Respiratory modulation in response to high-frequency airway occlusion delivered during inspiration or expiration - David Paul Sumners; Steven P. Hunter; David A. Green (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2009)

The relative influence of geographic location and reach-scale habitat on benthic invertebrate assemblages in six ecoregions - Mark D. Munn; Ian R. Waite; David P. Larsen; Alan T. Herlihy (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2009)

The corticosterone stress response and mercury contamination in free-living tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor - Melinda D. Franceschini; Oksana P. Lane; David C. Evers; J. Michael Reed; Bart Hoskins; L. Michael Romero (Ecotoxicology, 2009)

Climate change, conservation and management: an assessment of the peer-reviewed scientific journal literature - Adam Felton; Joern Fischer; David B. Lindenmayer; Rebecca Montague-Drake; Arianne R. Lowe; Debbie Saunders; Annika M. Felton; Will Steffen; Nicola T. Munro; Kara Youngentob; Jake Gillen; Phil Gibbons; et al. (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2009)

Design Considerations for a Microfluidic Device to Quantify the Platelet Adhesion to Collagen at Physiological Shear Rates - Durga P. Sarvepalli; David W. Schmidtke; Matthias U. Nollert (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2009)

No evidence for compensatory thermal adaptation of soil microbial respiration in the study of Bradford et al. (2008) - Iain P. Hartley; David W. Hopkins; Mark H. Garnett; Martin Sommerkorn; Philip A. Wookey (Ecology Letters, 2009)
Bradford et al. (2008) conclude that thermal adaptation will reduce the response of soil microbial respiration to rising global temperatures. However, we question both the methods used to calculate mass‐specific respiration rates and the interpretation of the results. No clear evidence of thermal adaptation reducing soil microbial activity was produced.

Distribution of microphytobenthic biomass in Martel Inlet, King George Island (Antarctica) - Rodrigo S. P. de Skowronski; Paula F. Gheller; Sandra Bromberg; Carlos J. David; Mônica A. V. Petti; Thaïs N. Corbisier (Polar Biology, 2009)

Yeast oxysterol-binding proteins: sterol transporters or regulators of cell polarization? - Christopher T. Beh; Gabriel Alfaro; Giselle Duamel; David P. Sullivan; Michael C. Kersting; Shubha Dighe; Keith G. Kozminski; Anant K. Menon (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2009)

The effect of elbow joint centre displacement on force generation and neural excitation - Emer P. Doheny; Madeleine M. Lowery; Mark J. O’Malley; David P. FitzPatrick (Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2009)

Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in solar salt ponds in Shark Bay, Western Australia - Richard D. Segal; Anya M. Waite; David P. Hamilton (Hydrobiologia, 2009)

Neural mechanisms of movement speed and tau as revealed by magnetoencephalography - Heng-Ru May Tan; Arthur C. Leuthold; David N. Lee; Joshua K. Lynch; Apostolos P. Georgopoulos (Experimental Brain Research, 2009)

75 years of breeding pinto bean for resistance to diseases in the United States - Henry Terán; Margarita Lema; David Webster; Shree P. Singh (Euphytica, 2009)

Multi-causal and integrated assessment of sustainability: the case of agriculturization in the Argentine Pampas - David Manuel-Navarrete; Gilberto C. Gallopín; Mariela Blanco; Martín Díaz-Zorita; Diego O. Ferraro; Hilda Herzer; Pedro Laterra; María R. Murmis; Guillermo P. Podestá; Jorge Rabinovich; Emilio H. Satorre; Filemón Torres; et al. (Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2009)

The biological role and regulation of versican levels in cancer - Carmela Ricciardelli; Andrew J. Sakko; Miranda P. Ween; Darryl L. Russell; David J. Horsfall (Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2009)

Production of recombinant albumin by a herd of cloned transgenic cattle - Yann Echelard; Jennifer L. Williams; Margaret M. Destrempes; Julie A. Koster; Susan A. Overton; Daniel P. Pollock; Karen T. Rapiejko; Esmail Behboodi; Nicholas C. Masiello; William G. Gavin; Jerry Pommer; Scott M. Van Patten; et al. (Transgenic Research, 2009)

Taking species abundance distributions beyond individuals - Hélène Morlon; Ethan P. White; Rampal S. Etienne; Jessica L. Green; Annette Ostling; David Alonso; Brian J. Enquist; Fangliang He; Allen Hurlbert; Anne E. Magurran; Brian A. Maurer; Brian J. McGill; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2009)
The species abundance distribution (SAD) is one of the few universal patterns in ecology. Research on this fundamental distribution has primarily focused on the study of numerical counts, irrespective of the traits of individuals. Here we show that considering a set of Generalized Species Abundance Distributions (GSADs) encompassing several abundance measures, such as numerical abundance, biomass and resource use, can provide novel insights into the structure of ecological communities and the forces that organize them. We use a taxonomically diverse combination of macroecological data sets to investigate the similarities and differences between GSADs. We then use probability theory to explore, under parsimonious assumptions, theoretical linkages among them. Our study suggests that examining different GSADs simultaneously in natural systems may help with assessing determinants of community structure. Broadening SADs to encompass multiple abundance measures opens novel perspectives in biodiversity research and warrants future empirical and theoretical developments.

Genetic control of wheat quality: interactions between chromosomal regions determining protein content and composition, dough rheology, and sponge and dough baking properties - Gulay Mann; Simon Diffey; Brian Cullis; Fermin Azanza; David Martin; Alison Kelly; Lynne McIntyre; Adele Schmidt; Wujun Ma; Zena Nath; Ibrahim Kutty; P. Emmett Leyne; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2009)

A therapeutic dose of zolpidem reduces thalamic GABA in healthy volunteers: a proton MRS study at 4 T - Stephanie C. Licata; J. Eric Jensen; David M. Penetar; Andrew P. Prescot; Scott E. Lukas; Perry F. Renshaw (Psychopharmacology, 2009)

Inferring associations among parasitic gamasid mites from census data - Boris R. Krasnov; Maxim V. Vinarski; Natalia P. Korallo-Vinarskaya; David Mouillot; Robert Poulin (Oecologia, 2009)

Green fluorescent protein is superior to blue fluorescent protein as a quantitative reporter of promoter activity in E. coli - James L. Lissemore; Joshua Bayes; Molly Calvey; Lucas Reineke; Anne Colagiavanni; Melissa Tscheiner; David P. Mascotti (Molecular Biology Reports, 2009)

Stability in abundance and niche breadth of gamasid mites across environmental conditions, parasite identity and host pools - Natalia P. Korallo-Vinarskaya; Boris R. Krasnov; Maxim V. Vinarski; Georgy I. Shenbrot; David Mouillot; Robert Poulin (Evolutionary Ecology, 2009)

In vitro culture of immature seed for rapid generation advancement in tomato - Surya P. Bhattarai; Robert C. de la Pena; David J. Midmore; Kadirvel Palchamy (Euphytica, 2009)

Dehydration, rehydration, and overhydration alter patterns of gene expression in the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica - Giancarlo Lopez-Martinez; Joshua B. Benoit; Joseph P. Rinehart; Michael A. Elnitsky; Richard E. Lee; David L. Denlinger (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2009)

Recombination of two porcine circovirus type 2 strains - David J. Lefebvre; J. Van Doorsselaere; P. L. Delputte; H. J. Nauwynck (Archives of Virology, 2009)

Actinobacterial community dynamics in long term managed grasslands - Sasha N. Jenkins; Ian S. Waite; Adrian Blackburn; Rebecca Husband; Steven P. Rushton; David C. Manning; Anthony G. O’Donnell (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2009)

Heterozygosity and extra‐pair paternity: biased tests result from the use of shared markers - DANIEL P. WETZEL; DAVID F. WESTNEAT (Molecular Ecology, 2009)
Recent studies of extra‐pair paternity have found support for the idea that heterozygous males have an advantage in siring offspring. Most studies use DNA microsatellite loci to determine paternity and then use the same loci to estimate individual heterozygosity. However, because the likelihood of detecting extra‐pair offspring depends on the combinations of parental alleles, it is possible that biases arise from particular allele combinations. This might produce false support for the influence of heterozygosity on mating behaviour. We used a simulation model to assess how large this bias might be. We found two sources of bias. First, we found a bias in the null hypothesis of a simple statistical test commonly used to test several predictions of the heterozygosity hypothesis. The use of randomization tests could eliminate this bias. Second, we found that using the same loci for both paternity and heterozygosity can cause an increase in results supporting the heterozygosity hypothesis when no effect of heterozygosity actually exists. This bias is reduced through the use of more markers with higher levels of polymorphism and heterozygosity, but can be eliminated entirely by using a separate set of markers to determine paternity and assess heterozygosity. The two sources of bias reduce evidence favouring the heterozygosity hypothesis, but do not negate all of the studies that support it. We suggest that further studies of heterozygosity and extra‐pair paternity are important and likely to be informative, but our recommendations should be incorporated by researchers to improve the reliability of their conclusions.

Biological consumption of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and its importance in DMS dynamics in the Ross Sea, Antarctica - Daniela A. del Valle; David J. Kieber; Dierdre A. Toole; Jordan Brinkley; Ronald P. Kienea (Limnology and Oceanography, 2009)
We studied the biological consumption of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and its role in controlling DMS concentrations in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, during the spring (Nov) and summer (Jan) of 2005. Surface DMS concentrations, measured with a technique that minimized DMS release from Phaeocystis antarctica , increased rapidly in the spring from 0.3 nmol L −1 to 67.7 nmol L −1 , paralleling increases in chlorophyll a and bacterial biomass production. Biological DMS consumption (BDMSC) rates were low (0.02 nmol L −1 d −1 ) at the start of the bloom, but increased to 8.8 nmol L −1 d −1 at the peak of the bloom. Rate constants for BDMSC (kbc) remained relatively low throughout the spring (0.05‐0.21 d −1 ) and this slow biological turnover contributed to the buildup of DMS during the early bloom. DMS concentrations in the summer (3.2‐16.8 nmol L −1 ) were much lower than peak springtime concentrations, partly due to the higher BDMSC rate constants (0.22‐0.98 d −1 ; i.e., faster biological turnover) in the summer. Kinetic analysis suggested that BDMSC rates were nearly saturated at ambient DMS concentrations in the spring but not in summer. BDMSC was mostly carried out in the size fractions ≪1 µm and ≫8 µm, except in the early spring when the ≪1‐µm fraction (likely free‐living bacteria) dominated BDMSC. BDMSC was the main removal pathway for DMS in the surface mixed layer during both the spring and summer, except during the prebloom, when photolysis dominated. BDMSC exerts a major control on DMS concentrations in the Ross Sea throughout the Phaeocystis antarctica bloom.

Ecosystem feedbacks and cascade processes: understanding their role in the responses of Arctic and alpine ecosystems to environmental change - PHILIP A. WOOKEY; RIEN AERTS; RICHARD D. BARDGETT; FLORENCE BAPTIST; KARI ANNE BRÅTHEN; JOHANNES H. C. CORNELISSEN; LAURA GOUGH; IAIN P. HARTLEY; DAVID W. HOPKINS; SANDRA LAVOREL; GAIUS R. SHAVER (Global Change Biology, 2009)
Global environmental change, related to climate change and the deposition of airborne N‐containing contaminants, has already resulted in shifts in plant community composition among plant functional types in Arctic and temperate alpine regions. In this paper, we review how key ecosystem processes will be altered by these transformations, the complex biological cascades and feedbacks that might result, and some of the potential broader consequences for the earth system. Firstly, we consider how patterns of growth and allocation, and nutrient uptake, will be altered by the shifts in plant dominance. The ways in which these changes may disproportionately affect the consumer communities, and rates of decomposition, are then discussed. We show that the occurrence of a broad spectrum of plant growth forms in these regions (from cryptogams to deciduous and evergreen dwarf shrubs, graminoids and forbs), together with hypothesized low functional redundancy, will mean that shifts in plant dominance result in a complex series of biotic cascades, couplings and feedbacks which are supplemental to the direct responses of ecosystem components to the primary global change drivers. The nature of these complex interactions is highlighted using the example of the climate‐driven increase in shrub cover in low‐Arctic tundra, and the contrasting transformations in plant functional composition in mid‐latitude alpine systems. Finally, the potential effects of the transformations on ecosystem properties and processes that link with the earth system are reviewed. We conclude that the effects of global change on these ecosystems, and potential climate‐change feedbacks, cannot be predicted from simple empirical relationships between processes and driving variables. Rather, the effects of changes in species distributions and dominances on key ecosystem processes and properties must also be considered, based upon best estimates of the trajectories of key transformations, their magnitude and rates of change.

Is alloparenting helpful for Mednyi Island arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus semenovi? - Elena P. Kruchenkova; Michael Goltsman; Sergei Sergeev; David W. Macdonald (The Science of Nature, 2009)

Evidence of rapid shifts in the trophic base of lotic predators using experimental dietary manipulations and assimilation-based analyses - Danny C. P. Lau; Kenneth M. Y. Leung; David Dudgeon (Oecologia, 2009)

Phenotypic plasticity of abdomen pigmentation in two geographic populations of Drosophila melanogaster: male–female comparison and sexual dimorphism - P. Gibert; B. Moreteau; J. R. David (Genetica, 2009)

Rightward biases during bimanual reaching - Gavin Buckingham; David P. Carey (Experimental Brain Research, 2009)

The effects of a novel “fluid loading” strategy on cardiovascular and haematological responses to orthostatic stress - Chris Easton; Alyson Calder; Frank Prior; Sarah Dobinson; Rebecca I’Anson; Rhona MacGregor; Yaser Mohammad; David Kingsmore; Yannis P. Pitsiladis (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2009)

Cigarette smoking, body mass index, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and risk of subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancers by P53 overexpression - Jonine D. Figueroa; Mary Beth Terry; Marilie D. Gammon; Thomas L. Vaughan; Harvey A. Risch; Fang-Fang Zhang; David E. Kleiner; William P. Bennett; Christine L. Howe; Robert Dubrow; Susan T. Mayne; Joseph F. Fraumeni; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2009)

Influence of genetic background on tumor karyotypes: Evidence for breed-associated cytogenetic aberrations in canine appendicular osteosarcoma - Rachael Thomas; Huixia J. Wang; Pei-Chien Tsai; Cordelia F. Langford; Susan P. Fosmire; Cristan M. Jubala; David M. Getzy; Gary R. Cutter; Jaime F. Modiano; Matthew Breen (Chromosome Research, 2009)

Out of the Palaeotropics? Historical biogeography and diversification of the cosmopolitan ectomycorrhizal mushroom family Inocybaceae - P. Brandon Matheny; M. Catherine Aime; Neale L. Bougher; Bart Buyck; Dennis E. Desjardin; Egon Horak; Bradley R. Kropp; D. Jean Lodge; Kasem Soytong; James M. Trappe; David S. Hibbett (Journal of Biogeography, 2009)
Aim The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushroom family Inocybaceae is widespread in north temperate regions, but more than 150 species are encountered in the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere. The relative roles of recent and ancient biogeographical processes, relationships with plant hosts, and the timing of divergences that have shaped the current geographic distribution of the family are investigated. Location Africa, Australia, Neotropics, New Zealand, north temperate zone, Palaeotropics, Southeast Asia, South America, south temperate zone. Methods We reconstruct a phylogeny of the Inocybaceae with a geological timeline using a relaxed molecular clock. Divergence dates of lineages are estimated statistically to test vicariance‐based hypotheses concerning relatedness of disjunct ECM taxa. A series of internal maximum time constraints is used to evaluate two different calibrations. Ancestral state reconstruction is used to infer ancestral areas and ancestral plant partners of the family. Results The Palaeotropics are unique in containing representatives of all major clades of Inocybaceae. Six of the seven major clades diversified initially during the Cretaceous, with subsequent radiations probably during the early Palaeogene. Vicariance patterns cannot be rejected that involve area relationships for Africa–Australia, Africa–India and southern South America–Australia. Northern and southern South America, Australia and New Zealand are primarily the recipients of immigrant taxa during the Palaeogene or later. Angiosperms were the earliest hosts of Inocybaceae. Transitions to conifers probably occurred no earlier than 65 Ma. Main conclusions The Inocybaceae initially diversified no later than the Cretaceous in Palaeotropical settings, in association with angiosperms. Diversification within major clades of the family accelerated during the Palaeogene in north and south temperate regions, whereas several relictual lineages persisted in the tropics. Both vicariance and dispersal patterns are detected. Species from Neotropical and south temperate regions are largely derived from immigrant ancestors from north temperate or Palaeotropical regions. Transitions to conifer hosts occurred later, probably during the Palaeogene.

Searching for heat in a marine biodiversity hotspot - David R. Bellwood; Christopher P. Meyer (Journal of Biogeography, 2009)
Coral reefs exhibit highly congruent patterns of biodiversity, with a prominent hotspot in the Indo‐Australian Archipelago (IAA). Unlike many terrestrial systems, the IAA hotspot exhibits extensive latitudinal and longitudinal biodiversity gradients. Conflicting hypotheses have highlighted the importance of the area as a centre of origin, overlap or accumulation, with the location of endemics being used as the primary criterion for testing these hypotheses, by identifying the presumed geographical origins of species. We evaluate the utility of marine endemics for resolving these hypotheses, and examine recent molecular phylogenetic evidence for coral reef species that has revealed the antiquity of the endemics and the other species that make up this hotspot. These analyses emphasize the importance of the IAA in the survival rather than the origins of species.

Culture‐independent evidence for the persistent presence and genetic diversity of microcystin‐producing Anabaena ( Cyanobacteria ) in the Gulf of Finland - David P. Fewer; Miikka Köykkä; Katrianna Halinen; Jouni Jokela; Christina Lyra; Kaarina Sivonen (Environmental Microbiology, 2009)
Summary The late summer mass occurrences of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea are among the largest in the world. These blooms are rarely monotypic and are often composed of a diverse assemblage of cyanobacteria. The toxicity of the blooms is attributed to Nodularia spumigena through the production of the hepatotoxic nodularin. However, the microcystin hepatotoxins have also been reported from the Baltic Sea on a number of occasions. Recent evidence links microcystin production in the Gulf of Finland directly to the genus Anabaena . Here we developed a denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method based on the mcyE microcystin synthetase gene and ndaF nodularin synthetase gene that allows the culture‐independent discrimination of microcystin‐ and nodularin‐producing cyanobacteria directly from environmental samples. We PCR‐amplified microcystin and nodularin synthetase genes from environmental samples taken from the Gulf of Finland and separated them on a denaturing gradient gel using optimized conditions. Sequence analyses demonstrate that uncultured microcystin‐producing Anabaena strains are genetically more diverse than previously demonstrated from cultured strains. Furthermore, our data show that microcystin‐producing Anabaena are widespread in the open Gulf of Finland. Non‐parametric statistical analysis suggested that salinity plays an important role in defining the distribution of microcystin‐producing Anabaena . Our results indicate that microcystin‐producing blooms are a persistent phenomenon in the Gulf of Finland.

Methylmercury enters an aquatic food web through acidophilic microbial mats in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming - Eric S. Boyd; Susan King; Jeffery K. Tomberlin; D. Kirk Nordstrom; David P. Krabbenhoft; Tamar Barkay; Gill G. Geesey (Environmental Microbiology, 2009)
Summary Microbial mats are a visible and abundant life form inhabiting the extreme environments in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), WY, USA. Little is known of their role in food webs that exist in the Park's geothermal habitats. Eukaryotic green algae associated with a phototrophic green/purple Zygogonium microbial mat community that inhabits low‐temperature regions of acidic (pH ∼ 3.0) thermal springs were found to serve as a food source for stratiomyid (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae. Mercury in spring source water was taken up and concentrated by the mat biomass. Monomethylmercury compounds (MeHg + ), while undetectable or near the detection limit (0.025 ng l −1 ) in the source water of the springs, was present at concentrations of 4–7 ng g −1 dry weight of mat biomass. Detection of MeHg + in tracheal tissue of larvae grazing the mat suggests that MeHg + enters this geothermal food web through the phototrophic microbial mat community. The concentration of MeHg + was two to five times higher in larval tissue than mat biomass indicating MeHg + biomagnification occurred between primary producer and primary consumer trophic levels. The Zygogonium mat community and stratiomyid larvae may also play a role in the transfer of MeHg + to species in the food web whose range extends beyond a particular geothermal feature of YNP.

Strengthening the reporting of genetic association studies (STREGA): an extension of the STROBE Statement - Julian Little; Julian P. T. Higgins; John P. A. Ioannidis; David Moher; France Gagnon; Erik von Elm; Muin J. Khoury; Barbara Cohen; George Davey-Smith; Jeremy Grimshaw; Paul Scheet; Marta Gwinn; et al. (Human Genetics, 2009)

Historic magmatism on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland: a snap-shot of melt generation at a ridge segment - David W. Peate; Joel A. Baker; Sveinn P. Jakobsson; Tod E. Waight; Adam J. R. Kent; Nathalie V. Grassineau; Anna Cecile Skovgaard (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2009)

Childhood stature and adult cancer risk: the Boyd Orr cohort - Elise Whitley; Richard M. Martin; George Davey Smith; Jeff M. P. Holly; David Gunnell (Cancer Causes & Control, 2009)

Recombinant protein production in insect larvae: host choice, tissue distribution, and heterologous gene instability - Elena S. Kovaleva; Kevin P. O’Connell; Patricia Buckley; Zhi Liu; David C. Davis (Biotechnology Letters, 2009)

Short Term Exposure to a Violent Video Game Induces Changes in Frontolimbic Circuitry in Adolescents - Yang Wang; Vincent P. Mathews; Andrew J. Kalnin; Kristine M. Mosier; David W. Dunn; Andrew J. Saykin; William G. Kronenberger (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2009)

Glutamate System Genes Associated with Ventral Prefrontal and Thalamic Volume in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - Paul Daniel Arnold; Frank P. MacMaster; Gregory L. Hanna; Margaret A. Richter; Tricia Sicard; Eliza Burroughs; Yousha Mirza; Phillip C. Easter; Michelle Rose; James L. Kennedy; David R. Rosenberg (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2009)

Reduction of dimethylsulfoxide to dimethylsulfide by marine phytoplankton - Christopher E. Spiese; David J. Kieber; Christopher T. Nomura; Ronald P. Kiene (Limnology and Oceanography, 2009)
Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is an abundant but poorly understood methylated sulfur compound in the marine environment. One potentially significant loss pathway for DMSO is through its biological reduction to dimethylsulfide (DMS), which has been documented in a number of organisms, most notably bacteria. Here we present the first detailed study of DMSO reduction by several marine phytoplankton in axenic cultures. Reduction of DMSO was observed in four algal classes, with in vivo reduction rates ranging from 0.006 to 1.5 µmol [L cell volume] ‐1 s ‐1 at 1.0 mmol L ‐1 DMSO. Corresponding turnover times for measured intracellular DMSO pools varied from hours to days. Michaelis‐Menton kinetic parameters were estimated for Isochrysis galbana , Thalassiosira pseudonana , and Amphidinium carterae . The half‐saturation constant ( K m ) and maximal rate ( V max ) for DMSO reduction ranged between 0.96 and 2.7 mmol [L cell volume] ‐1 and 17‐118 nmol [L cell volume] ‐1 s ‐1 , respectively. Our results suggest that DMSO reduction is a universal activity in marine phytoplankton, even in algae with no detectable dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). Although reduction of DMSO by marine eukaryotes may not contribute significantly to removal of DMSO from the dissolved phase, this reduction is likely to be a major source of DMS in species lacking detectable DMSP lyase activity. The ability of marine phytoplankton to reduce DMSO to DMS should allow algae to cycle these compounds as part of an antioxidant system.

What limits fire? An examination of drivers of burnt area in Southern Africa - SALLY ARCHIBALD; DAVID P. ROY; BRIAN W. Van WILGEN; ROBERT J. SCHOLES (Global Change Biology, 2009)
The factors controlling the extent of fire in Africa south of the equator were investigated using moderate resolution (500 m) satellite‐derived burned area maps and spatial data on the environmental factors thought to affect burnt area. A random forest regression tree procedure was used to determine the relative importance of each factor in explaining the burned area fraction and to address hypotheses concerned with human and climatic influences on the drivers of burnt area. The model explained 68% of the variance in burnt area. Tree cover, rainfall in the previous 2 years, and rainfall seasonality were the most important predictors. Human activities – represented by grazing, roads per unit area, population density, and cultivation fraction – were also shown to affect burnt area, but only in parts of the continent with specific climatic conditions, and often in ways counter to the prevailing wisdom that more human activity leads to more fire. The analysis found no indication that ignitions were limiting total burnt area on the continent, and most of the spatial variation was due to variation in fuel load and moisture. Split conditions from the regression tree identified (i) low rainfall regions, where fire is rare; (ii) regions where fire is under human control; and (iii) higher rainfall regions where burnt area is determined by rainfall seasonality. This study provides insights into the physical, climatic, and human drivers of fire and their relative importance across southern Africa, and represents the beginnings of a predictive framework for burnt area.

Global biogeography and ecology of body size in birds - Valérie A. Olson; Richard G. Davies; C. David L. Orme; Gavin H. Thomas; Shai Meiri; Tim M. Blackburn; Kevin J. Gaston; Ian P. F. Owens; Peter M. Bennett (Ecology Letters, 2009)
In 1847, Karl Bergmann proposed that temperature gradients are the key to understanding geographic variation in the body sizes of warm‐blooded animals. Yet both the geographic patterns of body‐size variation and their underlying mechanisms remain controversial. Here, we conduct the first assemblage‐level global examination of ‘Bergmann’s rule’ within an entire animal class. We generate global maps of avian body size and demonstrate a general pattern of larger body sizes at high latitudes, conforming to Bergmann’s rule. We also show, however, that median body size within assemblages is systematically large on islands and small in species‐rich areas. Similarly, while spatial models show that temperature is the single strongest environmental correlate of body size, there are secondary correlations with resource availability and a strong pattern of decreasing body size with increasing species richness. Finally, our results suggest that geographic patterns of body size are caused both by adaptation within lineages, as invoked by Bergmann, and by taxonomic turnover among lineages. Taken together, these results indicate that while Bergmann’s prediction based on physiological scaling is remarkably accurate, it is far from the full picture. Global patterns of body size in avian assemblages are driven by interactions between the physiological demands of the environment, resource availability, species richness and taxonomic turnover among lineages.

Intratracheal Versus Intravenous Liposomal Delivery of siRNA, Antisense Oligonucleotides and Anticancer Drug - Olga B. Garbuzenko; Maha Saad; Seema Betigeri; Min Zhang; Alexandre A. Vetcher; Viatcheslav A. Soldatenkov; David C. Reimer; Vitaly P. Pozharov; Tamara Minko (Pharmaceutical Research, 2009)

Combining landslide and contaminant risk: a preliminary assessment - Gunnel I. Göransson; David Bendz; P. Magnus Larson (Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2009)

A framework for understanding the hydroecology of impacted wet meadows in the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges, California, USA - Steven P. Loheide; Richard S. Deitchman; David J. Cooper; Evan C. Wolf; Christopher T. Hammersmark; Jessica D. Lundquist (Hydrogeology Journal, 2009)

Cost/Benefit Considerations for Recent Saltcedar Control, Middle Pecos River, New Mexico - Dave Barz; Richard P. Watson; Joseph F. Kanney; Jesse D. Roberts; David P. Groeneveld (Environmental Management, 2009)

Environmental and Biotic Controls over Aboveground Biomass Throughout a Tropical Rain Forest - Gregory P. Asner; R. Flint Hughes; Timothy A. Varga; David E. Knapp; Ty Kennedy-Bowdoin (Ecosystems, 2009)

Understanding uncertainty in future projections for the tropical Atlantic: relationships with the unforced climate - Peter Good; Jason A. Lowe; David P. Rowell (Climate Dynamics, 2009)

Redox conditions during sedimentation of the Middle Jurassic (Upper Bajocian–Bathonian) clays of the Polish Jura (south-central Poland) - Michał Zatoń; Leszek Marynowski; Patrycja Szczepanik; David P. G. Bond; Paul B. Wignall (Facies, 2009)

Proteomic and phenotypic profiling of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis shows that genotype is linked to virulence - MATTHEW C. FISHER; JAIME BOSCH; ZHIKANG YIN; DAVID A. STEAD; JANET WALKER; LAURA SELWAY; ALISTAIR J. P. BROWN; LOUISE A. WALKER; NEIL A. R. GOW; JASON E. STAJICH; TRENTON W. J. GARNER (Molecular Ecology, 2009)
Population genetics of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ) show that isolates are highly related and globally homogenous, data that are consistent with the recent epidemic spread of a previously endemic organism. Highly related isolates are predicted to be functionally similar due to low levels of heritable genetic diversity. To test this hypothesis, we took a global panel of Bd isolates and measured (i) the genetic relatedness among isolates, (ii) proteomic profiles of isolates, (iii) the susceptibility of isolates to the antifungal drug caspofungin, (iv) the variation among isolates in growth and phenotypic characteristics, and (v) the virulence of isolates against the European common toad Bufo bufo . Our results show (i) genotypic differentiation among isolates, (ii) proteomic differentiation among isolates, (iii) no significant differences in susceptibility to caspofungin, (iv) differentiation in growth and phenotypic/morphological characters, and (v) differential virulence in B. bufo . Specifically, our data show that Bd isolates can be profiled by their genotypic and proteomic characteristics, as well as by the size of their sporangia. Bd genotypic and phenotypic distance matrices are significantly correlated, showing that less‐related isolates are more biologically unique. Mass spectrometry has identified a set of candidate genes associated with inter‐isolate variation. Our data show that, despite its rapid global emergence, Bd isolates are not identical and differ in several important characters that are linked to virulence. We argue that future studies need to clarify the mechanism(s) and rate at which Bd is evolving, and the impact that such variation has on the host–pathogen dynamic.

Disturbance, rainfall and contrasting species responses mediated aboveground biomass response to 11 years of CO 2 enrichment in a Florida scrub‐oak ecosystem - TROY J. SEILER; DANIEL P. RASSE; JIAHONG LI; PAUL DIJKSTRA; HANS P. ANDERSON; DAVID P. JOHNSON; THOMAS L. POWELL; BRUCE A. HUNGATE; C. ROSS HINKLE; BERT G. DRAKE (Global Change Biology, 2009)
This study reports the aboveground biomass response of a fire‐regenerated Florida scrub‐oak ecosystem exposed to elevated CO 2 (1996–2007), from emergence after fire through canopy closure. Eleven years exposure to elevated CO 2 caused a 67% increase in aboveground shoot biomass. Growth stimulation was sustained throughout the experiment; although there was significant variability between years. The absolute stimulation of aboveground biomass generally declined over time, reflecting increasing environmental limitations to long‐term growth response. Extensive defoliation caused by hurricanes in September 2004 was followed by a strong increase in shoot density in 2005 that may have resulted from reopening the canopy and relocating nitrogen from leaves to the nutrient‐poor soil. Biomass response to elevated CO 2 was driven primarily by stimulation of growth of the dominant species, Quercus myrtifolia , while Quercus geminata , the other co‐dominant oak, displayed no significant CO 2 response. Aboveground growth also displayed interannual variation, which was correlated with total annual rainfall. The rainfall × CO 2 interaction was partially masked at the community level by species‐specific responses: elevated CO 2 had an ameliorating effect on Q. myrtifolia growth under water stress. The results of this long‐term study not only show that atmospheric CO 2 concentration had a consistent stimulating effect on aboveground biomass production, but also showed that available water is the primary driver of interannual variation in shoot growth and that the long‐term response to elevated CO 2 may have been caused by other factors such as nutrient limitation and disturbance.

Quantifying the impact of current and future tropospheric ozone on tree biomass, growth, physiology and biochemistry: a quantitative meta‐analysis - VICTORIA E. WITTIG; ELIZABETH A. AINSWORTH; SHAWNA L. NAIDU; DAVID F. KARNOSKY; STEPHEN P. LONG (Global Change Biology, 2009)
The northern hemisphere temperate and boreal forests currently provide an important carbon sink; however, current tropospheric ozone concentrations ([O 3 ]) and [O 3 ] projected for later this century are damaging to trees and have the potential to reduce the carbon sink strength of these forests. This meta‐analysis estimated the magnitude of the impacts of current [O 3 ] and future [O 3 ] on the biomass, growth, physiology and biochemistry of trees representative of northern hemisphere forests. Current ambient [O 3 ] (40 ppb on average) significantly reduced the total biomass of trees by 7% compared with trees grown in charcoal‐filtered (CF) controls, which approximate preindustrial [O 3 ]. Above‐ and belowground productivity were equally affected by ambient [O 3 ] in these studies. Elevated [O 3 ] of 64 ppb reduced total biomass by 11% compared with trees grown at ambient [O 3 ] while elevated [O 3 ] of 97 ppb reduced total biomass of trees by 17% compared with CF controls. The root‐to‐shoot ratio was significantly reduced by elevated [O 3 ] indicating greater sensitivity of root biomass to [O 3 ]. At elevated [O 3 ], trees had significant reductions in leaf area, Rubisco content and chlorophyll content which may underlie significant reductions in photosynthetic capacity. Trees also had lower transpiration rates, and were shorter in height and had reduced diameter when grown at elevated [O 3 ]. Further, at elevated [O 3 ], gymnosperms were significantly less sensitive than angiosperms. There were too few observations of the interaction of [O 3 ] with elevated [CO 2 ] and drought to conclusively project how these climate change factors will alter tree responses to [O 3 ]. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the carbon‐sink strength of northern hemisphere forests is likely reduced by current [O 3 ] and will be further reduced in future if [O 3 ] rises. This implies that a key carbon sink currently offsetting a significant portion of global fossil fuel CO 2 emissions could be diminished or lost in the future.

Pervasive canopy dynamics produce short‐term stability in a tropical rain forest landscape - James R. Kellner; David B. Clark; Stephen P. Hubbell (Ecology Letters, 2009)
A fundamental property of all forest landscapes is the size frequency distribution of canopy gap disturbances. But characterizing forest structure and changes at large spatial scales has been challenging and most of our understanding is from permanent inventory plots. Here we report the first application of light detection and ranging remote sensing to measurements of canopy disturbance and regeneration in an old‐growth tropical rain forest landscape. Pervasive local height changes figure prominently in the dynamics of this forest. Although most canopy gaps recruited to higher positions during 8.5 years, size frequency distributions were similar at two points in time and well‐predicted by power‐laws. At larger spatial scales (hundreds of ha), height increases and decreases occurred with similar frequency and changes to canopy height that were analysed using a height transition matrix suggest that the distribution of canopy height at the beginning of the study was close to the projected steady‐state equilibrium under the recent disturbance regime. Taken together, these findings show how widespread local height changes can produce short‐term stability in a tropical rain forest landscape.

Indirect effects of invasive predators on litter decomposition and nutrient resorption on seabird‐dominated islands - David A. Wardle; Peter J. Bellingham; Karen I. Bonner; Christa P. H. Mulder (Ecology, 2009)
Despite recent interest in the ecosystem impacts of invasive aboveground organisms, most work in this area has focused on effects of invasive plants, and the effects of invasive herbivores and predators remain poorly understood. We studied 18 forested, offshore islands in northern New Zealand. Nine of these host high densities of burrowing seabirds that serve as ecosystem drivers by transporting nutrients from the ocean to land. The other nine have been invaded over the past 50–150 years by rat species introduced from Europe which serve as predators of seabird eggs and chicks and severely reduce their densities. We collected fully expanded leaves and fresh leaf litter from invaded and uninvaded islands for each of 12 perennial plant species that represent a wide spectrum of life forms from ground dwelling to emergent canopy species. We found that, across these species, invasion by rats significantly reduced nitrogen (N) but not phosphorus (P) concentrations of foliage and litter, promoted N but not P resorption from leaves before litter fall, and reduced the release of N but not P from decomposing litter. Rat invasion also negatively affected litter decomposability but had no overall effects on litter quality variables other than N. Our results provide evidence that rat invasion causes more conservative cycling of N but not P through foliage and litter and limitation of ecological processes by N but not P. We found few instances in which the effects of rat invasion on response variables varied significantly across plant species, meaning that invasion had similar effects for species that varied greatly in growth form and foliar and litter quality. Further, correlation analyses across the 12 species showed that foliar and litter quality traits were poor predictors of how invasion effects on resorption and decomposition variables varied among species. Our results show that the effects of invasive predators on native prey can have substantial indirect effects on variables relevant for ecosystem functioning. These types of effects are probably widespread, especially given the role of seabirds in improving soil fertility in many coastal ecosystems worldwide and the wide global distribution of predators of seabirds.

Experimental evidence that phenotypic divergence in predators drives community divergence in prey - Eric P. Palkovacs; David M. Post (Ecology, 2009)
Studies of adaptive divergence have traditionally focused on the ecological causes of trait diversification, while the ecological consequences of phenotypic divergence remain relatively unexplored. Divergence in predator foraging traits, in particular, has the potential to impact the structure and dynamics of ecological communities. To examine the effects of predator trait divergence on prey communities, we exposed zooplankton communities in lake mesocosms to predation from either anadromous or landlocked (freshwater resident) alewives, which have undergone recent and rapid phenotypic differentiation in foraging traits (gape width, gill raker spacing, and prey size‐selectivity). Anadromous alewives, which exploit large prey items, significantly reduced the mean body size, total biomass, species richness, and diversity of crustacean zooplankton relative to landlocked alewives, which exploit smaller prey. The zooplankton responses observed in this experiment are consistent with patterns observed in lakes. This study provides direct evidence that phenotypic divergence in predators, even in its early stages, can play a critical role in determining prey community structure.

A Mass Balance Mercury Budget for a Mine-Dominated Lake: Clear Lake, California - Thomas H. Suchanek; Janis Cooke; Kaylene Keller; Salvador Jorgensen; Peter J. Richerson; Collin A. Eagles-Smith; E. James Harner; David P. Adam (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2009)

Photoperiod insensitive Ppd-A1a mutations in tetraploid wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) - Edward P. Wilhelm; Adrian S. Turner; David A. Laurie (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2009)

Preclinical investigations into the antipsychotic potential of the novel histamine H3 receptor antagonist GSK207040 - Eric Southam; Jackie Cilia; Jane E. Gartlon; Marie L. Woolley; Laurent P. Lacroix; Carol A. Jennings; Jane E. Cluderay; Charlie Reavill; Claire Rourke; David M. Wilson; Lee A. Dawson; Andrew D. Medhurst; et al. (Psychopharmacology, 2009)

A placebo-controlled study of sildenafil effects on cognition in schizophrenia - Donald C. Goff; Corinne Cather; Oliver Freudenreich; David C. Henderson; A. Eden Evins; Melissa A. Culhane; Jared P. Walsh (Psychopharmacology, 2009)

The dapE-encoded N-succinyl-l,l-diaminopimelic acid desuccinylase from Haemophilus influenzae contains two active-site histidine residues - Danuta M. Gillner; David L. Bienvenue; Boguslaw P. Nocek; Andrzej Joachimiak; Vincentos Zachary; Brian Bennett; Richard C. Holz (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2009)

Design and characterization of a plasmid vector system capable of rapid generation of antibodies of multiple isotypes and specificities - Matthew P. Morrow; Panyupa Pankhong; David B. Weiner (Biotechnology Letters, 2009)

Increased frequency of α-synuclein in the substantia nigra in human immunodeficiency virus infection - Negar Khanlou; Negar Khanlou; David J Moore; Negar Khanlou; David J Moore; Gursharan Chana; Mariana Cherner; Deborah Lazzaretto; Sharron Dawes; Igor Grant; Eliezer Masliah; Ian P Everall; et al. (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2009)

Farmlink: promoting conservation buffers farmer-to-farmer - David P. Shelton; Rodney A. Wilke; Thomas G. Franti; Scott J. Josiah (Agroforestry Systems, 2009)

Long‐term survival despite low genetic diversity in the critically endangered Madagascar fish‐eagle - JEFF A. JOHNSON; RUTH E. TINGAY; MELANIE CULVER; FRANK HAILER; MICHÈLE L. CLARKE; DAVID P. MINDELL (Molecular Ecology, 2009)
The critically endangered Madagascar fish‐eagle ( Haliaeetus vociferoides ) is considered to be one of the rarest birds of prey globally and at significant risk of extinction. In the most recent census, only 222 adult individuals were recorded with an estimated total breeding population of no more than 100–120 pairs. Here, levels of Madagascar fish‐eagle population genetic diversity based on 47 microsatellite loci were compared with its sister species, the African fish‐eagle ( Haliaeetus vocifer ), and 16 of these loci were also characterized in the white‐tailed eagle ( Haliaeetus albicilla ) and the bald eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ). Overall, extremely low genetic diversity was observed in the Madagascar fish‐eagle compared to other surveyed Haliaeetus species. Determining whether this low diversity is the result of a recent bottleneck or a more historic event has important implications for their conservation. Using a Bayesian coalescent‐based method, we show that Madagascar fish‐eagles have maintained a small effective population size for hundreds to thousands of years and that its low level of neutral genetic diversity is not the result of a recent bottleneck. Therefore, efforts made to prevent Madagascar fish‐eagle extinction should place high priority on maintenance of habitat requirements and reducing direct and indirect human persecution. Given the current rate of deforestation in Madagascar, we further recommend that the population be expanded to occupy a larger geographical distribution. This will help the population persist when exposed to stochastic factors (e.g. climate and disease) that may threaten a species consisting of only 200 adult individuals while inhabiting a rapidly changing landscape.

effect of methamphetamine neurotoxicity on learning-inducedarc mRNA expression in identified striatal efferent neurons - David P. Daberkow; Matthew D. Riedy; Raymond P. Kesner; Kristen A. Keefe (Neurotoxicity Research, 2008)

Falsely elevated salicylate levels - Nathan P. Charlton; David T. Lawrence; Kevin L. Wallace (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2008)

Sub‐millennial climate shifts in the western Mediterranean during the last glacial period recorded in a speleothem from Mallorca, Spain - Edward J. Hodge; David A. Richards; Peter L. Smart; Angel Ginés; David P. Mattey (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2008)
Very few high‐resolution and directly dated terrestrial archives of the last glacial period exist for the western Mediterranean region, yet this is a key locality for recording sub‐millennial North Atlantic and Mediterranean climate change. Here, we present evidence of effective precipitation changes based on growth history and δ 13 C of calcite in a Mallorcan stalagmite that grew between 112 and 48 ka. Effective precipitation in Mallorca appears to have been sensitive to proximal sea surface temperature variations and at certain times, ca. 76 ka for example, changed rapidly from moist to arid conditions in only a few centuries. A sea‐level highstand during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5a interrupted growth. Regrowth started promptly after this, but effective precipitation decreased markedly for much of the later part of MIS 5a, and also for shorter periods correlative with Heinrich events H8 (ca. 90 ka) and H6 (ca. 65 ka), with growth ceasing during H5 (ca. 48 ka). Arid episodes in Mallorca appear to be expressions of extremely cold periods recorded further north in Europe and occur contemporaneously with rapid decreases in Greenland temperature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Microbiological, physical–chemical and sensory evaluation of a traditional Brazilian cheese during the ripening process - Carla D. Las Casas Lima; Mônica M. O. P. Cerqueira; Elaine G. Ferreira; César L. L. Faria; David Lee Nelson; Luiz S. Carmo; Carlos A. Rosa (World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2008)

Effects of acute and chronic aripiprazole treatment on choice between cocaine self-administration and food under a concurrent schedule of reinforcement in rats - Morgane Thomsen; Anders Fink-Jensen; David P. D. Woldbye; Gitta Wörtwein; Thomas N. Sager; Rene Holm; Lauren M. Pepe; S. Barak Caine (Psychopharmacology, 2008)

The effect of carbon dioxide enrichment on apparent stem respiration from Pinus taeda L. is confounded by high levels of soil carbon dioxide - David J. P. Moore; Miquel A. Gonzalez-Meler; Lina Taneva; Jeffrey S. Pippen; Hyun-Seok Kim; Evan H. DeLucia (Oecologia, 2008)

Patient-specific surgical planning and hemodynamic computational fluid dynamics optimization through free-form haptic anatomy editing tool (SURGEM) - Kerem Pekkan; Brian Whited; Kirk Kanter; Shiva Sharma; Diane de Zelicourt; Kartik Sundareswaran; David Frakes; Jarek Rossignac; Ajit P. Yoganathan (Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2008)

Genes driving potato tuber initiation and growth: identification based on transcriptional changes using the POCI array - Bjorn Kloosterman; David De Koeyer; Rebecca Griffiths; Barry Flinn; Burkhard Steuernagel; Uwe Scholz; Sophia Sonnewald; Uwe Sonnewald; Glenn J. Bryan; Salomé Prat; Zsófia Bánfalvi; John P. Hammond; et al. (Functional & Integrative Genomics, 2008)

Testing the role of expansion in the prospective control of locomotion - Julien Bastin; David M. Jacobs; Antoine H. P. Morice; Cathy Craig; Gilles Montagne (Experimental Brain Research, 2008)

Increased strength and decreased flexibility are related to reduced oxygen cost of walking - Gary R. Hunter; John P. McCarthy; David R. Bryan; Paul A. Zuckerman; Marcas M. Bamman; Nuala M. Byrne (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2008)

Do sturgeon limit burrowing shrimp populations in Pacific Northwest Estuaries? - Brett R. Dumbauld; David L. Holden; Olaf P. Langness (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2008)

Tolerating castration by hiding flowers in plain sight - David P. Edwards; Douglas W. Yu (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2008)

Evidence for multiple sources of invasion and intraspecific hybridization in Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. in North America - DAVID M. ROSENTHAL; ALISA P. RAMAKRISHNAN; MITCHELL B. CRUZAN (Molecular Ecology, 2008)
We compared the levels and distribution of genetic diversity in Eurasian and North American populations of Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv. (false brome), a newly invasive perennial bunchgrass in western North America. Our goals were to identify source regions for invasive populations, determine the number of independent invasion events, and assess the possibility that postinvasion bottlenecks and hybridization have affected patterns of genetic diversity in the invaded range. We tested the hypothesis that this Eurasian grass was accidentally introduced into two areas in Oregon and one site in California by examining nuclear microsatellites and chloroplast haplotype variation in 23 introduced and 25 native populations. In the invaded range, there was significantly lower allelic richness ( R S ), observed heterozygosity ( H O ) and within‐population gene diversity ( H S ), although a formal test failed to detect a significant genetic bottleneck. Most of the genetic variation existed among populations in the native range but within populations in the invaded range. All of the allelic variation in the invaded range could be explained based on alleles found in western European populations. The distribution of identified genetic clusters in the North American populations and the unique alleles associated with them is consistent with two historical introductions in Oregon and a separate introduction to California. Further analyses of population structure indicate that intraspecific hybridization among genotypes from geographically distinct regions of western Europe occurred following colonization in Oregon. The California populations, however, are more likely to be derived from one or perhaps several genetically similar regions in the native range. The emergence and spread of novel recombinant genotypes may be facilitating the rapid spread of this invasive species in Oregon.

THE TRANS‐ATLANTIC HISTORY OF DIVERSITY AND BODY SIZE IN ECOLOGICAL GUILDS - Geerat J. Vermeij; Gregory P. Dietl; David G. Reid (Ecology, 2008)
Geographically separate biotas often show differences in species composition, diversity, and adaptations. Such differences, which often reflect historical differences in regimes of productivity and selection, have received little attention from ecologists. Here we concentrate on diversity and maximum body size in 18 guilds of shallow‐water marine shell‐bearing mollusks and barnacles from the European and North American sides of the temperate North Atlantic. These guilds represent suspension‐feeders (epifaunal, shallow infaunal, and deep infaunal), chemosymbiotic bivalves, predators, and grazers. Geographic patterns among Recent guilds were compared to those during Pliocene and early Miocene time in order to determine how diversity and maximum size changed over the last 17 million years in the face of high levels of extinction and species invasion. Recent European guilds are generally more diverse than their American counterparts, a finding consistent with previous biota‐wide analyses. Diversity within Pliocene guilds was often higher on the American side, but this stems in part from the large subtropical component in preserved temperate Pliocene guilds in Virginia but not in Europe. The largest species in hard‐bottom guilds in Europe reach greater sizes than those in comparable American guilds, but for sand‐bottom guilds, American species almost always attain greater sizes than their European counterparts. These size differences have changed little since early Miocene time despite high levels of Pliocene and Pleistocene extinction in invasion, particularly on the American side. Large‐bodied species are overrepresented among both extinct and invading lineages, meaning that lineage replacement has been the rule for the largest species in guilds on both sides of the Atlantic. Together with previous studies, these results may imply that sand‐bottom environments in North America have been more productive and have experienced more far‐reaching escalation between shell‐bearing species and their predators than their European counterparts since early Miocene time. The Pliocene to Recent record of hard‐bottom guilds implies that productivity and/or escalation in these systems may have been higher on the European side than in eastern North America. Shallow‐water guilds on opposite sides of the Atlantic have retained differences despite great upheavals caused by extinctions and invasions during the last 3 million years.

COMPARATIVE ECOLOGY OF NORTH ATLANTIC SHORES: DO DIFFERENCES IN PLAYERS MATTER FOR PROCESS? - Stuart R. Jenkins; Pippa Moore; Michael T. Burrows; David J. Garbary; Stephen J. Hawkins; Agnar Ingólfsson; Kenneth P. Sebens; Paul V. R. Snelgrove; David S. Wethey; Sarah A. Woodin (Ecology, 2008)
The contrasting histories of the western and eastern shores of the North Atlantic Ocean provide an excellent opportunity to consider the implications of past events for present ecological processes and the functioning of marine ecosystems. Similarities and differences in assemblage composition have been driven by large‐scale events, such as the trans‐Arctic interchange, which has shaped the species pool, and cycles of glaciation, which have determined phases of local or regional extinction and colonization. More recently, anthropogenically induced invasions and local extinctions have significantly altered biogeographic distributions. Here we consider for both hard and soft substrata how the presence or absence of key taxa influences the outcomes of trophic and other biological interactions, and evaluate the consequences for community structure and ecosystem functioning. On intertidal hard substratum shores, biodiversity of epilithic microphagous grazers differs across latitudinal and longitudinal scales. Diversity is high in southern Europe but declines to the north and across the Atlantic. Lower diversity and the absence of patellid limpets in Iceland and the northwest Atlantic compared to Europe result in differences in consumer pressure, and an apparent contrast in the importance of herbivory vs. competitive interactions and predation pressure as community structuring processes. Interestingly, despite differences in “process,” community patterns are remarkably similar between the east and west. On soft sediment shores, there are conspicuous geographic differences in importance of bioturbators and large digging predators. Hemichordates can be abundant and important infaunal bioturbators in the western Atlantic, but they generally play a much reduced role in the eastern Atlantic. In addition, the number and diversity of digging predators on western Atlantic shores is high; the horseshoe crab, swimming portunid crabs, large whelks, excavating waterfowl, and an abundance of skates and rays exert intense predation pressure and associated biogenic disturbance to sediments. In Europe, except for excavating waterfowl these taxa are rare or absent. Thus, the importance of large, biological agents of disturbance is lower on European shores as a consequence of both recent anthropogenic pressure and natural processes over larger time scales. Consideration of key structuring taxa over the Atlantic shows that human‐mediated transport has had considerable influence. Faunas on both sides of the Atlantic are becoming more similar to the point that some of the key differences in assemblage composition and hence community organization have blurred. Recent introductions as well as planned experimental manipulations provide the opportunity to understand the role of species identity in determining community structure and ecosystem functioning over large spatial scales; the North Atlantic may be an ideal test system to explore these areas.

Advances in mollusc sclerochronology and sclerochemistry: tools for understanding climate and environment - Darren R. Gröcke; David P. Gillikin (Geo-Marine Letters, 2008)

Avian population trends in the vulnerable montane forests of the Northern Appalachians, USA - David I. King; J. Daniel Lambert; John P. Buonaccorsi; Leighlan S. Prout (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2008)

Do honey bees average directions in the waggle dance to determine a flight direction? - David A. Tanner; P. Kirk Visscher (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2008)

Soil microbial respiration in arctic soil does not acclimate to temperature - Iain P. Hartley; David W. Hopkins; Mark H. Garnett; Martin Sommerkorn; Philip A. Wookey (Ecology Letters, 2008)
Warming‐induced release of CO 2 from the large carbon (C) stores in arctic soils could accelerate climate change. However, declines in the response of soil respiration to warming in long‐term experiments suggest that microbial activity acclimates to temperature, greatly reducing the potential for enhanced C losses. As reduced respiration rates with time could be equally caused by substrate depletion, evidence for thermal acclimation remains controversial. To overcome this problem, we carried out a cooling experiment with soils from arctic Sweden. If acclimation causes the reduction in soil respiration observed after experimental warming, then it should subsequently lead to an increase in respiration rates after cooling. We demonstrate that thermal acclimation did not occur following cooling. Rather, during the 90 days after cooling, a further reduction in the soil respiration rate was observed, which was only reversed by extended re‐exposure to warmer temperatures. We conclude that over the time scale of a few weeks to months, warming‐induced changes in the microbial community in arctic soils will amplify the instantaneous increase in the rates of CO 2 production and thus enhance C losses potentially accelerating the rate of 21st century climate change.

Reducing sedimentation of depressional wetlands in agricultural landscapes - Susan K. Skagen; Cynthia P. Melcher; David A. Haukos (Wetlands, 2008)

The catecholaminergic RCSN-3 cell line: A model to study dopamine metabolism - Irmgard Paris; Jorge Lozano; Sergio Cardenas; Carolina Perez-Pastene; Katherine Saud; Patricio Fuentes; Pablo Caviedes; Alexies Dagnino-Ubiabre; Rita Raisman-Vozari; Takeshi Shimahara; John P. Kostrzewa; David Chi; et al. (Neurotoxicity Research, 2008)

Terminology for Neuroscience Data Discovery: Multi-tree Syntax and Investigator-Derived Semantics - Daniel Gardner; David H. Goldberg; Bernice Grafstein; Adrian Robert; Esther P. Gardner (Neuroinformatics, 2008)

A comparison of burial, maturity and temperature histories of selected wells from sedimentary basins in The Netherlands - S. Nelskamp; P. David; R. Littke (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2008)

Comprehensive resequence analysis of a 136 kb region of human chromosome 8q24 associated with prostate and colon cancers - Meredith Yeager; Nianqing Xiao; Richard B. Hayes; Pascal Bouffard; Brian Desany; Laura Burdett; Nick Orr; Casey Matthews; Liqun Qi; Andrew Crenshaw; Zdenek Markovic; Karin M. Fredrikson; et al. (Human Genetics, 2008)

The effect of passive heating and head cooling on perception, cardiovascular function and cognitive performance in the heat - Shona E. Simmons; Brian K. Saxby; Francis P. McGlone; David A. Jones (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2008)

Assessing for genetic and environmental effects on ruminant feed quality in barley (Hordeum vulgare) - Glen P. Fox; Jan Bowman; Alison Kelly; Andy Inkerman; David Poulsen; Robert Henry (Euphytica, 2008)

Microbial community dynamics in uranium contaminated subsurface sediments under biostimulated conditions with high nitrate and nickel pressure - David Moreels; Garry Crosson; Craig Garafola; Denise Monteleone; Safiyh Taghavi; Jeffrey P. Fitts; Daniel van der Lelie (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2008)

INCREASING LITTER SPECIES RICHNESS REDUCES VARIABILITY IN A TERRESTRIAL DECOMPOSER SYSTEM - Aidan M. Keith; René van der Wal; Rob W. Brooker; Graham H. R. Osler; Stephen J. Chapman; David F. R. P. Burslem; David A. Elston (Ecology, 2008)
Debate on the relationship between diversity and stability has been driven by the recognition that species loss may influence ecosystem properties and processes. We conducted a litterbag experiment in the Scottish Highlands, United Kingdom, to examine the effects of altering plant litter diversity on decomposition, microbial biomass, and microfaunal abundance. The design of treatments was fully factorial and included five species from an upland plant community (silver birch, Betula pendula ; Scots' pine, Pinus sylvestris ; heather, Calluna vulgaris ; bilberry, Vaccinium myrtillus ; wavy‐hair grass, Deschampsia flexuosa ); species richness ranged from one to five species. We tested the effects of litter species richness and composition on variable means, whether increasing litter species richness reduced variability in the decomposer system, and whether any richness–variability relationships were maintained over time (196 vs. 564 days). While litter species composition effects controlled variable means, we revealed reductions in variability with increasing litter species richness, even after accounting for differences between litter types. These findings suggest that higher plant species richness per se may result in more stable ecosystem processes (e.g., decomposition) and decomposer communities. Negative richness–variation relationships generally relaxed over time, presumably because properties of litter mixtures became more homogeneous. However, given that plant litter inputs continue to enter the belowground system over time, we conclude that variation in ecosystem properties may be buffered by greater litter species richness.

SHIFTS IN SOUTHERN WISCONSIN FOREST CANOPY AND UNDERSTORY RICHNESS, COMPOSITION, AND HETEROGENEITY - David A. Rogers; Thomas P. Rooney; Daniel Olson; Donald M. Waller (Ecology, 2008)
We resurveyed the under‐ and overstory species composition of 94 upland forest stands in southern Wisconsin in 2002–2004 to assess shifts in canopy and understory richness, composition, and heterogeneity relative to the original surveys in 1949–1950. The canopy has shifted from mostly oaks ( Quercus spp.) toward more mesic and shade‐tolerant trees (primarily Acer spp.). Oak‐dominated early‐successional stands and those on coarse, nutrient‐poor soils changed the most in canopy composition. Understories at most sites (80%) lost native species, with mean species density declining 25% at the 1‐m 2 scale and 23.1% at the 20‐m 2 scale. Woody species have increased 15% relative to herbaceous species in the understory despite declining in absolute abundance. Initial canopy composition, particularly the abundance of red oaks ( Quercus rubra and Q. velutina ), predicted understory changes better than the changes observed in the overstory. Overall rates of native species loss were greater in later‐successional stands, a pattern driven by differential immigration rather than differential extirpation. However, understory species initially found in early‐successional habitats declined the most, particularly remnant savanna taxa with narrow or thick leaves. These losses have yet to be offset by compensating increases in native shade‐adapted species. Exotic species have proliferated in prevalence (from 13 to 76 stands) and relative abundance (from 1.2% to 8.4%), but these increases appear unrelated to the declines in native species richness and heterogeneity observed. Although canopy succession has clearly influenced shifts in understory composition and diversity, the magnitude of native species declines and failure to recruit more shade‐adapted species suggest that other factors now act to limit the richness, heterogeneity, and composition of these communities.

Replication of association between ELAVL4 and Parkinson disease: the GenePD study - Anita L. DeStefano; Jeanne Latourelle; Mark F. Lew; Oksana Suchowersky; Christine Klein; Lawrence I. Golbe; Margery H. Mark; John H. Growdon; G. Fredrick Wooten; Ray Watts; Mark Guttman; Brad A. Racette; et al. (Human Genetics, 2008)

Norepinephrinergic afferents and cytology of the macaque monkey midline, mediodorsal, and intralaminar thalamic nuclei - Brent A. Vogt; Patrick R. Hof; David P. Friedman; Robert W. Sikes; Leslie J. Vogt (Brain Structure and Function, 2008)

First-principles simulation of high-pressure polymorphs in MgAl2O4 - Shigeaki Ono; John P. Brodholt; G. David Price (Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 2008)

Partitioning net ecosystem carbon exchange and the carbon isotopic disequilibrium in a subalpine forest - JOHN M. ZOBITZ; SEAN P. BURNS; MARKUS REICHSTEIN; DAVID R. BOWLING (Global Change Biology, 2008)
We investigate the utility of an improved isotopic method to partition the net ecosystem exchange of CO 2 ( F ) into net photosynthesis ( F A ) and nonfoliar respiration ( F R ). Measurements of F and the carbon isotopic content in air at a high‐elevation coniferous forest (the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site) were used to partition F into F A and F R . Isotopically partitioned fluxes were then compared with an independent flux partitioning method that estimated gross photosynthesis (GEE) and total ecosystem respiration (TER) based on statistical regressions of night‐time F and air temperature. We compared the estimates of F A and F R with expected canopy physiological relationships with light (photosynthetically active radiation) and air temperature. Estimates of F A and GEE were dependent on light as expected, and TER, but not F R , exhibited the expected dependence on temperature. Estimates of the isotopic disequilibrium D , or the difference between the isotopic signatures of net photosynthesis ( δ A , mean value −24.6‰) and ecosystem respiration ( δ R , mean value −25.1‰) were generally positive ( δ A >δ R ). The sign of D observed here is inconsistent with many other studies. The key parameters of the improved isotopic flux partitioning method presented here are ecosystem scale mesophyll conductance ( g m ) and maximal vegetative stomatal conductance ( g cmax ). The sensitivity analyses of F A , F R , and D to g cmax indicated a critical value of g cmax (0.15 mol m −2 s −1 ) above which estimates of F A and F R became larger in magnitude relative to GEE and TER. The value of D decreased with increasing values of g m and g cmax , but was still positive across all values of g m and g cmax . We conclude that the characterization of canopy‐scale mesophyll and stomatal conductances are important for further progress with the isotope partitioning method, and to confirm our anomalous isotopic disequilibrium findings.

Microbial community analysis of two field‐scale sulfate‐reducing bioreactors treating mine drainage - Sage R. Hiibel; Luciana P. Pereyra; Laura Y. Inman; April Tischer; David J. Reisman; Kenneth F. Reardon; Amy Pruden (Environmental Microbiology, 2008)
Summary The microbial communities of two field‐scale pilot sulfate‐reducing bioreactors treating acid mine drainage (AMD), Luttrell and Peerless Jenny King (PJK), were compared using biomolecular tools and multivariate statistical analyses. The two bioreactors were well suited for this study because their geographic locations and substrate compositions were similar while the characteristics of influent AMD, configuration and degree of exposure to oxygen were distinct. The two bioreactor communities were found to be functionally similar, including cellulose degraders, fermenters and sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB). Significant differences were found between the two bioreactors in phylogenetic comparisons of cloned 16S rRNA genes and adenosine 5′‐phosphosulfate reductase ( apsA ) genes. The apsA gene clones from the Luttrell bioreactor were dominated by uncultured SRB most closely related to Desulfovibrio spp., while those of the PJK bioreactor were dominated by Thiobacillus spp. The fraction of the SRB genus Desulfovibrio was also higher at Luttrell than at PJK as determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Oxygen exposure at PJK is hypothesized to be the primary cause of these differences. This study is the first rigorous phylogenetic investigation of field‐scale bioreactors treating AMD and the first reported application of multivariate statistical analysis of remediation system microbial communities applying UniFrac software.

Exploiting regulatory variation to identify genes underlying quantitative resistance to the wheat stem rust pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in barley - Arnis Druka; Elena Potokina; Zewei Luo; Nicola Bonar; Ilze Druka; Ling Zhang; David F. Marshall; Brian J. Steffenson; Timothy J. Close; Roger P. Wise; Andris Kleinhofs; Robert W. Williams; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2008)

Aripiprazole blocks acute self-administration of cocaine and is not self-administered in mice - Gunnar Sørensen; Thomas N. Sager; Jørgen H. Petersen; Lise T. Brennum; Peter Thøgersen; Cecilie Hee Bengtsen; Morgane Thomsen; Gitta Wörtwein; Anders Fink-Jensen; David P. D. Woldbye (Psychopharmacology, 2008)

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) health components: from the seed to the consumer - Martine Dorais; David L. Ehret; Athanasios P. Papadopoulos (Phytochemistry Reviews, 2008)

Roles of reactive oxygen species in interactions between plants and pathogens - Nandini P. Shetty; Hans J. Lyngs Jørgensen; Jens Due Jensen; David B. Collinge; H. Shekar Shetty (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2008)

A differential series of pepper (Capsicum annuum) lines delineates fourteen physiological races of Phytophthora capsici - Bonnie R. Glosier; Ebenezer A. Ogundiwin; Gurmel S. Sidhu; David R. Sischo; James P. Prince (Euphytica, 2008)

Fibroproliferation in LPS-induced airway remodeling and bleomycin-induced fibrosis share common patterns of gene expression - David M. Brass; Ivana V. Yang; Marcus P. Kennedy; Gregory S. Whitehead; Holly Rutledge; Lauranell H. Burch; David A. Schwartz (Immunogenetics, 2008)

Assessing the risks of plant invasions arising from collections in tropical botanical gardens - Wayne Dawson; Ahmed S. Mndolwa; David F. R. P. Burslem; Philip E. Hulme (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2008)

Use of chemical tracers to assess diet and persistent organic pollutants in Antarctic Type C killer whales - Margaret M. Krahn; Robert L. Pitman; Douglas G. Burrows; David P. Herman; Ronald W. Pearce (Marine Mammal Science, 2008)
Measuring chemical tracers in tissues of marine predators provides insight into the prey consumed and the predator's contaminant exposure. In this study, samples from Type C killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) biopsied in Antarctica were analyzed for chemical tracers ( i.e. , stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, fatty acids, and persistent organic pollutants [POPs]). Profiles of these individual tracers were very different from those of killer whale populations that have been studied in the eastern North and eastern Tropical Pacific. For example, δ 13 C and δ 15 N stable isotope values and most POP concentrations were significantly lower in the Antarctic population. In addition, multivariate statistical analyses of both fatty acid and POP profiles found distinctly different patterns for Antarctic Type C whales compared to those from whales in the other populations. Similar assays were conducted on four species of Antarctic marine fish considered potential prey for Type C killer whales. Results were consistent with a diet of fish for Type C whales, but other species ( e.g. , low trophic‐level marine mammals or penguins) could not be eliminated as supplemental prey.

Carbon allocation in boreal black spruce forests across regions varying in soil temperature and precipitation - JASON G. VOGEL; BEN P. BOND‐LAMBERTY; EDWARD A. G. SCHUUR; STITH T. GOWER; MICHELLE C. MACK; KARI E. B. O'CONNELL; DAVID W. VALENTINE; ROGER W. RUESS (Global Change Biology, 2008)
A common hypothesis for northern ecosystems is that low soil temperatures inhibit plant productivity. To address this hypothesis, we reviewed how separate components of ecosystem carbon (C) cycling varied along a soil temperature gradient for nine well‐drained, relatively productive boreal black spruce ( Picea mariana Mill. [B.S.P.]) forests in Alaska, USA, and Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. Annual soil temperature [expressed as soil summed degree days (SDD)] was positively correlated with aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), while negatively correlated with total belowground carbon flux (TBCF). The partitioning of C to ANPP at the expense of root processes represented a nearly 1 : 1 tradeoff across the soil temperature gradient, which implied that the amount of C cycling through these black spruce ecosystems was relatively insensitive to variation in SDD. Moreover, the rate at which C accumulated in the ecosystem since the last stand replacing fire was unrelated to SDD, but SDD was positively correlated to the ratio of spruce‐biomass : forest‐floor‐mass. Thus, plant partitioning of C and the distribution of ecosystem C were apparently affected by soil temperature, although across regions, precipitation co‐varied with soil temperature. These two factors likely correlated with one another because of precipitation's influence on soil heat balance, suggesting that a soil temperature–precipitation interaction could be responsible for the shifts in C allocation. Nonetheless, our results highlight that for this boreal ecosystem, ANPP and TBCF can be negatively correlated. In tropical and temperate forests, TBCF and ANPP have been reported as positively correlated, and our results may reflect the unique interactions between soil temperature, forest floor accumulation, rooting depth, and nutrient availability that characterize the black spruce forest type.

Isolation of Legume Glycosyltransferases and Active Site Mapping of the Phaseolus lunatus Zeatin O-glucosyltransferase ZOG1 - Laura Meek; Ruth C. Martin; Xueyan Shan; P. Andrew Karplus; David W. S. Mok; Machteld C. Mok (Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 2008)

The Emergence of an Endangered Species: Evolution and Phylogeny of the Trachypithecus geei of Bhutan - Tashi Wangchuk; David W. Inouye; Matthew P. Hare (International Journal of Primatology, 2008)

Quantifying phenotypic gradients in freshwater snails: a case study in Lithasia (Gastropoda: Pleuroceridae) - Russell L. Minton; Andrew P. Norwood; David M. Hayes (Hydrobiologia, 2008)

Different forms of MARCKS protein are involved in memory formation in the learning process of imprinting - Revaz O. Solomonia; David Apkhazava; Maia Nozadze; Antony P. Jackson; Brian J. McCabe; Gabriel Horn (Experimental Brain Research, 2008)

An Approach for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Various Ozone Air Quality Standards for Protecting Trees - William E. Hogsett; David T. Tingey; E. Henry Lee; Peter A. Beedlow; Christian P. Andersen (Environmental Management, 2008)

Developmental Dynamics and G-Matrices: Can Morphometric Spaces be Used to Model Phenotypic Evolution? - P. David Polly (Evolutionary Biology, 2008)

The Effects of Anisotropy on the Stress Analyses of Patient-Specific Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms - Jonathan P. Vande Geest; David E. Schmidt; Michael S. Sacks; David A. Vorp (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2008)

Relative effects of irrigation and intense shade on productivity of alley-cropped tall fescue herbage - David M. Burner; David P. Belesky (Agroforestry Systems, 2008)

Cryptic speciation in a Holarctic passerine revealed by genetic and bioacoustic analyses - DAVID P. L. TOEWS; DARREN E. IRWIN (Molecular Ecology, 2008)
There has been much controversy regarding the timing of speciation events in birds, and regarding the relative roles of natural and sexual selection in promoting speciation. Here, we investigate these issues using winter wrens ( Troglodytes troglodytes ), an unusual example of a passerine with a Holarctic distribution. Geographical variation has led to speculation that the western North American form Troglodytes troglodytes pacificus might be a distinct biological species compared to those in eastern North America (e.g. Troglodytes troglodytes hiemalis ) and Eurasia. We located the first known area in which both forms can be found, often inhabiting neighbouring territories. Each male wren in this area sings either western or eastern song, and the differences in song are as distinct in the contact zone as they are in allopatry. The two singing types differ distinctly in mitochondrial DNA sequences and amplified fragment length polymorpism profiles. These results indicate that the two forms are reproductively isolated to a high degree where they co‐occur and are therefore separate species. DNA variation suggests that the initial split between the two species occurred before the Pleistocene, quite long ago for sister species in the boreal forest. Surprisingly, the two forms are similar in morphometric traits and habitat characteristics of territories. These findings suggest that sexual selection played a larger role than habitat divergence in generating reproductive isolation, and raise the possibility that there are other such morphologically cryptic species pairs in North America.

Parasites in food webs: the ultimate missing links - Kevin D. Lafferty; Stefano Allesina; Matias Arim; Cherie J. Briggs; Giulio De Leo; Andrew P. Dobson; Jennifer A. Dunne; Pieter T. J. Johnson; Armand M. Kuris; David J. Marcogliese; Neo D. Martinez; Jane Memmott; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2008)
Parasitism is the most common consumer strategy among organisms, yet only recently has there been a call for the inclusion of infectious disease agents in food webs. The value of this effort hinges on whether parasites affect food‐web properties. Increasing evidence suggests that parasites have the potential to uniquely alter food‐web topology in terms of chain length, connectance and robustness. In addition, parasites might affect food‐web stability, interaction strength and energy flow. Food‐web structure also affects infectious disease dynamics because parasites depend on the ecological networks in which they live. Empirically, incorporating parasites into food webs is straightforward. We may start with existing food webs and add parasites as nodes, or we may try to build food webs around systems for which we already have a good understanding of infectious processes. In the future, perhaps researchers will add parasites while they construct food webs. Less clear is how food‐web theory can accommodate parasites. This is a deep and central problem in theoretical biology and applied mathematics. For instance, is representing parasites with complex life cycles as a single node equivalent to representing other species with ontogenetic niche shifts as a single node? Can parasitism fit into fundamental frameworks such as the niche model? Can we integrate infectious disease models into the emerging field of dynamic food‐web modelling? Future progress will benefit from interdisciplinary collaborations between ecologists and infectious disease biologists.

Effects of chronic treatment with citalopram on cannabinoid and opioid receptor-mediated G-protein coupling in discrete rat brain regions - Shirley A. Hesketh; Adrian K. Brennan; David S. Jessop; David P. Finn (Psychopharmacology, 2008)

Effects of N, NP, and NPKS fertilizers applied to four-year old hybrid poplar plantations - R. van den Driessche; Barbara R. Thomas; David P. Kamelchuk (New Forests, 2008)

Replacement of tyrosine residues by phenylalanine in cytochrome P450cam alters the formation of Cpd II-like species in reactions with artificial oxidants - Tatyana Spolitak; John H. Dawson; David P. Ballou (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2008)

The human gamma-glutamyltransferase gene family - Nora Heisterkamp; John Groffen; David Warburton; Tam P. Sneddon (Human Genetics, 2008)

Estimation of maximal heart rate using the relationship between heart rate variability and exercise intensity in 40–67 years old men - Laura Karavirta; Mikko P. Tulppo; Kai Nyman; David E. Laaksonen; Teemu Pullinen; Raija T. Laukkanen; Hannu Kinnunen; Arja Häkkinen; Keijo Häkkinen (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2008)

Elucidating chromatin and nuclear domain architecture with electron spectroscopic imaging - David P. Bazett-Jones; Ren Li; Eden Fussner; Rosa Nisman; Hesam Dehghani (Chromosome Research, 2008)

Regional variation in the historical components of global avian species richness - Gavin H. Thomas; C. David L. Orme; Richard G. Davies; Valerie A. Olson; Peter M. Bennett; Kevin J. Gaston; Ian P. F. Owens; Tim M. Blackburn (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2008)
Aim Using a global data base of the distribution of extant bird species, we examine the evidence for spatial variation in the evolutionary origins of contemporary avian diversity. In particular, we assess the possible role of the timing of mountain uplift in promoting diversification in different regions. Location Global. Methods We mapped the distribution of avian richness at four taxonomic levels on an equal‐area 1° grid. We examined the relationships between richness at successive taxonomic levels (e.g. species richness vs. genus richness). We mapped the residuals from linear regressions of these relationships to identify areas that are exceptional in the number of lower taxa relative to the number of higher taxa. We use generalized least squares models to test the influence of elevation range and temperature on lower‐taxon richness relative to higher‐taxon richness. Results Peaks of species richness in the Neotropics were congruent with patterns of generic richness, whilst peaks in Australia and the Himalayas were congruent with patterns of both genus and family richness. Hotspots in the Afrotropics did not reflect higher‐taxon patterns. Regional differences in the relationship between richness at successive taxonomic levels revealed variation in patterns of taxon co‐occurrence. Species and genus co‐occurrence was positively associated with elevational range across much of the world. Taxon occurrence in the Neotropics was associated with a positive interaction between elevational range and temperature. Conclusions These results demonstrate that contemporary patterns of richness show different associations with higher‐taxon richness in different regions, which implies that the timing of historical effects on these contemporary patterns varies across regions. We suggest that this is due to dispersal limitation and phylogenetic constraints on physiological tolerance limits promoting diversification. We speculate that diversification rates respond to long‐term changes in the Earth's topography, and that the role of tropical mountain ranges is implicated as a correlate of contemporary diversity, and a source of diversification across avian evolutionary history.

Application of AFM in understanding biomineral formation in diatoms - Mark Hildebrand; Mitchel J. Doktycz; David P. Allison (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2008)

Ecology and management of northern pike in Wisconsin - Terry L. Margenau; Steven P. AveLallemant; David Giehtbrock; Stephen T. Schram (Hydrobiologia, 2008)

Effect of divalent cations on the structure of the antibiotic daptomycin - Steven W. Ho; David Jung; Jennifer R. Calhoun; James D. Lear; Mark Okon; Walter R. P. Scott; Robert E. W. Hancock; Suzana K. Straus (European Biophysics Journal, 2008)

Diversity of Predominant Lactic Acid Bacteria Associated with Cocoa Fermentation in Nigeria - Melanie Kostinek; Louis Ban-Koffi; Margaret Ottah-Atikpo; David Teniola; Ulrich Schillinger; Wilhelm H. Holzapfel; Charles M. A. P. Franz (Current Microbiology, 2008)

Genomic analysis of Ovis aries (Ovar) MHC class IIa loci - Lynn M. Herrmann-Hoesing; Stephen N. White; Lowell S. Kappmeyer; David R. Herndon; Donald P. Knowles (Immunogenetics, 2008)

Effects of smoking abstinence on adult smokers with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results of a preliminary study - F. Joseph McClernon; Scott H. Kollins; Avery M. Lutz; David P. Fitzgerald; Desiree W. Murray; Christina Redman; Jed E. Rose (Psychopharmacology, 2008)

Neuropsychological Contributions to the Early Identification of Alzheimer’s Disease - Mark W. Bondi; Amy J. Jak; Lisa Delano-Wood; Mark W. Jacobson; Dean C. Delis; David P. Salmon (Neuropsychology Review, 2008)

An operational multiscale system for hazards prediction, mapping, and response - David P. Bacon; Nash’at N. Ahmad; Thomas J. Dunn; Michael C. Monteith; Ananthakrishna Sarma (Natural Hazards, 2008)

Validity of criteria for establishing maximal O2 uptake during ramp exercise tests - David C. Poole; Daryl P. Wilkerson; Andrew M. Jones (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2008)

Climate Versus In-Lake Processes as Controls on the Development of Community Structure in a Low-Arctic Lake (South-West Greenland) - N. John Anderson; Klaus P. Brodersen; David B. Ryves; Suzanne McGowan; Liselotte S. Johansson; Erik Jeppesen; Melanie J. Leng (Ecosystems, 2008)

EhaA is a novel autotransporter protein of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 that contributes to adhesion and biofilm formation - Timothy J. Wells; Orla Sherlock; Lucy Rivas; Arvind Mahajan; Scott A. Beatson; Mia Torpdahl; Richard I. Webb; Luke P. Allsopp; Kari S. Gobius; David L. Gally; Mark A. Schembri (Environmental Microbiology, 2008)
Summary Autotransporter (AT) proteins have been identified in many Gram‐negative pathogens and are unique in that their primary sequence is sufficient to direct their transport across the bacterial membrane system. Where characterized they are uniformly associated with virulence. Using conserved AT motifs as a search tool, four putative AT proteins were identified in the Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL933 genome. The genes encoding these proteins (z0402/ ehaA , z0469/ ehaB , z3487/ ehaC and z3948/ ehaD ) were PCR amplified, cloned and expressed in an E. coli K‐12 MG1655 flu background. Preliminary characterization revealed that ehaA , ehaB and ehaD encode proteins associated with increased biofilm formation. One of these genes ( ehaA ) resides on a genomic island in E. coli O157:H7 strains EDL933 and Sakai. Over‐expression of EhaA in E. coli K‐12 demonstrated it is located at the cell surface and resulted in the formation of large cell aggregates, promoted significant biofilm formation and mediated adhesion to primary epithelial cells of the bovine terminal rectum. The expression of ehaA was demonstrated in E. coli EDL933 by RT‐PCR. An EhaA‐specific antibody revealed the EhaA protein was expressed in 24/50 generic Shiga toxin‐producing E. coli (STEC) strains of various serotypes including O157:H7. However, the deletion of ehaA from E. coli EDL933 and a STEC strain from serotype O111:H – did not affect biofilm growth. Our results suggest that EhaA may contribute to adhesion, colonization and biofilm formation by E. coli O157:H7 and possibly other STEC serotypes.

The reward system and maternal behavior in an animal model of depression: a microdialysis study - Yael Lavi-Avnon; Aron Weller; John P. M. Finberg; Iris Gispan-Herman; Noa Kinor; Yaakov Stern; Mariana Schroeder; Vered Gelber; S. Yoav Bergman; David H. Overstreet; Gal Yadid (Psychopharmacology, 2008)

Tool Use by Chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda - David P. Watts (International Journal of Primatology, 2008)

Maintenance of high pollen dispersal in Eucalyptus wandoo, a dominant tree of the fragmented agricultural region in Western Australia - Margaret Byrne; Carole P. Elliott; Colin J. Yates; David J. Coates (Conservation Genetics, 2008)

Expression of the bacteriophage T4 lysozyme gene in tall fescue confers resistance to gray leaf spot and brown patch diseases - Shujie Dong; H. David Shew; Lane P. Tredway; Jianli Lu; Elumalai Sivamani; Eric S. Miller; Rongda Qu (Transgenic Research, 2008)

Future atmospheric CO 2 leads to delayed autumnal senescence - GAIL TAYLOR; MATTHEW J. TALLIS; CHRISTIAN P. GIARDINA; KEVIN E. PERCY; FRANCO MIGLIETTA; POOJA S. GUPTA; BENIAMINO GIOLI; CARLO CALFAPIETRA; BIRGIT GIELEN; MARK E. KUBISKE; GIUSEPPE E. SCARASCIA‐MUGNOZZA; KATRE KETS; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2008)
Growing seasons are getting longer, a phenomenon partially explained by increasing global temperatures. Recent reports suggest that a strong correlation exists between warming and advances in spring phenology but that a weaker correlation is evident between warming and autumnal events implying that other factors may be influencing the timing of autumnal phenology. Using freely rooted, field‐grown Populus in two Free Air CO 2 Enrichment Experiments (AspenFACE and PopFACE), we present evidence from two continents and over 2 years that increasing atmospheric CO 2 acts directly to delay autumnal leaf coloration and leaf fall. In an atmosphere enriched in CO 2 (by ∼45% of the current atmospheric concentration to 550 ppm) the end of season decline in canopy normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) – a commonly used global index for vegetation greenness – was significantly delayed, indicating a greener autumnal canopy, relative to that in ambient CO 2 . This was supported by a significant delay in the decline of autumnal canopy leaf area index in elevated as compared with ambient CO 2 , and a significantly smaller decline in end of season leaf chlorophyll content. Leaf level photosynthetic activity and carbon uptake in elevated CO 2 during the senescence period was also enhanced compared with ambient CO 2 . The findings reveal a direct effect of rising atmospheric CO 2 , independent of temperature in delaying autumnal senescence for Populus , an important deciduous forest tree with implications for forest productivity and adaptation to a future high CO 2 world.

Preventing the Spread of Invasive Species: Economic Benefits of Intervention Guided by Ecological Predictions - REUBEN P. KELLER; KRISTIN FRANG; DAVID M. LODGE (Conservation Biology, 2008)
Preventing the invasion of freshwater aquatic species is the surest way to reduce their impacts, but it is also often expensive. Hence, the most efficient prevention programs will rely on accurate predictions of sites most at risk of becoming invaded and concentrate resources at those sites. Using data from Vilas County, Wisconsin (U.S.A.), collected in the 1970s, we constructed a predictive occurrence model for rusty crayfish ( Orconectes rusticus ) and applied it to an independent data set of 48 Vilas County lakes to predict which of these were most likely to become invaded between 1975 and 2005. We nested this invasion model within an economic framework to determine whether targeted management, derived from our quantitative predictions of likely invasion sites, would increase the economic value of lakes in the independent data set. Although the optimum expenditure on lake protection was high, protecting lakes at this level would have produced net economic benefits of at least $6 million over the last 30 years. We did not attempt to determine the value of nonmarket benefits of protection; thus, our results are likely to underestimate the total benefits from preventing invasions. Our results demonstrate that although few data are available early in an invasion, these data may be sufficient to support targeted, effective, and economically rational management. In addition, our results show that ecological predictions are becoming sufficiently accurate that their application in management can produce net economic benefits.

Forest Value Orientations in Australia: An Application of Computer Content Analysis - Trevor J. Webb; David N. Bengston; David P. Fan (Environmental Management, 2008)

Independent evolutionary origins of landlocked alewife populations and rapid parallel evolution of phenotypic traits - ERIC P. PALKOVACS; KIRSTIN B. DION; DAVID M. POST; ADALGISA CACCONE (Molecular Ecology, 2008)
Alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus , populations occur in two discrete life‐history variants, an anadromous form and a landlocked (freshwater resident) form. Landlocked populations display a consistent pattern of life‐history divergence from anadromous populations, including earlier age at maturity, smaller adult body size, and reduced fecundity. In Connecticut (USA), dams constructed on coastal streams separate anadromous spawning runs from lake‐resident landlocked populations. Here, we used sequence data from the mtDNA control region and allele frequency data from five microsatellite loci to ask whether coastal Connecticut landlocked alewife populations are independently evolved from anadromous populations or whether they share a common freshwater ancestor. We then used microsatellite data to estimate the timing of the divergence between anadromous and landlocked populations. Finally, we examined anadromous and landlocked populations for divergence in foraging morphology and used divergence time estimates to calculate the rate of evolution for foraging traits. Our results indicate that landlocked populations have evolved multiple times independently. Tests of population divergence and estimates of gene flow show that landlocked populations are genetically isolated, whereas anadromous populations exchange genes. These results support a ‘phylogenetic raceme’ model of landlocked alewife divergence, with anadromous populations forming an ancestral core from which landlocked populations independently diverged. Divergence time estimates suggest that landlocked populations diverged from a common anadromous ancestor no longer than 5000 years ago and perhaps as recently as 300 years ago, depending on the microsatellite mutation rate assumed. Examination of foraging traits reveals landlocked populations to have significantly narrower gapes and smaller gill raker spacings than anadromous populations, suggesting that they are adapted to foraging on smaller prey items. Estimates of evolutionary rates (in haldanes) indicate rapid evolution of foraging traits, possibly in response to changes in available resources.

Regional distributions of nitrogen‐fixing bacteria in the Pacific Ocean - Matthew J. Church; Karin M. Björkman; David M. Karl; Mak A. Saito; Jonathan P. Zehr (Limnology and Oceanography, 2008)
We evaluated the regional distributions of six nitrogen (N 2 )‐fixing bacteria in the North Pacific Ocean using quantitative polymerase chain reaction amplification of planktonic nifH genes. Samples were collected on four oceanographic research cruises between March 2002 and May 2005 that spanned a latitudinal range from 12°S and 54°N between 152°W and 170°W. Samples were collected throughout the upper ocean ( 2 ‐fixing bacteria within the various oceanic biomes. In general, nifH ‐containing bacteria were most abundant in the midregions of the NPSG (latitudes between ~14°N and 29°N), where unicellular cyanobacterial phylotypes dominated nifH gene abundances. The abundances of all nifH ‐containing groups declined within the northern and southern regions of NPSG. Although nifH ‐containing groups were detectable in the northern regions of the SPSG, throughout the equatorial waters, and within the NPTZ, gene copy abundances of most groups were lower in these regions than those found the in the NPSG. In the NPSG, surface water abundances of the various nifH phylotypes examined ranged from −1 to ~10 5 nifH copies LS −1 . Overall, the abundances of an uncultivated, presumed unicellular nifH sequence‐type (termed Group A) were the most abundant and widely distributed of the phylotypes examined. Our results indicate that the distributions of N 2 ‐fixing plankton were largely restricted to the subtropical regions of the North and South Pacific Oceans.

Cooling lakes while the world warms: Effects of forest regrowth and increased dissolved organic matter on the thermal regime of a temperate, urban lake - Tanentzap Andrew J.; Yan Norman D.; Bill Keller; Robert Girard; Jocelyne Heneberry; John M. Gunn; David P. Hamilton; Peter A. Taylor (Limnology and Oceanography, 2008)
Depending on the magnitudes and directions of changes in air temperatures, winds, and underwater light attenuation, lakes may either warm or cool. Here we report a 28‐yr decrease in the whole‐lake average temperature of Clearwater Lake, Canada, despite regional signatures of climate warming. Using a one‐dimensional lake mixing model, we demonstrate that this pattern was attributable to a 35% reduction in surface wind speeds, itself explained by forest regrowth following local SO 2 emission reductions and tree planting, and a 10‐fold increase in dissolved organic carbon concentrations causing a substantial increase in vertical light attenuation following deacidification of the lake. Long‐term trends in lake temperatures do not necessarily follow those of air temperatures. The Clearwater Lake data demonstrate that any factors that influence local wind speeds and underwater light attenuation should be considered as modifiers of the effects of climate warming on lake thermal regimes.

Simulation of networks of spiking neurons: A review of tools and strategies - Romain Brette; Michelle Rudolph; Ted Carnevale; Michael Hines; David Beeman; James M. Bower; Markus Diesmann; Abigail Morrison; Philip H. Goodman; Frederick C. Harris; Milind Zirpe; Thomas Natschläger; et al. (Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 2007)

New Publications - David P. Watts (International Journal of Primatology, 2007)

Electrostimulation improves muscle perfusion but does not affect either muscle deoxygenation or pulmonary oxygen consumption kinetics during a heavy constant-load exercise - Gwenael Layec; Grégoire P. Millet; Aurélie Jougla; Jean-Paul Micallef; David Bendahan (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2007)

Yield components and nutritive value of Robinia pseudoacacia and Albizia julibrissin in Arkansas, USA - David M. Burner; Danielle J. Carrier; David P. Belesky; Daniel H. Pote; Adrian Ares; E. C. Clausen (Agroforestry Systems, 2007)

Stressor- and corticotropin releasing factor-induced reinstatement and active stress-related behavioral responses are augmented following long-access cocaine self-administration by rats - John R. Mantsch; David A. Baker; David M. Francis; Eric S. Katz; Michael A. Hoks; Joseph P. Serge (Psychopharmacology, 2007)

Allometric relationships between seed mass and seedling characteristics reveal trade-offs for neotropical gap-dependent species - Matthew I. Daws; Christopher Ballard; Christopher E. Mullins; Nancy C. Garwood; Brian Murray; Timothy R. H. Pearson; David F. R. P. Burslem (Oecologia, 2007)

A Biodegradable Slotted Tube Stent Based on Poly(l-lactide) and Poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) for Rapid Balloon-Expansion - Niels Grabow; Carsten M. Bünger; Christine Schultze; Kathleen Schmohl; David P. Martin; Simon F. Williams; Katrin Sternberg; Klaus-Peter Schmitz (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2007)

A Deafness-Associated Mutant Human Connexin 26 Improves the Epithelial Barrier In Vitro - Y. K. Stella Man; Caroline Trolove; Daniel Tattersall; Anna C. Thomas; Annie Papakonstantinopoulou; Drashnika Patel; Claire Scott; Jiehan Chong; Daniel J. Jagger; Edel A. O’Toole; Harshad Navsaria; Michael A. Curtis; et al. (The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2007)

Myocardial Fas Ligand Expression Increases Susceptibility to AZT-Induced Cardiomyopathy - Enkhsaikhan Purevjav; David P. Nelson; Jacquelin J. Varela; Shinawe Jimenez; Debra L. Kearney; Ximena V. Sanchez; Gilberto DeFreitas; Blasé Carabello; Michael D. Taylor; Matteo Vatta; William T. Shearer; Jeffrey A. Towbin; et al. (Cardiovascular Toxicology, 2007)

Effects of Acute Nicotine Abstinence on Cue-elicited Ventral Striatum/Nucleus Accumbens Activation in Female Cigarette Smokers: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study - Sean P. David; Marcus R. Munafò; Heidi Johansen-Berg; James MacKillop; Lawrence H. Sweet; Ronald A. Cohen; Raymond Niaura; Robert D. Rogers; Paul M. Matthews; Robert T. Walton (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2007)

Across the great divide: genetic forensics reveals misidentification of endangered cutthroat trout populations - JESSICA L. METCALF; VICTORIA L. PRITCHARD; SARAH M. SILVESTRI; JAZZMIN B. JENKINS; JOHN S. WOOD; DAVID E. COWLEY; R. PAUL EVANS; DENNIS K. SHIOZAWA; ANDREW P. MARTIN (Molecular Ecology, 2007)
Accurate assessment of species identity is fundamental for conservation biology. Using molecular markers from the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, we discovered that many putatively native populations of greenback cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias ) comprised another subspecies of cutthroat trout, Colorado River cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus ). The error can be explained by the introduction of Colorado River cutthroat trout throughout the native range of greenback cutthroat trout in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by fish stocking activities. Our results suggest greenback cutthroat trout within its native range is at a higher risk of extinction than ever before despite conservation activities spanning more than two decades.

Light‐stimulated production of dissolved DMSO by a particle‐associated process in the Ross Sea, Antarctica - Daniela A. del Valle; David J. Kieber; Bisgrove John; Ronald P. Kiene (Limnology and Oceanography, 2007)
Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is an abundant form of methylated sulfur in marine systems and it is known to be produced from dimethylsulfide (DMS). Using radiolabeled 35S‐DMS and gas chromatography techniques, we quantified the dissolved DMSO (DMSOd) produced from photo‐ and biological oxidation of dissolved DMS and compared the DMSOd production from these pathways with the net change in DMSOd concentrations in unfiltered seawater samples. The net change in DMSOd in light‐exposed treatments exceeded DMSOd production from photo‐ plus biological oxidation of dissolved DMS. This indicated that DMSOd was produced by one or more light‐driven processes likely associated with particulate material. Results from in situ incubation arrays showed that the relative importance of DMSOd production processes was dependent on irradiation depth, with the unidentified particle‐associated process and dissolved DMS photooxidation the main DMSOd sources close to the surface (0–10 m) and biological oxidation of dissolved DMS the main process at depths at which the light level was low (>10 m). Deckboard and in situ incubations revealed that DMSOd production from the particle‐associated process was stimulated by ultraviolet radiation. Higher particle‐associated production of DMSOd in samples more prone to suffer light‐induced stress supports the hypothesis that this process was related to phytoplanktonic biosynthesis and release of DMSO because of oxidative stress. Our results suggest that particle‐associated DMSOd production is an important source of DMSOd in surface waters of the Ross Sea and also help to explain why DMSOd is periodically the main organosulfur compound detected in the upper water column.

Uncontrolled manifold analysis of segmental angle variability during walking: preadolescents with and without Down syndrome - David P. Black; Beth A. Smith; Jianhua Wu; Beverly D. Ulrich (Experimental Brain Research, 2007)

The Effect of Regional Variations of the Trabecular Bone Properties on the Compressive Strength of Human Vertebral Bodies - Do-Gyoon Kim; Christine A. Hunt; Roger Zauel; David P. Fyhrie; Yener N. Yeni (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2007)

Performance of the beryllium blood lymphocyte proliferation test based on a long-term occupational surveillance program - Ellen P. Donovan; Marc E. Kolanz; David A. Galbraith; Pamela S. Chapman; Dennis J. Paustenbach (International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2007)

Reconciling theories of a mechanically driven meridional overturning circulation with thermohaline forcing and multiple equilibria - Helen L. Johnson; David P. Marshall; David A. J. Sproson (Climate Dynamics, 2007)

Changes in fungi and mycotoxins in pearl millet under controlled storage conditions - Zeljko Jurjevic; Jeffrey P. Wilson; David M. Wilson; Howard H. Casper (Mycopathologia, 2007)

Targeted GOES Satellite Observations to Improve Hurricane Track Forecast: A Case Study of Hurricane Floyd - Zafer Boybeyi; Elena Novakovskaia; Rosalyn MacCracken; David P. Bacon; Michael L. Kaplan (Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2007)

Habitat niche partitioning by 16 species of Myristicaceae in Amazonian Ecuador - Simon A. Queenborough; David F. R. P. Burslem; Nancy C. Garwood; Renato Valencia (Plant Ecology, 2007)

The role of tryptophan in the ferredoxin-dependent nitrite reductase of spinach - Jatindra N. Tripathy; Masakazu Hirasawa; Sung-Kun Kim; Aaron T. Setterdahl; James P. Allen; David B. Knaff (Photosynthesis Research, 2007)

Ice Damage in Loblolly Pine: Understanding the Factors That Influence Susceptibility - Doug P. Aubrey; Mark D. Coleman; David R. Coyle (Forest Science, 2007)
Winter ice storms frequently occur in the southeastern United States and can severely damage softwood plantations. In January 2004, a severe storm deposited approximately 2 cm of ice on an intensively managed 4-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation in South Carolina. Existing irrigation and fertilization treatments presented an opportunity to examine the effects of resource amendments on initial ice damage and subsequent recovery. Fertilized treatments showed more individual stem breakage, whereas nonfertilized treatments showed more stem bending; however, the proportion of undamaged trees did not differ between treatments. Irrigation did not influence the type of damage. Trees that experienced breakage during the storm were taller with larger diameter and taper and leaf, branch, and crown biomass compared with unbroken trees. One growing season after ice damage, relative height increases were significantly greater for trees experiencing stem breakage compared with unbroken trees; however, relative diameter increases were significantly lower for these trees. Relative diameter increases for broken trees were smaller for fertilized treatments compared with nonfertilized treatments. A reduction in wood strength was ruled out as the cause of greater breakage in fertilized trees; rather, fertilized trees had reached an intermediate diameter range known to be susceptible to breakage under ice loading.

Diel Cycling of Zinc in a Stream Impacted by Acid Rock Drainage: Initial Results from a New in situ Zn Analyzer - Thomas P. Chapin; David A. Nimick; Christopher H. Gammons; Richard B. Wanty (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007)

SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF NORTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALE ( EUBALAENA GLACIALIS ) VOCALIZATIONS AT TWO SITES ON THE SCOTIAN SHELF - David K. Mellinger; Sharon L. Nieukirk; Haru Matsumoto; Sara L. Heimlich; Robert P. Dziak; Joe Haxel; Matt Fowler; Christian Meinig; Hendrick V. Miller (Marine Mammal Science, 2007)
A year‐long acoustic survey for critically endangered North Atlantic right whales was conducted at two sites on the central and western Scotian Shelf. Autonomous hydrophones recorded sound continuously from July 2004 to August 2005. Right whale contact calls (upcalls) were identified using automatic recognition software, and the resulting detections were checked manually. Substantial numbers of hours with upcalls were observed at both sites, with approximately four times as many hours with calls at the western site as the central one. Calls occurred mainly from August through October, with the earliest calls in late June and the latest at the end of December at both sites. In addition to this seasonal trend, there was a significant diel pattern in calling at the central site but not at the more westerly site. Results are analyzed in light of feeding ecology and broad‐scale movements of right whales.

Species abundance distributions: moving beyond single prediction theories to integration within an ecological framework - Brian J. McGill; Rampal S. Etienne; John S. Gray; David Alonso; Marti J. Anderson; Habtamu Kassa Benecha; Maria Dornelas; Brian J. Enquist; Jessica L. Green; Fangliang He; Allen H. Hurlbert; Anne E. Magurran; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2007)
Species abundance distributions (SADs) follow one of ecology’s oldest and most universal laws – every community shows a hollow curve or hyperbolic shape on a histogram with many rare species and just a few common species. Here, we review theoretical, empirical and statistical developments in the study of SADs. Several key points emerge. (i) Literally dozens of models have been proposed to explain the hollow curve. Unfortunately, very few models are ever rejected, primarily because few theories make any predictions beyond the hollow‐curve SAD itself. (ii) Interesting work has been performed both empirically and theoretically, which goes beyond the hollow‐curve prediction to provide a rich variety of information about how SADs behave. These include the study of SADs along environmental gradients and theories that integrate SADs with other biodiversity patterns. Central to this body of work is an effort to move beyond treating the SAD in isolation and to integrate the SAD into its ecological context to enable making many predictions. (iii) Moving forward will entail understanding how sampling and scale affect SADs and developing statistical tools for describing and comparing SADs. We are optimistic that SADs can provide significant insights into basic and applied ecological science.

Evolutionary Responses to Climate Change - DAVID K. SKELLY; LIANA N. JOSEPH; HUGH P. POSSINGHAM; L. KEALOHA FREIDENBURG; THOMAS J. FARRUGIA; MICHAEL T. KINNISON; ANDREW P. HENDRY (Conservation Biology, 2007)

Immunoglobulin variable regions in molecules exhibiting characteristics of innate and adaptive immune receptors - Gary W. Litman; John P. Cannon; Larry J. Dishaw; Robert N. Haire; Donna D. Eason; Jeffrey A. Yoder; Jose Hernandez Prada; David A. Ostrov (Immunologic Research, 2007)

Non-Invasive Time-Lapsed Monitoring and Quantification of Engineered Bone-Like Tissue - Henri Hagenmüller; Sandra Hofmann; Thomas Kohler; Hans P. Merkle; David L. Kaplan; Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic; Ralph Müller; Lorenz Meinel (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2007)

The Highly Expressed and Inducible Endogenous NAD(P)H:quinone Oxidoreductase 1 in Cardiovascular Cells Acts as a Potential Superoxide Scavenger - Hong Zhu; Zhenquan Jia; James E. Mahaney; David Ross; Hara P. Misra; Michael A. Trush; Yunbo Li (Cardiovascular Toxicology, 2007)

Effects of intermittent hypoxic training on cycling performance in well-trained athletes - Belle Roels; David J. Bentley; Olivier Coste; Jacques Mercier; Grégoire P. Millet (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2007)

Behaviour and physiology of sockeye salmon homing through coastal waters to a natal river - Glenn T. Crossin; Scott G. Hinch; Steven J. Cooke; David W. Welch; Sonia D. Batten; David A. Patterson; Glen Van Der Kraak; J. Mark Shrimpton; Anthony P. Farrell (Marine Biology, 2007)

Stranding events provide indirect insights into the seasonality and persistence of jellyfish medusae (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) - Jonathan David Roy Houghton; Thomas K. Doyle; John Davenport; Martin K. S. Lilley; Rory P. Wilson; Graeme C. Hays (Hydrobiologia, 2007)

Subcongenic analysis of genetic basis for impaired development of invariant NKT cells in NOD mice - Yi-Guang Chen; John P. Driver; Pablo A. Silveira; David V. Serreze (Immunogenetics, 2007)

Effects of solar radiation on the fate of dissolved DMSP and conversion to DMS in seawater - Doris Slezak; Ronald P. Kiene; Dierdre A. Toole; Rafel Simó; David J. Kieber (Aquatic Sciences, 2007)

Chemical “light meters” for photochemical and photobiological studies - David J. Kieber; Dierdre A. Toole; Joseph J. Jankowski; Ronald P. Kiene; George R. Westby; Daniela A. del Valle; Doris Slezak (Aquatic Sciences, 2007)

Distribution and cycling of dimethylsulfide, dimethylsulfoniopropionate, and dimethylsulfoxide during spring and early summer in the Southern Ocean south of New Zealand - Ronald P. Kiene; David J. Kieber; Doris Slezak; Dierdre A. Toole; Daniela A. del Valle; John Bisgrove; Jordan Brinkley; Alison Rellinger (Aquatic Sciences, 2007)

Occurrence and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Bolgoda and Beira Lakes, Sri Lanka - K. A. S. Pathiratne; O. C. P. De Silva; David Hehemann; Ian Atkinson; Robert Wei (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2007)

Cell death in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum of senescence accelerated mouse (SAMP8) - Yonghong Zhu; Cleo C. L. Lee; W. P. Lam; Maria S. M. Wai; John A. Rudd; David T. Yew (Biogerontology, 2007)

A novel dual staining method for identification of apoptotic cells reveals a modest apoptotic response in infarcted mouse myocardium - Douglas J. Taatjes; Marilyn P. Wadsworth; A. K. M. Tarikuz Zaman; David J. Schneider; Burton E. Sobel (Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 2007)

Spinach SoHXK1 is a mitochondria-associated hexokinase - Hila Damari-Weissler; Alexandra Ginzburg; David Gidoni; Anahit Mett; Inga Krassovskaya; Andreas P. M. Weber; Eddy Belausov; David Granot (Planta, 2007)

Habitat choice, recruitment and the response of coral reef fishes to coral degradation - David A. Feary; Glenn R. Almany; Mark I. McCormick; Geoffrey P. Jones (Oecologia, 2007)

Poster abstracts - J. Ferrie; M. Shipley; F. Cappuccio; E. Brunner; M. Miller; M. Kumari; M. Marmot; A. Coenen; J. L. Castillo; F. Araya; G. Bustamante; L. Montecino; et al. (Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 2007)

Mechanical shredding of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): Effects on water quality in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California - Ben K. Greenfield; Geoffrey S. Siemering; Joy C. Andrews; Michael Rajan; Stephen P. Andrews; David F. Spencer (Estuaries and Coasts, 2007)

Influence of Cutting Time on Brush Response: Implications for Herbivory in Linear (Transportation) Corridors - Roy V. Rea; Kenneth N. Child; David P. Spata; Douglas MacDonald (Environmental Management, 2007)

Molecular and morphological patterns of introgression between two large white‐headed gull species in a zone of recent secondary contact - L. GAY; G. NEUBAUER; M. ZAGALSKA‐NEUBAUER; C. DEBAIN; J.‐M. PONS; P. DAVID; P.‐A. CROCHET (Molecular Ecology, 2007)
Incomplete reproductive isolation promotes gene flow between diverging taxa. However, any gene encoding for traits involved in the reproductive barriers will be less prone to introgression than neutral markers. Comparing introgression rates among loci is thus informative of the number and functions of loci involved in the reproductive barriers. This study aimed at identifying possible mechanisms of restriction to gene flow across a zone of recent secondary contact between Larus argentatus and Larus cachinnans by comparing introgression patterns for nine microsatellite loci, a fragment of mitochondrial DNA and a set of phenotypic traits. The low linkage disequilibrium between neutral nuclear markers indicated introgression without any barrier to gene flow. However, asymmetric introgression of mitochondrial DNA suggested that interspecific crosses may be more successful in one direction. The introgression rate for phenotypic traits was variable and low compared to neutral molecular markers. This was particularly evident in colouration of bare parts: individuals with intermediate colouration were scarcer in sympatry than expected if the genomes recombined freely. We hypothesized that one of these variables, the orbital ring colour, may play a role in mate choice, acting as an incomplete premating barrier through assortative mating. This study emphasizes that multilocus approaches are useful to discriminate among possible mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of hybrid zones.

Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons - JEFF A. JOHNSON; KURT K. BURNHAM; WILLIAM A. BURNHAM; DAVID P. MINDELL (Molecular Ecology, 2007)
Little is known about the possible influence that past glacial events have had on the phylogeography and population structure of avian predators in the Arctic and sub‐Arctic. In this study, we use microsatellite and mitochondrial control region DNA variation to investigate the population genetic structure of gyrfalcons ( Falco rusticolus ) throughout a large portion of their circumpolar distribution. In most locations sampled, the mtDNA data revealed little geographic structure; however, five out of eight mtDNA haplotypes were unique to a particular geographic area (Greenland, Iceland, or Alaska) and the Iceland population differed from others based on haplotype frequency differences ( F ST ). With the microsatellite results, significant population structure ( F ST , principal components analysis, and cluster analysis) was observed identifying Greenland and Iceland as separate populations, while Norway, Alaska and Canada were identified as a single population consistent with contemporary gene flow across Russia. Within Greenland, differing levels of gene flow between western and eastern sampling locations was indicated with apparent asymmetric dispersal in western Greenland from north to south. This dispersal bias is in agreement with the distribution of plumage colour variants with white gyrfalcons in much higher proportion in northern Greenland. Lastly, because the mtDNA control region sequence differed by only one to four nucleotides from a common haplotype among all gyrfalcons, we infer that the observed microsatellite population genetic structure has developed since the last glacial maximum. This conclusion is further supported by our finding that a closely related species, the saker falcon ( Falco cherrug ), has greater genetic heterogeneity, including mtDNA haplotypes differing by 1–16 nucleotide substitutions from a common gyrfalcon haplotype. This is consistent with gyrfalcons having expanded rapidly from a single glacial‐age refugium to their current circumpolar distribution. Additional sampling of gyrfalcons from Fennoscandia and Russia throughout Siberia is necessary to test putative gene flow between Norway and Alaska and Canada as suggested by this study.

Study of near-surface models for large-eddy simulations of a neutrally stratified atmospheric boundary layer - Inanc Senocak; Andrew S. Ackerman; Michael P. Kirkpatrick; David E. Stevens; Nagi N. Mansour (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2007)

Omphacite breakdown reactions and relation to eclogite exhumation rates - Eric D. Anderson; David P. Moecher (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2007)

The Streptomyces violaceusniger clade: a home for streptomycetes with rugose ornamented spores - Michael Goodfellow; Yashawant Kumar; David P. Labeda; Langkah Sembiring (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2007)

Development of a BAC library for yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and the identification of genes associated with flower development and lignin biosynthesis - Haiying Liang; Eric G. Fang; Jeffrey P. Tomkins; Meizhong Luo; David Kudrna; Hye Ran Kim; K. Arumuganathan; Shaying Zhao; James Leebens-Mack; Scott E. Schlarbaum; Jo Ann Banks; Claude W. dePamphilis; et al. (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2007)