MSA.

Rank change and growth within social hierarchies of the orange clownfish, Amphiprion percula - L. M. Fitzgerald; H. B. Harrison; D. J. Coker; P. Sáenz-Agudelo; M. Srinivasan; J. E. Majoris; L. Boström Einarsson; B. Pujol; M. Bennett-Smith; S. R. Thorrold; S. Planes; G. P. Jones; et al. (Marine Biology, 2022)
Social hierarchies within groups define the distribution of resources and provide benefits that support the collective group or favor dominant members. The progression of individuals through social hierarchies is a valuable characteristic for quantifying population dynamics. On coral reefs, some clownfish maintain size-based hierarchical communities where individuals queue through social ranks. The cost of waiting in a lower-ranked position is outweighed by the reduced risk of eviction and mortality. The orange clownfish, Amphiprion percula , maintains stable social groups with subordinate individuals queuing to be part of the dominant breeding pair. Strong association with their host anemone, complex social interactions, and relatively low predation rates make them ideal model organisms to assess changes in group dynamics through time in their natural environment. Here, we investigate the rank changes and isometric growth rates of A. percula from 247 naturally occurring social groups in Kimbe Island, Papua New Guinea (5° 12′ 13.54″ S, 150° 22′ 32.69″ E). We used DNA profiling to assign and track individuals over eight years between 2011 and 2019. Over half of the individuals survived alongside two or three members of their original social group, with twelve breeding pairs persisting over the study period. Half of the surviving individuals increased in rank and experienced double the growth rate of those that maintained their rank. Examining rank change in a wild fish population provides new insights into the complex social hierarchies of reef fishes and their role in social evolution.

The Toxicology Investigators Consortium Case Registry—the 2021 Annual Report - Jennifer S. Love; Dana L. Karshenas; Meghan B. Spyres; Lynn A. Farrugia; A. Min Kang; HoanVu Nguyen; Sharan L. Campleman; Shao Li; Paul M. Wax; Jeffery Brent; Kim Aldy; Michael Abesamis; et al. (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2022)

Early-stage economic analysis of research-based comprehensive genomic sequencing for advanced cancer care - Deirdre Weymann; Janessa Laskin; Steven J. M. Jones; Robyn Roscoe; Howard J. Lim; Daniel J. Renouf; Kasmintan A. Schrader; Sophie Sun; Stephen Yip; Marco A. Marra; Dean A. Regier (Journal of Community Genetics, 2022)

The Evolution of Tyramides in Male Fungus-Growing Ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini: Attina) - Amy R. Luo; Madeline F. Hassler; Tappey H. Jones; Robert K. Vander Meer; Rachelle M. M. Adams (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2022)

What do you mean, ‘megafire’? - Grant D. Linley; Chris J. Jolly; Tim S. Doherty; William L. Geary; Dolors Armenteras; Claire M. Belcher; Rebecca Bliege Bird; Andrea Duane; Michael‐Shawn Fletcher; Melisa A. Giorgis; Angie Haslem; Gavin M. Jones; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2022)
Background ‘Megafire’ is an emerging concept commonly used to describe fires that are extreme in terms of size, behaviour, and/or impacts, but the term’s meaning remains ambiguous. Approach We sought to resolve ambiguity surrounding the meaning of ‘megafire’ by conducting a structured review of the use and definition of the term in several languages in the peer‐reviewed scientific literature. We collated definitions and descriptions of megafire and identified criteria frequently invoked to define megafire. We recorded the size and location of megafires and mapped them to reveal global variation in the size of fires described as megafires. Results We identified 109 studies that define the term ‘megafire’ or identify a megafire, with the term first appearing in the peer‐reviewed literature in 2005. Seventy‐one (~65%) of these studies attempted to describe or define the term. There was considerable variability in the criteria used to define megafire, although definitions of megafire based on fire size were most common. Megafire size thresholds varied geographically from > 100–100,000 ha, with fires > 10,000 ha the most common size threshold (41%, 18/44 studies). Definitions of megafire were most common from studies led by authors from North America (52%, 37/71). We recorded 137 instances from 84 studies where fires were reported as megafires, the vast majority (94%, 129/137) of which exceed 10,000 ha in size. Megafires occurred in a range of biomes, but were most frequently described in forested biomes (112/137, 82%), and usually described single ignition fires (59% 81/137). Conclusion As Earth’s climate and ecosystems change, it is important that scientists can communicate trends in the occurrence of larger and more extreme fires with clarity. To overcome ambiguity, we suggest a definition of megafire as fires > 10,000 ha arising from single or multiple related ignition events. We introduce two additional terms – gigafire (> 100,000 ha) and terafire (> 1,000,000 ha) – for fires of an even larger scale than megafires.

Experimental validation of specialized questioning techniques in conservation - Harriet Ibbett; Leejiah Dorward; Asri A. Dwiyahreni; Julia P. G. Jones; Joseph Kaduma; Edward M. Kohi; Jesca Mchomvu; Karlina Prayitno; Humairah Sabiladiyni; Stephen Sankeni; Andie Wijaya Saputra; Jatna Supriatna; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2022)
Conservation increasingly relies on social science tools to understand human behavior. Specialized questioning techniques (SQTs) are a suite of methods designed to reduce bias in social surveys and are widely used to collect data on sensitive topics, including compliance with conservation rules. Most SQTs have been developed in Western, industrialized, educated, rich, and democratic countries, meaning their suitability in other contexts may be limited. Whether these techniques perform better than conventional direct questioning is important for those considering their use. We designed an experiment to validate the performance of four SQTs (unmatched count technique, randomized response technique, crosswise model, and bean method) against direct questions when asking about a commonly researched sensitive behavior in conservation, wildlife hunting. We developed fictional characters, and for each method asked respondents to report the answers that each fictional character should give when asked if they hunt wildlife. We collected data from 609 individuals living close to protected areas in two different cultural and socioeconomic contexts (Indonesia and Tanzania) to quantify the extent to which respondents understood and followed SQT instructions and to explore the sociodemographic factors that influenced a correct response. Data were modeled using binomial general linear mixed models. Participants were more likely to refuse to answer questions asked using SQTs compared with direct questions. Model results suggested that SQTs were harder for participants to understand. Demographic factors (e.g., age and education level) significantly influenced response accuracy. When sensitive responses to sensitive questions were required, all SQTs (excluding the bean method) outperformed direct questions, demonstrating that SQTs can successfully reduce sensitivity bias. However, when reviewing each method, most respondents (59–89%) reported they would feel uncomfortable using them to provide information on their own hunting behavior, highlighting the considerable challenge of encouraging truthful reporting on sensitive topics. Our results demonstrate the importance of assessing the suitability of social science methods prior to their implementation in conservation contexts.

State of the California Current Ecosystem in 2021: Winter is coming? - Andrew R. Thompson; Eric P. Bjorkstedt; Steven J. Bograd; Jennifer L. Fisher; Elliott L. Hazen; Andrew Leising; Jarrod A. Santora; Erin V. Satterthwaite; William J. Sydeman; Michaela Alksne; Toby D. Auth; Simone Baumann-Pickering; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
In late 2020, models predicted that a strong La Niña would take place for the first time since 2013, and we assessed whether physical and biological indicators in 2021 were similar to past La Niñas in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE). The Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Oceanic Niño Index indeed remained negative throughout 2021; the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation Index, however, remained strongly negative. The seventh largest marine heatwave on record was unexpectedly present from April to the end of 2021; however, similar to past La Niñas, this mass of warm water mostly remained seaward of the continental shelf. As expected from past La Niñas, upwelling and chlorophyll were mostly high and sea surface temperature was low throughout the CCE; however, values were close to average south of Point Conception. Similar to past La Niñas, abundances of lipid-rich, northern copepods off Oregon increased. In northern California, unlike past La Niñas, the body size of North Pacific krill ( Euphausia pacifica ) was close to average. Predictably, overall krill abundance was above average in far northern California but, unexpectedly, below average south of Cape Mendocino. Off Oregon, similar to past La Niñas, larval abundances of three of six coastal species rose, while five of six southern/offshore taxa decreased in 2021. Off California, as expected based on 2020, Northern Anchovy ( Engraulis mordax ) were very abundant, while Pacific Sardine ( Sardinops sagax ) were low. Similar to past La Niñas, market squid ( Doryteuthis opalescens ) and young of the year (YOY) Pacific Hake ( Merluccius pacificus ), YOY sanddabs ( Citharichthys spp.), and YOY rockfishes ( Sebastes spp.) increased. Southern mesopelagic (e.g., Panama lightfish Vinciguerria lucetia , Mexican lampfish Triphoturus mexicanus ) larvae decreased as expected but were still well above average, while northern mesopelagic (e.g., northern lampfish Stenobrachius leucopsarus ) larvae increased but were still below average. In line with predictions, most monitored bird species had above-average reproduction in Oregon and California. California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus ) pup count, growth, and weight were high given the abundant Anchovy forage. The CCE entered an enduring La Niña in 2021, and assessing the responses of various ecosystem components helped articulate aspects of the system that are well understood and those that need further study.

Nitrogen and Sulfur Deposition Reductions Projected to Partially Restore Forest Soil Conditions in the US Northeast, While Understory Composition Continues to Shift with Future Climate Change - Stephen D. LeDuc; Christopher M. Clark; Jennifer Phelan; Salim Belyazid; Micah G. Bennett; Katie Boaggio; John Buckley; Jamie Cajka; Phillip Jones (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2022)

Does ITZ Influence Moisture Transport in Concrete? - Laura E. Dalton; Jacob M. LaManna; Scott Jones; Mohammad Pour-Ghaz (Transport in Porous Media, 2022)

Assessing discards in an illegal small-scale fishery using fisher-led reporting - T. Mendo; J. Mendo; J. M. Ransijn; I. Gomez; P. Gil-Kodaka; J. Fernández; R. Delgado; A. Travezaño; R. Arroyo; K. Loza; P. McCann; S. Crowe; et al. (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2022)
About a third of all marine fish in the world are caught in Small-Scale Fisheries (SSF). SSF are increasingly recognised as essential for food security and livelihoods for vulnerable and economically fragile communities globally. Although individual SSF vessels are usually perceived as having little impact on the ecosystem, the cumulative impact of gear type and number of vessels may be substantial. Bottom trawling is a common fishing method that can greatly influence the marine ecosystem by damaging the seafloor and generating high levels of discards. However, appropriate sampling coverage using on-board observer programmes to collect these data from SSF are rare, as they are expensive and pose logistical constraints. A mobile App was used to assess whether self-reporting by fishers could provide reliable fine-scale information on fishing effort and discards over time in an illegal shrimp trawling fishery in northern Peru. Maps depicting the spatial distribution of trawling effort and the proportion of discards from observers and fishers were compared using the Similarity in Means (SIM) Index, which ranges from 0 when spatial patterns differ completely to 1 when spatial patterns are very similar. High levels of agreement between spatio-temporal patterns of effort (SIM Index = 0.81) and discards (0.96) were found between fisher and observer maps. Moreover, far greater spatial coverage was accomplished by fishers, suggesting that self-reporting via an App represents a useful approach to collect reliable fisheries data as an initial step for effective monitoring and management of these fisheries.

Correction to: Impact of microwave‑assisted enzymatic hydrolysis on functional and antioxidant properties of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss by‑products - Elizabeth Nguyen; Owen Jones; Yuan H. Brad Kim; Fernanda San Martin‑Gonzalez; Andrea M. Liceaga (Fisheries Science, 2022)

Long-Term Drought and Warming Alter Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities in an Upland Heathland - Fiona M. Seaton; Sabine Reinsch; Tim Goodall; Nicola White; Davey L. Jones; Robert I. Griffiths; Simon Creer; Andy Smith; Bridget A. Emmett; David A. Robinson (Ecosystems, 2022)
The response of soil microbial communities to a changing climate will impact global biogeochemical cycles, potentially leading to positive and negative feedbacks. However, our understanding of how soil microbial communities respond to climate change and the implications of these changes for future soil function is limited. Here, we assess the response of soil bacterial and fungal communities to long-term experimental climate change in a heathland organo-mineral soil. We analysed microbial communities using Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and ITS2 region at two depths, from plots undergoing 4 and 18 years of in situ summer drought or warming. We also assessed the colonisation of Calluna vulgaris roots by ericoid and dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi using microscopy after 16 years of climate treatment. We found significant changes in both the bacterial and fungal communities in response to drought and warming, likely mediated by changes in soil pH and electrical conductivity. Changes in the microbial communities were more pronounced after a longer period of climate manipulation. Additionally, the subsoil communities of the long-term warmed plots became similar to the topsoil. Ericoid mycorrhizal colonisation decreased with depth while DSEs increased; however, these trends with depth were removed by warming. We largely ascribe the observed changes in microbial communities to shifts in plant cover and subsequent feedback on soil physicochemical properties, especially pH. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering changes in soil microbial responses to climate change across different soil depths and after extended periods of time.

Outdoor light at night and risk of liver cancer in the NIH-AARP diet and health study - Yikyung Park; Yesenia Ramirez; Qian Xiao; Linda M. Liao; Gieira S. Jones; Katherine A. McGlynn (Cancer Causes & Control, 2022)

The advantages and limitations of biophysical modelling as a tool for informing limit setting in New Zealand's barrier‐enclosed estuaries - Karin R. Bryan; Benjamin T. Stewart; Alex M. Port; Hannah F. E. Jones; Conrad A. Pilditch (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2022)
Estuaries are the receiving environment for catchment‐derived contaminants, the fate of which depends on the interplay between the estuarine geomorphology and hydrodynamics. In large estuaries, biophysical processes are spatially and temporally‐diverse, which makes understanding and managing the impact of human activities challenging. Here we use two common modelling approaches to explore the advantages and limitations of biophysical modelling as a tool for limit setting in a large barrier‐enclosed estuary in New Zealand. The model shows the large spatial variation in water quality associated with low upper harbour flushing. Variations can also be attributed to spatial variation in processes (such as denitrification). Although the non‐linear interactions between processes within these models can limit the value of using specific detail of outputs for decision making, the general patterns and sensitivities can be used to define areas, explore connectivity, and provide some information when monitoring data is lacking. Even in a deterministic modelling environment, it can very difficult to attribute water quality variations output at one location to the loading that caused these variations. While biophysical modelling will likely remain a core tool for informing management, any future development of limit setting methods for estuaries should recognise the inherent constraints we describe here.

Pyrodiversity in a Warming World: Research Challenges and Opportunities - G. M. Jones; J. Ayars; S. A. Parks; H. E. Chmura; S. A. Cushman; J. S. Sanderlin (Current Landscape Ecology Reports, 2022)

Multi-habitat seascape restoration: optimising marine restoration for coastal repair and social benefit - Dominic McAfee; Patrick Reis-Santos; Alice R. Jones; Bronwyn M. Gillanders; Camille Mellin; Ivan Nagelkerken; Melissa J. Nursey-Bray; Ryan Baring; Graziela Miot da Silva; Jason E. Tanner; Sean D. Connell (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Marine ecosystem restoration is fast becoming the primary tool for repairing the socio-ecological functions and economic benefits of coastal ecosystems. Healthy seascapes are characterized by many interacting species and intermingled habitats (e.g., seagrass, kelp, shellfish, sedimentary) that co-create ecological functions of substantial socio-economic value. These co-created functions not only build stability and resilience at seascape scales, but synergistically combine to enhance ecological productivity that is greater than the sum of the individual habitats. Yet, restoration practice is dominated by single-habitat approaches underpinned by single-species monocultures, potentially limiting the range of benefits that restoration can provide. We propose that for ecosystem restoration to meet its full potential in delivering socio-ecological benefits that are resilient to environmental change, restoration practices should plan beyond single-species and single-habitats to a multi-habitat seascape. Where multiple habitats are co-restored, their positive interactions mutually benefit each other to stabilize and even accelerate ecosystem recovery; such as co-restored shellfish and kelp forests on constructed reefs, which combine to stabilize sediment for seagrass recovery. As fisheries scientists and managers, food and social scientists, and ecologists and oceanographers, we describe multi-habitat marine restoration activities that are readily achievable and provide a vision for the diverse socio-ecological, economic, and culture benefits that may emerge from future seascape-level repair.

Glucose metabolism patterns: A potential index to characterize brain ageing and predict high conversion risk into cognitive impairment - Jiehui Jiang; Can Sheng; Guanqun Chen; Chunhua Liu; Shichen Jin; Lanlan Li; Xueyan Jiang; Ying Han; Michael W. Weiner; Paul Aisen; Ronald Petersen; Clifford R. Jack; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)

Ontogenetic allometry underlies trophic diversity in sea turtles (Chelonioidea) - Ray M. Chatterji; Christy A. Hipsley; Emma Sherratt; Mark N. Hutchinson; Marc E. H. Jones (Evolutionary Ecology, 2022)
Despite only comprising seven species, extant sea turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae) display great ecological diversity, with most species inhabiting a unique dietary niche as adults. This adult diversity is remarkable given that all species share the same dietary niche as juveniles. These ontogenetic shifts in diet, as well as a dramatic increase in body size, make sea turtles an excellent group to examine how morphological diversity arises by allometric processes and life habit specialisation. Using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, we characterise ontogenetic allometry in the skulls of all seven species and evaluate variation in the context of phylogenetic history and diet. Among the sample, the olive ridley ( Lepidochelys olivacea ) has a seemingly average sea turtle skull shape and generalised diet, whereas the green ( Chelonia mydas ) and hawksbill ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) show different extremes of snout shape associated with their modes of food gathering (grazing vs. grasping, respectively). Our ontogenetic findings corroborate previous suggestions that the skull of the leatherback ( Dermochelys coriacea ) is paedomorphic, having similar skull proportions to hatchlings of other sea turtle species and retaining a hatchling-like diet of relatively soft bodied organisms. The flatback sea turtle ( Natator depressus ) shows a similar but less extreme pattern. By contrast, the loggerhead sea turtle ( Caretta caretta ) shows a peramorphic signal associated with increased jaw muscle volumes that allow predation on hard shelled prey. The Kemp’s ridley ( Lepidochelys kempii ) has a peramorphic skull shape compared to its sister species the olive ridley, and a diet that includes harder prey items such as crabs. We suggest that diet may be a significant factor in driving skull shape differences among species. Although the small number of species limits statistical power, differences among skull shape, size, and diet are consistent with the hypothesis that shifts in allometric trajectory facilitated diversification in skull shape as observed in an increasing number of vertebrate groups.

Assessment of potential selection bias in neuroimaging studies of postoperative delirium and cognitive decline: lessons from the SAGES study - Michele Cavallari; Tamara G. Fong; Alexandra Touroutoglou; Bradford C. Dickerson; Eva Schmitt; Thomas G. Travison; Edward R. Marcantonio; Long H. Ngo; Towia Libermann; Alvaro Pascual-Leone; Mouhsin M. Shafi; Sharon K. Inouye; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2022)

Genomic erosion in a demographically recovered bird species during conservation rescue - Hazel A. Jackson; Lawrence Percival‐Alwyn; Camilla Ryan; Mohammed F. Albeshr; Luca Venturi; Hernán E. Morales; Thomas C. Mathers; Jonathan Cocker; Samuel A. Speak; Gonzalo G. Accinelli; Tom Barker; Darren Heavens; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2022)
The pink pigeon ( Nesoenas mayeri ) is an endemic species of Mauritius that has made a remarkable recovery after a severe population bottleneck in the 1970s to early 1990s. Prior to this bottleneck, an ex situ population was established from which captive‐bred individuals were released into free‐living subpopulations to increase population size and genetic variation. This conservation rescue led to rapid population recovery to 400–480 individuals, and the species was twice downlisted on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. We analyzed the impacts of the bottleneck and genetic rescue on neutral genetic variation during and after population recovery (1993–2008) with restriction site‐associated sequencing, microsatellite analyses, and quantitative genetic analysis of studbook data of 1112 birds from zoos in Europe and the United States. We used computer simulations to study the predicted changes in genetic variation and population viability from the past into the future. Genetic variation declined rapidly, despite the population rebound, and the effective population size was approximately an order of magnitude smaller than census size. The species carried a high genetic load of circa 15 lethal equivalents for longevity. Our computer simulations predicted continued inbreeding will likely result in increased expression of deleterious mutations (i.e., a high realized load) and severe inbreeding depression. Without continued conservation actions, it is likely that the pink pigeon will go extinct in the wild within 100 years. Conservation rescue of the pink pigeon has been instrumental in the recovery of the free‐living population. However, further genetic rescue with captive‐bred birds from zoos is required to recover lost variation, reduce expression of harmful deleterious variation, and prevent extinction. The use of genomics and modeling data can inform IUCN assessments of the viability and extinction risk of species, and it helps in assessments of the conservation dependency of populations.

Opportunities and Challenges for PBPK Model of mAbs in Paediatrics and Pregnancy - Katherine L. Gill; Hannah M. Jones (The AAPS Journal, 2022)
New drugs may in some cases need to be tested in paediatric and pregnant patients. However, it is difficult to recruit such patients and there are many ethical issues around their inclusion in clinical trials. Modelling and simulation can help to plan well-designed clinical trials with a reduced number of participants and to bridge gaps where recruitment is difficult. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for small molecule drugs have been used to aid study design and dose adjustments in paediatrics and pregnancy, with several publications in the literature. However, published PBPK models for monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in these populations are scarce. Here, the current status of mAb PBPK models in paediatrics and pregnancy is discussed. Seven mAb PBPK models published for paediatrics were found, which report good prediction accuracy across a wide age range. No mAb PBPK models for pregnant women have been published to date. Current challenges to the development of such PBPK models are discussed, including gaps in our knowledge of relevant physiological processes and availability of clinical data to verify models. As the availability of such data increases, it will help to improve our confidence in the PBPK model predictive ability. Advantages for using PBPK models to predict mAb PK in paediatrics and pregnancy are discussed. For example, the ability to incorporate ontogeny and gestational changes in physiology, prediction of maternal, placental and foetal exposure and the ability to make predictions from in vitro and preclinical data prior to clinical data being available.

Factors associated with changes in exercise behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic - Caroline Himbert; Cassandra A. Hathaway; Bailee Daniels; Karen Salas; Anjelica Ashworth; Biljana Gigic; Tengda Lin; Richard Viskochil; Anne C. Kirchhoff; Douglas Grossman; Jennifer Ose; Jonathan Tward; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2022)

Novel MAPK/AKT-impairing germline NRAS variant identified in a melanoma-prone family - Kevin M. Brown; Mai Xu; Michael Sargen; Hyunbum Jang; Mingzhen Zhang; Tongwu Zhang; Bin Zhu; Kristie Jones; Jung Kim; Laura Mendoza; Nicholas K. Hayward; Margaret A. Tucker; et al. (Familial Cancer, 2022)

Satellite‐tracked sperm whale migrates from the Canadian Arctic to the subtropical western North Atlantic - Kyle J. Lefort; Nigel E. Hussey; Joshua M. Jones; Kelsey F. Johnson; Steven H. Ferguson (Marine Mammal Science, 2022)

The Interplay Between Dimethyl Sulfide (DMS) and Methane (CH4) in a Coral Reef Ecosystem - Elisabeth S. M. Deschaseaux; Hilton B. Swan; Damien T. Maher; Graham B. Jones; Kai G. Schulz; Edwin P. Koveke; Kei Toda; Bradley D. Eyre (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Earth’s Radiation Budget is partly dictated by the fragile and complex balance between biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs), which have the potential to impose cooling or warming once emitted to the atmosphere. Whilst methane (CH 4 ) is strictly associated with global warming due to its solar-radiation absorbing properties, dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is generally considered a cooling gas through the light scattering properties of its atmospheric oxidation products. However, DMS may also partially contribute to the Earth’s warming through a small portion of it being degraded to CH 4 in the water column. Coral reefs emit both DMS and CH 4 but they have not previously been simultaneously measured. Here, we report DMS and CH 4 fluxes as well as aerosol particle counts at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, during the austral summer of 2016. Sea-to-air DMS and CH 4 fluxes were on average 24.9 ± 1.81 and 1.36 ± 0.11 µmol m -2 d -1 , whilst intermediate (< 0.5-2.5 um) and large (> 2.5 um) particle number concentrations averaged 5.51 x 10 6 ± 1.73 x 10 5 m -3 and 1.15 x 10 6 ± 4.63 x 10 4 m -3 , respectively. Positive correlations were found between DMS emissions and the abundance of intermediate (R 2 = 0.1669, p < 0.001, n = 93) and large (R 2 = 0.0869, p = 0.004, n = 93) aerosol particles, suggesting that DMS sea-to-air emissions significantly contribute to the growth of existing particles to the measured size ranges at the Heron Island lagoon. Additionally, a strong positive correlation was found between DMS and CH 4 fluxes (R 2 = 0.7526, p < 0.00001, n = 93), suggesting that the emission of these volatile compounds from coral reefs is closely linked. The slope of the regression between DMS and CH 4 suggests that CH 4 emissions at the Heron Island lagoon represent 5% of that of DMS, which is consistent with the average sea-to-air fluxes reported in this study (i.e. 24.9 ± 1.81 µmol m -2 d -1 for DMS and 1.36 ± 0.11 for CH 4 ). These findings provide new insights on the complexity of BVOC and GHG emissions in coral reef systems and their potential role in climate regulation.

The Role of Cannabis, Cannabidiol and Other Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain. The Perspective of Physicians - Markus Köstenberger; Gerhard Nahler; Trevor M. Jones; Stefan Neuwersch; Rudolf Likar (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2022)

Correction to: Robust Institutional Support and Collaboration Between Summer Training Programs in Cancer and Biomedicine Drive the Pivot to a Virtual Format in Response to the COVID Pandemic - G. B. Carey; H. J. Ezelle; N. Steinle; Q. Cao; L. Simington; C. Matson; N. Singh; L. Jones; P. Mohindra; K. J. Cullen; M. Giglio; E. Parker; et al. (Journal of Cancer Education, 2022)

Robust Institutional Support and Collaboration Between Summer Training Programs in Cancer and Biomedicine Drive the Pivot to a Virtual Format in Response to the COVID Pandemic - G. B. Carey; H. J. Ezelle; N. Steinle; Q. Cao; L. Simington; C. Matson; N. Singh; L. Jones; P. Mohindra; K. J. Cullen; M. Giglio; E. Parker; et al. (Journal of Cancer Education, 2022)

Comprehensive analysis of epigenetic clocks reveals associations between disproportionate biological ageing and hippocampal volume - Lidija Milicic; Michael Vacher; Tenielle Porter; Vincent Doré; Samantha C. Burnham; Pierrick Bourgeat; Rosita Shishegar; James Doecke; Nicola J. Armstrong; Rick Tankard; Paul Maruff; Colin L. Masters; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)
The concept of age acceleration, the difference between biological age and chronological age, is of growing interest, particularly with respect to age-related disorders, such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Whilst studies have reported associations with AD risk and related phenotypes, there remains a lack of consensus on these associations. Here we aimed to comprehensively investigate the relationship between five recognised measures of age acceleration, based on DNA methylation patterns (DNAm age), and cross-sectional and longitudinal cognition and AD-related neuroimaging phenotypes (volumetric MRI and Amyloid-β PET) in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Significant associations were observed between age acceleration using the Hannum epigenetic clock and cross-sectional hippocampal volume in AIBL and replicated in ADNI. In AIBL, several other findings were observed cross-sectionally, including a significant association between hippocampal volume and the Hannum and Phenoage epigenetic clocks. Further, significant associations were also observed between hippocampal volume and the Zhang and Phenoage epigenetic clocks within Amyloid-β positive individuals. However, these were not validated within the ADNI cohort. No associations between age acceleration and other Alzheimer’s disease-related phenotypes, including measures of cognition or brain Amyloid-β burden, were observed, and there was no association with longitudinal change in any phenotype. This study presents a link between age acceleration, as determined using DNA methylation, and hippocampal volume that was statistically significant across two highly characterised cohorts. The results presented in this study contribute to a growing literature that supports the role of epigenetic modifications in ageing and AD-related phenotypes.

Prediction of disability-free survival in healthy older people - Johannes Tobias Neumann; Le T. P. Thao; Anne M. Murray; Emily Callander; Prudence R. Carr; Mark R. Nelson; Rory Wolfe; Robyn L. Woods; Christopher M. Reid; Raj C. Shah; Anne B. Newman; Jeff D. Williamson; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)
Prolonging survival in good health is a fundamental societal goal. However, the leading determinants of disability-free survival in healthy older people have not been well established. Data from ASPREE, a bi-national placebo-controlled trial of aspirin with 4.7 years median follow-up, was analysed. At enrolment, participants were healthy and without prior cardiovascular events, dementia or persistent physical disability. Disability-free survival outcome was defined as absence of dementia, persistent disability or death. Selection of potential predictors from amongst 25 biomedical, psychosocial and lifestyle variables including recognized geriatric risk factors, utilizing a machine-learning approach. Separate models were developed for men and women. The selected predictors were evaluated in a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model and validated internally by bootstrapping. We included 19,114 Australian and US participants aged ≥65 years (median 74 years, IQR 71.6–77.7). Common predictors of a worse prognosis in both sexes included higher age, lower Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score, lower gait speed, lower grip strength and abnormal (low or elevated) body mass index. Additional risk factors for men included current smoking, and abnormal eGFR. In women, diabetes and depression were additional predictors. The biased-corrected areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the final prognostic models at 5 years were 0.72 for men and 0.75 for women. Final models showed good calibration between the observed and predicted risks. We developed a prediction model in which age, cognitive function and gait speed were the strongest predictors of disability-free survival in healthy older people. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01038583)

Changes in sea ice and range expansion of sperm whales in the eclipse sound region of Baffin Bay, Canada - Natalie Posdaljian; Caroline Soderstjerna; Joshua M. Jones; Alba Solsona‐Berga; John A. Hildebrand; Kristin Westdal; Alex Ootoowak; Simone Baumann‐Pickering (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Sperm whales ( Physeter macrocephalus ) are a cosmopolitan species but are only found in ice‐free regions of the ocean. It is unknown how their distribution might change in regions undergoing rapid loss of sea ice and ocean warming like Baffin Bay in the eastern Canadian Arctic. In 2014 and 2018, sperm whales were sighted near Eclipse Sound, Baffin Bay: the first recorded uses of this region by sperm whales. In this study, we investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of sperm whales near Eclipse Sound using visual and acoustic data. We combine several published open‐source, data sets to create a map of historical sperm whale presence in the region. We use passive acoustic data from two recording sites between 2015 and 2019 to investigate more recent presence in the region. We also analyze regional trends in sea ice concentration (SIC) dating back to 1901 and relate acoustic presence of sperm whales to the mean SIC near the recording sites. We found no records of sperm whale sightings near Eclipse Sound outside of the 2014/2018 observations. Our acoustic data told a different story, with sperm whales recorded yearly from 2015 to 2019 with presence in the late summer and fall months. Sperm whale acoustic presence increased over the 5‐year study duration and was closely related to the minimum SIC each year. Sperm whales, like other cetaceans, are ecosystem sentinels, or indicators of ecosystem change. Increasing number of days with sperm whale presence in the Eclipse Sound region could indicate range expansion of sperm whales as a result of changes in sea ice. Monitoring climate change‐induced range expansion in this region is important to understand how increasing presence of a top‐predator might impact the Arctic food web.

Turgor loss point predicts survival responses to experimental and natural drought in tropical tree seedlings - Leonor Álvarez‐Cansino; Liza S. Comita; F. Andrew Jones; Eric Manzané‐Pinzón; Luke Browne; Bettina M. J. Engelbrecht (Ecology, 2022)
Identifying key traits that can serve as proxies for species drought resistance is crucial for predicting and mitigating the effects of climate change in diverse plant communities. Turgor loss point (π tlp ) is a recently emerged trait that has been linked to species distributions across gradients of water availability. However, a direct relationship between π tlp and species ability to survive drought has yet to be established for woody species. Using a manipulative field experiment to quantify species drought resistance (i.e., their survival response to drought), combined with measurements of π tlp for 16 tree species, we show a negative relationship between π tlp and seedling drought resistance. Using long‐term forest plot data, we also show that π tlp predicts seedling survival responses to a severe El Niño‐related drought, although additional factors are clearly also important. Our study demonstrates that species with lower π tlp exhibit higher survival under both experimental and natural drought. These results provide a missing cornerstone in the assessment of the traits underlying drought resistance in woody species and strengthen π tlp as a proxy for evaluating which species will lose or win under projections of exacerbating drought regimes.

MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL : A data set of terrestrial, volant, and marine mammal occurrences in P ortugal - Clara Grilo; Beatriz C. Afonso; Filipe Afonso; Marta Alexandre; Sara Aliácar; Ana Almeida; Ivan Prego Alonso; Francisco Álvares; Paulo Alves; Paulo Célio Alves; Pedro Alves; Anabela Amado; et al. (Ecology, 2022)
Mammals are threatened worldwide, with ~26% of all species being included in the IUCN threatened categories. This overall pattern is primarily associated with habitat loss or degradation, and human persecution for terrestrial mammals, and pollution, open net fishing, climate change, and prey depletion for marine mammals. Mammals play a key role in maintaining ecosystems functionality and resilience, and therefore information on their distribution is crucial to delineate and support conservation actions. MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL is a publicly available data set compiling unpublished georeferenced occurrence records of 92 terrestrial, volant, and marine mammals in mainland Portugal and archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira that includes 105,026 data entries between 1873 and 2021 (72% of the data occurring in 2000 and 2021). The methods used to collect the data were: live observations/captures (43%), sign surveys (35%), camera trapping (16%), bioacoustics surveys (4%) and radiotracking, and inquiries that represent less than 1% of the records. The data set includes 13 types of records: (1) burrows | soil mounds | tunnel, (2) capture, (3) colony, (4) dead animal | hair | skulls | jaws, (5) genetic confirmation, (6) inquiries, (7) observation of live animal (8), observation in shelters, (9) photo trapping | video, (10) predators diet | pellets | pine cones/nuts, (11) scat | track | ditch, (12) telemetry and (13) vocalization | echolocation. The spatial uncertainty of most records ranges between 0 and 100 m (76%). Rodentia ( n =31,573) has the highest number of records followed by Chiroptera ( n = 18,857), Carnivora ( n = 18,594), Lagomorpha ( n = 17,496), Cetartiodactyla ( n = 11,568) and Eulipotyphla ( n = 7008). The data set includes records of species classified by the IUCN as threatened (e.g., Oryctolagus cuniculus [ n = 12,159], Monachus monachus [ n = 1,512], and Lynx pardinus [ n = 197]). We believe that this data set may stimulate the publication of other European countries data sets that would certainly contribute to ecology and conservation‐related research, and therefore assisting on the development of more accurate and tailored conservation management strategies for each species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications.

Conserving alpha and beta diversity in wood‐production landscapes - Gavin M. Jones; Berry Brosi; Jason M. Evans; Isabel G. W. Gottlieb; Xingwen Loy; Mauricio M. Núñez‐Regueiro; Holly K. Ober; Elizabeth Pienaar; Rajeev Pillay; Kathryn Pisarello; Lora L. Smith; Robert J. Fletcher (Conservation Biology, 2022)
International demand for wood and other forest products continues to grow rapidly, and uncertainties remain about how animal communities will respond to intensifying resource extraction associated with woody bioenergy production. We examined changes in alpha and beta diversity of bats, bees, birds, and reptiles across wood production landscapes in the southeastern United States, a biodiversity hotspot that is one of the principal sources of woody biomass globally. We sampled across a spatial gradient of paired forest land‐uses (representing pre and postharvest) that allowed us to evaluate biological community changes resulting from several types of biomass harvest. Short‐rotation practices and residue removal following clearcuts were associated with reduced alpha diversity (−14.1 and −13.9 species, respectively) and lower beta diversity (i.e., Jaccard dissimilarity) between land‐use pairs (0.46 and 0.50, respectively), whereas midrotation thinning increased alpha (+3.5 species) and beta diversity (0.59). Over the course of a stand rotation in a single location, biomass harvesting generally led to less biodiversity. Cross‐taxa responses to resource extraction were poorly predicted by alpha diversity: correlations in responses between taxonomic groups were highly variable (−0.2 to 0.4) with large uncertainties. In contrast, beta diversity patterns were highly consistent and predictable across taxa, where correlations in responses between taxonomic groups were all positive (0.05–0.4) with more narrow uncertainties. Beta diversity may, therefore, be a more reliable and information‐rich indicator than alpha diversity in understanding animal community response to landscape change. Patterns in beta diversity were primarily driven by turnover instead of species loss or gain, indicating that wood extraction generates habitats that support different biological communities.

Systematic review of the odorous volatile compounds that contribute to flavour profiles of aquatic animals - Ben C. Jones; Melissa M. Rocker; Russell S. J. Keast; Damien L. Callahan; Hannah J. Redmond; Richard P. Smullen; David S. Francis (Reviews in Aquaculture, 2022)
The flavour of aquatic animal products is distinct from terrestrial foods, facilitating a competitive marketing advantage. However, the flavour of aquatic animals can also be highly variable. Importantly, differences are reported in the flavour of animals from aquaculture and wild‐capture systems. These differences can erode consumer acceptance of aquaculture products and reduce financial returns to producers. Mild ‘fish‐like’, ‘marine’, ‘crustacean‐like’, ‘seafood’ and ‘sweet’ odours are desirable. However, overt ‘fish‐like’, ‘fatty’ and ‘earthy’ odours are quality deficits and cause products to become unpalatable. Odorous volatile compounds are responsible for eliciting these characteristic odours. In this literature review, the odorous volatile compounds of 96 aquatic animal samples are reported, revealing 291 different compounds. Generalist compounds that are integral to the odour of aquatic animals are presented in addition to 86 compounds that elicit key characteristic odours. The influence of these compounds on aquatic animal flavour is explored and the specific factors likely to affect their manipulation in aquaculture products are discussed. The culture environment and diet are critical factors affecting volatile profiles of aquatic animals and are the variables that can be controlled by aquaculture producers. The information presented in this review can underpin the development of innovative aquaculture strategies that prevent environmental exposure of aquatic animals to unpalatable volatile compounds and facilitate the development of aquaculture diets that optimise the volatile profile of edible tissues.

Learning From the Study Fleet: Maintenance of a Large-Scale Reference Fleet for Northeast U.S. Fisheries - Andrew W. Jones; Katie A. Burchard; Anna M. Mercer; John J. Hoey; Michael D. Morin; Giovanni L. Gianesin; Jacob A. Wilson; Calvin R. Alexander; Brooke A. Lowman; Debra G. Duarte; David Goethel; James Ford; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Logbook data from commercial fisheries are a vital component in the machinery of management, including tracking the volume of catches and allocating catch spatially. At the same time, logbooks can provide a unique window into the ecological and sociological conditions in marine fisheries, where fishermen interact with marine species and environments frequently and broadly. Traditional logbooks, however, often are not sufficiently standardized (when personal logs), or lack the detail (when regulatory documents) required to adequately understand fisheries ecosystems. The Study Fleet program, operated by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center’s Cooperative Research Branch, was developed to address these shortfalls by engaging members of the fishing industry in collecting high-resolution catch, effort, and environmental data using electronic logbooks. Since its inception, the Study Fleet has expanded from a small project focused on collecting detailed catch information from the New England multispecies groundfish fishery to a program with a wider scope encompassing a variety of fisheries, gears, and environmental parameters from North Carolina to Maine U.S. Over the years, a number of lessons have been learned about recruiting and supporting industry partners, managing the data, evolving technical specifications, and the challenges associated with analyzing and applying self-reported fisheries data. Here we describe the current state of the program and provide summaries of the Study Fleet program operations and outcomes from 2007-2020, with an eye towards successes, challenges, and applicability of the approach in other regions. We suggest other reference fleet programs, as well as other developing fishery dependent data collections (e.g., electronic monitoring programs), develop detailed roadmaps for each data collection to keep participants engaged as collaborators, target specific fisheries to keep resources from being stretched too thin, and partner with data users early. Additionally, we suggest programs invest in the long-term participation of individual fishermen, carefully weigh the pros and cons of involvement in regulatory reporting, and plan data products and applications well in advance to ensure that the sampling scheme and granularity of the data meet the needs of stock assessment, ecosystem, and oceanographic scientists.

The acute effects of cannabidiol on emotional processing and anxiety: a neurocognitive imaging study - Michael A. P. Bloomfield; Yumeya Yamamori; Chandni Hindocha; Augustus P. M. Jones; Jocelyn L. L. Yim; Hannah R. Walker; Ben Statton; Matthew B. Wall; Rachel H. Lees; Oliver D. Howes; Valerie H. Curran; Jonathan P. Roiser; et al. (Psychopharmacology, 2022)
Rationale There is growing interest in the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol (CBD) across a range of psychiatric disorders. CBD has been found to reduce anxiety during experimentally induced stress in anxious individuals and healthy controls. However, the mechanisms underlying the putative anxiolytic effects of CBD are unknown. Objectives We sought to investigate the behavioural and neural effects of a single dose of CBD vs. placebo on a range of emotion-related measures to test cognitive-mechanistic models of its effects on anxiety. Methods We conducted a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, acute oral challenge of 600 mg of CBD in 24 healthy participants on emotional processing, with neuroimaging (viewing emotional faces during functional magnetic resonance imaging) and cognitive (emotional appraisal) measures as well as subjective response to experimentally induced anxiety. Results CBD did not produce effects on brain responses to emotional faces and cognitive measures of emotional processing, or modulate experimentally induced anxiety, relative to placebo. Conclusions Given the rising popularity of CBD for its putative medical benefits, these findings question whether further research is warranted to investigate the clinical potential of CBD for the treatment of anxiety disorders.

Acute effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on auditory mismatch negativity - Lisa-Marie Greenwood; Samantha J. Broyd; Hendrika H. van Hell; Juanita Todd; Alison Jones; Robin M. Murray; Rodney J. Croft; Patricia T. Michie; Nadia Solowij (Psychopharmacology, 2022)

Winter and spring atmospheric rivers in High Mountain Asia: climatology, dynamics, and variability - Deanna Nash; Leila M. V. Carvalho; Charles Jones; Qinghua Ding (Climate Dynamics, 2022)
Atmospheric rivers (ARs) that reach the complex terrain of High Mountain Asia (HMA) cause significant hydrological impacts for millions of people. While ARs are often associated with precipitation extremes and can cause floods and debris flows affecting populated communities, little is known about ARs that reach as far inland as HMA. This paper characterizes AR types and investigates dynamical mechanisms associated with the development of ARs that typically affect HMA. Combined empirical orthogonal function (cEOF) analysis using integrated water vapor transport (IVT) is applied to days where an AR reaches HMA. K-means cluster analysis applied to the first two principal components uncovered three subtypes of AR events with distinct synoptic characteristics during winter and spring months. The first subtype increases precipitation and IVT in Western HMA and is associated with a zonally oriented wave train propagating within the westerly jet waveguide. The second subtype is associated with enhanced southwesterly IVT, anomalous upper-level cyclonic circulation centered on 45 $$^° $$ ∘ E, and precipitation in Northwestern HMA. The third subtype shows anomalous precipitation in Eastern HMA and southwesterly IVT across the Bay of Bengal. Interannual variations in the frequency of HMA ARs and relationships with various teleconnection patterns show that western HMA AR subtypes are sensitive to well-known remote large-scale climate factors, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation, Arctic Oscillation, and the Siberian High. These results provide synoptic characterization of the three types of ARs that reach HMA and reveal the previously unexplored significance of their contribution to winter and spring precipitation.

No effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on visual evoked potential and peak gamma frequency - A. Bin Dawood; A. Dickinson; A. Aytemur; E. Milne; M. Jones (Cognitive Processing, 2022)

Tree species diversity increases with conspecific negative density dependence across an elevation gradient - Joseph A. LaManna; F. Andrew Jones; David M. Bell; Robert J. Pabst; David C. Shaw (Ecology Letters, 2022)
Elevational and latitudinal gradients in species diversity may be mediated by biotic interactions that cause density‐dependent effects of conspecifics on survival or growth to differ from effects of heterospecifics (i.e. conspecific density dependence), but limited evidence exists to support this. We tested the hypothesis that conspecific density dependence varies with elevation using over 40 years of data on tree survival and growth from 23 old‐growth temperate forest stands across a 1,000‐m elevation gradient. We found that conspecific‐density‐dependent effects on survival of small‐to‐intermediate‐sized focal trees were negative in lower elevation, higher diversity forest stands typically characterised by warmer temperatures and greater relative humidity. Conspecific‐density‐dependent effects on survival were less negative in higher elevation stands and ridges than in lower elevation stands and valley bottoms for small‐to‐intermediate‐sized trees, but were neutral for larger trees across elevations. Conspecific‐density‐dependent effects on growth were negative across all tree size classes and elevations. These findings reveal fundamental differences in biotic interactions that may contribute to relationships between species diversity, elevation and climate.

“Farmers Aren’t into the Emotions and Things, Right?”: A Qualitative Exploration of Motivations and Barriers for Mental Health Help-Seeking among Canadian Farmers - Briana N. M. Hagen; Alex Sawatzky; Sherilee L. Harper; Terri L. O’Sullivan; Andria Jones-Bitton (Journal of Agromedicine, 2022)

Host community-wide patterns of post-fledging behavior and survival of obligate brood parasitic brown-headed cowbirds - Todd M. Jones; Thomas J. Benson; Mark E. Hauber; Michael P. Ward (Oecologia, 2022)

Correction to: Effect of protocol on peak power output in continuous incremental cycle exercise tests - Hans Luttikholt; Andrew M. Jones (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2022)

Projecting climate change in South America using variable‐resolution Community Earth System Model: An application to Chile - Nicolas E. Bambach; Alan M. Rhoades; Benjamin J. Hatchett; Andrew D. Jones; Paul A. Ullrich; Colin M. Zarzycki (International Journal of Climatology, 2022)
We introduce variable‐resolution enabled Community Earth System Model (VR‐CESM) results simulating historical and future climate conditions at 28 km over South America and 14 km over the Andes. Three 30‐year simulations are performed: a historic (1985–2014), a near future (2030–2059), and an end‐century (2070–2099) simulation under the RCP8.5 scenario. Historic results compare favourably to several temperature and precipitation reanalysis products, though local biases are present, particularly during austral summer. Future simulations highlight broad warming patterns (+3–6°C by end‐century) and heterogeneous precipitation responses across South America that qualitatively agree with prior modelling efforts. Our results reveal that the interaction between temperature and precipitation changes produce shifts in several Köppen–Geiger climates. Notable changes include the near‐elimination of the Andean Tundra or Alpine climates, a 15% decrease in Tropical Rainforests and a Tropical Savannah expansion of 20%. To provide a regionally focused analysis of projected climate change and to illustrate the benefits of variable resolution modelling, we analyse changes in the magnitude and trend in seasonal and daily temperature and precipitation in Chile. We also examined several metrics [e.g., snow water equivalent (SWE), temperatures on wet days, and days below 0°C] to evaluate potential impacts of climate change on the Chilean cryosphere between the end‐of‐century and historic periods, finding wide‐ranging indications of cryospheric decline. These changes are interpreted through reductions in the timing (1–2.5 months earlier peak SWE) and magnitude (200–1,000 mm SWE decreases) of water stored as snow in the Andes, a 10–30% decrease in number of cool season wet days with temperatures below 1°C, and 50–200 fewer days (annually) with minimum temperatures below 0°C. Our aim in producing a high‐resolution dataset of climate projections from VR‐CESM is to support analyses of climate change throughout South America but especially in vulnerable montane regions and to provide additional results for comparison with previous, ongoing, and upcoming modelling efforts.

Safeguarding marine life: conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems - Delphi Ward; Jessica Melbourne-Thomas; Gretta T. Pecl; Karen Evans; Madeline Green; Phillipa C. McCormack; Camilla Novaglio; Rowan Trebilco; Narissa Bax; Madeleine J. Brasier; Emma L. Cavan; Graham Edgar; et al. (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2022)
Marine ecosystems and their associated biodiversity sustain life on Earth and hold intrinsic value. Critical marine ecosystem services include maintenance of global oxygen and carbon cycles, production of food and energy, and sustenance of human wellbeing. However marine ecosystems are swiftly being degraded due to the unsustainable use of marine environments and a rapidly changing climate. The fundamental challenge for the future is therefore to safeguard marine ecosystem biodiversity, function, and adaptive capacity whilst continuing to provide vital resources for the global population. Here, we use foresighting/hindcasting to consider two plausible futures towards 2030: a business-as-usual trajectory (i.e. continuation of current trends), and a more sustainable but technically achievable future in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. We identify key drivers that differentiate these alternative futures and use these to develop an action pathway towards the desirable, more sustainable future. Key to achieving the more sustainable future will be establishing integrative (i.e. across jurisdictions and sectors), adaptive management that supports equitable and sustainable stewardship of marine environments. Conserving marine ecosystems will require recalibrating our social, financial, and industrial relationships with the marine environment. While a sustainable future requires long-term planning and commitment beyond 2030, immediate action is needed to avoid tipping points and avert trajectories of ecosystem decline. By acting now to optimise management and protection of marine ecosystems, building upon existing technologies, and conserving the remaining biodiversity, we can create the best opportunity for a sustainable future in 2030 and beyond.

Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) and narwhal (Monodon monoceros) echolocation click detection and differentiation from long-term Arctic acoustic recordings - Joshua M. Jones; Kaitlin E. Frasier; Kristin H. Westdal; Alex J. Ootoowak; Sean M. Wiggins; John A. Hildebrand (Polar Biology, 2022)

Distal Humeral Morphology Indicates Locomotory Divergence in Extinct Giant Kangaroos - Billie Jones; Alberto Martín-Serra; Emily J. Rayfield; Christine M. Janis (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2022)
Previous studies of the morphology of the humerus in kangaroos showed that the shape of the proximal humerus could distinguish between arboreal and terrestrial taxa among living mammals, and that the extinct “giant” kangaroos (members of the extinct subfamily Sthenurinae and the extinct macropodine genus Protemnodon ) had divergent humeral anatomies from extant kangaroos. Here, we use 2D geometric morphometrics to capture the shape of the distal humerus in a range of extant and extinct marsupials and obtain similar results: sthenurines have humeral morphologies more similar to arboreal mammals, while large Protemnodon species ( P. brehus and P. anak ) have humeral morphologies more similar to terrestrial quadrupedal mammals. Our results provide further evidence for prior hypotheses: that sthenurines did not employ a locomotor mode that involved loading the forelimbs (likely employing bipedal striding as an alternative to quadrupedal or pentapedal locomotion at slow gaits), and that large Protemnodon species were more reliant on quadrupedal locomotion than their extant relatives. This greater diversity of locomotor modes among large Pleistocene kangaroos echoes studies that show a greater diversity in other aspects of ecology, such as diet and habitat occupancy.

Effect of protocol on peak power output in continuous incremental cycle exercise tests - Hans Luttikholt; Andrew M. Jones (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2022)

Acoustofluidic interferometric device for rapid single-cell physical phenotyping - J. Mejía Morales; P. Glynne-Jones; M. Vassalli; G. L. Lippi (European Biophysics Journal, 2022)

Herbivorous Caterpillars and the Green Leaf Volatile (GLV) Quandary - Anne C. Jones; Tristan M. Cofer; Jurgen Engelberth; James H. Tumlinson (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2022)

Cover Image: Volume 25 Number 3, March 2022 - Joseph A. Tobias; Catherine Sheard; Alex L. Pigot; Adam J. M. Devenish; Jingyi Yang; Ferran Sayol; Montague H. C. Neate‐Clegg; Nico Alioravainen; Thomas L. Weeks; Robert A. Barber; Patrick A. Walkden; Hannah E. A. MacGregor; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2022)

AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds - Joseph A. Tobias; Catherine Sheard; Alex L. Pigot; Adam J. M. Devenish; Jingyi Yang; Ferran Sayol; Montague H. C. Neate‐Clegg; Nico Alioravainen; Thomas L. Weeks; Robert A. Barber; Patrick A. Walkden; Hannah E. A. MacGregor; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2022)
Functional traits offer a rich quantitative framework for developing and testing theories in evolutionary biology, ecology and ecosystem science. However, the potential of functional traits to drive theoretical advances and refine models of global change can only be fully realised when species‐level information is complete. Here we present the AVONET dataset containing comprehensive functional trait data for all birds, including six ecological variables, 11 continuous morphological traits, and information on range size and location. Raw morphological measurements are presented from 90,020 individuals of 11,009 extant bird species sampled from 181 countries. These data are also summarised as species averages in three taxonomic formats, allowing integration with a global phylogeny, geographical range maps, IUCN Red List data and the eBird citizen science database. The AVONET dataset provides the most detailed picture of continuous trait variation for any major radiation of organisms, offering a global template for testing hypotheses and exploring the evolutionary origins, structure and functioning of biodiversity.

The function and regulation of calsequestrin-2: implications in calcium-mediated arrhythmias - Elliot T. Sibbles; Helen M. M. Waddell; Valeria Mereacre; Peter P. Jones; Michelle L. Munro (Biophysical Reviews, 2022)

A genomic and morphometric analysis of alpine bumblebees: Ongoing reductions in tongue length but no clear genetic component - Matthew J. Christmas; Julia C. Jones; Anna Olsson; Ola Wallerman; Ignas Bunikis; Marcin Kierczak; Kaitlyn M. Whitley; Isabel Sullivan; Jennifer C. Geib; Nicole E. Miller‐Struttmann; Matthew T. Webster (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
Over the last six decades, populations of the bumblebees Bombus sylvicola and Bombus balteatus in Colorado have experienced decreases in tongue length, a trait important for plant‐pollinator mutualisms. It has been hypothesized that this observation reflects selection resulting from shifts in floral composition under climate change. Here we used morphometrics and population genomics to determine whether morphological change is ongoing, investigate the genetic basis of morphological variation, and analyse population structure in these populations. We generated a genome assembly of B . balteatus . We then analysed whole‐genome sequencing data and morphometric measurements of 580 samples of both species from seven high‐altitude localities. Out of 281 samples originally identified as B . sylvicola , 67 formed a separate genetic cluster comprising a newly‐discovered cryptic species (“incognitus”). However, an absence of genetic structure within species suggests that gene flow is common between mountains. We found a significant decrease in tongue length between bees collected between 2012–2014 and in 2017, indicating that morphological shifts are ongoing. We did not discover any genetic associations with tongue length, but a SNP related to production of a proteolytic digestive enzyme was implicated in body size variation. We identified evidence of covariance between kinship and both tongue length and body size, which is suggestive of a genetic component of these traits, although it is possible that shared environmental effects between colonies are responsible. Our results provide evidence for ongoing modification of a morphological trait important for pollination and indicate that this trait probably has a complex genetic and environmental basis.

Neanderthal palaeoecology in the late Middle Palaeolithic of western Iberia: a stable isotope analysis of ungulate teeth from Lapa do Picareiro (Portugal) - Milena Carvalho; Emily Lena Jones; M. Grace Ellis; João Cascalheira; Nuno Bicho; David Meiggs; Michael Benedetti; Lukas Friedl; Jonathan Haws (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2022)
Adaptation to Late Pleistocene climate change is an oft‐cited potential contributor to Neanderthal disappearance in Eurasia. Accordingly, research on Neanderthal behaviour – including subsistence strategies, mobility, lithic technology, raw material procurement and demography – often focuses on linking changes observable in the archaeological record to specific phases of climate and environmental change. However, these correspondences are often tenuous because palaeoclimatic and archaeological records are rarely available on the same scale. In Iberia, a critical location for understanding the demise of Neanderthals, some research indicates that Neanderthal populations were unable to recover from environmental degradations known as Heinrich Events, while other studies suggest that enclaves of Neanderthal populations survived for several millennia longer in refugial zones. Here, we present a palaeoenvironmental reconstruction study using analysis of δ 13 C and δ 18 O of herbivore tooth enamel recovered from two Mousterian deposits at Lapa do Picareiro, a site located in Portuguese Estremadura. We then use these data, combined with other site‐based palaeoenvironmental indicators, to assess whether central Portugal acted as a refugium during periods of unfavourable climate, and to test whether Neanderthals in Portuguese Estremadura reorganised their mobility strategies after severe climate episodes.

Setting priorities for climate change adaptation of Critical Sites in the Africa‐Eurasian waterbird flyways - Frank T. Breiner; Mira Anand; Stuart H. M. Butchart; Martina Flörke; Etienne Fluet‐Chouinard; Antoine Guisan; Lammert Hilarides; Victoria R. Jones; Mikhail Kalyakin; Bernhard Lehner; Merijn van Leeuwen; James W. Pearce‐Higgins; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Despite their importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, wetlands are among the most threatened ecosystems globally. The conservation of many migratory waterbirds depends on the conservation of a network of key sites along their flyways. However, the suitability of these sites is changing under climate change, and it is important that management of individual sites in the network adapts to these changes. Using bioclimatic models that also account for changes in inundation, we found that projected climate change will reduce habitat suitability for waterbirds at 57.5% of existing Critical Sites within Africa‐Eurasia, varying from 20.1% in Eastern Europe to 87.0% in Africa. African and Middle East sites are particularly threatened, comprising 71 of the 100 most vulnerable sites. By highlighting priority sites for conservation and classifying Critical Sites into Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (CCAS) classes, our results can be used to support the climate change adaptation of both individual sites and the entire site network.

Parasites as conservation tools - Roderick B. Gagne; Kevin R. Crooks; Meggan E. Craft; Elliott S. Chiu; Nicholas M. Fountain‐Jones; Jennifer L. Malmberg; Scott Carver; W. Chris Funk; Sue VandeWoude (Conservation Biology, 2022)
Parasite success typically depends on a close relationship with one or more hosts; therefore, attributes of parasitic infection have the potential to provide indirect details of host natural history and are biologically relevant to animal conservation. Characterization of parasite infections has been useful in delineating host populations and has served as a proxy for assessment of environmental quality. In other cases, the utility of parasites is just being explored, for example, as indicators of host connectivity. Innovative studies of parasite biology can provide information to manage major conservation threats by using parasite assemblage, prevalence, or genetic data to provide insights into the host. Overexploitation, habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, and climate change are major threats to animal conservation, and all of these can be informed by parasites.

Targeting Tau Mitigates Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Oxidative Stress in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Tiziana Petrozziello; Evan A. Bordt; Alexandra N. Mills; Spencer E. Kim; Ellen Sapp; Benjamin A. Devlin; Abigail A. Obeng-Marnu; Sali M. K. Farhan; Ana C. Amaral; Simon Dujardin; Patrick M. Dooley; Christopher Henstridge; et al. (Molecular Neurobiology, 2022)

Common, low-frequency, rare, and ultra-rare coding variants contribute to COVID-19 severity - Chiara Fallerini; Nicola Picchiotti; Margherita Baldassarri; Kristina Zguro; Sergio Daga; Francesca Fava; Elisa Benetti; Sara Amitrano; Mirella Bruttini; Maria Palmieri; Susanna Croci; Mirjam Lista; et al. (Human Genetics, 2022)
The combined impact of common and rare exonic variants in COVID-19 host genetics is currently insufficiently understood. Here, common and rare variants from whole-exome sequencing data of about 4000 SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals were used to define an interpretable machine-learning model for predicting COVID-19 severity. First, variants were converted into separate sets of Boolean features, depending on the absence or the presence of variants in each gene. An ensemble of LASSO logistic regression models was used to identify the most informative Boolean features with respect to the genetic bases of severity. The Boolean features selected by these logistic models were combined into an Integrated PolyGenic Score that offers a synthetic and interpretable index for describing the contribution of host genetics in COVID-19 severity, as demonstrated through testing in several independent cohorts. Selected features belong to ultra-rare, rare, low-frequency, and common variants, including those in linkage disequilibrium with known GWAS loci. Noteworthily, around one quarter of the selected genes are sex-specific. Pathway analysis of the selected genes associated with COVID-19 severity reflected the multi-organ nature of the disease. The proposed model might provide useful information for developing diagnostics and therapeutics, while also being able to guide bedside disease management.

Transcriptomic analysis of changes in Citrus × microcarpa gene expression post Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri infection - Anuj Sharma; Christopher M. Ference; Deepak Shantharaj; Elizabeth A. Baldwin; John A. Manthey; Jeffrey B. Jones (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2022)

The Presence of Denitrifiers In Bacterial Communities of Urban Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) - Natalie C. Hall; Masoumeh Sikaroodi; Dianna Hogan; R. Christian Jones; Patrick M. Gillevet (Environmental Management, 2022)
Stormwater best management practices (BMPs) are engineered structures that attempt to mitigate the impacts of stormwater, which can include nitrogen inputs from the surrounding drainage area. The goal of this study was to assess bacterial community composition in different types of stormwater BMP soils to establish whether a particular BMP type harbors more denitrification potential. Soil sampling took place over the summer of 2015 following precipitation events. Soils were sampled from four bioretention facilities, four dry ponds, four surface sand filters, and one dry swale. 16S rRNA gene analysis of extracted DNA and RNA amplicons indicated high bacterial diversity in the soils of all BMP types sampled. An abundance of denitrifiers was also indicated in the extracted DNA using presence/absence of nirS, nirK , and nosZ denitrification genes. BMP soil bacterial communities were impacted by the surrounding soil physiochemistry. Based on the identification of a metabolically-active community of denitrifiers, this study has indicated that denitrification could potentially occur under appropriate conditions in all types of BMP sampled, including surface sand filters that are often viewed as providing low potential for denitrification. The carbon content of incoming stormwater could be providing bacterial communities with denitrification conditions. The findings of this study are especially relevant for land managers in watersheds with legacy nitrogen from former agricultural land use.

Differences in breast cancer-risk factors between screen-detected and non-screen-detected cases (MCC-Spain study) - Marta Hernández-García; Ana Molina-Barceló; Mercedes Vanaclocha-Espi; Óscar Zurriaga; Beatriz Pérez-Gómez; Nuria Aragonés; Pilar Amiano; Jone M. Altzibar; Gemma Castaño-Vinyals; María Sala; María Ederra; Vicente Martín; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2022)
Purpose The variation in breast cancer (BC)-risk factor associations between screen-detected (SD) and non-screen-detected (NSD) tumors has been poorly studied, despite the interest of this aspect in risk assessment and prevention. This study analyzes the differences in breast cancer-risk factor associations according to detection method and tumor phenotype in Spanish women aged between 50 and 69. Methods We examined 900 BC cases and 896 controls aged between 50 and 69, recruited in the multicase–control MCC-Spain study. With regard to the cases, 460 were detected by screening mammography, whereas 144 were diagnosed by other means. By tumor phenotype, 591 were HR+, 153 were HER2+, and 58 were TN. Lifestyle, reproductive factors, family history of BC, and tumor characteristics were analyzed. Logistic regression models were used to compare cases vs. controls and SD vs. NSD cases. Multinomial regression models (controls used as a reference) were adjusted for case analysis according to phenotype and detection method. Results TN was associated with a lower risk of SD BC (OR 0.30 IC 0.10–0.89), as were intermediate (OR 0.18 IC 0.07–0.44) and advanced stages at diagnosis (OR 0.11 IC 0.03–0.34). Nulliparity in postmenopausal women and age at menopause were related to an increased risk of SD BC (OR 1.60 IC 1.08–2.36; OR 1.48 IC 1.09–2.00, respectively). Nulliparity in postmenopausal women was associated with a higher risk of HR+ (OR 1.66 IC 1.15–2.40). Age at menopause was related to a greater risk of HR+ (OR 1.60 IC 1.22–2.11) and HER2+ (OR 1.59 IC 1.03–2.45) tumors. Conclusion Reproductive risk factors are associated with SD BC, as are HR+ tumors. Differences in BC-risk factor associations according to detection method may be related to prevailing phenotypes among categories.

Approach to screening for Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) in a cohort of 226 patients with Desmoid-type Fibromatosis (DF): experience of a specialist center in the UK - E. Cojocaru; S. Gennatas; K. Thway; C. Fisher; A. Smrke; D. Strauss; A. Hayes; M. Smith; R. L. Jones; C. Benson; T. P. McVeigh (Familial Cancer, 2022)

How do we study birds in urban settings? A systematic review - Carly E. Campbell; Darryl N. Jones; Monica Awasthy; Alienor L. M. Chauvenet (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2022)

Extreme winds and fire weather in coastal Santa Barbara County, CA : An observational analysis - Katelyn Zigner; Leila M. V. Carvalho; Charles Jones; Gert‐Jan Duine (International Journal of Climatology, 2022)
Coastal Santa Barbara (SB) County in Southern California, characterized by a Mediterranean climate and complex topography, is a region prone to downslope windstorms that create critical fire weather conditions and rapidly spread wildfires. The Santa Ynez Mountains, oriented from east to west, rise abruptly from the coast, separating air masses from the ocean and the Santa Ynez Valley. The juxtaposition of these geographic features generates spatiotemporally variable wind regimes. This study analyzes diurnal‐to‐seasonal wind cycles and extremes in this region using hourly data from eight weather stations and four buoys for the period 1998–2019. Data from a vertical wind profiler at the Santa Barbara airport in Goleta, CA was extracted from August 2016 to September 2020. Air temperature, dew point temperature, and the Fosberg fire weather index are examined at land stations. We show that cycles in wind speed vary spatiotemporally; mountain (valley and coastal) stations exhibit a pronounced semiannual (annual) cycle, and wind maxima is observed during the evening (afternoon) at mountain (valley and coastal) stations. Differences in wind speed percentiles were evident among stations, particularly at and above the 75th percentile. Strong winds recorded at buoys were significantly correlated (between r = 0.3–0.5) to land stations. However, cross‐correlational analysis did not reveal any temporal lags between mountain stations and buoys. Distributions of temperature and dew point during extreme winds differed between east and west mountain stations. Significant fire weather conditions were most frequent at mountain stations in Refugio and Montecito, with 5% occurrence in the spring and over 3% occurrence in fall. Weaker summertime winds lowered fire weather conditions at Montecito in the summer.

Shifting stoichiometry: Long‐term trends in stream‐dissolved organic matter reveal altered C:N ratios due to history of atmospheric acid deposition - Bianca M. Rodríguez‐Cardona; Adam S. Wymore; Alba Argerich; Rebecca T. Barnes; Susana Bernal; E. N. Jack Brookshire; Ashley A. Coble; Walter K. Dodds; Hannah M. Fazekas; Ashley M. Helton; Penny J. Johnes; Sherri L. Johnson; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) are important energy and nutrient sources for aquatic ecosystems. In many northern temperate, freshwater systems DOC has increased in the past 50 years. Less is known about how changes in DOC may vary across latitudes, and whether changes in DON track those of DOC. Here, we present long‐term DOC and DON data from 74 streams distributed across seven sites in biomes ranging from the tropics to northern boreal forests with varying histories of atmospheric acid deposition. For each stream, we examined the temporal trends of DOC and DON concentrations and DOC:DON molar ratios. While some sites displayed consistent positive or negative trends in stream DOC and DON concentrations, changes in direction or magnitude were inconsistent at regional or local scales. DON trends did not always track those of DOC, though DOC:DON ratios increased over time for ~30% of streams. Our results indicate that the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool is experiencing fundamental changes due to the recovery from atmospheric acid deposition. Changes in DOC:DON stoichiometry point to a shifting energy‐nutrient balance in many aquatic ecosystems. Sustained changes in the character of DOM can have major implications for stream metabolism, biogeochemical processes, food webs, and drinking water quality (including disinfection by‐products). Understanding regional and global variation in DOC and DON concentrations is important for developing realistic models and watershed management protocols to effectively target mitigation efforts aimed at bringing DOM flux and nutrient enrichment under control.

Anterior nasal versus nasal mid-turbinate sampling for a SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test: does localisation or professional collection matter? - Olga Nikolai; Chiara Rohardt; Frank Tobian; Andrea Junge; Victor M. Corman; Terry C. Jones; Mary Gaeddert; Federica Lainati; Jilian A. Sacks; Joachim Seybold; Frank P. Mockenhaupt; Claudia M. Denkinger; et al. (Infectious Diseases, 2021)

Using molecular gut content analysis to identify key predators in a classical weed biological control system: a study with Neomusotima conspurcatalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) - Ian M. Jones; Paul T. Madeira; J. Zizah Blair; Ellen C. Lake (BioControl, 2021)

Guiding principles for rewilding - Steve Carver; Ian Convery; Sally Hawkins; Rene Beyers; Adam Eagle; Zoltan Kun; Erwin Van Maanen; Yue Cao; Mark Fisher; Stephen R. Edwards; Cara Nelson; George D. Gann; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2021)
There has been much recent interest in the concept of rewilding as a tool for nature conservation, but also confusion over the idea, which has limited its utility. We developed a unifying definition and 10 guiding principles for rewilding through a survey of 59 rewilding experts, a summary of key organizations’ rewilding visions, and workshops involving over 100 participants from around the world. The guiding principles convey that rewilding exits on a continuum of scale, connectivity, and level of human influence and aims to restore ecosystem structure and functions to achieve a self‐sustaining autonomous nature. These principles clarify the concept of rewilding and improve its effectiveness as a tool to achieve global conservation targets, including those of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Finally, we suggest differences in rewilding perspectives lie largely in the extent to which it is seen as achievable and in specific interventions. An understanding of the context of rewilding projects is the key to success, and careful site‐specific interpretations will help achieve the aims of rewilding.

Underwater Light Characteristics of Turbid Coral Reefs of the Inner Central Great Barrier Reef - Ross Jones; Mari-Carmen Pineda; Heidi M. Luter; Rebecca Fisher; David Francis; Wojciech Klonowski; Matthew Slivkoff (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Hyper-spectral and multi-spectral light sensors were used to examine the effects of elevated suspended sediment concentration (SSC) on the quantity and quality (spectral changes) of underwater downwelling irradiance in the turbid-zone coral reef communities of the inner, central Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Under elevated SSCs the shorter blue wavelengths were preferentially attenuated which together with attenuation of longer red wavelengths by pure water shifted the peak in the underwater irradiance spectrum ~100 nm to the less photosynthetically useful green-yellow waveband (peaking at ~575 nm). The spectral changes were attributed to mineral and detrital content of the terrestrially-derived coastal sediments as opposed to chromophoric (coloured) dissolved organic matter (CDOM). A simple blue to green (B/G, λ455:555 nm) ratio was shown to be useful in detecting sediment (turbidity) related decreases in underwater light as opposed to those associated with clouds which acted as neutral density filters. From a series of vertical profiles through turbid water, a simple, multiple component empirical optical model was developed that could accurately predict the light reduction and associated spectral changes as a function of SSC and water depth for a turbid-zone coral reef community of the inner GBR. The relationship was used to assess the response of a light sensitive coral, Pocillopora verrucosa in a 28-d exposure laboratory-based exposure study to a daily light integral of 1 or 6 mol quanta m 2 . PAR with either a broad spectrum or a green-yellow shifted spectrum. Light reduction resulted in a loss of the algal symbionts (zooxanthellae) of the corals (bleaching) and significant reduction in growth and lipid content. The 6 mol quanta m 2 d −1 PAR treatment with a green-yellow spectrum also resulted in a reduction in the algal density, Chl a content per cm 2 , lipids and growth compared to the same PAR daily light integral under a broad spectrum. Turbid zone coral reef communities are naturally light limited and given the frequency of sediment resuspension events that occur, spectral shifts are a common and previously unrecognised circumstance. Dedicated underwater light monitoring programs and further assessment of the spectral shifts by suspended sediments are essential for contextualising and further understanding the risk of enhanced sediment run-off to the inshore turbid water communities.

Steady-state $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ above MLSS: evidence that critical speed better represents maximal metabolic steady state in well-trained runners - Rebekah J. Nixon; Sascha H. Kranen; Anni Vanhatalo; Andrew M. Jones (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2021)
The metabolic boundary separating the heavy-intensity and severe-intensity exercise domains is of scientific and practical interest but there is controversy concerning whether the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) or critical power (synonymous with critical speed, CS) better represents this boundary. We measured the running speeds at MLSS and CS and investigated their ability to discriminate speeds at which $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 was stable over time from speeds at which a steady-state $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 could not be established. Ten well-trained male distance runners completed 9–12 constant-speed treadmill tests, including 3–5 runs of up to 30-min duration for the assessment of MLSS and at least 4 runs performed to the limit of tolerance for assessment of CS. The running speeds at CS and MLSS were significantly different (16.4 ± 1.3 vs. 15.2 ± 0.9 km/h, respectively; P < 0.001). Blood lactate concentration was higher and increased with time at a speed 0.5 km/h higher than MLSS compared to MLSS ( P < 0.01); however, pulmonary $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 did not change significantly between 10 and 30 min at either MLSS or MLSS + 0.5 km/h. In contrast, $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 increased significantly over time and reached $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\,\,\max }$$ V ˙ O 2 max at end-exercise at a speed ~ 0.4 km/h above CS ( P < 0.05) but remained stable at a speed ~ 0.5 km/h below CS. The stability of $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 at a speed exceeding MLSS suggests that MLSS underestimates the maximal metabolic steady state. These results indicate that CS more closely represents the maximal metabolic steady state when the latter is appropriately defined according to the ability to stabilise pulmonary $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 .

Untangling local and remote influences in two major petrel habitats in the oligotrophic Southern Ocean - Daniel C. Jones; Filipe R. Ceia; Eugene Murphy; Karine Delord; Robert W. Furness; Ariane Verdy; Matthew Mazloff; Richard A. Phillips; Paul M. Sagar; Jean‐Baptiste Sallée; Ben Schreiber; David R. Thompson; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Ocean circulation connects geographically distinct ecosystems across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales via exchanges of physical and biogeochemical properties. Remote oceanographic processes can be especially important for ecosystems in the Southern Ocean, where the Antarctic Circumpolar Current transports properties across ocean basins through both advection and mixing. Recent tracking studies have indicated the existence of two large‐scale, open ocean habitats in the Southern Ocean used by grey petrels ( Procellaria cinerea ) from two populations (i.e., Kerguelen and Antipodes islands) during their nonbreeding season for extended periods during austral summer (i.e., October to February). In this work, we use a novel combination of large‐scale oceanographic observations, surface drifter data, satellite‐derived primary productivity, numerical adjoint sensitivity experiments, and output from a biogeochemical state estimate to examine local and remote influences on these grey petrel habitats. Our aim is to understand the oceanographic features that control these isolated foraging areas and to evaluate their ecological value as oligotrophic open ocean habitats. We estimate the minimum local primary productivity required to support these populations to be much

Patterns of Consumption Across a Caribbean Seascape: Roles of Habitat and Consumer Species Composition Through Time - Carmen J. Ritter; Leah M. Harper; Jonathan S. Lefcheck; Valerie J. Paul; Ross Whippo; Scott Jones; Matthew B. Ogburn; J. Emmett Duffy (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Herbivores, omnivores, and predators transfer energy and structure the communities of many coastal marine ecosystems, and the intensity with which they consume prey and contribute to ecosystem functioning varies substantially among habitats over short time periods. Whether generalities across habitats might emerge for longer time series and using standard methods remains largely untested. Here, we deployed standardized assays of consumption using dried squid (“squidpops”) and five common macrophytes (“weedpops”) to quantify consumption across coral fore reef and patch reefs, mangroves, seagrass meadows, and bare sand from 2015 to 2019 around Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. We also used video in 2017 to identify the species responsible for consumption. We found that both squid- and weedpop consumption were consistently highest on patch and fore reef habitats, moderate in mangroves, and lowest in seagrass and sand across all years of the survey. Videos showed that the majority of consumption on the reefs in 2017 could be attributed to < 5 fish species, and the identity of the dominant consumers differed among habitats. This study validates a key but implicit assumption in marine ecology that relative patterns in consumption across habitats are consistent through space and time in tropical nearshore environments, and reveals that high consumption rates may be the consequence of one or few species in each location.

High-throughput amplicon sequencing of fungi and microbial eukaryotes associated with the seagrass Halophila stipulacea (Forssk.) Asch. from Al-Leith mangroves, Saudi Arabia - Mohamed A. Abdel-Wahab; Ali H. Bahkali; Abdallah M. Elgorban; E. B. Gareth Jones (Mycological Progress, 2021)

Ocean resurge-induced impact melt dynamics on the peak-ring of the Chicxulub impact structure, Mexico - Felix M. Schulte; Axel Wittmann; Stefan Jung; Joanna V. Morgan; Sean P. S. Gulick; David A. Kring; Richard A. F. Grieve; Gordon R. Osinski; Ulrich Riller; S. P. S. Gulick; J. V. Morgan; T. J. Bralower; et al. (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2021)
Core from Hole M0077 from IODP/ICDP Expedition 364 provides unprecedented evidence for the physical processes in effect during the interaction of impact melt with rock-debris-laden seawater, following a large meteorite impact into waters of the Yucatán shelf. Evidence for this interaction is based on petrographic, microstructural and chemical examination of the 46.37-m-thick impact melt rock sequence, which overlies shocked granitoid target rock of the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact structure. The melt rock sequence consists of two visually distinct phases, one is black and the other is green in colour. The black phase is aphanitic and trachyandesitic in composition and similar to melt rock from other sites within the impact structure. The green phase consists chiefly of clay minerals and sparitic calcite, which likely formed from a solidified water–rock debris mixture under hydrothermal conditions. We suggest that the layering and internal structure of the melt rock sequence resulted from a single process, i.e., violent contact of initially superheated silicate impact melt with the ocean resurge-induced water–rock mixture overriding the impact melt. Differences in density, temperature, viscosity, and velocity of this mixture and impact melt triggered Kelvin–Helmholtz and Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities at their phase boundary. As a consequence, shearing at the boundary perturbed and, thus, mingled both immiscible phases, and was accompanied by phreatomagmatic processes. These processes led to the brecciation at the top of the impact melt rock sequence. Quenching of this breccia by the seawater prevented reworking of the solidified breccia layers upon subsequent deposition of suevite. Solid-state deformation, notably in the uppermost brecciated impact melt rock layers, attests to long-term gravitational settling of the peak ring.

Evidence that geographic variation in genetic ancestry associates with uterine fibroids - Jacob M. Keaton; Elizabeth A. Jasper; Jacklyn N. Hellwege; Sarah H. Jones; Eric S. Torstenson; Todd L. Edwards; Digna R. Velez Edwards (Human Genetics, 2021)

Genetic differences in ethanol consumption: effects on iron, copper, and zinc regulation in mouse hippocampus - Byron C. Jones; Keith M. Erikson; Megan K. Mulligan; Carolina Torres-Rojas; Wenyuan Zhao; Daming Zhuang; Lu Lu; Robert W. Williams (BioMetals, 2021)

The ecology and bioactivity of some Greco-Roman medicinal minerals: the case of Melos earth pigments - C. W. Knapp; G. E. Christidis; D. Venieri; I. Gounaki; J. Gibney-Vamvakari; M. Stillings; E. Photos-Jones (Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2021)
Mineral compounds, as pigments and therapeutics, appeared regularly in the technical and medical texts of the Greco-Roman (G-R) world. We have referred to them as ‘G-R medicinal minerals’ and we suggest that despite their seeming familiarity, there are actually many unknowns regarding their precise nature and/or purported pharmacological attributes. Earth pigments are part of that group. This paper presents a brief overview of our work over the past twenty years relating to: a. the attempt to locate a select number of them in the places of their origin; b. their chemical/mineralogical characterization; c. the study of their ecology via the identification of the microorganisms surrounding them; d. their testing as antibacterials against known pathogens. In the process, and to fulfil the above, we have developed a novel methodological approach which includes a range of analytical techniques used across many disciplines (mineralogy, geochemistry, DNA extraction and microbiology). This paper focuses on a select number of earth pigments deriving from the island of Melos in the SW Aegean, celebrated in antiquity for its Melian Earth , a white pigment, and asks whether they might display antibacterial activity. We demonstrate that some (but not all) yellow, green and black earth pigments do. We also show that the manner in which they were dispensed (as powders or leachates) was equally important. The results, although preliminary, are informative. Given their use since deep time, earth pigments have never lost their relevance. We suggest that the study of their ecology/mineralogy and potential bioactivity allows for a better understanding of how our perception of them, as both pigments and therapeutics, may have evolved.

Increased mortality of tropical tree seedlings during the extreme 2015–16 El Niño - Luke Browne; Lars Markesteijn; Bettina M. J. Engelbrecht; F. Andrew Jones; Owen T. Lewis; Eric Manzané‐Pinzón; S. Joseph Wright; Liza S. Comita (Global Change Biology, 2021)
As extreme climate events are predicted to become more frequent because of global climate change, understanding their impacts on natural systems is crucial. Tropical forests are vulnerable to droughts associated with extreme El Niño events. However, little is known about how tropical seedling communities respond to El Niño–related droughts, even though patterns of seedling survival shape future forest structure and diversity. Using long‐term data from eight tropical moist forests spanning a rainfall gradient in central Panama, we show that community‐wide seedling mortality increased by 11% during the extreme 2015–16 El Niño, with mortality increasing most in drought‐sensitive species and in wetter forests. These results indicate that severe El Niño–related droughts influence understory dynamics in tropical forests, with effects varying both within and across sites. Our findings suggest that predicted increases in the frequency of extreme El Niño events will alter tropical plant communities through their effects on early life stages.

Need for speed: bacterial effector XopJ2 is associated with increased dispersal velocity of Xanthomonas perforans - Anuj Sharma; Sujan Timilsina; Peter Abrahamian; Gerald V. Minsavage; James Colee; Peter S. Ojiambo; Erica M. Goss; Gary E. Vallad; Jeffrey B. Jones (Environmental Microbiology, 2021)
Summary Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas perforans ( Xp ) is an economically important disease in tomato. Previous studies have shown that the recently isolated Xp strains have acquired and retained the effector gene, xopJ2 , which has been reported to increase fitness of the pathogen in the field. To elucidate the fitness benefit of xopJ2 , we quantified the effect of xopJ2 on the dispersal and evolution of Xp populations on tomato. We compared movement of two wild‐type Xp strains expressing xopJ2 to their respective xopJ2 mutants when co‐inoculated in the field. We developed a binary logistic model to predict the presence of Xp over spatial and temporal dimensions with or without xopJ2 . Based on the model, wild‐type bacteria were dispersed approximately three times faster than the xopJ2 mutants. In a simulation experiment, the selective advantage due to increased dispersal velocity led to an increase in the frequency of xopJ2 gene in the Xp population and its apparent fixation within 10 to 12 cropping seasons of the tomato crop. Our results show that the presence of a single gene can affect the dispersal of a bacterial pathogen and significantly alter its population dynamics.

Depositional Setting and Cementation Pattern of Al-Mejarma Beachrocks, Saudi Arabia: A Proxy for the Late Quaternary Red Sea Coastal Evolution - Ibrahim M. Ghandour; Hamad A. Al-Washmi; Athar A. Khan; Ammar A. Mannaa; Mohammed H. Aljahdali; Brian G. Jones (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2021)
This study utilizes lithofacies characteristics, petrographic, XRD, and stable isotope data of Al-Mejarma beachrocks, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, to interpret its depositional setting, origin of cement, and coastal evolution. The beachrock is 1.15 m thick, medium to very coarse-grained sandstone with scattered granules. It shows massive to graded bedding, horizontal, ripple, and shore parallel to slightly oblique planar cross-laminations, with a remarkable absence of bioturbation. It was deposited by shore-parallel longshore currents in a relatively high-energy beach environment. The framework comprises quartz, feldspars, and lithic fragments admixed with biogenic remains of algae, mollusca, foraminifera, corals, and echinoids. They are cemented by high magnesium calcite in the form of isopachous rims and pore-filling blades, and rarely, as a meniscus bridge. The mean values of δ18OVPDB and δ13CVPDB are 0.44‰ and 3.65‰, respectively, suggesting a seawater origin for the cement. The framework composition, facies geometry, and association with back-barrier lagoon impose a deposition as a shoreface-beach barrier through two stages corresponding to the middle and late Holocene. The first stage attests landward migrating sediment accumulation and rapid marine cementation. The sediments stored offshore during the early and middle Holocene humid periods migrated landward from offshore and alongshore by onshore waves and longshore drift during the middle and late Holocene sea-level highstand. They were cemented to form beachrock and subsequently emerged as the late Holocene sea-level fell.

Non-native brittle star interactions with native octocoral epizoites: an endemic benthic ctenophore in peril? - Peter W. Glynn; Brian Coffman; Kyle Dettloff; Joshua Dominguez; Phillip R. Gillette; Nicholas Martinez; Nicholas P. Jones; Bernhard M. Riegl (Marine Biology, 2021)

Genetic analyses of gynecological disease identify genetic relationships between uterine fibroids and endometrial cancer, and a novel endometrial cancer genetic risk region at the WNT4 1p36.12 locus - Pik Fang Kho; Sally Mortlock; Frederic Amant; Daniela Annibali; Katie Ashton; John Attia; Paul L. Auer; Matthias W. Beckmann; Amanda Black; Louise Brinton; Daniel D. Buchanan; Stephen J. Chanock; et al. (Human Genetics, 2021)

The Mouths of Estuaries Are Key Transition Zones that Concentrate the Ecological Effects of Predators - Tyson R. Jones; Christopher J. Henderson; Andrew D. Olds; Rod M. Connolly; Thomas A. Schlacher; Brandon J. Hourigan; Lucy A. Goodridge Gaines; Ben L. Gilby (Estuaries and Coasts, 2021)

Pyrosilviculture Needed for Landscape Resilience of Dry Western United States Forests - M P North; R A York; B M Collins; M D Hurteau; G M Jones; E E Knapp; L Kobziar; H McCann; M D Meyer; S L Stephens; R E Tompkins; C L Tubbesing (Journal of Forestry, 2021)
A significant increase in treatment pace and scale is needed to restore dry western US forest resilience owing to increasingly frequent and severe wildfire and drought. We propose a pyrosilviculture approach to directly increase large-scale fire use and modify current thinning treatments to optimize future fire incorporation. Recommendations include leveraging wildfire’s “treatment” in areas burned at low and moderate severity with subsequent pyrosilviculture management, identifying managed wildfire zones, and facilitating and financing prescribed fire with “anchor,” “ecosystem asset,” and “revenue” focused thinning treatments. Pyrosilviculture would also expand prescribed-burn and managed-wildfire objectives to include reducing stand density, increasing forest heterogeneity, and selecting for tree species and phenotypes better adapted to changing climate and disturbance regimes. The potential benefits and limitations of this approach are discussed. Fire is inevitable in dry western US forests and pyrosilviculture focuses on proactively shifting more of that fire into managed large-scale burns needed to restore ecosystem resilience.

Parasitic cowbird development up to fledging and subsequent post-fledging survival reflect life history variation found across host species - Todd M. Jones; Michael P. Ward (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2021)

Has an invasive lizard lost its antipredator behaviours following 40 generations of isolation from snake predators? - Annalise C. Naimo; Cameron Jones; David G. Chapple; Bob B. M. Wong (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2021)

Airborne sub-pollen particles from rupturing giant ragweed pollen - Elizabeth A. Stone; Chamari B. A. Mampage; Dagen D. Hughes; Lillian M. Jones (Aerobiologia, 2021)
Ragweed pollen is a prevalent allergen in late summer and autumn, worsening seasonal allergic rhinitis and asthma symptoms. In the atmosphere, pollen can osmotically rupture to produce sub-pollen particles (SPP). Because of their smaller size, SPP can penetrate deeper into the respiratory tract than intact pollen grains and may trigger severe cases of asthma. Here we characterize airborne SPP forming from rupturing giant ragweed ( Ambrosia trifida ) pollen for the first time, using scanning electron microscopy and single-particle fluorescence spectroscopy. SPP ranged in diameter from 20 nm to 6.5 μm. Most SPP are capable of penetrating into the lower respiratory tract, with 82% of SPP $${n}_{f}$$ n f ) based upon the principle of mass conservation. We estimate that one giant ragweed pollen grain generates 1400 SPP across the observed size range. The new measurements and method presented herein support more accurate predictions of SPP occurrence, concentration, and air quality impacts that can help to reduce the health burden of allergic airway diseases. Graphic abstract Rupturing ragweed pollen releasing cellular components (right), viewed by an inverted light microscope.

Benthic iron flux influenced by climate‐sensitive interplay between organic carbon availability and sedimentation rate in Arctic fjords - Lisa C. Herbert; Qingzhi Zhu; Alexander B. Michaud; Katja Laufer‐Meiser; Christopher K. Jones; Natascha Riedinger; Zachery S. Stooksbury; Robert C. Aller; Bo Barker Jørgensen; Laura M. Wehrmann (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
Benthic iron (Fe) fluxes from continental shelf sediments are an important source of Fe to the global ocean, yet the magnitude of these fluxes is not well constrained. Processing of Fe in sediments is of particular importance in the Arctic Ocean, which has a large shelf area and Fe limitation of primary productivity. In the Arctic fjords of Svalbard, glacial weathering delivers high volumes of Fe‐rich sediment to the fjord benthos. Benthic redox cycling of Fe proceeds through multiple pathways of reduction (i.e., dissimilatory iron reduction and reduction by hydrogen sulfide) and re‐oxidation. There are few estimates of the magnitude and controlling factors of the benthic Fe flux in Arctic fjords. We collected cores from two Svalbard fjords (Kongsfjorden and Lilliehöökfjorden), measured dissolved Fe 2+ concentrations using a two‐dimensional sensor, and analyzed iron, manganese, carbon, and sulfur species to study benthic Fe fluxes. Benthic fluxes of Fe 2+ vary throughout the fjords, with a “sweet spot” mid‐fjord controlled by the availability of organic carbon linked to sedimentation rates. The flux is also impacted by fjord circulation and sea ice cover, which influence overall mineralization rates in the sediment. Due to ongoing Arctic warming, we predict an increase in the benthic Fe 2+ flux with reduced sea ice cover in some fjords and a decrease in the Fe 2+ flux with the retreat of tidewater glaciers in other regions. Decreasing benthic Fe 2+ fluxes in fjords may exacerbate Fe limitation of primary productivity in the Arctic Ocean.

Physical enrichment research for captive fish: Time to focus on the DETAILS - Nick A. R. Jones; Mike M. Webster; Anne Gro Vea Salvanes (Journal of Fish Biology, 2021)
Growing research effort has shown that physical enrichment (PE) can improve fish welfare and research validity. However, the inclusion of PE does not always result in positive effects and conflicting findings have highlighted the many nuances involved. Effects are known to depend on species and life stage tested, but effects may also vary with differences in the specific items used as enrichment between and within studies. Reporting fine‐scale characteristics of items used as enrichment in studies may help to reveal these factors. We conducted a survey of PE‐focused studies published in the last 5 years to examine the current state of methodological reporting. The survey results suggest that some aspects of enrichment are not adequately detailed. For example, the amount and dimensions of objects used as enrichment were frequently omitted. Similarly, the ecological relevance, or other justification, for enrichment items was frequently not made explicit. Focusing on ecologically relevant aspects of PE and increasing the level of detail reported in studies may benefit future work and we propose a framework with the acronym DETAILS ( D imensions, E cological rationale, T iming of enrichment, A mount, I nputs, L ighting and S ocial environment). We outline the potential importance of each of the elements of this framework with the hope it may aid in the level of reporting and standardization across studies, ultimately aiding the search for more beneficial types of PE and the development of our understanding and ability to improve the welfare of captive fish and promote more biologically relevant behaviour.

Proteomics insights into the Burkholderia cenocepacia phosphorus stress response - Holly Shropshire; Rebekah A. Jones; María M. Aguilo‐Ferretjans; David J. Scanlan; Yin Chen (Environmental Microbiology, 2021)
Summary The Burkholderia cepacia complex is a group of Burkholderia species that are opportunistic pathogens causing high mortality rates in patients with cystic fibrosis. An environmental stress often encountered by these soil‐dwelling and pathogenic bacteria is phosphorus limitation, an essential element for cellular processes. Here, we describe cellular and extracellular proteins differentially regulated between phosphate‐deplete (0 mM, no added phosphate) and phosphate‐replete (1 mM) growth conditions using a comparative proteomics (LC–MS/MS) approach. We observed a total of 128 and 65 unique proteins were downregulated and upregulated respectively, in the B . cenocepacia proteome. Of those downregulated proteins, many have functions in amino acid transport/metabolism. We have identified 24 upregulated proteins that are directly/indirectly involved in inorganic phosphate or organic phosphorus acquisition. Also, proteins involved in virulence and antimicrobial resistance were differentially regulated, suggesting B . cenocepacia experiences a dramatic shift in metabolism under these stress conditions. Overall, this study provides a baseline for further research into the biology of Burkholderia in response to phosphorus stress.

Fibropapillomatosis infection in a population of green turtles at Watamu Bay, Kenya - Sharon M. Jones; Itamar Caspi; Charles Lucas (Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 2021)
Anthropogenic stressors from onshore and offshore activities can act as driving factors of disease for a wide range of marine organisms. Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are prominently afflicted with a tumour-causing disease known as fibropapillomatosis (FP) caused by the chelonid alphaherpesvirus ChHV5. Previous studies indicate that pathways of FP transmission may be genetic (vertical transmission) or linked to causal factors in a turtle’s environment (horizontal transmission). In this paper patterns of FP prevalence were examined in 10,896 records of green turtles caught or found stranded around Watamu Bay, Kenya, between 2003 – 2020. Findings were focused on locational and seasonal factors that may potentially influence infection. The findings show that FP prevalence varies significantly on an annual basis. Location significantly influenced infection prevalence, with prevalence higher in open ocean sites than sites located within the creek. Infection prevalence was highest at sites around the creek mouth and north of the creek mouth, with both regions exhibiting disparate annual patterns of infection. This paper is the first to examine long-term trends of FP prevalence in-depth in this region and has implications for the health of turtles and marine biota found along the Kenyan coast, and potentially within the wider Western Indian Ocean region. The findings emphasize the need to distinguish the infection pathways of causative agents via: i) further examination of the links between infection and environmental and/or biont community factors; and ii) the collection of data pertinent to the genetic diversity of green turtles and associated ChHV5 viral strains occurring in the Western Indian Ocean.

Carbonatite rock can enhance plant growth and nutrition depending on crop traits - J. M. C. Jones; F. C. Guinel; P. M. Antunes (Plant and Soil, 2021)

Key Informants Discuss Cancer Care Research for Trans and Gender Diverse People - Lucille Kerr; Christopher M. Fisher; Tiffany Jones (Journal of Cancer Education, 2021)