Temporal variability of nitrogen fixation and particulate nitrogen export at Station ALOHA - Daniela Böttjer; John E. Dore; David M. Karl; Ricardo M. Letelier; Claire Mahaffey; Samuel T. Wilson; Jonathan Zehr; Matthew J. Church (Limnology and Oceanography, 2017)
We present nearly 9 yrs (June 2005–December 2013) of measurements of upper‐ocean (0 m to 125 m) dinitrogen (N 2 ) fixation rates, coupled with particulate nitrogen (PN) export at 150 m, from Station ALOHA (22° 45′N, 158°W) in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Between June 2005 and June 2012, N 2 fixation rates were measured based on adding the 15 N 2 tracer as a gas bubble. Beginning in August 2012, 15 N 2 was first dissolved into filtered seawater and the 15 N 2 ‐enriched water was subsequently added to N 2 fixation incubations. Direct comparisons between methodologies revealed a robust relationship, with the addition of 15 N 2 ‐enriched seawater resulting in twofold greater depth‐integrated rates than those derived from adding a 15 N 2 gas bubble. Based on this relationship, we corrected the initial period of measurements, and the resulting rates of N 2 fixation averaged 230 ± 136 μmol N m −2 d −1 for the full time series ( n = 71). Analysis of the 15 N isotopic composition of sinking PN, together with an isotope mass balance model, revealed that N 2 fixation supported 26–47% of PN export during calendar years 2006–2013. The N export derived from these fractional contributions and measured N 2 fixation rates ranged between 502 and 919 μmol N m −2 d −1 , which are equivalent to rates of net community production (NCP) of 1.5 to 2.7 mol C m −2 yr −1 , consistent with previous independent estimates of NCP at this site.

Genome‐wide association of functional traits linked with C ampylobacter jejuni survival from farm to fork - Koji Yahara; Guillaume Méric; Aidan J. Taylor; Stefan P. W. de Vries; Susan Murray; Ben Pascoe; Leonardos Mageiros; Alicia Torralbo; Ana Vidal; Anne Ridley; Sho Komukai; Helen Wimalarathna; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2017)
Summary Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, primarily associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry. C. jejuni lineages vary in host range and prevalence in human infection, suggesting differences in survival throughout the poultry processing chain. From 7343 MLST‐characterised isolates, we sequenced 600 C. jejuni and C. coli isolates from various stages of poultry processing and clinical cases. A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) in C. jejuni ST‐21 and ST‐45 complexes identified genetic elements over‐represented in clinical isolates that increased in frequency throughout the poultry processing chain. Disease‐associated SNPs were distinct in these complexes, sometimes organised in haplotype blocks. The function of genes containing associated elements was investigated, demonstrating roles for cj1377c in formate metabolism, nuoK in aerobic survival and oxidative respiration, and cj1368‐70 in nucleotide salvage. This work demonstrates the utility of GWAS for investigating transmission in natural zoonotic pathogen populations and provides evidence that major C. jejuni lineages have distinct genotypes associated with survival, within the host specific niche, from farm to fork.

Effects of Hypericum perforatum hydroalcoholic extract, hypericin, and hyperforin on cytotoxicity and CYP3A4 mRNA expression in hepatic cell lines: a comparative study - Ana Martinho; Sara M. Silva; Sara Garcia; Ivo Moreno; Luiza Breitenfeld Granadeiro; Gilberto Alves; Ana Paula Duarte; Fernanda Domingues; Samuel Silvestre; Eugenia Gallardo (Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2016)

Thermal treatment of plasma-synthesized goethite improves Fenton-like degradation of orange II dye - Antoine Tiya-Djowe; Serge Nzali; Estella T. Njoyim; Samuel Laminsi; Eric M. Gaigneaux (Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2016)

Response to Druwe and Burgoon - Samuel M. Cohen; Lora L. Arnold; James E. Klaunig; Jay I. Goodman (Archives of Toxicology, 2016)

Biogeographic variability in the physiological response of the cold‐water coral L ophelia pertusa to ocean acidification - Samuel E. Georgian; Sam Dupont; Melissa Kurman; Adam Butler; Susanna M. Strömberg; Ann I. Larsson; Erik E. Cordes (Marine Ecology, 2016)
While ocean acidification is a global issue, the severity of ecosystem effects is likely to vary considerably at regional scales. The lack of understanding of how biogeographically separated populations will respond to acidification hampers our ability to predict the future of vital ecosystems. Cold‐water corals are important drivers of biodiversity in ocean basins across the world and are considered one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to ocean acidification. We tested the short‐term physiological response of the cold‐water coral Lophelia pertusa to three pH treatments (pH = 7.9, 7.75 and 7.6) for Gulf of Mexico (USA) and Tisler Reef (Norway) populations, and found that reductions in seawater pH elicited contrasting responses. Gulf of Mexico corals exhibited reductions in net calcification, respiration and prey capture rates with decreasing pH. In contrast, Tisler Reef corals showed only slight reductions in net calcification rates under decreased pH conditions while significantly elevating respiration and capture rates. These differences are likely the result of environmental differences (depth, pH, food supply) between the two regions, invoking the potential for local adaptation or acclimatization to alter their response to global change. However, it is also possible that variations in the methodology used in the experiments contributed to the observed differences. Regardless, these results provide insights into the resilience of L. pertusa to ocean acidification as well as the potential influence of regional differences on the viability of species in future oceans.

Cannabigerol is a novel, well-tolerated appetite stimulant in pre-satiated rats - Daniel I Brierley; James Samuels; Marnie Duncan; Benjamin J Whalley; Claire M Williams (Psychopharmacology, 2016)

Peatland vascular plant functional types affect dissolved organic matter chemistry - Bjorn J. M. Robroek; Remy J. H. Albrecht; Samuel Hamard; Adrian Pulgarin; Luca Bragazza; Alexandre Buttler; Vincent EJ Jassey (Plant and Soil, 2016)

Coping with an Advanced Stage Lung Cancer Diagnosis: Patient, Caregiver, and Provider Perspectives on the Role of the Health Care System - K M Islam; Samuel T Opoku; Bettye A Apenteng; Ann Fetrick; June Ryan; M Copur; Addison Tolentino; Irfan Vaziri; Apar K Ganti (Journal of Cancer Education, 2016)

Impact of depressive symptoms and hepatic encephalopathy on health-related quality of life in cirrhotic hepatitis C patients - Katherine C. Barboza; Lilian M. Salinas; Farhad Sahebjam; Arun B. Jesudian; Ilan L. Weisberg; Samuel H. Sigal (Metabolic Brain Disease, 2016)

Development of an Efficient Genome Editing Method by CRISPR/Cas9 in a Fish Cell Line - Carola E. Dehler; Pierre Boudinot; Samuel A. M. Martin; Bertrand Collet (Marine Biotechnology, 2016)
CRISPR/Cas9 system has been used widely in animals and plants to direct mutagenesis. To date, no such method exists for fish somatic cell lines. We describe an efficient procedure for genome editing in the Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha CHSE. This cell line was genetically modified to firstly overexpress a monomeric form of EGFP (cell line CHSE-E Geneticin resistant) and additionally to overexpress nCas9n, a nuclear version of Cas9 (cell line CHSE-EC, Hygromycin and Geneticin resistant). A pre-validated sgRNA was produced in vitro and used to transfect CHSE-EC cells. The EGFP gene was disrupted in 34.6 % of cells, as estimated by FACS and microscopy. The targeted locus was characterised by PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing of PCR products; inactivation of the EGFP gene by deletions in the expected site was validated in 25 % of clones. This method opens perspectives for functional genomic studies compatible with high-throughput screening.

A Molecular Aspect in the Regulation of Drug Metabolism: Does PXR-Induced Enzyme Expression Always Lead to Functional Changes in Drug Metabolism? - Yuan Wei; Chenxiao Tang; Vinayak Sant; Song Li; Samuel M. Poloyac; Wen Xie (Current Pharmacology Reports, 2016)

A comparative approach to assess drivers of success in mammalian conservation recovery programs - Jennifer J. Crees; Amy C. Collins; P. J. Stephenson; Helen M. R. Meredith; Richard P. Young; Caroline Howe; Mark R. Stanley Price; Samuel T. Turvey (Conservation Biology, 2016)
The outcomes of species recovery programs have been mixed; high‐profile population recoveries contrast with species‐level extinctions. Each conservation intervention has its own challenges, but to inform more effective management it is imperative to assess whether correlates of wider recovery program success or failure can be identified. To contribute to evidence‐based improvement of future conservation strategies, we conducted a global quantitative analysis of 48 mammalian recovery programs. We reviewed available scientific literature and conducted semistructured interviews with conservation professionals involved in different recovery programs to investigate ecological, management, and political factors associated with population recoveries or declines. Identifying and removing threats was significantly associated with increasing population trend and decreasing conservation dependence, emphasizing that populations are likely to continue to be compromised in the absence of effective threat mitigation and supporting the need for threat monitoring and adaptive management in response to new and potential threats. Lack of habitat and small population size were cited as limiting factors in 56% and 42% of recovery programs, respectively, and both were statistically associated with increased longer term dependence on conservation intervention, demonstrating the importance of increasing population numbers quickly and restoring and protecting habitat. Poor stakeholder coordination and management were also regularly cited by respondents as key weaknesses in recovery programs, indicating the importance of effective leadership and shared goals and management plans. Project outcomes were not influenced by biological or ecological variables such as body mass or habitat, which suggests that these insights into correlates of conservation success and failure are likely to be generalizable across mammals.

Structural studies of hydrated samples of amorphous calcium phosphate and phosphoprotein nanoclusters - Samuel Lenton; Tommy Nylander; Carl Holt; Lindsay Sawyer; Michael Härtlein; Harrald Müller; Susana C. M. Teixeira (European Biophysics Journal, 2016)

Low permeability triple-layer plastic bags prevent losses of maize caused by insects in rural on-farm stores - Jeremiah Ng’ang’a; Christopher Mutungi; Samuel M. Imathiu; Hippolyte Affognon (Food Security, 2016)

Resolving taxonomic uncertainty in vulnerable elasmobranchs: are the Madeira skate (Raja maderensis) and the thornback ray (Raja clavata) distinct species? - Rachel E. Ball; Barbara Serra-Pereira; Jim Ellis; Martin J. Genner; Samuel Iglésias; Andrew F. Johnson; Catherine S. Jones; Rob Leslie; Jennifer Lewis; Stefano Mariani; Gui Menezes; Francis Neat; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2016)
Skates and rays constitute the most speciose group of chondrichthyan fishes, yet are characterised by remarkable levels of morphological and ecological conservatism. They can be challenging to identify, which makes monitoring species compositions for fisheries management purposes problematic. Owing to their slow growth and low fecundity, skates are vulnerable to exploitation and species exhibiting endemism or limited ranges are considered to be the most at risk. The Madeira skate Raja maderensis is endemic and classified as ‘Data Deficient’ by the IUCN, yet its taxonomic distinctiveness from the morphologically similar and more wide-ranging thornback ray Raja clavata is unresolved. This study evaluated the sequence divergence of both the variable control region and cytochrome oxidase I ‘DNA barcode’ gene of the mitochondrial genome to elucidate the genetic differentiation of specimens identified as R. maderensis and R. clavata collected across much of their geographic ranges. Genetic evidence was insufficient to support the different species designations. However regardless of putative species identification, individuals occupying waters around the Azores and North African Seamounts represent an evolutionarily significant unit worthy of special consideration for conservation management.

Preclinical Pharmacokinetics Study of R- and S-Enantiomers of the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, AR-42 (NSC 731438), in Rodents - Hao Cheng; Zhiliang Xie; William P. Jones; Xiaohui Tracey Wei; Zhongfa Liu; Dasheng Wang; Samuel K. Kulp; Jiang Wang; Christopher C. Coss; Ching-Shih Chen; Guido Marcucci; Ramiro Garzon; et al. (The AAPS Journal, 2016)

Dietary Iron and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Review of Human Population Studies - Joseph H. Ashmore; Connie J. Rogers; Shannon L. Kelleher; Samuel M. Lesko; Terryl J. Hartman (Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2016)

Remembering Jerry Lwanga: A Perspective from His Colleagues - Tony L. Goldberg; Samuel Angedakin; Gilbert M. Isabirye Basuta; Michelle Brown; Thomas M. Butynski; Colin A. Chapman; Lauren Chapman; Sholly Gunter; Innocent Kato; Jean-Michel Krief; Sabrina Krief; Joanna E. Lambert; et al. (International Journal of Primatology, 2016)

Sustained Pulmonary Delivery of a Water-Soluble Antibiotic Without Encapsulating Carriers - Winston Ong; Pawel Nowak; Yen Cu; Lisa Schopf; James Bourassa; Elizabeth Enlow; Samuel M. Moskowitz; Hongming Chen (Pharmaceutical Research, 2016)

Morphological Variation of the Forelimb and Claw in Neotropical Sigmodontine Rodents (Rodentia: Cricetidae) - M. J. Tulli; L. V. Carrizo; J. X. Samuels (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2016)

Progress and Challenges in Coupled Hydrodynamic-Ecological Estuarine Modeling - Neil K. Ganju; Mark J. Brush; Brenda Rashleigh; Alfredo L. Aretxabaleta; Pilar del Barrio; Jason S. Grear; Lora A. Harris; Samuel J. Lake; Grant McCardell; James O’Donnell; David K. Ralston; Richard P. Signell; et al. (Estuaries and Coasts, 2016)

Spatial and temporal estimation of soil loss for the sustainable management of a wet semi-arid watershed cluster - R. Rejani; K. V. Rao; M. Osman; Ch. Srinivasa Rao; K. Sammi Reddy; G. R. Chary; Pushpanjali; Josily Samuel (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2016)

Plant Invasions or Fire Policy: Which Has Altered Fire Behavior More in Tallgrass Prairie? - Dirac Twidwell; Andrew S. West; William B. Hiatt; Abbey L. Ramirez; J. Taylor Winter; David M. Engle; Samuel D. Fuhlendorf; J. D. Carlson (Ecosystems, 2016)

Temporal variability in aboveground plant biomass decreases as spatial variability increases - Devan Allen McGranahan; Torre J. Hovick; R. Dwayne Elmore; David M. Engle; Samuel D. Fuhlendorf; Stephen L. Winter; James R. Miller; Diane M. Debinski (Ecology, 2016)
Ecological theory predicts that diversity decreases variability in ecosystem function. We predict that, at the landscape scale, spatial variability created by a mosaic of contrasting patches that differ in time since disturbance will decrease temporal variability in aboveground plant biomass. Using data from a multi‐year study of seven grazed tallgrass prairie landscapes, each experimentally managed for one to eight patches, we show that increased spatial variability driven by spatially patchy fire and herbivory reduces temporal variability in aboveground plant biomass. This pattern is associated with statistical evidence for the portfolio effect and a positive relationship between temporal variability and functional group synchrony as predicted by metacommunity variability theory. As disturbance from fire and grazing interact to create a shifting mosaic of spatially heterogeneous patches within a landscape, temporal variability in aboveground plant biomass can be dampened. These results suggest that spatially heterogeneous disturbance regimes contribute to a portfolio of ecosystem functions provided by biodiversity, including wildlife habitat, fuel, and forage. We discuss how spatial patterns of disturbance drive variability within and among patches.

Knowledge, attitude, and practices concerning presence of molds in foods among members of the general public in Malawi - Limbikani Matumba; Maurice Monjerezi; Henry Kankwamba; Samuel M. C. Njoroge; Peter Ndilowe; Hilda Kabuli; Daimon Kambewa; Henry Njapau (Mycotoxin Research, 2016)

The link between volcanism and plutonism in epizonal magma systems; high-precision U–Pb zircon geochronology from the Organ Mountains caldera and batholith, New Mexico - Matthew Rioux; G. Lang Farmer; Samuel A. Bowring; Kathleen M. Wooton; Jeffrey M. Amato; Drew S. Coleman; Philip L. Verplanck (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2016)

Biogeography and colonization history of plethodontid salamanders from the Interior Highlands of eastern North America - Samuel D. Martin; Donald B. Shepard; Michael A. Steffen; John G. Phillips; Ronald M. Bonett (Journal of Biogeography, 2016)
Aim The Interior Highlands (Ouachita Mountains and Ozark Plateau) are major physiographical regions of eastern North America and harbour many endemic species. Despite their close proximity, the Ozarks and Ouachitas have different geological histories and relatively distinct species pools. Few studies have tested the biogeographical origins of this region's fauna, and most researchers have treated the Interior Highlands as a single unit. Here, we inferred the sources and timing of colonization of the Ozarks and the Ouachitas by analysing the biogeography of three genera of plethodontid salamanders ( Eurycea , Plethodon and Desmognathus ). Location Eastern North America. Methods We constructed a well‐sampled, time‐calibrated phylogeny for the family Plethodontidae using three mitochondrial and three nuclear genes in beast . Genetic data were primarily taken from GenBank, although we also produced 76 novel sequences. Using lagrange , we reconstructed ancestral areas for North American plethodontids. We compared the frequency and timing of dispersal events between the Ozarks and Ouachitas to other putative sources such as the Eastern Highlands (Appalachian Mountains and associated limestone plateaus). Results We inferred nine dispersal events from the Eastern Highlands to the Interior Highlands, and just two dispersal events between the geographically proximate Ozarks and Ouachitas. Following one dispersal in the Oligocene, other inter‐highland dispersal events occurred in the Miocene and Pliocene, including two periods of near‐synchronous movements. Main conclusions Given the relatively limited faunal exchange between the Ozarks and Ouachitas, we conclude that either the river valley separating the Ozarks and Ouachitas is a more formidable barrier to plethodontid salamander dispersal than barriers separating the Interior Highlands from the Eastern Highlands, or ecological/community contingencies have limited dispersal within the Interior Highlands. In our study, geographical proximity of upland islands does not correspond with faunal similarity.

Neuromotor tolerability and behavioural characterisation of cannabidiolic acid, a phytocannabinoid with therapeutic potential for anticipatory nausea - Daniel I Brierley; James Samuels; Marnie Duncan; Benjamin J Whalley; Claire M Williams (Psychopharmacology, 2016)

Persistent Organic Pollutant Determination in Killer Whale Scat Samples: Optimization of a Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Method and Application to Field Samples - Jessica I. Lundin; Russell L. Dills; Gina M. Ylitalo; M. Bradley Hanson; Candice K. Emmons; Gregory S. Schorr; Jacqui Ahmad; Jennifer A. Hempelmann; Kim M. Parsons; Samuel K. Wasser (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2016)

Volume 29 Issue 02 View Issue TOC Volume 29, No. 2 Penetrative Radiative Flux in the Bay of Bengal - Aneesh Lotliker; Melissa Omand; Andrew Lucas; Samuel Laney; Amala Mahadevan; M. Ravichandran (Oceanography, 2016)

The population genomics of rapid adaptation: disentangling signatures of selection and demography in white sands lizards - Stefan Laurent; Susanne P. Pfeifer; Matthew L. Settles; Samuel S. Hunter; Kayla M. Hardwick; Louise Ormond; Vitor C. Sousa; Jeffrey D. Jensen; Erica Bree Rosenblum (Molecular Ecology, 2016)
Understanding the process of adaptation during rapid environmental change remains one of the central focal points of evolutionary biology. The recently formed White Sands system of southern New Mexico offers an outstanding example of rapid adaptation, with a variety of species having rapidly evolved blanched forms on the dunes that contrast with their close relatives in the surrounding dark soil habitat. In this study, we focus on two of the White Sands lizard species, Sceloporus cowlesi and Aspidoscelis inornata , for which previous research has linked mutations in the melanocortin‐1 receptor gene ( Mc1r ) to blanched coloration. We sampled populations both on and off the dunes and used a custom sequence capture assay based on probed fosmid libraries to obtain >50 kb of sequence around Mc1r and hundreds of other random genomic locations. We then used model‐based statistical inference methods to describe the demographic and adaptive history characterizing the colonization of White Sands. We identified a number of similarities between the two focal species, including strong evidence of selection in the blanched populations in the Mc1r region. We also found important differences between the species, suggesting different colonization times, different genetic architecture underlying the blanched phenotype and different ages of the beneficial alleles. Finally, the beneficial allele is dominant in S. cowlesi and recessive in A. inornata , allowing for a rare empirical test of theoretically expected patterns of selective sweeps under these differing models.

Wood density, but not leaf hydraulic architecture, is associated with drought tolerance in clones of Coffea canephora - Paulo E. Menezes-Silva; Paulo C. Cavatte; Samuel C. V. Martins; Josimar V. Reis; Lucas F. Pereira; Rodrigo T. Ávila; Andréa L. Almeida; Marília C. Ventrella; Fábio M. DaMatta (Trees, 2015)

Addressing the environmental impacts of butachlor and the available remediation strategies: a systematic review - M. E. A. Abigail; S. M. Samuel; C. Ramalingam (International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2015)

Identification and characterization of Fusarium spp. associated with root rots of field pea in North Dakota - Kishore Chittem; Febina M. Mathew; Matthew Gregoire; Robin S. Lamppa; Yen Wei Chang; Samuel G. Markell; Carl A. Bradley; Tharcisse Barasubiye; Rubella S. Goswami (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2015)

Functional gene diversity and migration timing in reintroduced Chinook salmon - Melissa L. Evans; Samuel J. Shry; Dave P. Jacobson; Nicholas M. Sard; Kathleen G. O’Malley (Conservation Genetics, 2015)

QTLs for Biomass and Developmental Traits in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) - David B. Lowry; Samuel H. Taylor; Jason Bonnette; Michael J. Aspinwall; Ashley L. Asmus; Tim H. Keitt; Christian M. Tobias; Thomas E. Juenger (BioEnergy Research, 2015)

I-C-SEA Change: A participatory tool for rapid assessment of vulnerability of tropical coastal communities to climate change impacts - Wilfredo Y. Licuanan; Maricar S. Samson; Samuel S. Mamauag; Laura T. David; Roselle Borja-del Rosario; Miledel Christine C. Quibilan; Fernando P. Siringan; Ma. Yvainne Y. Sta. Maria; Norievill B. España; Cesar L. Villanoy; Rollan C. Geronimo; Olivia C. Cabrera; et al. (Ambio, 2015)

Exposure to environmental chemicals and heavy metals, and risk of pancreatic cancer - Samuel O. Antwi; Elizabeth C. Eckert; Corinna V. Sabaque; Emma R. Leof; Kieran M. Hawthorne; William R. Bamlet; Kari G. Chaffee; Ann L. Oberg; Gloria M. Petersen (Cancer Causes & Control, 2015)

Shifts in microbial food web structure and productivity after additions of naturally occurring dissolved organic matter: Results from large‐scale lacustrine mesocosms - Robert W. Sanders; Sandra L. Cooke; Janet M. Fischer; Samuel B. Fey; Adam W. Heinze; Wade H. Jeffrey; Amy L. Macaluso; Robert E. Moeller; Donald P. Morris; Patrick J. Neale; Mark H. Olson; J. Dean Pakulski; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2015)
Predicting the effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on pelagic food webs can be difficult because DOM modifies water column optics and can have contrasting effects on species across trophic levels. We combined large mesocosm, smaller‐scale experiments and autoregressive modeling driven bu DOC concentration or DOM optical quality (colored DOM, or CDOM, measured as DOC‐specific absorbance at 320 nm, SUVA 320 ) to assess how heterotrophic and phototrophic microbial populations were altered in a temperate oligotrophic lake. DOM additions yielded DOC concentrations of 1.6 mg L −1 (control) 2.5 mg L −1 , 3.0 mg L −1 , and 4.3 mg L −1 . Primary (PP) and bacterial (BP) production as well as heterotrophic and autotrophic protist abundances were stimulated in the higher DOM additions. BP responded rapidly to DOM additions, but unlike PP, returned to the level of controls within 2–7 d. A bioassay showed that the DOM was a nitrogen source for phytoplankton. The two models revealed that BP and edible phytoplankton were stimulated by CDOM (SUVA 320 ), but only BP was stimulated by DOC concentration. Ultraviolet radiation (UV) inhibited protists in both models, but stimulated edible phytoplankton only in the SUVA 320 model runs. These results suggest that in transparent oligotrophic lakes large influxes of terrestrial (high SUVA 320 ) DOM will stimulate the microbial food web by providing a nutrient subsidy to bacteria and reducing exposure of protists to damaging UV. Nutrients associated with moderate DOM input may also stimulate PP relative to BP, as was observed in these and other experiments, rather than causing an overall system shift toward heterotrophy.

Late Holocene fluctuations of Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru, registered by nearby lake sediments - Justin S. Stroup; Meredith A. Kelly; Thomas V. Lowell; Colby A. Smith; Samuel A. Beal; Joshua D. Landis; Pedro M. Tapia (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2015)
Records of clastic sediment from lakes that receive glacial meltwater provide a means for inferring past glacial fluctuations. However, increased clastic sedimentation has been interpreted to indicate both glacial advance and recession. Here we examine the timing of clastic sediment deposition in Challpacocha, a glacially fed lake located downvalley from Quelccaya Ice Cap (QIC), Peru, in comparison with known ice cap margin fluctuations. Using a comparison with a nearby non‐glacial lake, Yanacocha, we document that a record of clastic sediment flux from Challpacocha reflects meltwater‐derived sediment. We then compare the clastic sediment record from Challpacocha with the Qori Kalis glacier moraine record. We find that organic‐rich sediment was deposited primarily during the late Holocene advance of QIC (before ∼CE 1490). In contrast, clastic sediment was deposited during QIC recession (∼CE 1490–1970). Peaks in clastic sediment flux are associated with the onset of ice retreat. We suggest that this pattern of clastic sediment deposition reflects changing meltwater production and/or glacial erosion during ice advance and retreat and supports models of increased clastic sedimentation during ice retreat.

An analysis of P seudomonas genomic diversity in take‐all infected wheat fields reveals the lasting impact of wheat cultivars on the soil microbiota - T. H. Mauchline; D. Chedom‐Fotso; G. Chandra; T. Samuels; N. Greenaway; A. Backhaus; V. McMillan; G. Canning; S. J. Powers; K. E. Hammond‐Kosack; P. R. Hirsch; I. M. Clark; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2015)
Summary Manipulation of the soil microbiota associated with crop plants has huge promise for the control of crop pathogens. However, to fully realize this potential we need a better understanding of the relationship between the soil environment and the genes and phenotypes that enable microbes to colonize plants and contribute to biocontrol. A recent 2 years of investigation into the effect of wheat variety on second year crop yield in the context of take‐all fungal infection presented the opportunity to examine soil microbiomes under closely defined field conditions. Amplicon sequencing of second year soil samples showed that P seudomonas spp. were particularly affected by the wheat cultivar grown in year one. Consequently, 318 rhizosphere‐associated P seudomonas fluorescens strains were isolated and characterized across a variety of genetic and phenotypic traits. Again, the wheat variety grown in the first year of the study was shown to exert considerable selective pressure on both the extent and nature of P seudomonas genomic diversity. Furthermore, multiple significant correlations were identified within the phenotypic/genetic structure of the Pseudomonas population, and between individual genotypes and the external wheat field environment. The approach outlined here has considerable future potential for our understanding of plant–microbe interactions, and for the broader analysis of complex microbial communities.

Enhanced biofilm formation and multi‐host transmission evolve from divergent genetic backgrounds in C ampylobacter jejuni - Ben Pascoe; Guillaume Méric; Susan Murray; Koji Yahara; Leonardos Mageiros; Ryan Bowen; Nathan H. Jones; Rose E. Jeeves; Hilary M. Lappin‐Scott; Hiroshi Asakura; Samuel K. Sheppard (Environmental Microbiology, 2015)
Summary Multicellular biofilms are an ancient bacterial adaptation that offers a protective environment for survival in hostile habitats. In microaerophilic organisms such as C ampylobacter , biofilms play a key role in transmission to humans as the bacteria are exposed to atmospheric oxygen concentrations when leaving the reservoir host gut. Genetic determinants of biofilm formation differ between species, but little is known about how strains of the same species achieve the biofilm phenotype with different genetic backgrounds. Our approach combines genome‐wide association studies with traditional microbiology techniques to investigate the genetic basis of biofilm formation in 102 C ampylobacter jejuni isolates. We quantified biofilm formation among the isolates and identified hotspots of genetic variation in homologous sequences that correspond to variation in biofilm phenotypes. Thirteen genes demonstrated a statistically robust association including those involved in adhesion, motility, glycosylation, capsule production and oxidative stress. The genes associated with biofilm formation were different in the host generalist ST ‐21 and ST ‐45 clonal complexes, which are frequently isolated from multiple host species and clinical samples. This suggests the evolution of enhanced biofilm from different genetic backgrounds and a possible role in colonization of multiple hosts and transmission to humans.

Modeling vegetation mosaics in sub-alpine Tasmania under various fire regimes - Gabriel I. Yospin; Samuel W. Wood; Andres Holz; David M. J. S. Bowman; Robert E. Keane; Cathy Whitlock (Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2015)

Factors underlying the perception of effort during constant heart rate running above and below the critical heart rate - Haley C. Bergstrom; Terry J. Housh; Kristen C. Cochrane; Nathaniel D. M. Jenkins; Jorge M. Zuniga; Samuel L. Buckner; Jacob A. Goldsmith; Richard J. Schmidt; Glen O. Johnson; Joel T. Cramer (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2015)

A novel sister clade to the enterobacteria microviruses (family M icroviridae ) identified in methane seep sediments - Samuel Joseph Bryson; Andrew R. Thurber; Adrienne M. S. Correa; Victoria J. Orphan; Rebecca Vega Thurber (Environmental Microbiology, 2015)
Summary Methane seep microbial communities perform a key ecosystem service by consuming the greenhouse gas methane prior to its release into the hydrosphere, minimizing the impact of marine methane sources on our climate. Although previous studies have examined the ecology and biochemistry of these communities, none has examined viral assemblages associated with these habitats. We employed virus particle purification, genome amplification, pyrosequencing and gene/genome reconstruction and annotation on two metagenomic libraries, one prepared for ssDNA and the other for all DNA , to identify the viral community in a methane seep. Similarity analysis of these libraries (raw and assembled) revealed a community dominated by phages, with a significant proportion of similarities to the M icroviridae family of ssDNA phages. We define these viruses as the E el R iver B asin M icroviridae ( ERBM ). Assembly and comparison of 21 ERBM closed circular genomes identified five as members of a novel sister clade to the M icrovirus genus of Enterobacteria phages. Comparisons among other metagenomes and these Microviridae major‐capsid sequences indicated that this clade of phages is currently unique to the E el R iver B asin sediments. Given this ERBM clade's relationship to the M icroviridae genus M icrovirus , we define this sister clade as the candidate genus P equeñovirus .

Which numbers do you have in mind? Number generation is influenced by reading direction - Silke M. Göbel; Carolin A. Maier; Samuel Shaki (Cognitive Processing, 2015)

Patterns of Potential Methanogenesis Along Soil Moisture Gradients Following Drying and Rewetting in Midwestern Prairie Pothole Wetlands - Steven A. Kannenberg; Samuel T. Dunn; Sarah M. Ludwig; Seth A. Spawn; John D. Schade (Wetlands, 2015)

Prism adaptation in Parkinson disease: comparing reaching to walking and freezers to non-freezers - Samuel T. Nemanich; Gammon M. Earhart (Experimental Brain Research, 2015)

Future habitat loss and extinctions driven by land‐use change in biodiversity hotspots under four scenarios of climate‐change mitigation - Samuel M. Jantz; Brian Barker; Thomas M. Brooks; Louise P. Chini; Qiongyu Huang; Rachel M. Moore; Jacob Noel; George C. Hurtt (Conservation Biology, 2015)
Numerous species have been pushed into extinction as an increasing portion of Earth's land surface has been appropriated for human enterprise. In the future, global biodiversity will be affected by both climate change and land‐use change, the latter of which is currently the primary driver of species extinctions. How societies address climate change will critically affect biodiversity because climate‐change mitigation policies will reduce direct climate‐change impacts; however, these policies will influence land‐use decisions, which could have negative impacts on habitat for a substantial number of species. We assessed the potential impact future climate policy could have on the loss of habitable area in biodiversity hotspots due to associated land‐use changes. We estimated past extinctions from historical land‐use changes (1500–2005) based on the global gridded land‐use data used for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report and habitat extent and species data for each hotspot. We then estimated potential extinctions due to future land‐use changes under alternative climate‐change scenarios (2005–2100). Future land‐use changes are projected to reduce natural vegetative cover by 26‐58% in the hotspots. As a consequence, the number of additional species extinctions, relative to those already incurred between 1500 and 2005, due to land‐use change by 2100 across all hotspots ranged from about 220 to 21000 (0.2% to 16%), depending on the climate‐change mitigation scenario and biological factors such as the slope of the species–area relationship and the contribution of wood harvest to extinctions. These estimates of potential future extinctions were driven by land‐use change only and likely would have been higher if the direct effects of climate change had been considered. Future extinctions could potentially be reduced by incorporating habitat preservation into scenario development to reduce projected future land‐use changes in hotspots or by lessening the impact of future land‐use activities on biodiversity within hotspots.

Footprints in the sand: a persistent spatial impression of fishing in a mobile groundfish assemblage - Francisco de Castro; Samuel Shephard; Sarah B. M. Kraak; David G. Reid; Keith D. Farnsworth (Marine Biology, 2015)

Targeted disruption of CD1d prevents NKT cell development in pigs - Guan Yang; Bianca L. Artiaga; Timothy J. Hackmann; Melissa S. Samuel; Eric M. Walters; Shahram Salek-Ardakani; John P. Driver (Mammalian Genome, 2015)

Coral reef recovery in the Galápagos Islands: the northernmost islands (Darwin and Wenman) - Peter W. Glynn; Bernhard Riegl; Samuel Purkis; Jeremy M. Kerr; Tyler B. Smith (Coral Reefs, 2015)

Emplacement of the Cabezo María lamproite volcano (Miocene, SE Spain) - Thomas M. Gernon; Samuel Spence; Clive N. Trueman; Rex N. Taylor; Eelco Rohling; Stuart J. Hatter; Ian C. Harding (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2015)

Characteristics of the Tibetan Plateau snow cover variations based on daily data during 1997–2011 - Samuel S. P. Shen; Ruzhen Yao; Jazlynn Ngo; Alan M. Basist; Neil Thomas; Tandong Yao (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2015)

Ecology of the invasive New Zealand mud snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae), in a mediterranean-climate stream system - Danuta M. Bennett; Tom L. Dudley; Scott D. Cooper; Samuel S. Sweet (Hydrobiologia, 2015)

Songbirds as sentinels of mercury in terrestrial habitats of eastern North America - Allyson K. Jackson; David C. Evers; Evan M. Adams; Daniel A. Cristol; Collin Eagles-Smith; Samuel T. Edmonds; Carrie E. Gray; Bart Hoskins; Oksana P. Lane; Amy Sauer; Timothy Tear (Ecotoxicology, 2015)

The Powerful Functions of Peptide-Based Bioactive Matrices for Regenerative Medicine - Charles M. Rubert Pérez; Nicholas Stephanopoulos; Shantanu Sur; Sungsoo S. Lee; Christina Newcomb; Samuel I. Stupp (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2015)

Uncommon occurrence ratios of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 in maize and groundnuts from Malawi - Limbikani Matumba; Michael Sulyok; Samuel M. C. Njoroge; Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage; Christof Van Poucke; Sarah De Saeger; Rudolf Krska (Mycotoxin Research, 2015)

Source apportionment and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in water and sediments of Buriganga River, Bangladesh, using multivariate analysis and pollution evaluation indices - Mohammad Amir Hossain Bhuiyan; Samuel B. Dampare; M. A. Islam; Shigeyuki Suzuki (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2015)

Angiogenesis and airway reactivity in asthmatic Brown Norway rats - Elizabeth M. Wagner; John Jenkins; Anne Schmieder; Lindsey Eldridge; Qiong Zhang; Aigul Moldobaeva; Huiying Zhang; John S. Allen; Xiaoxia Yang; Wayne Mitzner; Jochen Keupp; Shelton D. Caruthers; et al. (Angiogenesis, 2015)

Scaling up experimental ocean acidification and warming research: from individuals to the ecosystem - Ana M. Queirós; José A. Fernandes; Sarah Faulwetter; Joana Nunes; Samuel P. S. Rastrick; Nova Mieszkowska; Yuri Artioli; Andrew Yool; Piero Calosi; Christos Arvanitidis; Helen S. Findlay; Manuel Barange; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Understanding long‐term, ecosystem‐level impacts of climate change is challenging because experimental research frequently focuses on short‐term, individual‐level impacts in isolation. We address this shortcoming first through an interdisciplinary ensemble of novel experimental techniques to investigate the impacts of 14‐month exposure to ocean acidification and warming ( OAW ) on the physiology, activity, predatory behaviour and susceptibility to predation of an important marine gastropod ( Nucella lapillus ). We simultaneously estimated the potential impacts of these global drivers on N. lapillus population dynamics and dispersal parameters. We then used these data to parameterize a dynamic bioclimatic envelope model, to investigate the consequences of OAW on the distribution of the species in the wider NE Atlantic region by 2100. The model accounts also for changes in the distribution of resources, suitable habitat and environment simulated by finely resolved biogeochemical models, under three IPCC global emissions scenarios. The experiments showed that temperature had the greatest impact on individual‐level responses, while acidification had a similarly important role in the mediation of predatory behaviour and susceptibility to predators. Changes in Nucella predatory behaviour appeared to serve as a strategy to mitigate individual‐level impacts of acidification, but the development of this response may be limited in the presence of predators. The model projected significant large‐scale changes in the distribution of Nucella by the year 2100 that were exacerbated by rising greenhouse gas emissions. These changes were spatially heterogeneous, as the degree of impact of OAW on the combination of responses considered by the model varied depending on local‐environmental conditions and resource availability. Such changes in macro‐scale distributions cannot be predicted by investigating individual‐level impacts in isolation, or by considering climate stressors separately. Scaling up the results of experimental climate change research requires approaches that account for long‐term, multiscale responses to multiple stressors, in an ecosystem context.

BOOK REVIEWS - Samuel J. McNaughton; James M. Vose; Erica Fleishman; David Western (Ecology, 2015)

Engaging Patients and Caregivers in Patient-Centered Outcomes Research on Advanced Stage Lung Cancer: Insights from Patients, Caregivers, and Providers - K. M. Islam; Samuel T. Opoku; Bettye A. Apenteng; Ann Fetrick; June Ryan; M. Copur; Addison Tolentino; Irfan Vaziri; Apar K. Ganti (Journal of Cancer Education, 2014)

Macrophage adhesion on fibronectin evokes an increase in the elastic property of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton: an atomic force microscopy study - Samuel T. Souza; Laís C. Agra; Cássio E. A. Santos; Emiliano Barreto; Jandir M. Hickmann; Eduardo J. S. Fonseca (European Biophysics Journal, 2014)

Hollow fibre membrane bioreactors for tissue engineering applications - Nelly Wung; Samuel M. Acott; David Tosh; Marianne J. Ellis (Biotechnology Letters, 2014)

Abnormal metal levels in the primary visual pathway of the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma - Alaina S. DeToma; Christine M. Dengler-Crish; Aniruddha Deb; Joseph J. Braymer; James E. Penner-Hahn; Cornelis J. van der Schyf; Mi Hee Lim; Samuel D. Crish (BioMetals, 2014)

Re: Waalkes et al.: Lung tumors in mice induced by “whole-life” inorganic arsenic exposure at human-relevant doses, Arch Toxicol, 2014 - Samuel M. Cohen; Lora L. Arnold; James E. Klaunig; Jay I. Goodman (Archives of Toxicology, 2014)

Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on neurocognition and risky behaviors in young adults - Laurie M. Baker; Robert H. Paul; Jodi M. Heaps; Elizabeth Westerhaus; Jee Yoon Chang; Samuel Williams; Matthew R. Brier; Katie Plax; Beau M. Ances (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2014)

On-line stable isotope gas exchange reveals an inducible but leaky carbon concentrating mechanism in Nannochloropsis salina - David T. Hanson; Aaron M. Collins; Howland D. T. Jones; John Roesgen; Samuel Lopez-Nieves; Jerilyn A. Timlin (Photosynthesis Research, 2014)

Asystole Immediately Following Intravenous Fat Emulsion for Overdose - Jon B. Cole; Samuel J. Stellpflug; Kristin M. Engebretsen (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2014)

Mutation‐order divergence by sexual selection: diversification of sexual signals in similar environments as a first step in speciation - Tamra C. Mendelson; Michael D. Martin; Samuel M. Flaxman (Ecology Letters, 2014)
The origin of species remains a central question, and recent research focuses on the role of ecological differences in promoting speciation. Ecological differences create opportunities for divergent selection (i.e. ‘ecological’ speciation), a Darwinian hypothesis that hardly requires justification. In contrast, ‘mutation‐order’ speciation proposes that, instead of adapting to different environments, populations find different ways to adapt to similar environments, implying that speciation does not require ecological differences. This distinction is critical as it provides an alternative hypothesis to the prevailing view that ecological differences drive speciation. Speciation by sexual selection lies at the centre of debates about the importance of ecological differences in promoting speciation; here, we present verbal and mathematical models of mutation‐order divergence by sexual selection. We develop three general cases and provide a two‐locus population genetic model for each. Results indicate that alternative secondary sexual traits can fix in populations that initially experience similar natural and sexual selection and that divergent traits and preferences can remain stable in the face of low gene flow. This stable divergence can facilitate subsequent divergence that completes or reinforces speciation. We argue that a mutation‐order process could explain widespread diversity in secondary sexual traits among closely related, allopatric species.

Novel Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Co-Loaded with Doxorubicin and Docosahexaenoic Acid Demonstrates Enhanced in Vitro Activity and Overcomes Drug Resistance in MCF-7/Adr Cells - Samuel V. Mussi; Rupa Sawant; Federico Perche; Mônica C. Oliveira; Ricardo B. Azevedo; Lucas A. M. Ferreira; Vladimir P. Torchilin (Pharmaceutical Research, 2014)

Theoretical models of the influence of genomic architecture on the dynamics of speciation - Samuel M. Flaxman; Aaron C. Wacholder; Jeffrey L. Feder; Patrik Nosil (Molecular Ecology, 2014)
A long‐standing problem in evolutionary biology has been determining whether and how gradual, incremental changes at the gene level can account for rapid speciation and bursts of adaptive radiation. Using genome‐scale computer simulations, we extend previous theory showing how gradual adaptive change can generate nonlinear population transitions, resulting in the rapid formation of new, reproductively isolated species. We show that these transitions occur via a mechanism rooted in a basic property of biological heredity: the organization of genes in genomes. Genomic organization of genes facilitates two processes: (i) the build‐up of statistical associations among large numbers of genes and (ii) the action of divergent selection on persistent combinations of alleles. When a population has accumulated a critical amount of standing, divergently selected variation, the combination of these two processes allows many mutations of small effect to act synergistically and precipitously split one population into two discontinuous, reproductively isolated groups. Periods of allopatry, chromosomal linkage among loci, and large‐effect alleles can facilitate this process under some conditions, but are not required for it. Our results complement and extend existing theory on alternative stable states during population divergence, distinct phases of speciation and the rapid emergence of multilocus barriers to gene flow. The results are thus a step towards aligning population genomic theory with modern empirical studies.

Temperature‐mediated biotic interactions influence enemy release of nonnative species in warming environments - Samuel B. Fey; Cristina M. Herren (Ecology, 2014)
“Enemy release” occurs when invading species suffer from interactions with pathogens, parasites, herbivores, or predators to a lesser degree than native species due to a lack of shared evolutionary history. Here we provide strong support for the hypothesis that variable thermal sensitivities between a consumer and its resources can generate temperature‐dependent enemy release using both a mathematical model and a field experiment. We identify three common scenarios where changes in temperature should alter enemy release based on asymmetric responses among enemies and their resources to changes in temperature: (1) the vital rates of a shared enemy are more sensitive to changes in temperature than its resources, (2) the enemy's thermal maximum for consumption is higher than the resources' maxima for growth, and (3) the invading resource has a higher thermal maximum for growth than its native competitor. Mathematical representations indicated that warming is capable of altering enemy release in each of these three scenarios. We also tested our hypothesis using a mesocosm warming experiment in a system that exhibits variable thermal sensitivities between a predator and its native and nonnative prey. We conducted a six‐week experiment manipulating the presence of Lepomis sunfish (present, absent) and water temperature (ambient, heated) using the nonnative crustacean zooplankter, Daphnia lumholtzi , whose morphological defenses reduce predation from juvenile sunfish relative to native Daphnia pulex . Our results indicate that D. lumholtzi benefited to a greater extent from the presence of Lepomis predators as temperatures increase. Taken together, our model and experiment indicate that changes in environmental temperature may directly influence the success of nonnative species and may assist with forecasting the community consequences of biological invasions in a warming world.

Performance evaluation of environmentally compatible stormwater filtration systems - M. P. Samuel; S. Senthilvel; A. C. Mathew (International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2014)

Cryptic ecology among host generalist Campylobacter jejuni in domestic animals - Samuel K. Sheppard; Lu Cheng; Guillaume Méric; Caroline P. A. de Haan; Ann‐Katrin Llarena; Pekka Marttinen; Ana Vidal; Anne Ridley; Felicity Clifton‐Hadley; Thomas R. Connor; Norval J. C. Strachan; Ken Forbes; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2014)
Homologous recombination between bacterial strains is theoretically capable of preventing the separation of daughter clusters, and producing cohesive clouds of genotypes in sequence space. However, numerous barriers to recombination are known. Barriers may be essential such as adaptive incompatibility, or ecological, which is associated with the opportunities for recombination in the natural habitat. Campylobacter jejuni is a gut colonizer of numerous animal species and a major human enteric pathogen. We demonstrate that the two major generalist lineages of C. jejuni do not show evidence of recombination with each other in nature, despite having a high degree of host niche overlap and recombining extensively with specialist lineages. However, transformation experiments show that the generalist lineages readily recombine with one another in vitro. This suggests ecological rather than essential barriers to recombination, caused by a cryptic niche structure within the hosts.

Erratum to: EURO-CORDEX: new high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research - Daniela Jacob; Juliane Petersen; Bastian Eggert; Antoinette Alias; Ole Bøssing Christensen; Laurens M. Bouwer; Alain Braun; Augustin Colette; Michel Déqué; Goran Georgievski; Elena Georgopoulou; Andreas Gobiet; et al. (Regional Environmental Change, 2014)

EURO-CORDEX: new high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research - Daniela Jacob; Juliane Petersen; Bastian Eggert; Antoinette Alias; Ole Bøssing Christensen; Laurens M. Bouwer; Alain Braun; Augustin Colette; Michel Déqué; Goran Georgievski; Elena Georgopoulou; Andreas Gobiet; et al. (Regional Environmental Change, 2014)

Accelerated climate change and its potential impact on Yak herding livelihoods in the eastern Tibetan plateau - Michelle A. Haynes; King-Jau Samuel Kung; Jodi S. Brandt; Yang Yongping; Donald M. Waller (Climatic Change, 2014)

Land cover changes and their biogeophysical effects on climate - Rezaul Mahmood; Roger A. Pielke; Kenneth G. Hubbard; Dev Niyogi; Paul A. Dirmeyer; Clive McAlpine; Andrew M. Carleton; Robert Hale; Samuel Gameda; Adriana Beltrán‐Przekurat; Bruce Baker; Richard McNider; et al. (International Journal of Climatology, 2014)
Land cover changes ( LCCs ) play an important role in the climate system. Research over recent decades highlights the impacts of these changes on atmospheric temperature, humidity, cloud cover, circulation, and precipitation. These impacts range from the local‐ and regional‐scale to sub‐continental and global‐scale. It has been found that the impacts of regional‐scale LCC in one area may also be manifested in other parts of the world as a climatic teleconnection. In light of these findings, this article provides an overview and synthesis of some of the most notable types of LCC and their impacts on climate. These LCC types include agriculture, deforestation and afforestation, desertification, and urbanization. In addition, this article provides a discussion on challenges to, and future research directions in, assessing the climatic impacts of LCC .

Mercury in bats from the northeastern United States - David E. Yates; Evan M. Adams; Sofia E. Angelo; David C. Evers; John Schmerfeld; Marianne S. Moore; Thomas H. Kunz; Timothy Divoll; Samuel T. Edmonds; Christopher Perkins; Robert Taylor; Nelson J. O’Driscoll (Ecotoxicology, 2014)

Characterization of early neovascular response to acute lung ischemia using simultaneous 19F/1H MR molecular imaging - Anne H. Schmieder; Kezheng Wang; Huiying Zhang; Angana Senpan; Dipanjan Pan; Jochen Keupp; Shelton D. Caruthers; Samuel A. Wickline; Baozhong Shen; Elizabeth M. Wagner; Gregory M. Lanza (Angiogenesis, 2014)

Organic Trace Mineral Levels in the First 96-H Post-Hatch Impact Growth Performance and Intestinal Gene Expression in Broiler Chicks - K. M. Brennan; R. S. Samuel; D. E. Graugnard; T. Ao; R. Xiao; A. H. Cantor; A. J. Pescatore (Biological Trace Element Research, 2013)

Genetic Diversity in Exon 2 of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II DQB1 Locus in Nigerian Goats - Abdulmojeed Yakubu; Adebowale E. Salako; Marcos De Donato; Michael I. Takeet; Sunday O. Peters; Mufliat A. Adefenwa; Moses Okpeku; Mathew Wheto; Brilliant O. Agaviezor; Timothy M. Sanni; Oyeyemi O. Ajayi; Gbolabo O. Onasanya; et al. (Biochemical Genetics, 2013)

Surfing downhill: when should population range expansion be characterized by reductions in fitness? - Samuel M. Flaxman (Molecular Ecology, 2013)
Deleterious mutations are found in all populations. Their existence at low frequencies is easily understood, but explaining how they reach high frequencies has long been a challenging problem for population geneticists and evolutionary biologists. Some cases of apparently deleterious alleles are explained by pleiotropy or environmental context dependence, but for universally deleterious alleles, two mechanisms are generally invoked to explain how they can reach high frequencies: (i) genetic drift in small populations and (ii) ‘hitchhiking’ (sensu Maynard Smith J, Haigh J, Genetical Research , 1974, 23, 23–35) involving tight linkage to beneficial mutations. However, these oft‐cited explanations do not immediately resolve the problem because many real populations of interest have population sizes and recombination rates that are large enough to render it nearly impossible for all but the most weakly deleterious (i.e. nearly neutral) mutations to establish and persist. Furthermore, both mechanisms are usually silent about patterns of intraspecific variation in mutation load. In this issue, Peischl S, Dupanloup I, Kirkpatrick M, Excoffier L ( Molecular Ecology , 2013) develop and explore a mechanism that puts drift and hitchhiking of deleterious mutations into a specific spatial and demographic context: range expansions. Importantly, their findings provide a plausible explanation for puzzling empirical patterns, such as the paradoxical observation that genotypes at the leading edge of a range expansion are sometimes less fit than those in the ancestral range (when fitness is assessed in a common environment).

The ecological literature, an idea‐free distribution - Samuel M. Scheiner (Ecology Letters, 2013)

Roles of Patch Characteristics, Drought Frequency, and Restoration in Long‐Term Trends of a Widespread Amphibian - BLAKE R. HOSSACK; MICHAEL J. ADAMS; CHRISTOPHER A. PEARL; KRISTINE W. WILSON; EVELYN L. BULL; KRISTIN LOHR; DEBRA PATLA; DAVID S. PILLIOD; JASON M. JONES; KEVIN K. WHEELER; SAMUEL P. MCKAY; PAUL STEPHEN CORN (Conservation Biology, 2013)
Despite the high profile of amphibian declines and the increasing threat of drought and fragmentation to aquatic ecosystems, few studies have examined long‐term rates of change for a single species across a large geographic area. We analyzed growth in annual egg‐mass counts of the Columbia spotted frog ( Rana luteiventris ) across the northwestern United States, an area encompassing 3 genetic clades. On the basis of data collected by multiple partners from 98 water bodies between 1991 and 2011, we used state‐space and linear‐regression models to measure effects of patch characteristics, frequency of summer drought, and wetland restoration on population growth. Abundance increased in the 2 clades with greatest decline history, but declined where populations are considered most secure. Population growth was negatively associated with temporary hydroperiods and landscape modification (measured by the human footprint index), but was similar in modified and natural water bodies. The effect of drought was mediated by the size of the water body: populations in large water bodies maintained positive growth despite drought, whereas drought magnified declines in small water bodies. Rapid growth in restored wetlands in areas of historical population declines provided strong evidence of successful management. Our results highlight the importance of maintaining large areas of habitat and underscore the greater vulnerability of small areas of habitat to environmental stochasticity. Similar long‐term growth rates in modified and natural water bodies and rapid, positive responses to restoration suggest pond construction and other forms of management can effectively increase population growth. These tools are likely to become increasingly important to mitigate effects of increased drought expected from global climate change . Papeles de las Características del Fragmento, Frecuencia de Sequía y Restauración en las Tendencias a Largo Plazo de un Anfibio Ampliamente Distribuido

A novel rearrangement of occludin causes brain calcification and renal dysfunction - Marissa A. LeBlanc; Lynette S. Penney; Daniel Gaston; Yuhao Shi; Erika Aberg; Mathew Nightingale; Haiyan Jiang; Roxanne M. Gillett; Somayyeh Fahiminiya; Christine Macgillivray; Ellen P. Wood; Philip D. Acott; et al. (Human Genetics, 2013)

The under‐ice microbiome of seasonally frozen lakes - Stefan Bertilsson; Amy Burgin; Cayelan C. Carey; Samuel B. Fey; Hans-Peter Grossart; Lorena M. Grubisic; Ian D. Jones; Georgiy Kirillin; Jay T. Lennon; Ashley Shade; Robyn L. Smyth (Limnology and Oceanography, 2013)
Compared to the well‐studied open water of the “growing” season, under‐ice conditions in lakes are characterized by low and rather constant temperature, slow water movements, limited light availability, and reduced exchange with the surrounding landscape. These conditions interact with ice‐cover duration to shape microbial processes in temperate lakes and ultimately influence the phenology of community and ecosystem processes. We review the current knowledge on microorganisms in seasonally frozen lakes. Specifically, we highlight how under‐ice conditions alter lake physics and the ways that this can affect the distribution and metabolism of auto‐ and heterotrophic microorganisms. We identify functional traits that we hypothesize are important for understanding under‐ice dynamics and discuss how these traits influence species interactions. As ice coverage duration has already been seen to reduce as air temperatures have warmed, the dynamics of the under‐ice microbiome are important for understanding and predicting the dynamics and functioning of seasonally frozen lakes in the near future.

Neoproterozoic ophiolitic peridotites along the Allaqi-Heiani suture, South Eastern Desert, Egypt - M. K. Azer; M. D. Samuel; K. A. Ali; H. A. Gahlan; R. J. Stern; M. Ren; H. E. Moussa (Mineralogy and Petrology, 2013)

Enhanced Survival and Neurite Network Formation of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Neuronal Progenitors in Three-Dimensional Collagen Constructs - Marian M. Bercu; Hadar Arien-Zakay; Dana Stoler; Shimon Lecht; Peter I. Lelkes; Simcha Samuel; Reuven Or; Arnon Nagler; Philip Lazarovici; Uriel Elchalal (Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 2013)

Priority research questions for the UK food system - John S. I. Ingram; Hugh L. Wright; Lucy Foster; Timothy Aldred; David Barling; Tim G. Benton; Paul M. Berryman; Charles S. Bestwick; Alice Bows-Larkin; Tim F. Brocklehurst; Judith Buttriss; John Casey; et al. (Food Security, 2013)
The rise of food security up international political, societal and academic agendas has led to increasing interest in novel means of improving primary food production and reducing waste. There are however, also many ‘post-farm gate’ activities that are critical to food security, including processing, packaging, distributing, retailing, cooking and consuming. These activities all affect a range of important food security elements, notably availability, affordability and other aspects of access, nutrition and safety. Addressing the challenge of universal food security, in the context of a number of other policy goals (e.g. social, economic and environmental sustainability), is of keen interest to a range of UK stakeholders but requires an up-to-date evidence base and continuous innovation. An exercise was therefore conducted, under the auspices of the UK Global Food Security Programme, to identify priority research questions with a focus on the UK food system (though the outcomes may be broadly applicable to other developed nations). Emphasis was placed on incorporating a wide range of perspectives (‘world views’) from different stakeholder groups: policy, private sector, non-governmental organisations, advocacy groups and academia. A total of 456 individuals submitted 820 questions from which 100 were selected by a process of online voting and a three-stage workshop voting exercise. These 100 final questions were sorted into 10 themes and the ‘top’ question for each theme identified by a further voting exercise. This step also allowed four different stakeholder groups to select the top 7–8 questions from their perspectives. Results of these voting exercises are presented. It is clear from the wide range of questions prioritised in this exercise that the different stakeholder groups identified specific research needs on a range of post-farm gate activities and food security outcomes. Evidence needs related to food affordability, nutrition and food safety (all key elements of food security) featured highly in the exercise. While there were some questions relating to climate impacts on production, other important topics for food security (e.g. trade, transport, preference and cultural needs) were not viewed as strongly by the participants.

Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Has Contrasting Effects on Prey Capture by Two Co-Occurring Wolf Spider Species - Sandra Rittman; Kerri M. Wrinn; Samuel C. Evans; Alex W. Webb; Ann L. Rypstra (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2013)

Phytotoxic Sulfide More Important than Nutrients for Plants Within a Groundwater-Fed Wetland - Samuel M. Simkin; Barbara L. Bedford; Kathleen C. Weathers (Ecosystems, 2013)

Designing for Scale: Development of the ReMotion Knee for Global Emerging Markets - Samuel R. Hamner; Vinesh G. Narayan; Krista M. Donaldson (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2013)

Nodulation in the Legume Biofuel Feedstock Tree Pongamia pinnata - Sharon Samuel; Paul T. Scott; Peter M. Gresshoff (Agricultural Research, 2013)

Increased Generation of Cyclopentenone Prostaglandins after Brain Ischemia and Their Role in Aggregation of Ubiquitinated Proteins in Neurons - Hao Liu; Wenjin Li; Muzamil Ahmad; Marie E. Rose; Tricia M. Miller; Mei Yu; Jie Chen; Jordan L. Pascoe; Samuel M. Poloyac; Robert W. Hickey; Steven H. Graham (Neurotoxicity Research, 2013)

Niche divergence by deep‐sea octocorals in the genus Callogorgia across the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico - Andrea M. Quattrini; Samuel E. Georgian; Luke Byrnes; Alex Stevens; Rosalia Falco; Erik E. Cordes (Molecular Ecology, 2013)
Environmental variables that are correlated with depth have been suggested to be among the major forces underlying speciation in the deep sea. This study incorporated phylogenetics and ecological niche models ( ENM ) to examine whether congeneric species of Callogorgia (Octocorallia: Primnoidae) occupy different ecological niches across the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and whether this niche divergence could be important in the evolution of these closely related species. Callogorgia americana americana, Callogorgia americana delta and Callogorgia gracilis were documented at 13 sites in the GoM (250–1000 m) from specimen collections and extensive video observations. On a first order, these species were separated by depth, with C. gracilis occurring at the shallowest sites, C. a. americana at mid‐depths and C. a. delta at the deepest sites. Callogorgia a. delta was associated with areas of increased seep activity, whereas C. gracilis and C. a. americana were associated with narrow, yet warmer, temperature ranges and did not occur near cold seeps. ENM background and identity tests revealed little to no overlap in ecological niches between species. Temporal calibration of the phylogeny revealed the formation of the Isthmus of Panama was a vicariance event that may explain some of the patterns of speciation within this genus. These results elucidate the potential mechanisms for speciation in the deep sea, emphasizing both bathymetric speciation and vicariance events in the evolution of a genus across multiple regions.

Erratum to: NMDA Preconditioning Attenuates Cortical and Hippocampal Seizures Induced by Intracerebroventricular Quinolinic Acid Infusion - Samuel Vandresen-Filho; Alexandre A. Hoeller; Bruno A. Herculano; Marcelo Duzzioni; Filipe S. Duarte; Tetsadê C. B. Piermartiri; Carina R. Boeck; Thereza C. M. de Lima; José Marino-Neto; Carla I. Tasca (Neurotoxicity Research, 2013)

NMDA Preconditioning Attenuates Cortical and Hippocampal Seizures Induced by Intracerebroventricular Quinolinic Acid Infusion - Samuel Vandresen-Filho; Alexandre A. Hoeller; Bruno A. Herculano; Marcelo Duzzioni; Filipe S. Duarte; Tetsadê C. B. Piermartiri; Carina C. Boeck; Thereza C. M. de Lima; José Marino-Neto; Carla I. Tasca (Neurotoxicity Research, 2013)

Coincidence of biophoton emission by wheat seedlings during simultaneous, transcontinental germination tests - Cristiano M. Gallep; Thiago A. Moraes; Samuel R. dos Santos; Peter W. Barlow (Protoplasma, 2013)

2C or Not 2C: Phenethylamine Designer Drug Review - Be Vang Dean; Samuel J. Stellpflug; Aaron M. Burnett; Kristin M. Engebretsen (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2013)

Conservation implications of native and introduced ungulates in a changing climate - Brady W. Allred; Samuel D. Fuhlendorf; Torre J. Hovick; R. Dwayne Elmore; David M. Engle; Anthony Joern (Global Change Biology, 2013)
In many grasslands, grazing by large native or introduced ungulates drives ecosystem structure and function. The behavior of these animals is important as it directs the spatial effects of grazing. To the degree that temperature drives spatial components of foraging, understanding how changes in climate alter grazing behavior will provide guidance for the conservation of ecosystem goods and services. We determined the behavioral response of native bison ( Bison bison ) and introduced cattle ( Bos taurus ) to temperature in tallgrass prairie within the Great Plains, USA . We described the thermal environment by measuring operative temperature (the temperature perceived by animals) through space and time. Site selection preferences of ungulates were quantified using resource selection functions. Woody vegetation in tallgrass prairie provided a cooler thermal environment for large ungulates, decreasing operative temperature up to 16 °C in the heat of the summer. Cattle began to seek thermal refugia at lower air temperatures (24 °C) by selecting areas closer to woody vegetation and water sources. Bison, however, sought refugia within wooded areas at higher air temperatures (36 °C), which occurred much less frequently. Both species became more attracted to riparian areas as air temperature increased, with preferences increasing tenfold during the hottest periods. As predicted warming occurs across the Great Plains and other grasslands, grazing behavior and subsequent grazing effects will be altered. Riparian areas, particularly those with both water and woody vegetation, will receive greater utilization and selection by large ungulates. The use of native grazers for conservation or livestock production may mitigate negative effects caused by increased temperatures.

Experimental evidence for an ideal free distribution in a breeding population of a territorial songbird - Samuel Haché; Marc-André Villard; Erin M. Bayne (Ecology, 2013)
According to the ideal despotic distribution (IDD), dominant individuals gain a fitness advantage by acquiring territories that are of higher quality, thereby forcing other individuals into lower quality habitat. In contrast, the ideal free distribution (IFD) predicts that local density is a function of habitat quality, but that individuals achieve the same fitness in different habitat types as a result of density‐dependent variation in territory size. Although the IFD represents an alternative, population dynamics of territorial species are generally expected to be driven by an IDD. We tested the predictions of IFD and IDD by monitoring the demographic response of the Ovenbird ( Seiurus aurocapilla ) to selection harvesting (30–40% tree removal) during the first five years postharvest in five pairs of 25‐ha study plots, each comprising a control (undisturbed) and a treatment (harvested plot). In the first year following harvesting, Ovenbird territory size increased in treatment plots relative to controls, whereas density, productivity per unit area, and the abundance of litter invertebrates decreased. Treatment effects declined consistently as stands regenerated, and most effects were no longer significant by the fifth year postharvest. However, there was no treatment effect on daily nest survival rate nor on per capita productivity. These results are consistent with the IFD, whereby similar per capita productivity is achieved across habitat types through density adjustments facilitated by changes in territory size. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing evidence for an IFD in a territorial bird species.

Hydrometeorological variables predict fecal indicator bacteria densities in freshwater: data-driven methods for variable selection - Rachael M. Jones; Li Liu; Samuel Dorevitch (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2013)

Quantifying past and present connectivity illuminates a rapidly changing landscape for the A frican elephant - Clinton W. Epps; Samuel K. Wasser; Jonah L. Keim; Benezeth M. Mutayoba; Justin S. Brashares (Molecular Ecology, 2013)
There is widespread concern about impacts of land‐use change on connectivity among animal and plant populations, but those impacts are difficult to quantify. Moreover, lack of knowledge regarding ecosystems before fragmentation may obscure appropriate conservation targets. We use occurrence and population genetic data to contrast connectivity for a long‐lived mega‐herbivore over historical and contemporary time frames. We test whether (i) historical gene flow is predicted by persistent landscape features rather than human settlement, (ii) contemporary connectivity is most affected by human settlement and (iii) recent gene flow estimates show the effects of both factors. We used 16 microsatellite loci to estimate historical and recent gene flow among African elephant ( Loxodonta africana ) populations in seven protected areas in Tanzania, East Africa. We used historical gene flow ( F ST and G ' ST ) to test and optimize models of historical landscape resistance to movement. We inferred contemporary landscape resistance from elephant resource selection, assessed via walking surveys across ~15 400 km 2 of protected and unprotected lands. We used assignment‐based recent gene flow estimates to optimize and test the contemporary resistance model, and to test a combined historical and contemporary model. We detected striking changes in connectivity. Historical connectivity among elephant populations was strongly influenced by slope but not human settlement, whereas contemporary connectivity was influenced most by human settlement. Recent gene flow was strongly influenced by slope but was also correlated with contemporary resistance. Inferences across multiple timescales can better inform conservation efforts on large and complex landscapes, while mitigating the fundamental problem of shifting baselines in conservation.

Isolation and Functional Analysis of the Poplar RbcS Gene Promoter - Like Wang; Lisha Li; Lina Xu; Jie Zhou; Huihui Zhuang; Xidong Gong; Mingxiu Wang; Samuel S. M. Sun; Qiang Zhuge (Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 2013)

Genome‐wide RAD sequence data provide unprecedented resolution of species boundaries and relationships in the L ake V ictoria cichlid adaptive radiation - Catherine E. Wagner; Irene Keller; Samuel Wittwer; Oliver M. Selz; Salome Mwaiko; Lucie Greuter; Arjun Sivasundar; Ole Seehausen (Molecular Ecology, 2013)
Although population genomic studies using next generation sequencing ( NGS ) data are becoming increasingly common, studies focusing on phylogenetic inference using these data are in their infancy. Here, we use NGS data generated from reduced representation genomic libraries of restriction‐site‐associated DNA ( RAD ) markers to infer phylogenetic relationships among 16 species of cichlid fishes from a single rocky island community within L ake V ictoria's cichlid adaptive radiation. Previous attempts at sequence‐based phylogenetic analyses in V ictoria cichlids have shown extensive sharing of genetic variation among species and no resolution of species or higher‐level relationships. These patterns have generally been attributed to the very recent origin ( 5.8 million base pairs in width), species are reciprocally monophyletic with high bootstrap support, and the majority of internal branches on the tree have high support. Given the difficulty of the phylogenetic problem that the L ake V ictoria cichlid adaptive radiation represents, these results are striking. The strict interpretation of the topologies we present here warrants caution because many questions remain about phylogenetic inference with very large genomic data set and because we can with the current analysis not distinguish between effects of shared ancestry and post‐speciation gene flow. However, these results provide the first conclusive evidence for the monophyly of species in the L ake V ictoria cichlid radiation and demonstrate the power that NGS data sets hold to resolve even the most difficult of phylogenetic challenges.

Progressive genome‐wide introgression in agricultural Campylobacter coli - Samuel K. Sheppard; Xavier Didelot; Keith A. Jolley; Aaron E. Darling; Ben Pascoe; Guillaume Meric; David J. Kelly; Alison Cody; Frances M. Colles; Norval J. C. Strachan; Iain D. Ogden; Ken Forbes; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2013)
Hybridization between distantly related organisms can facilitate rapid adaptation to novel environments, but is potentially constrained by epistatic fitness interactions among cell components. The zoonotic pathogens C ampylobacter coli and C . jejuni differ from each other by around 15% at the nucleotide level, corresponding to an average of nearly 40 amino acids per protein‐coding gene. Using whole genome sequencing, we show that a single C. coli lineage, which has successfully colonized an agricultural niche, has been progressively accumulating C. jejuni DNA . Members of this lineage belong to two groups, the ST ‐828 and ST ‐1150 clonal complexes. The ST ‐1150 complex is less frequently isolated and has undergone a substantially greater amount of introgression leading to replacement of up to 23% of the C. coli core genome as well as import of novel DNA . By contrast, the more commonly isolated ST ‐828 complex bacteria have 10–11% introgressed DNA , and C. jejuni and nonagricultural C. coli lineages each have C. coli that colonize agriculture, and consequently cause most human disease, have hybrid origin, but this cross‐species exchange has so far not had a substantial impact on the gene pools of either C. jejuni or nonagricultural C. coli . These findings also indicate remarkable interchangeability of basic cellular machinery after a prolonged period of independent evolution.

Taxonomy-testing and the ‘Goldilocks Hypothesis’: morphometric analysis of species diversity in living and extinct Hispaniolan hutias - James Hansford; José M. Nuñez-Miño; Richard P. Young; Selina Brace; Jorge L. Brocca; Samuel T. Turvey (Systematics and Biodiversity, 2012)

Effects of mu opioid receptor antagonism on cognition in obese binge-eating individuals - Samuel R. Chamberlain; Karin Mogg; Brendan P. Bradley; Annelize Koch; Chris M. Dodds; Wenli X. Tao; Kay Maltby; Bhopinder Sarai; Antonella Napolitano; Duncan B. Richards; Edward T. Bullmore; Pradeep J. Nathan (Psychopharmacology, 2012)

Structural and biological control of the Cenozoic epithermal uranium concentrations from the Sierra Peña Blanca, Mexico - Samuel Angiboust; Mostafa Fayek; Ian M. Power; Alfredo Camacho; Georges Calas; Gordon Southam (Mineralium Deposita, 2012)

Population stratification may bias analysis of PGC-1α as a modifier of age at Huntington disease motor onset - Eliana Marisa Ramos; Jeanne C. Latourelle; Ji-Hyun Lee; Tammy Gillis; Jayalakshmi S. Mysore; Ferdinando Squitieri; Alba Di Pardo; Stefano Di Donato; Michael R. Hayden; Patrick J. Morrison; Martha Nance; Christopher A. Ross; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

Mitochondrial DNA variation and HIV-associated sensory neuropathy in CHARTER - Emily R. Holzinger; Todd Hulgan; Ronald J. Ellis; David C. Samuels; Marylyn D. Ritchie; David W. Haas; Asha R. Kallianpur; Cinnamon S. Bloss; David B. Clifford; Ann C. Collier; Benjamin B. Gelman; Christina M. Marra; et al. (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2012)

Modeling of Tomato Seedling Growth in Greenhouse - Manoj Kumar Gupta; Pitam Chandra; D. V. K. Samuel; Balraj Singh; Awani Singh; M. K. Garg (Agricultural Research, 2012)

Exploring the Transcriptome of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Skin, a Major Defense Organ - Giulia Micallef; Ralph Bickerdike; Caroline Reiff; Jorge M. O. Fernandes; Alan S. Bowman; Samuel A. M. Martin (Marine Biotechnology, 2012)

Water Quality and Plankton in the United States Nearshore Waters of Lake Huron - Peder M. Yurista; John R. Kelly; Samuel E. Miller; Jon D. Van Alstine (Environmental Management, 2012)

Diatoms favor their younger daughters - Samuel R. Laney; Robert J. Olson; Heidi M. Sosik (Limnology and Oceanography, 2012)
We used a time‐lapse imaging approach to examine cell division in the marine centric diatom Ditylum brightwellii and observed that daughter cells who inherited their parents& hypothecal frustule half were more likely to divide before their sisters. This is consistent with observations in Escherichia coli of a bias between sister cells, where faster growth in one sister is thought to arise from its inheriting parental material with less oxidative damage. We also observed that hypothecal sisters in D. brightwellii were more likely to inherit a greater proportion of their parents& cellular material, similar to what has been seen in E. coli . We found a statistically significant correlation between the amount of parental material inherited by a hypothecal daughter and its relative division rate, indicating that this extra material inherited by the hypothecal daughter plays a role in its more rapid division. Furthermore, the intercept in this regression was greater than zero, indicating that other factors, such as differences in the quality of inherited material, also play a role. This similarity between two taxonomically distant microbes suggests that favoritism toward one daughter might occur broadly among unicellular organisms that reproduce asexually by binary fission. Such a bias in cell division might be advantageous, given model predictions that show that favoring one daughter at the expense of the other can result in higher population growth rates, increasing the chance that a cell&s genotype will survive compared to a model where the daughters divide at equal rates.

Reduced interferon (IFN)-α conditioned by IFNA2 (−173) and IFNA8 (−884) haplotypes is associated with enhanced susceptibility to severe malarial anemia and longitudinal all-cause mortality - Prakasha Kempaiah; Samuel B. Anyona; Evans Raballah; Gregory C. Davenport; Tom Were; James B. Hittner; John M. Ong’echa; Douglas J. Perkins (Human Genetics, 2012)

Are executive function and impulsivity antipodes? A conceptual reconstruction with special reference to addiction - Warren K. Bickel; David P. Jarmolowicz; E. Terry Mueller; Kirstin M. Gatchalian; Samuel M. McClure (Psychopharmacology, 2012)

Comparative Study of the Adsorption Selectivity of Cr(VI) onto Cationic Hydrogels with Different Functional Groups - Samuel C. N. Tang; Irene M. C. Lo; Mark S. H. Mak (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2012)

HSP90 inhibition by 17-DMAG reduces inflammation in J774 macrophages through suppression of Akt and nuclear factor-κB pathways - Samuel K. Shimp; Carl D. Parson; Nicole L. Regna; Alicia N. Thomas; Cristen B. Chafin; Christopher M. Reilly; M. Nichole Rylander (Inflammation Research, 2012)

Comparing modeled and observed changes in mineral dust transport and deposition to Antarctica between the Last Glacial Maximum and current climates - Samuel Albani; Natalie M. Mahowald; Barbara Delmonte; Valter Maggi; Gisela Winckler (Climate Dynamics, 2012)

Photosynthetic limitations in coffee plants are chiefly governed by diffusive factors - Karine D. Batista; Wagner L. Araújo; Werner C. Antunes; Paulo C. Cavatte; Gustavo A. B. K. Moraes; Samuel C. V. Martins; Fábio M. DaMatta (Trees, 2012)

Muscle-Specific RING Finger (MuRF) cDNAs in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Their Role as Regulators of Muscle Protein Degradation - Luca Tacchi; Ralph Bickerdike; Christopher J. Secombes; Samuel A. M. Martin (Marine Biotechnology, 2012)

Functional haplotypes of Fc gamma (Fcγ) receptor (FcγRIIA and FcγRIIIB) predict risk to repeated episodes of severe malarial anemia and mortality in Kenyan children - Collins Ouma; Gregory C. Davenport; Steven Garcia; Prakasha Kempaiah; Ateefa Chaudhary; Tom Were; Samuel B. Anyona; Evans Raballah; Stephen N. Konah; James B. Hittner; John M. Vulule; John M. Ong’echa; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

Linaria dalmatica invades south-facing slopes and less grazed areas in grazing-tolerant mixed-grass prairie - Dana M. Blumenthal; Andrew P. Norton; Samuel E. Cox; Erik M. Hardy; Glen E. Liston; Lisa Kennaway; D. Terrance Booth; Justin D. Derner (Biological Invasions, 2012)

An Experimental Study of CO2 Exsolution and Relative Permeability Measurements During CO2 Saturated Water Depressurization - Lin Zuo; Samuel Krevor; Ronald W. Falta; Sally M. Benson (Transport in Porous Media, 2012)

Life history of the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin in the Pearl River Estuary, southern China - Thomas A. Jefferson; Samuel K. Hung; Kelly M. Robertson; Frederick I. Archer (Marine Mammal Science, 2012)
We studied life history characteristics of the Hong Kong/Pearl River Estuary population of Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins ( Sousa chinensis ), based on data from 120 specimens stranded between 1995 and 2009, 40 individuals biopsied at sea, and a long‐term (14+ yr) photo‐identification study. Ages were determined for 112 specimens by thin‐sectioning teeth and counting growth layer groups. Estimated length at birth was 101 cm. Longevity was at least 38 yr, and there was little difference in growth patterns of males and females. Growth was described by a Bayesian two‐phase Gompertz model; asymptotic length was reached at 249 cm. The tooth pulp cavity filled at an average of 18.5 yr of age. Physical maturity was reached at between 14 and 17 yr of age, apparently a few years after attainment of sexual maturity. Maximum lengths and weights of about 268 cm and 240 kg were attained. Females appear to lose all their spots by 30 yr, although males may retain some spotting throughout life. Calving occurred throughout the year, with a broad peak from March to June. Of 60 females monitored at sea for >14 yr of the study, none were documented to have more than three calves, suggestive of low reproductive output or low calf survival.

Fire tolerance of a resprouting Artemisia (Asteraceae) shrub - Stephen L. Winter; Samuel D. Fuhlendorf; Carla L. Goad; Craig A. Davis; Karen R. Hickman; David M. Leslie (Plant Ecology, 2011)

Response to Letter to the Editor on Article: Stellpflug SJ, Fritzlar SJ, Cole JB, Engebretsen KM, Holger JS. Cardiotoxic Overdose Treated with Intravenous Fat Emulsion and High-dose Insulin in the Setting of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Med Toxicol 2011; 7(2):151–3 - Samuel J. Stellpflug; Sandy J. Fritzlar; Jon B. Cole; Kristin M. Engebretsen; Joel S. Holger (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2011)

Long-term outcomes, branch-specific expressivity, and disease-related mortality in von Hippel-Lindau type 2A - Sarah M. Nielsen; Wendy S. Rubinstein; Darcy L. Thull; Michaele J. Armstrong; Eleanor Feingold; Linwah Yip; Samuel A. Tisherman; Sally E. Carty (Familial Cancer, 2011)

Karyotype and AFLP data reveal the phylogenetic position of the Brazilian endemic Hypochaeris catharinensis (Asteraceae) - Maikel Reck; Lucas M. Benício; Eduardo A. Ruas; Luana A. Rodrigues; Paulo M. Ruas; María A. Ortiz; Salvador Talavera; Estrella Urtubey; Tod Stuessy; Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss; Karin Tremetsberger; Vanessa S. Michelan; et al. (Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2011)

Vascular endothelium-specific overexpression of human catalase in cloned pigs - J. J. Whyte; M. Samuel; E. Mahan; J. Padilla; G. H. Simmons; A. A. Arce-Esquivel; S. B. Bender; K. M. Whitworth; Y. H. Hao; C. N. Murphy; E. M. Walters; R. S. Prather; et al. (Transgenic Research, 2011)

Understory response to varying fire frequencies after 20 years of prescribed burning in an upland oak forest - Jesse A. Burton; Stephen W. Hallgren; Samuel D. Fuhlendorf; David M. Leslie (Plant Ecology, 2011)

Niche segregation and genetic structure of Campylobacter jejuni populations from wild and agricultural host species - SAMUEL K. SHEPPARD; FRANCES M. COLLES; NOEL D. McCARTHY; NORVAL J. C. STRACHAN; IAIN D. OGDEN; KEN J. FORBES; JOHN F. DALLAS; MARTIN C. J. MAIDEN (Molecular Ecology, 2011)
Bacterial populations can display high levels of genetic structuring but the forces that influence this are incompletely understood. Here, by combining modelling approaches with multilocus sequence data for the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter, we investigated how ecological factors such as niche (host) separation relate to population structure. We analysed seven housekeeping genes from published C. jejuni and C. coli isolate collections from a range of food and wild animal sources as well as abiotic environments. By reconstructing genetic structure and the patterns of ancestry, we quantified C. jejuni host association, inferred ancestral populations, investigated genetic admixture in different hosts and determined the host origin of recombinant C. jejuni alleles found in hybrid C. coli lineages. Phylogenetically distinct C. jejuni lineages were associated with phylogenetically distinct wild birds. However, in the farm environment, phylogenetically distant host animals shared several C. jejuni lineages that could not be segregated according to host origin using these analyses. Furthermore, of the introgressed C. jejuni alleles found in C. coli lineages, 73% were attributed to genotypes associated with food animals. Our results are consistent with an evolutionary scenario where distinct Campylobacter lineages are associated with different host species but the ecological factors that maintain this are different in domestic animals such that phylogenetically distant animals can harbour closely related strains.

Mangrove vulnerability modelling in parts of Western Niger Delta, Nigeria using satellite images, GIS techniques and Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis (SMCA) - Omo O. Omo-Irabor; Samuel B. Olobaniyi; Joe Akunna; Valentijn Venus; Joseph M. Maina; Charles Paradzayi (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2011)

Alterations on rice leaf physiology during infection by Bipolaris oryzae - Leandro J. Dallagnol; Fabrício A. Rodrigues; Samuel C. V. Martins; Paulo C. Cavatte; Fábio M. DaMatta (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2011)

Harnessing the Hydrocarbon-Degrading Potential of Contaminated Soils for the Bioremediation of Waste Engine Oil - Samuel Aleer; Eric M. Adetutu; Tanvi H. Makadia; Sayali Patil; Andrew S. Ball (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2011)

Impact of CD39 and purinergic signalling on the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer - Beat M. Künzli; Maria-Isabell Bernlochner; Stephan Rath; Samuel Käser; Eva Csizmadia; Keiichi Enjyoji; Peter Cowan; Anthony d’Apice; Karen Dwyer; Robert Rosenberg; Aurel Perren; Helmut Friess; et al. (Purinergic Signalling, 2011)

Cardiotoxic Overdose Treated with Intravenous Fat Emulsion and High-Dose Insulin in the Setting of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Samuel J. Stellpflug; Sandy J. Fritzlar; Jon B Cole; Kristin M. Engebretsen; Joel S. Holger (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2011)

Discovery of a genome of a distant relative of chicken anemia virus reveals a new member of the genus Gyrovirus - Franciscus A. M. Rijsewijk; Helton F. dos Santos; Thais F. Teixeira; Samuel P. Cibulski; Ana P. M. Varela; Diogenes Dezen; Ana C. Franco; Paulo M. Roehe (Archives of Virology, 2011)

Evolutionary ecology of movement by predators and prey - Samuel M. Flaxman; Yuan Lou; François G. Meyer (Theoretical Ecology, 2011)

Determination of the Biodiesel Content in Diesel/Biodiesel Blends: A Method Based on Fluorescence Spectroscopy - Marisa D. Scherer; Samuel L. Oliveira; Sandro M. Lima; Luis H. C. Andrade; Anderson R. L. Caires (Journal of Fluorescence, 2011)

Persistence of deposited metals in the lungs after stainless steel and mild steel welding fume inhalation in rats - James M. Antonini; Jenny R. Roberts; Samuel Stone; Bean T. Chen; Diane Schwegler-Berry; Rebecca Chapman; Patti C. Zeidler-Erdely; Ronnee N. Andrews; David G. Frazer (Archives of Toxicology, 2011)

Shovelomics: high throughput phenotyping of maize (Zea mays L.) root architecture in the field - Samuel Trachsel; Shawn M. Kaeppler; Kathleen M. Brown; Jonathan P. Lynch (Plant and Soil, 2011)

Investigation of the possible sources of heavy metal contamination in lagoon and canal water in the tannery industrial area in Dhaka, Bangladesh - Mohammad Amir Hossain Bhuiyan; Nahid I. Suruvi; Samuel B. Dampare; M. A. Islam; Shamshad B. Quraishi; Samuel Ganyaglo; Shigeyuki Suzuki (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2011)

Erratum to: Australian east coast rainfall decline related to large scale climate drivers - Milton Samuel Speer; Lance M. Leslie; Alexandre O. Fierro (Climate Dynamics, 2011)

Australian east coast rainfall decline related to large scale climate drivers - Milton Samuel Speer; Lance M. Leslie; Alexandre O. Fierro (Climate Dynamics, 2011)

Two copies of the genes encoding the subunits of putative interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 receptors, IL-4Rα, IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2, have been identified in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and have complex patterns of expression and modulation - Tiehui Wang; Wenshu Huang; Maria M. Costa; Samuel A. M. Martin; Christopher J. Secombes (Immunogenetics, 2011)

Synaptic information transfer in computer models of neocortical columns - Samuel A. Neymotin; Kimberle M. Jacobs; André A. Fenton; William W. Lytton (Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 2011)

Identification of QTL associated with resistance to bacterial spot race T4 in tomato - Samuel F. Hutton; Jay W. Scott; Wencai Yang; Sung-Chur Sim; David M. Francis; Jeffrey B. Jones (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2010)

Identification and distribution of mercury species in rat tissues following administration of thimerosal or methylmercury - Jairo L. Rodrigues; Juliana M. Serpeloni; Bruno L. Batista; Samuel S. Souza; Fernando Barbosa (Archives of Toxicology, 2010)

Are compound leaves an adaptation to seasonal drought or to rapid growth? Evidence from the Amazon rain forest - Ana C. M. Malhado; Robert J. Whittaker; Yadvinder Malhi; Richard J. Ladle; Hans ter Steege; Oliver Phillips; L. E. O. C. Aragão; Timothy R. Baker; Luzmilla Arroyo; Samuel Almeida; Niro Higuchi; Tim J. Killeen; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2010)
Aim To assess the hypotheses that compound leaves of trees in the Amazon forest are an adaptation to drought and/or rapid growth. Location Amazon rain forest, South America. Methods Genera from 137 permanent forest plots spread across Amazonia were classified into those with compound leaves and those with simple leaves. Metrics of compound leaf prevalence were then calculated for each plot and regression models that accounted for spatial autocorrelation were used to identify associations between climate variables and compound leaf structure. We also tested for associations between compound leaf structure and a variety of ecological variables related to life history and growth strategies, including wood density, annual increase in diameter and maximum height. Results One plant family, Fabaceae, accounts for 53% of compound‐leaved individuals in the dataset, and has a geographical distribution strongly centred on north‐east Amazonia. On exclusion of Fabaceae from the analysis we found no significant support for the seasonal drought hypothesis. However, we found evidence supporting the rapid growth hypothesis, with possession of compound leaves being associated with faster diameter growth rates and lower wood densities. Main conclusion This study provides evidence that possession of compound leaves constitutes one of a suite of traits and life‐history strategies that promote rapid growth in rain forest trees. Our findings highlight the importance of carefully considering the geographical distribution of dominant taxa and spatial clustering of data points when inferring ecological causation from environment–trait associations.

Exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide affects agrobiont predatory arthropod behaviour and long-term survival - Samuel C. Evans; Emma M. Shaw; Ann L. Rypstra (Ecotoxicology, 2010)

Utility of computer simulations in landscape genetics - BRYAN K. EPPERSON; BRAD H. MCRAE; KIM SCRIBNER; SAMUEL A. CUSHMAN; MICHAEL S. ROSENBERG; MARIE‐JOSÉE FORTIN; PATRICK M. A. JAMES; MELANIE MURPHY; STÉPHANIE MANEL; PIERRE LEGENDRE; MARK R. T. DALE (Molecular Ecology, 2010)
Population genetics theory is primarily based on mathematical models in which spatial complexity and temporal variability are largely ignored. In contrast, the field of landscape genetics expressly focuses on how population genetic processes are affected by complex spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity. It is spatially explicit and relates patterns to processes by combining complex and realistic life histories, behaviours, landscape features and genetic data. Central to landscape genetics is the connection of spatial patterns of genetic variation to the usually highly stochastic space–time processes that create them over both historical and contemporary time periods. The field should benefit from a shift to computer simulation approaches, which enable incorporation of demographic and environmental stochasticity. A key role of simulations is to show how demographic processes such as dispersal or reproduction interact with landscape features to affect probability of site occupancy, population size, and gene flow, which in turn determine spatial genetic structure. Simulations could also be used to compare various statistical methods and determine which have correct type I error or the highest statistical power to correctly identify spatio‐temporal and environmental effects. Simulations may also help in evaluating how specific spatial metrics may be used to project future genetic trends. This article summarizes some of the fundamental aspects of spatial–temporal population genetic processes. It discusses the potential use of simulations to determine how various spatial metrics can be rigorously employed to identify features of interest, including contrasting locus‐specific spatial patterns due to micro‐scale environmental selection.

A multi‐scale analysis of fragmentation effects on remnant plant species richness in Phoenix, Arizona - Arthur Stiles; Samuel M. Scheiner (Journal of Biogeography, 2010)
Aim Understanding complex ecological phenomena, such as the determinants of species richness, is best achieved by investigating their properties at different spatial scales. Factors significantly affecting the number of species occurring at one scale may not impact on richness at other scales. While this scale dependence has become increasingly recognized, there still remains a need to elucidate exactly how richness is structured across scales, and which mechanisms are influential for determining this important community property. This study explores how woody plant species richness varies in a fragmented system at multiple scales, and which factors are primarily responsible for these patterns. Location The study area is located in the Sonoran Desert within the bounds of metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, which is the locus of the Central Arizona–Phoenix Long‐Term Ecological Research (CAP‐LTER) site. Methods Estimates of local and fragment plant species richness were generated from field data collected from 22 sites. Independent variables describing fragment sites were also calculated, including area, habitat heterogeneity, density of individuals, mean elevation, and extent of isolation. Structural equation modelling, multiple regression, and analysis of covariance were used to assess the contribution of independent variables to richness at the fragment and local scales. Results Fragment species richness was significantly influenced by area, though not isolation, habitat heterogeneity, mean elevation, or density of individuals. Local richness was not significantly related to fragment area, but was positively related to fragment richness, plant density, and elevation. Main conclusions The fragment species–area effect resulted from larger remnants supporting higher numbers of individuals at comparable densities, increasing richness through either passive sampling of progressively less common species and/or lower extinction rates among larger populations. Without using multi‐temporal data it is not possible to disentangle these mechanisms. We found that patterns evident at one scale are not necessarily apparent at other scales, as elevation and density of individuals significantly affected richness at the local scale but not at the fragment scale. These results lend support to the concept that mechanisms influencing the species richness of natural communities may be operable only within certain domains and that relevant scales should be specified.

An ectobiont‐bearing foraminiferan, Bolivina pacifica , that inhabits microxic pore waters: cell‐biological and paleoceanographic insights - Joan M. Bernhard; Susan T. Goldstein; Samuel S. Bowser (Environmental Microbiology, 2010)
Summary The presence of tests (shells) in foraminifera could be taken as an indicator that this protist taxon is unlikely to possess ectosymbionts. Here, however, we describe an association between Bolivina pacifica , a foraminiferan with a calcareous test, and a rod‐shaped microbe (bacterium or archaeon) that is directly associated with the pores of the foraminiferan's test. In addition to these putative ectosymbionts, B. pacifica has previously undescribed cytoplasmic plasma membrane invaginations (PMIs). These adaptations (i.e. PMIs, ectobionts), along with the clustering of mitochondria under the pores and at the cell periphery, suggest active exchange between the host and ectobiont. The B. pacifica specimens examined were collected from sediments overlain by oxygen‐depleted bottom waters (0.7 μM) of the Santa Barbara Basin (California, USA). An ultrastructural comparison between B. pacifica from the Santa Barbara Basin and a congener ( Bolivina cf. B. lanceolata ) collected from well‐oxygenated sediments (Florida Keys) suggests that PMIs, ectobionts and peripherally distributed mitochondria are all factors that promote inhabitation of microxic environments by B. pacifica . The calcitic δ 13 C signatures of B. pacifica and of a co‐occurring congener ( B. argentea ) that lacks ectobionts differ by > 1.5‰, raising the possibility that the presence of ectobionts can affect incorporation of paleoceanographic proxies.

Characteristics of the smallholder free-range pig production system in western Kenya - John M. Kagira; Paul W. N. Kanyari; Ndicho Maingi; Samuel M. Githigia; J. C. Ng’ang’a; Julia W. Karuga (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2010)

Proteomic Profiling of Liver from Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fed Genetically Modified Soy Compared to the Near-Isogenic non-GM Line - Nini H. Sissener; Samuel A. M. Martin; Phillip Cash; Ernst M. Hevrøy; Monica Sanden; Gro-Ingunn Hemre (Marine Biotechnology, 2010)

Genetic Contributions to Phenotypic Variation in Physiology, Growth, and Vigor of Western Aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) Clones - Samuel B. St. Clair; Karen E. Mock; Eric M. LaMalfa; Robert B. Campbell; Ronald J. Ryel (Forest Science, 2010)
In aspen and other plant species the effects of environment on phenotype are generally better characterized than genotypic influences. Furthermore, little is known about how genetic influences on tree phenotype change over time. We assessed clonal differences in 417 ramets, representing 18 clones, in a common garden of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) that have developed over 27 years. Genetic contributions to variation in physiology, growth, and vigor were determined over seasonal and multidecadal time scales. The 18 aspen clones exhibited wide-ranging phenotypic variation with two- to threefold differences in physiology and growth traits and more than sevenfold differences in canopy decline and mortality. For growth traits, strong genetic correlations (typically greater than 0.70) and heritability (estimates maintained in a range of 0.25 to 0.36), indicate that genotype had a moderate and consistent influence on growth over the three decades of the study. Physiological traits had much lower genetic correlations and heritability estimates, and they changed significantly within a single growing season. Climatic data suggest that dry conditions in the common garden as the summer progressed may have had a controlling influence on physiological trait responses. Characterizing genetically based phenotypic variation and how it contributes to clone vigor provides a critical link to understanding constraints to aspen viability in its western range.

Geochemical provenance and spatial distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Mayo Tsanaga River Basin, Far North Region, Cameroon: implications for incidence of fluorosis and optimal consumption dose - Wilson Y. Fantong; Hiroshi Satake; Samuel N. Ayonghe; Emmanuel C. Suh; Segun M. A. Adelana; Emilia Bi S. Fantong; Hycinth S. Banseka; Cletus D. Gwanfogbe; Leonard N. Woincham; Yoshitoshi Uehara; Jing Zhang (Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2010)

Erratum to: Australian east coast rainfall decline related to large scale climate drivers - Milton Samuel Speer; Lance M. Leslie; Alexandre O. Fierro (Climate Dynamics, 2010)

Attenuated Mycobacterium marinum protects zebrafish against mycobacteriosis - Z Cui; D Samuel‐Shaker; V Watral; M L Kent (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2010)

Validation of Candidate Reference Genes for the Accurate Normalization of Real-Time Quantitative RT-PCR Data in Rice During Seed Development - Qian-Feng Li; Samuel S. M. Sun; Ding-Yang Yuan; Heng-Xiu Yu; Ming-Hong Gu; Qiao-Quan Liu (Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 2010)

Narcissus tazetta lectin shows strong inhibitory effects against respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A (H1N1, H3N2, H5N1) and B viruses - Linda S. M. Ooi; Wing-Shan Ho; Karry L. K. Ngai; Li Tian; Paul K. S. Chan; Samuel S. M. Sun; Vincent E. C. Ooi (Journal of Biosciences, 2010)

Liposome Damage and Modeling of Fragments of Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP) Support a Two-Step Model of Membrane Destruction - Deborah L. Heyl; Joshua M. Osborne; Sarika Pamarthy; Shyamprasad Samisetti; Andrew W. Gray; Anitha Jayaprakash; Srikanth Konda; Dorothy J. Brown; Samuel R. Miller; Reza Eizadkhah; Maria C. Milletti (International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, 2010)

Evaluation of pathogenicity and aggressiveness of F. langsethiae on oat and wheat seedlings relative to known seedling blight pathogens - Samuel M. Imathiu; Martin C. Hare; Rumiana V. Ray; Matthew Back; Simon G. Edwards (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2010)

A Model of the Lower Limb for Analysis of Human Movement - Edith M. Arnold; Samuel R. Ward; Richard L. Lieber; Scott L. Delp (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2010)

Melt extraction and melt refertilization in mantle peridotite of the Coast Range ophiolite: an LA–ICP–MS study - Marlon M. Jean; John W. Shervais; Sung-Hi Choi; Samuel B. Mukasa (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2010)

Vulnerability, livelihood assets and institutional dynamics in the management of wetlands in Lake Victoria watershed basin - Samuel M. Mwakubo; Gideon A. Obare (Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2009)

Oxidation promotes insertion of the CLIC1 chloride intracellular channel into the membrane - Sophia C. Goodchild; Michael W. Howell; Nicole M. Cordina; Dene R. Littler; Samuel N. Breit; Paul M. G. Curmi; Louise Jennifer Brown (European Biophysics Journal, 2009)

Expression and subcellular targeting of human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in transgenic tobacco plants - Stanley C. K. Cheung; Samuel S. M. Sun; Juliana C. N. Chan; Peter C. Y. Tong (Transgenic Research, 2009)

Wolverine gene flow across a narrow climatic niche - Michael K. Schwartz; Jeffrey P. Copeland; Neil J. Anderson; John R. Squires; Robert M. Inman; Kevin S. McKelvey; Kristy L. Pilgrim; Lisette P. Waits; Samuel A. Cushman (Ecology, 2009)
Wolverines ( Gulo gulo ) are one of the rarest carnivores in the contiguous United States. Effective population sizes in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, where most of the wolverines in the contiguous United States exist, were calculated to be 35 (credible limits, 28–52) suggesting low abundance. Landscape features that influence wolverine population substructure and gene flow are largely unknown. Recent work has identified strong associations between areas with persistent spring snow and wolverine presence and range. We tested whether a dispersal model in which wolverines prefer to disperse through areas characterized by persistent spring snow cover produced least‐cost paths among all individuals that correlated with genetic distance among individuals. Models simulating large preferences for dispersing within areas characterized by persistent spring snow explained the data better than a model based on Euclidean distance. Partial Mantel tests separating Euclidean distance from spring snow‐cover‐based effects indicated that Euclidean distance was not significant in describing patterns of genetic distance. Because these models indicated that successful dispersal paths followed areas characterized by spring snow cover, we used these understandings to derive empirically based least‐cost corridor maps in the U.S. Rocky Mountains. These corridor maps largely explain previously published population subdivision patterns based on mitochondrial DNA and indicate that natural colonization of the southern Rocky Mountains by wolverines will be difficult but not impossible.

Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions for Quantitative Molecular Imaging and Targeted Therapeutics - Megan M. Kaneda; Shelton Caruthers; Gregory M. Lanza; Samuel A. Wickline (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2009)

The terminology and use of species–area relationships: a response to Dengler (2009) - Samuel M. Scheiner (Journal of Biogeography, 2009)
Dengler ( Journal of Biogeography , 2009, 36 , 728–744) addresses issues regarding species–area relationships (SARs), but fails to settles those issues. He states that only certain types of sampling schemes should be used to construct SARs, but is not consistent in the criteria that he uses to include some sampling schemes but not others. He argues that a sampling scheme of contiguous plots will be more accurate in extrapolating beyond the sampled area, but logic tells us that a dispersed sampling scheme is likely to be more accurate. Finally, he concludes that the ‘true’ SAR is a power function, but this conclusion is inconsistent with his results and with the results of others. Rather than defining a narrow framework for SARs, we need to recognize that the relationship between area and species richness is scale‐ and system‐dependent. Different sampling schemes serve different purposes, and a variety of functional relationships are likely to hold. Further theoretical and empirical work is needed to resolve these issues fully.

Pyric Herbivory: Rewilding Landscapes through the Recoupling of Fire and Grazing - SAMUEL D. FUHLENDORF; DAVID M. ENGLE; JAY KERBY; ROBERT HAMILTON (Conservation Biology, 2009)
Our understanding of fire and grazing is largely based on small‐scale experimental studies in which treatments are uniformly applied to experimental units that are considered homogenous. Any discussion of an interaction between fire and grazing is usually based on a statistical approach that ignores the spatial and temporal interactions on complex landscapes. We propose a new focus on the ecological interaction of fire and grazing in which each disturbance is spatially and temporally dependent on the other and results in a landscape where disturbance is best described as a shifting mosaic (a landscape with patches that vary with time since disturbance) that is critical to ecological structure and function of many ecosystems. We call this spatiotemporal interaction pyric herbivory (literal interpretation means grazing driven by fire). Pyric herbivory is the spatial and temporal interaction of fire and grazing, where positive and negative feedbacks promote a shifting pattern of disturbance across the landscape. We present data we collected from the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in the southern Great Plains of North America that demonstrates that the interaction between free‐roaming bison ( Bison bison ) and random fires promotes heterogeneity and provides the foundation for biological diversity and ecosystem function of North American and African grasslands. This study is different from other studies of fire and grazing because the fires we examined were random and grazing animals were free to roam and select from burned and unburned patches. For ecosystems across the globe with a long history of fire and grazing, pyric herbivory with any grazing herbivore is likely more effective at restoring evolutionary disturbance patterns than a focus on restoring any large vertebrate while ignoring the interaction with fire and other disturbances .

Competitiveness of a native Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii strain for nodule occupancy is manifested during infection - Samuel Duodu; Caroline Brophy; John Connolly; Mette M. Svenning (Plant and Soil, 2009)

Fusarium langsethiae pathogenicity and aggressiveness towards oats and wheat in wounded and unwounded in vitro detached leaf assays - Samuel M. Imathiu; Rumiana V. Ray; Matthew Back; Martin C. Hare; Simon G. Edwards (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2009)

Single step intein-mediated purification of hGMCSF expressed in salt-inducible E. coli - K. Srinivasa Babu; T. Muthukumaran; Aju Antony; S. D. Prem Singh Samuel; M. Balamurali; V. Murugan; S. Meenakshisundaram (Biotechnology Letters, 2009)

The effect of temperature on the coupling between phosphorus and growth in lacustrine bacterioplankton communities - Edward K. Hall; Andrew R. Dzialowski; Samuel M. Stoxen; James B. Cotner (Limnology and Oceanography, 2009)
Phosphorus (P) routinely limits microbial growth in freshwater ecosystems. The growth rate hypothesis (GRH) relates growth to biomass P content mechanistically through changes in ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA). Although the GRH has been shown in cultured bacteria, less well understood is how GRH relationships are affected by interactions with environmental parameters such as temperature. To address this, we evaluated the relationship between bacterial biomass P, RNA: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ratio, and growth rate in 47 northern temperate lakes. Although RNA:DNA ratio was positively correlated with bacterial biomass P : carbon (C), we found no correlation between growth rate and RNA:DNA or between growth rate and biomass P : C. There was, however, a significant effect of temperature on biomass P : C. We investigated the effect of temperature more directly using filter‐separated bacterial communities from two lakes during two seasons while experimentally manipulating temperature and resources. For the summer communities, bacterial production (BP) and biomass P were positively correlated, and the slope of that relationship increased with increasing temperature. In winter communities, BP and biomass P were again positively correlated; however, the slope of that relationship decreased with increasing temperature. The slope of the relationship between BP and biomass P is a metric of nutrient use efficiency and was strongly influenced by temperature. More importantly, bacterioplankton demonstrated seasonal acclimation or adaptation to in situ temperature, suggesting that studies evaluating multiple communities in time and space fail to find a clear relationship between temperature and bacterial metabolism because bacterial communities are locally adapted to in situ temperature.

Comprehensive assessment of carbon productivity, allocation and storage in three Amazonian forests - YADVINDER MALHI; LUIZ EDUARDO O. C. ARAGÃO; DANIEL B. METCALFE; ROMILDA PAIVA; CARLOS A. QUESADA; SAMUEL ALMEIDA; LIANA ANDERSON; PAULO BRANDO; JEFFREY Q. CHAMBERS; ANTONIO C. L. Da COSTA; LUCY R. HUTYRA; PAULO OLIVEIRA; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2009)
The allocation and cycling of carbon (C) within forests is an important component of the biospheric C cycle, but is particularly understudied within tropical forests. We synthesise reported and unpublished results from three lowland rainforest sites in Amazonia (in the regions of Manaus, Tapajós and Caxiuanã), all major sites of the Large‐Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere Programme (LBA). We attempt a comprehensive synthesis of the C stocks, nutrient status and, particularly, the allocation and internal C dynamics of all three sites. The calculated net primary productivities (NPP) are 10.1±1.4 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 (Manaus), 14.4±1.3 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 (Tapajós) and 10.0±1.2 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 (Caxiuanã). All errors bars report standard errors. Soil and leaf nutrient analyses indicate that Tapajós has significantly more plant‐available phosphorus and calcium. Autotrophic respiration at all three sites (14.9–21.4 Mg C ha yr −1 ) is more challenging to measure, with the largest component and greatest source of uncertainty being leaf dark respiration. Comparison of measured soil respiration with that predicted from C cycling measurements provides an independent constraint. It shows general good agreement at all three sites, with perhaps some evidence for measured soil respiration being less than expected. Twenty to thirty percent of fixed C is allocated belowground. Comparison of gross primary productivity (GPP), derived from ecosystem flux measurements with that derived from component studies (NPP plus autotrophic respiration) provides an additional crosscheck. The two approaches are in good agreement, giving increased confidence in both approaches to estimating GPP. The ecosystem carbon‐use efficiency (CUEs), the ratio of NPP to GPP, is similar at Manaus (0.34±0.10) and Caxiuanã (0.32±0.07), but may be higher at Tapajós (0.49±0.16), although the difference is not significant. Old growth or infertile tropical forests may have low CUE compared with recently disturbed and/or fertile forests.

Candida albicans VPS4 is Required for Secretion of Aspartyl Proteases and In Vivo Virulence - Samuel A. Lee; Jason Jones; Sarah Hardison; John Kot; Zachary Khalique; Stella M. Bernardo; Anna Lazzell; Carlos Monteagudo; Jose Lopez-Ribot (Mycopathologia, 2009)

Transgenic mice expressing the Peripherin-EGFP genomic reporter display intrinsic peripheral nervous system fluorescence - Samuel McLenachan; Yona Goldshmit; Kerry J. Fowler; Lucille Voullaire; Timothy P. Holloway; Ann M. Turnley; Panos A. Ioannou; Joseph P. Sarsero (Transgenic Research, 2008)

Chloroquine pharmacokinetics in pregnant and nonpregnant women with vivax malaria - Sue Jean Lee; Rose McGready; Christine Fernandez; Kasia Stepniewska; Moo Koo Paw; Samuel Jacher Viladpai-nguen; Kyaw Lay Thwai; Leopoldo Villegas; Pratap Singhasivanon; Brian M. Greenwood; Nicholas J. White; François Nosten (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2008)

Stabilization and reactivation of cratonic lithosphere from the lower crustal record in the western Canadian shield - Rebecca M. Flowers; Samuel A. Bowring; Kevin H. Mahan; Michael L. Williams; Ian S. Williams (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2008)

NESTEDNESS OF REMNANT SONORAN DESERT PLANT COMMUNITIES IN METROPOLITAN PHOENIX, ARIZONA - Arthur Stiles; Samuel M. Scheiner (Ecology, 2008)
Urbanization can have profound effects on the plant communities persisting in remnant habitats. That process can be explored by examining patterns of nestedness. Species composition for a set of communities exhibits a nested pattern if species present in progressively richer assemblages form a series of subsets. Nestedness can form as a result of the dynamic processes of extinction or colonization. It can also reflect a nested distribution of habitats among the sites or the differential abundance properties of species through passive sampling. This study investigated whether Sonoran Desert woody vegetation in remnant islands within metropolitan Phoenix is nested and explored which mechanisms are responsible for the pattern. It also examined whether vegetation is nested in similar habitat types across islands, and how species abundance relates to the nested pattern and hypothesized mechanisms. All data sets were significantly nested, indicating a nested pattern at the island and habitat levels. Community‐level analyses did not indicate a primary mechanism leading to the nested pattern. Among species with abundances correlated with the nested rank‐order of sites, abundance properties were significantly related to different variables. This suggests that individual taxa respond to divergent ecological mechanisms, leading to nestedness. Thus, nestedness in plant communities can result from a complex set of contributors and may not be attributable to a single factor.

Campylobacter infection of broiler chickens in a free‐range environment - Frances M. Colles; Tracey A. Jones; Noel D. McCarthy; Samuel K. Sheppard; Alison J. Cody; Kate E. Dingle; Marian S. Dawkins; Martin C. J. Maiden (Environmental Microbiology, 2008)
Summary Campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, with contaminated chicken meat considered to represent a major source of human infection. Biosecurity measures can reduce C. jejuni shedding rates of housed chickens, but the increasing popularity of free‐range and organic meat raises the question of whether the welfare benefits of extensive production are compatible with food safety. The widespread assumption that the free‐range environment contaminates extensively reared chickens has not been rigorously tested. A year‐long survey of 64 free‐range broiler flocks reared on two sites in Oxfordshire, UK, combining high‐resolution genotyping with behavioural and environmental observations revealed: (i) no evidence of colonization of succeeding flocks by the C. jejuni genotypes shed by preceding flocks, (ii) a high degree of similarity between C. jejuni genotypes from both farm sites, (iii) no association of ranging behaviour with likelihood of Campylobacter shedding, and (iv) higher genetic differentiation between C. jejuni populations from chickens and wild birds on the same farm than between the chicken samples, human disease isolates from the same region and national samples of C. jejuni from chicken meat.

Functional Properties of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains Isolated from Maasai Traditional Fermented Milk Products in Kenya - Julius Maina Mathara; Ulrich Schillinger; Phillip M. Kutima; Samuel K. Mbugua; Claudia Guigas; Charles Franz; Wilhelm H. Holzapfel (Current Microbiology, 2008)

Upper Cretaceous facies development and depositional environments, Gebel Somar area, north central Sinai, Egypt - M. D. Samuel; Adel I. M. Akarish; A. H. Zaky (Carbonates and Evaporites, 2008)

Transgenic maize endosperm containing a milk protein has improved amino acid balance - Earl H. Bicar; Wendy Woodman-Clikeman; Varaporn Sangtong; Joan M. Peterson; S. Samuel Yang; Michael Lee; M. Paul Scott (Transgenic Research, 2008)

Effect of oral administration of aqueous whole extract of Cassytha filiformis on haematograms and plasma biochemical parameters in rats - Hausatu M. Babayi; Joseph, J. I. Udeme; Joseph A. Abalaka; Joseph I. Okogun; O. A. Salawu; David D. Akumka; Adamu; Sunday S. Zarma; Bulus B. Adzu; Sabo S. Abdulmumuni; Kolo Ibrahime; Baba B. Elisha; et al. (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2007)

Variability of Electrode Positions Using Electrode Caps - Samuel R. Atcherson; Herbert Jay Gould; Monique A. Pousson; Tina M. Prout (Brain Topography, 2007)

Arousal and the pupil: why diazepam-induced sedation is not accompanied by miosis - R. H. Hou; E. R. Samuels; R. W. Langley; E. Szabadi; C. M. Bradshaw (Psychopharmacology, 2007)

Effects of Silviculture Using Best Management Practices on Stream Macroinvertebrate Communities in Three Ecoregions of Arkansas, USA - Samuel B. McCord; Richard S. Grippo; Dennis M. Eagle (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2007)

Topographical and numerical study of the idiosomal integumentary structures of the larva of four Neotropical species of Amblyomma Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) - Fábio S. Barbieri; Samuel C. Chacón; Marcelo B. Labruna; Darci M. Barros-Battesti; João L. H. Faccini; Kátia M. Famadas (Systematic Parasitology, 2007)

Effect of castration on male rabbit lower urinary tract tissue enzymes - Yung-Shun Juan; Bulent Onal; Samuel Broadaway; Julia Cosgrove; Robert E. Leggett; Catherine Whitbeck; Elise De; Rebekah Sokol; Robert M. Levin (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2007)

Different modes of resource variation provide a critical test of ideal free distribution models - Samuel M. Flaxman; Christina A. deRoos (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2007)

In vitro antagonism of Thielaviopsis paradoxa by Trichoderma longibrachiatum - Vladimir Sánchez; Oscar Rebolledo; Rosa M. Picaso; Elizabeth Cárdenas; Jesús Córdova; Orfil González; Gary J. Samuels (Mycopathologia, 2007)