Decline in Atlantic wolffish Anarhichas lupus in the North Sea : Impacts of fishing pressure and climate change - Joanna K. Bluemel; Simon H. Fischer; David W. Kulka; Christopher P. Lynam; Jim R. Ellis (Journal of Fish Biology, 2022)
Anarhichas lupus is a boreo‐Arctic species with biological characteristics often associated with vulnerability to overexploitation. Although not commercially targeted in the North Sea, A. lupus is a bycatch species in mixed demersal fisheries. Here we provide an overview of the status of A. lupus in the North Sea, as observed from commercial landings and fishery‐independent trawl survey data. A. lupus was once common across much of the central and northern North Sea but, since the 1980s, have declined in abundance, demographic characteristics (reduced size) and geographical range, with the shallower and more southerly parts of its range most impacted. A. lupus is still relatively frequent in the northern North Sea, where fishing intensity, though decreasing, is high. Bycatch through fishing remains a potential threat and, considering the likely impacts of predicted climate change on cold‐water species, risks of further regional depletion and/or range contraction remain. Whether or not A. lupus is able to re‐establish viable populations in former habitat in UK coastal waters is unknown. Given the lack of data, the precautionary principle would suggest that manageable pressures be minimized where the species and its habitat are at risk of further impacts, and more regular assessments of population status be undertaken.

A framework for incorporating ecology into Earth System Models is urgently needed - David J. P. Moore (Global Change Biology, 2022)

Liana optical traits increase tropical forest albedo and reduce ecosystem productivity - Félicien Meunier; Marco D. Visser; Alexey Shiklomanov; Michael C. Dietze; J. Antonio Guzmán Q.; G. Arturo Sanchez‐Azofeifa; Hannes P. T. De Deurwaerder; Sruthi M. Krishna Moorthy; Stefan A. Schnitzer; David C. Marvin; Marcos Longo; Chang Liu; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Lianas are a key growth form in tropical forests. Their lack of self‐supporting tissues and their vertical position on top of the canopy make them strong competitors of resources. A few pioneer studies have shown that liana optical traits differ on average from those of colocated trees. Those trait discrepancies were hypothesized to be responsible for the competitive advantage of lianas over trees. Yet, in the absence of reliable modelling tools, it is impossible to unravel their impact on the forest energy balance, light competition, and on the liana success in Neotropical forests. To bridge this gap, we performed a meta‐analysis of the literature to gather all published liana leaf optical spectra, as well as all canopy spectra measured over different levels of liana infestation. We then used a Bayesian data assimilation framework applied to two radiative transfer models (RTMs) covering the leaf and canopy scales to derive tropical tree and liana trait distributions, which finally informed a full dynamic vegetation model. According to the RTMs inversion, lianas grew thinner, more horizontal leaves with lower pigment concentrations. Those traits made the lianas very efficient at light interception and significantly modified the forest energy balance and its carbon cycle. While forest albedo increased by 14% in the shortwave, light availability was reduced in the understorey (−30% of the PAR radiation) and soil temperature decreased by 0.5°C. Those liana‐specific traits were also responsible for a significant reduction of tree (−19%) and ecosystem (−7%) gross primary productivity (GPP) while lianas benefited from them (their GPP increased by +27%). This study provides a novel mechanistic explanation to the increase in liana abundance, new evidence of the impact of lianas on forest functioning, and paves the way for the evaluation of the large‐scale impacts of lianas on forest biogeochemical cycles.

Essential outcomes for COP26 - Pete Smith; Linda Beaumont; Carl J. Bernacchi; Maria Byrne; William Cheung; Richard T. Conant; Francesca Cotrufo; Xiaojuan Feng; Ivan Janssens; Hefin Jones; Miko U. F. Kirschbaum; Kazuhiko Kobayashi; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)

From southern swamps to cosmopolitan model: Humanity’s unfinished history with mosquitofish - David C. Fryxell; Emma R. Moffett; Michael T. Kinnison; Kevin S. Simon; Eric P. Palkovacs (Fish and Fisheries, 2022)
The most widespread and numerous inland fish in the world is likely the mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki , Poeciliidae). Much has been written about the basic biology, the current distribution and the negative impacts of non‐native populations of mosquitofish. Here, we instead review the relationship of humanity with mosquitofish. First, we review the early literature on the species and aim to resolve its path towards becoming the globally dominant fish for biological control of mosquitoes. We identify the initial advocates of mosquitofish use, we examine the reasons behind their advocacy, and we document the spread of their viewpoints into and from the globally foundational mosquito control texts. Second, we identify the people and institutions that facilitated early international translocations of mosquitofish, including, among others, David Starr Jordan, the Rockefeller Foundation and the International Red Cross. Third, we discuss the reduction in mosquitofish translocation and use during and after WWII, initially stemming from the discovery and use of other methods, like DDT and later from a recognition of the negative ecological consequences of non‐native mosquitofish populations. Fourth, we propose that the future utility of mosquitofish is largely in its value as a model study organism. We provide an overview of the contributions mosquitofish have made to some major fields in biology. Finally, we suggest that the value of mosquitofish as a model system should increase into the future, behind a momentum of research advances, and as human‐mediated range expansion will permit access to mosquitofish by yet greater numbers of biologists worldwide.

Ice‐Ice disease: An environmentally and microbiologically driven syndrome in tropical seaweed aquaculture - Georgia M. Ward; Cicilia S. B. Kambey; Joseph P. Faisan; Pui‐Ling Tan; Caroline C. Daumich; Ivy Matoju; Grant D. Stentiford; David Bass; Phaik‐Eem Lim; Juliet Brodie; Sze‐Wan Poong (Reviews in Aquaculture, 2022)
Seaweeds account for nearly 30% of global aquaculture production by volume, and their cultivation provides important opportunities for employment and wealth generation, particularly in rural coastal communities. Eucheumatoids ( Kappaphycus and Eucheuma spp.) are tropical red algae commercially cultivated as raw material for production of carrageenans, particularly in South‐East Asia and the Western Indian Ocean region. Diseases and pests are major limiting factors in eucheumatoid production, particularly a condition known as ‘ice‐ice’ disease (IID). IID is characterized by bleaching of the thallus followed by the disintegration of affected tissues, leading to a loss of biomass and reduced carrageenan yield. IID has been associated with unfavourable changes in environmental conditions, particularly an increase in sea water temperature and a decrease in salinity, and infection by opportunistic or pathogenic bacteria. However, given that no single or combined causal agents have been definitely identified, IID may be considered a complex pathobiotic syndrome in which multiple factors contribute to the development of disease signs. Here, we review current knowledge of the abiotic and biotic factors associated with the development of IID, and the strategies employed to mitigate economic losses resulting from disease outbreaks. We discuss syndromic diseases in other marine holobionts, particularly other red algae and corals, in relation to their similarity to IID, and suggest the application of comprehensive and complementary methodologies, including high‐throughput sequencing and high‐quality microscopy, for enhancing our understanding of the pathological and microbiological processes associated with IID signs.

Fine roots stimulate nutrient release during early stages of leaf litter decomposition in a Central Amazon rainforest - Nathielly P. Martins; Lucia Fuchslueger; Katrin Fleischer; Kelly M. Andersen; Rafael L. Assis; Fabricio B. Baccaro; Plínio B. Camargo; Amanda L. Cordeiro; Adriana Grandis; Iain P. Hartley; Florian Hofhansl; Laynara F. Lugli; et al. (Plant and Soil, 2021)
Purpose Large parts of the Amazon rainforest grow on weathered soils depleted in phosphorus and rock-derived cations. We tested the hypothesis that in this ecosystem, fine roots stimulate decomposition and nutrient release from leaf litter biochemically by releasing enzymes, and by exuding labile carbon stimulating microbial decomposers. Methods We monitored leaf litter decomposition in a Central Amazon tropical rainforest, where fine roots were either present or excluded, over 188 days and added labile carbon substrates (glucose and citric acid) in a fully factorial design. We tracked litter mass loss, remaining carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and cation concentrations, extracellular enzyme activity and microbial carbon and nutrient concentrations. Results Fine root presence did not affect litter mass loss but significantly increased the loss of phosphorus and cations from leaf litter. In the presence of fine roots, acid phosphatase activity was 43.2% higher, while neither microbial stoichiometry, nor extracellular enzyme activities targeting carbon- and nitrogen-containing compounds changed. Glucose additions increased phosphorus loss from litter when fine roots were present, and enhanced phosphatase activity in root exclusions. Citric acid additions reduced litter mass loss, microbial biomass nitrogen and phosphorus, regardless of fine root presence or exclusion. Conclusions We conclude that plant roots release significant amounts of acid phosphatases into the litter layer and mobilize phosphorus without affecting litter mass loss. Our results further indicate that added labile carbon inputs ( i.e . glucose) can stimulate acid phosphatase production by microbial decomposers, highlighting the potential importance of plant-microbial feedbacks in tropical forest ecosystems.

Preface: honoring the career of Russell K. Monson - Amy M. Trowbridge; David J. P. Moore; Paul C. Stoy (Oecologia, 2021)

Maize production and nitrous oxide emissions from enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers - Yash P. Dang; Cristina Martinez; Daniel Smith; David Rowlings; Peter Grace; Mike Bell (Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2021)

Co-existence Between Two Leaf-Feeding Biological Control Agents of Lantana camara Alters Their Herbivory Under Semi-field Conditions - Vuyokazi April; David O. Simelane; Mark P. Robertson (Neotropical Entomology, 2021)

Insulin and glucose regulation at rest and during flight in a Neotropical nectar-feeding bat - David Leonardo Justinico Castro; Renata Maria P. Freitas; Stella Bicalho Silva; Fabiana Cristina Silveira Alves de Melo; Mariaurea M. Sarandy; Esteban Giraldo Ospina; Sirlene Rodrigues Sartori; Reggiani Vilela Gonçalves; Mariella Bontempo Freitas (Mammalian Biology, 2021)

The Cranial Morphospace of Extant Marsupials - Norberto P. Giannini; Miriam M. Morales; Laura A. B. Wilson; Paúl M. Velazco; Fernando Abdala; David A. Flores (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2021)

Whom Do Primate Names Honor? Rethinking Primate Eponyms - Chloe Chen-Kraus; Casey Farmer; Elaine E. Guevara; Katherine Meier; David P. Watts; Jane Widness (International Journal of Primatology, 2021)

The ERACE-PA Global Surveillance Program: Ceftolozane/tazobactam and Ceftazidime/avibactam in vitro Activity against a Global Collection of Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Christian M. Gill; Elif Aktaþ; Wadha Alfouzan; Lori Bourassa; Adrian Brink; Carey-Ann D. Burnham; Rafael Canton; Yehuda Carmeli; Marco Falcone; Carlos Kiffer; Anna Marchese; Octavio Martinez; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2021)
The cephalosporin-β-lactamase-inhibitor-combinations, ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam, have revolutionized treatment of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CR-PA). A contemporary assessment of their in vitro potency against a global CR-PA collection and an assessment of carbapenemase diversity are warranted. Isolates determined as CR-PA by the submitting site were collected from 2019–2021 (17 centers in 12 countries) during the ERACE-PA Global Surveillance Program. Broth microdilution MICs were assessed per CLSI standards for ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftazidime, and cefepime. Phenotypic carbapenemase testing was conducted (modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM)). mCIM positive isolates underwent genotypic carbapenemase testing using the CarbaR, the CarbaR NxG, or whole genome sequencing. The MIC 50/90 was reported as well as percent susceptible (CLSI and EUCAST interpretation). Of the 807 isolates, 265 (33%) tested carbapenemase-positive phenotypically. Of these, 228 (86%) were genotypically positive for a carbapenemase with the most common being VIM followed by GES. In the entire cohort of CR-PA, ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam had MIC 50/90 values of 2/ > 64 and 4/64 mg/L, respectively. Ceftazidime/avibactam was the most active agent with 72% susceptibility per CLSI compared with 63% for ceftolozane/tazobactam. For comparison, 46% of CR-PA were susceptible to ceftazidime and cefepime. Against carbapenemase-negative isolates, 88 and 91% of isolates were susceptible to ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam, respectively. Ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam remained highly active against carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa , particularly in the absence of carbapenemases. The contemporary ERACE-PA Global Program cohort with 33% carbapenemase positivity including diverse enzymology will be useful to assess therapeutic options in these clinically challenging organisms with limited therapies.

Critical Risk Indicators (CRIs) for the electric power grid: a survey and discussion of interconnected effects - Judy P. Che-Castaldo; Rémi Cousin; Stefani Daryanto; Grace Deng; Mei-Ling E. Feng; Rajesh K. Gupta; Dezhi Hong; Ryan M. McGranaghan; Olukunle O. Owolabi; Tianyi Qu; Wei Ren; Toryn L. J. Schafer; et al. (Environment Systems and Decisions, 2021)

New Insights into Neoproterozoic-Cretaceous Events in the Mamfe Basin (SW Cameroon, Central Africa): Evidence from Textural Analyses, U-Th Composition, and U-Pb Zircon Geochronology from Granitic Basement - Nguo S. Kanouo; Arnaud P. Kouské; David R. Lentz; Rose F. Yongué (Journal of Earth Science, 2021)

Tetranorsesquiterpenoids as Attractants of Yucca Moths to Yucca Flowers - Armin Tröger; Glenn P. Svensson; Hans-Martin Galbrecht; Robert Twele; Joseph M. Patt; Stefan Bartram; Paulo H. G. Zarbin; Kari A. Segraves; David M. Althoff; Stephan von Reuss; Robert A. Raguso; Wittko Francke (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2021)

A genus-wide analysis of genetic variation to guide population management, hybrid identification, and monitoring of invasions and illegal trade in Iguana (Reptilia: Iguanidae) - Matthijs P. van den Burg; Frédéric Grandjean; David Schikorski; Michel Breuil; Catherine L. Malone (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2021)

Correction to: Microphysics and Optical Attenuation in Fog: Observations from Two Coastal Sites - Qing Wang; Ryan T. Yamaguchi; John A. Kalogiros; Zachary Daniels; Denny P. Alappattu; Haflidi Jonsson; Oswaldo Alvarenga; Alex Olson; Benjamin J. Wauer; David G. Ortiz-Suslow; Harindra Joseph Fernando (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2021)

Microphysics and Optical Attenuation in Fog: Observations from Two Coastal Sites - Qing Wang; Ryan T. Yamaguchi; John A. Kalogiros; Zachary Daniels; Denny P. Alappattu; Haflidi Jonsson; Oswaldo Alvarenga; Alex Olson; Benjamin J. Wauer; David G. Ortiz-Suslow; Harindra Joseph Fernando (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2021)
A total of 15 fog events from two field campaigns are investigated: the High Energy Laser in Fog (HELFOG) project (central California) and the Toward Improving Coastal Fog Prediction (C-FOG) project (Ferryland Newfoundland). Nearly identical sensors were used in both projects to sample fog droplet-size spectra, wind, turbulence, and thermodynamic properties near the surface. Concurrent measurements of visibility were made by the present weather detector in both experiments, with the addition of a two-ended transmissometer in the HELFOG campaign. The analyses focused first on contrasting the observed fog microphysics and the associated thermodynamics from fog events in the two locations. The optical attenuation by fog was investigated using three methods: (1) derived from Mie theory using the measured droplet-size distribution, (2) parametrized as a function of fog liquid water content, and (3) parametrized in terms of total fog droplet number concentration. The consistency of these methods was investigated. The HELFOG data result in an empirical relationship between the meteorological range and liquid water content. Validation of such relationship is problematic using the C-FOG data due to the presence of rain and other factors. The parametrization with droplet number concentration only does not provide a robust visibility calculation since it cannot represent the effects of droplet size on visibility. Finally, a preliminary analysis of the mixed fog/rain case is presented to illustrate the nature of the problem to promote future research.

Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2021)

2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2021)

Diel vertical migration of copepods and its environmental drivers in subtropical Bahamian blue holes - Yongcui Sha; Huan Zhang; Marcus Lee; Caroline Björnerås; Martin Škerlep; Raphael Gollnisch; Simon David Herzog; Gustaf Ekelund Ugge; Jerker Vinterstare; Nan Hu; Varpu Pärssinen; Kaj Hulthén; et al. (Aquatic Ecology, 2021)
Diel vertical migration (DVM) is the most common behavioral phenomenon in zooplankton, and numerous studies have evaluated DVM under strong seasonality at higher latitudes. Yet, our understanding of the environmental drivers of DVM at low latitudes, where seasonal variation is less pronounced, remains limited. Therefore, we here examined patterns of vertical distribution in copepods in six subtropical Bahamian blue holes with different food web structure and tested the role of several key environmental variables potentially affecting this behavior. Day and night samplings showed that copepods generally performed DVM, characterized by downward migration to deeper depths during the day and upward migration to surface waters at night. Across all blue holes, the daytime vertical depth distribution of calanoid copepods correlated positively with both predation risk and depth of food resources (Chlorophyll a ), but was less affected by ultraviolet radiation (UVR). A potential explanation is that since UVR is a continuous threat across seasons, zooplankton have established photoprotective pigmentation making them less vulnerable to this threat. The copepods also showed a size-structured depth segregation, where larger individuals were found at deeper depths during the day, which further strengthens the suggestion that predation is a major driver of DVM in these systems. Hence, in contrast to studies performed at higher latitudes, we show that despite the constant exposure to UVR, predator avoidance and food availability are the most pronounced drivers of copepod DVM at those low latitudes, suggesting that the main driver of DVM may vary among systems, but also systematically by latitude.

Verification of the Spotted-Tail Quoll, Dasyurus maculatus, as a Definitive Host for the Pentastomid Linguatula sp. in Australia - Diane P. Barton; Molly Russell; Xiaocheng Zhu; David J. Jenkins; Shokoofeh Shamsi (Acta Parasitologica, 2021)

From tides to nucleotides: Genomic signatures of adaptation to environmental heterogeneity in barnacles - Joaquin C. B. Nunez; Stephen Rong; David A. Ferranti; Alejandro Damian‐Serrano; Kimberly B. Neil; Henrik Glenner; Rebecca G. Elyanow; Bianca R. P. Brown; Magnus Alm Rosenblad; Anders Blomberg; Kerstin Johannesson; David M. Rand (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
The northern acorn barnacle ( Semibalanus balanoides ) is a robust system to study the genetic basis of adaptations to highly heterogeneous environments. Adult barnacles may be exposed to highly dissimilar levels of thermal stress depending on where they settle in the intertidal (i.e., closer to the upper or lower tidal boundary). For instance, barnacles near the upper tidal limit experience episodic summer temperatures above recorded heat coma levels. This differential stress at the microhabitat level is also dependent on the aspect of sun exposure. In the present study, we used pool‐seq approaches to conduct a genome wide screen for loci responding to intertidal zonation across the North Atlantic basin (Maine, Rhode Island, and Norway). Our analysis discovered 382 genomic regions containing SNPs which are consistently zonated (i.e., SNPs whose frequencies vary depending on their position in the rocky intertidal) across all surveyed habitats. Notably, most zonated SNPs are young and private to the North Atlantic. These regions show high levels of genetic differentiation across ecologically extreme microhabitats concomitant with elevated levels of genetic variation and Tajima's D , suggesting the action of non‐neutral processes. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that spatially heterogeneous selection is a general and repeatable feature for this species, and that natural selection can maintain functional genetic variation in heterogeneous environments.

Large‐scale genome sampling reveals unique immunity and metabolic adaptations in bats - Diana D. Moreno Santillán; Tanya M. Lama; Yocelyn T. Gutierrez Guerrero; Alexis M. Brown; Paul Donat; Huabin Zhao; Stephen J. Rossiter; Laurel R. Yohe; Joshua H. Potter; Emma C. Teeling; Sonja C. Vernes; Kalina T. J. Davies; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
Comprising more than 1,400 species, bats possess adaptations unique among mammals including powered flight, unexpected longevity, and extraordinary immunity. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these unique adaptations includes DNA repair, metabolism and immunity. However, analyses have been limited to a few divergent lineages, reducing the scope of inferences on gene family evolution across the Order Chiroptera. We conducted an exhaustive comparative genomic study of 37 bat species, one generated in this study, encompassing a large number of lineages, with a particular emphasis on multi‐gene family evolution across immune and metabolic genes. In agreement with previous analyses, we found lineage‐specific expansions of the APOBEC3 and MHC‐I gene families, and loss of the proinflammatory PYHIN gene family. We inferred more than 1,000 gene losses unique to bats, including genes involved in the regulation of inflammasome pathways such as epithelial defence receptors, the natural killer gene complex and the interferon‐gamma induced pathway. Gene set enrichment analyses revealed genes lost in bats are involved in defence response against pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and damage‐associated molecular patterns. Gene family evolution and selection analyses indicate bats have evolved fundamental functional differences compared to other mammals in both innate and adaptive immune system, with the potential to enhance antiviral immune response while dampening inflammatory signalling. In addition, metabolic genes have experienced repeated expansions related to convergent shifts to plant‐based diets. Our analyses support the hypothesis that, in tandem with flight, ancestral bats had evolved a unique set of immune adaptations whose functional implications remain to be explored.

Local canopy disturbance as an explanation for long‐term increases in liana abundance - Stefan A. Schnitzer; David M. DeFilippis; Marco Visser; Sergio Estrada‐Villegas; Rigoberto Rivera‐Camaña; Boris Bernal; Salomé Peréz; Abelino Valdéz; Seberino Valdéz; Antonio Aguilar; James W. Dalling; Eben N. Broadbent; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2021)
Canopy disturbance explains liana abundance and distribution within tropical forests and thus may also explain the widespread pattern of increasing liana abundance; however, this hypothesis remains untested. We used a 10‐year study (2007–2017) of 117,100 rooted lianas in an old‐growth Panamanian forest to test whether local canopy disturbance explains increasing liana abundance. We found that liana density increased 29.2% and basal area 12.5%. The vast majority of these increases were associated with clonal stem proliferation following canopy disturbance, particularly in liana‐dense, low‐canopy gaps, which had far greater liana increases than did undisturbed forest. Lianas may be ecological niche constructors, arresting tree regeneration in gaps and thus creating a high‐light environment that favours sustained liana proliferation. Our findings demonstrate that liana abundance is increasing rapidly and their ability to proliferate via copious clonal stem production in canopy gaps explains much of their increase in this and possibly other tropical forests.

Functional traits driving species role in the structure of terrestrial vertebrate scavenger networks - Esther Sebastián‐González; Zebensui Morales‐Reyes; Francisco Botella; Lara Naves‐Alegre; Juan M. Pérez‐García; Patricia Mateo‐Tomás; Pedro P. Olea; Marcos Moleón; Jomar Magalhães Barbosa; Fernando Hiraldo; Eneko Arrondo; José A. Donázar; et al. (Ecology, 2021)
Species assemblages often have a non‐random nested organization, which in vertebrate scavenger (carrion‐consuming) assemblages is thought to be driven by facilitation in competitive environments. However, not all scavenger species play the same role in maintaining assemblage structure, as some species are obligate scavengers (i.e., vultures) and others are facultative, scavenging opportunistically. We used a database with 177 vertebrate scavenger species from 53 assemblages in 22 countries across five continents to identify which functional traits of scavenger species are key to maintaining the scavenging network structure. We used network analyses to relate ten traits hypothesized to affect assemblage structure with the “role” of each species in the scavenging assemblage in which it appeared. We characterized the role of a species in terms of both the proportion of monitored carcasses on which that species scavenged, or scavenging breadth (i.e., the species “normalized degree”), and the role of that species in the nested structure of the assemblage (i.e., the species “paired nested degree”), therefore identifying possible facilitative interactions among species. We found that species with high olfactory acuity, social foragers, and obligate scavengers had the widest scavenging breadth. We also found that social foragers had a large paired nested degree in scavenger assemblages, probably because their presence is easier to detect by other species to signal carcass occurrence. Our study highlights differences in the functional roles of scavenger species and can be used to identify key species for targeted conservation to maintain the ecological function of scavenger assemblages.

Kleptopharmacophagy: Milkweed butterflies scratch and imbibe from Apocynaceae‐feeding caterpillars - Yi‐Kai Tea; Jonathan Wei Soong; Ethan P. Beaver; David J. Lohman (Ecology, 2021)

Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact - Molly K. Grace; H. Resit Akçakaya; Elizabeth L. Bennett; Thomas M. Brooks; Anna Heath; Simon Hedges; Craig Hilton‐Taylor; Michael Hoffmann; Axel Hochkirch; Richard Jenkins; David A. Keith; Barney Long; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2021)
Recognizing the imperative to evaluate species recovery and conservation impact, in 2012 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) called for development of a “Green List of Species” (now the IUCN Green Status of Species). A draft Green Status framework for assessing species’ progress toward recovery, published in 2018, proposed 2 separate but interlinked components: a standardized method (i.e., measurement against benchmarks of species’ viability, functionality, and preimpact distribution) to determine current species recovery status (herein species recovery score ) and application of that method to estimate past and potential future impacts of conservation based on 4 metrics ( conservation legacy, conservation dependence , conservation gain , and recovery potential ). We tested the framework with 181 species representing diverse taxa, life histories, biomes, and IUCN Red List categories (extinction risk). Based on the observed distribution of species’ recovery scores, we propose the following species recovery categories : fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate. Fifty‐nine percent of tested species were considered largely or critically depleted. Although there was a negative relationship between extinction risk and species recovery score, variation was considerable. Some species in lower risk categories were assessed as farther from recovery than those at higher risk. This emphasizes that species recovery is conceptually different from extinction risk and reinforces the utility of the IUCN Green Status of Species to more fully understand species conservation status. Although extinction risk did not predict conservation legacy, conservation dependence, or conservation gain, it was positively correlated with recovery potential. Only 1.7% of tested species were categorized as zero across all 4 of these conservation impact metrics , indicating that conservation has, or will, play a role in improving or maintaining species status for the vast majority of these species. Based on our results, we devised an updated assessment framework that introduces the option of using a dynamic baseline to assess future impacts of conservation over the short term to avoid misleading results which were generated in a small number of cases, and redefines short term as 10 years to better align with conservation planning. These changes are reflected in the IUCN Green Status of Species Standard.

Chemical constituents, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and, antinociceptive activities of Trichilia ramalhoi - Angélica F. Gomes; Bruno O. Moreira; Regiane Yatsuda; Érika P. de Souza; Jorge M. David; Clayton Q. Alves; Guadalupe E. de L. Macedo; Suzimone de J. Correia; Vanderlúcia F. de Paula (Natural Product Research, 2021)

Large Vessel Activity and Low-Frequency Underwater Sound Benchmarks in United States Waters - Samara M. Haver; Jeffrey D. Adams; Leila T. Hatch; Sofie M. Van Parijs; Robert P. Dziak; Joseph Haxel; Scott A. Heppell; Megan F. McKenna; David K. Mellinger; Jason Gedamke (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Chronic low-frequency noise from commercial shipping is a worldwide threat to marine animals that rely on sound for essential life functions. Although the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recognizes the potential negative impacts of shipping noise in marine environments, there are currently no standard metrics to monitor and quantify shipping noise in U.S. marine waters. However, one-third octave band acoustic measurements centered at 63 and 125 Hz are used as international (European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive) indicators for underwater ambient noise levels driven by shipping activity. We apply these metrics to passive acoustic monitoring data collected over 20 months in 2016–2017 at five dispersed sites throughout the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone: Alaskan Arctic, Hawaii, Gulf of Mexico, Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument (Northwest Atlantic), and Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary (Northeast Pacific). To verify the relationship between shipping activity and underwater sound levels, vessel movement data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) were paired to each passive acoustic monitoring site. Daily average sound levels were consistently near to or higher than 100 dB re 1 μPa in both the 63 and 125 Hz one-third octave bands at sites with high levels of shipping traffic (Gulf of Mexico, Northeast Canyons and Seamounts, and Cordell Bank). Where cargo vessels were less common (the Arctic and Hawaii), daily average sound levels were comparatively lower. Specifically, sound levels were ∼20 dB lower year-round in Hawaii and ∼10-20 dB lower in the Alaskan Arctic, depending on the season. Although these band-level measurements can only generally facilitate differentiation of sound sources, these results demonstrate that international acoustic indicators of commercial shipping can be applied to data collected in U.S. waters as a unified metric to approximate the influence of shipping as a driver of ambient noise levels, provide critical information to managers and policy makers about the status of marine environments, and to identify places and times for more detailed investigation regarding environmental impacts.

Animal Borne Ocean Sensors – AniBOS – An Essential Component of the Global Ocean Observing System - Clive R. McMahon; Fabien Roquet; Sophie Baudel; Mathieu Belbeoch; Sophie Bestley; Clint Blight; Lars Boehme; Fiona Carse; Daniel P. Costa; Michael A. Fedak; Christophe Guinet; Robert Harcourt; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Marine animals equipped with biological and physical electronic sensors have produced long-term data streams on key marine environmental variables, hydrography, animal behavior and ecology. These data are an essential component of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). The Animal Borne Ocean Sensors (AniBOS) network aims to coordinate the long-term collection and delivery of marine data streams, providing a complementary capability to other GOOS networks that monitor Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs), essential climate variables (ECVs) and essential biodiversity variables (EBVs). AniBOS augments observations of temperature and salinity within the upper ocean, in areas that are under-sampled, providing information that is urgently needed for an improved understanding of climate and ocean variability and for forecasting. Additionally, measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and dissolved oxygen concentrations are emerging. The observations AniBOS provides are used widely across the research, modeling and operational oceanographic communities. High latitude, shallow coastal shelves and tropical seas have historically been sampled poorly with traditional observing platforms for many reasons including sea ice presence, limited satellite coverage and logistical costs. Animal-borne sensors are helping to fill that gap by collecting and transmitting in near real time an average of 500 temperature-salinity-depth profiles per animal annually and, when instruments are recovered (∼30% of instruments deployed annually, n = 103 ± 34), up to 1,000 profiles per month in these regions. Increased observations from under-sampled regions greatly improve the accuracy and confidence in estimates of ocean state and improve studies of climate variability by delivering data that refine climate prediction estimates at regional and global scales. The GOOS Observations Coordination Group (OCG) reviews, advises on and coordinates activities across the global ocean observing networks to strengthen the effective implementation of the system. AniBOS was formally recognized in 2020 as a GOOS network. This improves our ability to observe the ocean’s structure and animals that live in them more comprehensively, concomitantly improving our understanding of global ocean and climate processes for societal benefit consistent with the UN Sustainability Goals 13 and 14: Climate and Life below Water. Working within the GOOS OCG framework ensures that AniBOS is an essential component of an integrated Global Ocean Observing System.

Quantifying Soundscapes in the Ross Sea, Antarctica Using Long-Term Autonomous Hydroacoustic Monitoring Systems - Sukyoung Yun; Won Sang Lee; Robert P. Dziak; Lauren Roche; Haruyoshi Matsumoto; Tai-Kwan Lau; Angela Sremba; David K. Mellinger; Joseph H. Haxel; Seung-Goo Kang; Jong Kuk Hong; Yongcheol Park (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Deployment of long-term, continuously recording passive-acoustic sensors in the ocean can provide insights into sound sources related to ocean dynamics, air–sea interactions, and biologic and human activities, all which contribute to shaping ocean soundscapes. In the polar regions, the changing ocean climate likely contributes to seasonal and long-term variation in cryogenic sounds, adding to the complexity of these soundscapes. The Korea Polar Research Institute and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have jointly operated two arrays of autonomous underwater hydrophones in the Southern Ocean, one in the Terra Nova Bay Polynya (TNBP) during December 2015–January 2019 and the other in the Balleny Islands (BI) region during January 2015–March 2016, to monitor changes in ocean soundscapes. In the BI region, we found distinct seasonal variations in the cryogenic signals that were attributed to collisions and thermal/mechanical fracturing of the surface sea ice. This is consistent with sea-ice patterns due to annual freeze–thaw cycles, which are not clearly observed in TNBP, where frequent blowing out of sea ice by katabatic winds and icequakes from nearby ice shelves generate strong noise even in austral winters. Another advantage of passive acoustic recordings is that they provide opportunities to measure biodiversity from classifying spectral characteristics of marine mammals: we identified 1. Leopard seals ( Hydrurga leptonyx ; 200–400 Hz), most abundant in the BI region and TNBP in December; 2. Antarctic blue whales ( Balaenoptera musculus ; distinctive vocalization at 18 and 27 Hz), strong signals in austral winter and fall in the BI region and TNBP; 3. Fin whales ( B. physalus ; fundamental frequency in the 15–28 Hz and overtones at 80 and 90 Hz), maximum presence in the BI region during the austral summer and spring months; 4. Antarctic minke whales ( B. bonaerensis ; 100–200 Hz), strongest signals from June to August in the BI region; 5. Humpback whales in TNBP; 6. Unidentified whales (long-duration downsweeping from 75 to 62 Hz), detected in TNBP. Long-term soundscape monitoring can help understand the spatiotemporal changes in the Southern Ocean and cryosphere and provide a means of assessing the status and trends of biodiversity in the Ross Sea Region Marine Protected Area.

Predicting moisture content during maize nixtamalization using machine learning with NIR spectroscopy - Michael J. Burns; Jonathan S. Renk; David P. Eickholt; Amanda M. Gilbert; Travis J. Hattery; Mark Holmes; Nickolas Anderson; Amanda J. Waters; Sathya Kalambur; Sherry A. Flint-Garcia; Marna D. Yandeau-Nelson; George A. Annor; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2021)

Correction to: Efficient in vitro plant regeneration from leaf-derived callus and genetic fidelity assessment of an endemic medicinal plant Ranunculus wallichianus Wight & Arnn by using RAPD and ISSR markers - P. Srinivasan; H. David Raja; R. Tamilvanan (Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2021)

Efficient in vitro plant regeneration from leaf-derived callus and genetic fidelity assessment of an endemic medicinal plant Ranunculus wallichianus Wight & Arnn by using RAPD and ISSR markers - P. Srinivasan; H. David Raja; R. Tamilvanan (Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2021)

High-speed lava flow infrasound from Kīlauea’s fissure 8 and its utility in monitoring effusion rate - John J. Lyons; Hannah R. Dietterich; Matthew P. Patrick; David Fee (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2021)

Parasite infection impairs the shoaling behaviour of uninfected shoal members under predator attack - Nicolle Demandt; David Bierbach; Ralf H. J. M. Kurvers; Jens Krause; Joachim Kurtz; Jörn P. Scharsack (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2021)
A key benefit of sociality is a reduction in predation risk. Cohesive group behaviour and rapid collective decision making are essential for reducing predation risk in groups. Parasite infection might reduce an individuals’ grouping behaviours and thereby change the behaviour of the group as a whole. To investigate the relationship between parasite infection and grouping behaviours, we studied groups of three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus , varying the number of individuals experimentally infected with the cestode Schistocephalus solidus . We studied groups of six sticklebacks containing 0, 2, 3, 4 or 6 infected individuals before and after a simulated bird attack. We predicted that infected individuals would have reduced shoaling and swimming speed and that the presence of infected individuals within a group would reduce group cohesion and speed. Uninfected fish increased shoaling and reduced swimming speed more than infected fish after the bird attack. In groups containing both infected and uninfected fish, the group behaviours were dominated by the more frequent character (uninfected versus infected). Interestingly, groups with equal numbers of uninfected and infected fish showed the least shoaling and had the lowest swimming speeds, suggesting that these groups failed to generate a majority and therefore displayed signs of indecisiveness by reducing their swimming speed the most. Our results provide evidence for a negative effect of infection on a group’s shoaling behaviour, thereby potentially deteriorating collective decision making. The presence of infected individuals might thus have far-reaching consequences in natural populations under predation risk. Significance statement Parasite-infected individuals often show deviating group behaviours. This might reduce the anti-predator benefits of group living. However, it is unknown whether such deviations in group behaviour might influence the shoaling behaviour of uninfected group members and thereby the behaviour of the group as a whole. By experimentally infecting sticklebacks and investigating groups varying in infection rates, we show that infected sticklebacks differ in their shoaling behaviours from uninfected sticklebacks. Additionally, the presence of infected sticklebacks within the group affected the behaviour of uninfected shoal members. We show that shoals of infected fish are less cohesive and move slower compared to shoals of uninfected fish. Furthermore, we show that the infection rate of the shoal is crucial for how the group behaves.

Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the ICTV: update of taxonomy changes in 2021 - Mart Krupovic; Dann Turner; Vera Morozova; Mike Dyall-Smith; Hanna M. Oksanen; Rob Edwards; Bas E. Dutilh; Susan M. Lehman; Alejandro Reyes; Diana P. Baquero; Matthew B. Sullivan; Jumpei Uchiyama; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2021)
In this article, we – the Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and the Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) – summarise the results of our activities for the period March 2020 – March 2021. We report the division of the former Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee in two separate Subcommittees, welcome new members, a new Subcommittee Chair and Vice Chair, and give an overview of the new taxa that were proposed in 2020, approved by the Executive Committee and ratified by vote in 2021. In particular, a new realm, three orders, 15 families, 31 subfamilies, 734 genera and 1845 species were newly created or redefined (moved/promoted).

Highlighting DEM’s Potential to Gauge Mechanistic Attributes of MUPS Tablet and Capsule Formulations - Shishir Shekhar; Negin Amini; David A. V. Morton; Karen P. Hapgood; Alexander Russell (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2021)

Phenotypic differentiation among native, expansive and introduced populations influences invasion success - Adrián Lázaro‐Lobo; Angela T. Moles; Guillaume Fried; Filip Verloove; Juan Antonio Campos; Mercedes Herrera; Elena Goñi; Fréderic Bioret; Gabriella Buffa; Edy Fantinato; Alexander Sentinella; Myron P. Zalucki; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2021)
Aim Humans influence species distributions by modifying the environment and by dispersing species beyond their natural ranges. Populations of species that have established in disjunct regions of the world may exhibit trait differentiation from native populations due to founder effects and adaptations to selection pressures in each distributional region. We compared multiple native, expansive and introduced populations of a single species across the world, considering the influence of environmental stressors and transgenerational effects. Location United States Gulf and Atlantic coasts, United States interior, European Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, east coast of Australia. Taxon Baccharis halimifolia L. (eastern baccharis). Methods We monitored seed germination, seedling emergence, survival and early growth in a common garden experiment, conducted with over 18,200 seeds from 80 populations. We also evaluated the influence of environmental stress and maternal traits on progeny performance. Results Introduced European Atlantic populations had faster germination and early growth than native populations. However, this was not the case for the more recently naturalized European Mediterranean populations. Introduced Australian populations grew faster than native populations in non‐saline environments but had lower survival in saline conditions commonly encountered in the native range. Similarly, expansive inland US populations germinated faster than coastal native populations in non‐saline environments but grew and germinated more slowly in saline environments. Maternal inflorescence and plant size were positively related with seed germination and seedling survival, whereas flower abundance was positively correlated with seedling early growth and survival. However, maternal traits explained a much lower fraction of the total variation in early demographic stages of B. halimifolia than did distributional range. Main conclusions Phenotypic differentiation could allow B. halimifolia to adapt to different biotic and abiotic selection pressures found in each distributional range, potentially contributing to its success in introduced and expansive ranges.

Microbial anhydrobiosis - Jason Bosch; Gilda Varliero; John E. Hallsworth; Tiffany D. Dallas; David Hopkins; Beat Frey; Weidong Kong; Pedro Lebre; Thulani P. Makhalanyane; Don A. Cowan (Environmental Microbiology, 2021)
Summary The loss of cellular water (desiccation) and the resulting low cytosolic water activity are major stress factors for life. Numerous prokaryotic and eukaryotic taxa have evolved molecular and physiological adaptions to periods of low water availability or water‐limited environments that occur across the terrestrial Earth. The changes within cells during the processes of desiccation and rehydration, from the activation (and inactivation) of biosynthetic pathways to the accumulation of compatible solutes, have been studied in considerable detail. However, relatively little is known on the metabolic status of organisms in the desiccated state; that is, in the sometimes extended periods between the drying and rewetting phases. During these periods, which can extend beyond decades and which we term ‘anhydrobiosis’, organismal survival could be dependent on a continued supply of energy to maintain the basal metabolic processes necessary for critical functions such as macromolecular repair. Here, we review the state of knowledge relating to the function of microorganisms during the anhydrobiotic state, highlighting substantial gaps in our understanding of qualitative and quantitative aspects of molecular and biochemical processes in desiccated cells.

Global co‐occurrence of methanogenic archaea and methanotrophic bacteria in Microcystis aggregates - Chuang Li; K. David Hambright; Hannah G. Bowen; Majoi A. Trammell; Hans‐Peter Grossart; Michele A. Burford; David P. Hamilton; Helong Jiang; Delphine Latour; Elisabeth I. Meyer; Judit Padisák; Richard M. Zamor; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2021)
Summary Global warming and eutrophication contribute to the worldwide increase in cyanobacterial blooms, and the level of cyanobacterial biomass is strongly associated with rises in methane emissions from surface lake waters. Hence, methane‐metabolizing microorganisms may be important for modulating carbon flow in cyanobacterial blooms. Here, we surveyed methanogenic and methanotrophic communities associated with floating Microcystis aggregates in 10 lakes spanning four continents, through sequencing of 16S rRNA and functional marker genes. Methanogenic archaea (mainly Methanoregula and Methanosaeta ) were detectable in 5 of the 10 lakes and constituted the majority (~50%–90%) of the archaeal community in these lakes. Three of the 10 lakes contained relatively more abundant methanotrophs than the other seven lakes, with the methanotrophic genera Methyloparacoccus , Crenothrix , and an uncultured species related to Methylobacter dominating and nearly exclusively found in each of those three lakes. These three are among the five lakes in which methanogens were observed. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness and abundance of methanotrophs were strongly positively correlated with those of methanogens, suggesting that their activities may be coupled. These Microcystis ‐aggregate‐associated methanotrophs may be responsible for a hitherto overlooked sink for methane in surface freshwaters, and their co‐occurrence with methanogens sheds light on the methane cycle in cyanobacterial aggregates.

Phenotypic plasticity as a cause and consequence of population dynamics - Dominic P. Brass; Christina A. Cobbold; David A. Ewing; Bethan V. Purse; Amanda Callaghan; Steven M. White (Ecology Letters, 2021)
Predicting complex species‐environment interactions is crucial for guiding conservation and mitigation strategies in a dynamically changing world. Phenotypic plasticity is a mechanism of trait variation that determines how individuals and populations adapt to changing and novel environments. For individuals, the effects of phenotypic plasticity can be quantified by measuring environment–trait relationships, but it is often difficult to predict how phenotypic plasticity affects populations. The assumption that environment–trait relationships validated for individuals indicate how populations respond to environmental change is commonly made without sufficient justification. Here we derive a novel general mathematical framework linking trait variation due to phenotypic plasticity to population dynamics. Applying the framework to the classical example of Nicholson's blowflies, we show how seemingly sensible predictions made from environment–trait relationships do not generalise to population responses. As a consequence, trait‐based analyses that do not incorporate population feedbacks risk mischaracterising the effect of environmental change on populations.

Seabird Migration Strategies: Flight Budgets, Diel Activity Patterns, and Lunar Influence - Anne-Sophie Bonnet-Lebrun; Maria P. Dias; Richard A. Phillips; José P. Granadeiro; M. de L. Brooke; Olivier Chastel; Thomas A. Clay; Annette L. Fayet; Olivier Gilg; Jacob González-Solís; Tim Guilford; Sveinn A. Hanssen; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Every year, billions of birds undertake extensive migrations between breeding and non-breeding areas, facing challenges that require behavioural adjustments, particularly to flight timing and duration. Such adjustments in daily activity patterns and the influence of extrinsic factors (e.g., environmental conditions, moonlight) have received much more research attention in terrestrial than marine migrants. Taking advantage of the widespread deployment in recent decades of combined light-level geolocator-immersion loggers, we investigated diel organisation and influence of the moon on flight activities during the non-breeding season of 21 migrant seabird species from a wide taxonomic range (6 families, 3 orders). Migrant seabirds regularly stopped (to either feed or rest) during migration, unlike some terrestrial and wetland birds which fly non-stop. We found an overall increase for most seabird species in time in flight and, for several species, also in flight bout duration, during migration compared to when resident at the non-breeding grounds. Additionally, several nocturnal species spent more of the day in flight during migration than at non-breeding areas, and vice versa for diurnal species. Nocturnal time in flight tended to increase during full moon, both during migration and at the non-breeding grounds, depending on species. Our study provides an extensive overview of activity patterns of migrant seabirds, paving the way for further research on the underlying mechanisms and drivers.

Establishing the Foundation for the Global Observing System for Marine Life - Erin V. Satterthwaite; Nicholas J. Bax; Patricia Miloslavich; Lavenia Ratnarajah; Gabrielle Canonico; Daniel Dunn; Samantha E. Simmons; Roxanne J. Carini; Karen Evans; Valerie Allain; Ward Appeltans; Sonia Batten; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Maintaining healthy, productive ecosystems in the face of pervasive and accelerating human impacts including climate change requires globally coordinated and sustained observations of marine biodiversity. Global coordination is predicated on an understanding of the scope and capacity of existing monitoring programs, and the extent to which they use standardized, interoperable practices for data management. Global coordination also requires identification of gaps in spatial and ecosystem coverage, and how these gaps correspond to management priorities and information needs. We undertook such an assessment by conducting an audit and gap analysis from global databases and structured surveys of experts. Of 371 survey respondents, 203 active, long-term (>5 years) observing programs systematically sampled marine life. These programs spanned about 7% of the ocean surface area, mostly concentrated in coastal regions of the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia. Seagrasses, mangroves, hard corals, and macroalgae were sampled in 6% of the entire global coastal zone. Two-thirds of all observing programs offered accessible data, but methods and conditions for access were highly variable. Our assessment indicates that the global observing system is largely uncoordinated which results in a failure to deliver critical information required for informed decision-making such as, status and trends, for the conservation and sustainability of marine ecosystems and provision of ecosystem services. Based on our study, we suggest four key steps that can increase the sustainability, connectivity and spatial coverage of biological Essential Ocean Variables in the global ocean: (1) sustaining existing observing programs and encouraging coordination among these; (2) continuing to strive for data strategies that follow FAIR principles (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable); (3) utilizing existing ocean observing platforms and enhancing support to expand observing along coasts of developing countries, in deep ocean basins, and near the poles; and (4) targeting capacity building efforts. Following these suggestions could help create a coordinated marine biodiversity observing system enabling ecological forecasting and better planning for a sustainable use of ocean resources.

Occurrence of male morphotypes in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium acanthurus Wiegmann, 1836 (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) - David P. Rios; João A. F. Pantaleão; Gustavo L. Hirose (Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 2021)

Premarital genetic screening and care of Tanzanian children with sickle cell disease: a qualitative study on parents’ views and experiences - Esther Kisanga; Ritah Mutagonda; David T. Myemba; Belinda J. Njiro; Franklin Simon; Alphonce I. Marealle; Wigilya P. Mikomangwa; Manase Kilonzi; Godfrey Sambayi; George M. Bwire (Journal of Community Genetics, 2021)

Ocean resurge-induced impact melt dynamics on the peak-ring of the Chicxulub impact structure, Mexico - Felix M. Schulte; Axel Wittmann; Stefan Jung; Joanna V. Morgan; Sean P. S. Gulick; David A. Kring; Richard A. F. Grieve; Gordon R. Osinski; Ulrich Riller; S. P. S. Gulick; J. V. Morgan; T. J. Bralower; et al. (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2021)
Core from Hole M0077 from IODP/ICDP Expedition 364 provides unprecedented evidence for the physical processes in effect during the interaction of impact melt with rock-debris-laden seawater, following a large meteorite impact into waters of the Yucatán shelf. Evidence for this interaction is based on petrographic, microstructural and chemical examination of the 46.37-m-thick impact melt rock sequence, which overlies shocked granitoid target rock of the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact structure. The melt rock sequence consists of two visually distinct phases, one is black and the other is green in colour. The black phase is aphanitic and trachyandesitic in composition and similar to melt rock from other sites within the impact structure. The green phase consists chiefly of clay minerals and sparitic calcite, which likely formed from a solidified water–rock debris mixture under hydrothermal conditions. We suggest that the layering and internal structure of the melt rock sequence resulted from a single process, i.e., violent contact of initially superheated silicate impact melt with the ocean resurge-induced water–rock mixture overriding the impact melt. Differences in density, temperature, viscosity, and velocity of this mixture and impact melt triggered Kelvin–Helmholtz and Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities at their phase boundary. As a consequence, shearing at the boundary perturbed and, thus, mingled both immiscible phases, and was accompanied by phreatomagmatic processes. These processes led to the brecciation at the top of the impact melt rock sequence. Quenching of this breccia by the seawater prevented reworking of the solidified breccia layers upon subsequent deposition of suevite. Solid-state deformation, notably in the uppermost brecciated impact melt rock layers, attests to long-term gravitational settling of the peak ring.

Towards the use of localised delivery strategies to counteract cancer therapy–induced cardiotoxicities - David S. Monahan; Talal Almas; Robert Wyile; Faisal H. Cheema; Garry P. Duffy; Aamir Hameed (Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 2021)

Correction to: Choose and stay on one out of two paths: distinction between clinical versus research genetic testing to identify cancer predisposition syndromes among patients with cancer - Tim Ripperger; D. Gareth Evans; David Malkin; Christian P. Kratz (Familial Cancer, 2021)

Choose and stay on one out of two paths: distinction between clinical versus research genetic testing to identify cancer predisposition syndromes among patients with cancer - Tim Ripperger; D Gareth Evans; David Malkin; Christian P. Kratz (Familial Cancer, 2021)

Identifying Factors Associated with Head Impact Kinematics and Brain Strain in High School American Football via Instrumented Mouthguards - Nicholas J. Cecchi; August G. Domel; Yuzhe Liu; Eli Rice; Rong Lu; Xianghao Zhan; Zhou Zhou; Samuel J. Raymond; Sohrab Sami; Heer Singh; India Rangel; Landon P. Watson; et al. (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2021)

Correction to: Modification of the third phase in the framework for vertebrate species persistence in urban mosaic environments - Colleen T. Downs; Jarryd Alexander; Mark Brown; Moses Chibesa; Yvette C. Ehlers Smith; S. Thobeka Gumede; Lorinda Hart; Kyrone K. Josiah; Riddhika Kalle; Machawe Maphalala; Mfundo Maseko; Shane McPherson; et al. (Ambio, 2021)

Modification of the third phase in the framework for vertebrate species persistence in urban mosaic environments - Colleen T. Downs; Jarryd Alexander; Mark Brown; Moses Chibesa; Yvette C. Ehlers Smith; S. Thobeka Gumede; Lorinda Hart; Kyrone K. Josiah; Riddhika Kalle; Machawe Maphalala; Mfundo Maseko; Shane McPherson; et al. (Ambio, 2021)

A hybrid correlative‐mechanistic approach for modeling winter distributions of North American bat species - Meredith L. McClure; Catherine G. Haase; Carter Reed Hranac; David T. S. Hayman; Brett G. Dickson; Liam P. McGuire; Daniel Crowley; Nathan W. Fuller; Cori L. Lausen; Raina K. Plowright; Sarah H. Olson (Journal of Biogeography, 2021)
Aim The fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans and resultant white‐nose syndrome (WNS) continues to advance across North America, infecting new bat hibernacula. Western North America hosts the highest bat diversity in the United States and Canada, yet little is known about hibernacula and hibernation behaviour in this region. An improved understanding of the distribution of suitable hibernacula is critical for land managers to anticipate conservation needs of WNS‐susceptible species in currently uninfected regions. Location United States, Canada. Taxon Bats. Methods We estimated suitability of potential winter hibernaculum sites across five bat species' ranges. We estimated winter survival capacity from a mechanistic survivorship model based on bat bioenergetics and climate conditions. We then used boosted regression trees to relate these estimates, along with key landscape attributes, to bat occurrence data in a hybrid correlative‐mechanistic approach. Results Winter survival capacity, topography, land cover and access to subterranean features were important predictors of winter hibernaculum selection, but the shape and relative importance of these relationships varied amongst species. This suggests that the occurrence of bat hibernacula can, in part, be predicted from readily mapped above‐ground features, not just below‐ground characteristics for which spatial data are lacking. Furthermore, our mechanistic estimate of winter survivorship was, on average, the third strongest predictor of winter occurrence probability across focal species. Main conclusions Winter distributions of North American bat species were driven by their physiological capacity to survive winter conditions and duration in a given location, as well as selection for topographic and other landscape features but in species‐specific ways. The influence of winter survivorship on several species' distributions, the underlying influence of climate conditions on winter survivorship and the anticipated influence of WNS on bats' hibernation physiology and survivorship together suggest that North American bat distributions may undergo future shifts as these species are exposed not only to WNS but also to climate change.

A “Dirty” Footprint: Macroinvertebrate diversity in Amazonian Anthropic Soils - Wilian C. Demetrio; Ana C. Conrado; Agno N. S. Acioli; Alexandre C. Ferreira; Marie L. C. Bartz; Samuel W. James; Elodie da Silva; Lilianne S. Maia; Gilvan C. Martins; Rodrigo S. Macedo; David W. G. Stanton; Patrick Lavelle; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Amazonian rainforests, once thought to be pristine wilderness, are increasingly known to have been widely inhabited, modified, and managed prior to European arrival, by human populations with diverse cultural backgrounds. Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs) are fertile soils found throughout the Amazon Basin, created by pre‐Columbian societies with sedentary habits. Much is known about the chemistry of these soils, yet their zoology has been neglected. Hence, we characterized soil fertility, macroinvertebrate communities, and their activity at nine archeological sites in three Amazonian regions in ADEs and adjacent reference soils under native forest (young and old) and agricultural systems. We found 673 morphospecies and, despite similar richness in ADEs (385 spp.) and reference soils (399 spp.), we identified a tenacious pre‐Columbian footprint, with 49% of morphospecies found exclusively in ADEs. Termite and total macroinvertebrate abundance were higher in reference soils, while soil fertility and macroinvertebrate activity were higher in the ADEs, and associated with larger earthworm quantities and biomass. We show that ADE habitats have a unique pool of species, but that modern land use of ADEs decreases their populations, diversity, and contributions to soil functioning. These findings support the idea that humans created and sustained high‐fertility ecosystems that persist today, altering biodiversity patterns in Amazonia.

Rare hybrid solves “genetic problem” of linked plumage traits - Marcella D. Baiz; Andrew W. Wood; David P. L. Toews (Ecology, 2021)

The dangers of misrepresenting wildlife trade: response to Natusch et al. 2021 - David P. Edwards; Neil D'Cruze; Sandra Altherr; Alice Hughes; Jordi Janssen; Vincent Nijman; Stesha A. Pasachnik; Brett R. Scheffers; Chris R. Shepherd; Emerson Sy; Mark Auliya (Conservation Biology, 2021)

Discovery and Characterization of a Bilirubin Inducible Green Fluorescent Protein From the Moray Eel Gymnothorax zonipectis - Andrew M. Guarnaccia; Sara Rose Krivoshik; John S. Sparks; David F. Gruber; Jean P. Gaffney (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Since the initial discovery of Aqueoria victoria ’s green fluorescence off the coast of Washington’s Puget Sound, biofluorescent marine organisms have been found across the globe. The variety of colors of biofluorescence as well as the variability in the organisms that exhibit this fluorescence is astounding. The mechanisms of biofluorescence in marine organisms are also variable. To fluoresce, some organisms use fluorescent proteins, while others use small molecules. In eels, green biofluorescence was first identified in Anguilla japonica . The green fluorescence in A. japonica was discovered to be caused by a fatty acid binding protein (UnaG) whose fluorescence is induced by the addition of bilirubin. Members of this class of proteins were later discovered in Kaupichthys eels (Chlopsid FP I and Chlopsid FP II). Here, we report the discovery and characterization of the first member of this class of green fluorescent fatty acid binding proteins from the moray eel Gymnothorax zonipectis . This protein, GymFP, is 15.6 kDa with a fluorescence excitation at 496 nm and an emission maximum at 532 nm upon addition of bilirubin. GymFP is 61% homologous to UnaG and 47% homologous to Chlopsid FP I. Here, we report de novo transcriptome assembly, protein expression, and fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of GymFP. These findings extend the fluorescent fatty acid binding proteins into a third family of true eels (Anguilliformes).

Active Ecological Restoration of Cold-Water Corals: Techniques, Challenges, Costs and Future Directions - Maria Montseny; Cristina Linares; Marina Carreiro-Silva; Lea-Anne Henry; David Billett; Erik E. Cordes; Christopher J. Smith; Nadia Papadopoulou; Meri Bilan; Fanny Girard; Heidi L. Burdett; Ann Larsson; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Cold-water coral (CWC) habitats dwell on continental shelves, slopes, seamounts, and ridge systems around the world’s oceans from 50 to 4000 m depth, providing heterogeneous habitats which support a myriad of associated fauna. These highly diverse ecosystems are threatened by human stressors such as fishing activities, gas and oil exploitation, and climate change. Since their life-history traits such as long lifespan and slow growth rates make CWCs very vulnerable to potential threats, it is a foremost challenge to explore the viability of restoration actions to enhance and speed up their recovery. In contrast to terrestrial and shallow-water marine ecosystems, ecological restoration in deep marine environments has received minimal attention. This review, by means of a systematic literature search, aims to identify CWC restoration challenges, assess the most suitable techniques to restore them, and discuss future perspectives. Outcomes from the few restoration actions performed to date on CWCs, which have lasted between 1 to 4 years, provide evidence of the feasibility of coral transplantation and artificial reef deployments. Scientific efforts should focus on testing novel and creative restoration techniques, especially to scale up to the spatial and temporal scales of impacts. There is still a general lack of knowledge about the biological, ecological and habitat characteristics of CWC species exploration of which would aid the development of effective restoration measures. To ensure the long-term viability and success of any restoration action it is essential to include holistic and long-term monitoring programs, and to ideally combine active restoration with natural spontaneous regeneration (i.e., passive restoration) strategies such as the implementation of deep-sea marine protected areas (MPAs). We conclude that a combination of passive and active restoration approaches with involvement of local society would be the best optimal option to achieve and ensure CWC restoration success.

Social Network Analysis Reveals the Subtle Impacts of Tourist Provisioning on the Social Behavior of a Generalist Marine Apex Predator - David M. P. Jacoby; Bethany S. Fairbairn; Bryan S. Frazier; Austin J. Gallagher; Michael R. Heithaus; Steven J. Cooke; Neil Hammerschlag (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Shark dive ecotourism is a lucrative industry in many regions around the globe. In some cases, sharks are provisioned using bait, prompting increased research on how baited dives influence shark behavior and yielding mixed results. Effects on patterns of habitat use and movement seemly vary across species and locations. It is unknown, however, whether wide-ranging, marine apex predators respond to provisioning by changing their patterns of grouping or social behavior. We applied a tiered analytical approach (aggregation-gregariousness-social preferences) examining the impact of provisioning on the putative social behavior of tiger sharks ( Galeocerdo cuvier ) at a dive tourism location in The Bahamas. Using network inference on three years of acoustic tracking data from 48 sharks, we tested for non-random social structure between non-provisioned and provisioned monitoring sites resulting in 12 distinct networks. Generally considered a solitary nomadic predator, we found evidence of sociality in tiger sharks, which varied spatiotemporally. We documented periods of both random ( n = 7 networks) and non-random aggregation ( n = 5 networks). Three of five non-random aggregations were at locations unimpacted by provisioning regardless of season, one occurred at an active provisioning site during the dry season and one at the same receivers during the wet season when provision activity is less prevalent. Aggregations lasted longer and occurred more frequently at provisioning sites, where gregariousness was also more variable. While differences in gregariousness among individuals was generally predictive of non-random network structure, individual site preferences, size and sex were not. Within five social preference networks, constructed using generalized affiliation indices, network density was lower at provisioning sites, indicating lower connectivity at these locations. We found no evidence of size assortment on preferences. Our data suggest that sociality may occur naturally within the Tiger Beach area, perhaps due to the unusually high density of individuals there. This study demonstrates the existence of periodic social behavior, but also considerable variation in association between tiger sharks, which we argue may help to mitigate any long-term impacts of provisioning on this population. Finally, we illustrate the utility of combining telemetry and social network approaches for assessing the impact of human disturbance on wildlife behavior.

Performance of Different Transformation Techniques for MASW Data Processing Considering Various Site Conditions, Near-Field Effects, and Modal Separation - Salman Rahimi; Clinton M. Wood; David P. Teague (Surveys in Geophysics, 2021)

Anticataleptic activity of nicotine in rats: involvement of the lateral entorhinal cortex - Ilya D. Ionov; Irina I. Pushinskaya; Nicholas P. Gorev; David D. Frenkel; Nicholas N. Severtsev (Psychopharmacology, 2021)

Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in an ombrotrophic peatland: a benchmark for assessing change - Verity G. Salmon; Deanne J. Brice; Scott Bridgham; Joanne Childs; Jake Graham; Natalie A. Griffiths; Kirsten Hofmockel; Colleen M. Iversen; Terri M. Jicha; Randy K. Kolka; Joel E. Kostka; Avni Malhotra; et al. (Plant and Soil, 2021)

Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Experimental Results Provide Insight into Clinical Performance Differences between Sandimmune® and Neoral® Lipid-Based Formulations - Dallas B. Warren; Shadabul Haque; Mitchell P. McInerney; Karen M. Corbett; Endri Kastrati; Leigh Ford; Hywel D. Williams; Vincent Jannin; Hassan Benameur; Christopher J.H. Porter; David K. Chalmers; Colin W. Pouton (Pharmaceutical Research, 2021)

Limited host range in the idiobiont parasitoid Phymastichus coffea, a prospective biological control agent of the coffee pest Hypothenemus hampei in Hawaii - Fazila Yousuf; Peter A. Follett; Conrad P. D. T. Gillett; David Honsberger; Lourdes Chamorro; M. Tracy Johnson; Marisol Giraldo-Jaramillo; Pablo Benavides-Machado; Mark G. Wright (Journal of Pest Science, 2021)
Phymastichus coffea LaSalle (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae) is an adult endoparasitoid of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae:Scolytinae), which has been introduced in many coffee producing countries as a biological control agent. To determine the effectiveness of P. coffea against H. hampei and environmental safety for release in Hawaii, we investigated the host selection and parasitism response of adult females to 43 different species of Coleoptera, including 23 Scolytinae (six Hypothenemus species and 17 others), and four additional Curculionidae. Non-target testing included Hawaiian endemic, exotic and beneficial coleopteran species. Using a no-choice laboratory bioassay, we demonstrated that P. coffea was only able to parasitize the target host H. hampei and four other adventive species of Hypothenemus : H. obscurus, H. seriatus, H. birmanus and H. crudiae. Hypothenemus hampei had the highest parasitism rate and shortest parasitoid development time of the five parasitized Hypothenemus spp. Parasitism and parasitoid emergence decreased with decreasing phylogenetic relatedness of the Hypothenemus spp. to H. hampei , and the most distantly related species, H. eruditus , was not parasitized. These results suggest that the risk of harmful non-target impacts is low because there are no native species of Hypothenemus in Hawaii, and P. coffea could be safely introduced for classical biological control of H. hampei in Hawaii.

Correction to: Glutamine Antagonist JHU083 Normalizes Aberrant Glutamate Production and Cognitive Deficits in the EcoHIV Murine Model of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders - Michael T. Nedelcovych; Boe-Hyun Kim; Xiaolei Zhu; Lyndah E. Lovell; Arena A. Manning; Jennifer Kelschenbach; Eran Hadas; Wei Chao; Eva Prchalová; Ranjeet P. Dash; Ying Wu; Jesse Alt; et al. (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2021)

Remember to Chew your Food: New Paradigms for the Evolution of Mastication - P. David Polly (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2021)

Environmental factors associated with silver carp presence and relative abundance near an invasion front to inform removal efforts - Michael A. Glubzinski; David P. Coulter; Gregory W. Whitledge (Hydrobiologia, 2021)

Genetic analyses of gynecological disease identify genetic relationships between uterine fibroids and endometrial cancer, and a novel endometrial cancer genetic risk region at the WNT4 1p36.12 locus - Pik Fang Kho; Sally Mortlock; Frederic Amant; Daniela Annibali; Katie Ashton; John Attia; Paul L. Auer; Matthias W. Beckmann; Amanda Black; Louise Brinton; Daniel D. Buchanan; Stephen J. Chanock; et al. (Human Genetics, 2021)

Long-term use of liposomal nebulized amikacin and tedizolid for the treatment of disseminated nocardiosis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation - Sarah Soueges; Claire Triffault-Fillit; Sandrine Roux; Hélène Labussière-Wallet; David Lebeaux; Oana Dumitrescu; Isabelle Morelec; Elisabeth Hodille; Florence Ader; F. Ader; V. Alcazer; E. Bachy; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2021)

Correction to: Field evaluation of seven products to control cyanobacterial blooms in aquaculture - Riley P. Buley; Catie Adams; Angelea P. Belfiore; Edna G. Fernandez-Figueroa; Matthew F. Gladfelter; Brynne Garner; David L. Straus; Alan E. Wilson (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021)

Nuclear Sphingosine-1-phosphate Lyase Generated ∆2-hexadecenal is A Regulator of HDAC Activity and Chromatin Remodeling in Lung Epithelial Cells - David L. Ebenezer; Ramaswamy Ramchandran; Panfeng Fu; Lizar A. Mangio; Vidyani Suryadevara; Alison W. Ha; Evgeny Berdyshev; Paul P. Van Veldhoven; Stephen J. Kron; Fabian Schumacher; Burkhard Kleuser; Viswanathan Natarajan (Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2021)

Volume reduction without neuronal loss in the primate pulvinar complex following striate cortex lesions - Jonathan M. Chan; Katrina H. Worthy; Marcello G. P. Rosa; David H. Reser; Nafiseh Atapour (Brain Structure and Function, 2021)

Elimination of endogenous high molecular weight FGF2 prevents pressure-overload-induced systolic dysfunction, linked to increased FGFR1 activity and NR1D1 expression - Navid Koleini; Barbara E. Nickel; Raghu S. Nagalingam; Natalie M. Landry; Robert R. Fandrich; David Y. C. Cheung; Ian M. Dixon; Michael P. Czubryt; Davinder S. Jassal; Peter A. Cattini; Elissavet Kardami (Cell and Tissue Research, 2021)

Studies in Neotropical Araliaceae. VII. Two new genera, Cephalopanax and Frodinia, to accommodate the remaining species of Neotropical Schefflera - Gregory M. Plunkett; Porter P. Lowry; David A. Neill (Brittonia, 2021)

Rapid shifts in behavioural traits during a recent fish invasion - Jack A. Brand; Jake M. Martin; Hung Tan; Rachel T. Mason; Jack T. Orford; Michael P. Hammer; David G. Chapple; Bob B. M. Wong (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2021)

High contribution of methane in greenhouse gas emissions from a eutrophic lake: a mass balance synthesis - Arianto B. Santoso; David P. Hamilton; Louis A. Schipper; Ilia S. Ostrovsky; Chris H. Hendy (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2021)
Lakes are ‘hotspots’ for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, primarily carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ). Understanding the processes regulating GHG emissions from lakes, and their temporal variability, is essential for more accurately quantifying the role of lakes in global GHG cycles. In this study, we identified the processes that affect CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations in a small (0.3 km 2 ) eutrophic monomictic lake (Okaro, New Zealand). A mass balance model was used to calculate changes in CO 2 and CH 4 storage in the lake as a result of internal cycling and atmospheric fluxes. To support model computations, CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations profiles were measured monthly over a one‐year period, in addition to temperature, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a . Annually, Lake Okaro acted as a sink of CO 2 from the atmosphere (425.4 mmol CO 2 m −2 y −1 ) and a source of CH 4 (553.4 mmol CH 4 m −2 y −1 ) equating to a net GHG emission (diffusive fluxes of CO 2 and CH 4 combined) of 0.22 kg CO 2 ‐eq m −2 y −1 . Although it may be viewed as conservative and applies only to diffusive fluxes, our study indicates that eutrophic lakes with high rates of primary production may act as a net source of GHGs.

Correlates of extinction risk in Australian squamate reptiles - Anna F. Senior; Monika Böhm; Christopher P. Johnstone; Matthew D. McGee; Shai Meiri; David G. Chapple; Reid Tingley (Journal of Biogeography, 2021)
Aim Identification of particular traits that predispose species to elevated extinction risk is an important component of proactive conservation. We capitalise on a recent strategic extinction risk assessment of all Australian squamate reptiles to identify intrinsic life history traits and extrinsic threats that correlate with extinction risk. We further assess whether extinction risk correlates differ between species impacted by different threatening processes (habitat loss vs. invasive species). Location Australia. Taxon Squamate reptiles. Methods We used the IUCN Red List data for Australian squamates, and publicly available datasets for 14 intrinsic and extrinsic traits. We used phylogenetically controlled Bayesian inference to test hypotheses regarding relationships between extinction risk and species traits, environment, and threat measures. Results We found that intrinsic characteristics (habitat specialisation, small range size and large body size), as well as extrinsic factors (high human footprint, accessibility from human population centres, cold temperatures and high rainfall), predispose a species to extinction. Similar predictors were important in threat‐specific analyses, although relationships were generally more uncertain. Conclusions Our results largely accord with those of global and regional studies of extinction risk in reptiles and of terrestrial vertebrates more broadly. Our findings illustrate that there is no single pathway to extinction among Australian squamates.

Urbanization minimizes the effects of plant traits on soil provisioned ecosystem services across climatic regions - D. Johan Kotze; Subhadip Ghosh; Nan Hui; Ari Jumpponen; Benjamin P. Y.‐H. Lee; Changyi Lu; Shawn Lum; Richard Pouyat; Katalin Szlavecz; David A. Wardle; Ian Yesilonis; Bangxiao Zheng; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
An increasingly urbanized world is one of the most prominent examples of global environmental change. Across the globe, urban parks are designed and managed in a similar way, resulting in visually pleasing expansions of lawn interspersed with individually planted trees of varying appearances and functional traits. These large urban greenspaces have the capacity to provide various ecosystem services, including those associated with soil physicochemical properties. Our aim was to explore whether soil properties in urban parks diverge underneath vegetation producing labile or recalcitrant litter, and whether the impact is affected by climatic zone (from a boreal to temperate to tropical city). We also compared these properties to those in (semi)natural forests outside the cities to assess the influence of urbanization on plant‐trait effects. We showed that vegetation type affected percentage soil organic matter (OM), total carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N), but inconsistently across climatic zones. Plant‐trait effects were particularly weak in old parks in the boreal and temperate zones, whereas in young parks in these zones, soils underneath the two tree types accumulated significantly more OM, C and N compared to lawns. Within climatic zones, anthropogenic drivers dominated natural ones, with consistently lower values of organic‐matter‐related soil properties under trees producing labile or recalcitrant litter in parks compared to forests. The dominating effect of urbanization is also reflected in its ability to homogenize soil properties in parks across the three cities, especially in lawn soils and soils under trees irrespective of functional trait. Our study demonstrates that soil functions that relate to carbon and nitrogen dynamics—even in old urban greenspaces where plant–soil interactions have a long history—clearly diverged from those in natural ecosystems, implying a long‐lasting influence of anthropogenic drivers on soil ecosystem services.

Semiarid grasslands and extreme precipitation events: do experimental results scale to the landscape? - Alison K. Post; Kristin P. Davis; Jillian LaRoe; David L. Hoover; Alan K. Knapp (Ecology, 2021)
The frequency and magnitude of deluges (extremely large rain events) are increasing globally as the atmosphere warms. Small‐scale experiments suggest that semiarid grasslands are particularly sensitive to both the timing and size of deluge events. However, the assumption that plot‐scale results can be extrapolated across landscapes with variable soil textures, plant communities, and grazing regimes has seldom been tested, despite being key to forecasting regional consequences of precipitation extremes. We used precipitation data from an extensive rain gauge network to identify natural deluges (mean size = 60 ± 31 mm, 1984–2012) that occurred across a ˜60‐km 2 heterogeneous native shortgrass steppe landscape in Colorado. We then related spatial variation in deluge precipitation to postdeluge responses in canopy greenness (normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI) via satellite imagery. Consistent with results from experiments, this semiarid grassland was most sensitive to mid–growing‐season deluges, and postdeluge canopy greenness usually increased linearly (67% of the time) with increasing deluge size. This suggests that aboveground productivity in these semiarid systems will likely increase, rather than asymptote, with forecasted increases in deluge size. Importantly, differences in grazing regime did not significantly alter deluge responses, indicating that these patterns are robust to this widespread management practice.

Should Hybrids Be Used in Coral Nurseries? A Case Study Comparing Caribbean Acropora spp. and Their Hybrid in the Bahamas - Cassie M. VanWynen; Morgan V. Hightshoe; Nicole D. Fogarty; Craig P. Dahlgren; David S. Gilliam (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
For decades, coral reef ecosystems have been in decline due to environmental stressors such as rising sea temperatures, increased disease prevalence, and other local anthropogenic sources. Considering this decline, coral restoration efforts in the Caribbean have been implemented to promote reef recovery with a focus on the coral genus Acropora. Current methods target the threatened species Acropora cervicornis and A. palmata , but little is known about the restoration potential of their hybrid taxon, A. prolifera . Using interspecific hybrids with higher fitness than one or both parental species has gained traction as a novel restoration technique. For this study, three in situ coral tree nurseries were established around Great Stirrup Cay, The Bahamas, to compare the growth and survival among acroporid taxa. Three 150 mm fragments from six putative genotypes of each acroporid taxa were collected from reefs around New Providence, The Bahamas, and transported to Great Stirrup Cay in June 2018. One fragment from each genotype was transported to each nursery site, cut into three sections (apical, middle, and basal), and suspended from PVC coral trees. Fragment survival was collected monthly for 13 months, and Total Linear Extension (TLE) values were calculated for each fragment monthly for 12 months. Nursery site significantly affected fragment survival, while taxon and fragment section did not. Total fragment mortality was 29.3% in the first month but ranged from 0 to 5% for the rest of the study period until July 2019 (32.7% of remaining fragments died primarily at N1). Overall, A. prolifera growth was significantly greater than the parental species. Taxon, nursery site, and fragment section were identified as important factors affecting TLE. Apical A. prolifera fragment sections at site N3 had the greatest average linear growth at 12 months and had the greatest average growth rate per month. This study highlights the rapid growth rate of hybrid corals and suggests that fragment sections have equivalent survival and growth. Consequently, these results suggest that restoration managers may capitalize on fast growing hybrids for outplanting to degraded reefs and to increase the scale of nursery projects.

Water safety attitudes, risk perception, experiences, and education for households impacted by the 2018 Camp Fire, California - Tolulope O. Odimayomi; Caitlin R. Proctor; Qi Erica Wang; Arman Sabbaghi; Kimberly S. Peterson; David J. Yu; Juneseok Lee; Amisha D. Shah; Christian J. Ley; Yoorae Noh; Charlotte D. Smith; Jackson P. Webster; et al. (Natural Hazards, 2021)

Placebo controlled phase II clinical trial: Safety and efficacy of combining intranasal insulin & acute exercise - Kathryn L. Gwizdala; David P. Ferguson; Jeffery Kovan; Vera Novak; Matthew B. Pontifex (Metabolic Brain Disease, 2021)

The Multiple Paths to Multiple Life - Christopher P. Kempes; David C. Krakauer (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2021)
We argue for multiple forms of life realized through multiple different historical pathways. From this perspective, there have been multiple origins of life on Earth—life is not a universal homology. By broadening the class of originations, we significantly expand the data set for searching for life. Through a computational analogy, the origin of life describes both the origin of hardware (physical substrate) and software (evolved function). Like all information-processing systems, adaptive systems possess a nested hierarchy of levels, a level of function optimization (e.g., fitness maximization), a level of constraints (e.g., energy requirements), and a level of materials (e.g., DNA or RNA genome and cells). The functions essential to life are realized by different substrates with different efficiencies. The functional level allows us to identify multiple origins of life by searching for key principles of optimization in different material form, including the prebiotic origin of proto-cells, the emergence of culture, economic, and legal institutions, and the reproduction of software agents.

Preliminary survey of pests and diseases of eucheumatoid seaweed farms in the Philippines - Joseph P. Faisan; Ma. Rovilla J. Luhan; Rema C. Sibonga; Jonalyn P. Mateo; Victor Marco Emmanuel N. Ferriols; Janina Brakel; Georgia M. Ward; Stuart Ross; David Bass; Grant D. Stentiford; Juliet Brodie; Anicia Q. Hurtado (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2021)

Are fat and sugar just as detrimental in old age? - Ana P. Valencia; Nitin Nagaraj; Deena H. Osman; Peter S. Rabinovitch; David J. Marcinek (GeroScience, 2021)

Fifteen days of moderate normobaric hypoxia does not affect mitochondrial function, and related genes and proteins, in healthy men - Alessandra Ferri; Xu Yan; Jujiao Kuang; Cesare Granata; Rodrigo S. F. Oliveira; Christopher P. Hedges; Adriano E. Lima-Silva; Francois Billaut; David J. Bishop (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2021)

EurOP2E – the European Open Platform for Prescribing Education, a consensus study among clinical pharmacology and therapeutics teachers - Michiel J. Bakkum; Milan C. Richir; Paraskevi Papaioannidou; Robert Likic; Emilio J. Sanz; Thierry Christiaens; João N. Costa; Romaldas Mačiulaitis; Lorena Dima; Jamie Coleman; Jelle Tichelaar; Michiel A. van Agtmael; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021)
Purpose Sharing and developing digital educational resources and open educational resources has been proposed as a way to harmonize and improve clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education in European medical schools. Previous research, however, has shown that there are barriers to the adoption and implementation of open educational resources. The aim of this study was to determine perceived opportunities and barriers to the use and creation of open educational resources among European CPT teachers and possible solutions for these barriers. Methods CPT teachers of British and EU medical schools completed an online survey. Opportunities and challenges were identified by thematic analyses and subsequently discussed in an international consensus meeting. Results Data from 99 CPT teachers from 95 medical schools were analysed. Thirty teachers (30.3%) shared or collaboratively produced digital educational resources. All teachers foresaw opportunities in the more active use of open educational resources, including improving the quality of their teaching. The challenges reported were language barriers, local differences, lack of time, technological issues, difficulties with quality management, and copyright restrictions. Practical solutions for these challenges were discussed and include a peer review system, clear indexing, and use of copyright licenses that permit adaptation of resources. Conclusion Key challenges to making greater use of CPT open educational resources are a limited applicability of such resources due to language and local differences and quality concerns. These challenges may be resolved by relatively simple measures, such as allowing adaptation and translation of resources and a peer review system.

Correction to: Authors’ Reply to Letter to the Editor: Continued improvement to genetic diversity indicator for CBD - Linda Laikre; Paul A. Hohenlohe; Fred W. Allendorf; Laura D. Bertola; Martin F. Breed; Michael W. Bruford; W. Chris Funk; Gonzalo Gajardo; Antonio González-Rodríguez; Catherine E. Grueber; Philip W. Hedrick; Myriam Heuertz; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2021)
A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01376-9

Authors’ Reply to Letter to the Editor: Continued improvement to genetic diversity indicator for CBD - Linda Laikre; Paul A. Hohenlohe; Fred W. Allendorf; Laura D. Bertola; Martin F. Breed; Michael W. Bruford; W. Chris Funk; Gonzalo Gajardo; Antonio González-Rodríguez; Catherine E. Grueber; Philip W. Hedrick; Myriam Heuertz; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2021)

Identifying dominant environmental predictors of freshwater wetland methane fluxes across diurnal to seasonal time scales - Sara H. Knox; Sheel Bansal; Gavin McNicol; Karina Schafer; Cove Sturtevant; Masahito Ueyama; Alex C. Valach; Dennis Baldocchi; Kyle Delwiche; Ankur R. Desai; Eugenie Euskirchen; Jinxun Liu; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
While wetlands are the largest natural source of methane (CH 4 ) to the atmosphere, they represent a large source of uncertainty in the global CH 4 budget due to the complex biogeochemical controls on CH 4 dynamics. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first multi‐site synthesis of how predictors of CH 4 fluxes (FCH4) in freshwater wetlands vary across wetland types at diel, multiday (synoptic), and seasonal time scales. We used several statistical approaches (correlation analysis, generalized additive modeling, mutual information, and random forests) in a wavelet‐based multi‐resolution framework to assess the importance of environmental predictors, nonlinearities and lags on FCH4 across 23 eddy covariance sites. Seasonally, soil and air temperature were dominant predictors of FCH4 at sites with smaller seasonal variation in water table depth (WTD). In contrast, WTD was the dominant predictor for wetlands with smaller variations in temperature (e.g., seasonal tropical/subtropical wetlands). Changes in seasonal FCH4 lagged fluctuations in WTD by ~17 ± 11 days, and lagged air and soil temperature by median values of 8 ± 16 and 5 ± 15 days, respectively. Temperature and WTD were also dominant predictors at the multiday scale. Atmospheric pressure (PA) was another important multiday scale predictor for peat‐dominated sites, with drops in PA coinciding with synchronous releases of CH 4 . At the diel scale, synchronous relationships with latent heat flux and vapor pressure deficit suggest that physical processes controlling evaporation and boundary layer mixing exert similar controls on CH 4 volatilization, and suggest the influence of pressurized ventilation in aerenchymatous vegetation. In addition, 1‐ to 4‐h lagged relationships with ecosystem photosynthesis indicate recent carbon substrates, such as root exudates, may also control FCH4. By addressing issues of scale, asynchrony, and nonlinearity, this work improves understanding of the predictors and timing of wetland FCH4 that can inform future studies and models, and help constrain wetland CH 4 emissions.

Light and depth dependency of nitrogen fixation by the non‐photosynthetic, symbiotic cyanobacterium UCYN‐A - Mary R. Gradoville; Ana M. Cabello; Samuel T. Wilson; Kendra A. Turk‐Kubo; David M. Karl; Jonathan P. Zehr (Environmental Microbiology, 2021)
Summary The symbiotic cyanobacterium UCYN‐A is one of the most globally abundant marine dinitrogen (N 2 )‐fixers, but cultures have not been available and its biology and ecology are poorly understood. We used cultivation‐independent approaches to investigate how UCYN‐A single‐cell N 2 fixation rates (NFRs) and nifH gene expression vary as a function of depth and photoperiod. Twelve‐hour day/night incubations showed that UCYN‐A only fixed N 2 during the day. Experiments conducted using in situ arrays showed a light‐dependence of NFRs by the UCYN‐A symbiosis, with the highest rates in surface waters (5–45 m) and lower rates at depth (≥ 75 m). Analysis of NFRs versus in situ light intensity yielded a light saturation parameter ( I k ) for UCYN‐A of 44 μmol quanta m −2 s −1 . This is low compared with other marine diazotrophs, suggesting an ecological advantage for the UCYN‐A symbiosis under low‐light conditions. In contrast to cell‐specific NFRs, nifH gene‐specific expression levels did not vary with depth, indicating that light regulates N 2 fixation by UCYN‐A through processes other than transcription, likely including host–symbiont interactions. These results offer new insights into the physiology of the UCYN‐A symbiosis in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean and provide clues to the environmental drivers of its global distributions.

A viewpoint on the use of microalgae as an alternative feedstuff in the context of pig and poultry feeding—a special emphasis on tropical regions - Andreia A. M. Chaves; Cátia F. Martins; Daniela F. P. Carvalho; David M. Ribeiro; Madalena Lordelo; João P. B. Freire; André M. de Almeida (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2021)

Does exercise attenuate age- and disease-associated dysfunction in unconventional T cells? Shining a light on overlooked cells in exercise immunology - Erik D. Hanson; Lauren C. Bates; David B. Bartlett; John P. Campbell (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2021)

Investigation of Pb-contaminated soil and road dust in a polluted area of Philadelphia - Michael J. O’Shea; Mark P. S. Krekeler; David R. Vann; Reto Gieré (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2021)

Does It Pay to Conduct Midrotation Competition Control and/or Fertilization? Results from Two Thinned Loblolly Pine Studies in the Coastal Plain of Georgia - Yanshu Li; E David Dickens; Matthew Sault; Jacek P Siry; Robert L Izlar; David C Clabo; William G Tyson (Journal of Forestry, 2021)
The effects of midrotation competition control and fertilization were studied in two loblolly pine stands in the Coastal Plain of Georgia. The use of fertilizer or herbicide alone did not enhance wood yields above the control, which negates the cost spent to conduct these practices. The combined treatment of fertilization and herbicide promoted higher average pine annual increment and greater proportion of sawtimber. Site limiting factors, most likely both competing woody vegetation and low nutrient status, largely determined the effectiveness and priority of midrotation treatments. The economic returns of the combined treatment varied considerably depending on stumpage prices, treatment costs, and magnitude and duration of the growth response. Sawtimber prices (absolute value and relative to pulpwood and chip-n-saw) play a critical role in the marginal returns of midrotation treatments. Continued depressed sawtimber prices will discourage private landowners from investing in midrotation vegetation control and fertilization.

Behavioral response of juvenile silver and bighead carp to conspecific and heterospecific alarm cues - Jared C. Wilson; Dalon P. White; Thomas M. Detmer; David H. Wahl (Biological Invasions, 2021)

Leech blood‐meal invertebrate‐derived DNA reveals differences in Bornean mammal diversity across habitats - Rosie Drinkwater; Tommaso Jucker; Joshua H. T. Potter; Tom Swinfield; David A. Coomes; Eleanor M. Slade; M. Thomas P. Gilbert; Owen T. Lewis; Henry Bernard; Matthew J. Struebig; Elizabeth L. Clare; Stephen J. Rossiter (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
The application of metabarcoding to environmental and invertebrate‐derived DNA (eDNA and iDNA) is a new and increasingly applied method for monitoring biodiversity across a diverse range of habitats. This approach is particularly promising for sampling in the biodiverse humid tropics, where rapid land‐use change for agriculture means there is a growing need to understand the conservation value of the remaining mosaic and degraded landscapes. Here we use iDNA from blood‐feeding leeches ( Haemadipsa picta ) to assess differences in mammalian diversity across a gradient of forest degradation in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. We screened 557 individual leeches for mammal DNA by targeting fragments of the 16S rRNA gene and detected 14 mammalian genera. We recorded lower mammal diversity in the most heavily degraded forest compared to higher quality twice logged forest. Although the accumulation curves of diversity estimates were comparable across these habitat types, diversity was higher in twice logged forest, with more taxa of conservation concern. In addition, our analysis revealed differences between the community recorded in the heavily logged forest and that of the twice logged forest. By revealing differences in mammal diversity across a human‐modified tropical landscape, our study demonstrates the value of iDNA as a noninvasive biomonitoring approach in conservation assessments.

Unravelling the taxonomy and identification of a problematic group of benthic fishes from tropical rivers (Gobiidae: Glossogobius ) - Michael P. Hammer; Laura Taillebois; Alison J. King; David A. Crook; Dion Wedd; Mark Adams; Peter J. Unmack; Doug F. Hoese; Terry Bertozzi (Journal of Fish Biology, 2021)
Flathead gobies (genus Glossogobius ) include c . 40 small‐ to medium‐sized benthic fishes found primarily in freshwater habitats across the Indo‐Pacific, having biodiversity value as well as cultural and economic value as food fishes, especially in developing countries. To help resolve considerable confusion regarding the identification of some of the larger‐growing Glossogobius species, a systematic framework was established using nuclear genetic markers, mitochondrial DNA barcoding and phenotypic evidence for a geographically widespread collection of individuals from the waterways of tropical northern Australia. Species boundaries and distribution patterns were discordant with those previously reported, most notably for the tank goby Glossogobius giuris , which included a cryptic species. Genetic divergence was matched with accompanying unique visual characters that aid field identification. Additional taxonomic complexity was also evident, by comparison with DNA barcodes from international locations, suggesting that the specific names applicable for two of the candidate species in Australia remain unresolved due to confusion surrounding type specimens. Although flathead gobies are assumed to be widespread and common, this study demonstrates that unrealised taxonomic and ecological complexity is evident, and this will influence assessments of tropical biodiversity and species conservation. This study supports the need for taxonomic studies of freshwater fishes to underpin management in areas subject to significant environmental change.

Corrigendum: Future Risk for Southern Ocean Ecosystem Services Under Climate Change - Rachel D. Cavanagh; Jess Melbourne-Thomas; Susie M. Grant; David K. A. Barnes; Kevin A. Hughes; Svenja Halfter; Michael P. Meredith; Eugene J. Murphy; Rowan Trebilco; Simeon L. Hill (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)

Controls on Nutrient Cycling in Estuarine Mangrove Lake Sediments - Michael S. Owens; Stephen P. Kelly; Thomas A. Frankovich; David T. Rudnick; James W. Fourqurean; Jeffrey C. Cornwell (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2021)
We estimated the net exchange of nitrogen and phosphorus species using core incubations under light and dark conditions in estuarine lakes that are the aquatic interface between the freshwater Everglades and marine Florida Bay. These lakes and adjacent shallow water Florida Bay environments are sites where the restoration of hydrological flows will likely have the largest impact on salinity. Sediment respiration, measured by oxygen uptake, averaged (±S.D.) −2400 ± 1300, −300 ± 1000, and 1900 ± 1400 μmol m−2 h−1 for dark incubations, light incubations, and gross photosynthesis estimates, respectively, with dark incubations consistent with oxygen uptake measured by microelectrode profiles. Although most fluxes of soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, and N2–N were low under both light and dark incubation conditions, we observed a number of very high efflux events of NH4+ during dark incubations. A significant decrease in NH4+flux was observed in the light. The largest differences between light and dark effluxes of NH4+ occurred in lakes during periods of low coverage of the aquatic macrophyte Chara hornemannii Wallman, with NH4+ effluxes > 200 μmol m−2 h−1. Increasing freshwater flow from the Everglades is expected to expand lower salinity environments suitable for Chara, and therefore, diminish the sediment NH4+ effluxes that may fuel algal blooms.

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among kidney transplant recipients – insights on the risk of acquisition and CRE infection - Maristela P. Freire; Laina B. Carvalho; Jose Otto Reusing; Fernanda Spadão; Max Igor B. F. Lopes; William C. Nahas; Elias David-Neto; Ligia C. Pierrotti (Infectious Diseases, 2021)

How flexible are habitat specialists? Short-term space use in obligate coral-dwelling damselfishes - Robert P. Streit; Christopher R. Hemingson; Graeme S. Cumming; David R. Bellwood (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2021)

Sea-ice habitat minimizes grazing impact and predation risk for larval Antarctic krill - Carmen L. David; Fokje L. Schaafsma; Jan A. van Franeker; Evgeny A. Pakhomov; Brian P. V. Hunt; Benjamin A. Lange; Giulia Castellani; Angelika Brandt; Hauke Flores (Polar Biology, 2021)
Survival of larval Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) during winter is largely dependent upon the presence of sea ice as it provides an important source of food and shelter. We hypothesized that sea ice provides additional benefits because it hosts fewer competitors and provides reduced predation risk for krill larvae than the water column. To test our hypothesis, zooplankton were sampled in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence Zone at the ice-water interface (0–2 m) and in the water column (0–500 m) during August–October 2013. Grazing by mesozooplankton, expressed as a percentage of the phytoplankton standing stock, was higher in the water column (1.97 ± 1.84%) than at the ice-water interface (0.08 ± 0.09%), due to a high abundance of pelagic copepods. Predation risk by carnivorous macrozooplankton, expressed as a percentage of the mesozooplankton standing stock, was significantly lower at the ice-water interface (0.83 ± 0.57%; main predators amphipods, siphonophores and ctenophores) than in the water column (4.72 ± 5.85%; main predators chaetognaths and medusae). These results emphasize the important role of sea ice as a suitable winter habitat for larval krill with fewer competitors and lower predation risk. These benefits should be taken into account when considering the response of Antarctic krill to projected declines in sea ice. Whether reduced sea-ice algal production may be compensated for by increased water column production remains unclear, but the shelter provided by sea ice would be significantly reduced or disappear, thus increasing the predation risk on krill larvae.

Primer biases in the molecular assessment of diet in multiple insectivorous mammals - Samuel S. Browett; Thomas G. Curran; Denise B. O’Meara; Andrew P. Harrington; Naiara Guimarães Sales; Rachael E. Antwis; David O’Neill; Allan D. McDevitt (Mammalian Biology, 2021)
Our understanding of trophic interactions of small insectivorous mammals has been drastically improved with the advent of DNA metabarcoding. The technique has continued to be optimised over the years, with primer choice repeatedly being a vital factor for dietary inferences. However, the majority of dietary studies examining the effect of primer choice often rely on in silico analyses or comparing between species that occupy an identical niche type. Here, we apply DNA metabarcoding to empirically compare the prey detection capabilities of two widely used primer sets when assessing the diets of a flying (lesser horseshoe bat; Rhinolophus hipposideros ) and two ground-dwelling insectivores (greater white-toothed shrew; Crocidura russula and pygmy shrew; Sorex minutus ). Although R. hipposideros primarily rely on two prey orders (Lepidoptera and Diptera), the unique taxa detected by each primer shows that a combination of primers may be the best approach to fully describe bat trophic ecology. However, random forest classifier analysis suggests that one highly degenerate primer set detected the majority of both shrews’ diet despite higher levels of host amplification. The wide range of prey consumed by ground-dwelling insectivores can therefore be accurately documented from using a single broad-range primer set, which can decrease cost and labour. The results presented here show that dietary inferences will differ depending on the primer or primer combination used for insectivores occupying different niches (i.e., hunting in the air or ground) and demonstrate the importance of performing empirical pilot studies for novel study systems.

Bite Force in Four Pinniped Species from the West Coast of Baja California, Mexico, in Relation to Diet, Feeding Strategy, and Niche Differentiation - Rocío Andrea Franco-Moreno; P. David Polly; Viviana Toro-Ibacache; Gustavo Hernández-Carmona; Rosalía Aguilar-Medrano; Emigdio Marín-Enríquez; Víctor Hugo Cruz-Escalona (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2021)

Decreased parenchymal arteriolar tone uncouples vessel-to-neuronal communication in a mouse model of vascular cognitive impairment - Ki Jung Kim; Juan Ramiro Diaz; Jessica L. Presa; P. Robinson Muller; Michael W. Brands; Mohammad B. Khan; David C. Hess; Ferdinand Althammer; Javier E. Stern; Jessica A. Filosa (GeroScience, 2021)
Chronic hypoperfusion is a key contributor to cognitive decline and neurodegenerative conditions, but the cellular mechanisms remain ill-defined. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we sought to elucidate chronic hypoperfusion-evoked functional changes at the neurovascular unit. We used bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS), a well-established model of vascular cognitive impairment, combined with an ex vivo preparation that allows pressurization of parenchymal arterioles in a brain slice. Our results demonstrate that mild (~ 30%), chronic hypoperfusion significantly altered the functional integrity of the cortical neurovascular unit. Although pial cerebral perfusion recovered over time, parenchymal arterioles progressively lost tone, exhibiting significant reductions by day 28 post-surgery. We provide supportive evidence for reduced adenosine 1 receptor-mediated vasoconstriction as a potential mechanism in the adaptive response underlying the reduced baseline tone in parenchymal arterioles. In addition, we show that in response to the neuromodulator adenosine, the action potential frequency of cortical pyramidal neurons was significantly reduced in all groups. However, a significant decrease in adenosine-induced hyperpolarization was observed in BCAS 14 days. At the microvascular level, constriction-induced inhibition of pyramidal neurons was significantly compromised in BCAS mice. Collectively, these results suggest that BCAS uncouples vessel-to-neuron communication—vasculo-neuronal coupling—a potential early event in cognitive decline.

Is impaired dopaminergic function associated with mobility capacity in older adults? - Simon Moskowitz; David W. Russ; Leatha A. Clark; Nathan P. Wages; Dustin R. Grooms; Adam J. Woods; Julie Suhr; Janet E. Simon; Andrew O’Shea; Cody R. Criss; Paolo Fadda; Brian C. Clark (GeroScience, 2021)

Effect of coconut water and cytokinins on rapid micropropagation of Ranunculus wallichianus Wight & Arnn—a rare and endemic medicinal plant of the Western Ghats, India - P. Srinivasan; H. David Raja; R. Tamilvanan (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 2021)

On the Misidentification of Species: Sampling Error in Primates and Other Mammals Using Geometric Morphometrics in More Than 4000 Individuals - Andrea Cardini; Sarah Elton; Kris Kovarovic; Una Strand Viđarsdóttir; P. David Polly (Evolutionary Biology, 2021)

Differential effects of a catastrophic wildfire on downstream fish assemblages in an aridland river - Justin K. Reale; Thomas P. Archdeacon; David J. Van Horn; Eric J. Gonzales; Robert K. Dudley; Thomas F. Turner; Clifford N. Dahm (Aquatic Ecology, 2021)

Effects of global warming on fishes and fisheries - David J. McKenzie; Benjamin Geffroy; Anthony P. Farrell (Journal of Fish Biology, 2021)

Intraspecific variation in tolerance of warming in fishes - David J. McKenzie; Yangfan Zhang; Erika J. Eliason; Patricia M. Schulte; Guy Claireaux; Felipe R. Blasco; Julie J.H Nati; Anthony P. Farrell (Journal of Fish Biology, 2021)
Intraspecific variation in key traits such as tolerance of warming can have profound effects on ecological and evolutionary processes, notably responses to climate change. The empirical evidence for three primary elements of intraspecific variation in tolerance of warming in fishes is reviewed. The first is purely mechanistic that tolerance varies across life stages and as fishes become mature. The limited evidence indicates strongly that this is the case, possibly because of universal physiological principles. The second is intraspecific variation that is because of phenotypic plasticity, also a mechanistic phenomenon that buffers individuals’ sensitivity to negative impacts of global warming in their lifetime, or to some extent through epigenetic effects over successive generations. Although the evidence for plasticity in tolerance to warming is extensive, more work is required to understand underlying mechanisms and to reveal whether there are general patterns. The third element is intraspecific variation based on heritable genetic differences in tolerance, which underlies local adaptation and may define long‐term adaptability of a species in the face of ongoing global change. There is clear evidence of local adaptation and some evidence of heritability of tolerance to warming, but the knowledge base is limited with detailed information for only a few model or emblematic species. There is also strong evidence of structured variation in tolerance of warming within species, which may have ecological and evolutionary significance irrespective of whether it reflects plasticity or adaptation. Although the overwhelming consensus is that having broader intraspecific variation in tolerance should reduce species vulnerability to impacts of global warming, there are no sufficient data on fishes to provide insights into particular mechanisms by which this may occur.

Future carbon emissions from global mangrove forest loss - Maria F. Adame; Rod M. Connolly; Mischa P. Turschwell; Catherine E. Lovelock; Temilola Fatoyinbo; David Lagomasino; Liza A. Goldberg; Jordan Holdorf; Daniel A. Friess; Sigit D. Sasmito; Jonathan Sanderman; Michael Sievers; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Mangroves have among the highest carbon densities of any tropical forest. These ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems can store large amounts of carbon for long periods, and their protection reduces greenhouse gas emissions and supports climate change mitigation. Incorporating mangroves into Nationally Determined Contributions to the Paris Agreement and their valuation on carbon markets requires predicting how the management of different land‐uses can prevent future greenhouse gas emissions and increase CO 2 sequestration. We integrated comprehensive global datasets for carbon stocks, mangrove distribution, deforestation rates, and land‐use change drivers into a predictive model of mangrove carbon emissions. We project emissions and foregone soil carbon sequestration potential under ‘business as usual’ rates of mangrove loss. Emissions from mangrove loss could reach 2391 Tg CO 2 eq by the end of the century, or 3392 Tg CO 2 eq when considering foregone soil carbon sequestration. The highest emissions were predicted in southeast and south Asia (West Coral Triangle, Sunda Shelf, and the Bay of Bengal) due to conversion to aquaculture or agriculture, followed by the Caribbean (Tropical Northwest Atlantic) due to clearing and erosion, and the Andaman coast (West Myanmar) and north Brazil due to erosion. Together, these six regions accounted for 90% of the total potential CO 2 eq future emissions. Mangrove loss has been slowing, and global emissions could be more than halved if reduced loss rates remain in the future. Notably, the location of global emission hotspots was consistent with every dataset used to calculate deforestation rates or with alternative assumptions about carbon storage and emissions. Our results indicate the regions in need of policy actions to address emissions arising from mangrove loss and the drivers that could be managed to prevent them.

SNAPSHOT USA 2019: a coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States - Michael V. Cove; Roland Kays; Helen Bontrager; Claire Bresnan; Monica Lasky; Taylor Frerichs; Renee Klann; Thomas E. Lee; Seth C. Crockett; Anthony P. Crupi; Katherine C. B. Weiss; Helen Rowe; et al. (Ecology, 2021)
With the accelerating pace of global change, it is imperative that we obtain rapid inventories of the status and distribution of wildlife for ecological inferences and conservation planning. To address this challenge, we launched the SNAPSHOT USA project, a collaborative survey of terrestrial wildlife populations using camera traps across the United States. For our first annual survey, we compiled data across all 50 states during a 14‐week period (17 August–24 November of 2019). We sampled wildlife at 1,509 camera trap sites from 110 camera trap arrays covering 12 different ecoregions across four development zones. This effort resulted in 166,036 unique detections of 83 species of mammals and 17 species of birds. All images were processed through the Smithsonian’s eMammal camera trap data repository and included an expert review phase to ensure taxonomic accuracy of data, resulting in each picture being reviewed at least twice. The results represent a timely and standardized camera trap survey of the United States. All of the 2019 survey data are made available herein. We are currently repeating surveys in fall 2020, opening up the opportunity to other institutions and cooperators to expand coverage of all the urban–wild gradients and ecophysiographic regions of the country. Future data will be available as the database is updated at eMammal.si.edu/snapshot‐usa, as will future data paper submissions. These data will be useful for local and macroecological research including the examination of community assembly, effects of environmental and anthropogenic landscape variables, effects of fragmentation and extinction debt dynamics, as well as species‐specific population dynamics and conservation action plans. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this paper when using the data for publication.

Consequences of ignoring dispersal variation in network models for landscape connectivity - Lauren L. Sullivan; Matthew J. Michalska‐Smith; Katie P. Sperry; David A. Moeller; Allison K. Shaw (Conservation Biology, 2021)
Habitat loss and fragmentation can negatively influence population persistence and biodiversity, but the effects can be mitigated if species successfully disperse between isolated habitat patches. Network models are the primary tool for quantifying landscape connectivity, yet in practice, an overly simplistic view of species dispersal is applied. These models often ignore individual variation in dispersal ability under the assumption that all individuals move the same fixed distance with equal probability. We developed a modeling approach to address this problem. We incorporated dispersal kernels into network models to determine how individual variation in dispersal alters understanding of landscape‐level connectivity and implemented our approach on a fragmented grassland landscape in Minnesota. Ignoring dispersal variation consistently overestimated a population's robustness to local extinctions and underestimated its robustness to local habitat loss. Furthermore, a simplified view of dispersal underestimated the amount of habitat substructure for small populations but overestimated habitat substructure for large populations. Our results demonstrate that considering biologically realistic dispersal alters understanding of landscape connectivity in ecological theory and conservation practice.

Corrigendum: OceanGliders: A Component of the Integrated GOOS - Pierre Testor; Brad de Young; Daniel L. Rudnick; Scott Glenn; Daniel Hayes; Craig M. Lee; Charitha Pattiaratchi; Katherine Hill; Emma Heslop; Victor Turpin; Pekka Alenius; Carlos Barrera; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)

Untangling Tales of Tropical Sardines: Local Knowledge From Fisheries in Timor-Leste - Kimberley Hunnam; Imelda Carlos; Michael P. Hammer; Joctan Dos Reis Lopes; David J. Mills; Natasha Stacey (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Tropical sardines (Family Clupeidae) are an important component of many marine fisheries in the Indo-West Pacific region. In Timor-Leste, a small, less-developed country within this region, ‘sardiña’ are some of the more commonly caught and consumed fish. Yet there is little published information from Timor-Leste about the species composition of these fisheries, nor their biology or ecology. We document the knowledge of Timorese fishers on nine locally distinguished sardine types that contribute to fisheries, and relate these to at least nine species: four species of ‘Flat-bodied Sardinellas’ ( Sardinella subg. Clupeonia spp.), one species of ‘Round-bodied Sardinella’ ( Sardinella subg. Sardinella lemuru ), two species of ‘Tropical Pilchards’ ( Amblygaster spp.) and a ‘Tropical Herring’ species ( Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus ), all from the Clupeidae family; and one Dussumieria species from the Dussumieriidae family. We record variations in local sardine names across the country and document aspects of fishers’ knowledge relevant to understanding and managing the fisheries, including local sardine species’ seasonality, habitat, movements, interannual variation, as well as post-harvest characteristics in relation to perishability. In general, local names relate more closely with groups of species than individual species, although some names also distinguish fish size within species-groups. The local knowledge identified in this study has immediate application to inform fisheries monitoring and management, and to identify areas for future research. Notably, Timorese fishers recognize and make use of the strong association between some sardine species-groups and seasonally turbid river plumes. While further research is required to understand the underlying mechanisms of this association, this emphasizes the need to consider coastal fisheries and fisher livelihood impacts when assessing any plans or proposals that may alter river flow or water quality. Fishers also recognize migratory behavior of some sardine species, in particular the Flat bodied Sardinellas ( S. gibbosa and others) along the north-west coast of Timor-Leste and across the border into Indonesian West Timor. Such insights complicate and need to be accounted for in initiatives for co-management or community-based management of Timor-Leste’s coastal waters and their fisheries.

Understanding Persistent Non-compliance in a Remote, Large-Scale Marine Protected Area - Claire Collins; Ana Nuno; Annette Broderick; David J. Curnick; Asha de Vos; Thomas Franklin; David M. P. Jacoby; Chris Mees; James Moir-Clark; John Pearce; Tom B. Letessier (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Area coverage of large-scale marine protected areas (MPAs) (LSMPAs, > 100,000 km 2 ) is rapidly increasing globally. Their effectiveness largely depends on successful detection and management of non-compliance. However, for LSMPAs this can be difficult due to their large size, often remote locations and a lack of understanding of the social drivers of non-compliance. Taking a case-study approach, we review current knowledge of illegal fishing within the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) LSMPA. Data stemming from enforcement reports (2010–20), and from fieldwork in fishing communities (2018–19) were combined to explore and characterise drivers of non-compliance. Enforcement data included vessel investigation reports ( n = 188), transcripts of arrests (20) and catch seizures (58). Fieldwork data included fisher interviews (95) and focus groups (12), conducted in two communities in Sri Lanka previously associated with non-compliance in BIOT LSMPA. From 2010 to 2020, there were 126 vessels suspected of non-compliance, 76% of which were Sri Lankan. The majority of non-compliant vessels targeted sharks (97%), catching an estimated 14,340 individuals during the study period. Sri Lankan vessels were primarily registered to one district (77%) and 85% operated from just two ports within the fieldwork sites. Social Network Analysis (SNA) showed that 66% of non-compliant vessels were linked by social ties, including sharing crew members, compared with only 34% of compliant vessels. Thematic analysis of qualitative data suggested that perceptions of higher populations of sharks and social ties between vessels may both be important drivers. We discuss our findings within a global context to identify potential solutions for LSMPA management.

Mating system of Centaurea aspera ( asteraceae ) polyploid relatives - Short communication - María Ferriol; Alfonso Garmendia; David Benavent; P. Pablo Ferrer-Gallego; Hugo Merle (Plant Biosystems, 2021)

Liposome Click Membrane Permeability Assay for Identifying Permeable Peptides - Tanvi J. Desai; Bahanu Habulihaz; Joe R. Cannon; Arun Chandramohan; Hung Yi Kristal Kaan; Ahmad Sadruddin; Tsz Ying Yuen; Charles Johannes; Dawn Thean; Chris J. Brown; David P. Lane; Anthony W. Partridge; et al. (Pharmaceutical Research, 2021)

Impact of supine versus upright exercise on muscle deoxygenation heterogeneity during ramp incremental cycling is site specific - Richie P. Goulding; Dai Okushima; Yoshiyuki Fukuoka; Simon Marwood; Narihiko Kondo; David C. Poole; Thomas J. Barstow; Shunsaku Koga (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2021)
Purpose We tested the hypothesis that incremental ramp cycling exercise performed in the supine position ( S ) would be associated with an increased reliance on muscle deoxygenation (deoxy[heme]) in the deep and superficial vastus lateralis (VLd and VLs, respectively) and the superficial rectus femoris (RFs) when compared to the upright position ( U ). Methods 11 healthy men completed ramp incremental exercise tests in S and U . Pulmonary $$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O 2 was measured breath-by-breath; deoxy[heme] was determined via time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy in the VLd, VLs and RFs. Results Supine exercise increased the overall change in deoxy[heme] from baseline to maximal exercise in the VLs ( S : 38 ± 23 vs. U : 26 ± 15 μM, P < 0.001) and RFs ( S : 36 ± 21 vs. U : 25 ± 15 μM, P < 0.001), but not in the VLd ( S : 32 ± 23 vs. U : 29 ± 26 μM, P > 0.05). Conclusions The present study supports that the impaired balance between O 2 delivery and O 2 utilization observed during supine exercise is a regional phenomenon within superficial muscles. Thus, deep muscle defended its O 2 delivery/utilization balance against the supine-induced reductions in perfusion pressure. The differential responses of these muscle regions may be explained by a regional heterogeneity of vascular and metabolic control properties, perhaps related to fiber type composition.

The FamilyTalk randomized controlled trial: patient-reported outcomes in clinical genetic sequencing for colorectal cancer - Sukh Makhnoon; Deborah J. Bowen; Brian H. Shirts; Stephanie M. Fullerton; Eric B. Larson; James D. Ralston; Kathleen A. Leppig; David R. Crosslin; David Veenstra; Gail P. Jarvik (Cancer Causes & Control, 2021)

A leverage points perspective on social networks to understand sustainability transformations: evidence from Southern Transylvania - David P. M. Lam; Berta Martín-López; Andra I. Horcea-Milcu; Daniel J. Lang (Sustainability Science, 2021)
Sustainability transformations research increasingly recognizes the importance of local actors and their networks to foster fundamental societal change. Local actors have different types of relations between each other (e.g., sharing material resources, giving advice) through which they jointly intervene in different system characteristics. We conducted social network analyses of 32 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who drive initiatives to foster sustainability in Southern Transylvania, Romania. In so doing, we applied a leverage points perspective by differentiating between relations according to the system characteristic they address, such as the parameters, feedbacks, design and intent of the system. Additionally, we tested for differences of centrality metrics (i.e., weighted degree, betweenness, eigenvector) from NGOs that conduct different actions (i.e., amplification processes) to increase the impact of their sustainability initiatives. Our results reveal several NGOs that have central positions in their networks for intervening in both shallower (i.e., parameters and feedbacks) and deeper (i.e., design and intent of a system) system characteristics. We also identified NGOs that are only central for intervening in specific system characteristics. In addition, we found that specific groups of amplification processes (i.e., amplifying within and out ) are associated with the NGOs’ positions in the parameters, feedbacks, and design networks. We conclude that the leverage points perspective in social network analysis has the potential to identify key actors and shed light on the attributes of local actors for intervening in shallower and deeper system characteristics to foster sustainability transformations.

Hero Turned Villain: Identification of Components of the Sex Pheromone of the Tomato Bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis - David R. Hall; Steven J. Harte; Daniel P. Bray; Dudley I. Farman; Rob James; Celine X. Silva; Michelle T. Fountain (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2021)
Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Heteroptera: Miridae) is a tropical mirid bug used as a biocontrol agent in protected crops, including tomatoes. Although N. tenuis predates important insect pests, especially whitefly, it also causes damage by feeding on tomato plants when prey populations decline, resulting in significant economic losses for growers. The pest is now established in some all-year-round tomato crops in Europe and control measures involve the application of pesticides which are incompatible with current IPM programs. As part of future IPM strategies, the pheromone of N. tenuis was investigated. Volatile collections were made from groups and individuals of mated and unmated, females and males. In analyses of these collections by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic (EAG) recording from antennae of male bugs, two EAG-active components were detected and identified as 1-octanol and octyl hexanoate. Unlike other mirids, both male and female N. tenuis produced the two compounds, before and after mating, and both sexes gave EAG responses to both compounds. Furthermore, only octyl hexanoate was detected in whole body solvent washes from both sexes. These compounds are not related to the derivatives of 3-hydroxybutyrate esters found as pheromone components in other members of the Bryocrinae sub-family, and the latter could not be detected in volatiles from N. tenuis and did not elicit EAG responses. Nevertheless, experiments carried out in commercial glasshouses showed that traps baited with a blend of the synthetic pheromone components caught essentially only male N. tenuis , and significantly more than traps baited with octyl hexanoate alone. The latter caught significantly more N. tenuis than unbaited traps which generally caught very few bugs. Traps at plant height caught more N. tenuis males than traps 1 m above or at the base of the plants. The trap catches provided an indication of population levels of N. tenuis and were greatly reduced following an application of insecticide.

Pathogenicity of migratory endoparasitic nematodes on coffee seedlings (Coffea arabica cv. K7) in Australia - Khoa D. Le; F. Perrine-Walker; G. R. Stirling; David I. Guest; P. Q. Trinh (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2021)

A new highly divergent copiparvovirus in sheep - Ana C. S. Mosena; Mariana S. da Silva; Marina P. Lorenzett; Samuel P. Cibulski; Matheus N. Weber; Renata F. Budaszewski; Fabiana Q. Mayer; Luan C. Henker; Bianca S. de Cecco; Saulo P. Pavarini; David Driemeier; Cláudio W. Canal (Archives of Virology, 2021)

Microbial metabolic response to winter warming stabilizes soil carbon - Jing Tian; Ning Zong; Iain P. Hartley; Nianpeng He; Jinjing Zhang; David Powlson; Jizhong Zhou; Yakov Kuzyakov; Fusuo Zhang; Guirui Yu; Jennifer A. J. Dungait (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Current consensus on global climate change predicts warming trends with more pronounced temperature changes in winter than summer in the Northern Hemisphere at high latitudes. Moderate increases in soil temperature are generally related to faster rates of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition in Northern ecosystems, but there is evidence that SOC stocks have remained remarkably stable or even increased on the Tibetan Plateau under these conditions. This intriguing observation points to altered soil microbial mediation of carbon‐cycling feedbacks in this region that might be related to seasonal warming. This study investigated the unexplained SOC stabilization observed on the Tibetan Plateau by quantifying microbial responses to experimental seasonal warming in a typical alpine meadow. Ecosystem respiration was reduced by 17%–38% under winter warming compared with year‐round warming or no warming and coincided with decreased abundances of fungi and functional genes that control labile and stable organic carbon decomposition. Compared with year‐round warming, winter warming slowed macroaggregate turnover rates by 1.6 times, increased fine intra‐aggregate particulate organic matter content by 75%, and increased carbon stabilized in microaggregates within stable macroaggregates by 56%. Larger bacterial “necromass” (amino sugars) concentrations in soil under winter warming coincided with a 12% increase in carboxyl‐C. These results indicate the enhanced physical preservation of SOC under winter warming and emphasize the role of soil microorganisms in aggregate life cycles. In summary, the divergent responses of SOC persistence in soils exposed to winter warming compared to year‐round warming are explained by the slowing of microbial decomposition but increasing physical protection of microbially derived organic compounds. Consequently, the soil microbial response to winter warming on the Tibetan Plateau may cause negative feedbacks to global climate change and should be considered in Earth system models.

Understanding water and energy fluxes in the Amazonia: Lessons from an observation‐model intercomparison - Natalia Restrepo‐Coupe; Loren P. Albert; Marcos Longo; Ian Baker; Naomi M. Levine; Lina M. Mercado; Alessandro C. da Araujo; Bradley O'Donnell Christoffersen; Marcos H. Costa; David R. Fitzjarrald; David Galbraith; Hewlley Imbuzeiro; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Tropical forests are an important part of global water and energy cycles, but the mechanisms that drive seasonality of their land‐atmosphere exchanges have proven challenging to capture in models. Here, we (1) report the seasonality of fluxes of latent heat (LE), sensible heat ( H ), and outgoing short and longwave radiation at four diverse tropical forest sites across Amazonia—along the equator from the Caxiuanã and Tapajós National Forests in the eastern Amazon to a forest near Manaus, and from the equatorial zone to the southern forest in Reserva Jaru; (2) investigate how vegetation and climate influence these fluxes; and (3) evaluate land surface model performance by comparing simulations to observations. We found that previously identified failure of models to capture observed dry‐season increases in evapotranspiration (ET) was associated with model overestimations of (1) magnitude and seasonality of Bowen ratios (relative to aseasonal observations in which sensible was only 20%–30% of the latent heat flux) indicating model exaggerated water limitation, (2) canopy emissivity and reflectance (albedo was only 10%–15% of incoming solar radiation, compared to 0.15%–0.22% simulated), and (3) vegetation temperatures (due to underestimation of dry‐season ET and associated cooling). These partially compensating model‐observation discrepancies (e.g., higher temperatures expected from excess Bowen ratios were partially ameliorated by brighter leaves and more interception/evaporation) significantly biased seasonal model estimates of net radiation ( R n ), the key driver of water and energy fluxes (LE ~ 0.6 R n and H ~ 0.15 R n ), though these biases varied among sites and models. A better representation of energy‐related parameters associated with dynamic phenology (e.g., leaf optical properties, canopy interception, and skin temperature) could improve simulations and benchmarking of current vegetation–atmosphere exchange and reduce uncertainty of regional and global biogeochemical models.

Spatial heterogeneity facilitates carnivore coexistence - Andrew B. Davies; Craig J. Tambling; David G. Marneweck; Nathan Ranc; Dave J. Druce; Joris P. G. M. Cromsigt; Elizabeth le Roux; Gregory P. Asner (Ecology, 2021)
Competitively dominant carnivore species can limit the population sizes and alter the behavior of inferior competitors. Established mechanisms that enable carnivore coexistence include spatial and temporal avoidance of dominant predator species by subordinates, and dietary niche separation. However, spatial heterogeneity across landscapes could provide inferior competitors with refuges in the form of areas with lower competitor density and/or locations that provide concealment from competitors. Here, we combine temporally overlapping telemetry data from dominant lions ( Panthera leo ) and subordinate African wild dogs ( Lycaon pictus ) with high‐resolution remote sensing in an integrated step selection analysis to investigate how fine‐scaled landscape heterogeneity might facilitate carnivore coexistence in South Africa’s Hluhluwe‐iMfolozi Park, where both predators occur at exceptionally high densities. We ask whether the primary lion‐avoidance strategy of wild dogs is spatial avoidance of lions or areas frequented by lions, or if wild dogs selectively use landscape features to avoid detection by lions. Within this framework, we also test whether wild dogs rely on proactive or reactive responses to lion risk. In contrast to previous studies finding strong spatial avoidance of lions by wild dogs, we found that the primary wild dog lion‐avoidance strategy was to select landscape features that aid in avoidance of lion detection. This habitat selection was routinely used by wild dogs, and especially when in areas and during times of high lion‐encounter risk, suggesting a proactive response to lion risk. Our findings suggest that spatial landscape heterogeneity could represent an alternative mechanism for carnivore coexistence, especially as ever‐shrinking carnivore ranges force inferior competitors into increased contact with dominant species.

It Often Howls More than It Chugs: Wind versus Ship Noise Under Water in Australia’s Maritime Regions - Christine Erbe; Renee P. Schoeman; David Peel; Joshua N. Smith (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2021)
Marine soundscapes consist of cumulative contributions by diverse sources of sound grouped into: physical (e.g., wind), biological (e.g., fish), and anthropogenic (e.g., shipping)—each with unique spatial, temporal, and frequency characteristics. In terms of anthropophony, shipping has been found to be the greatest (ubiquitous and continuous) contributor of low-frequency underwater noise in several northern hemisphere soundscapes. Our aim was to develop a model for ship noise in Australian waters, which could be used by industry and government to manage marine zones, their usage, stressors, and potential impacts. We also modelled wind noise under water to provide context to the contribution of ship noise. The models were validated with underwater recordings from 25 sites. As expected, there was good congruence when shipping or wind were the dominant sources. However, there was less agreement when other anthropogenic or biological sources were present (i.e., primarily marine seismic surveying and whales). Off Australia, pristine marine soundscapes (based on the dominance of natural, biological and physical sound) remain, in particular, near offshore reefs and islands. Strong wind noise dominates along the southern Australian coast. Underwater shipping noise dominates only in certain areas, along the eastern seaboard and on the northwest shelf, close to shipping lanes.

Refining Fisheries Advice With Stock-Specific Ecosystem Information - Jacob W. Bentley; Mathieu G. Lundy; Daniel Howell; Steven E. Beggs; Alida Bundy; Francisco de Castro; Clive J. Fox; Johanna J. Heymans; Christopher P. Lynam; Debbi Pedreschi; Pia Schuchert; Natalia Serpetti; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Although frequently suggested as a goal for ecosystem-based fisheries management, incorporating ecosystem information into fisheries stock assessments has proven challenging. The uncertainty of input data, coupled with the structural uncertainty of complex multi-species models, currently makes the use of absolute values from such models contentious for short-term single-species fisheries management advice. Here, we propose a different approach where the standard assessment methodologies can be enhanced using ecosystem model derived information. Using a case study of the Irish Sea, we illustrate how stock-specific ecosystem indicators can be used to set an ecosystem-based fishing mortality reference point (F ECO ) within the “Pretty Good Yield” ranges for fishing mortality which form the present precautionary approach adopted in Europe by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). We propose that this new target, F ECO , can be used to scale fishing mortality down when the ecosystem conditions for the stock are poor and up when conditions are good. This approach provides a streamlined quantitative way of incorporating ecosystem information into catch advice and provides an opportunity to operationalize ecosystem models and empirical indicators, while retaining the integrity of current assessment models and the F MSY -based advice process.

Beyond Post-release Mortality: Inferences on Recovery Periods and Natural Mortality From Electronic Tagging Data for Discarded Lamnid Sharks - Heather D. Bowlby; Hugues P. Benoît; Warren Joyce; James Sulikowski; Rui Coelho; Andrés Domingo; Enric Cortés; Fabio Hazin; David Macias; Gérard Biais; Catarina Santos; Brooke Anderson (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Accurately characterizing the biology of a pelagic shark species is critical when assessing its status and resilience to fishing pressure. Natural mortality ( M ) is well known to be a key parameter determining productivity and resilience, but also one for which estimates are most uncertain. While M can be inferred from life history, validated direct estimates are extremely rare for sharks. Porbeagle ( Lamna nasus ) and shortfin mako ( Isurus oxyrinchus ) are presently overfished in the North Atlantic, but there are no directed fisheries and successful live release of bycatch is believed to have increased. Understanding M , post-release mortality (PRM), and variables that affect mortality are necessary for management and effective bycatch mitigation. From 177 deployments of archival satellite tags, we inferred mortality events, characterized physiological recovery periods following release, and applied survival mixture models to assess M and PRM. We also evaluated covariate effects on the duration of any recovery period and PRM to inform mitigation. Although large sample sizes involving extended monitoring periods (>90 days) would be optimal to directly estimate M from survival data, it was possible to constrain estimates and infer probable values for both species. Furthermore, the consistency of M estimates with values derived from longevity information suggests that age determination is relatively accurate for these species. Regarding bycatch mitigation, our analyses suggest that juvenile porbeagle are more susceptible to harm during capture and handling, that keeping lamnid sharks in the water during release is optimal, and that circle hooks are associated with longer recovery periods for shortfin mako.

Assessing the Skill of a High-Resolution Marine Biophysical Model Using Geostatistical Analysis of Mesoscale Ocean Chlorophyll Variability From Field Observations and Remote Sensing - Rachel Eveleth; David M. Glover; Matthew C. Long; Ivan D. Lima; Alison P. Chase; Scott C. Doney (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
High-resolution ocean biophysical models are now routinely being conducted at basin and global-scale, opening opportunities to deepen our understanding of the mechanistic coupling of physical and biological processes at the mesoscale. Prior to using these models to test scientific questions, we need to assess their skill. While progress has been made in validating the mean field, little work has been done to evaluate skill of the simulated mesoscale variability. Here we use geostatistical 2-D variograms to quantify the magnitude and spatial scale of chlorophyll a patchiness in a 1/10th-degree eddy-resolving coupled Community Earth System Model simulation. We compare results from satellite remote sensing and ship underway observations in the North Atlantic Ocean, where there is a large seasonal phytoplankton bloom. The coefficients of variation, i.e., the arithmetic standard deviation divided by the mean, from the two observational data sets are approximately invariant across a large range of mean chlorophyll a values from oligotrophic and winter to subpolar bloom conditions. This relationship between the chlorophyll a mesoscale variability and the mean field appears to reflect an emergent property of marine biophysics, and the high-resolution simulation does poorly in capturing this skill metric, with the model underestimating observed variability under low chlorophyll a conditions such as in the subtropics.

Upland burning and grazing as strategies to offset climate-change effects on wetlands - Owen P. McKenna; David A. Renton; David M. Mushet; Edward S. DeKeyser (Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2021)
Wetland ecosystems perform a multitude of services valued by society and provide critical habitat for migratory birds and other wildlife. Despite their importance, wetlands have been lost to different local, regional, and global drivers. Remaining wetlands are extremely sensitive to changing temperature and precipitation regimes. Management of grassland areas in wetland catchments may be an effective strategy for counteracting potentially negative impacts of climate change on wetlands. Our objective was to estimate the effects of climate changes on wetland hydrology, and to explore strategies for increasing surface-water inputs to wetlands. We coupled a field study with process-based simulation modeling of wetland-water levels. We found that climate change could decrease the number of wetlands that hold ponded water during the waterfowl breeding season by 14% under a hot wet scenario or 29% under a hot dry scenario if no upland-management actions were taken. Upland burning reduced pond losses to 9% (hot wet) and 26% (hot dry). Upland grazing resulted in the smallest loss of ponded wetlands, 6% loss under the hot-and-wet scenario and 22% loss under the hot-and-dry scenario. Overall, water inputs could be increased by either burning or grazing of upland vegetation thereby reducing pond losses during the waterfowl breeding season. While field results suggest that both grazing and burning can reduce the vegetative structure that could lead to increases in runoff in grassland catchments, our model simulations indicated that additional actions may be needed for managers to minimize future meteorologically driven water losses.

Correction to: Liposome Click Membrane Permeability Assay for Identifying Permeable Peptides - Tanvi J. Desai; Bahanu Habulihaz; Joseph R. Cannon; Arun Chandramohan; Hung Yi Kristal Kaan; Ahmad Sadruddin; Tsz Ying Yuen; Charles Johannes; Dawn Thean; Chris J. Brown; David P. Lane; Anthony W. Partridge; et al. (Pharmaceutical Research, 2021)

Tractography Processing with the Sparse Closest Point Transform - Ryan P. Cabeen; Arthur W. Toga; David H. Laidlaw (Neuroinformatics, 2021)

Correction to: Will I have to move because of climate change? Perceived likelihood of weather- or climate-related relocation among the US public - Byungdoo Kim; David L. Kay; Jonathon P. Schuldt (Climatic Change, 2021)

Coordinating Global Multi-Site Studies of Military-Relevant Traumatic Brain Injury: Opportunities, Challenges, and Harmonization Guidelines - David F Tate; Emily L Dennis; John T Adams; Maheen M Adamson; Heather G Belanger; Erin D Bigler; Heather C Bouchard; Alexandra L Clark; Lisa M Delano-Wood; Seth G Disner; Blessen C Eapen; Carol E Franz; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2021)

A global collaboration to study intimate partner violence-related head trauma: The ENIGMA consortium IPV working group - Carrie Esopenko; Jessica Meyer; Elisabeth A. Wilde; Amy D. Marshall; David F. Tate; Alexander P. Lin; Inga K. Koerte; Kimberly B. Werner; Emily L. Dennis; Ashley L. Ware; Nicola L. de Souza; Deleene S. Menefee; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2021)

Challenges and opportunities for neuroimaging in young patients with traumatic brain injury: a coordinated effort towards advancing discovery from the ENIGMA pediatric moderate/severe TBI group - Emily L Dennis; Karen Caeyenberghs; Robert F Asarnow; Talin Babikian; Brenda Bartnik-Olson; Erin D Bigler; Anthony Figaji; Christopher C Giza; Naomi J Goodrich-Hunsaker; Cooper B Hodges; Kristen R Hoskinson; Marsh Königs; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2021)

The ENIGMA sports injury working group:– an international collaboration to further our understanding of sport-related brain injury - Inga K. Koerte; Carrie Esopenko; Sidney R. Hinds; Martha E. Shenton; Elena M. Bonke; Jeffrey J. Bazarian; Kevin C. Bickart; Erin D. Bigler; Sylvain Bouix; Thomas A. Buckley; Meeryo C. Choe; Paul S. Echlin; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2021)
Sport-related brain injury is very common, and the potential long-term effects include a wide range of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, and potentially neurodegeneration. Around the globe, researchers are conducting neuroimaging studies on primarily homogenous samples of athletes. However, neuroimaging studies are expensive and time consuming, and thus current findings from studies of sport-related brain injury are often limited by small sample sizes. Further, current studies apply a variety of neuroimaging techniques and analysis tools which limit comparability among studies. The ENIGMA Sports Injury working group aims to provide a platform for data sharing and collaborative data analysis thereby leveraging existing data and expertise. By harmonizing data from a large number of studies from around the globe, we will work towards reproducibility of previously published findings and towards addressing important research questions with regard to diagnosis, prognosis, and efficacy of treatment for sport-related brain injury. Moreover, the ENIGMA Sports Injury working group is committed to providing recommendations for future prospective data acquisition to enhance data quality and scientific rigor.

Consequences of a terrestrial insect invader on stream-riparian food webs of the central Appalachians, USA - Kristen M. Diesburg; S. Mažeika P. Sullivan; David W. P. Manning (Biological Invasions, 2021)

Mixture models as a method for comparative sociality: social networks and demographic change in resident killer whales - Samuel Ellis; Daniel W. Franks; Michael N. Weiss; Michael A. Cant; Paolo Domenici; Kenneth C. Balcomb; David K. Ellifrit; Darren P. Croft (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2021)
In studies of social behaviour, social bonds are usually inferred from rates of interaction or association. This approach has revealed many important insights into the proximate formation and ultimate function of animal social structures. However, it remains challenging to compare social structure between systems or time-points because extrinsic factors, such as sampling methodology, can also influence the observed rate of association. As a consequence of these methodological challenges, it is difficult to analyse how patterns of social association change with demographic processes, such as the death of key social partners. Here we develop and illustrate the use of binomial mixture models to quantitatively compare patterns of social association between networks. We then use this method to investigate how patterns of social preferences in killer whales respond to demographic change. Resident killer whales are bisexually philopatric, and both sexes stay in close association with their mother in adulthood. We show that mothers and daughters show reduced social association after the birth of the daughter’s first offspring, but not after the birth of an offspring to the mother. We also show that whales whose mother is dead associate more with their opposite sex siblings and with their grandmother than whales whose mother is alive. Our work demonstrates the utility of using mixture models to compare social preferences between networks and between species. We also highlight other potential uses of this method such as to identify strong social bonds in animal populations. Significance statement Comparing patters of social associations between systems, or between the same systems at different times, is challenging due to the confounding effects of sampling and methodological differences. Here we present a method to allow social associations to be robustly classified and then compared between networks using binomial mixture models. We illustrate this method by showing how killer whales change their patterns of social association in response to the birth of calves and the death of their mother. We show that after the birth of her calf, females associate less with their mother. We also show that whales’ whose mother is dead associate more with their opposite sex siblings and grandmothers than whales’ whose mother is alive. This clearly demonstrates how this method can be used to examine fine scale temporal processes in animal social systems.

Bioaccumulation of Bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate and Mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate by Lumbriculus variegatus - Lawrence P. Burkhard; Tylor J. Lahren; Terry L. Highland; James R. Hockett; David R. Mount; Teresa J. Norberg-King (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2021)

Are populations of economically important bonefish and queen conch 'open' or 'closed' in the northern caribbean basin? - Marlis R. Douglas; Tyler K. Chafin; Julie E. Claussen; David P. Philipp; Michael E. Douglas (Marine Ecology, 2021)
Demographics of co‐occurring species can often be diagnosed through population genomic analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These data can define population structure, gene flow, and candidate regions in the genome that potentially reflect local adaptations. They can also gauge whether populations are demographically “open” or “closed” (i.e., with global or local recruitment). We derived SNPs from double‐digest restriction‐site associated DNA (ddRAD) to test the demographics of commercially important bonefish Albula vulpes ( N = 117) and queen conch Lobatus gigas ( N = 60) from two northeast Caribbean Basin islands (Grand Bahama to the north and Eleuthera to the south). Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that the strong west‐to‐east current in the Great Bahama Canyon is a vicariant barrier separating the two islands. We conducted Bayesian assignment tests on putatively neutral ( A. vulpes = 36,206 SNPs; L. gigas = 64,863) and highly differentiated outlier datasets ( A. vulpes = 123 and 79 SNPs; L. gigas = 88 and 51, respectively). For bonefish, results diagnosed asymmetrical gene flow and north‐south differentiation, as potentially driven by adult mobility and easterly currents. However, both analyses indicated genetic structure in conch, substantiating the vicariant hypothesis. These results provide templates for future research endeavors with these impacted species. Outlier loci, for example, can potentially place populations of each within a demographic continuum, rather than within a dichotomous “open/closed” framework, as well as diagnose “source” and “sink” populations, as herein. These methodologies can then be applied to co‐distributed species with similar but less well‐understood ecologies so as to evaluate basin‐wide trends in connectivity and local adaptation.

Meeting Paris agreement objectives will temper seabird winter distribution shifts in the North Atlantic Ocean - Manon Clairbaux; William W. L. Cheung; Paul Mathewson; Warren Porter; Nicolas Courbin; Jérôme Fort; Hallvard Strøm; Børge Moe; Per Fauchald; Sebastien Descamps; Hálfdán Helgason; Vegard S. Bråthen; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
We explored the implications of reaching the Paris Agreement Objective of limiting global warming to Alle alle , Fratercula arctica , Uria aalge , Uria lomvia and Rissa tridactyla ) using tracking data for ~1500 individuals through resource selection functions based on mechanistic modeling of seabird energy requirements, and a dynamic bioclimate envelope model of seabird prey. Future winter distributions were predicted to shift with climate change, especially when global warming exceed 2°C under a “no mitigation” scenario, modifying seabird wintering hotspots in the North Atlantic Ocean. Our findings suggest that meeting Paris agreement objectives will limit changes in seabird selected habitat location and size in the North Atlantic Ocean during the 21st century. We thereby provide key information for the design of adaptive marine‐protected areas in a changing ocean.

Precipitation alters the CO 2 effect on water‐use efficiency of temperate forests - Soumaya Belmecheri; R. Stockton Maxwell; Alan H. Taylor; Kenneth J. Davis; Rossella Guerrieri; David J. P. Moore; Shelly A. Rayback (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Increasing water‐use efficiency (WUE), the ratio of carbon gain to water loss, is a key mechanism that enhances carbon uptake by terrestrial vegetation under rising atmospheric CO 2 ( c a ). Existing theory and empirical evidence suggest a proportional WUE increase in response to rising c a as plants maintain a relatively constant ratio between the leaf intercellular ( c i ) and ambient ( c a ) partial CO 2 pressure ( c i / c a ). This has been hypothesized as the main driver of the strengthening of the terrestrial carbon sink over the recent decades. However, proportionality may not characterize CO 2 effects on WUE on longer time‐scales and the role of climate in modulating these effects is uncertain. Here, we evaluate long‐term WUE responses to c a and climate from 1901 to 2012 CE by reconstructing intrinsic WUE (iWUE, the ratio of photosynthesis to stomatal conductance) using carbon isotopes in tree rings across temperate forests in the northeastern USA. We show that iWUE increased steadily from 1901 to 1975 CE but remained constant thereafter despite continuously rising c a . This finding is consistent with a passive physiological response to c a and coincides with a shift to significantly wetter conditions across the region. Tree physiology was driven by summer moisture at multi‐decadal time‐scales and did not maintain a constant c i / c a in response to rising c a indicating that a point was reached where rising CO 2 had a diminishing effect on tree iWUE. Our results challenge the mechanism, magnitude, and persistence of CO 2 's effect on iWUE with significant implications for projections of terrestrial productivity under a changing climate.

Regulation of host‐infection ability in the grass‐symbiotic fungus Epichloë festucae by histone H3K9 and H3K36 methyltransferases - Yonathan Lukito; Kate Lee; Nazanin Noorifar; Kimberly A. Green; David J. Winter; Arvina Ram; Tracy K. Hale; Tetsuya Chujo; Murray P. Cox; Linda J. Johnson; Barry Scott (Environmental Microbiology, 2021)
Summary Recent studies have identified key genes that control the symbiotic interaction between Epichloë festucae and Lolium perenne . Here we report on the identification of specific E. festucae genes that control host infection. Deletion of setB , which encodes a homologue of the H3K36 histone methyltransferase Set2/KMT3, reduced histone H3K36 trimethylation and led to severe defects in colony growth and hyphal development. The E. festucae Δ clrD mutant, which lacks the gene encoding the homologue of the H3K9 methyltransferase KMT1, displays similar developmental defects. Both mutants are completely defective in their ability to infect L. perenne . Alleles that complement the culture and plant phenotypes of both mutants also complement the histone methylation defects. Co‐inoculation of either Δ setB or Δ clrD with the wild‐type strain enables these mutants to colonize the host. However, successful colonization by the mutants resulted in death or stunting of the host plant. Transcriptome analysis at the early infection stage identified four fungal candidate genes, three of which encode small‐secreted proteins, that are differentially regulated in these mutants compared to wild type. Deletion of crbA , which encodes a putative carbohydrate binding protein, resulted in significantly reduced host infection rates by E. festucae .

Comparative genomics reveals the in planta‐ secreted Verticillium dahliae Av2 effector protein recognized in tomato plants that carry the V2 resistance locus - Edgar A. Chavarro‐Carrero; Jasper P. Vermeulen; David E. Torres; Toshiyuki Usami; Henk J. Schouten; Yuling Bai; Michael F. Seidl; Bart P. H. J. Thomma (Environmental Microbiology, 2021)
Summary Plant pathogens secrete effector molecules during host invasion to promote colonization. However, some of these effectors become recognized by host receptors to mount a defence response and establish immunity . Recently, a novel resistance was identified in wild tomato, mediated by the single dominant V2 locus, to control strains of the soil‐borne vascular wilt fungus Verticillium dahliae that belong to race 2 . With comparative genomics of race 2 strains and resistance‐breaking race 3 strains, we identified the avirulence effector that activates V2 resistance, termed Av2 . We identified 277 kb of race 2‐specific sequence comprising only two genes encoding predicted secreted proteins that are expressed during tomato colonization. Subsequent functional analysis based on genetic complementation into race 3 isolates and targeted deletion from the race 1 isolate JR2 and race 2 isolate TO22 confirmed that one of the two candidates encodes the avirulence effector Av2 that is recognized in V2 tomato plants. Two Av2 allelic variants were identified that encode Av2 variants that differ by a single acid. Thus far, a role in virulence could not be demonstrated for either of the two variants.

Correlates of bird collisions with buildings across three North American countries - Jared A. Elmore; Stephen B. Hager; Bradley J. Cosentino; Timothy J. O'Connell; Corey S. Riding; Michelle L. Anderson; Marja H. Bakermans; Than J. Boves; David Brandes; Eric M. Butler; Michael W. Butler; Nicolette L. Cagle; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2021)
Collisions with buildings cause up to 1 billion bird fatalities annually in the United States and Canada. However, efforts to reduce collisions would benefit from studies conducted at large spatial scales across multiple study sites with standardized methods and consideration of species‐ and life‐history‐related variation and correlates of collisions. We addressed these research needs through coordinated collection of data on bird collisions with buildings at sites in the United States (35), Canada (3), and Mexico (2). We collected all carcasses and identified species. After removing records for unidentified carcasses, species lacking distribution‐wide population estimates, and species with distributions overlapping fewer than 10 sites, we retained 269 carcasses of 64 species for analysis. We estimated collision vulnerability for 40 bird species with ≥2 fatalities based on their North American population abundance, distribution overlap in study sites, and sampling effort. Of 10 species we identified as most vulnerable to collisions, some have been identified previously (e.g., Black‐throated Blue Warbler [ Setophaga caerulescens ]), whereas others emerged for the first time (e.g., White‐breasted Nuthatch [ Sitta carolinensis ]), possibly because we used a more standardized sampling approach than past studies. Building size and glass area were positively associated with number of collisions for 5 of 8 species with enough observations to analyze independently. Vegetation around buildings influenced collisions for only 1 of those 8 species (Swainson's Thrush [ Catharus ustulatus ]). Life history predicted collisions; numbers of collisions were greatest for migratory, insectivorous, and woodland‐inhabiting species. Our results provide new insight into the species most vulnerable to building collisions, making them potentially in greatest need of conservation attention to reduce collisions and into species‐ and life‐history‐related variation and correlates of building collisions, information that can help refine collision management.

Comparison of Oyster Aquaculture Methods and Their Potential to Enhance Microbial Nitrogen Removal From Coastal Ecosystems - Paraskevi Mara; Virginia P. Edgcomb; Taylor R. Sehein; David Beaudoin; Chuck Martinsen; Christina Lovely; Bridget Belcher; Rebecca Cox; Meghan Curran; Claire Farnan; Peter Giannini; Sarah Lott; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Coastal ecosystems are impacted by excessive nutrient inputs that cause degradation of water quality and impairments of ecosystem functioning. Regulatory and management efforts to enhance nutrient export from coastal ecosystems include sustainable oyster aquaculture that removes nitrogen in the form of oyster biomass and increases particulate export to underlying sediments where increased organic material may enhance microbial denitrification. To better understand the impacts of oyster aquaculture on nitrogen removal, we examined bacterial processes in sediments underlying three of the most common aquaculture methods that vary in the proximity of oysters to the sediments. Sediment samples underlying sites managed with these different aquaculture methods were examined using the 16S rRNA gene to assess microbial community structure, gene expression analyses to examine nitrogen and sulfur cycling genes, and nitrogen gas flux measurements. All sites were located in the same hydrodynamic setting within Waquoit Bay, MA during 2018 and 2019. Although sediments under the different oyster farming practices showed similar communities, ordination analysis revealed discrete community groups formed along the sampling season. Measured N 2 fluxes and expression of key genes involved in denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) increased during mid-summer and into fall in both years primarily under bottom cages. While all three oyster growing methods enhanced nitrogen removal relative to the control site, gene expression data indicate that the nitrogen retaining process of DNRA is particularly enhanced after end of July under bottom cages, and to a lesser extent, under suspended and floating bags. The choice of gear can also potentially increase processes that induce nitrogen retention in the form of ammonia in the underlying sediments over time, thus causing deviations from predicted nitrogen removal. If nitrogen removal is a primary objective, monitoring for these shifts is essential for making decisions about siting and size of aquaculture sites from year to year.

Fine-Scale Heterogeneity of a Cold-Water Coral Reef and Its Influence on the Distribution of Associated Taxa - David M. Price; Aaron Lim; Alexander Callaway; Markus P. Eichhorn; Andrew J. Wheeler; Claudio Lo Iacono; Veerle A. I. Huvenne (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Benthic fauna form spatial patterns which are the result of both biotic and abiotic processes, which can be quantified with a range of landscape ecology descriptors. Fine- to medium-scale spatial patterns (<1–10 m) have seldom been quantified in deep-sea habitats, but can provide fundamental ecological insights into species’ niches and interactions. Cold-water coral reefs formed by Desmophyllum pertusum (syn. Lophelia pertusa ) and Madrepora oculata are traditionally mapped and surveyed with multibeam echosounders and video transects, which limit the ability to achieve the resolution and/or coverage to undertake fine-scale, centimetric quantification of spatial patterns. However, photomosaics constructed from imagery collected with remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are becoming a prevalent research tool and can reveal novel information at the scale of individual coral colonies. A survey using a downward facing camera mounted on a ROV traversed the Piddington Mound (Belgica Mound Province, NE Atlantic) in a lawnmower pattern in order to create 3D reconstructions of the reef with Structure-from-Motion techniques. Three high resolution orthorectified photomosaics and digital elevation models (DEM) >200 m 2 were created and all organisms were geotagged in order to illustrate their point pattern. The pair correlation function was used to establish whether organisms demonstrated a clustered pattern (CP) at various scales. We further applied a point pattern modelling approach to identify four potential point patterns: complete spatial randomness (CSR), an inhomogeneous pattern influenced by environmental drivers, random clustered point pattern indicating biologically driven clustering and an inhomogeneous clustered point pattern driven by a combination of environmental drivers and biological effects. Reef framework presence and structural complexity determined inhabitant distribution with most organisms showing a departure from CSR. These CPs are likely caused by an affinity to local environmental drivers, growth patterns and restricted dispersion reproductive strategies within the habitat across a range of fine to medium scales. These data provide novel and detailed insights into fine-scale habitat heterogeneity, showing that non-random distributions are apparent and detectable at these fine scales in deep-sea habitats.

Marine Acoustic Zones of Australia - Christine Erbe; David Peel; Joshua N. Smith; Renee P. Schoeman (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2021)
Underwater sound is modelled and mapped for purposes ranging from localised environmental impact assessments of individual offshore developments to large-scale marine spatial planning. As the area to be modelled increases, so does the computational effort. The effort is more easily handled if broken down into smaller regions that could be modelled separately and their results merged. The goal of our study was to split the Australian maritime Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) into a set of smaller acoustic zones, whereby each zone is characterised by a set of environmental parameters that vary more across than within zones. The environmental parameters chosen reflect the hydroacoustic (e.g., water column sound speed profile), geoacoustic (e.g., sound speeds and absorption coefficients for compressional and shear waves), and bathymetric (i.e., seafloor depth and slope) parameters that directly affect the way in which sound propagates. We present a multivariate Gaussian mixture model, modified to handle input vectors (sound speed profiles) of variable length, and fitted by an expectation-maximization algorithm, that clustered the environmental parameters into 20 maritime acoustic zones corresponding to 28 geographically separated locations. Mean zone parameters and shape files are available for download. The zones may be used to map, for example, underwater sound from commercial shipping within the entire Australian EEZ.

The Essentials of Marine Biotechnology - Ana Rotter; Michéle Barbier; Francesco Bertoni; Atle M. Bones; M. Leonor Cancela; Jens Carlsson; Maria F. Carvalho; Marta Cegłowska; Jerónimo Chirivella-Martorell; Meltem Conk Dalay; Mercedes Cueto; Thanos Dailianis; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Coastal countries have traditionally relied on the existing marine resources (e.g., fishing, food, transport, recreation, and tourism) as well as tried to support new economic endeavors (ocean energy, desalination for water supply, and seabed mining). Modern societies and lifestyle resulted in an increased demand for dietary diversity, better health and well-being, new biomedicines, natural cosmeceuticals, environmental conservation, and sustainable energy sources. These societal needs stimulated the interest of researchers on the diverse and underexplored marine environments as promising and sustainable sources of biomolecules and biomass, and they are addressed by the emerging field of marine (blue) biotechnology. Blue biotechnology provides opportunities for a wide range of initiatives of commercial interest for the pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, food, feed, agricultural, and related industries. This article synthesizes the essence, opportunities, responsibilities, and challenges encountered in marine biotechnology and outlines the attainment and valorization of directly derived or bio-inspired products from marine organisms. First, the concept of bioeconomy is introduced. Then, the diversity of marine bioresources including an overview of the most prominent marine organisms and their potential for biotechnological uses are described. This is followed by introducing methodologies for exploration of these resources and the main use case scenarios in energy, food and feed, agronomy, bioremediation and climate change, cosmeceuticals, bio-inspired materials, healthcare, and well-being sectors. The key aspects in the fields of legislation and funding are provided, with the emphasis on the importance of communication and stakeholder engagement at all levels of biotechnology development. Finally, vital overarching concepts, such as the quadruple helix and Responsible Research and Innovation principle are highlighted as important to follow within the marine biotechnology field. The authors of this review are collaborating under the European Commission-funded Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action Ocean4Biotech – European transdisciplinary networking platform for marine biotechnology and focus the study on the European state of affairs.

Selected hematological, biochemical, and acid-base variables of Paso Fino horses living at different altitudes - Camilo Jaramillo; María P. Arias; Diana Mosqueda; Shannon Darby; David Renaud; Diego E. Gómez (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2021)

Tropical land-use change alters trait-based community assembly rules for dung beetles and birds - Felicity A. Edwards; David P. Edwards; Keith C. Hamer; Tom M. Fayle (Oecologia, 2021)
Tropical rainforest disturbance and conversion are critical drivers of biodiversity loss. A key knowledge gap is understanding the impacts of habitat modification on mechanisms of community assembly, which are predicted to respond differently between taxa and across spatial scales. We use a null model approach to detect trait assembly of species at local- and landscape-scales, and then subdivide communities with different habitat associations and foraging guilds to investigate whether the detection of assembly mechanisms varies between groups. We focus on two indicator taxa, dung beetles and birds, across a disturbance gradient of primary rainforest, selectively logged rainforest, and oil palm plantations in Borneo, Southeast Asia. Random community assembly was predominant for dung beetles across habitats, whereas trait convergence, indicative of environmental filtering, occurred across the disturbance gradient for birds. Assembly patterns at the two spatial scales were similar. Subdividing for habitat association and foraging guild revealed patterns hidden when focusing on the overall community. Dung beetle forest specialists and habitat generalists showed opposing assembly mechanisms in primary forest, community assembly of habitat generalists for both taxa differed with disturbance intensity, and insectivorous birds strongly influenced overall community assembly relative to other guilds. Our study reveals the sensitivity of community assembly mechanisms to anthropogenic disturbance via a shift in the relative contribution of stochastic and deterministic processes. This highlights the need for greater understanding of how habitat modification alters species interactions and the importance of incorporating species’ traits within assessments.

A research framework for projecting ecosystem change in highly diverse tropical mountain ecosystems - Jörg Bendix; Nicolay Aguire; Erwin Beck; Achim Bräuning; Roland Brandl; Lutz Breuer; Katrin Böhning-Gaese; Mateus Dantas de Paula; Thomas Hickler; Jürgen Homeier; Diego Inclan; Christoph Leuschner; et al. (Oecologia, 2021)
Tropical mountain ecosystems are threatened by climate and land-use changes. Their diversity and complexity make projections how they respond to environmental changes challenging. A suitable way are trait-based approaches, by distinguishing between response traits that determine the resistance of species to environmental changes and effect traits that are relevant for species' interactions, biotic processes, and ecosystem functions. The combination of those approaches with land surface models (LSM) linking the functional community composition to ecosystem functions provides new ways to project the response of ecosystems to environmental changes. With the interdisciplinary project RESPECT, we propose a research framework that uses a trait-based response-effect-framework (REF) to quantify relationships between abiotic conditions, the diversity of functional traits in communities, and associated biotic processes, informing a biodiversity-LSM. We apply the framework to a megadiverse tropical mountain forest. We use a plot design along an elevation and a land-use gradient to collect data on abiotic drivers, functional traits, and biotic processes. We integrate these data to build the biodiversity-LSM and illustrate how to test the model. REF results show that aboveground biomass production is not directly related to changing climatic conditions, but indirectly through associated changes in functional traits. Herbivory is directly related to changing abiotic conditions. The biodiversity-LSM informed by local functional trait and soil data improved the simulation of biomass production substantially. We conclude that local data, also derived from previous projects (platform Ecuador), are key elements of the research framework. We specify essential datasets to apply this framework to other mountain ecosystems.

Two novel microRNAs and their association with absolute blood pressure parameters in an urban South African community - Don M. Matshazi; Cecil J. Weale; Rajiv T. Erasmus; Andre P. Kengne; Saarah F. G. Davids; Shanel Raghubeer; Glenda M. Davison; Tandi E. Matsha (Molecular Biology Reports, 2021)
MicroRNAs are important in development of disease, and description of novel microRNAs adds to the pool of microRNAs that can be targeted for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in disease. Herein, we aimed to describe novel microRNAs in a normotensive and hypertensive African population and relate their expression to blood pressure parameters and hypertension status. Previous work using next-generation sequencing showed differential expression of two novel microRNAs in the blood of normotensives and hypertensives. Herein, we have investigated these novel microRNAs by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in a cohort of 881 participants in this study. The relationship between the novel microRNAs and systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as mean arterial pressure was also investigated. Age and sex-adjusted Spearman’s correlations were used to assess the relationship between microRNAs and cardiovascular risk profile variables whilst multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association of microRNAs with screen-detected and known hypertension. The novel microRNAs (miR-novel-chr1_36178 and miR-novel-chr15_18383) were significantly dysregulated by hypertension status. The expression of miR-novel-chr1_36178 differed according to sex, correlated with mean arterial pressure and systolic and diastolic blood pressure at higher levels of expression and was associated with screen-detected hypertension. The association of miR-novel-chr1_36178 expression with mean arterial pressure and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as its dysregulation according to hypertension status suggests its possible utility as a biomarker target for hypertension diagnosis and/or therapeutics. Furthermore, its association with screen detected hypertension and dose-response relationship with blood pressure suggests it may be used to identify and monitor individuals at risk of hypertension.

Defining the Zostera marina (Eelgrass) Niche from Long-Term Success of Restored and Naturally Colonized Meadows: Implications for Seagrass Restoration - Matthew P. J. Oreska; Karen J. McGlathery; Patricia L. Wiberg; Robert J. Orth; David J. Wilcox (Estuaries and Coasts, 2021)

Will I have to move because of climate change? Perceived likelihood of weather- or climate-related relocation among the US public - Byungdoo Kim; David L. Kay; Jonathon P. Schuldt (Climatic Change, 2021)

Ontogenetic scaling of the gastrointestinal tract of a marsupial foregut fermenter, the western grey kangaroo Macropus fuliginosus melanops - Adam J. Munn; Edward P. Snelling; David A. Taggart; Roger S. Seymour (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2021)

Sharing and reporting benefits from biodiversity research - Emily Marden; Richard J. Abbott; Frédéric Austerlitz; Daniel Ortiz‐Barrientos; Regina S. Baucom; Pim Bongaerts; Aurélie Bonin; Camille Bonneaud; Luke Browne; C. Alex Buerkle; Ana L. Caicedo; David W. Coltman; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2021)

Determining the appropriate pretreatment procedures and the utility of liver tissue for bulk stable isotope ( δ 13 C and δ 15 N ) studies in sharks - K. Blue Pahl; David J. Yurkowski; Sabine P. Wintner; Geremy Cliff; Matthew L. Dicken; Nigel E. Hussey (Journal of Fish Biology, 2021)
Stable‐isotope analysis (SIA) provides a valuable tool to address complex questions pertaining to elasmobranch ecology. Liver, a metabolically active, high turnover tissue (~166 days for 95% turnover), has the potential to reveal novel insights into recent feeding/movement behaviours of this diverse group. To date, limited work has used this tissue, but ecological application of SIA in liver requires consideration of tissue preparation techniques given the potential for high concentrations of urea and lipid that could bias δ 13 C and δ 15 N values ( i.e ., result in artificially lower δ 13 C and δ 15 N values). Here we investigated the effectiveness of (a) deionized water washing (WW) for urea removal from liver tissue and (b) chloroform‐methanol for extraction of lipids from this lipid rich tissue. We then (a) established C:N thresholds for deriving ecologically relevant liver isotopic values given complications of removing all lipid and (b) undertook a preliminary comparison of δ 13 C values between tissue pairs (muscle and liver) to test if observed isotopic differences correlated with known movement behaviour. Tests were conducted on four large shark species: the dusky (DUS, Carcharhinus obscurus ), sand tiger (RAG, Carcharias taurus ), scalloped hammerhead (SCA, Sphyrna lewini ) and white shark (GRE, Carcharodon carcharias ). There was no significant difference in δ 15 N values between lipid‐extracted (LE) liver and lipid‐extracted/water washed (WW) treatments, however, WW resulted in significant increases in %N, δ 13 C and %C. Following lipid extraction (repeated three times), some samples were still biased by lipids. Our species‐specific “C:N thresholds” provide a method to derive ecologically viable isotope data given the complexities of this lipid rich tissue (C:N thresholds of 4.0, 3.6, 4.7 and 3.9 for DUS, RAG, SCA and GRE liver LEWW tissue, respectively). The preliminary comparison of C:N threshold corrected liver and muscle δ 13 C values corresponded with movement/habitat behaviours for each shark; minor differences in δ 13 C values were observed for known regional movements of DUS and RAG (δ 13 C Diffs = 0.24 ± 0.99‰ and 0.57 ± 0.38‰, respectively), while SCA and GRE showed greater differences (1.24 ± 0.63‰ and 1.08 ± 0.71‰, respectively) correlated to large‐scale movements between temperate/tropical and pelagic/coastal environments. These data provide an approach for the successful application of liver δ 13 C and δ 15 N values to examine elasmobranch ecology.

Inhibitory effects of climate change on the growth and extracellular enzyme activities of a widespread Antarctic soil fungus - Marta Misiak; William P. Goodall‐Copestake; Tim H. Sparks; M. Roger Worland; Lynne Boddy; Naresh Magan; Peter Convey; David W. Hopkins; Kevin K. Newsham (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Temperatures approaching or exceeding 20°C have been measured during summer in polar regions at the surfaces of barren fellfield soils under cloudless skies around solar noon. However, despite the upper temperature limit for the growth of cold‐adapted microbes—which are abundant in polar soils and have pivotal roles in nutrient cycling—typically being close to this temperature, previous studies have not addressed the consequences of climate change for the metabolism of these organisms in the natural environment. Here in a 5‐year field experiment on Alexander Island in the southern maritime Antarctic, we show that the abundance of Pseudogymnoascus roseus , the most widespread decomposer fungus in maritime Antarctic fellfield soils, is reduced by 1–2 orders of magnitude when irrigated and nutrient‐amended soils are warmed to >20°C during summer. Laboratory experiments under conditions mimicking those during midsummer in the natural environment indicated that the hyphal extension rates of P. roseus isolates and the activities of five extracellular enzymes are reduced by 54%–96% at high water availability after exposure to temperatures cycling daily from 2 to 21°C and 2 to 24°C, relative to temperatures cycling from 2 to 18°C. Given that the temperatures of surface soils at the study site already reach 19°C during midsummer, the observations reported here suggest that, at predicted rates of warming arising from moderate greenhouse gas emissions, inhibitory effects of climate change on the metabolism of P. roseus could manifest themselves within the next few decades. Furthermore, with peak temperatures at the surfaces of fellfield soils at other maritime Antarctic locations and in High Arctic and alpine regions already exceeding 20°C during summer, the observations suggest that climate warming has the potential to inhibit the growth of other cold‐adapted microbes, with negative effects on soils as the Earth's climate continues to warm.

Body mass data set for 1,317 bird and 270 mammal species from Colombia - David Ocampo; Kevin G. Borja‐Acosta; Julián Lozano‐Flórez; Sebastián Cifuentes‐Acevedo; Enrique Arbeláez‐Cortés; Nicholas J. Bayly; Ángela Caguazango; Brayan Coral‐Jaramillo; Diego Cueva; Fernando Forero; Juan P. Gómez; Camila Gómez; et al. (Ecology, 2021)
Body mass is one of the most important phenotypic attributes in animal ecology and life history. This trait is widely used in the fields of ecology and macroevolution, since it influences physiology, morphological functions, and a myriad of ecological and social interactions. In this data set, our aim was to gather a comprehensive bird and mammal body mass data set from northern South America. We report body mass, discriminated by sex, for 42,022 individual birds and 7,441 mammals representing 1,317 bird species (69% of Colombia’s avifauna) and 270 mammal species (51% of Colombian mammals) from the Neotropics. The data were sourced from vouchers collected between 1942 and 2020 and from individuals captured and released at banding stations over the last two decades for birds (2000–2020) and the last decade for mammals (2010–2020), by 10 research groups and institutions in Colombia. This data set fills gaps identified in other similar databases, as it focuses on northern South America, a highly diverse Neotropical region often underrepresented in morphological data sets. We provide wide taxonomic coverage for studies interested in information both at regional and local scales. There are no copyright restrictions; the present data paper should be appropriately cited when data are used for publication. The authors would appreciate learning about research projects, teaching exercises, and other uses given to this data set and are open to contribute in further collaborations using these data.

Climate sensitivity of understory trees differs from overstory trees in temperate mesic forests - Christine R. Rollinson; M. Ross Alexander; Alex W. Dye; David J. P. Moore; Neil Pederson; Valerie Trouet (Ecology, 2021)
The response of understory trees to climate variability is key to understanding current and future forest dynamics. However, analyses of climatic effects on tree growth have primarily focused on the upper canopy, leaving understory dynamics unresolved. We analyzed differences in climate sensitivity based on canopy position of four common tree species ( Acer rubrum , Fagus grandifolia , Quercus rubra , and Tsuga canadensis ) using growth information from 1,084 trees across eight sites in the northeastern United States. Effects of canopy position on climate response varied, but were significant and often nonlinear, for all four species. Compared to overstory trees, understory trees showed stronger reductions in growth at high temperatures and varied shifts in precipitation response. This contradicts the prevailing assumption that climate responses, particularly to temperature, of understory trees are buffered by the overstory. Forest growth trajectories are uncertain in compositionally and structurally complex forests, and future demography and regeneration dynamics may be misinferred if not all canopy levels are represented in future forecasts.

Methods for Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging of Solute Plumes at the Darcy Scale in Quasi-Two-Dimensional, Refractive Index-Matched Porous Media - Eric J. Roth; David C. Mays; Roseanna M. Neupauer; Lauren J. Sather; John P. Crimaldi (Transport in Porous Media, 2021)

Optimizing Dosing of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Stroke Recovery - David T. Pruitt; Tanya T. Danaphongse; Megan Lutchman; Nishi Patel; Priyanka Reddy; Vanesse Wang; Anjana Parashar; Robert L. Rennaker; Michael P. Kilgard; Seth A. Hays (Translational Stroke Research, 2021)

A research perspective towards a more complete biodiversity footprint: a report from the World Biodiversity Forum - Alexandra Marques; Marine Robuchon; Stefanie Hellweg; Tim Newbold; Jutta Beher; Sebastian Bekker; Franz Essl; Daniele Ehrlich; Samantha Hill; Martin Jung; Sandra Marquardt; Francesca Rosa; et al. (The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2021)

Low soil phosphorus availability triggers maize growth stage specific rhizosphere processes leading to mineralization of organic P - Sunendra R. Joshi; James W. Morris; Malak M. Tfaily; Robert P. Young; David H. McNear (Plant and Soil, 2021)

The Interface Motion and Hydrodynamic Shear of the Liquid Slosh in Syringes - Yuchen Zhang; Dingding Han; Zhongwang Dou; Jean-Christophe Veilleux; Galen H. Shi; David S. Collins; Pavlos P. Vlachos; Arezoo M. Ardekani (Pharmaceutical Research, 2021)

Lethal Coalitionary Aggression Associated with a Community Fission in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda - Aaron A. Sandel; David P. Watts (International Journal of Primatology, 2021)

Publisher Correction to: Integrating adverse effect analysis into environmental risk assessment for exotic generalist arthropod biological control agents: a three-tiered framework - Débora P. Paula; David A. Andow; Barbara I. P. Barratt; Robert S. Pfannenstiel; Philippa J. Gerard; Jacqui H. Todd; Tania Zaviezo; Maria G. Luna; Claudia V. Cédola; Antoon J. M. Loomans; Andy G. Howe; Michael D. Day; et al. (BioControl, 2021)

Exotic generalist arthropod biological control agents: need to improve environmental risk assessment to ensure safe use - David A. Andow; Barbara I. P. Barratt; Robert S. Pfannenstiel; Débora Pires Paula (BioControl, 2021)

Integrating adverse effect analysis into environmental risk assessment for exotic generalist arthropod biological control agents: a three-tiered framework - Débora P. Paula; David A. Andow; Barbara I. P. Barratt; Robert S. Pfannenstiel; Philippa J. Gerard; Jacqui H. Todd; Tania Zaviezo; Maria G. Luna; Claudia V. Cédola; Antoon J. M. Loomans; Andy G. Howe; Michael D. Day; et al. (BioControl, 2021)

Scrutinizing the enemy release hypothesis: population effects of parasitoids on Harmonia axyridis and local host coccinellids in Brazil - Débora P. Paula; Pedro H. B. Togni; Valmir A. Costa; Lucas M. Souza; Alex A. T. C. Sousa; Gustavo M. Tostes; Carmen S. S. Pires; David A. Andow (BioControl, 2021)

A Synthesis of Deepwater Horizon Impacts on Coastal and Nearshore Living Marine Resources - Steven A. Murawski; Joshua P. Kilborn; Adriana C. Bejarano; David Chagaris; David Donaldson; Frank J. Hernandez; Timothy C. MacDonald; Craig Newton; Ernst Peebles; Kelly L. Robinson (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil blowout in the Gulf of Mexico began on April 20, originating in the deep sea 66 km off the Louisiana coast. By early June, DWH oil had spread to coastal Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and western Florida. An estimated 2,113 km of shoreline were oiled, making DWH the largest marine oil spill in global history by length of affected shoreline. Additionally, a series of oil spill response measures were deployed, including diversions of Mississippi River discharge to forestall oil coming ashore, and the establishment of large-scale fishery closures, with both affecting coastal resources to varying degrees. Here, we review published studies and describe additional analyses evaluating long-term impacts of DWH on coastal/nearshore biological resources. We assembled time-series data collected by state, federal and academic partners on population abundance and environmental conditions to evaluate species and community change. Our study focused on plankton, invertebrates, fishes and dolphins, and 13 “key species” were selected to conduct semi-quantitative vulnerability-resilience (V-R) analyses. At one extreme, early life stages of Gulf Menhaden ( Brevoortia patronus ) were not affected due to seasonal spawning and larval development preceding the spill. In contrast, demographically independent populations of the common Bottlenose Dolphin, ( Tursiops truncatus ) suffered a variety of severe and ongoing health effects owing to oil exposure. Virtually all of the heavily oiled salt marsh habitat was in Louisiana, with the majority occurring in Barataria Bay. Multispecies trawl survey abundances declined post-DWH throughout eastern coastal Louisiana but remained stable elsewhere. A regime shift in composition of Barataria Bay trawl survey catches occurred during and following the spill, the persistence of which was associated with long-term reductions in average salinity and increases in water clarity. In some cases, fishery closures were associated with measurable but ephemeral increases in abundance of some targeted and bycatch species. Freshwater flooding of marshes was ineffective in preventing coastal oiling and severely affected benthic euryhaline resources including Eastern Oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) and Marsh Periwinkle ( Littoraria irrorata ). The flooding response measure experiment also indicates the directionality of impacts that further planned water diversions may have on ecological communities of lower Mississippi River basins.

Individual migration strategy fidelity but no habitat specialization in two congeneric seabirds - Benjamin Merkel; Sébastien Descamps; Nigel G. Yoccoz; David Grémillet; Francis Daunt; Kjell E. Erikstad; Aleksey V. Ezhov; Mike P. Harris; Maria Gavrilo; Svein‐Håkon Lorentsen; Tone K. Reiertsen; Harald Steen; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2021)
Aim In migratory species, individuals often use fixed and individual‐specific migration strategies, which we term individual migration strategy fidelity (IMSF). Our goal was to test if guillemots have flexible or fixed individual migration strategies (i.e. IMSF), if this behaviour is consistent across large parts of the genus’ range and if they were philopatric to geographical sites or a habitat feature. Location North Atlantic. Taxon Uria spp. Methods We quantified consistent individual differences in inter‐annual spatial distribution and habitat occupied throughout the non‐breeding period using a large geolocator tracking dataset of 729 adult seabirds breeding at 13 colonies across the Northeast Atlantic and repeatedly tracked up to 7 years over a 9‐year period. Additionally, we used a similarity index to calculate relative fidelity to either geographical sites or habitats and linear mixed‐effects models to assess persistence of spatial site fidelity over multiple years. Results Both guillemot species exhibited IMSF across a large part of the genus’ range which persisted over multiple years. Individuals of both species and almost all colonies showed fidelity to geographical sites and not to specific habitats. Main conclusions Guillemots show IMSF that is best explained by site familiarity (fidelity to specific sites) rather than habitat specialization (fidelity to specific habitats). In the context of rapidly changing environments, favourable habitats may permanently shift locations and hence species displaying IMSF driven by site familiarity—such as the genus Uria —may not be able to adjust their migration strategies sufficiently fast to sustain individual fitness and ensure population persistence.

Misinformation, internet honey trading and beekeepers drive a plant invasion - Magdalena Lenda; Piotr Skórka; Karolina Kuszewska; Dawid Moroń; Michał Bełcik; Renata Baczek Kwinta; Franciszek Janowiak; David H. Duncan; Peter A. Vesk; Hugh P. Possingham; Johannes M. H. Knops (Ecology Letters, 2021)
Biological invasions are a major human induced global change that is threatening global biodiversity by homogenizing the world’s fauna and flora. Species spread because humans have moved species across geographical boundaries and have changed ecological factors that structure ecosystems, such as nitrogen deposition, disturbance, etc. Many biological invasions are caused accidentally, as a byproduct of human travel and commerce driven product shipping. However, humans also have spread many species intentionally because of perceived benefits. Of interest is the role of the recent exponential growth in information exchange via internet social media in driving biological invasions. To date, this has not been examined. Here, we show that for one such invasive species, goldenrod, social networks spread misleading and incomplete information that is enhancing the spread of goldenrod invasions into new environments. We show that the notion of goldenrod honey as a “superfood” with unsupported healing properties is driving a demand that leads beekeepers to produce goldenrod honey. Social networks provide a forum for such information exchange and this is leading to further spread of goldenrod in many countries where goldenrod is not native, such as Poland. However, this informal social information exchange ignores laws that focus on preventing the further spread of invasive species and the strong negative effects that goldenrod has on native ecosystems, including floral resources that negatively impact honeybee performance. Thus, scientifically unsupported information on “superfoods” such as goldenrod honey that is disseminated through social internet networks has real world consequences such as increased goldenrod invasions into novel geographical regions which decreases native biodiversity.

The challenge of biased evidence in conservation - Alec P. Christie; Tatsuya Amano; Philip A. Martin; Silviu O. Petrovan; Gorm E. Shackelford; Benno I. Simmons; Rebecca K. Smith; David R. Williams; Claire F. R. Wordley; William J. Sutherland (Conservation Biology, 2021)
Efforts to tackle the current biodiversity crisis need to be as efficient and effective as possible given chronic underfunding. To inform decision‐makers of the most effective conservation actions, it is important to identify biases and gaps in the conservation literature to prioritize future evidence generation. We used the Conservation Evidence database to assess the state of the global literature that tests conservation actions for amphibians and birds. For the studies in the database, we investigated their spatial and taxonomic extent and distribution across biomes, effectiveness metrics, and study designs. Studies were heavily concentrated in Western Europe and North America for birds and particularly for amphibians, and temperate forest and grassland biomes were highly represented relative to their percentage of land coverage. Studies that used the most reliable study designs—before‐after control‐impact and randomized controlled trials—were the most geographically restricted and scarce in the evidence base. There were negative spatial relationships between the numbers of studies and the numbers of threatened and data‐deficient species worldwide. Taxonomic biases and gaps were apparent for amphibians and birds—some entire orders were absent from the evidence base—whereas others were poorly represented relative to the proportion of threatened species they contained. Metrics used to evaluate effectiveness of conservation actions were often inconsistent between studies, potentially making them less directly comparable and evidence synthesis more difficult. Testing conservation actions on threatened species outside Western Europe, North America, and Australasia should be prioritized. Standardizing metrics and improving the rigor of study designs used to test conservation actions would also improve the quality of the evidence base for synthesis and decision‐making.

Investing in Blue Natural Capital to Secure a Future for the Red Sea Ecosystems - Maha J. Cziesielski; Carlos M. Duarte; Nojood Aalismail; Yousef Al-Hafedh; Andrea Anton; Faiyah Baalkhuyur; Andrew C. Baker; Thorsten Balke; Iliana B. Baums; Michael Berumen; Vasiliki I. Chalastani; Brendan Cornwell; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
For millennia, coastal and marine ecosystems have adapted and flourished in the Red Sea’s unique environment. Surrounded by deserts on all sides, the Red Sea is subjected to high dust inputs and receives very little freshwater input, and so harbors a high salinity. Coral reefs, seagrass meadows, and mangroves flourish in this environment and provide socio-economic and environmental benefits to the bordering coastlines and countries. Interestingly, while coral reef ecosystems are currently experiencing rapid decline on a global scale, those in the Red Sea appear to be in relatively better shape. That said, they are certainly not immune to the stressors that cause degradation, such as increasing ocean temperature, acidification and pollution. In many regions, ecosystems are already severely deteriorating and are further threatened by increasing population pressure and large coastal development projects. Degradation of these marine habitats will lead to environmental costs, as well as significant economic losses. Therefore, it will result in a missed opportunity for the bordering countries to develop a sustainable blue economy and integrate innovative nature-based solutions. Recognizing that securing the Red Sea ecosystems’ future must occur in synergy with continued social and economic growth, we developed an action plan for the conservation, restoration, and growth of marine environments of the Red Sea. We then investigated the level of resources for financial and economic investment that may incentivize these activities. This study presents a set of commercially viable financial investment strategies, ecological innovations, and sustainable development opportunities, which can, if implemented strategically, help ensure long-term economic benefits while promoting environmental conservation. We make a case for investing in blue natural capital and propose a strategic development model that relies on maintaining the health of natural ecosystems to safeguard the Red Sea’s sustainable development.

Future Risk for Southern Ocean Ecosystem Services Under Climate Change - Rachel D. Cavanagh; Jess Melbourne-Thomas; Susie M. Grant; David K. A. Barnes; Kevin A. Hughes; Svenja Halfter; Michael P. Meredith; Eugene J. Murphy; Rowan Trebilco; Simeon L. Hill (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
The Southern Ocean supports ecosystem services that are important on a global scale. Climate change and human activities (tourism, fishing, and research) will affect both the demand for, and the provision of, these services into the future. Here we synthesize recent assessments of the current status and expected future climate-driven changes in Southern Ocean ecosystems and evaluate the potential consequences of these changes for the provision of ecosystem services. We explore in detail three key services (the ‘blue carbon’ pathway, the Antarctic krill fishery, and Antarctic tourism), tracing the consequences of climate change from physical drivers through biological impacts to the benefits to humans. We consider potential non-climatic drivers of change, current and future demands for the services, and the main global and regional policy frameworks that could be used to manage risks to the provision of these services in a changing climate. We also develop a formal representation of the network of interactions between the suite of potential drivers and the suite of services, providing a framework to capture the complexity of this network and its embedded feedback loops. Increased consideration of the linkages and feedbacks between drivers and ecosystem services will be required to underpin robust management responses into the future.

Atlantic Grey Seal Milk Shows Continuous Changes in Key Metabolites and Indicators of Metabolic Transition in Pups From Birth to Weaning - David G. Watson; Patrick P. Pomeroy; Malcolm W. Kennedy (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Mothers of the Atlantic grey seal, Halichoerus grypus , lactate for about 20 days, during which they do not feed and may have no access to water. Following weaning, they depart to sea leaving their pups unattended and unfed for up to another 40 days. We are interested in how this lactation strategy supports the pups’ rapid growth and development while also preparing them for their long fast before independently going to sea. We report a broad spectrum metabolomic analysis of whole milks of these seals that reveals continuous changes in key metabolites from birth to weaning. Certain components exhibit abbreviated appearances at the onset of lactation, followed by continuous rises or falls in others until weaning. Riboflavin/Vitamin B2, hormone-related sterol sulfates, lactose, and complex oligosaccharides all appear in milk briefly after birth then disappear. Lipids associated with cellular signaling and brain development occur at highest levels shortly after birth, then diminish. In contrast, other lipids and Vitamin B6/pyridoxine steadily increase as weaning approaches. Overall, these findings may indicate an early transition from carbohydrate to fat-based energy metabolism and establishment of gut microbiomes in pups, followed by provisioning for post-weaning development and fasting.

Scenarios for Global Aquaculture and Its Role in Human Nutrition - Jessica A. Gephart; Christopher D. Golden; Frank Asche; Ben Belton; Cecile Brugere; Halley E. Froehlich; Jillian P. Fry; Benjamin S. Halpern; Christina C. Hicks; Robert C. Jones; Dane H. Klinger; David C. Little; et al. (Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 2021)

Nutrient additions three decades on: potential interactions of nutrients and climate in the recovery of a high latitude serpentine system - Sarah E. Dalrymple; John Hopkins; Stephen P. Carter; David R. Slingsby (Plant Biosystems, 2021)

Tracking the history of grapevine cultivation in Georgia by combining geometric morphometrics and ancient DNA - Laurent Bouby; Nathan Wales; Mindia Jalabadze; Nana Rusishvili; Vincent Bonhomme; Jazmín Ramos-Madrigal; Allowen Evin; Sarah Ivorra; Thierry Lacombe; Clémence Pagnoux; Elisabetta Boaretto; M. Thomas P. Gilbert; et al. (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2021)

A juvenile Tristan albatross (Diomedea dabbenena) on land at the Crozet Islands - Alexander L. Bond; Christopher Taylor; David Kinchin-Smith; Derren Fox; Emma Witcutt; Peter G. Ryan; Simon P. Loader; Henri Weimerskirch (Polar Biology, 2021)
Albatrosses and other seabirds are generally highly philopatric, returning to natal colonies when they achieve breeding age. This is not universal, however, and cases of extraordinary vagrancy are rare. The Tristan Albatross ( Diomedea dabbenena ) breeds on Gough Island in the South Atlantic Ocean, with a small population on Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha, ca 380 km away. In 2015, we observed an adult male albatross in Gonydale, Gough Island, which had been ringed on Ile de la Possession, Crozet Islands in 2009 when it was assumed to be an immature Wandering Albatross ( D. exulans ). We sequenced 1109 bp of the cytochrome b mitochondrial gene from this bird, and confirmed it to be a Tristan Albatross, meaning its presence on Crozet 6 years previous, and nearly 5000 km away, was a case of prospecting behaviour in a heterospecific colony. Given the challenges in identifying immature Diomedea albatrosses, such dispersal events may be more common than thought previously.

DNA Double-Strand Break Accumulation in Alzheimer’s Disease: Evidence from Experimental Models and Postmortem Human Brains - Nidheesh Thadathil; David F. Delotterie; Jianfeng Xiao; Roderick Hori; Michael P. McDonald; Mohammad Moshahid Khan (Molecular Neurobiology, 2021)

Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Management of Texas Coral Snake (Micrurus tener) Envenomations Reported to the North American Snakebite Registry - Spencer Greene; Anne-Michelle Ruha; Sharan Campleman; Jeffrey Brent; Paul Wax; Kim Aldy; Peter Akpunonu; Vikhyat S. Bebarta; Gillian A. Beauchamp; Michael C. Beuhler; Mary Billington; William Boroughf; et al. (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2021)

Fine-scale roadkill risk models: understanding the intersection of wildlife and roads - Kristina Chyn; Te-En Lin; David P. Wilkinson; James L. Tracy; A. Michelle Lawing; Lee A. Fitzgerald (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2021)

Elevated rates of positive selection drive the evolution of pestiferousness in the Colorado potato beetle ( Leptinotarsa decemlineata , Say) - Zachary P. Cohen; Kristian Brevik; Yolanda H. Chen; David J. Hawthorne; Benjamin D. Weibel; Sean D. Schoville (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
Contextualizing evolutionary history and identifying genomic features of an insect that might contribute to its pest status is important in developing early detection and control tactics. In order to understand the evolution of pestiferousness, which we define as the accumulation of traits that contribute to an insect population's success in an agroecosystem, we tested the importance of known genomic properties associated with rapid adaptation in the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. Within the leaf beetle genus Leptinotarsa , only CPB, and a few populations therein, has risen to pest status on cultivated nightshades, Solanum . Using whole genomes from ten closely related Leptinotarsa species native to the United States, we reconstructed a high‐quality species tree and used this phylogenetic framework to assess evolutionary patterns in four genomic features of rapid adaptation: standing genetic variation, gene family expansion and contraction, transposable element abundance and location, and positive selection at protein‐coding genes. Throughout approximately 20 million years of history, Leptinotarsa species show little evidence of gene family turnover and transposable element variation. However, there is a clear pattern of CPB experiencing higher rates of positive selection on protein‐coding genes. We determine that these rates are associated with greater standing genetic variation due to larger effective population size, which supports the theory that the demographic history contributes to rates of protein evolution. Furthermore, we identify a suite of coding genes under positive selection that are putatively associated with pestiferousness in the Colorado potato beetle lineage. They are involved in the biological processes of xenobiotic detoxification, chemosensation and hormone function.

RivFishTIME: A global database of fish time‐series to study global change ecology in riverine systems - Lise Comte; Juan Carvajal‐Quintero; Pablo A. Tedesco; Xingli Giam; Ulrich Brose; Tibor Erős; Ana F. Filipe; Marie‐Josée Fortin; Katie Irving; Claire Jacquet; Stefano Larsen; Sapna Sharma; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2021)
Motivation We compiled a global database of long‐term riverine fish surveys from 46 regional and national monitoring programmes and from individual academic research efforts, with which numerous basic and applied questions in ecology and global change research can be explored. Such spatially and temporally extensive datasets have been lacking for freshwater systems in comparison to terrestrial ones. Main types of variables contained The database includes 11,386 time‐series of riverine fish community catch data, including 646,270 species‐specific abundance records, together with metadata related to the geographical location and sampling methodology of each time‐series. Spatial location and grain The database contains 11,072 unique sampling locations (stream reach), spanning 19 countries, five biogeographical realms and 402 hydrographical basins world‐wide. Time period and grain The database encompasses the period 1951–2019. Each time‐series is composed of a minimum of two yearly surveys (mean = 8 years) and represents a minimum time span of 10 years (mean = 19 years). Major taxa and level of measurement The database includes 944 species of ray‐finned fishes (Class Actinopterygii). Software format csv. Main conclusion Our collective effort provides the most comprehensive long‐term community database of riverine fishes to date. This unique database should interest ecologists who seek to understand the impacts of human activities on riverine fish biodiversity and to model and predict how fish communities will respond to future environmental change. Together, we hope it will promote advances in macroecological research in the freshwater realm.

A global analysis of complexity–biodiversity relationships on marine artificial structures - Elisabeth M. A. Strain; Peter D. Steinberg; Maria Vozzo; Emma L. Johnston; Marco Abbiati; Moises A. Aguilera; Laura Airoldi; J. David Aguirre; Gail Ashton; Maritina Bernardi; Paul Brooks; Benny K. K. Chan; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2021)
Aim Topographic complexity is widely accepted as a key driver of biodiversity, but at the patch‐scale, complexity–biodiversity relationships may vary spatially and temporally according to the environmental stressors complexity mitigates, and the species richness and identity of potential colonists. Using a manipulative experiment, we assessed spatial variation in patch‐scale effects of complexity on intertidal biodiversity. Location 27 sites within 14 estuaries/bays distributed globally. Time period 2015–2017. Major taxa studied Functional groups of algae, sessile and mobile invertebrates. Methods Concrete tiles of differing complexity (flat; 2.5‐cm or 5‐cm complex) were affixed at low–high intertidal elevation on coastal defence structures, and the richness and abundance of the colonizing taxa were quantified after 12 months. Results The patch‐scale effects of complexity varied spatially and among functional groups. Complexity had neutral to positive effects on total, invertebrate and algal taxa richness, and invertebrate abundances. However, effects on the abundance of algae ranged from positive to negative, depending on location and functional group. The tidal elevation at which tiles were placed accounted for some variation. The total and invertebrate richness were greater at low or mid than at high intertidal elevations. Latitude was also an important source of spatial variation, with the effects of complexity on total richness and mobile mollusc abundance greatest at lower latitudes, whilst the cover of sessile invertebrates and sessile molluscs responded most strongly to complexity at higher latitudes. Conclusions After 12 months, patch‐scale relationships between biodiversity and habitat complexity were not universally positive. Instead, the relationship varied among functional groups and according to local abiotic and biotic conditions. This result challenges the assumption that effects of complexity on biodiversity are universally positive. The variable effect of complexity has ramifications for community and applied ecology, including eco‐engineering and restoration that seek to bolster biodiversity through the addition of complexity.

Can N 2 O emissions offset the benefits from soil organic carbon storage? - Bertrand Guenet; Benoit Gabrielle; Claire Chenu; Dominique Arrouays; Jérôme Balesdent; Martial Bernoux; Elisa Bruni; Jean‐Pierre Caliman; Rémi Cardinael; Songchao Chen; Philippe Ciais; Dominique Desbois; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
To respect the Paris agreement targeting a limitation of global warming below 2°C by 2100, and possibly below 1.5°C, drastic reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are mandatory but not sufficient. Large‐scale deployment of other climate mitigation strategies is also necessary. Among these, increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is an important lever because carbon in soils can be stored for long periods and land management options to achieve this already exist and have been widely tested. However, agricultural soils are also an important source of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), a powerful greenhouse gas, and increasing SOC may influence N 2 O emissions, likely causing an increase in many cases, thus tending to offset the climate change benefit from increased SOC storage. Here we review the main agricultural management options for increasing SOC stocks. We evaluate the amount of SOC that can be stored as well as resulting changes in N 2 O emissions to better estimate the climate benefits of these management options. Based on quantitative data obtained from published meta‐analyses and from our current level of understanding, we conclude that the climate mitigation induced by increased SOC storage is generally overestimated if associated N 2 O emissions are not considered but, with the exception of reduced tillage, is never fully offset. Some options (e.g. biochar or non‐pyrogenic C amendment application) may even decrease N 2 O emissions.

Much stronger tundra methane emissions during autumn freeze than spring thaw - Tao Bao; Xiyan Xu; Gensuo Jia; David P. Billesbach; Ryan C. Sullivan (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Warming in the Arctic has been more apparent in the non‐growing season than in the typical growing season. In this context, methane (CH 4 ) emissions in the non‐growing season, particularly in the shoulder seasons, account for a substantial proportion of the annual budget. However, CH 4 emissions in spring and autumn shoulders are often underestimated by land models and measurements due to limited data availability and unknown mechanisms. This study investigates CH 4 emissions during spring thaw and autumn freeze using eddy covariance CH 4 measurements from three Arctic sites with multi‐year observations. We find that the shoulder seasons contribute to about a quarter (25.6 ± 2.3%, mean ± SD ) of annual total CH 4 emissions. Our study highlights the three to four times higher contribution of autumn freeze CH 4 emission to total annual emission than that of spring thaw. Autumn freeze exhibits significantly higher CH 4 flux (0.88 ± 0.03 mg m −2 hr −1 ) than spring thaw (0.48 ± 0.04 mg m −2 hr −1 ). The mean duration of autumn freeze (58.94 ± 26.39 days) is significantly longer than that of spring thaw (20.94 ± 7.79 days), which predominates the much higher cumulative CH 4 emission during autumn freeze (1,212.31 ± 280.39 mg m −2 year −1 ) than that during spring thaw (307.39 ± 46.11 mg m −2 year −1 ). Near‐surface soil temperatures cannot completely reflect the freeze–thaw processes in deeper soil layers and appears to have a hysteresis effect on CH 4 emissions from early spring thaw to late autumn freeze. Therefore, it is necessary to consider commonalities and differences in CH 4 emissions during spring thaw versus autumn freeze to accurately estimate CH 4 source from tundra ecosystems for evaluating carbon‐climate feedback in Arctic.

Beyond ecosystem modeling: A roadmap to community cyberinfrastructure for ecological data‐model integration - Istem Fer; Anthony K. Gardella; Alexey N. Shiklomanov; Eleanor E. Campbell; Elizabeth M. Cowdery; Martin G. De Kauwe; Ankur Desai; Matthew J. Duveneck; Joshua B. Fisher; Katherine D. Haynes; Forrest M. Hoffman; Miriam R. Johnston; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
In an era of rapid global change, our ability to understand and predict Earth's natural systems is lagging behind our ability to monitor and measure changes in the biosphere. Bottlenecks to informing models with observations have reduced our capacity to fully exploit the growing volume and variety of available data. Here, we take a critical look at the information infrastructure that connects ecosystem modeling and measurement efforts, and propose a roadmap to community cyberinfrastructure development that can reduce the divisions between empirical research and modeling and accelerate the pace of discovery. A new era of data‐model integration requires investment in accessible, scalable, and transparent tools that integrate the expertise of the whole community, including both modelers and empiricists. This roadmap focuses on five key opportunities for community tools: the underlying foundations of community cyberinfrastructure; data ingest; calibration of models to data; model‐data benchmarking; and data assimilation and ecological forecasting. This community‐driven approach is a key to meeting the pressing needs of science and society in the 21st century.