Exploring, exploiting and evolving diversity of aquatic ecosystem models: a community perspective - Annette B. G. Janssen; George B. Arhonditsis; Arthur Beusen; Karsten Bolding; Louise Bruce; Jorn Bruggeman; Raoul-Marie Couture; Andrea S. Downing; J. Alex Elliott; Marieke A. Frassl; Gideon Gal; Daan J. Gerla; et al. (Aquatic Ecology, 2015)

I-C-SEA Change: A participatory tool for rapid assessment of vulnerability of tropical coastal communities to climate change impacts - Wilfredo Y. Licuanan; Maricar S. Samson; Samuel S. Mamauag; Laura T. David; Roselle Borja-del Rosario; Miledel Christine C. Quibilan; Fernando P. Siringan; Ma. Yvainne Y. Sta. Maria; Norievill B. España; Cesar L. Villanoy; Rollan C. Geronimo; Olivia C. Cabrera; et al. (Ambio, 2015)

Prioritization of knowledge needs for sustainable aquaculture: a national and global perspective - Aisla C Jones; Angela Mead; Michel J Kaiser; Melanie C V Austen; Alex W Adrian; Neil A Auchterlonie; Kenneth D Black; Lucy R Blow; Charlotte Bury; Janet H Brown; Gavin M Burnell; Elaine Connolly; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2015)
Aquaculture is currently the fastest expanding global animal food production sector and is a key future contributor to food security. An increase in food security will be dependent upon the development and improvement of sustainable practices. A prioritization exercise was undertaken, focusing on the future knowledge needs to underpin UK sustainable aquaculture (both domestic and imported products) using a ‘task force’ group of 36 ‘practitioners’ and 12 ‘research scientists’ who have an active interest in sustainable aquaculture. A long list of 264 knowledge needs related to sustainable aquaculture was developed in conjunction with the task force. The long list was further refined through a three stage process of voting and scoring, including discussions of each knowledge need. The top 25 knowledge needs are presented, as scored separately by ‘practitioners’ or ‘research scientists’. There was similar agreement in priorities identified by these two groups. The priority knowledge needs will provide guidance to structure ongoing work to make science accessible to practitioners and help to prioritize future science policy needs and funding. The process of knowledge exchange, and the mechanisms by which this can be achieved, effectively emerged as the top priority for sustainable aquaculture. Viable alternatives to wild fish‐based aquaculture feeds, resource constraints that will potentially limit expansion of aquaculture, sustainable offshore aquaculture and the treatment of sea lice also emerged as strong priorities. Although the exercise was focused on UK needs for sustainable aquaculture, many of the emergent issues are considered to have global application.

Disruption and eradication of P. aeruginosa biofilms using nitric oxide-releasing chitosan oligosaccharides - Katelyn P. Reighard; David B. Hill; Graham A. Dixon; Brittany V. Worley; Mark H. Schoenfisch (Biofouling, 2015)

2015 Publisher’s Report on the Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology - David P. Green (Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 2015)

Confocal laser scanning microscopy elucidation of the micromorphology of the leaf cuticle and analysis of its chemical composition - Pavani P. Nadiminti; James E. Rookes; Ben J. Boyd; David M. Cahill (Protoplasma, 2015)

Adaptive radiation of damselfishes (Perciformes, Pomacentridae) in the eastern Pacific - Rosalía Aguilar-Medrano; Héctor Reyes-Bonilla; P. David Polly (Marine Biology, 2015)

The short-term toxic effects of TiO2 nanoparticles toward bacteria through viability, cellular respiration, and lipid peroxidation - Ayca Erdem; David Metzler; Daniel K. Cha; C. P. Huang (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015)

Assessing Landscape Change and Processes of Recurrence, Replacement, and Recovery in the Southeastern Coastal Plains, USA - Mark A. Drummond; Michael P. Stier; Roger F. Auch; Janis L. Taylor; Glenn E. Griffith; Jodi L. Riegle; David J. Hester; Christopher E. Soulard; Jamie L. McBeth (Environmental Management, 2015)

Defining adult bonefish (Albula vulpes) movement corridors around Grand Bahama in the Bahamian Archipelago - Karen J. Murchie; Aaron D. Shultz; Jeffrey A. Stein; Steven J. Cooke; Justin Lewis; Jason Franklin; Greg Vincent; Edward J. Brooks; Julie E. Claussen; David P. Philipp (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2015)

Projected climate change impacts on forest land cover and land use over the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, USA - David P. Turner; David R. Conklin; John P. Bolte (Climatic Change, 2015)

Propagation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and scale interaction with the diurnal cycle in a high-resolution GCM - Simon C. Peatman; Adrian J. Matthews; David P. Stevens (Climate Dynamics, 2015)

The effects of height and BMI on prostate cancer incidence and mortality: a Mendelian randomization study in 20,848 cases and 20,214 controls from the PRACTICAL consortium - Neil M. Davies; Tom R. Gaunt; Sarah J. Lewis; Jeff Holly; Jenny L. Donovan; Freddie C. Hamdy; John P. Kemp; Rosalind Eeles; Doug Easton; Zsofia Kote-Jarai; Ali Amin Al Olama; Sara Benlloch; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2015)

Are non-native species larger in their invaded range? A test with tropical floodplain fish assemblages following inundation of a biogeographic barrier - Dilermando P. Lima Junior; David J. Hoeinghaus; Luis M. Bini; Angelo A. Agostinho (Biological Invasions, 2015)

Temporal genetic analysis of the endangered tidewater goby: extinction–colonization dynamics or drift in isolation? - Andrew P. Kinziger; Michael Hellmair; W. Tyler McCraney; David K. Jacobs; Greg Goldsmith (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
Extinction and colonization dynamics are critical to understanding the evolution and conservation of metapopulations. However, traditional field studies of extinction–colonization are potentially fraught with detection bias and have rarely been validated. Here, we provide a comparison of molecular and field‐based approaches for assessment of the extinction–colonization dynamics of tidewater goby ( Eucyclogobius newberryi ) in northern California. Our analysis of temporal genetic variation across 14 northern California tidewater goby populations failed to recover genetic change expected with extinction–colonization cycles. Similarly, analysis of site occupancy data from field studies (94 sites) indicated that extinction and colonization are very infrequent for our study populations. Comparison of the approaches indicated field data were subject to imperfect detection, and falsely implied extinction–colonization cycles in several instances. For northern California populations of tidewater goby, we interpret the strong genetic differentiation between populations and high degree of within‐site temporal stability as consistent with a model of drift in the absence of migration, at least over the past 20–30 years. Our findings show that tidewater goby exhibit different population structures across their geographic range (extinction–colonization dynamics in the south vs. drift in isolation in the north). For northern populations, natural dispersal is too infrequent to be considered a viable approach for recolonizing extirpated populations, suggesting that species recovery will likely depend on artificial translocation in this region. More broadly, this work illustrates that temporal genetic analysis can be used in combination with field data to strengthen inference of extinction–colonization dynamics or as a stand‐alone tool when field data are lacking.

The origin and genetic differentiation of the socially parasitic aphid Tamalia inquilinus - Donald G. Miller; Sarah P. Lawson; David C. Rinker; Heather Estby; Patrick Abbot (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
Social and brood parasitisms are nonconsumptive forms of parasitism involving the exploitation of the colonies or nests of a host. Such parasites are often related to their hosts and may evolve in various ecological contexts, causing evolutionary constraints and opportunities for both parasites and their hosts. In extreme cases, patterns of diversification between social parasites and their hosts can be coupled, such that diversity of one is correlated with or even shapes the diversity of the other. Aphids in the genus Tamalia induce galls on North American manzanita ( Arctostaphylos ) and related shrubs (Arbutoideae) and are parasitized by nongalling social parasites or inquilines in the same genus. We used RNA sequencing to identify and generate new gene sequences for Tamalia and performed maximum‐likelihood, Bayesian and phylogeographic analyses to reconstruct the origins and patterns of diversity and host‐associated differentiation in the genus. Our results indicate that the Tamalia inquilines are monophyletic and closely related to their gall‐forming hosts on Arctostaphylos , supporting a previously proposed scenario for origins of these parasitic aphids. Unexpectedly, population structure and host‐plant‐associated differentiation were greater in the non‐gall‐inducing parasites than in their gall‐inducing hosts. RNA ‐seq indicated contrasting patterns of gene expression between host aphids and parasites, and perhaps functional differences in host‐plant relationships. Our results suggest a mode of speciation in which host plants drive within‐guild diversification in insect hosts and their parasites. Shared host plants may be sufficient to promote the ecological diversification of a network of phytophagous insects and their parasites, as exemplified by Tamalia aphids.

The macroecology of phylogenetically structured hummingbird–plant networks - Ana M. Martín González; Bo Dalsgaard; David Nogués‐Bravo; Catherine H. Graham; Matthias Schleuning; Pietro K. Maruyama; Stefan Abrahamczyk; Ruben Alarcón; Andréa C. Araujo; Francielle P. Araújo; Severino Mendes de Azevedo; Andrea C. Baquero; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2015)
Aim To investigate the association between hummingbird–plant network structure and species richness, phylogenetic signal on species' interaction pattern, insularity and historical and current climate. Location Fifty‐four communities along a c . 10,000 km latitudinal gradient across the A mericas (39° N –32° S ), ranging from sea level to c . 3700 m a.s.l., located on the mainland and on islands and covering a wide range of climate regimes. Methods We measured the level of specialization and modularity in mutualistic plant–hummingbird interaction networks. Using an ordinary least squares multimodel approach, we examined the influence of species richness, phylogenetic signal, insularity and current and historical climate conditions on network structure (null‐model‐corrected specialization and modularity). Results Phylogenetically related species, especially plants, showed a tendency to interact with a similar array of mutualistic partners. The spatial variation in network structure exhibited a constant association with species phylogeny ( R 2 = 0.18–0.19); however, network structure showed the strongest association with species richness and environmental factors ( R 2 = 0.20–0.44 and R 2 = 0.32–0.45, respectively). Specifically, higher levels of specialization and modularity were associated with species‐rich communities and communities in which closely related hummingbirds visited distinct sets of flowering species. On the mainland, specialization was also associated with warmer temperatures and greater historical temperature stability. Main conclusions Our results confirm the results of previous macroecological studies of interaction networks which have highlighted the importance of species richness and the environment in determining network structure. Additionally, for the first time, we report an association between network structure and species phylogenetic signal at a macroecological scale, indicating that high specialization and modularity are associated with high interspecific competition among closely related hummingbirds, subdividing the floral niche. This suggests a tighter co‐evolutionary association between hummingbirds and their plants than in previously studied plant–bird mutualistic systems.

Effects of land-use/cover change on hydrological processes using a GIS/RS-based integrated hydrological model: case study of the East River, China - Kai Wang; Qiang Zhang; Yongqin David Chen; Vijay P. Singh (Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2015)

Sequential differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells for bone regeneration - Eva Johanna Huebner; Nestor Torio Padron; David Kubosch; Guenter Finkenzeller; Norbert P. Suedkamp; Philipp Niemeyer (Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2015)

Diet and nutrient balance of red panda in Nepal - Saroj Panthi; Sean C. P. Coogan; Achyut Aryal; David Raubenheimer (The Science of Nature, 2015)

Translation initiation factor 3 families: what are their roles in regulating cyanobacterial and chloroplast gene expression? - April D. Nesbit; Craig Whippo; Roger P. Hangarter; David M. Kehoe (Photosynthesis Research, 2015)

Erratum to: Cutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by Exophiala attenuata in a Domestic Cat - David P. Overy; Chelsea Martin; Anne Muckle; Lorraine Lund; Jill Wood; Paul Hanna (Mycopathologia, 2015)

Cutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by Exophiala attenuata in a Domestic Cat - David P. Overy; Chelsea Martin; Anne Muckle; Lorraine Lund; Jill Wood; Paul Hanna (Mycopathologia, 2015)

Application of comparative biology in GO functional annotation: the mouse model - Harold J. Drabkin; Karen R. Christie; Mary E. Dolan; David P. Hill; Li Ni; Dmitry Sitnikov; Judith A. Blake (Mammalian Genome, 2015)

Mathematical impairment associated with high-contrast abnormalities in change detection and magnocellular visual evoked response - Nicola R. Jastrzebski; Sheila G. Crewther; David P. Crewther (Experimental Brain Research, 2015)

Ethylphenidate: availability, patterns of use, and acute effects of this novel psychoactive substance - James H. Ho; George P. Bailey; John R. H. Archer; Paul I. Dargan; David M. Wood (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2015)

Metformin Treatment for the Prevention and/or Treatment of Breast/Mammary Tumorigenesis - Michael E. Grossmann; Da-Qing Yang; Zhijun Guo; David A. Potter; Margot P. Cleary (Current Pharmacology Reports, 2015)

Impact of pre-diagnosis behavior on risk of death from esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Paul P. Fahey; Kylie-Ann Mallitt; Thomas Astell-Burt; Glenn Stone; David C. Whiteman (Cancer Causes & Control, 2015)

Elevated rates of mild cognitive impairment in HIV disease - David P. Sheppard; Jennifer E. Iudicello; Mark W. Bondi; Katie L. Doyle; Erin E. Morgan; Paul J. Massman; Paul E. Gilbert; Steven Paul Woods (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2015)

Chemical characterization and in vitro toxicity of diesel exhaust particulate matter generated under varying conditions - Julie Richman Fox; David P. Cox; Bertram E. Drury; Timothy R. Gould; Terrance J. Kavanagh; Michael H. Paulsen; Lianne Sheppard; Christopher D. Simpson; James A. Stewart; Timothy V. Larson; Joel D. Kaufman (Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2015)

Assessment of the process, nature and impact of rehabilitation for development of a moderniZation strategy for national irrigation systems in the Philippines - Mona Liza F. Delos Reyes; Wilfredo P. David; Bart Schultz; Krishna Prasad (Irrigation and Drainage, 2015)
Data on medium‐ to large‐scale canal irrigation systems in the Philippines suggest that rehabilitation projects were not sufficient to close the gap between actual area irrigated and irrigation service area. This study analysed the underlying details of various rehabilitation and improvement works in three canal irrigation systems to identify an effective approach to close this gap. The findings show that the rehabilitation works generally focused on maintaining the original canals. Canal lining was the most common improvement work. The planning and design process adopted lacked revalidation of design criteria and assumptions used in the original system design. It did not have the benefit of diagnostic assessment studies. No technical assessments of water supply adequacy for proposed projects were carried out. The findings also indicate that the potential for increasing the actual area irrigated lay in augmentation of water supply, reuse of drainage water, use of adjustable gates at major water distribution points and strategic timing of irrigation schedules between tertiary areas to adapt to prevailing hydrological regimes. Consideration of these findings and an increased attention to consistency among available water supply, irrigation demand, physical design of structures and a realistic operational plan can greatly enhance the impacts of the irrigation modernisation plan in the Philippines. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Marine extinction risk shaped by trait–environment interactions over 500 million years - Emily A. Orzechowski; Rowan Lockwood; Jarrett E. K. Byrnes; Sean C. Anderson; Seth Finnegan; Zoe V. Finkel; Paul G. Harnik; David R. Lindberg; Lee Hsiang Liow; Heike K. Lotze; Craig R. McClain; Jenny L. McGuire; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Perhaps the most pressing issue in predicting biotic responses to present and future global change is understanding how environmental factors shape the relationship between ecological traits and extinction risk. The fossil record provides millions of years of insight into how extinction selectivity (i.e., differential extinction risk) is shaped by interactions between ecological traits and environmental conditions. Numerous paleontological studies have examined trait‐based extinction selectivity; however, the extent to which these patterns are shaped by environmental conditions is poorly understood due to a lack of quantitative synthesis across studies. We conducted a meta‐analysis of published studies on fossil marine bivalves and gastropods that span 458 million years to uncover how global environmental and geochemical changes covary with trait‐based extinction selectivity. We focused on geographic range size and life habit (i.e., infaunal vs. epifaunal), two of the most important and commonly examined predictors of extinction selectivity. We used geochemical proxies related to global climate, as well as indicators of ocean acidification, to infer average global environmental conditions. Life‐habit selectivity is weakly dependent on environmental conditions, with infaunal species relatively buffered from extinction during warmer climate states. In contrast, the odds of taxa with broad geographic ranges surviving an extinction (>2500 km for genera, >500 km for species) are on average three times greater than narrow‐ranging taxa (estimate of odds ratio: 2.8, 95% confidence interval = 2.3–3.5), regardless of the prevailing global environmental conditions. The environmental independence of geographic range size extinction selectivity emphasizes the critical role of geographic range size in setting conservation priorities.

Seasonal assemblages and short‐lived blooms in coastal north‐west A tlantic O cean bacterioplankton - Heba El‐Swais; Katherine A. Dunn; Joseph P. Bielawski; William K. W. Li; David A. Walsh (Environmental Microbiology, 2015)
Summary Temperate oceans are inhabited by diverse and temporally dynamic bacterioplankton communities. However, the role of the environment, resources and phytoplankton dynamics in shaping marine bacterioplankton communities at different time scales remains poorly constrained. Here, we combined time series observations (time scales of weeks to years) with molecular analysis of formalin‐fixed samples from a coastal inlet of the north‐west A tlantic O cean to show that a combination of temperature, nitrate, small phytoplankton and S ynechococcus abundances are best predictors for annual bacterioplankton community variability, explaining 38% of the variation. Using B ayesian mixed modelling, we identified assemblages of co‐occurring bacteria associated with different seasonal periods, including the spring bloom (e.g. P olaribacter , U lvibacter , A lteromonadales and ARCTIC96B ‐16) and the autumn bloom (e.g. OM 42, OM 25, OM 38 and A rctic96 A ‐1 clades of A lphaproteobacteria , and SAR 86, OM 60 and SAR 92 clades of G ammaproteobacteria ). Community variability over spring bloom development was best explained by silicate (32%) – an indication of rapid succession of bacterial taxa in response to diatom biomass – while nanophytoplankton as well as picophytoplankton abundance explained community variability (16–27%) over the transition into and out of the autumn bloom. Moreover, the seasonal structure was punctuated with short‐lived blooms of rare bacteria including the KSA ‐1 clade of S phingobacteria related to aromatic hydrocarbon‐degrading bacteria.

Photosynthetic innovation broadens the niche within a single species - Marjorie R. Lundgren; Guillaume Besnard; Brad S. Ripley; Caroline E. R. Lehmann; David S. Chatelet; Ralf G. Kynast; Mary Namaganda; Maria S. Vorontsova; Russell C. Hall; John Elia; Colin P. Osborne; Pascal‐Antoine Christin (Ecology Letters, 2015)
Adaptation to changing environments often requires novel traits, but how such traits directly affect the ecological niche remains poorly understood. Multiple plant lineages have evolved C 4 photosynthesis, a combination of anatomical and biochemical novelties predicted to increase productivity in warm and arid conditions. Here, we infer the dispersal history across geographical and environmental space in the only known species with both C 4 and non‐C 4 genotypes, the grass Alloteropsis semialata . While non‐C 4 individuals remained confined to a limited geographic area and restricted ecological conditions, C 4 individuals dispersed across three continents and into an expanded range of environments, encompassing the ancestral one. This first intraspecific investigation of C 4 evolutionary ecology shows that, in otherwise similar plants, C 4 photosynthesis does not shift the ecological niche, but broadens it, allowing dispersal into diverse conditions and over long distances. Over macroevolutionary timescales, this immediate effect can be blurred by subsequent specialisation towards more extreme niches.

Phylogenetic relatedness and leaf functional traits, not introduced status, influence community assembly - Nathan P. Lemoine; Jessica Shue; Brittany Verrico; David Erickson; W. John Kress; John D. Parker (Ecology, 2015)
Considerable debate focuses on whether invasive species establish and become abundant by being functionally and phylogenetically distinct from native species, leading to a host of invasion‐specific hypotheses of community assembly. Few studies, however, have quantitatively assessed whether similar patterns of phylogenetic and functional similarity explain local abundance of both native and introduced species, which would suggest similar assembly mechanisms regardless of origin. Using a chronosequence of invaded temperate forest stands, we tested whether the occurrence and abundance of both introduced and native species were predicted by phylogenetic relatedness, functional overlap, and key environmental characteristics including forest age. Environmental filtering against functionally and phylogenetically distinct species strongly dictated the occurrence and abundance of both introduced and native species, with slight modifications of these patterns according to forest age. Thus, once functional and evolutionary novelty were quantified, introduced status provided little information about species' presence or abundance, indicating largely similar sorting mechanisms for both native and introduced species.

The SARAL/AltiKa Altimetry Satellite Mission - Jacques Verron; Pierre Sengenes; Juliette Lambin; Jocelyne Noubel; Nathalie Steunou; Amandine Guillot; Nicolas Picot; Sophie Coutin-Faye; Rashmi Sharma; R. M. Gairola; D. V. A. Raghava Murthy; James G. Richman; et al. (Marine Geodesy, 2015)

Overcoming restoration paradigms: value of the historical record and metapopulation dynamics in native oyster restoration - Romuald N. Lipcius; Russell P. Burke; Danielle N. McCulloch; Sebastian J. Schreiber; David M. Schulte; Rochelle D. Seitz; Jian Shen (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2015)

The effect of flavanol-rich cocoa on cerebral perfusion in healthy older adults during conscious resting state: a placebo controlled, crossover, acute trial - Daniel J. Lamport; Deepa Pal; Christina Moutsiana; David T. Field; Claire M. Williams; Jeremy P. E. Spencer; Laurie T. Butler (Psychopharmacology, 2015)

Multiple stage recruitment limitation and density dependence effects in two tropical forests - Marcia C. M. Marques; David F. R. P. Burslem (Plant Ecology, 2015)

Erratum to: Post-Weaning Cranial Growth in Shrew Opossums (Caenolestidae): A Comparison with Bandicoots (Peramelidae) and Carnivorous Marsupials - David A. Flores; Fernando Abdala; Gabriel M. Martin; Norberto P. Giannini; Juan M. Martinez (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2015)

Post-Weaning Cranial Growth in Shrew Opossums (Caenolestidae): A Comparison with Bandicoots (Peramelidae) and Carnivorous Marsupials - David A. Flores; Fernando Abdala; Gabriel M. Martin; Norberto P. Giannini; Juan M. Martinez (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2015)

Visualization of Functional Neuropeptide Y Receptors in the Mouse Hippocampus and Neocortex Using [35S]GTPγS Binding - Heidi Elbrønd-Bek; Casper R. Gøtzsche; Mette Skinbjerg; Ditte Z. Christensen; Per Plenge; David P. D. Woldbye (International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, 2015)

Conductance hysteresis in the voltage-dependent anion channel - Shay M. Rappaport; Oscar Teijido; David P. Hoogerheide; Tatiana K. Rostovtseva; Alexander M. Berezhkovskii; Sergey M. Bezrukov (European Biophysics Journal, 2015)

Advanced neuroimaging applied to veterans and service personnel with traumatic brain injury: state of the art and potential benefits - Elisabeth A. Wilde; Sylvain Bouix; David F. Tate; Alexander P. Lin; Mary R. Newsome; Brian A. Taylor; James R. Stone; James Montier; Samuel E. Gandy; Brian Biekman; Martha E. Shenton; Gerald York (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2015)

Sensory feedback in cockroach locomotion: current knowledge and open questions - A. Ayali; E. Couzin-Fuchs; I. David; O. Gal; P. Holmes; D. Knebel (Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 2015)

Would protecting tropical forest fragments provide carbon and biodiversity cobenefits under REDD +? - Luiz Fernando S. Magnago; Ainhoa Magrach; William F. Laurance; Sebastião V. Martins; João Augusto A. Meira‐Neto; Marcelo Simonelli; David P. Edwards (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Tropical forests store vast amounts of carbon and are the most biodiverse terrestrial habitats, yet they are being converted and degraded at alarming rates. Given global shortfalls in the budgets required to prevent carbon and biodiversity loss, we need to seek solutions that simultaneously address both issues. Of particular interest are carbon‐based payments under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation ( REDD +) mechanism to also conserve biodiversity at no additional cost. One potential is for REDD + to protect forest fragments, especially within biomes where contiguous forest cover has diminished dramatically, but we require empirical tests of the strength of any carbon and biodiversity cobenefits in such fragmented systems. Using the globally threatened Atlantic Forest landscape, we measured above‐ground carbon stocks within forest fragments spanning 13 to 23 442 ha in area and with different degrees of isolation. We related these stocks to tree community structure and to the richness and abundance of endemic and IUCN Red‐listed species. We found that increasing fragment size has a positive relationship with above‐ground carbon stock and with abundance of IUCN Red‐listed species and tree community structure. We also found negative relationships between distance from large forest block and tree community structure, endemic species richness and abundance, and IUCN Red‐listed species abundance. These resulted in positive congruence between carbon stocks and Red‐listed species, and the abundance and richness of endemic species, demonstrating vital cobenefits. As such, protecting forest fragments in hotspots of biodiversity, particularly larger fragments and those closest to sources, offers important carbon and biodiversity cobenefits. More generally, our results suggest that macroscale models of cobenefits under REDD + have likely overlooked key benefits at small scales, indicating the necessity to apply models that include finer‐grained assessments in fragmented landscapes rather than using averaged coarse‐grained cells.

Responses to increases in temperature of heterotrophic micro-organisms in soils from the maritime Antarctic - Vito Armando Laudicina; Sun Benhua; Paul G. Dennis; Luigi Badalucco; Steven P. Rushton; Kevin K. Newsham; Anthony G. O’Donnell; Iain P. Hartley; David W. Hopkins (Polar Biology, 2015)

Constraints on the development of orogenic style gold mineralisation at Mineral de Talca, Coastal Range, central Chile: evidence from a combined structural, mineralogical, S and Pb isotope and geochronological study - Emily A. Firth; David A. Holwell; Nicholas H. S. Oliver; James K. Mortensen; Matthew P. Rovardi; Adrian J. Boyce (Mineralium Deposita, 2015)

Hunting and Prey Switching by Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Ngogo - David P. Watts; John C. Mitani (International Journal of Primatology, 2015)

Methods and measurement variance for field estimations of coral colony planar area using underwater photographs and semi-automated image segmentation - Benjamin P. Neal; Tsung-Han Lin; Rivah N. Winter; Tali Treibitz; Oscar Beijbom; David Kriegman; David I. Kline; B. Greg Mitchell (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2015)

Comparison of low-carbon pathways for California - Geoffrey M. Morrison; Sonia Yeh; Anthony R. Eggert; Christopher Yang; James H. Nelson; Jeffery B. Greenblatt; Raphael Isaac; Mark Z. Jacobson; Josiah Johnston; Daniel M. Kammen; Ana Mileva; Jack Moore; et al. (Climatic Change, 2015)

Validating the relationship between 3-dimensional body acceleration and oxygen consumption in trained Steller sea lions - Beth L. Volpov; David A. S. Rosen; Andrew W. Trites; John P. Y. Arnould (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2015)

Refugia and connectivity sustain amphibian metapopulations afflicted by disease - Geoffrey W. Heard; Chris D. Thomas; Jenny A. Hodgson; Michael P. Scroggie; David S. L. Ramsey; Nick Clemann (Ecology Letters, 2015)
Metapopulation persistence in fragmented landscapes depends on habitat patches that can support resilient local populations and sufficient connectivity between patches. Yet epidemiological theory for metapopulations has largely overlooked the capacity of particular patches to act as refuges from disease, and has suggested that connectivity can undermine persistence. Here, we show that relatively warm and saline wetlands are environmental refuges from chytridiomycosis for an endangered Australian frog, and act jointly with connectivity to sustain frog metapopulations. We coupled models of microclimate and infection probability to map chytrid prevalence, and demonstrate a strong negative relationship between chytrid prevalence and the persistence of frog populations. Simulations confirm that frog metapopulations are likely to go extinct when they lack environmental refuges from disease and lose connectivity between patches. This study demonstrates that environmental heterogeneity can mediate host–pathogen interactions in fragmented landscapes, and provides evidence that connectivity principally supports host metapopulations afflicted by facultative pathogens.

Detrital stoichiometry as a critical nexus for the effects of streamwater nutrients on leaf litter breakdown rates - David W. P. Manning; Amy D. Rosemond; John S. Kominoski; Vladislav Gulis; Jonathan P. Benstead; John C. Maerz (Ecology, 2015)
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations are elevated in many freshwater systems, stimulating breakdown rates of terrestrially derived plant litter; however, the relative importance of N and P in driving litter breakdown via microbial and detritivore processing are not fully understood. Here, we determined breakdown rates of two litter species, Acer rubrum (maple) and Rhododendron maximum (rhododendron), before (PRE) and during two years (YR1, YR2) of experimental N and P additions to five streams, and quantified the relative importance of hypothesized factors contributing to breakdown. Treatment streams received a gradient of P additions (low to high soluble reactive phosphorus [SRP]; ~10–85 μg/L) crossed with a gradient of N additions (high to low dissolved inorganic nitrogen [DIN]; ~472–96 μg/L) to achieve target molar N:P ratios ranging from 128 to 2. Litter breakdown rates increased above pre‐treatment levels by an average of 1.1–2.2× for maple, and 2.7–4.9× for rhododendron in YR1 and YR2. We used path analysis to compare fungal biomass, shredder biomass, litter stoichiometry (nutrient content as C:N or C:P), discharge, and streamwater temperature as predictors of breakdown rates and compared models containing streamwater N, P or N + P and litter C:N or C:P using model selection criteria. Litter breakdown rates were predicted equally with either streamwater N or P ( R 2 = 0.57). In models with N or P, fungal biomass, litter stoichiometry, discharge, and shredder biomass predicted breakdown rates; litter stoichiometry and fungal biomass were most important for model fit. However, N and P effects may have occurred via subtly different pathways. Litter N content increased with fungal biomass (N‐driven effects) and litter P content increased with streamwater P availability (P‐driven effects), presumably via P storage in fungal biomass. In either case, the effects of N and P through these pathways were associated with higher shredder biomass and breakdown rates. Our results suggest that N and P stimulate litter breakdown rates via mechanisms in which litter stoichiometry is an important nexus for associated microbial and detritivore effects.

Chemical Variability of PM10 and PM2.5 in Southwestern Rural Nevada, USA - Johann P. Engelbrecht; Ilias G. Kavouras; David S. Shafer; Dave Campbell; Scott Campbell; Greg McCurdy; Steven D. Kohl; George Nikolich; Larry Sheetz; Alan W. Gertler (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2015)

X-ray fluorescence microscopy of zinc localization in wheat grains biofortified through foliar zinc applications at different growth stages under field conditions - Babasola Ajiboye; Ismail Cakmak; David Paterson; Martin D. de Jonge; Daryl L. Howard; Samuel P. Stacey; Ayfer A. Torun; Nevzat Aydin; Michael J. McLaughlin (Plant and Soil, 2015)

Developing the EU Farm Accountancy Data Network to derive indicators around the sustainable use of nitrogen and phosphorus at farm level - Cathal Buckley; David P. Wall; Brian Moran; Paul N. C. Murphy (Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2015)

Fungal specificity and selectivity for algae play a major role in determining lichen partnerships across diverse ecogeographic regions in the lichen‐forming family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) - Steven D. Leavitt; Ekaphan Kraichak; Matthew P. Nelsen; Susanne Altermann; Pradeep K. Divakar; David Alors; Theodore L. Esslinger; Ana Crespo; Thorsten Lumbsch (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
Microbial symbionts are instrumental to the ecological and long‐term evolutionary success of their hosts, and the central role of symbiotic interactions is increasingly recognized across the vast majority of life. Lichens provide an iconic group for investigating patterns in species interactions; however, relationships among lichen symbionts are often masked by uncertain species boundaries or an inability to reliably identify symbionts. The species‐rich lichen‐forming fungal family Parmeliaceae provides a diverse group for assessing patterns of interactions of algal symbionts, and our study addresses patterns of lichen symbiont interactions at the largest geographic and taxonomic scales attempted to date. We analysed a total of 2356 algal internal transcribed spacer ( ITS ) region sequences collected from lichens representing ten mycobiont genera in Parmeliaceae, two genera in Lecanoraceae and 26 cultured Trebouxia strains. Algal ITS sequences were grouped into operational taxonomic units ( OTU s); we attempted to validate the evolutionary independence of a subset of the inferred OTU s using chloroplast and mitochondrial loci. We explored the patterns of symbiont interactions in these lichens based on ecogeographic distributions and mycobiont taxonomy. We found high levels of undescribed diversity in Trebouxia , broad distributions across distinct ecoregions for many photobiont OTU s and varying levels of mycobiont selectivity and specificity towards the photobiont. Based on these results, we conclude that fungal specificity and selectivity for algal partners play a major role in determining lichen partnerships, potentially superseding ecology, at least at the ecogeographic scale investigated here. To facilitate effective communication and consistency across future studies, we propose a provisional naming system for Trebouxia photobionts and provide representative sequences for each OTU circumscribed in this study.

A pan‐Arctic synthesis of CH 4 and CO 2 production from anoxic soil incubations - Claire C. Treat; Susan M. Natali; Jessica Ernakovich; Colleen M. Iversen; Massimo Lupascu; Anthony David McGuire; Richard J. Norby; Taniya Roy Chowdhury; Andreas Richter; Hana Šantrůčková; Christina Schädel; Edward A. G. Schuur; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Permafrost thaw can alter the soil environment through changes in soil moisture, frequently resulting in soil saturation, a shift to anaerobic decomposition, and changes in the plant community. These changes, along with thawing of previously frozen organic material, can alter the form and magnitude of greenhouse gas production from permafrost ecosystems. We synthesized existing methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) production measurements from anaerobic incubations of boreal and tundra soils from the geographic permafrost region to evaluate large‐scale controls of anaerobic CO 2 and CH 4 production and compare the relative importance of landscape‐level factors (e.g., vegetation type and landscape position), soil properties (e.g., pH, depth, and soil type), and soil environmental conditions (e.g., temperature and relative water table position). We found fivefold higher maximum CH 4 production per gram soil carbon from organic soils than mineral soils. Maximum CH 4 production from soils in the active layer (ground that thaws and refreezes annually) was nearly four times that of permafrost per gram soil carbon, and CH 4 production per gram soil carbon was two times greater from sites without permafrost than sites with permafrost. Maximum CH 4 and median anaerobic CO 2 production decreased with depth, while CO 2 :CH 4 production increased with depth. Maximum CH 4 production was highest in soils with herbaceous vegetation and soils that were either consistently or periodically inundated. This synthesis identifies the need to consider biome, landscape position, and vascular/moss vegetation types when modeling CH 4 production in permafrost ecosystems and suggests the need for longer‐term anaerobic incubations to fully capture CH 4 dynamics. Our results demonstrate that as climate warms in arctic and boreal regions, rates of anaerobic CO 2 and CH 4 production will increase, not only as a result of increased temperature, but also from shifts in vegetation and increased ground saturation that will accompany permafrost thaw.

Environmental conditions and physiological state influence estuarine movements of homing sockeye salmon - S. Matthew Drenner; Scott G. Hinch; Eduardo G. Martins; Nathan B. Furey; Timothy D. Clark; Steven J. Cooke; David A. Patterson; David Robichaud; David W. Welch; Anthony P. Farrell; Richard E. Thomson (Fisheries Oceanography, 2015)
The reproductive migration of anadromous salmonids through estuarine waters is one of the most challenging stages of their life cycle, yet little is known about the environmental and physiological conditions that influence migratory behaviour. We captured, sampled tissues, tagged and released 365 sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) homing through inner coastal waters towards the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada. Biotelemetry was used to assess the behaviour of individual sockeye salmon approaching estuarine waters and at river entry, which were related to both fish physiological condition at release and to prevailing environmental conditions. Sockeye salmon tended to stay close to the shore, migrated during the day, and movements were related to tide. Sockeye salmon migration rate was linked to wind‐induced currents, salinity and an individual's physiological state, but these factors were specific to location and stock. We propose that wind‐induced currents exposed sockeye salmon entering the estuary to stronger olfactory cues associated with Fraser River water, which in turn resulted in faster migration rates presumably due to either an increased ability for olfactory navigation and/or advanced reproductive schedule through a neuroendocrine response to olfactory cues. However, once the migration had progressed further into more concentrated freshwater of the river plume, sockeye salmon presumably used wind‐induced currents to aid in movements towards the river, which may be associated with energy conservation. Results from this study improve our biological understanding of the movements of Fraser River sockeye salmon and are also broadly relevant to other anadromous salmonids homing in marine environments.

An ant–plant by-product mutualism is robust to selective logging of rain forest and conversion to oil palm plantation - Tom M. Fayle; David P. Edwards; William A. Foster; Kalsum M. Yusah; Edgar C. Turner (Oecologia, 2015)

Overexpression of 14-3-3ζ Increases Brain Levels of C/EBP Homologous Protein CHOP - Gary P. Brennan; Eva M. Jimenez-Mateos; Amaya Sanz-Rodriguez; Claire M. Mooney; Guri Tzivion; David C. Henshall; Tobias Engel (Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 2015)

Patients’ Perceptions of Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests and Preparatory Education in Federally Qualified Health Centers - Clement K. Gwede; Alexis M. Koskan; Gwendolyn P. Quinn; Stacy N. Davis; Jamila Ealey; Rania Abdulla; Susan T. Vadaparampil; Gloria Elliott; Diana Lopez; David Shibata; Richard G. Roetzheim; Cathy D. Meade (Journal of Cancer Education, 2015)

Heritability and genome-wide analyses of problematic peer relationships during childhood and adolescence - Beate St Pourcain; C. M. A. Haworth; O. S. P. Davis; Kai Wang; Nicholas J. Timpson; David M. Evans; John P. Kemp; Angelica Ronald; Tom Price; Emma Meaburn; Susan M. Ring; Jean Golding; et al. (Human Genetics, 2015)

Empirical and semi-analytical chlorophyll a algorithms for multi-temporal monitoring of New Zealand lakes using Landsat - Mathew G. Allan; David P. Hamilton; Brendan Hicks; Lars Brabyn (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2015)

Approach to spatialize local to long-range atmospheric metal input (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb) in epiphytic lichens over a meso-scale area (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, southwestern France) - Julien P. G. Barre; Gaëlle Deletraz; Jérôme Frayret; Hervé Pinaly; Olivier F. X. Donard; David Amouroux (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015)

Multi-objective dynamic programming for spatial cluster detection - Gladston J. P. Moreira; Luís Paquete; Luiz H. Duczmal; David Menotti; Ricardo H. C. Takahashi (Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 2015)

A cytogenetic and comparative map of camelid chromosome 36 and the minute in alpacas - Felipe Avila; Malorie P. Baily; David A. Merriwether; Vladimir A. Trifonov; Jiři Rubes; Michelle A. Kutzler; Renuka Chowdhary; Jan Janečka; Terje Raudsepp (Chromosome Research, 2015)

Junctions in human health and inherited disease - Spiro Getsios; David P. Kelsell; Andy Forge (Cell and Tissue Research, 2015)

Molecular tools and bumble bees: revealing hidden details of ecology and evolution in a model system - S. Hollis Woodard; Jeffrey D. Lozier; David Goulson; Paul H. Williams; James P. Strange; Shalene Jha (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
Bumble bees are a longstanding model system for studies on behaviour, ecology and evolution, due to their well‐studied social lifestyle, invaluable role as wild and managed pollinators, and ubiquity and diversity across temperate ecosystems. Yet despite their importance, many aspects of bumble bee biology have remained enigmatic until the rise of the genetic and, more recently, genomic eras. Here, we review and synthesize new insights into the ecology, evolution and behaviour of bumble bees that have been gained using modern genetic and genomic techniques. Special emphasis is placed on four areas of bumble bee biology: the evolution of eusociality in this group, population‐level processes, large‐scale evolutionary relationships and patterns, and immunity and resistance to pesticides. We close with a prospective on the future of bumble bee genomics research, as this rapidly advancing field has the potential to further revolutionize our understanding of bumble bees, particularly in regard to adaptation and resilience. Worldwide, many bumble bee populations are in decline. As such, throughout the review, connections are drawn between new molecular insights into bumble bees and our understanding of the causal factors involved in their decline. Ongoing and potential applications to bumble bee management and conservation are also included to demonstrate how genetics‐ and genomics‐enabled research aids in the preservation of this threatened group.

Contemporary evolution of resistance at the major insecticide target site gene Ace‐1 by mutation and copy number variation in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae - David Weetman; Sara N. Mitchell; Craig S. Wilding; Daniel P. Birks; Alexander E. Yawson; John Essandoh; Henry D. Mawejje; Luc S. Djogbenou; Keith Steen; Emily J. Rippon; Christopher S. Clarkson; Stuart G. Field; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
Functionally constrained genes are ideal insecticide targets because disruption is often fatal, and resistance mutations are typically costly. Synaptic acetylcholinesterase ( AC hE) is an essential neurotransmission enzyme targeted by insecticides used increasingly in malaria control. In Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes, a glycine–serine substitution at codon 119 of the Ace‐1 gene confers both resistance and fitness costs, especially for 119S/S homozygotes. G119S in Anopheles gambiae from Accra (Ghana) is strongly associated with resistance, and, despite expectations of cost, resistant 119S alleles are increasing significantly in frequency. Sequencing of Accra females detected only a single Ace‐1 119S haplotype, whereas 119G diversity was high overall but very low at non‐synonymous sites, evidence of strong purifying selection driven by functional constraint. Flanking microsatellites showed reduced diversity, elevated linkage disequilibrium and high differentiation of 119S, relative to 119G homozygotes across up to two megabases of the genome. Yet these signals of selection were inconsistent and sometimes weak tens of kilobases from Ace‐1 . This unexpected finding is attributable to apparently ubiquitous amplification of 119S alleles as part of a large copy number variant ( CNV ) far exceeding the size of the Ace‐1 gene, whereas 119G alleles were unduplicated. Ace‐1 CNV was detectable in archived samples collected when the 119S allele was rare in Ghana. Multicopy amplification of resistant alleles has not been observed previously and is likely to underpin the recent increase in 119S frequency. The large CNV compromised localization of the strong selective sweep around Ace‐1 , emphasizing the need to integrate CNV analysis into genome scans for selection.

Analyses of the mitochondrial genome of Leiopelma hochstetteri argues against the full drowning of New Zealand - Louise M. Carr; P. A. (Trish) McLenachan; Peter J. Waddell; Neil J. Gemmell; David Penny (Journal of Biogeography, 2015)
Aim We used endemic frogs to test the hypothesis that New Zealand was fully submerged during the Oligocene marine transgression ( c . 25–35 Ma, the Oligocene drowning) and that all the land biota subsequently arrived by dispersal – including the poorly dispersing frogs. Location New Zealand. Methods The complete mitochondrial genome of the New Zealand native frog Leiopelma hochstetteri was sequenced, assembled and analysed, and compared with that of L. archeyi . Results Using many phylogenetic analyses we examined the evolutionary relationships of the two species of Leiopelma , both for the deepest divergence within New Zealand and relative to other frogs. Our results give estimates of well over 65 Ma for the first divergence of leiopelmatid frogs within New Zealand, and over 150 Ma for the divergence of Leiopelma from its closest relative, the North American tailed frog Ascaphus truei . Main conclusions The identification of such a deep divergence among the extant Leiopelma species provides some of the strongest support yet for a mixed‐age model for the origin of New Zealand's terrestrial biota, where some elements are of vicariant origin and others have arisen by long‐distance dispersal. This contradicts a full drowning model and supports the view that there must have been some continuous land through the Oligocene.

Information and communication technologies and climate change adaptation in Latin America and the Caribbean: a framework for action - Hallie Eakin; Pedro M. Wightman; David Hsu; Vladimir R. Gil Ramón; Eduardo Fuentes-Contreras; Megan P. Cox; Tracy-Ann N. Hyman; Carlos Pacas; Fernando Borraz; Claudia González-Brambila; Diego Ponce de León Barido; Daniel M. Kammen (Climate and Development, 2015)

Recognizing JAFPT Contributors and Reviewers - David P. Green (Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 2015)

Metabolic accommodation to running on a body weight-supported treadmill - David K. P. McNeill; Hendrik D. de Heer; Cody P. Williams; J. Richard Coast (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2015)

Erratum to: Data sources for identifying low-income, uninsured populations: application to public health—National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program - Lucinda P. Dalzell; Florence K. L. Tangka; David S. Powers; Brett J. O’Hara; Walter Holmes; Kristy Joseph; Janet Royalty (Cancer Causes & Control, 2015)

Erratum to: Breast cancer screening of underserved women in the USA: results from the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, 1998–2012 - David H. Howard; Florence K. L. Tangka; Janet Royalty; Lucinda P. Dalzell; Jacqueline Miller; Brett O’Hara; Kristy Joseph; Kristy Kenney; Gery Guy; Ingrid J. Hall (Cancer Causes & Control, 2015)

Erratum to: Cervical cancer screening of underserved women in the United States: results from the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, 1997–2012 - Florence K. L. Tangka; David H. Howard; Janet Royalty; Lucinda P. Dalzell; Jacqueline Miller; Brett J. O’Hara; Susan A. Sabatino; Kristy Joseph; Kristy Kenney; Gery P. Guy; Ingrid J. Hall (Cancer Causes & Control, 2015)

Data sources for identifying low-income, uninsured populations: application to public health—National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program - Lucinda P. Dalzell; Florence K. L. Tangka; David S. Powers; Brett J. O’Hara; Walter Holmes; Kristy Joseph; Janet Royalty (Cancer Causes & Control, 2015)

Cervical cancer screening of underserved women in the United States: results from the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, 1997–2012 - Florence K. L. Tangka; David H. Howard; Janet Royalty; Lucinda P. Dalzell; Jacqueline Miller; Brett J. O’Hara; Susan A. Sabatino; Kristy Joseph; Kristy Kenney; Gery P. Guy; Ingrid J. Hall (Cancer Causes & Control, 2015)

Breast cancer screening of underserved women in the USA: results from the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, 1998–2012 - David H. Howard; Florence K. L. Tangka; Janet Royalty; Lucinda P. Dalzell; Jacqueline Miller; Brett O’Hara; Kristy Joseph; Kristy Kenney; Gery Guy; Ingrid J. Hall (Cancer Causes & Control, 2015)

Sensitivity to self-administered cocaine within the lateral preoptic–rostral lateral hypothalamic continuum - David J. Barker; Brendan M. Striano; Kevin C. Coffey; David H. Root; Anthony P. Pawlak; Olivia A. Kim; Julianna Kulik; Anthony T. Fabbricatore; Mark O. West (Brain Structure and Function, 2015)

Sediment Bioaccumulation Test with Lumbriculus variegatus: Effects of Feeding - Lawrence P. Burkhard; Dylan Hubin-Barrows; Nanditha Billa; Terry L. Highland; James R. Hockett; David R. Mount; Teresa J. Norberg-King; Steven Hawthorne; David J. Miller; Carol B. Grabanski (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2015)

Females Exceed Males in Mercury Concentrations of Burbot Lota lota - Charles P. Madenjian; Martin A. Stapanian; Peter A. Cott; David P. Krabbenhoft; William H. Edwards; Lynn M. Ogilvie; Justin G. Mychek-Londer; John F. DeWild (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2015)

Revisiting the past to foretell the future: summer temperature and habitat area predict pika extirpations in California - Joseph A. E. Stewart; John D. Perrine; Lyle B. Nichols; James H. Thorne; Constance I. Millar; Kenneth E. Goehring; Cody P. Massing; David H. Wright (Journal of Biogeography, 2015)
Aim The American pika ( Ochotona princeps ) appears to have experienced climate‐mediated upslope range contraction in the Great Basin of North America, but this result has not yet been extended to other portions of the pika's range. Our goals were: first, to determine the environmental parameters that most influence current pika distribution within California; second, to infer whether these constraints explain extirpations that have occurred in California; third, to predict future extirpations; and fourth, to advance methods for assessing the degree to which pikas and other climate‐sensitive mammals are threatened by climate change. Location Historical pika record locations in California, USA , spanning four degrees of latitude and longitude, from Mount Shasta to the southern Sierra Nevada. Methods We identified 67 precise historical pika record locations and surveyed them exhaustively, over multiple years, to determine whether pika populations persist at those sites. We used an information theoretic approach and logistic regression to model current pika occupancy as a function of 16 environmental variables, tested our best‐performing model as a predictor of historical occupancy, and then used our model to predict future pika occupancy given anticipated climate change. Results Pikas no longer occurred at 10 of 67 (15%) historical sites in California. The best predictors of occupancy were average summer temperature and talus habitat area within a 1‐km radius. A logistic model fitted to this relationship correctly predicted current occupancy at 94% of sites and correctly hindcasted past occupancy at 93% of sites, suggesting that the model has strong temporal transferability. Depending on the future climate scenario, our model projects that by 2070 pikas will be extirpated from 39% to 88% of these historical sites in California. Main conclusions Our simple species distribution model for pikas performs remarkably well for both current and historical periods. Pika distribution appears to be governed primarily by behavioural restrictions mediated by summer temperature and by the configuration of talus habitat available to pikas locally. Pikas, and other montane species in the western USA, may be subjected to above‐average exposure to climate change because summer temperature is projected to rise more than annual temperature.

Temporal patterns in adult salmon migration timing across southeast Alaska - Ryan P. Kovach; Stephen C. Ellison; Sanjay Pyare; David A. Tallmon (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Pacific salmon migration timing can drive population productivity, ecosystem dynamics, and human harvest. Nevertheless, little is known about long‐term variation in salmon migration timing for multiple species across broad regions. We used long‐term data for five Pacific salmon species throughout rapidly warming southeast Alaska to describe long‐term changes in salmon migration timing, interannual phenological synchrony, relationships between climatic variation and migratory timing, and to test whether long‐term changes in migration timing are related to glaciation in headwater streams. Temporal changes in the median date of salmon migration timing varied widely across species. Most sockeye populations are migrating later over time (11 of 14), but pink, chum, and especially coho populations are migrating earlier than they did historically (16 of 19 combined). Temporal trends in duration and interannual variation in migration timing were highly variable across species and populations. The greatest temporal shifts in the median date of migration timing were correlated with decreases in the duration of migration timing, suggestive of a loss of phenotypic variation due to natural selection. Pairwise interannual correlations in migration timing varied widely but were generally positive, providing evidence for weak region‐wide phenological synchrony. This synchrony is likely a function of climatic variation, as interannual variation in migration timing was related to climatic phenomenon operating at large‐ (Pacific decadal oscillation), moderate‐ (sea surface temperature), and local‐scales (precipitation). Surprisingly, the presence or the absence of glaciers within a watershed was unrelated to long‐term shifts in phenology. Overall, there was extensive heterogeneity in long‐term patterns of migration timing throughout this climatically and geographically complex region, highlighting that future climatic change will likely have widely divergent impacts on salmon migration timing. Although salmon phenological diversity will complicate future predictions of migration timing, this variation likely acts as a major contributor to population and ecosystem resiliency in southeast Alaska.

Observing terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle from space - David Schimel; Ryan Pavlick; Joshua B. Fisher; Gregory P. Asner; Sassan Saatchi; Philip Townsend; Charles Miller; Christian Frankenberg; Kathy Hibbard; Peter Cox (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Terrestrial ecosystem and carbon cycle feedbacks will significantly impact future climate, but their responses are highly uncertain. Models and tipping point analyses suggest the tropics and arctic/boreal zone carbon–climate feedbacks could be disproportionately large. In situ observations in those regions are sparse, resulting in high uncertainties in carbon fluxes and fluxes. Key parameters controlling ecosystem carbon responses, such as plant traits, are also sparsely observed in the tropics, with the most diverse biome on the planet treated as a single type in models. We analyzed the spatial distribution of in situ data for carbon fluxes, stocks and plant traits globally and also evaluated the potential of remote sensing to observe these quantities. New satellite data products go beyond indices of greenness and can address spatial sampling gaps for specific ecosystem properties and parameters. Because environmental conditions and access limit in situ observations in tropical and arctic/boreal environments, use of space‐based techniques can reduce sampling bias and uncertainty about tipping point feedbacks to climate. To reliably detect change and develop the understanding of ecosystems needed for prediction, significantly, more data are required in critical regions. This need can best be met with a strategic combination of remote and in situ data, with satellite observations providing the dense sampling in space and time required to characterize the heterogeneity of ecosystem structure and function.

Seasonal weather patterns drive population vital rates and persistence in a stream fish - Yoichiro Kanno; Benjamin H. Letcher; Nathaniel P. Hitt; David A. Boughton; John E. B. Wofford; Elise F. Zipkin (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Climate change affects seasonal weather patterns, but little is known about the relative importance of seasonal weather patterns on animal population vital rates. Even when such information exists, data are typically only available from intensive fieldwork (e.g., mark–recapture studies) at a limited spatial extent. Here, we investigated effects of seasonal air temperature and precipitation (fall, winter, and spring) on survival and recruitment of brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) at a broad spatial scale using a novel stage‐structured population model. The data were a 15‐year record of brook trout abundance from 72 sites distributed across a 170‐km‐long mountain range in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, USA . Population vital rates responded differently to weather and site‐specific conditions. Specifically, young‐of‐year survival was most strongly affected by spring temperature, adult survival by elevation and per‐capita recruitment by winter precipitation. Low fall precipitation and high winter precipitation, the latter of which is predicted to increase under climate change for the study region, had the strongest negative effects on trout populations. Simulations show that trout abundance could be greatly reduced under constant high winter precipitation, consistent with the expected effects of gravel‐scouring flows on eggs and newly hatched individuals. However, high‐elevation sites would be less vulnerable to local extinction because they supported higher adult survival. Furthermore, the majority of brook trout populations are projected to persist if high winter precipitation occurs only intermittently (≤3 of 5 years) due to density‐dependent recruitment. Variable drivers of vital rates should be commonly found in animal populations characterized by ontogenetic changes in habitat, and such stage‐structured effects may increase population persistence to changing climate by not affecting all life stages simultaneously. Yet, our results also demonstrate that weather patterns during seemingly less consequential seasons (e.g., winter precipitation) can have major impacts on animal population dynamics.

BAAD: a Biomass And Allometry Database for woody plants - Daniel S. Falster; Remko A. Duursma; Masae I. Ishihara; Diego R. Barneche; Richard G. FitzJohn; Angelica Vårhammar; Masahiro Aiba; Makoto Ando; Niels Anten; Michael J. Aspinwall; Jennifer L. Baltzer; Christopher Baraloto; et al. (Ecology, 2015)
Understanding how plants are constructed—i.e., how key size dimensions and the amount of mass invested in different tissues varies among individuals—is essential for modeling plant growth, carbon stocks, and energy fluxes in the terrestrial biosphere. Allocation patterns can differ through ontogeny, but also among coexisting species and among species adapted to different environments. While a variety of models dealing with biomass allocation exist, we lack a synthetic understanding of the underlying processes. This is partly due to the lack of suitable data sets for validating and parameterizing models. To that end, we present the Biomass And Allometry Database (BAAD) for woody plants. The BAAD contains 259 634 measurements collected in 176 different studies, from 21 084 individuals across 678 species. Most of these data come from existing publications. However, raw data were rarely made public at the time of publication. Thus, the BAAD contains data from different studies, transformed into standard units and variable names. The transformations were achieved using a common workflow for all raw data files. Other features that distinguish the BAAD are: (i) measurements were for individual plants rather than stand averages; (ii) individuals spanning a range of sizes were measured; (iii) plants from 0.01–100 m in height were included; and (iv) biomass was estimated directly, i.e., not indirectly via allometric equations (except in very large trees where biomass was estimated from detailed sub‐sampling). We included both wild and artificially grown plants. The data set contains the following size metrics: total leaf area; area of stem cross‐section including sapwood, heartwood, and bark; height of plant and crown base, crown area, and surface area; and the dry mass of leaf, stem, branches, sapwood, heartwood, bark, coarse roots, and fine root tissues. We also report other properties of individuals (age, leaf size, leaf mass per area, wood density, nitrogen content of leaves and wood), as well as information about the growing environment (location, light, experimental treatment, vegetation type) where available. It is our hope that making these data available will improve our ability to understand plant growth, ecosystem dynamics, and carbon cycling in the world's vegetation.

Deployment of Microbial Biosensors to Assess the Performance of Ameliorants in Metal-Contaminated Soils - Snežana P. Maletić; Malcolm A. Watson; Saad Dehlawi; Elizabeth E. Diplock; David Mardlin; Graeme I. Paton (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2015)

Regional Frequency Analysis of Droughts in China: A Multivariate Perspective - Qiang Zhang; Tianyao Qi; Vijay P. Singh; Yongqin David Chen; Mingzhong Xiao (Water Resources Management, 2015)

Erratum to: Magnitude and Trophic Fate of Black Needlerush (Juncus Roemerianus) Productivity: Does Nutrient Addition Matter? - Amy Hunter; Just Cebrian; Jason P. Stutes; David Patterson; Bart Christiaen; Celine Lafabrie; Josh Goff (Wetlands, 2015)

Magnitude and Trophic Fate of Black Needlerush (Juncus Roemerianus) Productivity: Does Nutrient Addition Matter? - Amy Hunter; Just Cebrian; Jason P. Stutes; David Patterson; Bart Christiaen; Celine Lafabrie; Josh Goff (Wetlands, 2015)

The effects of post-extinction exercise on cocaine-primed and stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats - Yvonne E. Ogbonmwan; Jason P. Schroeder; Philip V. Holmes; David Weinshenker (Psychopharmacology, 2015)

Mating behavior of adolescent male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda - David P. Watts (Primates, 2015)

Early season root production in relation to leaf production among six diverse temperate tree species - M. Luke McCormack; Katie P. Gaines; Melissa Pastore; David M. Eissenstat (Plant and Soil, 2015)

Temperature dependence of in vitro Rubisco kinetics in species of Flaveria with different photosynthetic mechanisms - Juan Alejandro Perdomo; Amanda P. Cavanagh; David S. Kubien; Jeroni Galmés (Photosynthesis Research, 2015)

Changes in soil biogeochemistry following disturbance by girdling and mountain pine beetles in subalpine forests - Nicole A. Trahan; Emily L. Dynes; Evan Pugh; David J. P. Moore; Russell K. Monson (Oecologia, 2015)

Microglia: dismantling and rebuilding circuits after acute neurological injury - Jenna M. Ziebell; P. David Adelson; Jonathan Lifshitz (Metabolic Brain Disease, 2015)

Delayed mutual information infers patterns of synaptic connectivity in a proprioceptive neural network - Wagner Endo; Fernando P. Santos; David Simpson; Carlos D. Maciel; Philip L. Newland (Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 2015)

Associations of prostate cancer risk variants with disease aggressiveness: results of the NCI-SPORE Genetics Working Group analysis of 18,343 cases - Brian T. Helfand; Kimberly A. Roehl; Phillip R. Cooper; Barry B. McGuire; Liesel M. Fitzgerald; Geraldine Cancel-Tassin; Jean-Nicolas Cornu; Scott Bauer; Erin L. Van Blarigan; Xin Chen; David Duggan; Elaine A. Ostrander; et al. (Human Genetics, 2015)

Mitigating impacts of roads on wildlife: an agenda for the conservation of priority European protected species in Great Britain - Alastair I. Ward; Julie Dendy; David P. Cowan (European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2015)

Developing Objectives with Multiple Stakeholders: Adaptive Management of Horseshoe Crabs and Red Knots in the Delaware Bay - Conor P. McGowan; James E. Lyons; David R. Smith (Environmental Management, 2015)

Temperature effects induced by climate change on the growth and consumption by salmonines in Lakes Michigan and Huron - Yu-Chun Kao; Charles P. Madenjian; David B. Bunnell; Brent M. Lofgren; Marjorie Perroud (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2015)

BioEarth: Envisioning and developing a new regional earth system model to inform natural and agricultural resource management - Jennifer C. Adam; Jennie C. Stephens; Serena H. Chung; Michael P. Brady; R. David Evans; Chad E. Kruger; Brian K. Lamb; Mingliang Liu; Claudio O. Stöckle; Joseph K. Vaughan; Kirti Rajagopalan; John A. Harrison; et al. (Climatic Change, 2015)

Ecology and biogeochemistry of cyanobacteria in soils, permafrost, aquatic and cryptic polar habitats - Thulani P. Makhalanyane; Angel Valverde; David Velázquez; Eoin Gunnigle; Marc W. Van Goethem; Antonio Quesada; Don A. Cowan (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2015)

Minimizing the biodiversity impact of Neotropical oil palm development - James J. Gilroy; Graham W. Prescott; Johann S. Cardenas; Pamela González del Pliego Castañeda; Andrés Sánchez; Luis E. Rojas‐Murcia; Claudia A. Medina Uribe; Torbjørn Haugaasen; David P. Edwards (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Oil palm agriculture is rapidly expanding in the Neotropics, at the expense of a range of natural and seminatural habitats. A key question is how this expansion should be managed to reduce negative impacts on biodiversity. Focusing on the Llanos of Colombia, a mixed grassland–forest system identified as a priority zone for future oil palm development, we survey communities of ants, dung beetles, birds and herpetofauna occurring in oil palm plantations and the other principal form of agriculture in the region – improved cattle pasture – together with those of surrounding natural forests. We show that oil palm plantations have similar or higher species richness across all four taxonomic groups than improved pasture. For dung beetles, species richness in oil palm was equal to that of forest, whereas the other three taxa had highest species richness in forests. Hierarchical modelling of species occupancy probabilities indicated that oil palm plantations supported a higher proportion of species characteristic of forests than did cattle pastures. Across the bird community, occupancy probabilities within oil palm were positively influenced by increasing forest cover in a surrounding 250 m radius, whereas surrounding forest cover did not strongly influence the occurrence of other taxonomic groups in oil palm. Overall, our results suggest that the conversion of existing improved pastures to oil palm has limited negative impacts on biodiversity. As such, existing cattle pastures of the Colombian Llanos could offer a key opportunity to meet governmental targets for oil palm development without incurring significant biodiversity costs. Our results also highlight the value of preserving remnant forests within these agricultural landscapes, protecting high biodiversity and exporting avian ‘spill‐over’ effects into oil palm plantations.

The C ampylobacter jejuni RacRS system regulates fumarate utilization in a low oxygen environment - Anne‐Xander van der Stel; Andries van Mourik; Linda Heijmen‐van Dijk; Craig T. Parker; David J. Kelly; Chris H. A. van de Lest; Jos P. M. van Putten; Marc M. S. M. Wösten (Environmental Microbiology, 2015)
Summary The natural environment of the human pathogen C ampylobacter jejuni is the gastrointestinal tract of warm‐blooded animals. In the gut, the availability of oxygen is limited; therefore, less efficient electron acceptors such as nitrate or fumarate are used by C . jejuni . The molecular mechanisms that regulate the activity of the highly branched respiratory chain of C . jejuni are still a mystery mainly because C . jejuni lacks homologues of transcription factors known to regulate energy metabolism in other bacteria. Here we demonstrate that dependent on the available electron acceptors the two‐component system RacRS controls the production of fumarate from aspartate, as well as its transport and reduction to succinate. Transcription profiling, DNAse protection and functional assays showed that phosphorylated RacR binds to and represses at least five promoter elements located in front of genes involved in the uptake and synthesis of fumarate. The RacRS system is active in the presence of nitrate and trimethyl‐amine‐N‐oxide under oxygen‐limited conditions when fumarate is less preferred as an alternative electron acceptor. In the inactive state, RacRS allows utilization of fumarate for respiration. The unique C . jejuni RacRS regulatory system illustrates the disparate evolution of C ampylobacter and aids the survival of this pathogen.

Effect of scale on trait predictors of species responses to agriculture - James J. Gilroy; Claudia A. Medina Uribe; Torbjørn Haugaasen; David P. Edwards (Conservation Biology, 2015)
Species persistence in human‐altered landscapes can depend on factors operating at multiple spatial scales. To understand anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity, it is useful to examine relationships between species traits and their responses to land‐use change. A key knowledge gap concerns whether these relationships vary depending on the scale of response under consideration. We examined how local‐ and large‐scale habitat variables influence the occupancy dynamics of a bird community in cloud forest zones in the Colombian Chocó‐Andes. Using data collected across a continuum of forest and agriculture, we examined which traits best predict species responses to local variation in farmland and which traits best predict species responses to isolation from contiguous forest. Global range size was a strong predictor of species responses to agriculture at both scales; widespread species were less likely to decline as local habitat cover decreased and as distance from forest increased. Habitat specialization was a strong predictor of species responses only at the local scale. Open‐habitat species were particularly likely to increase as pasture increased, but they were relatively insensitive to variation in distance to forest. Foraging plasticity and flocking behavior were strong predictors of species responses to distance from forest, but not their responses to local habitat. Species with lower plasticity in foraging behaviors and obligate flock‐following species were more likely to decline as distance from contiguous forest increased. For species exhibiting these latter traits, persistence in tropical landscapes may depend on the protection of larger contiguous blocks of forest, rather than the integration of smaller‐scale woodland areas within farmland. Species listed as threatened or near threatened on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List were also more likely to decline in response to both local habitat quality and isolation from forest relative to least‐concern species, underlining the importance of contiguous forests for threatened taxa.

Bacterial patterning at the three-phase line of contact with microtextured alkanes - Song Ha Nguyen; Hayden K. Webb; David E. Mainwaring; Peter J. Mahon; Russell J. Crawford; Elena P. Ivanova (Biofouling, 2015)

U-PB zircon tuff geochronology from the Karoo Basin, South Africa: implications of zircon recycling on stratigraphic age controls - Matthew P. McKay; Amy L. Weislogel; Andrea Fildani; Rufus L. Brunt; David M. Hodgson; Stephen S. Flint (International Geology Review, 2015)

Bud bank dynamics and clonal growth strategy in the rhizomatous grass, Pascopyrum smithii - Jacqueline P. Ott; David C. Hartnett (Plant Ecology, 2015)

Gene loss in the fungal canola pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans - Agnieszka A. Golicz; Paula A. Martinez; Manuel Zander; Dhwani A. Patel; Angela P. Van De Wouw; Paul Visendi; Timothy L. Fitzgerald; David Edwards; Jacqueline Batley (Functional & Integrative Genomics, 2015)

Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cognitive dysfunction in children - Wiesław A. Jedrychowski; Frederica P. Perera; David Camann; John Spengler; Maria Butscher; Elzbieta Mroz; Renata Majewska; Elżbieta Flak; Ryszard Jacek; Agata Sowa (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015)

Songbirds as sentinels of mercury in terrestrial habitats of eastern North America - Allyson K. Jackson; David C. Evers; Evan M. Adams; Daniel A. Cristol; Collin Eagles-Smith; Samuel T. Edmonds; Carrie E. Gray; Bart Hoskins; Oksana P. Lane; Amy Sauer; Timothy Tear (Ecotoxicology, 2015)

Co-localization of Disturbed Flow Patterns and Occlusive Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy Lesion Formation in Heart Transplant Patients - Lucas H. Timmins; Divya Gupta; Michel T. Corban; David S. Molony; John N. Oshinski; Habib Samady; Don P. Giddens (Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology, 2015)

454 screening of individual MHC variation in an endemic island passerine - Catalina Gonzalez-Quevedo; Karl P. Phillips; Lewis G. Spurgin; David S. Richardson (Immunogenetics, 2015)

Setting the Global Context in Discovery and Transformation of Seafood Products - David P. Green (Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 2015)

A loop unique to ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthases is not absolutely essential for ferredoxin-dependent catalytic activity - Jatindra N. Tripathy; Masakazu Hirasawa; R. Bryan Sutton; Afia Dasgupta; Nanditha Vaidyanathan; Masoud Zabet-Moghaddam; Francisco J. Florencio; Anurag P. Srivastava; David B. Knaff (Photosynthesis Research, 2015)

The significance of dynamical architecture for adaptive responses to mechanical loads during rhythmic behavior - Kendrick M. Shaw; David N. Lyttle; Jeffrey P. Gill; Miranda J. Cullins; Jeffrey M. McManus; Hui Lu; Peter J. Thomas; Hillel J. Chiel (Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 2015)

Phytoplankton succession and the formation of a deep chlorophyll maximum in a hypertrophic volcanic lake - Bernard Simmonds; Susanna A. Wood; Deniz Özkundakci; David P. Hamilton (Hydrobiologia, 2015)

Genome-wide association study for refractive astigmatism reveals genetic co-determination with spherical equivalent refractive error: the CREAM consortium - Qing Li; Robert Wojciechowski; Claire L. Simpson; Pirro G. Hysi; Virginie J. M. Verhoeven; Mohammad Kamran Ikram; René Höhn; Veronique Vitart; Alex W. Hewitt; Konrad Oexle; Kari-Matti Mäkelä; Stuart MacGregor; et al. (Human Genetics, 2015)

Acute effects of β-naphthoflavone on cardiorespiratory function and metabolism in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) - Courtney J. Gerger; Jith K. Thomas; David M. Janz; Lynn P. Weber (Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2015)

Mercury concentrations and distribution in soil, water, mine waste leachates, and air in and around mercury mines in the Big Bend region, Texas, USA - John E. Gray; Peter M. Theodorakos; David L. Fey; David P. Krabbenhoft (Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2015)

Associations of vitamin D pathway genes with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D, and prostate cancer: a nested case–control study - Rebecca Gilbert; Carolina Bonilla; Chris Metcalfe; Sarah Lewis; David M. Evans; William D. Fraser; John P. Kemp; Jenny L. Donovan; Freddie C. Hamdy; David E. Neal; J. Athene Lane; George Davey Smith; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2015)

CTFS ‐Forest GEO : a worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change - Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira; Stuart J. Davies; Amy C. Bennett; Erika B. Gonzalez‐Akre; Helene C. Muller‐Landau; S. Joseph Wright; Kamariah Abu Salim; Angélica M. Almeyda Zambrano; Alfonso Alonso; Jennifer L. Baltzer; Yves Basset; Norman A. Bourg; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Global change is impacting forests worldwide, threatening biodiversity and ecosystem services including climate regulation. Understanding how forests respond is critical to forest conservation and climate protection. This review describes an international network of 59 long‐term forest dynamics research sites ( CTFS ‐Forest GEO ) useful for characterizing forest responses to global change. Within very large plots (median size 25 ha), all stems ≥1 cm diameter are identified to species, mapped, and regularly recensused according to standardized protocols. CTFS ‐Forest GEO spans 25°S–61°N latitude, is generally representative of the range of bioclimatic, edaphic, and topographic conditions experienced by forests worldwide, and is the only forest monitoring network that applies a standardized protocol to each of the world's major forest biomes. Supplementary standardized measurements at subsets of the sites provide additional information on plants, animals, and ecosystem and environmental variables. CTFS ‐Forest GEO sites are experiencing multifaceted anthropogenic global change pressures including warming (average 0.61 °C), changes in precipitation (up to ±30% change), atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur compounds (up to 3.8 g N m −2 yr −1 and 3.1 g S m −2 yr −1 ), and forest fragmentation in the surrounding landscape (up to 88% reduced tree cover within 5 km). The broad suite of measurements made at CTFS ‐Forest GEO sites makes it possible to investigate the complex ways in which global change is impacting forest dynamics. Ongoing research across the CTFS ‐Forest GEO network is yielding insights into how and why the forests are changing, and continued monitoring will provide vital contributions to understanding worldwide forest diversity and dynamics in an era of global change.

Pollen‐based quantitative reconstructions of Holocene regional vegetation cover (plant‐functional types and land‐cover types) in Europe suitable for climate modelling - A.‐K. Trondman; M.‐J. Gaillard; F. Mazier; S. Sugita; R. Fyfe; A. B. Nielsen; C. Twiddle; P. Barratt; H. J. B. Birks; A. E. Bjune; L. Björkman; A. Broström; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
We present quantitative reconstructions of regional vegetation cover in north‐western Europe, western Europe north of the Alps, and eastern Europe for five time windows in the Holocene [around 6k, 3k, 0.5k, 0.2k, and 0.05k calendar years before present ( bp )] at a 1° × 1° spatial scale with the objective of producing vegetation descriptions suitable for climate modelling. The REVEALS model was applied on 636 pollen records from lakes and bogs to reconstruct the past cover of 25 plant taxa grouped into 10 plant‐functional types and three land‐cover types [evergreen trees, summer‐green (deciduous) trees, and open land]. The model corrects for some of the biases in pollen percentages by using pollen productivity estimates and fall speeds of pollen, and by applying simple but robust models of pollen dispersal and deposition. The emerging patterns of tree migration and deforestation between 6k bp and modern time in the REVEALS estimates agree with our general understanding of the vegetation history of Europe based on pollen percentages. However, the degree of anthropogenic deforestation (i.e. cover of cultivated and grazing land) at 3k, 0.5k, and 0.2k bp is significantly higher than deduced from pollen percentages. This is also the case at 6k in some parts of Europe, in particular Britain and Ireland. Furthermore, the relationship between summer‐green and evergreen trees, and between individual tree taxa, differs significantly when expressed as pollen percentages or as REVEALS estimates of tree cover. For instance, when Pinus is dominant over Picea as pollen percentages, Picea is dominant over Pinus as REVEALS estimates. These differences play a major role in the reconstruction of European landscapes and for the study of land cover–climate interactions, biodiversity and human resources.

Multiplication of microbes below 0.690 water activity: implications for terrestrial and extraterrestrial life - Andrew Stevenson; Jürgen Burkhardt; Charles S. Cockell; Jonathan A. Cray; Jan Dijksterhuis; Mark Fox‐Powell; Terence P. Kee; Gerhard Kminek; Terry J. McGenity; Kenneth N. Timmis; David J. Timson; Mary A. Voytek; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2015)
Summary Since a key requirement of known life forms is available water (water activity; a w ), recent searches for signatures of past life in terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments have targeted places known to have contained significant quantities of biologically available water. However, early life on E arth inhabited high‐salt environments, suggesting an ability to withstand low water‐activity. The lower limit of water activity that enables cell division appears to be ∼ 0.605 which, until now, was only known to be exhibited by a single eukaryote, the sugar‐tolerant, fungal xerophile X eromyces bisporus . The first forms of life on E arth were, though, prokaryotic. Recent evidence now indicates that some halophilic A rchaea and B acteria have water‐activity limits more or less equal to those of X . bisporus . We discuss water activity in relation to the limits of E arth's present‐day biosphere; the possibility of microbial multiplication by utilizing water from thin, aqueous films or non‐liquid sources; whether prokaryotes were the first organisms able to multiply close to the 0.605‐a w limit; and whether extraterrestrial aqueous milieux of ≥ 0.605 a w can resemble fertile microbial habitats found on Earth.

Emergent stability in a large, free‐flowing watershed - Jonathan W. Moore; Michael P. Beakes; Holly K. Nesbitt; Justin D. Yeakel; David A. Patterson; Lisa A. Thompson; Corey C. Phillis; Douglas C. Braun; Corinna Favaro; David Scott; Charmaine Carr-Harris; William I. Atlas (Ecology, 2015)
While it is widely recognized that financial stock portfolios can be stabilized through diverse investments, it is also possible that certain habitats can function as natural portfolios that stabilize ecosystem processes. Here we propose and examine the hypothesis that free‐flowing river networks act as such portfolios and confer stability through their integration of upstream geological, hydrological, and biological diversity. We compiled a spatially (142 sites) and temporally (1980–present) extensive data set on fisheries, water flows, and temperatures, from sites within one of the largest watersheds in the world that remains without dams on its mainstem, the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada. We found that larger catchments had more stable fisheries catches, water flows, and water temperatures than smaller catchments. These data provide evidence that free‐flowing river networks function as hierarchically nested portfolios with stability as an emergent property. Thus, free‐flowing river networks can represent a natural system for buffering variation and extreme events.

Evidence‐based conservation: reply to Tepedino et al. - Gretchen Lebuhn; Sam Droege; Edward F. Connor; Barbara Gemmill‐Herren; Simon G. Potts; Robert L. Minckley; Robert P. Jean; Emanuel Kula; David W. Roubik; Karen W. Wright; Gordon Frankie; Frank Parker (Conservation Biology, 2015)

Ichthyofauna of the Selvagens Islands. Do small coastal areas show high species richness in the northeastern Atlantic? - Frederico Almada; David Abecasis; David Villegas-Ríos; Sofia Henriques; Miguel P. Pais; Marisa Batista; Bárbara Horta e Costa; Joana Martins; Inês Tojeira; Nuno Vasco Rodrigues; Ricardo Araújo; Miguel Souto; et al. (Marine Biology Research, 2015)

Population genetics of the California National Primate Research Center’s (CNPRC) captive Callicebus cupreus colony - Adrian Mendoza; Jillian Ng; Karen L. Bales; Sally P. Mendoza; Debra A. George; David Glenn Smith; Sree Kanthaswamy (Primates, 2015)

Probing the Effects of Experimental Conditions on the Character of Drug-Polymer Phase Diagrams Constructed Using Flory-Huggins Theory - Conor Donnelly; Yiwei Tian; Catherine Potter; David S. Jones; Gavin P. Andrews (Pharmaceutical Research, 2015)

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice and maize production in diversified rice cropping systems - Sebastian Weller; David Kraus; Kevin Ray P. Ayag; Reiner Wassmann; M. C. R. Alberto; Klaus Butterbach-Bahl; Ralf Kiese (Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2015)

Spatial mapping of evapotranspiration over Devils Lake basin with SEBAL: application to flood mitigation via irrigation of agricultural crops - Dean D. Steele; Bryan P. Thoreson; David G. Hopkins; Byron A. Clark; Sheldon R. Tuscherer; R. Gautam (Irrigation Science, 2015)

The modern distribution of chironomid sub-fossils (Insecta: Diptera) in Costa Rica and the development of a regional chironomid-based temperature inference model - Jiaying Wu; David F. Porinchu; Sally P. Horn; Kurt A. Haberyan (Hydrobiologia, 2015)

Risks of large-scale use of systemic insecticides to ecosystem functioning and services - Madeleine Chagnon; David Kreutzweiser; Edward A.D. Mitchell; Christy A. Morrissey; Dominique A. Noome; Jeroen P. Van der Sluijs (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015)

Quantifying brood predation in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) associated with catch-and-release angling of nesting males - Jeffrey A. Stein; David P. Philipp (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2015)

Enhanced characterization of the zebrafish brain as revealed by super-resolution track-density imaging - Jeremy F. P. Ullmann; Fernando Calamante; Shaun P. Collin; David C. Reutens; Nyoman D. Kurniawan (Brain Structure and Function, 2015)

Nuclear accidents call for transdisciplinary nuclear energy research - Fabienne Gralla; David J. Abson; Anders P. Møller; Daniel J. Lang; Ulli Vilsmaier; Benjamin K. Sovacool; Henrik von Wehrden (Sustainability Science, 2015)

Estimation of potential impacts of climate change on growth and yield of temperate tree species - M. Irfan Ashraf; Charles P.-A. Bourque; David A. MacLean; Thom Erdle; Fan-Rui Meng (Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2015)

Redescription of Scymnodon ichiharai Yano and Tanaka 1984 (Squaliformes: Somniosidae) from the western North Pacific, with comments on the definition of somniosid genera - William T. White; Diego F. B. Vaz; Hsuan-Ching Ho; David A. Ebert; Marcelo R. de Carvalho; Shannon Corrigan; Elisabeth Rochel; Murilo de Carvalho; Sho Tanaka; Gavin J. P. Naylor (Ichthyological Research, 2015)

Identification of several clades of novel single-stranded circular DNA viruses with conserved stem-loop structures in pig feces - Andrew K. Cheung; Terry Fei Fan Ng; Kelly M. Lager; David P. Alt; Eric Delwart; Roman M. Pogranichniy (Archives of Virology, 2015)

Focal Association Between Wall Shear Stress and Clinical Coronary Artery Disease Progression - Lucas H. Timmins; David S. Molony; Parham Eshtehardi; Michael C. McDaniel; John N. Oshinski; Habib Samady; Don P. Giddens (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2015)

Evidence of land‐sea transfer of the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter to a wildlife marine sentinel species - Johanna L. Baily; Guillaume Méric; Sion Bayliss; Geoffrey Foster; Simon E. Moss; Eleanor Watson; Ben Pascoe; Jane Mikhail; Romain Pizzi; Robert J. Goldstone; David G. E. Smith; Kim Willoughby; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
Environmental pollution often accompanies the expansion and urbanization of human populations where sewage and wastewaters commonly have an impact on the marine environments. Here, we explored the potential for faecal bacterial pathogens, of anthropic origin, to spread to marine wildlife in coastal areas. The common zoonotic bacterium Campylobacter was isolated from grey seals ( Halichoerus grypus ), an important sentinel species for environmental pollution, and compared to isolates from wild birds, agricultural sources and clinical samples to characterize possible transmission routes. Campylobacter jejuni was present in half of all grey seal pups sampled (24/50 dead and 46/90 live pups) in the breeding colony on the Isle of May (Scotland), where it was frequently associated with histological evidence of disease. Returning yearling animals (19/19) were negative for C . jejuni suggesting clearance of infection while away from the localized colony infection source. The genomes of 90 isolates from seals were sequenced and characterized using a whole‐genome multilocus sequence typing ( MLST ) approach and compared to 192 published genomes from multiple sources using population genetic approaches and a probabilistic genetic attribution model to infer the source of infection from MLST data. The strong genotype‐host association has enabled the application of source attribution models in epidemiological studies of human campylobacteriosis, and here assignment analyses consistently grouped seal isolates with those from human clinical samples. These findings are consistent with either a common infection source or direct transmission of human campylobacter to grey seals, raising concerns about the spread of human pathogens to wildlife marine sentinel species in coastal areas.

Operationalizing resilience for adaptive coral reef management under global environmental change - Kenneth R.N. Anthony; Paul A. Marshall; Ameer Abdulla; Roger Beeden; Chris Bergh; Ryan Black; C. Mark Eakin; Edward T. Game; Margaret Gooch; Nicholas A.J. Graham; Alison Green; Scott F. Heron; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Cumulative pressures from global climate and ocean change combined with multiple regional and local‐scale stressors pose fundamental challenges to coral reef managers worldwide. Understanding how cumulative stressors affect coral reef vulnerability is critical for successful reef conservation now and in the future. In this review, we present the case that strategically managing for increased ecological resilience (capacity for stress resistance and recovery) can reduce coral reef vulnerability (risk of net decline) up to a point. Specifically, we propose an operational framework for identifying effective management levers to enhance resilience and support management decisions that reduce reef vulnerability. Building on a system understanding of biological and ecological processes that drive resilience of coral reefs in different environmental and socio‐economic settings, we present an Adaptive Resilience‐Based management ( ARBM ) framework and suggest a set of guidelines for how and where resilience can be enhanced via management interventions. We argue that press‐type stressors (pollution, sedimentation, overfishing, ocean warming and acidification) are key threats to coral reef resilience by affecting processes underpinning resistance and recovery, while pulse‐type (acute) stressors (e.g. storms, bleaching events, crown‐of‐thorns starfish outbreaks) increase the demand for resilience. We apply the framework to a set of example problems for Caribbean and Indo‐Pacific reefs. A combined strategy of active risk reduction and resilience support is needed, informed by key management objectives, knowledge of reef ecosystem processes and consideration of environmental and social drivers. As climate change and ocean acidification erode the resilience and increase the vulnerability of coral reefs globally, successful adaptive management of coral reefs will become increasingly difficult. Given limited resources, on‐the‐ground solutions are likely to focus increasingly on actions that support resilience at finer spatial scales, and that are tightly linked to ecosystem goods and services.

Fire in Australian savannas: from leaf to landscape - Jason Beringer; Lindsay B. Hutley; David Abramson; Stefan K. Arndt; Peter Briggs; Mila Bristow; Josep G. Canadell; Lucas A. Cernusak; Derek Eamus; Andrew C. Edwards; Bradley J. Evans; Benedikt Fest; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Savanna ecosystems comprise 22% of the global terrestrial surface and 25% of Australia (almost 1.9 million km 2 ) and provide significant ecosystem services through carbon and water cycles and the maintenance of biodiversity. The current structure, composition and distribution of Australian savannas have coevolved with fire, yet remain driven by the dynamic constraints of their bioclimatic niche. Fire in Australian savannas influences both the biophysical and biogeochemical processes at multiple scales from leaf to landscape. Here, we present the latest emission estimates from Australian savanna biomass burning and their contribution to global greenhouse gas budgets. We then review our understanding of the impacts of fire on ecosystem function and local surface water and heat balances, which in turn influence regional climate. We show how savanna fires are coupled to the global climate through the carbon cycle and fire regimes. We present new research that climate change is likely to alter the structure and function of savannas through shifts in moisture availability and increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in turn altering fire regimes with further feedbacks to climate. We explore opportunities to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions from savanna ecosystems through changes in savanna fire management.

Everybody loses: intraspecific competition induces tragedy of the commons in Allenby's gerbils - Oded Berger-Tal; Keren Embar; Burt P. Kotler; David Saltz (Ecology, 2015)
Interference competition may lead to a tragedy of the commons in which individuals driven by self‐interest reduce the fitness of the entire group. We investigated this hypothesis in Allenby's gerbils, Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi , by comparing foraging behaviors of single vs. pairs of gerbils. We recorded strong interference competition within the foraging pairs. Competition reduced the amount of time the gerbils spent foraging, as well as foraging efficiency since part of the foragers' attention was directed toward detecting competitors (apparent predation risk). Single gerbils harvested significantly more food than the combined efforts of two gerbils foraging together. Competition reduced the success of both individuals within a pair by more than 50%, making this a case of the tragedy of the commons where each individual's investment in competition reduces the success of all individuals within the group, including its own. Despite their great costs, competitive behaviors will be selected for as long as one individual achieves higher fitness than the other. In nature, interspecific interactions, such as predation risk, may act to reduce and regulate the deleterious effects of intraspecific competition.

Advances Against Aspergillosis: Biology, Host response, Diagnosis and Treatment - David S. Askew; Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis; Karl V. Clemons (Mycopathologia, 2014)

Modern influences on chironomid distribution in western Ireland: potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction - Aaron P. Potito; Craig A. Woodward; Michelle McKeown; David W. Beilman (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2014)

Educational Opportunities in Bladder Cancer: Increasing Cystoscopic Adherence and the Availability of Smoking-Cessation Programs - Marc A. Kowalkowski; Heather Honoré Goltz; Nancy J. Petersen; Gilad E. Amiel; Seth P. Lerner; David M. Latini (Journal of Cancer Education, 2014)

Combination fluconazole/paroxetine treatment is neuroprotective despite ongoing neuroinflammation and viral replication in an SIV model of HIV neurological disease - Kelly A. Meulendyke; Suzanne E. Queen; Elizabeth L. Engle; Erin N. Shirk; Jiayang Liu; Joseph P. Steiner; Avindra Nath; Patrick M. Tarwater; David R. Graham; Joseph L. Mankowski; M. Christine Zink (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2014)

Validation of microsatellite multiplexes for parentage analysis in a coral reef fish (Lutjanus carponotatus, Lutjanidae) - Hugo B. Harrison; Kevin A. Feldheim; Geoffrey P. Jones; Hicham Mansour; Sadhasivam Perumal; David H. Williamson; Michael L. Berumen (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2014)

Regional changes in elastic fiber organization and transforming growth factor β signaling in aortas from a mouse model of marfan syndrome - David W. Howell; Natasa Popovic; Richard P. Metz; Emily Wilson (Cell and Tissue Research, 2014)

Shark personalities? Repeatability of social network traits in a widely distributed predatory fish - David M. P. Jacoby; Lauren N. Fear; David W. Sims; Darren P. Croft (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2014)

Effect of Genotype and Storage on Glycoalkaloid and Acrylamide Content and Sensory Attributes of Potato Chips - Fauzi S. Amer; Lavanya Reddivari; Gaurav P. Madiwale; Martha Stone; David G. Holm; Jairam Vanamala (American Journal of Potato Research, 2014)

Climate and soil attributes determine plant species turnover in global drylands - Werner Ulrich; Santiago Soliveres; Fernando T. Maestre; Nicholas J. Gotelli; José L. Quero; Manuel Delgado‐Baquerizo; Matthew A. Bowker; David J. Eldridge; Victoria Ochoa; Beatriz Gozalo; Enrique Valencia; Miguel Berdugo; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2014)
Aim Geographical, climatic and soil factors are major drivers of plant beta diversity, but their importance for dryland plant communities is poorly known. The aim of this study was to: (1) characterize patterns of beta diversity in global drylands; (2) detect common environmental drivers of beta diversity; and (3) test for thresholds in environmental conditions driving potential shifts in plant species composition. Location Global. Methods Beta diversity was quantified in 224 dryland plant communities from 22 geographical regions on all continents except Antarctica using four complementary measures: the percentage of singletons (species occurring at only one site); Whittaker's beta diversity, β(W); a directional beta diversity metric based on the correlation in species occurrences among spatially contiguous sites, β( R 2 ); and a multivariate abundance‐based metric, β( MV ). We used linear modelling to quantify the relationships between these metrics of beta diversity and geographical, climatic and soil variables. Results Soil fertility and variability in temperature and rainfall, and to a lesser extent latitude, were the most important environmental predictors of beta diversity. Metrics related to species identity [percentage of singletons and β(W)] were most sensitive to soil fertility, whereas those metrics related to environmental gradients and abundance [(β( R 2 ) and β( MV )] were more associated with climate variability. Interactions among soil variables, climatic factors and plant cover were not important determinants of beta diversity. Sites receiving less than 178 mm of annual rainfall differed sharply in species composition from more mesic sites (> 200 mm). Main conclusions Soil fertility and variability in temperature and rainfall are the most important environmental predictors of variation in plant beta diversity in global drylands. Our results suggest that those sites annually receiving c . 178 mm of rainfall will be especially sensitive to future climate changes. These findings may help to define appropriate conservation strategies for mitigating effects of climate change on dryland vegetation.

Dehydration-induced endodormancy in crown buds of leafy spurge highlights involvement of MAF3- and RVE1-like homologs, and hormone signaling cross-talk - Münevver Doğramacı; David P. Horvath; James V. Anderson (Plant Molecular Biology, 2014)

Bacterial community structures in rhizosphere microsites of ryegrass (Lolium perenne var. Nui) as revealed by pyrosequencing - Lorena M. Lagos; Oscar U. Navarrete; Fumito Maruyama; David E. Crowley; Fernanda P. Cid; María L. Mora; Milko A. Jorquera (Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2014)

Landscape scale impacts of culling upon a European grey squirrel population: can trapping reduce population size and decrease the threat of squirrelpox virus infection for the native red squirrel? - Pia Schuchert; Craig M. Shuttleworth; Colin J. McInnes; David. J. Everest; Steven P. Rushton (Biological Invasions, 2014)

Hatching plasticity in a Southeast Asian tree frog - Sinlan Poo; David P. Bickford (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2014)

Past experiences and future expectations generate context-dependent costs of foraging - Oded Berger-Tal; Keren Embar; Burt P. Kotler; David Saltz (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2014)

Polarimetric rainfall retrieval from a C-Band weather radar in a tropical environment (The Philippines) - I. Crisologo; G. Vulpiani; C. C. Abon; C. P. C. David; A. Bronstert; Maik Heistermann (Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2014)

Comment on Bachmann et al. (2013): A nonrepresentative sample cannot describe the extent of cultural eutrophication of natural lakes in the United States - Cory P. McDonald; Noah R. Lottig; John L. Stoddard; Alan T. Herlihy; Sarah Lehmann; Steven G. Paulsen; David V. Peck; Amina I. Pollard; R. Jan Stevenson (Limnology and Oceanography, 2014)

Estimating tectonic uplift of the Cape Fear Arch (south‐eastern United States) using reconstructions of Holocene relative sea level - ORSON VAN DE PLASSCHE; ALEX J. WRIGHT; BENJAMIN P. HORTON; SIMON E. ENGELHART; ANDREW C. KEMP; DAVID MALLINSON; ROBERT E. KOPP (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2014)
We use relative sea‐level (RSL) reconstructions and a spatiotemporal statistical model to estimate the rate of uplift of the Cape Fear Arch, a Mesozoic structural high, during the last ∼4000 years. We reconstructed RSL using 12 radiocarbon‐dated samples of basal salt‐marsh sediment preserved at Elizabeth Creek Marsh on the Cape Fear River. The new data show that RSL rose by ∼3 m during the past ∼4.6 ka at an average rate of 0.67 ± 0.12 mm a −1 . RSL reconstructions from other sites in southern North Carolina (which have rates of 0.91 ± 0.10 to 0.84 ± 0.24 mm a −1 ) probably show ( P > 0.9) higher rates of regional RSL rise for the same period, while sites from northern South Carolina (which have rates of 0.72 ± 0.17 to 0.80 ± 0.21 mm a −1 ) probably ( P > 0.67) show the same. We attribute the differences between Elizabeth Creek Marsh and neighboring regions to uplift of the Cape Fear Arch, which we estimate to be 0.24 ± 0.15 mm a −1 . Uplift of the arch may be responsible for lower rates of 20 th century RSL rise recorded by the Wilmington tide gauge relative to rates measured elsewhere along the US mid‐Atlantic coast.

The energy‐conserving electron transfer system used by D esulfovibrio alaskensis strain G 20 during pyruvate fermentation involves reduction of endogenously formed fumarate and cytoplasmic and membrane‐bound complexes, Hdr‐Flox and Rnf - Birte Meyer; Jennifer V. Kuehl; Morgan N. Price; Jayashree Ray; Adam M. Deutschbauer; Adam P. Arkin; David A. Stahl (Environmental Microbiology, 2014)
Summary The adaptation capability of D esulfovibrio to natural fluctuations in electron acceptor availability was evaluated by studying D esulfovibrio alaskensis strain G 20 under varying respiratory, fermentative and methanogenic coculture conditions in chemostats. Transition from lactate to pyruvate in coculture resulted in a dramatic shift in the population structure and closer interspecies cell‐to‐cell interactions. Lower methane production rates in coculture than predicted from pyruvate input was attributed to redirection of electron flow to fumarate reduction. Without a methanogenic partner, accumulation of H 2 and formate resulted in greater succinate production. Comparative transcript and gene fitness analysis in concert with physiological data of G 20 wildtype and mutants demonstrated that pyruvate fermentation involves respiration of cytoplasmically formed fumarate using cytoplasmic and membrane‐bound energy‐conserving complexes, Rnf , Hdr‐Flox ‐1 and Hmc. At the low H 2 /formate levels maintained in coculture, Rnf likely functions as proton‐pumping ferredoxin (Fd) : type‐I cytochrome c oxidoreductase, which transitions to a proton‐pumping Fd red : nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD + ) oxidoreductase at high H 2 /formate levels during fermentation in monoculture. Hdr‐Flox ‐1 is postulated to recycle Fd red via a flavin‐based electron bifurcation involving NADH , Fd ox and the thiol/disulphide‐containing DsrC . In a menaquinone ( MQ )‐based electron confurcation reaction, the high‐molecular‐weight cytochrome‐c 3 complex, Hmc , is proposed to then couple DsrC red and periplasmic H 2 /formate oxidation using the MQ pool to fuel a membrane‐bound fumarate reductase.

Molecular characterization of African swine fever virus from domestic pigs in northern Tanzania during an outbreak in 2013 - Gerald Misinzo; David E. Kwavi; Christopher D. Sikombe; Mariam Makange; Emma Peter; Amandus P. Muhairwa; Michael J. Madege (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2014)

Seabirds as agents of spatial heterogeneity on New Zealand’s offshore islands - Melody S. Durrett; David A. Wardle; Christa P. H. Mulder; Ronald P. Barry (Plant and Soil, 2014)

A tree-ring perspective on the terrestrial carbon cycle - Flurin Babst; M. Ross Alexander; Paul Szejner; Olivier Bouriaud; Stefan Klesse; John Roden; Philippe Ciais; Benjamin Poulter; David Frank; David J. P. Moore; Valerie Trouet (Oecologia, 2014)

Vervet MRI Atlas and Label Map for Fully Automated Morphometric Analyses - Joseph A. Maldjian; James B. Daunais; David P. Friedman; Christopher T. Whitlow (Neuroinformatics, 2014)

Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling - Peter James B. Abad; Michael L. Tan; Melissa Mae P. Baluyot; Angela Q. Villa; Gay Luz Talapian; Ma. Elouisa Reyes; Riza Concordia Suarez; Aster Lynn D. Sur; Vanessa Dyan R. Aldemita; Carmencita David Padilla; Mercy Ygona Laurino (Journal of Community Genetics, 2014)

Effects of enzyme inducers efavirenz and tipranavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of the HIV integrase inhibitor dolutegravir - Ivy Song; Julie Borland; Shuguang Chen; Phyllis Guta; Yu Lou; David Wilfret; Toshihiro Wajima; Paul Savina; Amanda Peppercorn; Stephen Castellino; David Wagner; Louise Hosking; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2014)

Titanium oxide nanoparticle effects on composition of soil microbial communities and plant performance - David J. Burke; Shun Zhu; Michele P. Pablico-Lansigan; Charlotte R. Hewins; Anna Cristina S. Samia (Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2014)

Climate change and Southern Ocean ecosystems I: how changes in physical habitats directly affect marine biota - Andrew J. Constable; Jessica Melbourne‐Thomas; Stuart P. Corney; Kevin R. Arrigo; Christophe Barbraud; David K. A. Barnes; Nathaniel L. Bindoff; Philip W. Boyd; Angelika Brandt; Daniel P. Costa; Andrew T. Davidson; Hugh W. Ducklow; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2014)
Antarctic and Southern Ocean ( ASO ) marine ecosystems have been changing for at least the last 30 years, including in response to increasing ocean temperatures and changes in the extent and seasonality of sea ice; the magnitude and direction of these changes differ between regions around Antarctica that could see populations of the same species changing differently in different regions. This article reviews current and expected changes in ASO physical habitats in response to climate change. It then reviews how these changes may impact the autecology of marine biota of this polar region: microbes, zooplankton, salps, Antarctic krill, fish, cephalopods, marine mammals, seabirds, and benthos. The general prognosis for ASO marine habitats is for an overall warming and freshening, strengthening of westerly winds, with a potential pole‐ward movement of those winds and the frontal systems, and an increase in ocean eddy activity. Many habitat parameters will have regionally specific changes, particularly relating to sea ice characteristics and seasonal dynamics. Lower trophic levels are expected to move south as the ocean conditions in which they are currently found move pole‐ward. For Antarctic krill and finfish, the latitudinal breadth of their range will depend on their tolerance of warming oceans and changes to productivity. Ocean acidification is a concern not only for calcifying organisms but also for crustaceans such as Antarctic krill; it is also likely to be the most important change in benthic habitats over the coming century. For marine mammals and birds, the expected changes primarily relate to their flexibility in moving to alternative locations for food and the energetic cost of longer or more complex foraging trips for those that are bound to breeding colonies. Few species are sufficiently well studied to make comprehensive species‐specific vulnerability assessments possible. Priorities for future work are discussed.

Forest succession, soil carbon accumulation, and rapid nitrogen storage in poorly remineralized soil organic matter - David Bruce Lewis; Michael J. Castellano; Jason P. Kaye (Ecology, 2014)
Substantial nitrogen (N) retention by temperate terrestrial ecosystems results from the rapid storage of newly deposited N in stable soil organic matter. Yet, we poorly understand the ecosystem properties that regulate the kinetics of this process. We applied mineral 15 N to temperate hardwood forest soils to test the hypothesis that N stabilization is faster owing to greater stocks of soil carbon (C) in late‐successional than in young forests. Within 26 minutes of addition, about 30% of tracer N was stored in stable form in organic‐horizon soil with a median residence time of >29 years. About 5–10% of tracer N was stored in a soluble organic form. An additional 30% of tracer N was recovered within hours from organic‐horizon soils in a remineralizable (labile) form, apparently derived from microbial biomass. Over the following year, tracer N storage in stable and soluble organic pools remained constant while recovery from labile and microbial pools declined. Tracer storage was greater in older forests with larger soil C pools, supporting our hypothesis that the accumulation of soil C with forest succession promotes ecosystem N retention. Rapid storage of stable soil N in the O horizon may create a source for chronic dissolved organic N losses from watersheds.

Practical Science Communication Strategies for Graduate Students - LAUREN M. KUEHNE; LAURA A. TWARDOCHLEB; KEITH J. FRITSCHIE; MERYL C. MIMS; DAVID J. LAWRENCE; POLLY P. GIBSON; BEN STEWART‐KOSTER; JULIAN D. OLDEN (Conservation Biology, 2014)
Development of skills in science communication is a well‐acknowledged gap in graduate training, but the constraints that accompany research (limited time, resources, and knowledge of opportunities) make it challenging to acquire these proficiencies. Furthermore, advisors and institutions may find it difficult to support graduate students adequately in these efforts. The result is fewer career and societal benefits because students have not learned to communicate research effectively beyond their scientific peers. To help overcome these hurdles, we developed a practical approach to incorporating broad science communication into any graduate‐school time line. The approach consists of a portfolio approach that organizes outreach activities along a time line of planned graduate studies. To help design the portfolio, we mapped available science communication tools according to 5 core skills essential to most scientific careers: writing, public speaking, leadership, project management, and teaching. This helps graduate students consider the diversity of communication tools based on their desired skills, time constraints, barriers to entry, target audiences, and personal and societal communication goals. By designing a portfolio with an advisor's input, guidance, and approval, graduate students can gauge how much outreach is appropriate given their other commitments to teaching, research, and classes. The student benefits from the advisors’ experience and mentorship, promotes the group's research, and establishes a track record of engagement. When graduate student participation in science communication is discussed, it is often recommended that institutions offer or require more training in communication, project management, and leadership. We suggest that graduate students can also adopt a do‐it‐yourself approach that includes determining students’ own outreach objectives and time constraints and communicating these with their advisor. By doing so we hope students will help create a new culture of science communication in graduate student education. Estrategias Prácticas para la Comunicación Científica para Estudiantes de Posgrado

Quantification of ten neuroactive steroids in plasma in Withdrawal Seizure-Prone and -Resistant mice during chronic ethanol withdrawal - Christopher Snelling; Michelle A. Tanchuck-Nipper; Matthew M. Ford; Jeremiah P. Jensen; Debra K. Cozzoli; Marcia J. Ramaker; Melinda Helms; John C. Crabbe; David J. Rossi; Deborah A. Finn (Psychopharmacology, 2014)

Reliance of mobile species on sensitive habitats: a case study of manta rays (Manta alfredi) and lagoons - Douglas J. McCauley; Paul A. DeSalles; Hillary S. Young; Yannis P. Papastamatiou; Jennifer E. Caselle; Mark H. Deakos; Jonathan P. A. Gardner; David W. Garton; John D. Collen; Fiorenza Micheli (Marine Biology, 2014)

Acute over-the-counter pharmacological intervention does not adversely affect behavioral outcome following diffuse traumatic brain injury in the mouse - Jordan L. Harrison; Rachel K. Rowe; Bruce F. O’Hara; P. David Adelson; Jonathan Lifshitz (Experimental Brain Research, 2014)

Prior infections are associated with increased mortality from subsequent blood-stream infections among patients with hematological malignancies - J. A. Greenberg; M. Z. David; D. L. Pitrak; J. B. Hall; J. P. Kress (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2014)

Application of a Three-Dimensional Water Quality Model as a Decision Support Tool for the Management of Land-Use Changes in the Catchment of an Oligotrophic Lake - Dennis Trolle; Bob Spigel; David P. Hamilton; Ned Norton; Donna Sutherland; David Plew; Mathew G. Allan (Environmental Management, 2014)

Public Health Perspectives on Aquaculture - Juan G. Gormaz; Jillian P. Fry; Marcia Erazo; David C. Love (Current Environmental Health Reports, 2014)

Use of Hygiene Protocols to Control the Spread of Viruses in a Hotel - Laura Y. Sifuentes; David W. Koenig; Ronnie L. Phillips; Kelly A. Reynolds; Charles P. Gerba (Food and Environmental Virology, 2014)

Quantifying targets to manage invasion risk: light gradients dominate the early regeneration niche of naturalized and pre-commercial Miscanthus populations - Natalie M. West; David P. Matlaga; Adam S. Davis (Biological Invasions, 2014)

Forced copulation as a conditional alternative strategy in camel crickets - Lauren P. Conroy; David A. Gray (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2014)

Inbreeding and inbreeding depression in endangered red wolves ( Canis rufus ) - Kristin E. Brzeski; David R. Rabon; Michael J. Chamberlain; Lisette P. Waits; Sabrina S. Taylor (Molecular Ecology, 2014)
In natural populations, the expression and severity of inbreeding depression can vary widely across taxa. Describing processes that influence the extent of inbreeding and inbreeding depression aid in our understanding of the evolutionary history of mating systems such as cooperative breeding and nonrandom mate selection. Such findings also help shape wildlife conservation theory because inbreeding depression reduces the viability of small populations. We evaluated the extent of inbreeding and inbreeding depression in a small, re‐introduced population of red wolves ( Canis rufus ) in North Carolina. Since red wolves were first re‐introduced in 1987, pedigree inbreeding coefficients ( f) increased considerably and almost every wild born wolf was inbred (average f = 0.154 and max f = 0.383). The large inbreeding coefficients were due to both background relatedness associated with few founders and numerous close relative matings. Inbreeding depression was most evident for adult body size and generally absent for direct fitness measures such as reproductive success and survival; no lethal equivalents ( LE = 0.00) were detected in juvenile survival. The lack of strong inbreeding depression in direct measures of fitness could be due to a founder effect or because there were no outbred individuals for comparison. Our results highlight the variable expression of inbreeding depression across traits and the need to measure a number of different traits when evaluating inbreeding depression in a wild population.

Persistence and stability of Eastern Afromontane forests: evidence from brevicipitid frogs - Simon P. Loader; F. Sara Ceccarelli; Michele Menegon; Kim M. Howell; Roman Kassahun; Abebe A. Mengistu; Samy A. Saber; Fikirte Gebresenbet; Rafael de Sá; Tim R. B. Davenport; Joanna G. Larson; Hendrik Müller; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2014)
Aim The persistence and stability of habitats through time are considered predictors of high levels of biodiversity in some environments. Long‐term habitat persistence and stability may explain the species‐rich, endemic forest fauna and flora of the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Region ( EABR ). Using complementary phylogenetic and biogeographical approaches, we examine evolutionary patterns in EABR brevicipitid frogs. Using these data, we test whether brevicipitid history reflects patterns of long‐term forest persistence and/or stability across the EABR . Location East Africa. Methods A dated phylogeny for brevicipitids was constructed using two nuclear and three mitochondrial markers. Alternative diversification models were used to determine signal for constant or varying net diversification rates. Using our dated tree, we identified areas of high phylogenetic diversity ( PD ), and inferred ancestral areas using likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Results Brevicipitids have a long history, with generic diversification among extant lineages pre‐dating the Oligocene (> 33 Ma). Ancestral‐area reconstructions indicate the presence of brevicipitids in the EABR since the Oligocene, and support a scenario of palaeoendemics surviving in EABR refugia. Ancestral‐area reconstructions indicate that the central Eastern Arc Mountains ( EAM ) formed the initial centre of diversification of forest brevicipitids. Measures of PD show that diversity varies across the EABR but is highest in the EAM . Constant net diversification rate in brevicipitids is a significantly better fit than alternative, rate‐variable models. Main conclusions The degree of persistence of forest habitats appears to be a contributing factor to the varying levels of diversity across the EABR in brevicipitids (and other organisms). In contrast to the Southern Highlands and Ethiopian Bale Mountains, the EAM stands out as an area that enabled the constant accumulation of brevicipitid species over a long period of time.

Beyond a warming fingerprint: individualistic biogeographic responses to heterogeneous climate change in California - Giovanni Rapacciuolo; Sean P. Maher; Adam C. Schneider; Talisin T. Hammond; Meredith D. Jabis; Rachel E. Walsh; Kelly J. Iknayan; Genevieve K. Walden; Meagan F. Oldfather; David D. Ackerly; Steven R. Beissinger (Global Change Biology, 2014)
Understanding recent biogeographic responses to climate change is fundamental for improving our predictions of likely future responses and guiding conservation planning at both local and global scales. Studies of observed biogeographic responses to 20th century climate change have principally examined effects related to ubiquitous increases in temperature – collectively termed a warming fingerprint. Although the importance of changes in other aspects of climate – particularly precipitation and water availability – is widely acknowledged from a theoretical standpoint and supported by paleontological evidence, we lack a practical understanding of how these changes interact with temperature to drive biogeographic responses. Further complicating matters, differences in life history and ecological attributes may lead species to respond differently to the same changes in climate. Here, we examine whether recent biogeographic patterns across California are consistent with a warming fingerprint. We describe how various components of climate have changed regionally in California during the 20th century and review empirical evidence of biogeographic responses to these changes, particularly elevational range shifts. Many responses to climate change do not appear to be consistent with a warming fingerprint, with downslope shifts in elevation being as common as upslope shifts across a number of taxa and many demographic and community responses being inconsistent with upslope shifts. We identify a number of potential direct and indirect mechanisms for these responses, including the influence of aspects of climate change other than temperature (e.g., the shifting seasonal balance of energy and water availability), differences in each taxon's sensitivity to climate change, trophic interactions, and land‐use change. Finally, we highlight the need to move beyond a warming fingerprint in studies of biogeographic responses by considering a more multifaceted view of climate, emphasizing local‐scale effects, and including a priori knowledge of relevant natural history for the taxa and regions under study.

Effects of Overland Flow on Critical Soil Test Phosphorus Thresholds in Tillage Soils - John T. Regan; Owen Fenton; Karen Daly; Jim Grant; David P. Wall; Mark G. Healy (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2014)

Temporal dynamics of bird community composition: an analysis of baseline conditions from long-term data - Christian Kampichler; David G. Angeler; Richard T. Holmes; Aivar Leito; Sören Svensson; Henk P. van der Jeugd; Tomasz Wesołowski (Oecologia, 2014)

The role of HIF1α in renal cell carcinoma tumorigenesis - Lorraine J. Gudas; Leiping Fu; Denise R. Minton; Nigel P. Mongan; David M. Nanus (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2014)

Dynamics of the exponential integrate-and-fire model with slow currents and adaptation - Victor J. Barranca; Daniel C. Johnson; Jennifer L. Moyher; Joshua P. Sauppe; Maxim S. Shkarayev; Gregor Kovačič; David Cai (Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 2014)

Simplified seismic performance assessment and implications for seismic design - Timothy J. Sullivan; David P. Welch; Gian Michele Calvi (Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2014)

Neither variation loss, nor change in selfing rate is associated with the worldwide invasion of Physa acuta from its native North America - L. Bousset; J.-P. Pointier; P. David; P. Jarne (Biological Invasions, 2014)

Molecular field analysis of trophic relationships in soil‐dwelling invertebrates to identify mercury, lead and cadmium transmission through forest ecosystems - Lucija Šerić Jelaska; Jasna Jurasović; David S. Brown; Ian P. Vaughan; William O. C. Symondson (Molecular Ecology, 2014)
Contamination pathways in complex food chains in soil ecosystems can be difficult to elucidate. Molecular analysis of predator gut content can, however, rapidly reveal previously unidentified trophic interactions between invertebrates and thereby uncover pathways of pollutant spread. Here, we measured concentrations of the toxic metals lead, cadmium and mercury in carabid beetle predators and their prey. Invertebrates were sampled at one control and four heavy metal‐polluted sites to reveal the impact of diet composition and seasonal variation in prey availability on metal burden in carabids and metal transfer pathways through forest ecosystems. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of carabid diet composition based on PCR analysis of gut contents at the forest community level, rather than in cultivated fields. Extensive screening using group‐ and species‐specific primers revealed that carabids ate primarily earthworms and slugs, as well as smaller numbers of woodlice and springtails. Metal concentrations in carabids correlated with seasonal changes in diet. Mercury accumulated in beetle predators more than in their slug prey. As earthworms, slugs and carabid beetles are the major prey of many birds and mammals, prey–predator transfer and associated toxicity are major risks at mercury‐contaminated sites. Carabids may be useful bioindicators for assessing the impact of pollutants on soil ecosystems, as long as species and seasonal factors are taken into account.

Aborigine‐managed forest, savanna and grassland: biome switching in montane eastern Australia - Don W. Butler; Roderick J. Fensham; Brett P. Murphy; Simon G. Haberle; Sarah J. Bury; David M. J. S. Bowman (Journal of Biogeography, 2014)
Aim To assess hypotheses about the role of anthropogenic fire in the maintenance and origin of a fine‐scale vegetation mosaic of rain forest, eucalypt savanna and grassland. Location Bunya Mountains, subtropical eastern Australia. Methods A time series of vegetation maps was compiled from historical and recent aerial photography and field surveys. Geospatial models were constructed of environmental domains for rain forest, savanna and grassland, and for areas of biome change. Grassland soils were analysed for carbon isotope ratios (δ 13 C), and radiocarbon ( 14 C) dates were acquired for bulk samples from a range of depths. Results Analysis revealed weak associations between topography and the distribution of rain forest, savanna and grassland, and their patterns of recent change. Grassland occupied an environmental domain intermediate between rain forest and savanna and was more than four times as likely to occur within a matrix of rain forest rather than savanna. There was a large proportional reduction in the area of both grassland (−35%) and savanna (−19%) between 1961 and 2006 because of the expansion of rain forest. However, the greater initial extent of savanna meant that the areal loss of savanna was an order of magnitude greater than for grassland (1433 vs. 146 ha). There was no evidence of abrupt changes in δ 13 C in grassland soil profiles, indicating stability of the vegetation over the last 2000 years. Main conclusions There is no simple gradient in ‘tree suitability’ from rain forest, through savanna, to treeless grassland on the Bunya Mountains. A general absence of fire since the 19th century has greatly reduced the extent of grassy savanna and grassland formations, to the advantage of rain forest. These results support the hypothesis that the vegetation mosaic on the Bunya Mountains is a cultural artefact and testament to millennia of skilful and persistent burning. We could not conclusively reject the hypothesis that the grasslands are Pleistocene relicts that have declined throughout the Holocene; nonetheless, an explanation more consistent with the evidence overall is that the grasslands must have had periods of expansion during the Holocene, probably as a consequence of severe fires that have destroyed patches of rain forest.

Markedly divergent estimates of A mazon forest carbon density from ground plots and satellites - Edward T. A. Mitchard; Ted R. Feldpausch; Roel J. W. Brienen; Gabriela Lopez‐Gonzalez; Abel Monteagudo; Timothy R. Baker; Simon L. Lewis; Jon Lloyd; Carlos A. Quesada; Manuel Gloor; Hans ter Steege; Patrick Meir; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2014)
Aim The accurate mapping of forest carbon stocks is essential for understanding the global carbon cycle, for assessing emissions from deforestation, and for rational land‐use planning. Remote sensing ( RS ) is currently the key tool for this purpose, but RS does not estimate vegetation biomass directly, and thus may miss significant spatial variations in forest structure. We test the stated accuracy of pantropical carbon maps using a large independent field dataset. Location Tropical forests of the A mazon basin. The permanent archive of the field plot data can be accessed at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5521/FORESTPLOTS.NET/2014_1 Methods Two recent pantropical RS maps of vegetation carbon are compared to a unique ground‐plot dataset, involving tree measurements in 413 large inventory plots located in nine countries. The RS maps were compared directly to field plots, and kriging of the field data was used to allow area‐based comparisons. Results The two RS carbon maps fail to capture the main gradient in Amazon forest carbon detected using 413 ground plots, from the densely wooded tall forests of the north‐east, to the light‐wooded, shorter forests of the south‐west. The differences between plots and RS maps far exceed the uncertainties given in these studies, with whole regions over‐ or under‐estimated by > 25%, whereas regional uncertainties for the maps were reported to be Main conclusions Pantropical biomass maps are widely used by governments and by projects aiming to reduce deforestation using carbon offsets, but may have significant regional biases. Carbon‐mapping techniques must be revised to account for the known ecological variation in tree wood density and allometry to create maps suitable for carbon accounting. The use of single relationships between tree canopy height and above‐ground biomass inevitably yields large, spatially correlated errors. This presents a significant challenge to both the forest conservation and remote sensing communities, because neither wood density nor species assemblages can be reliably mapped from space.

A bioenergetic framework for the temperature dependence of trophic interactions - Benjamin Gilbert; Tyler D. Tunney; Kevin S. McCann; John P. DeLong; David A. Vasseur; Van Savage; Jonathan B. Shurin; Anthony I. Dell; Brandon T. Barton; Christopher D.G. Harley; Heather M. Kharouba; Pavel Kratina; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2014)
Changing temperature can substantially shift ecological communities by altering the strength and stability of trophic interactions. Because many ecological rates are constrained by temperature, new approaches are required to understand how simultaneous changes in multiple rates alter the relative performance of species and their trophic interactions. We develop an energetic approach to identify the relationship between biomass fluxes and standing biomass across trophic levels. Our approach links ecological rates and trophic dynamics to measure temperature‐dependent changes to the strength of trophic interactions and determine how these changes alter food web stability. It accomplishes this by using biomass as a common energetic currency and isolating three temperature‐dependent processes that are common to all consumer–resource interactions: biomass accumulation of the resource, resource consumption and consumer mortality. Using this framework, we clarify when and how temperature alters consumer to resource biomass ratios, equilibrium resilience, consumer variability, extinction risk and transient vs. equilibrium dynamics. Finally, we characterise key asymmetries in species responses to temperature that produce these distinct dynamic behaviours and identify when they are likely to emerge. Overall, our framework provides a mechanistic and more unified understanding of the temperature dependence of trophic dynamics in terms of ecological rates, biomass ratios and stability.

Functional response of U.S. grasslands to the early 21st‐century drought - M. Susan Moran; Guillermo E. Ponce-Campos; Alfredo Huete; Mitchel P. McClaran; Yongguang Zhang; Erik P. Hamerlynck; David J. Augustine; Stacey A. Gunter; Stanley G. Kitchen; Debra P. C. Peters; Patrick J. Starks; Mariano Hernandez (Ecology, 2014)
Grasslands across the United States play a key role in regional livelihood and national food security. Yet, it is still unclear how this important resource will respond to the prolonged warm droughts and more intense rainfall events predicted with climate change. The early 21st‐century drought in the southwestern United States resulted in hydroclimatic conditions that are similar to those expected with future climate change. We investigated the impact of the early 21st‐century drought on aboveground net primary production (ANPP) of six desert and plains grasslands dominated by C 4 (warm season) grasses in terms of significant deviations between observed and expected ANPP. In desert grasslands, drought‐induced grass mortality led to shifts in the functional response to annual total precipitation ( P T ), and in some cases, new species assemblages occurred that included invasive species. In contrast, the ANPP in plains grasslands exhibited a strong linear function of the current‐year P T and the previous‐year ANPP, despite prolonged warm drought. We used these results to disentangle the impacts of interannual total precipitation, intra‐annual precipitation patterns, and grassland abundance on ANPP, and thus generalize the functional response of C 4 grasslands to predicted climate change. This will allow managers to plan for predictable shifts in resources associated with climate change related to fire risk, loss of forage, and ecosystem services.

Acute toxicity of copper, lead, cadmium, and zinc to early life stages of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in laboratory and Columbia River water - David W. Vardy; Robert Santore; Adam Ryan; John P. Giesy; Markus Hecker (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2014)