Mechanisms underlying host persistence following amphibian disease emergence determine appropriate management strategies - Laura A. Brannelly; Hamish I. McCallum; Laura F. Grogan; Cheryl J. Briggs; Maria P. Ribas; Matthijs Hollanders; Thais Sasso; Mariel Familiar López; David A. Newell; Auston M. Kilpatrick (Ecology Letters, 2021)
Emerging infectious diseases have caused many species declines, changes in communities and even extinctions. There are also many species that persist following devastating declines due to disease. The broad mechanisms that enable host persistence following declines include evolution of resistance or tolerance, changes in immunity and behaviour, compensatory recruitment, pathogen attenuation, environmental refugia, density‐dependent transmission and changes in community composition. Here we examine the case of chytridiomycosis, the most important wildlife disease of the past century. We review the full breadth of mechanisms allowing host persistence, and synthesise research on host, pathogen, environmental and community factors driving persistence following chytridiomycosis‐related declines and overview the current evidence and the information required to support each mechanism. We found that for most species the mechanisms facilitating persistence have not been identified. We illustrate how the mechanisms that drive long‐term host population dynamics determine the most effective conservation management strategies. Therefore, understanding mechanisms of host persistence is important because many species continue to be threatened by disease, some of which will require intervention. The conceptual framework we describe is broadly applicable to other novel disease systems.

Aerobic swimming in intensive finfish aquaculture: applications for production, mitigation and selection - David J. McKenzie; Arjan P. Palstra; Josep Planas; Simon MacKenzie; Marie‐Laure Bégout; Helgi Thorarensen; Marc Vandeputte; Daan Mes; Sonia Rey; Gudrun De Boeck; Paolo Domenici; Peter V. Skov (Reviews in Aquaculture, 2021)
We review knowledge on applications of sustained aerobic swimming as a tool to promote productivity and welfare of farmed fish species. There has been extensive interest in whether providing active species with a current to swim against can promote growth. The results are not conclusive but the studies have varied in species, life stage, swimming speed applied, feeding regime, stocking density and other factors. Therefore, much remains to be understood about mechanisms underlying findings of ‘swimming‐enhanced growth’, in particular to demonstrate that swimming can improve feed conversion ratio and dietary protein retention under true aquaculture conditions. There has also been research into whether swimming can alleviate chronic stress, once again on a range of species and life stages. The evidence is mixed but swimming does improve recovery from acute stresses such as handling or confinement. Research into issues such as whether swimming can improve immune function and promote cognitive function is still at an early stage and should be encouraged. There is promising evidence that swimming can inhibit precocious sexual maturation in some species, so studies should be broadened to other species where precocious maturation is a problem. Swimming performance is a heritable trait and may prove a useful selection tool, especially if it is related to overall robustness. More research is required to better understand the advantages that swimming may provide to the fish farmer, in terms of production, mitigation and selection.

The Long-Term Effect of Bleeding for Limulus Amebocyte Lysate on Annual Survival and Recapture of Tagged Horseshoe Crabs - David R. Smith; Joshua J. Newhard; Conor P. McGowan; C. Alyssa Butler (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)
In the U.S., 525,000 horseshoe crabs ( Limulus polyphemus ) per year have been captured during 2013–2017, brought to biomedical facilities, and bled to produce Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), then mostly released to the area of capture. The Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission estimates short-term bleeding-induced mortality to be 15% (4% to 30%), resulting in mortality of approximately 78,750 horseshoe crabs annually in recent years comprising a minor portion (<13%) of the up to one million annual coastwide landings dominated by harvest for bait. However, the long-term effect of bleeding for LAL on annual survival and spawning behavior is unknown; thus, results from short-term studies alone might underestimate bleeding effects at the population level. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed data from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife horseshoe crab tagging database to estimate the differences in survival and recapture rates of bled and not bled horseshoe crabs tagged in the same years and geographic area. Contrary to expectation, survival was not lower for bled crabs compared to unbled crabs. Differences varied, but survival estimates tended to be higher for bled crabs than for unbled crabs. However, biomedical culling and selection for younger or healthier animals could have resulted in biomedically tagged individuals representing a healthier subset of the overall population with subsequent higher survival. Furthermore, the tagging analysis revealed a post-bleeding reduction in capture probability, which could indicate decreased spawning activity, evident in males more than females. Continued tagging of bled and unbled crabs in the same geographic area while recording age class and sex will contribute to the further resolution of LAL production’s effect on horseshoe crab populations.

Behavior and Ecology of Silky Sharks Around the Chagos Archipelago and Evidence of Indian Ocean Wide Movement - David J. Curnick; Samantha Andrzejaczek; David M. P. Jacoby; Daniel M. Coffey; Aaron B. Carlisle; Taylor K. Chapple; Francesco Ferretti; Robert J. Schallert; Timothy White; Barbara A. Block; Heather J. Koldewey; Ben Collen (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)
Silky sharks ( Carcharhinus falciformis ) represent a major component of global shark catch, both directly and as bycatch, and populations are declining as a result. An improved understanding of their movement ecology is needed to support conservation efforts. We deployed satellite and acoustic tags (2013–2018) and analyzed historical fisheries records (1997–2009), to investigate the spatial ecology of silky sharks in the central Indian Ocean and a large Marine Protected Area (MPA; 640,000 km 2 ) around the Chagos Archipelago. We observed high fidelity to the MPA, and a sustained diurnal association with a seamount complex, with individuals moving off at night and returning at sunrise. Yet, we also observed large-scale divergent movements in two satellite tagged individuals and documented the furthest recorded displacement distance for a satellite tagged silky shark to date, with one individual moving from the MPA to the Kenyan coast—a displacement distance of 3,549 km (track distance ∼4,782 km). Silky sharks undertook diel vertical migrations and oscillatory diving behavior, spending > 99% of their time in the top 100 m, and diving to depths of greater than 300 m, overlapping directly with typical deployments of purse seine and longline sets in the Indian Ocean. One individual was recorded to a depth of 1,112 m, the deepest recorded silky shark dive to date. Individuals spent 96% of their time at liberty within water temperatures between 24 and 30°C. Historic fisheries data revealed that silky sharks were a major component of the shark community around the archipelago, representing 13.69% of all sharks caught by longlines before the fishery closed in 2010. Over half (55.88%) of all individuals caught by longlines and purse seiners were juveniles. The large proportion of juveniles, coupled with the high site fidelity and residence observed in some individuals, suggests that the MPA could provide considerable conservation benefits for silky sharks, particularly during early life-history stages. However, their high mobility potential necessitates that large MPAs need to be considered in conjunction with fisheries regulations and conservation measures in adjacent EEZs and in areas beyond national jurisdiction.

Correction to: The effects of microdose LSD on time perception: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial - Steliana Yanakieva; Naya Polychroni; Neiloufar Family; Luke T. J. Williams; David P. Luke; Devin B. Terhune (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Behavioral effects of benzylideneoxymorphone (BOM), a low efficacy µ opioid receptor agonist and a δ opioid receptor antagonist - Sanjana Mada; Lisa R. Gerak; Amélie Soyer; David R. Maguire; Zehua Hu; Vanessa Minervini; Christopher W. Cunningham; Charles P. France (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

The effects of synoptic and local meteorological condition on CO2, CH4, PM10 and PM2.5 at Bachok Marine Research Station (BMRS) in Peninsular Malaysia - Noraini Mohyeddin; Azizan Abu Samah; Sheeba Nettukandy Chenoli; Matthew J. Ashfold; Mohammed Iqbal Mead; David Oram; Mohd Talib Latif; P. Sivaprasad; Mohd Fadzil Firdzaus Mohd Nor (Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 2020)

Combined Soil and Foliar Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Rainfed Almond Tree Performance - Maria C. Morais; Alfredo Aires; David Barreales; M. Ângelo Rodrigues; António C. Ribeiro; Berta Gonçalves; Ana P. Silva (Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2020)

Limited evidence for negative effects of highway widening on North American large mammals - Sean P. Boyle; Jacqueline D. Litzgus; David Lesbarrères (European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2020)

Assessing the Eutrophic Susceptibility of New Zealand Estuaries - David R. Plew; John R. Zeldis; Bruce D. Dudley; Amy L. Whitehead; Leigh M. Stevens; Barry M. Robertson; Ben P. Robertson (Estuaries and Coasts, 2020)
We developed a method to predict the susceptibility of New Zealand estuaries to eutrophication. This method predicts macroalgae and phytoplankton responses to potential nutrient concentrations and flushing times, obtained nationally from simple dilution models, a GIS land-use model and physical estuary properties. Macroalgal response was based on an empirically derived relationship between potential nitrogen concentrations and an established macroalgal index (EQR) and phytoplankton response using an analytical growth model. Intertidal area was used to determine which primary producer was likely to lead to eutrophic conditions within estuaries. We calculated the eutrophication susceptibility of 399 New Zealand estuaries and assigned them to susceptibility bands A (lowest expected impact) to D (highest expected impact). Twenty-seven percent of New Zealand estuaries have high or very high eutrophication susceptibilities (band C or D), mostly (63% of band C and D) due to macroalgae. The physical properties of estuaries strongly influence susceptibility to macroalgae or phytoplankton blooms, and estuaries with similar physical properties cluster spatially around New Zealand’s coasts. As a result, regional patterns in susceptibility are apparent due to a combination of estuary types and land use patterns. The few areas in New Zealand with consistently low estuary eutrophication susceptibilities are either undeveloped or have estuaries with short flushing times, low intertidal area and/or minimal tidal influx. Estuaries with conditions favourable for macroalgae are most at risk. Our approach provides estuary-integrated susceptibility scores likely to be of use as a regional or national screening tool to prioritise more in-depth estuary assessments, to evaluate likely responses to altered nutrient loading regimes and assist in developing management strategies for estuaries.

Long-Term Changes in Terrestrial Vegetation Linked to Shifts in a Colonial Seabird Population - Matthew P. Duda; John R. Glew; Neal Michelutti; Gregory J. Robertson; William A. Montevecchi; Jennifer A. Kissinger; David C. Eickmeyer; Jules M. Blais; John P. Smol (Ecosystems, 2020)

PODPAC: open-source Python software for enabling harmonized, plug-and-play processing of disparate earth observation data sets and seamless transition onto the serverless cloud by earth scientists - Mattheus P. Ueckermann; Jerry Bieszczad; Dara Entekhabi; Marc L. Shapiro; David R. Callendar; David Sullivan; Jeffrey Milloy (Earth Science Informatics, 2020)

A global coral reef probability map generated using convolutional neural networks - Jiwei Li; David E. Knapp; Nicholas S. Fabina; Emma V. Kennedy; Kirk Larsen; Mitchell B. Lyons; Nicholas J. Murray; Stuart R. Phinn; Chris M. Roelfsema; Gregory P. Asner (Coral Reefs, 2020)

Thermal stress-related spatiotemporal variations in high-latitude coral reef benthic communities - Nicholas P. Jones; Joana Figueiredo; David S. Gilliam (Coral Reefs, 2020)
High-latitude coral reef communities have been postulated as the first areas to undergo reorganisation under climate change. Tropicalisation has been identified in some high-latitude communities and is predicted in others, but it is unclear how the resident benthic taxa are affected. We conducted a long-term (2007–2016) assessment of changes to benthic community cover in relation to thermal stress duration on the Southeast Florida Reef Tract (SEFRT). Thermal stress events, both hot and cold, had acute (thermal stress duration affected benthic cover that year) and chronic (thermal stress duration affected benthic cover the following year) impacts on benthic cover. Chronic heat stress was associated with declines in cover of the reef-building coral families Acroporidae, Montastraeidae, Meandrinidae, Mussidae and Siderastreidae, which coupled with the absence of cold stress and rising annual temperatures boosted macroalgae cover. Cover of smaller, weedy coral families, Poritidae, Agariciidae and Astrocoeniidae, was either unaffected or positively related to heat stress duration and rising mean temperature. Thermal stress was related to spatiotemporal variations in benthic cover on the SEFRT, likely enhanced by local stressors, such as elevated nutrients and sedimentation. Coral and octocoral cover declined within four of six sub-regions, sponge cover increased in half of the sub-regions, and macroalgae cover increased in four sub-regions during the study. Under current conditions, increased macroalgae and weedy coral cover are anticipated to inhibit reef recovery.

Bioenergy technologies in long-run climate change mitigation: results from the EMF-33 study - Vassilis Daioglou; Steven K. Rose; Nico Bauer; Alban Kitous; Matteo Muratori; Fuminori Sano; Shinichiro Fujimori; Matthew J. Gidden; Etsushi Kato; Kimon Keramidas; David Klein; Florian Leblanc; et al. (Climatic Change, 2020)
Bioenergy is expected to play an important role in long-run climate change mitigation strategies as highlighted by many integrated assessment model (IAM) scenarios. These scenarios, however, also show a very wide range of results, with uncertainty about bioenergy conversion technology deployment and biomass feedstock supply. To date, the underlying differences in model assumptions and parameters for the range of results have not been conveyed. Here we explore the models and results of the 33rd study of the Stanford Energy Modeling Forum to elucidate and explore bioenergy technology specifications and constraints that underlie projected bioenergy outcomes. We first develop and report consistent bioenergy technology characterizations and modeling details. We evaluate the bioenergy technology specifications through a series of analyses—comparison with the literature, model intercomparison, and an assessment of bioenergy technology projected deployments. We find that bioenergy technology coverage and characterization varies substantially across models, spanning different conversion routes, carbon capture and storage opportunities, and technology deployment constraints. Still, the range of technology specification assumptions is largely in line with bottom-up engineering estimates. We then find that variation in bioenergy deployment across models cannot be understood from technology costs alone. Important additional determinants include biomass feedstock costs, the availability and costs of alternative mitigation options in and across end-uses, the availability of carbon dioxide removal possibilities, the speed with which large scale changes in the makeup of energy conversion facilities and integration can take place, and the relative demand for different energy services.

The role of methane in future climate strategies: mitigation potentials and climate impacts - Mathijs Harmsen; Detlef P. van Vuuren; Benjamin Leon Bodirsky; Jean Chateau; Olivier Durand-Lasserve; Laurent Drouet; Oliver Fricko; Shinichiro Fujimori; David E. H. J. Gernaat; Tatsuya Hanaoka; Jérôme Hilaire; Kimon Keramidas; et al. (Climatic Change, 2020)
This study examines model-specific assumptions and projections of methane (CH 4 ) emissions in deep mitigation scenarios generated by integrated assessment models (IAMs). For this, scenarios of nine models are compared in terms of sectoral and regional CH 4 emission reduction strategies, as well as resulting climate impacts. The models’ projected reduction potentials are compared to sector and technology-specific reduction potentials found in literature. Significant cost-effective and non-climate policy related reductions are projected in the reference case (10–36% compared to a “frozen emission factor” scenario in 2100). Still, compared to 2010, CH 4 emissions are expected to rise steadily by 9–72% (up to 412 to 654 Mt CH 4 /year). Ambitious CO 2 reduction measures could by themselves lead to a reduction of CH 4 emissions due to a reduction of fossil fuels (22–48% compared to the reference case in 2100). However, direct CH 4 mitigation is crucial and more effective in bringing down CH 4 (50–74% compared to the reference case). Given the limited reduction potential, agriculture CH 4 emissions are projected to constitute an increasingly larger share of total anthropogenic CH 4 emissions in mitigation scenarios. Enteric fermentation in ruminants is in that respect by far the largest mitigation bottleneck later in the century with a projected 40–78% of total remaining CH 4 emissions in 2100 in a strong (2 °C) climate policy case.

An integrated assessment of the potential impacts of climate change on Indiana forests - Richard P. Phillips; Leslie Brandt; P. David Polly; Patrick Zollner; Michael R. Saunders; Keith Clay; Louis Iverson; Songlin Fei (Climatic Change, 2020)

Global energy sector emission reductions and bioenergy use: overview of the bioenergy demand phase of the EMF-33 model comparison - Nico Bauer; Steven K. Rose; Shinichiro Fujimori; Detlef P. van Vuuren; John Weyant; Marshall Wise; Yiyun Cui; Vassilis Daioglou; Matthew J. Gidden; Etsushi Kato; Alban Kitous; Florian Leblanc; et al. (Climatic Change, 2020)

Differential regulation of extracellular matrix proteins in three recurrent liver metastases of a single patient with colorectal cancer - Hannah Voß; Marcus Wurlitzer; Daniel J. Smit; Florian Ewald; Malik Alawi; Michael Spohn; Daniela Indenbirken; Maryam Omidi; Kerstin David; Hartmut Juhl; Ronald Simon; Guido Sauter; et al. (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2020)
Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients suffer from the second highest mortality among all cancer entities. In half of all CRC patients, colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) can be observed. Metastatic colorectal cancer is associated with poor overall survival and limited treatment options. Even after successful surgical resection of the primary tumor, metachronous liver metastases occur in one out of eight cases. The only available curative intended treatment is hepatic resection, but metachronous CRLM frequently recur after approximately 1 year. In this study, we performed a proteome analysis of three recurrent liver metastases of a single CRC patient by mass spectrometry. Despite surgical resection of the primary CRC and adjuvant chemotherapy plus cetuximab treatment, the patient developed three metachronous CRLM which occurred consecutively after 9, 21 and 31 months. We identified a set of 1132 proteins expressed in the three metachronous CRLM, of which 481 were differentially regulated, including 81 proteins that were associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM). 56 ECM associated proteins were identified as upregulated in the third metastasis, 26 (46%) of which were previously described as negative prognostic markers in CRC, including tenascin C, nidogen 1, fibulin 1 and vitronectin. These data may reflect an ascending trend of malignancy from the first to the third metachronous colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Additionally, the results indicate different ECM phenotypes for recurrent metachronous metastasis, associated with different grades of malignancy and highlights the importance of individual analysis of molecular features in different, consecutive metastatic events in a single patient.

Indoor and Outdoor PM10-Bound PAHs in an Urban Environment. Similarity of Mixtures and Source Attribution - David Galán-Madruga; June Mérida Terroba; Saúl García dos Santos; Regina Muñoz Úbeda; Jesús P. García-Cambero (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2020)

Canine papillomavirus type 16 associated to squamous cell carcinoma in a dog: virological and pathological findings - Christian D. B. T. Alves; Matheus N. Weber; Lorena L. B. Guimarães; Samuel P. Cibulski; Flávio R. C. da Silva; Cíntia Daudt; Renata F. Budaszewski; Mariana S. Silva; Fabiana Q. Mayer; Ronaldo M. Bianchi; Claiton Ismael Schwertz; Carine R. Stefanello; et al. (Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2020)

Effects of stress on functional connectivity during verbal processing - Neetu Nair; John P. Hegarty; Bradley J. Ferguson; Sara J. Hooshmand; Patrick M. Hecht; Michael Tilley; Shawn E. Christ; David Q. Beversdorf (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2020)

Co-administration of Selenium Nanoparticles and Metformin Abrogate Testicular Oxidative Injury by Suppressing Redox Imbalance, Augmenting Sperm Quality and Nrf2 Protein Expression in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats - Azubuike P. Ebokaiwe; Kebe E. Obeten; Stephen O. Okori; Ebuka E. David; Olasehinde Olusanya; Chukwuma J. Chukwu; Nworie Okoro; Richard C. Ehiri (Biological Trace Element Research, 2020)

Seismic stratigraphy of a deep water basin in the Brazilian equatorial margin: the eastern portion of Potiguar Basin and Touros High - Júlia C. L. G. Fonseca; Helenice Vital; Yoe A. R. Perez; David L. Castro; André G. Aquino da Silva; Moab P. Gomes (Geo-Marine Letters, 2020)

Author Correction: Resolving and Parameterising the Ocean Mesoscale in Earth System Models - Helene T. Hewitt; Malcolm Roberts; Pierre Mathiot; Arne Biastoch; Ed Blockley; Eric P. Chassignet; Baylor Fox-Kemper; Pat Hyder; David P. Marshall; Ekaterina Popova; Anne-Marie Treguier; Laure Zanna; et al. (Current Climate Change Reports, 2020)

Resolving and Parameterising the Ocean Mesoscale in Earth System Models - Helene T. Hewitt; Malcolm Roberts; Pierre Mathiot; Arne Biastoch; Ed Blockley; Eric P. Chassignet; Baylor Fox-Kemper; Pat Hyder; David P. Marshall; Ekaterina Popova; Anne-Marie Treguier; Laure Zanna; et al. (Current Climate Change Reports, 2020)
Purpose of Review Assessment of the impact of ocean resolution in Earth System models on the mean state, variability, and future projections and discussion of prospects for improved parameterisations to represent the ocean mesoscale. Recent Findings The majority of centres participating in CMIP6 employ ocean components with resolutions of about 1 degree in their full Earth System models (eddy-parameterising models). In contrast, there are also models submitted to CMIP6 (both DECK and HighResMIP) that employ ocean components of approximately 1/4 degree and 1/10 degree (eddy-present and eddy-rich models). Evidence to date suggests that whether the ocean mesoscale is explicitly represented or parameterised affects not only the mean state of the ocean but also the climate variability and the future climate response, particularly in terms of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and the Southern Ocean. Recent developments in scale-aware parameterisations of the mesoscale are being developed and will be included in future Earth System models. Summary Although the choice of ocean resolution in Earth System models will always be limited by computational considerations, for the foreseeable future, this choice is likely to affect projections of climate variability and change as well as other aspects of the Earth System. Future Earth System models will be able to choose increased ocean resolution and/or improved parameterisation of processes to capture physical processes with greater fidelity.

Predicting biodiversity richness in rapidly changing landscapes: climate, low human pressure or protection as salvation? - David W. Macdonald; Luca Chiaverini; Helen M. Bothwell; Żaneta Kaszta; Eric Ash; Gilmoore Bolongon; Özgün Emre Can; Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz; Phan Channa; Gopalasamy Reuben Clements; Andrew J. Hearn; Laurie Hedges; et al. (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2020)
Rates of biodiversity loss in Southeast Asia are among the highest in the world, and the Indo-Burma and South-Central China Biodiversity Hotspots rank among the world’s most threatened. Developing robust multi-species conservation models is critical for stemming biodiversity loss both here and globally. We used a large and geographically extensive remote-camera survey and multi-scale, multivariate optimization species distribution modelling to investigate the factors driving biodiversity across these two adjoining biodiversity hotspots. Four major findings emerged from the work. (i) We identified clear spatial patterns of species richness, with two main biodiverse centres in the Thai-Malay Peninsula and in the mountainous region of Southwest China. (ii) Carnivores in particular, and large ungulates to a lesser degree, were the strongest indicators of species richness. (iii) Climate had the largest effect on biodiversity, followed by protected status and human footprint. (iv) Gap analysis between the biodiversity model and the current system of protected areas revealed that the majority of areas supporting the highest predicted biodiversity are not protected. Our results highlighted several key locations that should be prioritized for expanding the protected area network to maximize conservation effectiveness. We demonstrated the importance of switching from single-species to multi-species approaches to highlight areas of high priority for biodiversity conservation. In addition, since these areas mostly occur over multiple countries, we also advocate for a paradigmatic focus on transboundary conservation planning.

2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Daniela Alioto; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Simon J. Anthony; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Tomáš Bartonička; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2020)

Mutagenicity of acrylamide and glycidamide in human TP53 knock-in (Hupki) mouse embryo fibroblasts - Lisa Hölzl-Armstrong; Jill E. Kucab; Sarah Moody; Edwin P. Zwart; Lucie Loutkotová; Veronica Duffy; Mirjam Luijten; Gonçalo Gamboa da Costa; Michael R. Stratton; David H. Phillips; Volker M. Arlt (Archives of Toxicology, 2020)
Acrylamide is a suspected human carcinogen formed during high-temperature cooking of starch-rich foods. It is metabolised by cytochrome P450 2E1 to its reactive metabolite glycidamide, which forms pre-mutagenic DNA adducts. Using the human TP53 knock-in (Hupki) mouse embryo fibroblasts (HUFs) immortalisation assay (HIMA), acrylamide- and glycidamide-induced mutagenesis was studied in the tumour suppressor gene TP53 . Selected immortalised HUF clones were also subjected to next-generation sequencing to determine mutations across the whole genome. The TP53 -mutant frequency after glycidamide exposure (1.1 mM for 24 h, n = 198) was 9% compared with 0% in cultures treated with acrylamide [1.5 ( n = 24) or 3 mM ( n = 6) for 48 h] and untreated vehicle (water) controls ( n = 36). Most glycidamide-induced mutations occurred at adenines with A > T/T > A and A > G/T > C mutations being the most common types. Mutations induced by glycidamide occurred at specific TP53 codons that have also been found to be mutated in human tumours (i.e., breast, ovary, colorectal, and lung) previously associated with acrylamide exposure. The spectrum of TP53 mutations was further reflected by the mutations detected by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and a distinct WGS mutational signature was found in HUF clones treated with glycidamide that was again characterised by A > G/T > C and A > T/T > A mutations. The WGS mutational signature showed similarities with COSMIC mutational signatures SBS3 and 25 previously found in human tumours (e.g., breast and ovary), while the adenine component was similar to COSMIC SBS4 found mostly in smokers’ lung cancer. In contrast, in acrylamide-treated HUF clones, only culture-related background WGS mutational signatures were observed. In summary, the results of the present study suggest that glycidamide may be involved in the development of breast, ovarian, and lung cancer.

Reference and current Trophic Level Index of New Zealand lakes: benchmarks to inform lake management and assessment - Jonathan M. Abell; Paul van Dam‐Bates; Deniz Özkundakci; David P. Hamilton (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2020)
Knowledge of trophic status is fundamental to understanding the condition and function of lake ecosystems. We developed regression models to predict chlorophyll a concentrations (chl a ) in New Zealand lakes for reference and current states, based on an existing dataset of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations for 1031 lakes. Models were then developed to predict Secchi depth based on chl a and a sediment resuspension term applicable to shallow lakes. Estimates of all four Trophic Level Index (TLI) variables (chl a , TN, TP and Secchi depth) were analysed to estimate reference and current state TLI for the nationally representative sample of 1031 lakes. There was a trend of eutrophication between reference and current states, with systematic differences among lake geomorphic types. Mean chl a increased 3.5‐fold (2.42 mg m −3 vs. 8.32 mg m −3 ) and mean Secchi depth decreased (indicating lower clarity) by approximately one‐third (9.62 m vs. 6.48 m) between reference and current states. On average, TLI increased by 0.67, with the TLI increase >1 in approximately one‐third (31%) of lakes. This study informs the status of lake ecosystems in NZ and provides benchmarks to guide management and assessment.

COSORE: A community database for continuous soil respiration and other soil‐atmosphere greenhouse gas flux data - Ben Bond‐Lamberty; Danielle S. Christianson; Avni Malhotra; Stephanie C. Pennington; Debjani Sihi; Amir AghaKouchak; Hassan Anjileli; M. Altaf Arain; Juan J. Armesto; Samaneh Ashraf; Mioko Ataka; Dennis Baldocchi; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Globally, soils store two to three times as much carbon as currently resides in the atmosphere, and it is critical to understand how soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and uptake will respond to ongoing climate change. In particular, the soil‐to‐atmosphere CO 2 flux, commonly though imprecisely termed soil respiration ( R S ), is one of the largest carbon fluxes in the Earth system. An increasing number of high‐frequency R S measurements (typically, from an automated system with hourly sampling) have been made over the last two decades; an increasing number of methane measurements are being made with such systems as well. Such high frequency data are an invaluable resource for understanding GHG fluxes, but lack a central database or repository. Here we describe the lightweight, open‐source COSORE (COntinuous SOil REspiration) database and software, that focuses on automated, continuous and long‐term GHG flux datasets, and is intended to serve as a community resource for earth sciences, climate change syntheses and model evaluation. Contributed datasets are mapped to a single, consistent standard, with metadata on contributors, geographic location, measurement conditions and ancillary data. The design emphasizes the importance of reproducibility, scientific transparency and open access to data. While being oriented towards continuously measured R S , the database design accommodates other soil‐atmosphere measurements (e.g. ecosystem respiration, chamber‐measured net ecosystem exchange, methane fluxes) as well as experimental treatments (heterotrophic only, etc.). We give brief examples of the types of analyses possible using this new community resource and describe its accompanying R software package.

Climate‐ versus geographic‐dependent patterns in the spatial distribution of macroinvertebrate assemblages in New World depressional wetlands - Cristina Stenert; Mateus M. Pires; Luis B. Epele; Marta G. Grech; Leonardo Maltchik; Kyle I. McLean; David M. Mushet; Darold P. Batzer (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Analyses of biota at lower latitudes may presage impacts of climate change on biota at higher latitudes. Macroinvertebrate assemblages in depressional wetlands may be especially sensitive to climate change because weather‐related precipitation and evapotranspiration are dominant ecological controls on habitats, and organisms of depressional wetlands are temperature‐sensitive ectotherms. We aimed to better understand how wetland macroinvertebrate assemblages were structured according to geography and climate. To do so, we contrasted aquatic‐macroinvertebrate assemblage structure (family level) between subtropical and temperate depressional wetlands of North and South America using presence–absence data from 264 of these habitats across the continents and more‐detailed relative‐abundance data from 56 depressional wetlands from four case‐study locations (North Dakota and Georgia in North America; southern Brazil and Argentinian Patagonia in South America). Both data sets roughly partitioned wetland numbers equally between the two climatic zones and between the continents. We used ordination methods (PCA and NMDS) and tests of multivariate dispersion (PERMDISP) to assess the distribution and the homogeneity in variation in the composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages across climates and continents, respectively. We found that macroinvertebrate assemblage structures in the subtropical depressional wetlands of North and South America were similar to each other (at the family level), while assemblages in the North and South American temperate wetlands were unique from the subtropics, and from each other. Tests of homogeneity of multivariate dispersion indicated that family‐level assemblage structures were more homogeneous in wetlands from the subtropical than the temperate zones. Our study suggests that ongoing climate change may result in the homogenization of macroinvertebrate assemblage structures in temperate zones of North and South America, with those assemblages becoming enveloped by assemblages from the subtropics. Biotic homogenization, more typically associated with other kinds of anthropogenic factors, may also be affected by climate change.

Can aspects of the discharge regime associated with juvenile Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) and trout ( S . trutta L.) densities be identified using historical monitoring data from five UK rivers? - Jonathan P. Gillson; David L. Maxwell; Stephen D. Gregory; Paulette E. Posen; William D. Riley; Jessica L. Picken; Marta G.L. Assunção (Fisheries Management and Ecology, 2020)
Understanding salmonid discharge requirements can help inform management to conserve wild populations in a changing climate. This study developed Bayesian hierarchical mixed‐effects models relating 0+ Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) and trout ( S almo trutta L.) densities to different aspects of river discharge. Associations between these densities and nine hydrological variables representing the magnitude, frequency and duration of discharge events were evaluated using historical monitoring data from 36 sites on five rivers in England and Wales. All hydrological variables had weak associations with 0+ salmonid densities. More frequent high discharges between spawning and emergence were positively and negatively associated with 0+ salmon and trout densities, respectively. High discharges might increase spawning site availability for salmon and decrease egg‐to‐fry survival for trout. However, overall, only equivocal evidence was found regarding which discharge aspects affect juvenile salmonid densities. Therefore, a strategic review of juvenile salmonid monitoring programmes integrating environmental data collection is recommended.

A Blueprint for an Inclusive, Global Deep-Sea Ocean Decade Field Program - Kerry L. Howell; Ana Hilário; A. Louise Allcock; David M. Bailey; Maria Baker; Malcolm R. Clark; Ana Colaço; Jon Copley; Erik E. Cordes; Roberto Danovaro; Awantha Dissanayake; Elva Escobar; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)
The ocean plays a crucial role in the functioning of the Earth System and in the provision of vital goods and services. The United Nations (UN) declared 2021–2030 as the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. The Roadmap for the Ocean Decade aims to achieve six critical societal outcomes (SOs) by 2030, through the pursuit of four objectives (Os). It specifically recognizes the scarcity of biological data for deep-sea biomes, and challenges the global scientific community to conduct research to advance understanding of deep-sea ecosystems to inform sustainable management. In this paper, we map four key scientific questions identified by the academic community to the Ocean Decade SOs: (i) What is the diversity of life in the deep ocean? (ii) How are populations and habitats connected? (iii) What is the role of living organisms in ecosystem function and service provision? and (iv) How do species, communities, and ecosystems respond to disturbance? We then consider the design of a global-scale program to address these questions by reviewing key drivers of ecological pattern and process. We recommend using the following criteria to stratify a global survey design: biogeographic region, depth, horizontal distance, substrate type, high and low climate hazard, fished/unfished, near/far from sources of pollution, licensed/protected from industry activities. We consider both spatial and temporal surveys, and emphasize new biological data collection that prioritizes southern and polar latitudes, deeper (> 2000 m) depths, and midwater environments. We provide guidance on observational, experimental, and monitoring needs for different benthic and pelagic ecosystems. We then review recent efforts to standardize biological data and specimen collection and archiving, making “sampling design to knowledge application” recommendations in the context of a new global program. We also review and comment on needs, and recommend actions, to develop capacity in deep-sea research; and the role of inclusivity - from accessing indigenous and local knowledge to the sharing of technologies - as part of such a global program. We discuss the concept of a new global deep-sea biological research program ‘ Challenger 150 ,’ highlighting what it could deliver for the Ocean Decade and UN Sustainable Development Goal 14.

Mud, Microbes, and Macrofauna: Seasonal Dynamics of the Iron Biogeochemical Cycle in an Intertidal Mudflat - Jacob P. Beam; Sarabeth George; Nicholas R. Record; Peter D. Countway; David T. Johnston; Peter R. Girguis; David Emerson (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Influence of intraseasonal eastern boundary circulation variability on hydrography and biogeochemistry off Peru - Jan Lüdke; Marcus Dengler; Stefan Sommer; David Clemens; Sören Thomsen; Gerd Krahmann; Andrew W. Dale; Eric P. Achterberg; Martin Visbeck (Ocean Science, 2020)
The intraseasonal evolution of physical and biogeochemical properties during a coastal trapped wave event off central Peru is analysed using data from an extensive shipboard observational programme conducted between April and June 2017, and remote sensing data. The poleward velocities in the Peru–Chile Undercurrent were highly variable and strongly intensified to above 0.5 m s−1 between the middle and end of May. This intensification was likely caused by a first-baroclinic-mode downwelling coastal trapped wave, excited by a westerly wind anomaly at the Equator and originating at about 95∘ W. Local winds along the South American coast did not impact the wave. Although there is general agreement between the observed cross-shore-depth velocity structure of the coastal trapped wave and the velocity structure of first vertical mode solution of a linear wave model, there are differences in the details of the two flow distributions. The enhanced poleward flow increased water mass advection from the equatorial current system to the study site. The resulting shorter alongshore transit times between the Equator and the coast off central Peru led to a strong increase in nitrate concentrations, less anoxic water, likely less fixed nitrogen loss to N2 and a decrease of the nitrogen deficit compared to the situation before the poleward flow intensification. This study highlights the role of changes in the alongshore advection due to coastal trapped waves for the nutrient budget and the cumulative strength of N cycling in the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone. Enhanced availability of nitrate may impact a range of pelagic and benthic elemental cycles, as it represents a major electron acceptor for organic carbon degradation during denitrification and is involved in sulfide oxidation in sediments.

Identification and Utilization of Biomarkers to Predict Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors - Ole Gjoerup; Charlotte A. Brown; Jeffrey S. Ross; Richard S. P. Huang; Alexa Schrock; James Creeden; David Fabrizio; Khaled Tolba (The AAPS Journal, 2020)

Noradrenergic circuits in the forebrain control affective responses to novelty - Daniel Lustberg; Rachel P. Tillage; Yu Bai; Molly Pruitt; L. Cameron Liles; David Weinshenker (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

A review of a decade of lessons from one of the world’s largest MPAs: conservation gains and key challenges - Graeme C. Hays; Heather J. Koldewey; Samantha Andrzejaczek; Martin J. Attrill; Shanta Barley; Daniel T. I. Bayley; Cassandra E. Benkwitt; Barbara Block; Robert J. Schallert; Aaron B. Carlisle; Pete Carr; Taylor K. Chapple; et al. (Marine Biology, 2020)

Ultraviolet-assisted oiling assessment improves detection of oiled birds experiencing clinical signs of hemolytic anemia after exposure to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill - Jesse A. Fallon; Eric P. Smith; Nina Schoch; James D. Paruk; Evan M. Adams; David C. Evers; Patrick G. R. Jodice; Marie Perkins; Dustin E. Meattey; William A. Hopkins (Ecotoxicology, 2020)

How a typical West African day in the future-climate compares with current-climate conditions in a convection-permitting and parameterised convection climate model - Rory G. J. Fitzpatrick; Douglas J. Parker; John H. Marsham; David P. Rowell; Lawrence S. Jackson; Declan Finney; Chetan Deva; Simon Tucker; Rachael Stratton (Climatic Change, 2020)
Current-climate precipitation and temperature extremes have been identified by decision makers in West Africa as among the more impactful weather events causing lasting socioeconomic damage. In this article, we use a plausible future-climate scenario (RCP8.5) for the end of the twenty-first century to explore the relative commonness of such extremes under global warming. The analysis presented considers what a typical day in the future climate will feel like relative to current extrema. Across much of West Africa, we see that the typical future-climate day has maximum and minimum temperatures greater than 99.5% of currently experienced values. This finding exists for most months but is particularly pronounced during the Boreal spring and summer. The typical future precipitation event has a daily rainfall rate greater than 95% of current storms. These findings exist in both a future scenario model run with and without parameterised convection, and for many of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project version 5 ensemble members. Additionally, agronomic monsoon onset is projected to occur later and have greater inter-annual variability in the future. Our findings suggest far more extreme conditions in future climate over West Africa. The projected changes in temperature and precipitation could have serious socioeconomic implications, stressing the need for effective mitigation given the potential lack of adaptation pathways available to decision makers.

Preparing interdisciplinary leadership for a sustainable future - Christopher G. Boone; Steward T. A. Pickett; Gabriele Bammer; Kamal Bawa; Jennifer A. Dunne; Iain J. Gordon; David Hart; Jessica Hellmann; Alison Miller; Mark New; Jean P. Ometto; Ken Taylor; et al. (Sustainability Science, 2020)

Position-Specific Circumstances of Concussions in the NFL: Toward the Development of Position-Specific Helmets - David J. Lessley; Richard W. Kent; Joseph M. Cormier; Christopher P. Sherwood; James R. Funk; Jeff R. Crandall; Barry S. Myers; Kristy B. Arbogast (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

Characterization of Concussive Events in Professional American Football Using Videogrammetry - Ann M. Bailey; Christopher P. Sherwood; James R. Funk; Jeff R. Crandall; Neal Carter; David Hessel; Stephen Beier; William Neale (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

Shifts in aquatic insect composition in a tropical forest stream after three decades of climatic warming - David Dudgeon; Lily C. Y. Ng; Toby P. N. Tsang (Global Change Biology, 2020)
The effects of climatic warming on tropical streams have received little attention, and field studies of such changes are generally lacking. Drifting insects from a Hong Kong forest stream were sampled for 36 months between 2013 and 2016, and compared with samples collected using identical methods in 1983–84. Mean air temperatures rose by ~0.5°C (0.17°C per decade) over this period. The stream drained an uninhabited protected area, so no climate‐change effects were confounded by anthropogenic disturbance. In total, 105 taxa and >77,000 individuals were collected. Richness of samples in the historic and contemporary datasets did not differ, but true diversity of drifting insects was highest in 1983–84, and declined between 2013–14 and 2015–16. There was considerable disparity in assemblage composition between 1983–84 and 2013–16, and smaller between‐year changes in the contemporary dataset. Nine indicator species of the historic dataset were identified. Most were mayflies, particularly Baetidae, which were greatly reduced in relative abundance in 2013–16. Diptera became more numerous, and tanypodine chironomids were the sole contemporary indicator taxon. Relative abundance of eight of 19 drifting species (comprising 60% of total insects) was lower in 2013–16, when the dominant baetid mayfly during 1983–84 had declined by almost 90%; only one of the 19 species occurred at higher abundance. Eight species were affected by seasonal temperature variability, but these responses were not correlated with any tendency to exhibit long‐term changes in abundance. Substantial shifts in composition, including declines in mayfly relative abundance and assemblage diversity, occurred after three decades of warming, despite the broad annual range of stream temperatures (~16°C) in Hong Kong. This contradicts the well‐known prediction that organisms from variable climates have evolved wider thermal tolerances that reflect prevailing environmental conditions. The observed compositional reorganization indicates that variability, rather than stability, may be typical of undisturbed tropical stream communities.

SoilTemp: A global database of near‐surface temperature - Jonas J. Lembrechts; Juha Aalto; Michael B. Ashcroft; Pieter De Frenne; Martin Kopecký; Jonathan Lenoir; Miska Luoto; Ilya M. D. Maclean; Olivier Roupsard; Eduardo Fuentes‐Lillo; Rafael A. García; Loïc Pellissier; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Current analyses and predictions of spatially explicit patterns and processes in ecology most often rely on climate data interpolated from standardized weather stations. This interpolated climate data represents long‐term average thermal conditions at coarse spatial resolutions only. Hence, many climate‐forcing factors that operate at fine spatiotemporal resolutions are overlooked. This is particularly important in relation to effects of observation height (e.g. vegetation, snow and soil characteristics) and in habitats varying in their exposure to radiation, moisture and wind (e.g. topography, radiative forcing or cold‐air pooling). Since organisms living close to the ground relate more strongly to these microclimatic conditions than to free‐air temperatures, microclimatic ground and near‐surface data are needed to provide realistic forecasts of the fate of such organisms under anthropogenic climate change, as well as of the functioning of the ecosystems they live in. To fill this critical gap, we highlight a call for temperature time series submissions to SoilTemp, a geospatial database initiative compiling soil and near‐surface temperature data from all over the world. Currently, this database contains time series from 7,538 temperature sensors from 51 countries across all key biomes. The database will pave the way toward an improved global understanding of microclimate and bridge the gap between the available climate data and the climate at fine spatiotemporal resolutions relevant to most organisms and ecosystem processes.

Wildfire and the ecological niche: Diminishing habitat suitability for an indicator species within semi‐arid ecosystems - Shawn T. O’Neil; Peter S. Coates; Brianne E. Brussee; Mark A. Ricca; Shawn P. Espinosa; Scott C. Gardner; David J. Delehanty (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Globally accelerating frequency and extent of wildfire threatens the persistence of specialist wildlife species through direct loss of habitat and indirect facilitation of exotic invasive species. Habitat specialists may be especially prone to rapidly changing environmental conditions because their ability to adapt lags behind the rate of habitat alteration. As a result, these populations may become increasingly susceptible to ecological traps by returning to suboptimal breeding habitats that were dramatically altered by disturbance. We demonstrate a multistage modeling approach that integrates habitat selection and survival during the key nesting life‐stage of a bird species of high conservation concern, the greater sage‐grouse ( Centrocercus urophasianus ; hereafter, sage‐grouse). We applied these spatially explicit models to a spatiotemporally robust dataset of sage‐grouse nest locations and fates across wildfire‐altered sagebrush ecosystems of the Great Basin ecoregion, western United States. Female sage‐grouse exhibited intricate habitat selection patterns that varied across regional gradients of ecological productivity among sagebrush communities, but often selected nest sites that disproportionately resulted in nest failure. For example, 23% of nests occurred in wildfire‐affected habitats characterized by reduced sagebrush cover and greater composition of invasive annual grasses. We found survival of nests was negatively associated with wildfire‐affected areas, but positively associated with higher elevations with increased ruggedness and overall shrub cover. Strong site fidelity likely drove sage‐grouse to continue nesting in habitats degraded by wildfire. Hence, increasing frequency and extent of wildfire may contribute disproportionately to reduced reproductive success by creating ecological traps that act as population sinks. Identifying such habitat mismatches between selection and survival facilitates deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving reduced geographic niche space and population decline at broad spatiotemporal scales, while guiding management actions to areas that would be most beneficial to the species.

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics - Mariana Nagy‐Reis; Júlia Emi de Faria Oshima; Claudia Zukeran Kanda; Francesca Belem Lopes Palmeira; Fabiano Rodrigues de Melo; Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato; Lilian Bonjorne; Marcelo Magioli; Caroline Leuchtenberger; Fabio Rohe; Frederico Gemesio Lemos; Felipe Martello; et al. (Ecology, 2020)
Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non‐detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non‐governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer‐reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non‐detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio‐temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large‐scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics - Clarissa Alves da Rosa; Bruno R. Ribeiro; Vanesa Bejarano; Fernando Henrique Puertas; Adriana Bocchiglieri; Adriana Loeser dos Santos Barbosa; Adriano Garcia Chiarello; Adriano Pereira Paglia; Adriele Aparecida Pereira; Adryelle Francisca de Souza Moreira; Agnis Cristiane de Souza; Aiesca Pellegrin; et al. (Ecology, 2020)
Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal‐central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus , Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. ( n = 37,782), Sus scrofa ( n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris ( n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., S yncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans ). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set ( n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata , and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation‐related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data.

Marine Snow Aggregates are Enriched in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Oil Contaminated Waters: Insights from a Mesocosm Study - Hernando P. Bacosa; Manoj Kamalanathan; Joshua Cullen; Dawei Shi; Chen Xu; Kathleen A. Schwehr; David Hala; Terry L. Wade; Anthony H. Knap; Peter H. Santschi; Antonietta Quigg (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2020)
Marine snow was implicated in the transport of oil to the seafloor during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, but the exact processes remain controversial. In this study, we investigated the concentrations and distributions of the 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine snow aggregates collected during a mesocosm experiment. Seawater only, oil in a water accommodated fraction (WAF), and Corexit-enhanced WAF (DCEWAF) were incubated for 16 d. Both WAF and DCEWAF aggregates were enriched in heavy molecular weight PAHs but depleted in naphthalene. DCEWAF aggregates had 2.6 times more total 16 PAHs than the WAF (20.5 vs. 7.8 µg/g). Aggregates in the WAF and DCEWAF incorporated 4.4% and 19.3%, respectively of the total PAHs in the mesocosm tanks. Our results revealed that marine snow sorbed and scavenged heavy molecular weight PAHs in the water column and the application of Corexit enhanced the incorporation of PAHs into the sinking aggregates.

Temporally Altered miRNA Expression in a Piglet Model of Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury - Sophie Casey; Kate Goasdoue; Stephanie M. Miller; Gary P. Brennan; Gary Cowin; Adam G. O’Mahony; Christopher Burke; Boubou Hallberg; Geraldine B. Boylan; Aideen M. Sullivan; David C. Henshall; Gerard W. O’Keeffe; et al. (Molecular Neurobiology, 2020)

Modulation of cutaneous reflexes during sidestepping in adult humans - Leif P. Madsen; Koichi Kitano; David M. Koceja; E. Paul Zehr; Carrie L. Docherty (Experimental Brain Research, 2020)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and putative PAH-degrading bacteria in Galveston Bay, TX (USA), following Hurricane Harvey (2017) - Hernando P. Bacosa; Jamie Steichen; Manoj Kamalanathan; Rachel Windham; Arnold Lubguban; Jessica M. Labonté; Karl Kaiser; David Hala; Peter H. Santschi; Antonietta Quigg (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020)

Persistently warmer temperatures lead to life history changes in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) - Dalon P. White; Robert E. Colombo; David H. Wahl (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2020)

Patterns of blood mercury variation in two long-distance migratory thrushes on Mount Mansfield, Vermont - Christopher C. Rimmer; John D. Lloyd; Kent P. McFarland; David C. Evers; Oksana P. Lane (Ecotoxicology, 2020)

Historical patterns in mercury exposure for North American songbirds - Marie Perkins; Oksana P. Lane; David C. Evers; Amy Sauer; Evan M. Adams; Nelson J. O’Driscoll; Samuel T. Edmunds; Allyson K. Jackson; Julie C. Hagelin; Jeremiah Trimble; Elsie M. Sunderland (Ecotoxicology, 2020)

Implications of various effort-sharing approaches for national carbon budgets and emission pathways - Nicole J. van den Berg; Heleen L. van Soest; Andries F. Hof; Michel G. J. den Elzen; Detlef P. van Vuuren; Wenying Chen; Laurent Drouet; Johannes Emmerling; Shinichiro Fujimori; Niklas Höhne; Alexandre C. Kõberle; David McCollum; et al. (Climatic Change, 2020)
The bottom-up approach of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in the Paris Agreement has led countries to self-determine their greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets. The planned ‘ratcheting-up’ process, which aims to ensure that the NDCs comply with the overall goal of limiting global average temperature increase to well below 2 °C or even 1.5 °C, will most likely include some evaluation of ‘fairness’ of these reduction targets. In the literature, fairness has been discussed around equity principles, for which many different effort-sharing approaches have been proposed. In this research, we analysed how country-level emission targets and carbon budgets can be derived based on such criteria. We apply novel methods directly based on the global carbon budget, and, for comparison, more commonly used methods using GHG mitigation pathways. For both, we studied the following approaches: equal cumulative per capita emissions, contraction and convergence, grandfathering, greenhouse development rights and ability to pay. As the results critically depend on parameter settings, we used the wide authorship from a range of countries included in this paper to determine default settings and sensitivity analyses. Results show that effort-sharing approaches that (i) calculate required reduction targets in carbon budgets (relative to baseline budgets) and/or (ii) take into account historical emissions when determining carbon budgets can lead to (large) negative remaining carbon budgets for developed countries. This is the case for the equal cumulative per capita approach and especially the greenhouse development rights approach. Furthermore, for developed countries, all effort-sharing approaches except grandfathering lead to more stringent budgets than cost-optimal budgets, indicating that cost-optimal approaches do not lead to outcomes that can be regarded as fair according to most effort-sharing approaches.

Decreased grey matter volume in mTBI patients with post-traumatic headache compared to headache-free mTBI patients and healthy controls: a longitudinal MRI study - Shana A. B. Burrowes; Chandler Sours Rhodes; Timothy J. Meeker; Joel D. Greenspan; Rao P. Gullapalli; David A. Seminowicz (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2020)

Prior information for population pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis: overview and guidance with a focus on the NONMEM PRIOR subroutine - Anna H.-X. P. Chan Kwong; Elisa A. M. Calvier; David Fabre; Florence Gattacceca; Sonia Khier (Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 2020)
Population pharmacokinetic analysis is used to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters and their variability from concentration data. Due to data sparseness issues, available datasets often do not allow the estimation of all parameters of the suitable model. The PRIOR subroutine in NONMEM supports the estimation of some or all parameters with values from previous models, as an alternative to fixing them or adding data to the dataset. From a literature review, the best practices were compiled to provide a practical guidance for the use of the PRIOR subroutine in NONMEM. Thirty-three articles reported the use of the PRIOR subroutine in NONMEM, mostly in special populations. This approach allowed fast, stable and satisfying modelling. The guidance provides general advice on how to select the most appropriate reference model when there are several previous models available, and to implement and weight the selected parameter values in the PRIOR function. On the model built with PRIOR, the similarity of estimates with the ones of the reference model and the sensitivity of the model to the PRIOR values should be checked. Covariates could be implemented a priori (from the reference model) or a posteriori, only on parameters estimated without prior (search for new covariates). Graphic abstract

Genomic islands of divergence infer a phenotypic landscape in Pacific lamprey - Jon E. Hess; Jeramiah J. Smith; Nataliya Timoshevskaya; Cyndi Baker; Christopher C. Caudill; David Graves; Matthew L. Keefer; Andrew P. Kinziger; Mary L. Moser; Laurie L. Porter; Greg Silver; Steven L. Whitlock; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
High rates of dispersal can breakdown coadapted gene complexes. However, concentrated genomic architecture (i.e., genomic islands of divergence) can suppress recombination to allow evolution of local adaptations despite high gene flow. Pacific lamprey ( Entosphenus tridentatus ) is a highly dispersive anadromous fish. Observed trait diversity and evidence for genetic basis of traits suggests it may be locally adapted. We addressed whether concentrated genomic architecture could influence local adaptation for Pacific lamprey. Using two new whole genome assemblies and genotypes from 7,716 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in 518 individuals from across the species range, we identified four genomic islands of divergence (on chromosomes 01, 02, 04, and 22). We determined robust phenotype‐by‐genotype relationships by testing multiple traits across geographic sites. These trait associations probably explain genomic divergence across the species’ range. We genotyped a subset of 302 broadly distributed SNPs in 2,145 individuals for association testing for adult body size, sexual maturity, migration distance and timing, adult swimming ability, and larval growth. Body size traits were strongly associated with SNPs on chromosomes 02 and 04. Moderate associations also implicated SNPs on chromosome 01 as being associated with variation in female maturity. Finally, we used candidate SNPs to extrapolate a heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution of these predicted phenotypes based on independent data sets of larval and adult collections. These maturity and body size results guide future elucidation of factors driving regional optimization of these traits for fitness. Pacific lamprey is culturally important and imperiled. This research addresses biological uncertainties that challenge restoration efforts.

Dual RNA‐sequencing analyses of a coral and its native symbiont during the establishment of symbiosis - Amin R. Mohamed; Natalia Andrade; Aurelie Moya; Cheong Xin Chan; Andrew P. Negri; David G. Bourne; Hua Ying; Eldon E. Ball; David J. Miller (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
Despite the ecological significance of the mutualistic relationship between Symbiodiniaceae and reef‐building corals, the molecular interactions during establishment of this relationship are not well understood. This is particularly true of the transcriptional changes that occur in the symbiont. In the current study, a dual RNA‐sequencing approach was used to better understand transcriptional changes on both sides of the coral–symbiont interaction during the colonization of Acropora tenuis by a compatible Symbiodiniaceae strain ( Cladocopium goreaui ; ITS2 type C1). Comparison of transcript levels of the in hospite symbiont 3, 12, 48 and 72 hr after exposure to those of the same strain in culture revealed that extensive and generalized down‐regulation of symbiont gene expression occurred during the infection process. Included in this “symbiosis‐derived transcriptional repression” were a range of stress response and immune‐related genes. In contrast, a suite of symbiont genes implicated in metabolism was upregulated in the symbiotic state. The coral data support the hypothesis that immune‐suppression and arrest of phagosome maturation play important roles during the establishment of compatible symbioses, and additionally imply the involvement of some SCRiP family members in the colonization process. Consistent with previous ecological studies, the transcriptomic data suggest that active translocation of metabolites to the host may begin early in the colonization process, and thus that the mutualistic relationship can be established at the larval stage. This dual RNA‐sequencing study provides insights into the transcriptomic remodelling that occurs in C. goreaui during transition to a symbiotic lifestyle and the novel coral genes implicated in symbiosis.

Evaluating the potential of full‐waveform lidar for mapping pan‐tropical tree species richness - Suzanne M. Marselis; Katharine Abernethy; Alfonso Alonso; John Armston; Timothy R. Baker; Jean‐Francois Bastin; Jan Bogaert; Doreen S. Boyd; Pascal Boeckx; David F. R. P. Burslem; Robin Chazdon; David B. Clark; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Mapping tree species richness across the tropics is of great interest for effective conservation and biodiversity management. In this study, we evaluated the potential of full‐waveform lidar data for mapping tree species richness across the tropics by relating measurements of vertical canopy structure, as a proxy for the occupation of vertical niche space, to tree species richness. Location Tropics. Time period Present. Major taxa studied Trees. Methods First, we evaluated the characteristics of vertical canopy structure across 15 study sites using (simulated) large‐footprint full‐waveform lidar data (22 m diameter) and related these findings to in‐situ tree species information. Then, we developed structure–richness models at the local (within 25–50 ha plots), regional (biogeographical regions) and pan‐tropical scale at three spatial resolutions (1.0, 0.25 and 0.0625 ha) using Poisson regression. Results The results showed a weak structure–richness relationship at the local scale. At the regional scale (within a biogeographical region) a stronger relationship between canopy structure and tree species richness across different tropical forest types was found, for example across Central Africa and in South America [ R 2 ranging from .44–.56, root mean squared difference as a percentage of the mean (RMSD%) ranging between 23–61%]. Modelling the relationship pan‐tropically, across four continents, 39% of the variation in tree species richness could be explained with canopy structure alone ( R 2 = .39 and RMSD% = 43%, 0.25‐ha resolution). Main conclusions Our results may serve as a basis for the future development of a set of structure–richness models to map high resolution tree species richness using vertical canopy structure information from the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI). The value of this effort would be enhanced by access to a larger set of field reference data for all tropical regions. Future research could also support the use of GEDI data in frameworks using environmental and spectral information for modelling tree species richness across the tropics.

Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats - Annie P. S. Wong; Susan E. Wijffels; Stephen C. Riser; Sylvie Pouliquen; Shigeki Hosoda; Dean Roemmich; John Gilson; Gregory C. Johnson; Kim Martini; David J. Murphy; Megan Scanderbeg; T. V. S. Udaya Bhaskar; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Potential adaptability of marine turtles to climate change may be hindered by coastal development in the USA - Mariana M. P. B. Fuentes; Andrew J. Allstadt; Simona A. Ceriani; Matthew H. Godfrey; Christian Gredzens; David Helmers; Dianne Ingram; Michelle Pate; Volker C. Radeloff; Donna J. Shaver; Natalie Wildermann; Lotem Taylor; et al. (Regional Environmental Change, 2020)

Morphological Diversification under High Integration in a Hyper Diverse Mammal Clade - Brandon P. Hedrick; Gregory L. Mutumi; V. David Munteanu; Alexa Sadier; Kalina T. J. Davies; Stephen J. Rossiter; Karen E. Sears; Liliana M. Dávalos; Elizabeth Dumont (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2020)

Improved clouds over Southern Ocean amplify Antarctic precipitation response to ozone depletion in an earth system model - David P. Schneider; Jennifer E. Kay; Jan Lenaerts (Climate Dynamics, 2020)

Unveiling assumptions through interdisciplinary scrutiny: Observations from the German Priority Program on Climate Engineering (SPP 1689) - Judith Kreuter; Nils Matzner; Christian Baatz; David P. Keller; Till Markus; Felix Wittstock; Ulrike Bernitt; Nadine Mengis (Climatic Change, 2020)
The interdisciplinary exchange in climate engineering research offers a unique opportunity to make assumptions more explicit for such research projects. While making assumptions explicit is the standard in all disciplinary sciences, some assumptions in the context of societal challenges can only be usefully unveiled, discussed, and verified from the perspective of other research disciplines. Results from successful interdisciplinary collaborations are then more accessible and more generalizable to actors beyond the confines of the academic community. We aim to illustrate how interdisciplinary exchange helps to unveil assumptions in research endeavors and why this is important for successful interdisciplinary collaborations. We therefore follow different stages of the German Priority Program on Climate Engineering (SPP 1689), which we use as an example case of a successful interdisciplinary project. SPP 1689 focused on risks, challenges, and opportunities of Climate Engineering from the perspectives of numerous disciplines. Major results were that the initial assessments of technologies had to be sobered, the consideration of trade-offs is crucial for the potential assessment, and governance issues appeared larger than previously considered. From the reflections of SPP 1689, we conclude with three lessons learned: (1) The project profited from egalitarian organizational structures and communicative practices, preventing the predominance from single disciplines. (2) Within the project continuous efforts were undertaken to foster interdisciplinary understanding. In addition, the flexible project structure allowed for the accommodation of research needs arising as a result of these exchanges. (3) SPP 1689 offered early career researchers a platform for professional exchange on common challenges and best practices of being a part of an interdisciplinary research project.

Three principles for co-designing sustainability intervention strategies: Experiences from Southern Transylvania - David P. M. Lam; Andra I. Horcea-Milcu; Joern Fischer; Daniela Peukert; Daniel J. Lang (Ambio, 2020)
Transformational research frameworks provide understanding and guidance for fostering change towards sustainability. They comprise stages of system understanding, visioning and co-designing intervention strategies to foster change. Guidance and empirical examples for how to facilitate the process of co-designing intervention strategies in real-world contexts remain scarce, especially with regard to integrating local initiatives. We suggest three principles to facilitate the process of co-designing intervention strategies that integrate local initiatives: (1) Explore existing and envisioned initiatives fostering change towards the desired future; (2) Frame the intervention strategy to bridge the gap between the present state and desired future state(s), building on, strengthening and complementing existing initiatives; (3) Identify drivers, barriers and potential leverage points for how to accelerate progress towards sustainability. We illustrate our approach via a case study on sustainable development in Southern Transylvania. We conclude that our principles were useful in the case study, especially with regards to integrating initiatives, and could also be applied in other real-world contexts.

Geographic-Scale Harvest Program to Promote Invasivorism of Bigheaded Carps - Wesley W. Bouska; David C. Glover; Jesse T. Trushenski; Silvia Secchi; James E. Garvey; Ruairi MacNamara; David P. Coulter; Alison A. Coulter; Kevin Irons; Andrew Wieland (Fishes, 2020)
Invasive bigheaded carps, genus Hypophthalmichthys, are spreading throughout the Mississippi River basin. To explore the efficacy of a consumer-based market (i.e., invasivorism) to manage them, we developed a conceptual model and evaluated three harvest approaches—direct contracted removal, volume-based incentives (“fisher-side” control), and set-quota harvest (“market-side” control). We quantified the efficacy of these approaches and potential population impact in the Illinois River. Contracted removal was effective for suppressing small populations at the edge of the range but cannot support a market. “Fisher-side” removals totaled 225,372 kg in one year. However, participation was low, perhaps due to reporting requirements for fishers. The “market-side”, set-quota approach removed >1.3 million kg of bigheaded carp in less than 6 months. Larger, older fish were disproportionately harvested, which may hinder the ability to suppress population growth. Total density declined in one river reach, and harvest may reduce upstream movement toward the invasion fronts. With sufficient market demand, harvest may control bigheaded carp. However, lack of processing infrastructure and supply chain bottlenecks could constrain harvest, particularly at low commodity prices. Given the geographical scale of this invasion and complicated harvest logistics, concerns about economic dependence on invasivorism that encourage stock enhancement are likely unmerited.

Comparative landscape genetics reveals differential effects of environment on host and pathogen genetic structure in Tasmanian devils ( Sarcophilus harrisii ) and their transmissible tumour - Christopher P. Kozakiewicz; Lauren Ricci; Austin H. Patton; Amanda R. Stahlke; Sarah A. Hendricks; Mark J. Margres; Manuel Ruiz‐Aravena; David G. Hamilton; Rodrigo Hamede; Hamish McCallum; Menna E. Jones; Paul A. Hohenlohe; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
Genetic structure in host species is often used to predict disease spread. However, host and pathogen genetic variation may be incongruent. Understanding landscape factors that have either concordant or divergent influence on host and pathogen genetic structure is crucial for wildlife disease management. Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) was first observed in 1996 and has spread throughout almost the entire Tasmanian devil geographic range, causing dramatic population declines. Whereas DFTD is predominantly spread via biting among adults, devils typically disperse as juveniles, which experience low DFTD prevalence. Thus, we predicted little association between devil and tumour population structure and that environmental factors influencing gene flow differ between devils and tumours. We employed a comparative landscape genetics framework to test the influence of environmental factors on patterns of isolation by resistance (IBR) and isolation by environment (IBE) in devils and DFTD. Although we found evidence for broad‐scale costructuring between devils and tumours, we found no relationship between host and tumour individual genetic distances. Further, the factors driving the spatial distribution of genetic variation differed for each. Devils exhibited a strong IBR pattern driven by major roads, with no evidence of IBE. By contrast, tumours showed little evidence for IBR and a weak IBE pattern with respect to elevation in one of two tumour clusters we identify herein. Our results warrant caution when inferring pathogen spread using host population genetic structure and suggest that reliance on environmental barriers to host connectivity may be ineffective for managing the spread of wildlife diseases. Our findings demonstrate the utility of comparative landscape genetics for identifying differential factors driving host dispersal and pathogen transmission.

The phylogenetic range of bacterial and viral pathogens of vertebrates - Liam P. Shaw; Alethea D. Wang; David Dylus; Magda Meier; Grega Pogacnik; Christophe Dessimoz; François Balloux (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
Many major human pathogens are multihost pathogens, able to infect other vertebrate species. Describing the general patterns of host–pathogen associations across pathogen taxa is therefore important to understand risk factors for human disease emergence. However, there is a lack of comprehensive curated databases for this purpose, with most previous efforts focusing on viruses. Here, we report the largest manually compiled host–pathogen association database, covering 2,595 bacteria and viruses infecting 2,656 vertebrate hosts. We also build a tree for host species using nine mitochondrial genes, giving a quantitative measure of the phylogenetic similarity of hosts. We find that the majority of bacteria and viruses are specialists infecting only a single host species, with bacteria having a significantly higher proportion of specialists compared to viruses. Conversely, multihost viruses have a more restricted host range than multihost bacteria. We perform multiple analyses of factors associated with pathogen richness per host species and the pathogen traits associated with greater host range and zoonotic potential. We show that factors previously identified as important for zoonotic potential in viruses—such as phylogenetic range, research effort, and being vector‐borne—are also predictive in bacteria. We find that the fraction of pathogens shared between two hosts decreases with the phylogenetic distance between them. Our results suggest that host phylogenetic similarity is the primary factor for host‐switching in pathogens.

The global abundance of tree palms - Robert Muscarella; Thaise Emilio; Oliver L. Phillips; Simon L. Lewis; Ferry Slik; William J. Baker; Thomas L. P. Couvreur; Wolf L. Eiserhardt; Jens‐Christian Svenning; Kofi Affum‐Baffoe; Shin‐Ichiro Aiba; Everton C. de Almeida; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

Exploring movement patterns and changing distributions of baleen whales in the western North Atlantic using a decade of passive acoustic data - Genevieve E. Davis; Mark F. Baumgartner; Peter J. Corkeron; Joel Bell; Catherine Berchok; Julianne M. Bonnell; Jacqueline Bort Thornton; Solange Brault; Gary A. Buchanan; Danielle M. Cholewiak; Christopher W. Clark; Julien Delarue; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Six baleen whale species are found in the temperate western North Atlantic Ocean, with limited information existing on the distribution and movement patterns for most. There is mounting evidence of distributional shifts in many species, including marine mammals, likely because of climate‐driven changes in ocean temperature and circulation. Previous acoustic studies examined the occurrence of minke ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata ) and North Atlantic right whales (NARW; Eubalaena glacialis ). This study assesses the acoustic presence of humpback ( Megaptera novaeangliae ), sei ( B. borealis ), fin ( B. physalus ), and blue whales ( B. musculus ) over a decade, based on daily detections of their vocalizations. Data collected from 2004 to 2014 on 281 bottom‐mounted recorders, totaling 35,033 days, were processed using automated detection software and screened for each species' presence. A published study on NARW acoustics revealed significant changes in occurrence patterns between the periods of 2004–2010 and 2011–2014; therefore, these same time periods were examined here. All four species were present from the Southeast United States to Greenland; humpback whales were also present in the Caribbean. All species occurred throughout all regions in the winter, suggesting that baleen whales are widely distributed during these months. Each of the species showed significant changes in acoustic occurrence after 2010. Similar to NARWs, sei whales had higher acoustic occurrence in mid‐Atlantic regions after 2010. Fin, blue, and sei whales were more frequently detected in the northern latitudes of the study area after 2010. Despite this general northward shift, all four species were detected less on the Scotian Shelf area after 2010, matching documented shifts in prey availability in this region. A decade of acoustic observations have shown important distributional changes over the range of baleen whales, mirroring known climatic shifts and identifying new habitats that will require further protection from anthropogenic threats like fixed fishing gear, shipping, and noise pollution.

Surface Inorganic Iodine Speciation in the Indian and Southern Oceans From 12°N to 70°S - Rosie Chance; Liselotte Tinel; Amit Sarkar; Alok K. Sinha; Anoop S. Mahajan; Racheal Chacko; P. Sabu; Rajdeep Roy; Tim D. Jickells; David P. Stevens; Martin Wadley; Lucy J. Carpenter (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Population Genetics of Sugar Kelp Throughout the Northeastern United States Using Genome-Wide Markers - Xiaowei Mao; Simona Augyte; Mao Huang; Matthew P. Hare; David Bailey; Schery Umanzor; Michael Marty-Rivera; Kelly R. Robbins; Charles Yarish; Scott Lindell; Jean-Luc Jannink (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Anthropogenic Contaminants and Histopathological Findings in Stranded Cetaceans in the Southeastern United States, 2012–2018 - Annie Page-Karjian; Catherine F. Lo; Branson Ritchie; Craig A. Harms; David S. Rotstein; Sushan Han; Sayed M. Hassan; Andreas F. Lehner; John P. Buchweitz; Victoria G. Thayer; Jill M. Sullivan; Emily F. Christiansen; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Multiomic immune clockworks of pregnancy - Laura S. Peterson; Ina A. Stelzer; Amy S. Tsai; Mohammad S. Ghaemi; Xiaoyuan Han; Kazuo Ando; Virginia D. Winn; Nadine R. Martinez; Kevin Contrepois; Mira N. Moufarrej; Stephen Quake; David A. Relman; et al. (Seminars in Immunopathology, 2020)
Preterm birth is the leading cause of mortality in children under the age of five worldwide. Despite major efforts, we still lack the ability to accurately predict and effectively prevent preterm birth. While multiple factors contribute to preterm labor, dysregulations of immunological adaptations required for the maintenance of a healthy pregnancy is at its pathophysiological core. Consequently, a precise understanding of these chronologically paced immune adaptations and of the biological pacemakers that synchronize the pregnancy “immune clock” is a critical first step towards identifying deviations that are hallmarks of peterm birth. Here, we will review key elements of the fetal, placental, and maternal pacemakers that program the immune clock of pregnancy. We will then emphasize multiomic studies that enable a more integrated view of pregnancy-related immune adaptations. Such multiomic assessments can strengthen the biological plausibility of immunological findings and increase the power of biological signatures predictive of preterm birth

10th Anniversary of the European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine - EPMA World Congress Supplement 2020 - Olga Golubnitschaja; Ondrej Topolcan; Radek Kucera; Vincenzo Costigliola; M. Akopyan; S. N. Akulov; O Alexandrova; Angel Alonso; Russell J. Andrews; A Assuane Duarte; O. Azarova; Maximilian Babel; et al. (EPMA Journal, 2020)
In 2019, the EPMA celebrated its 10th anniversary at the 5th World Congress in Pilsen, Czech Republic. The history of the International Professional Network dedicated to Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine (PPPM / 3PM) is rich in achievements. Facing the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic it is getting evident globally that the predictive approach, targeted prevention and personalisation of medical services is the optimal paradigm in healthcare demonstrating the high potential to save lives and to benefit the society as a whole. The EPMA World Congress Supplement 2020 highlights advances in 3P medicine.

Habitat maps to enhance monitoring and management of the Great Barrier Reef - Chris M. Roelfsema; Eva M. Kovacs; Juan Carlos Ortiz; David P. Callaghan; Karlo Hock; Mathieu Mongin; Kasper Johansen; Peter J. Mumby; Magnus Wettle; Mike Ronan; Petra Lundgren; Emma V. Kennedy; et al. (Coral Reefs, 2020)

Endothelial deletion of ADAM10, a key regulator of Notch signaling, causes impaired decidualization and reduced fertility in female mice - Nicole Lustgarten Guahmich; Gregory Farber; Shiva Shafiei; Dylan McNally; David Redmond; Eleni Kallinos; Heidi Stuhlmann; Daniel Dufort; Daylon James; Carl P. Blobel (Angiogenesis, 2020)

Unlocking the black‐box of inorganic carbon‐uptake and utilization strategies among coral endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) - Mickael Ros; Emma F. Camp; David J. Hughes; Joseph R. Crosswell; Mark E. Warner; William P. Leggat; David J. Suggett (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
Dinoflagellates within the family Symbiodiniaceae are widespread and fuel metabolism of reef‐forming corals through photosynthesis. Adaptation in capacity to harvest and utilize light, and “safely” process photosynthetically generated energy is a key factor regulating their broad ecological success. However, whether such adaptive capacity similarly extends to how Symbiodiniaceae species and genotypes assimilate inorganic carbon (Ci) remains unexplored. We build on recent approaches exploring functional diversity of fitness traits to identify whether Ci uptake and incorporation could be reconciled with evolutionary adaptation among Symbiodiniaceae. We examined phylogenetically diverse Symbiodiniaceae cultures (23 isolates, 6 genera) to track how carbon was invested into cellular uptake, excretion, and growth (cell size, division, storage). Gross carbon uptake rates (GPC) over 1 h varied among isolates grown at 26°C (0.63–3.08 pg C [cell h] −1 ) with no evident pattern with algal phylogeny. Intriguingly, net carbon uptake rates (24 h) were often higher (1.01–5.54 pg C [cell h] −1 ) than corresponding values of GPC—we discuss how such GPC measurements may reflect highly conserved biological characteristics for cultured cells linked to high metabolic dependency on photorespiration and heterotrophy. Three isolates from different genera ( Cladocopium goreaui , Durusdinium trenchii , and Effrenium voratum ) were additionally grown at 20°C and 30°C. Here, Ci uptake consistently decreased with temperature‐driven declines in growth rate, suggesting environmental regulation outweighs phylogenetic organization of carbon assimilation capacity among Symbiodiniaceae. Together, these data demonstrate environmental regulation and ecological success among Symbiodiniaceae likely rests on plasticity of upstream photosynthetic processes (light harvesting, energy quenching, etc.) to overcome evolutionary‐conserved limitations in Ci functioning.

Latitudinal constraints on the abundance and activity of the cyanobacterium UCYN‐A and other marine diazotrophs in the North Pacific - Mary R. Gradoville; Hanna Farnelid; Angelicque E. White; Kendra A. Turk‐Kubo; Brittany Stewart; François Ribalet; Sara Ferrón; Paulina Pinedo‐Gonzalez; E. Virginia Armbrust; David M. Karl; Seth John; Jonathan P. Zehr (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
The number of marine environments known to harbor dinitrogen (N 2 )‐fixing (diazotrophic) microorganisms is increasing, prompting a reassessment of the biogeography of marine diazotrophs and N 2 fixation rates (NFRs). Here, we investigate the diversity, abundance, and activity of diazotrophic microorganisms in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG), a diazotrophic habitat, and the North Pacific Transition Zone (NPTZ), a region characterized by strong physical, chemical, and biological gradients. Samples were collected on two springtime meridional cruises during 2016 and 2017, spanning from 23.5°N to 41.4°N along 158°W. We observed an abrupt decrease in diazotrophic abundances near the southern edge of the NPTZ, which coincided with a salinity front and with a ∼10‐fold increase in Synechococcus abundance, but without a concomitant change in phosphate or nitrate concentrations. In NPSG waters south of this diazotrophic boundary, nifH genes and NFRs were consistently detected and diazotrophic communities were dominated by UCYN‐A, an uncultivated, symbiotic cyanobacterium (2.8 × 10 3 to 1.0 × 10 6 nifH gene copies L −1 ). There was a significant positive relationship between quantitative polymerase chain reaction‐derived UCYN‐A nifH gene abundances and community NFRs in the NPSG, suggesting a large contribution of UCYN‐A to community NFRs. In the NPTZ waters to the north, NFRs were low or undetected and nifH genes were rare, with the few detected sequences represented by UCYN‐A and noncyanobacterial diazotrophs. The patterns we observed in UCYN‐A abundance in the context of local biogeochemistry suggest that the environmental controls of this organism may differ from those of cultivated marine cyanobacterial diazotrophs.

Hydrologic connectivity determines dissolved organic matter biogeochemistry in northern high‐latitude lakes - Sarah Ellen Johnston; Robert G. Striegl; Matthew J. Bogard; Mark M. Dornblaser; David E. Butman; Anne M. Kellerman; Kimberly P. Wickland; David C. Podgorski; Robert G. M. Spencer (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
Northern high‐latitude lakes are undergoing climate‐induced changes including shifts in their hydrologic connectivity with terrestrial ecosystems. How this will impact dissolved organic matter (DOM) biogeochemistry remains uncertain. We examined the drivers of DOM composition for lakes in the Yukon Flats Basin in Alaska, an arid region of low relief that is characteristic of over one‐quarter of circumpolar lake area. Utilizing the vascular plant biomarker lignin, chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry, we interpreted DOM compositional changes using lake‐water stable isotope (δ 18 O‐H 2 O) composition as a proxy for lake hydrologic connectivity with the landscape. We observed a relative decrease in CDOM in more hydrologically isolated lakes (enriched δ 18 O‐H 2 O) without a corresponding decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. Although DOC and CDOM were weakly correlated, a significant positive relationship between lignin and CDOM ( r 2 = 0.67) demonstrates that optical parameters are useful for estimating lignin concentration and thus vascular plant contribution to lake DOM. Indicators of allochthonous DOM, including lignin carbon normalized yields, CDOM aromaticity proxies, and relative abundances of polyphenolic and condensed aromatic compound classes, were negatively correlated with δ 18 O‐H 2 O ( r 2 > 0.45), suggesting there is little allochthonous DOM supplied to many of these hydrologically isolated lakes. We conclude that decreased lake hydrologic connectivity, driven by ongoing climate change (i.e., decreased precipitation, warming temperatures), will reduce allochthonous DOM contributions and shift lakes toward lower CDOM systems with ecosystem‐scale ramifications for heat transfer, photochemical reactions, productivity, and ultimately their biogeochemical function.

Global human influence maps reveal clear opportunities in conserving Earth’s remaining intact terrestrial ecosystems - Jason Riggio; Jonathan E. M. Baillie; Steven Brumby; Erle Ellis; Christina M. Kennedy; James R. Oakleaf; Alex Tait; Therese Tepe; David M. Theobald; Oscar Venter; James E. M. Watson; Andrew P. Jacobson (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Leading up to the Convention on Biological Diversity Conference of the Parties 15, there is momentum around setting bold conservation targets. Yet, it remains unclear how much of Earth's land area remains without significant human influence and where this land is located. We compare four recent global maps of human influences across Earth's land, Anthromes, Global Human Modification, Human Footprint and Low Impact Areas, to answer these questions. Despite using various methodologies and data, these different spatial assessments independently estimate similar percentages of the Earth's terrestrial surface as having very low (20%–34%) and low (48%–56%) human influence. Three out of four spatial assessments agree on 46% of the non‐permanent ice‐ or snow‐covered land as having low human influence. However, much of the very low and low influence portions of the planet are comprised of cold (e.g., boreal forests, montane grasslands and tundra) or arid (e.g., deserts) landscapes. Only four biomes (boreal forests, deserts, temperate coniferous forests and tundra) have a majority of datasets agreeing that at least half of their area has very low human influence. More concerning, all datasets. These findings suggest that about half of Earth's terrestrial surface has relatively low human influence and offers opportunities for proactive conservation actions to retain the last intact ecosystems on the planet. However, though the relative abundance of ecosystem areas with low human influence varies widely by biome, conserving these last intact areas should be a high priority before they are completely lost.

The application of recreational fishing survey data for ecological research, a case study from Western Port, Australia - Gregory P. Jenkins; David Ball; Rhys A. Coleman; Simon Conron (Fisheries Management and Ecology, 2020)
There is a world‐wide need for information on the ecology and habitat dependencies of important fish species. Recreational fishing surveys represent a potential source of data to increase our knowledge of fish distribution and habitat relationships. Here, a case study is provided on two key recreational species, King George Whiting Sillaginodes punctatus (Cuvier) and Snapper Chrysophrys auratus (Forster). The data came from a recreational fishing survey where 10,978 interviews were conducted from 1998 to 2013 in Western Port, Victoria, Australia. Spatial mapping of catch rate in relation to depth and habitat showed that S. punctatus distribution was related to seagrass cover while C. auratus distribution was related to deeper reef habitat. Juveniles of both species were more abundant in the south‐eastern section of the bay, where water quality is affected by catchment inputs. Overall, the study showed that the inclusion of spatial and habitat information in the design of recreational fishing surveys can significantly increase understanding of the ecology of key species.

What happens in Europe stays in Europe: apparent evolution by an invader does not help at home - Robert W. Pal; John L. Maron; David U. Nagy; Lauren P. Waller; Ambra Tosto; Huixuan Liao; Ragan M. Callaway (Ecology, 2020)
Some invasive plant species rapidly evolve greater size and/or competitive ability in their nonnative ranges. However, it is not well known whether these traits transfer back to the native range, or instead represent genotype‐by‐environment interactions where traits are context specific to communities in the new range where the evolution occurred. Insight into transferability vs. context specificity can be tested using experiments performed with individuals from populations from the native and nonnative ranges of exotic invasive species. Using a widespread invasive plant species in Europe, Solidago gigantea , we established reciprocal common garden experiments in the native range (Montana, North America; n = 4) and the nonnative range (Hungary, Europe; n = 4) to assess differences in size, vegetative shoot number, and herbivory between populations from the native and nonnative ranges. In a greenhouse experiment, we also tested whether the inherent competitive ability of genotypes from 15 native and 15 invasive populations differed when pitted against 11 common native North American competitors. In common gardens, plants from both ranges considered together produced five times more biomass, grew four times taller, and developed five times more rhizomes in the nonnative range garden compared to the native range garden. The interaction between plant origin and the common garden location was highly significant, with plants from Hungary performing better than plants from Montana when grown in Hungary, and plants from Montana performing better than plants from Hungary when grown in Montana. In the greenhouse, there were no differences in the competitive effects and responses of S. gigantea plants from the two ranges when grown with North American natives. Our results suggest that S. gigantea might have undergone rapid evolution for greater performance abroad, but if so, this response does not translate to greater performance at home.

Human‐mediated dispersal and disturbance shape the metapopulation dynamics of a long‐lived herb - James M. Bullock; Matthias C. Wichmann; Rosemary S. Hails; David J. Hodgson; Matt J. Alexander; Kathryn Morley; Tatjana Knopp; Lucy E. Ridding; Danny A. P. Hooftman (Ecology, 2020)
As anthropogenic impacts on the natural world escalate, there is increasing interest in the role of humans in dispersing seeds. But the consequences of this Human‐Mediated Dispersal (HMD) on plant spatial dynamics are little studied. In this paper, we ask how secondary dispersal by HMD affects the dynamics of a natural plant metapopulation. In addition to dispersal between patches, we suggest within‐patch processes can be critical. To address this, we assess how variation in local population dynamics, caused by small‐scale disturbances, affects metapopulation size. We created an empirically based model with stochastic population dynamics and dispersal among patches, which represented a real‐world, cliff‐top metapopulation of wild cabbage Brassica oleracea . We collected demographic data from multiple populations by tagging plants over eight years. We assessed seed survival, and establishment and survival of seedlings in intact vegetation vs. small disturbances. We modeled primary dispersal by wind using field data and used experimental data on secondary HMD by hikers. We monitored occupancy patterns over a 14‐yr period in the real metapopulation. Disturbance had large effects on local population growth rates, by increasing seedling establishment and survival. This meant that the modeled metapopulation grew in size only when the area disturbed in each patch was above 35%. In these growing metapopulations, although only 0.2% of seeds underwent HMD, this greatly enhanced metapopulation growth rates. Similarly, HMD allowed more colonizations in declining metapopulations under low disturbance, and this slowed the rate of decline. The real metapopulation showed patterns of varying patch occupancy over the survey years, which were related to habitat quality, but also positively to human activity along the cliffs, hinting at beneficial effects of humans. These findings illustrate that realistic changes to dispersal or demography, specifically by humans, can have fundamental effects on the viability of a species at the landscape scale.

Incorporating connectivity into conservation planning for the optimal representation of multiple species and ecosystem services - Sara H. Williams; Sarah A. Scriven; David F. R. P. Burslem; Jane K. Hill; Glen Reynolds; Agnes L. Agama; Frederick Kugan; Colin R. Maycock; Eyen Khoo; Alexander Y. L. Hastie; John B. Sugau; Reuben Nilus; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2020)
Conservation planning tends to focus on protecting species’ ranges or landscape connectivity but seldom both—particularly in the case of diverse taxonomic assemblages and multiple planning goals. Therefore, information on potential trade‐offs between maintaining landscape connectivity and achieving other conservation objectives is lacking. We developed an optimization approach to prioritize the maximal protection of species’ ranges, ecosystem types, and forest carbon stocks, while also including habitat connectivity for range‐shifting species and dispersal corridors to link protected area. We applied our approach to Sabah, Malaysia, where the state government mandated an increase in protected‐area coverage of approximately 305,000 ha but did not specify where new protected areas should be. Compared with a conservation planning approach that did not incorporate the 2 connectivity features, our approach increased the protection of dispersal corridors and elevational connectivity by 13% and 21%, respectively. Coverage of vertebrate and plant species’ ranges and forest types were the same whether connectivity was included or excluded. Our approach protected 2% less forest carbon and 3% less butterfly range than when connectivity features were not included. Hence, the inclusion of connectivity into conservation planning can generate large increases in the protection of landscape connectivity with minimal loss of representation of other conservation targets.

The role of psychology in determining human–predator conflict across southern Kenya - Laura R. Perry; Tom P. Moorhouse; Andrew J. Loveridge; David W. Macdonald (Conservation Biology, 2020)
Conflict between people and carnivores can lead to the widespread killing of predators in retaliation for livestock loss and is a major threat to predator populations. In Kenya, a large, rural, pastoralist population comes into regular conflict with predators, which persist across southern Kenya. We explored the social and psychological backdrop to livestock management practices in this area in a process designed to be easy to use and suitable for use across large areas for the study of conflict and transboundary implementation of wildlife conflict reduction measures, focusing on community involvement and needs. We carried out fully structured interviews of livestock managers with a survey tool that examined how social and psychological factors may influence livestock management behavior. We compared survey responses on 3 sites across the study area, resulting in 723 usable responses. Efficacy of individuals’ livestock management varied between and within communities. This variation was partially explained by normative and control beliefs regarding livestock management. Individual livestock managers’ self‐reported management issues were often an accurate reflection of their practical management difficulties. Psychological norms, control beliefs, and attitudes differed among sites, and these differences partially explained patterns associated with conflict (i.e., variation in livestock management behavior). Thus, we conclude that a one‐size‐fits‐all approach to improving livestock management and reducing human–predator conflict is not suitable.

Central norepinephrine transmission is required for stress-induced repetitive behavior in two rodent models of obsessive-compulsive disorder - Daniel Lustberg; Alexa F. Iannitelli; Rachel P. Tillage; Molly Pruitt; L. Cameron Liles; David Weinshenker (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Challenges in the Measurement and Interpretation of Serum Titanium Concentrations - Jie J. Yao; Eric A. Lewallen; Roman Thaler; Amel Dudakovic; Michelle Wermers; Patrick Day; Steve Eckdahl; Paul Jannetto; Joshua A. Bornhorst; A. Noelle Larson; Matthew P. Abdel; David G. Lewallen; et al. (Biological Trace Element Research, 2020)

Present and future potential distribution of the endangered Anairetes alpinus (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae) under global climate change scenarios - P. Joser Atauchi; Constantino Aucca-Chutas; Gregorio Ferro; David A. Prieto-Torres (Journal of Ornithology, 2020)

Hedgerow management experiment relevant to agri-environment schemes: cutting regime impacts species richness of basal flora and Ellenberg indicator profiles - David P. B. Stanbury; Oliver L. Pescott; Joanna T. Staley (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2020)

The EU-ToxRisk method documentation, data processing and chemical testing pipeline for the regulatory use of new approach methods - Alice Krebs; Barbara M. A. van Vugt-Lussenburg; Tanja Waldmann; Wiebke Albrecht; Jan Boei; Bas ter Braak; Maja Brajnik; Thomas Braunbeck; Tim Brecklinghaus; Francois Busquet; Andras Dinnyes; Joh Dokler; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2020)
Hazard assessment, based on new approach methods (NAM), requires the use of batteries of assays, where individual tests may be contributed by different laboratories. A unified strategy for such collaborative testing is presented. It details all procedures required to allow test information to be usable for integrated hazard assessment, strategic project decisions and/or for regulatory purposes. The EU-ToxRisk project developed a strategy to provide regulatorily valid data, and exemplified this using a panel of > 20 assays (with > 50 individual endpoints), each exposed to 19 well-known test compounds (e.g. rotenone, colchicine, mercury, paracetamol, rifampicine, paraquat, taxol). Examples of strategy implementation are provided for all aspects required to ensure data validity: (i) documentation of test methods in a publicly accessible database; (ii) deposition of standard operating procedures (SOP) at the European Union DB-ALM repository; (iii) test readiness scoring accoding to defined criteria; (iv) disclosure of the pipeline for data processing; (v) link of uncertainty measures and metadata to the data; (vi) definition of test chemicals, their handling and their behavior in test media; (vii) specification of the test purpose and overall evaluation plans. Moreover, data generation was exemplified by providing results from 25 reporter assays. A complete evaluation of the entire test battery will be described elsewhere. A major learning from the retrospective analysis of this large testing project was the need for thorough definitions of the above strategy aspects, ideally in form of a study pre-registration, to allow adequate interpretation of the data and to ensure overall scientific/toxicological validity.

Quaternary land bridges have not been universal conduits of gene flow - Emilie Cros; Balaji Chattopadhyay; Kritika M. Garg; Nathaniel S. R. Ng; Suzanne Tomassi; Suzan Benedick; David P. Edwards; Frank E. Rheindt (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
Quaternary climate oscillations are a well‐known driver of animal diversification, but their effects are most well studied in areas where glaciations lead to habitat fragmentation. In large areas of the planet, however, glaciations have had the opposite effect, but here their impacts are much less well understood. This is especially true in Southeast Asia, where cyclical changes in land distribution have generated enormous land expansions during glacial periods. In this study, we selected a panel of five songbird species complexes covering a range of ecological specificities to investigate the effects Quaternary land bridges have had on the connectivity of Southeast Asian forest biota. Specifically, we combined morphological and bioacoustic analysis with an arsenal of population genomic and modelling approaches applied to thousands of genome‐wide DNA markers across a total of more than 100 individuals. Our analyses show that species dependent on forest understorey exhibit deep differentiation between Borneo and western Sundaland, with no evidence of gene flow during the land bridges accompanying the last 1–2 ice ages. In contrast, dispersive canopy species and habitat generalists have experienced more recent gene flow. Our results argue that there remains much cryptic species‐level diversity to be discovered in Southeast Asia even in well‐known animal groups such as birds, especially in nondispersive forest understorey inhabitants. We also demonstrate that Quaternary land bridges have not been equally suitable conduits of gene flow for all species complexes and that life history is a major factor in predicting relative population divergence time across Quaternary climate fluctuations.

Examining the effects of chronic, lake‐wide elevated temperatures on behavioural expression in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides - Dalon P. White; Michael A. Nannini; David H. Wahl (Journal of Fish Biology, 2020)
Many behaviours have differential fitness consequences across thermal and ecological contexts, indicating that both ecological shifts and warming temperatures induced by climatic change may alter how organisms behave. However, empirical evidence of temperature‐driven behavioural selection in natural systems is lacking. We compared behaviours and behavioural syndromes related to activity, exploration, boldness and aggression in populations of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) from ambient lakes to the those from artificially warmed, power plant cooling lakes to investigate changes in behaviours associated with warmer environments. Activity, exploration, boldness and aggression of juvenile largemouth bass were assessed in laboratory conditions using a novel environment assay and a risky situation assay. We found that activity and exploratory behaviours were higher and decreased through first year ontogeny in populations from heated lakes, whereas these behaviours were lower and showed no relationship through ontogeny in populations from ambient lakes. We attribute these differences to the changes in food source availability in heated lakes associated with temperature‐driven ecological effects. Bold and aggressive behaviours tended to differ between populations, as did correlations between behaviours, but did not differ between ambient and heated lakes. The findings of this work identify that large ecological changes associated with warming environments, such as food availability, may drive changes in some aspects of behavioural expression in largemouth bass but that other aspects of behavioural expression may be driven by lake‐specific factors not related to warming.

The indirect paths to cascading effects of extinctions in mutualistic networks - Mathias M. Pires; James L. O'Donnell; Laura A. Burkle; Cecilia Díaz‐Castelazo; David H. Hembry; Justin D. Yeakel; Erica A. Newman; Lucas P. Medeiros; Marcus A. M. de Aguiar; Paulo R. Guimarães (Ecology, 2020)
Biodiversity loss is a hallmark of our times, but predicting its consequences is challenging. Ecological interactions form complex networks with multiple direct and indirect paths through which the impacts of an extinction may propagate. Here we show that accounting for these multiple paths connecting species is necessary to predict how extinctions affect the integrity of ecological networks. Using an approach initially developed for the study of information flow, we estimate indirect effects in plant–pollinator networks and find that even those species with several direct interactions may have much of their influence over others through long indirect paths. Next, we perform extinction simulations in those networks and show that although traditional connectivity metrics fail in the prediction of coextinction patterns, accounting for indirect interaction paths allows predicting species’ vulnerability to the cascading effects of an extinction event. Embracing the structural complexity of ecological systems contributes towards a more predictive ecology, which is of paramount importance amid the current biodiversity crisis.

Evaluation of Structured and Unstructured Models for Application in Operational Ocean Forecasting in Nearshore Waters - Shannon Nudds; Youyu Lu; Simon Higginson; Susan P. Haigh; Jean-Philippe Paquin; Mitchell O’Flaherty-Sproul; Stephanne Taylor; Hauke Blanken; Guillaume Marcotte; Gregory C. Smith; Natacha B. Bernier; Phillip MacAulay; et al. (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2020)
The oceanography sub-initiative of Canada’s Oceans Protection Plan was tasked to develop high-resolution nearshore ocean models for enhanced marine safety and emergency response, fitting into the multi-scale, multi-level nested operational ocean forecasting systems. For decision making on eventual 24/7 operational support, two ocean models (a structured grid model, NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean); and an unstructured grid model, FVCOM (Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model), were evaluated. The evaluation process includes the selection of the study area, the requirements for model setup, and the evaluation metrics. The chosen study area, Saint John Harbour in the Bay of Fundy, features strong tides, significant river runoff and a narrow tidal-river channel. Both models were configured with the same sources of bathymetry and forcing data. FVCOM achieved 50-100 m horizontal resolution in the inner harbour and included wetting/drying. NEMO achieved 100 m resolution in the harbour with a three-level one-way nesting configuration. Statistical metrics showed that one-year simulations with both models achieved comparable accuracies against the observed tidal and non-tidal water levels and currents, temperature and salinity, and the trajectories of surface drifters, but the computational cost of FVCOM was significantly less than that of NEMO.

Yellowstone Lake Ecosystem Restoration: A Case Study for Invasive Fish Management - Todd M. Koel; Jeffery L. Arnold; Patricia E. Bigelow; Travis O. Brenden; Jeffery D. Davis; Colleen R. Detjens; Philip D. Doepke; Brian D. Ertel; Hayley C. Glassic; Robert E. Gresswell; Christopher S. Guy; Drew J. MacDonald; et al. (Fishes, 2020)
Invasive predatory lake trout Salvelinus namaycush were discovered in Yellowstone Lake in 1994 and caused a precipitous decrease in abundance of native Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri. Suppression efforts (primarily gillnetting) initiated in 1995 did not curtail lake trout population growth or lakewide expansion. An adaptive management strategy was developed in 2010 that specified desired conditions indicative of ecosystem recovery. Population modeling was used to estimate effects of suppression efforts on the lake trout and establish effort benchmarks to achieve negative population growth (λ 46,800 100-m net nights; this effort level was achieved in 2012 and led to a reduction in lake trout biomass. Total lake trout biomass declined from 432,017 kg in 2012 to 196,675 kg in 2019, primarily because of a 79% reduction in adults. Total abundance declined from 925,208 in 2012 to 673,983 in 2019 but was highly variable because of recruitment of age-2 fish. Overall, 3.35 million lake trout were killed by suppression efforts from 1995 to 2019. Cutthroat trout abundance remained below target levels, but relative condition increased, large individuals (> 400 mm) became more abundant, and individual weights doubled, probably because of reduced density. Continued actions to suppress lake trout will facilitate further recovery of the cutthroat trout population and integrity of the Yellowstone Lake ecosystem.

Activation of alpha7 nicotinic and NMDA receptors is necessary for performance in a working memory task - David Phenis; Sarah A. Vunck; Valentina Valentini; Hugo Arias; Robert Schwarcz; John P. Bruno (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Appraisal of the USGS Three-Part Mineral Resource Assessment through estimation of the orogenic gold endowment of the Sandstone Greenstone Belt, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia - Rhys S. Davies; David I. Groves; Allan Trench; Michael Dentith; John P. Sykes (Mineralium Deposita, 2020)

Induction of Rabies Virus Infection in Mice Brain may Up and Down Regulate Type II Interferon gamma via epigenetic modifications - Maryam Abdulazeez; Grace S. N. Kia; Musa M. Abarshi; Aliyu Muhammad; Comfort E. Ojedapo; Joy Cecilia Atawodi; David Dantong; Jacob K. P. Kwaga (Metabolic Brain Disease, 2020)

Bacterial communities on the gills of bonefish (Albula vulpes) in the Florida Keys and The Bahamas show spatial structure and differential abundance of disease-associated bacteria - Christopher D. Dunn; Lewis J. Campbell; Elizabeth M. Wallace; Andy J. Danylchuk; Steven J. Cooke; Aaron D. Shultz; Brooke D. Black; Jacob W. Brownscombe; Lucas P. Griffin; David P. Philipp; Aaron J. Adams; Tony L. Goldberg (Marine Biology, 2020)

The dynamics of pine marten predation on red and grey squirrels - Joshua P. Twining; W. Ian Montgomery; David G. Tosh (Mammalian Biology, 2020)
Invasive alien species pose one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. In parts of Europe, introduced eastern grey squirrels ( Sciurus carolinensis ) have caused regional extinctions of the native red squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris ). However, exposure to pine martens ( Martes martes ) has been demonstrated to reverse the competitive outcome between red and grey squirrels. The mechanism whereby this effect occurs remains unclear. It is hypothesised that direct predation, facilitated by a lack of behavioural response, is the mechanism driving this relationship. We review the literature and reanalyse a new dataset to provide further data on the occurrence of both squirrel species in the scats of pine marten. Both squirrel species occurred in the scats of pine marten confirming its role as a predator of these species. Predation of grey squirrels was significantly higher than red squirrels and was recorded only in spring and summer. Our review provides evidence for the mechanism driving the current decline in grey squirrels in Ireland and Scotland and supports the hypothesis that in the presence of a shared predator, direct predation influences the outcome of species interactions between native red and non-native grey squirrels.

Methods for coherent optical Doppler orbitography - Benjamin P. Dix-Matthews; Sascha W. Schediwy; David R. Gozzard; Simon Driver; Karl Ulrich Schreiber; Randall Carman; Michael Tobar (Journal of Geodesy, 2020)

Non-Invasive Quantification of Ventricular Contractility, Arterial Elastic Function and Ventriculo-Arterial Coupling from a Single Diagnostic Encounter Using Simultaneous Arterial Tonometry and Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Mayooran Namasivayam; Audrey Adji; Linda Lin; Christopher S. Hayward; Michael P. Feneley; Michael F. O’Rourke; David W. M. Muller; Andrew Jabbour (Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology, 2020)

Transitions between biomes are common and directional in Bombacoideae (Malvaceae) - Alexander Zizka; Jefferson G. Carvalho‐Sobrinho; R. Toby Pennington; Luciano P. Queiroz; Suzana Alcantara; David A. Baum; Christine D. Bacon; Alexandre Antonelli (Journal of Biogeography, 2020)
Aim To quantify evolutionary transitions between tropical evergreen rain forest and seasonally dry biomes, to test whether biome transitions affect lineage diversification and to examine the robustness of these results to methodological choices. Location The tropics. Time period The Cenozoic. Major taxa studied The plant subfamily Bombacoideae (Malvaceae). Methods We inferred ancestral biomes based on a fossil‐dated molecular phylogeny of 103 species (59% of the clade) and recorded the number of transitions among biomes using biogeographical stochastic mapping based on the dispersal‐extinction‐cladogenesis model. We then estimated diversification rates using state‐specific speciation and extinction rate ( SSE ) methods. Furthermore, we tested the sensitivity of the results to model choice, phylogenetic uncertainty, measurement error and biome definition. Results We found numerous transitions from evergreen rain forest to seasonally dry biomes, and fewer in the opposite direction. These results were robust to methodological choices. Biome type did not influence diversification rates, although this result was subject to uncertainty, especially related to model choice and biome definition. Main conclusions Our results contradict the idea of evolutionary biome conservatism in Bombacoideae, and support previous findings that evergreen rain forests serve as a source for the flora of seasonally dry biomes. The impact of biome classification and biome definition on the results suggest caution when using a biome concept for biogeographical reconstruction and diversification rate analysis.

Effects of hypoxia on the behavior and physiology of kelp forest fishes - Evan G. Mattiasen; Neosha S Kashef; David M. Stafford; Cheryl A. Logan; Susan M. Sogard; Eric P. Bjorkstedt; Scott L. Hamilton (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Forecasts from climate models and oceanographic observations indicate increasing deoxygenation in the global oceans and an elevated frequency and intensity of hypoxic events in the coastal zone, which have the potential to affect marine biodiversity and fisheries. Exposure to low dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions may have deleterious effects on early life stages in fishes. This study aims to identify thresholds to hypoxia while testing behavioral and physiological responses of two congeneric species of kelp forest fish to four DO levels, ranging from normoxic to hypoxic (8.7, 6.0, 4.1, and 2.2 mg O 2 /L). Behavioral tests identified changes in exploratory behavior and turning bias (lateralization), whereas physiological tests focused on determining changes in hypoxia tolerance (pCrit), ventilation rates, and metabolic rates, with impacts on the resulting capacity for aerobic activity. Our findings indicated that copper rockfish ( Sebastes caurinus ) and blue rockfish ( Sebastes mystinus ) express sensitivity to hypoxia; however, the strength of the response differed between species. Copper rockfish exhibited reduced absolute lateralization and increased escape time at the lowest DO levels, whereas behavioral metrics for blue rockfish did not vary with oxygen level. Both species exhibited decreases in aerobic scope (as a function of reduced maximum metabolic rate) and increases in ventilation rates to compensate for decreasing oxygen levels. Blue rockfish had a lower pCrit and stronger acclimation response compared to copper rockfish. The differences expressed by each species suggest that acclimatization to changing ocean conditions may vary, even among related species that recruit to the same kelp forest habitat, leading to winners and losers under future ocean conditions. Exposure to hypoxia can decrease individual physiological fitness through metabolic and aerobic depression and changes to anti‐predator behavior, with implications for the outcome of ecological interactions and the management of fish stocks in the face of climate change.

Rapid assessment of management options for promoting stock rebuilding in data‐poor species under climate change - Jonathan C. P. Reum; P. Sean McDonald; W. Christopher Long; Kirstin K. Holsman; Lauren Divine; David Armstrong; Jan Armstrong (Conservation Biology, 2020)
The development of species recovery plans requires considering likely outcomes of different management interventions, but the complicating effects of climate change are rarely evaluated. We examined how qualitative network models (QNMs) can be deployed to support decision making when data, time, and funding limitations restrict use of more demanding quantitative methods. We used QNMs to evaluate management interventions intended to promote the rebuilding of a collapsed stock of blue king crab (Paralithodes platypus) (BKC) around the Pribilof Islands (eastern Bering Sea) to determine how their potential efficacy may change under climate change. Based on stakeholder input and a literature review, we constructed a QNM that described the life cycle of BKC, key ecological interactions, potential climate‐change impacts, relative interaction strengths, and uncertainty in terms of interaction strengths and link presence. We performed sensitivity analyses to identify key sources of prediction uncertainty. Under a scenario of no climate change, predicted increases in BKC were reliable only when stock enhancement was implemented in a BKC hatchery‐program scenario. However, when climate change was accounted for, the intervention could not counteract its adverse impacts, which had an overall negative effect on BKC. The remaining management scenarios related to changes in fishing effort on BKC predators. For those scenarios, BKC outcomes were unreliable, but climate change further decreased the probability of observing recovery. Including information on relative interaction strengths increased the likelihood of predicting positive outcomes for BKC approximately 5–50% under the management scenarios. The largest gains in prediction precision will be made by reducing uncertainty associated with ecological interactions between adult BKC and red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus). Qualitative network models are useful options when data are limited, but they remain underutilized in conservation.

Assessing ecological function in the context of species recovery - H. Resit Akçakaya; Ana S. L. Rodrigues; David A. Keith; E. J. Milner‐Gulland; Eric W. Sanderson; Simon Hedges; David P. Mallon; Molly K. Grace; Barney Long; Erik Meijaard; P. J. Stephenson (Conservation Biology, 2020)
Species interactions matter to conservation. Setting an ambitious recovery target for a species requires considering the size, density, and demographic structure of its populations such that they fulfill the interactions, roles, and functions of the species in the ecosystems in which they are embedded. A recently proposed framework for an International Union for Conservation of Nature Green List of Species formalizes this requirement by defining a fully recovered species in terms of representation, viability, and functionality. Defining and quantifying ecological function from the viewpoint of species recovery is challenging in concept and application, but also an opportunity to insert ecological theory into conservation practice. We propose 2 complementary approaches to assessing a species’ ecological functions: confirmation (listing interactions of the species, identifying ecological processes and other species involved in these interactions, and quantifying the extent to which the species contributes to the identified ecological process) and elimination (inferring functionality by ruling out symptoms of reduced functionality, analogous to the red‐list approach that focuses on symptoms of reduced viability). Despite the challenges, incorporation of functionality into species recovery planning is possible in most cases and it is essential to a conservation vision that goes beyond preventing extinctions and aims to restore a species to levels beyond what is required for its viability. This vision focuses on conservation and recovery at the species level and sees species as embedded in ecosystems, influencing and being influenced by the processes in those ecosystems. Thus, it connects and integrates conservation at the species and ecosystem levels.

A New Network for the Advancement of Marine Biotechnology in Europe and Beyond - Ana Rotter; Ariola Bacu; Michèle Barbier; Francesco Bertoni; Atle M. Bones; M. Leonor Cancela; Jens Carlsson; Maria F. Carvalho; Marta Cegłowska; Meltem Conk Dalay; Thanos Dailianis; Irem Deniz; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Evaluating Economic Impacts of Prescribed Fire in the Central Hardwood Region - David P Mann; Jan K Wiedenbeck; Daniel C Dey; Mike R Saunders (Journal of Forestry, 2020)
Surface fires are often prescribed to favor oak (Quercus) regeneration in eastern forests, but there is potential for fire to damage residual overstory timber. This study evaluated the potential economic effects of prescribed fire on sawtimber volume and value across 139 stands, each with a known history of one to six prescribed fires, on the Hoosier, Mark Twain, Wayne, and Daniel Boone National Forests. Sawtimber volume and value losses were highly variable, ranging from 0 to 2,269 bd ft ac–1 and from US$0 to US$272.95 ac–1, respectively, for stands that had received at least one prescribed fire. Volume and value losses increased linearly by +0.9 percent and +1.5 percent per burn, respectively, that a stand received over the past 25 years. Stands with south-facing aspects had greater relative volume and value losses (+1.4 to +1.5 percent, respectively), but this influence was statistically less important than the number of burns in predictive models. The eastern national forests had much lower average relative volume and value losses, <3.0 percent, than the more western Mark Twain National Forest (10–15 percent loss). Species composition affected value loss associated with prescribed fire; red oaks experienced significantly higher value loss than all other species groups.

Emergence of negative affect as motivation for drug taking in rats chronically self-administering cocaine - Samuel D. Klein; Nicholas J. Beacher; Julianna M. Kulik; David J. Estrin; Anthony P. Pawlak; Mark O. West (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Evaluating the realized niche and plant–water relations of wetland species using experimental transplants - Jeremy P. Sueltenfuss; Troy W. Ocheltree; David J. Cooper (Plant Ecology, 2020)

Inter-trial phase coherence of visually evoked postural responses in virtual reality - David Engel; Adrian Schütz; Milosz Krala; Jakob C. B. Schwenk; Adam P. Morris; Frank Bremmer (Experimental Brain Research, 2020)
Vision plays a central role in maintaining balance. When humans perceive their body as moving, they trigger counter movements. This results in body sway, which has typically been investigated by measuring the body’s center of pressure (COP). Here, we aimed to induce visually evoked postural responses (VEPR) by simulating self-motion in virtual reality (VR) using a sinusoidally oscillating “moving room” paradigm. Ten healthy subjects participated in the experiment. Stimulation consisted of a 3D-cloud of random dots, presented through a VR headset, which oscillated sinusoidally in the anterior–posterior direction at different frequencies. We used a force platform to measure subjects’ COP over time and quantified the resulting trajectory by wavelet analyses including inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC). Subjects exhibited significant coupling of their COP to the respective stimulus. Even when spectral analysis of postural sway showed only small responses in the expected frequency bands (power), ITPC revealed an almost constant strength of coupling to the stimulus within but also across subjects and presented frequencies. Remarkably, ITPC even revealed a strong phase coupling to stimulation at 1.5 Hz, which exceeds the frequency range that has generally been attributed to the coupling of human postural sway to an oscillatory visual scenery. These findings suggest phase-locking to be an essential feature of visuomotor control.

Including indigenous and local knowledge in climate research: an assessment of the opinion of Spanish climate change researchers - David García-del-Amo; P. Graham Mortyn; Victoria Reyes-García (Climatic Change, 2020)

Evolving challenges to model human diseases for translational research - Amanda P. Beck; David K. Meyerholz (Cell and Tissue Research, 2020)

Invasion syndromes: a systematic approach for predicting biological invasions and facilitating effective management - Ana Novoa; David M. Richardson; Petr Pyšek; Laura A. Meyerson; Sven Bacher; Susan Canavan; Jane A. Catford; Jan Čuda; Franz Essl; Llewellyn C. Foxcroft; Piero Genovesi; Heidi Hirsch; et al. (Biological Invasions, 2020)
Our ability to predict invasions has been hindered by the seemingly idiosyncratic context-dependency of individual invasions. However, we argue that robust and useful generalisations in invasion science can be made by considering “invasion syndromes” which we define as “a combination of pathways, alien species traits, and characteristics of the recipient ecosystem which collectively result in predictable dynamics and impacts, and that can be managed effectively using specific policy and management actions”. We describe this approach and outline examples that highlight its utility, including: cacti with clonal fragmentation in arid ecosystems; small aquatic organisms introduced through ballast water in harbours; large ranid frogs with frequent secondary transfers; piscivorous freshwater fishes in connected aquatic ecosystems; plant invasions in high-elevation areas; tall-statured grasses; and tree-feeding insects in forests with suitable hosts. We propose a systematic method for identifying and delimiting invasion syndromes. We argue that invasion syndromes can account for the context-dependency of biological invasions while incorporating insights from comparative studies. Adopting this approach will help to structure thinking, identify transferrable risk assessment and management lessons, and highlight similarities among events that were previously considered disparate invasion phenomena.

A first worldwide multispecies survey of invasive Mediterranean pine bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) - Massimo Faccoli; Diego Gallego; Manuela Branco; Eckehard G. Brockerhoff; Juan Corley; David R. Coyle; Brett P. Hurley; Hervé Jactel; Ferenc Lakatos; Victoria Lantschner; Simon Lawson; Gonzalo Martínez; et al. (Biological Invasions, 2020)

The 13th and 14th Workshops on Antarctic Meteorology and Climate - Matthew A. Lazzara; Sophie A. Orendorf; Taylor P. Norton; Jordan G. Powers; David H. Bromwich; Scott Carpentier; John J. Cassano; Steven R. Colwell; Arthur M. Cayette; Kirstin Werner (Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2020)

Weather underground: Subsurface hydrologic processes mediate tree vulnerability to extreme climatic drought - Blair C. McLaughlin; Rachel Blakey; Andrew P. Weitz; Xue Feng; Brittni J. Brown; David D. Ackerly; Todd E. Dawson; Sally E. Thompson (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Drought extent and severity have increased and are predicted to continue to increase in many parts of the world. Understanding tree vulnerability to drought at both individual and species levels is key to ongoing forest management and preparation for future transitions in community composition. The influence of subsurface hydrologic processes is particularly important in water‐limited ecosystems, and is an under‐studied aspect of tree drought vulnerability. With California's 2013–2016 extraordinary drought as a natural experiment, we studied four co‐occurring woodland tree species, blue oak ( Quercus douglasii ), valley oak ( Quercus lobata ), gray pine ( Pinus sabiniana ), and California juniper ( Juniperus californica ), examining drought vulnerability as a function of climate, lithology and hydrology using regional aerial dieback surveys and site‐scale field surveys. We found that in addition to climatic drought severity (i.e., rainfall), subsurface processes explained variation in drought vulnerability within and across species at both scales. Regionally for blue oak, severity of dieback was related to the bedrock lithology, with higher mortality on igneous and metamorphic substrates, and to regional reductions in groundwater. At the site scale, access to deep subsurface water, evidenced by stem water stable isotope composition, was related to canopy condition across all species. Along hillslope gradients, channel locations supported similar environments in terms of water stress across a wide climatic gradient, indicating that subsurface hydrology mediates species’ experience of drought, and that areas associated with persistent access to subsurface hydrologic resources may provide important refugia at species’ xeric range edges. Despite this persistent overall influence of the subsurface environment, individual species showed markedly different response patterns. We argue that hydrologic niche segregation can be a useful lens through which to interpret these differences in vulnerability to climatic drought and climate change.

Restore or Redefine: Future Trajectories for Restoration - Melinda Ann Coleman; Georgina Wood; Karen Filbee-Dexter; Antoine J. P. Minne; Hugh Douglas Goold; Adriana Vergés; Ezequiel Miguel Marzinelli; Peter David Steinberg; Thomas Wernberg (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Design catalogue for eco-engineering of coastal artificial structures: a multifunctional approach for stakeholders and end-users - Kathryn A. O’Shaughnessy; Stephen J. Hawkins; Ally J. Evans; Mick E. Hanley; Paul Lunt; Richard C. Thompson; Robert A. Francis; Simon P. G. Hoggart; Pippa J. Moore; Gregorio Iglesias; David Simmonds; James Ducker; et al. (Urban Ecosystems, 2020)
Coastal urbanisation, energy extraction, food production, shipping and transportation have led to the global proliferation of artificial structures within the coastal and marine environments (sensu “ocean sprawl”), with subsequent loss of natural habitats and biodiversity. To mitigate and compensate impacts of ocean sprawl, the practice of eco-engineering of artificial structures has been developed over the past decade. Eco-engineering aims to create sustainable ecosystems that integrate human society with the natural environment for the benefit of both. The science of eco-engineering has grown markedly, yet synthesis of research into a user-friendly and practitioner-focused format is lacking. Feedback from stakeholders has repeatedly stated that a “photo user guide” or “manual” covering the range of eco-engineering options available for artificial structures would be beneficial. However, a detailed and structured “user guide” for eco-engineering in coastal and marine environments is not yet possible; therefore we present an accessible review and catalogue of trialled eco-engineering options and a summary of guidance for a range of different structures tailored for stakeholders and end-users as the first step towards a structured manual. This work can thus serve as a potential template for future eco-engineering guides. Here we provide suggestions for potential eco-engineering designs to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and services of coastal artificial structures with the following structures covered: (1) rock revetment, breakwaters and groynes composed of armour stones or concrete units; (2) vertical and sloping seawalls; (3) over-water structures (i.e., piers) and associated support structures; and (4) tidal river walls.

Thermodynamics of ferredoxin binding to cyanobacterial nitrate reductase - Anurag P. Srivastava; Neelam Mishra; Ramachandra L. A. Prasad; Preethi Rajesh; David B. Knaff (Photosynthesis Research, 2020)

Cohort antler size signals environmental stress in a moderate climate - Bronson K. Strickland; P. Grady Dixon; Phillip D. Jones; Stephen Demarais; Nathan O. Owen; David A. Cox; Katie Landry-Guyton; W. Mark Baldwin; William T. McKinley (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2020)

Comprehensive clinically oriented workflow for nucleotide level resolution and interpretation in prenatal diagnosis of de novo apparently balanced chromosomal translocations in their genomic landscape - Dezső David; João P. Freixo; Joana Fino; Inês Carvalho; Mariana Marques; Manuela Cardoso; Raul E. Piña-Aguilar; Cynthia C. Morton (Human Genetics, 2020)

Increased attenuation and reverberation are associated with lower maximum frequencies and narrow bandwidth of bird songs in cities - Jennifer N. Phillips; Catherine Rochefort; Sara Lipshutz; Graham E. Derryberry; David Luther; Elizabeth P. Derryberry (Journal of Ornithology, 2020)

Percussive underwater signaling in wild gray seals - David P. Hocking; Ben Burville; William M. G. Parker; Alistair R. Evans; Travis Park; Felix G. Marx (Marine Mammal Science, 2020)

Rapid recovery of ecosystem function following extreme drought in a South African savanna grassland - Kevin R. Wilcox; Sally E. Koerner; David L. Hoover; Andrea K. Borkenhagen; Deron E. Burkepile; Scott L. Collins; Ava M. Hoffman; Kevin P. Kirkman; Alan K. Knapp; Tercia Strydom; Dave I. Thompson; Melinda D. Smith (Ecology, 2020)
Climatic extremes, such as severe drought, are expected to increase in frequency and magnitude with climate change. Thus, identifying mechanisms of resilience is critical to predicting the vulnerability of ecosystems. An exceptional drought (

A climate‐change vulnerability and adaptation assessment for Brazil's protected areas - David M. Lapola; José Maria C. da Silva; Diego R. Braga; Larissa Carpigiani; Fernanda Ogawa; Roger R. Torres; Luis C. F. Barbosa; Jean P. H. B. Ometto; Carlos A. Joly (Conservation Biology, 2020)
Brazil hosts the largest expanse of tropical ecosystems within protected areas (PAs), which shelter biodiversity and support traditional human populations. We assessed the vulnerability to climate change of 993 terrestrial and coastal‐marine Brazilian PAs by combining indicators of climatic‐change hazard with indicators of PA resilience (size, native vegetation cover, and probability of climate‐driven vegetation transition). This combination of indicators allows the identification of broad climate‐change adaptation pathways. Seventeen PAs (20,611 km 2 ) were highly vulnerable and located mainly in the Atlantic Forest (7 PAs), Cerrado (6), and the Amazon (4). Two hundred fifty‐eight PAs (756,569 km 2 ), located primarily in Amazonia, had a medium vulnerability. In the Amazon and western Cerrado, the projected severe climatic change and probability of climate‐driven vegetation transition drove vulnerability up, despite the generally good conservation status of PAs. Over 80% of PAs of high or moderate vulnerability are managed by indigenous populations. Hence, besides the potential risks to biodiversity, the traditional knowledge and livelihoods of the people inhabiting these PAs may be threatened. In at least 870 PAs, primarily in the Atlantic Forest and Amazon, adaptation could happen with little or no intervention due to low climate‐change hazard, high resilience status, or both. At least 20 PAs in the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Amazonia should be targeted for stronger interventions (e.g., improvement of ecological connectivity), given their low resilience status. Despite being a first attempt to link vulnerability and adaptation in Brazilian PAs, we suggest that some of the PAs identified as highly or moderately vulnerable should be prioritized for testing potential adaptation strategies in the near future.

Wall Effect Mitigation Techniques for Experiments with Planar Walls - Eric J. Roth; Roseanna M. Neupauer; David C. Mays; Lauren J. Sather; John P. Crimaldi (Transport in Porous Media, 2020)

Prey adaptation along a competition-defense tradeoff cryptically shifts trophic cascades from density- to trait-mediated - Zachary T. Wood; David C. Fryxell; Emma R. Moffett; Michael T. Kinnison; Kevin S. Simon; Eric P. Palkovacs (Oecologia, 2020)

Elimination of galanin synthesis in noradrenergic neurons reduces galanin in select brain areas and promotes active coping behaviors - Rachel P. Tillage; Natale R. Sciolino; Nicholas W. Plummer; Daniel Lustberg; L. Cameron Liles; Madeline Hsiang; Jeanne M. Powell; Kathleen G. Smith; Patricia Jensen; David Weinshenker (Brain Structure and Function, 2020)

Cross-validated Between Group PCA Scatterplots: A Solution to Spurious Group Separation? - Andrea Cardini; P. David Polly (Evolutionary Biology, 2020)

Studies in Neotropical Araliaceae. I. Resurrection of the genus Sciodaphyllum P. Browne to accommodate most New World species previously included in Schefflera J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. - Porter P. Lowry II; Gregory M. Plunkett; M. Marcela Mora; Asunción Cano; Pedro Fiaschi; David G. Frodin; Roy E. Gereau; Álvaro Idárraga-Piedrahíta; Jáider Jiménez-Montoya; J. Moisés F. Mendoza; David A. Neill; Orlando Rivera-Diaz; et al. (Brittonia, 2020)

Evaluation of an Engineered Hybrid Matrix for Bone Regeneration via Endochondral Ossification - Paiyz E. Mikael; Aleksandra A. Golebiowska; Xiaonan Xin; David W. Rowe; Syam P. Nukavarapu (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

A new model study species: high accuracy of discrimination between individual freckled hawkfish ( Paracirrhites forsteri ) using natural markings - Mark G. McInnes; Neil M. Burns; Charlotte R. Hopkins; Guy P. Henderson; Deborah C. McNeill; David M. Bailey (Journal of Fish Biology, 2020)
Variations between distinct natural markings of freckled hawkfish ( Paracirrhites forsteri ) could allow in situ identification of individuals from underwater photography. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to assess the ability of the Interactive Individual Identification System (I 3 S) software to assist in discriminating between images of P. forsteri individuals. This study's results show the high discriminant ability of I 3 S to differentiate between unlike individuals and identify images of the same individual. The ability to use automatic computer‐aided assistance in the study of this species will enable future research to explore behaviour and movements of individuals in the wild.

Land‐use controls on carbon biogeochemistry in lowland streams of the Congo Basin - Travis W. Drake; David C. Podgorski; Bienvenu Dinga; Jeffrey P. Chanton; Johan Six; Robert G. M. Spencer (Global Change Biology, 2020)
The flux and composition of carbon (C) from land to rivers represents a critical component of the global C cycle as well as a powerful integrator of landscape‐level processes. In the Congo Basin, an expansive network of streams and rivers transport and cycle terrigenous C sourced from the largest swathe of pristine tropical forest on Earth. Increasing rates of deforestation and conversion to agriculture in the Basin are altering the current regime of terrestrial‐to‐aquatic biogeochemical cycling of C. To investigate the role of deforestation on dissolved organic and inorganic C (DOC and DIC, respectively) biogeochemistry in the Congo Basin, six lowland streams that drain catchments of varying forest proportion (12%–77%) were sampled monthly for 1 year. Annual mean concentrations of DOC exhibited an asymptotic response to forest loss, while DIC concentrations increased continuously with forest loss. The isotopic signature of DIC became significantly more enriched with deforestation, indicating a shift in source and processes controlling DIC production. The composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM), as revealed by ultra‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry, indicated that deforested catchments export relatively more aliphatic and heteroatomic DOM sourced from microbial biomass in soils. The DOM compositional results imply that DOM from the deforested sites is more biolabile than DOM from the forest, consistent with the corresponding elevated stream CO 2 concentrations. In short, forest loss results in significant and comprehensive shifts in the C biogeochemistry of the associated streams. It is apparent that land‐use conversion has the potential to dramatically affect the C cycle in the Congo Basin by reducing the downstream flux of stable, vascular‐plant derived DOC while increasing the transfer of biolabile soil C to the atmosphere.

Afforestation for climate change mitigation: Potentials, risks and trade‐offs - Jonathan C. Doelman; Elke Stehfest; Detlef P. van Vuuren; Andrzej Tabeau; Andries F. Hof; Maarten C. Braakhekke; David E. H. J. Gernaat; Maarten van den Berg; Willem‐Jan van Zeist; Vassilis Daioglou; Hans van Meijl; Paul L. Lucas (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Afforestation is considered a cost‐effective and readily available climate change mitigation option. In recent studies afforestation is presented as a major solution to limit climate change. However, estimates of afforestation potential vary widely. Moreover, the risks in global mitigation policy and the negative trade‐offs with food security are often not considered. Here we present a new approach to assess the economic potential of afforestation with the IMAGE 3.0 integrated assessment model framework. In addition, we discuss the role of afforestation in mitigation pathways and the effects of afforestation on the food system under increasingly ambitious climate targets. We show that afforestation has a mitigation potential of 4.9 GtCO 2 /year at 200 US$/tCO 2 in 2050 leading to large‐scale application in an SSP2 scenario aiming for 2°C (410 GtCO 2 cumulative up to 2100). Afforestation reduces the overall costs of mitigation policy. However, it may lead to lower mitigation ambition and lock‐in situations in other sectors. Moreover, it bears risks to implementation and permanence as the negative emissions are increasingly located in regions with high investment risks and weak governance, for example in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Afforestation also requires large amounts of land (up to 1,100 Mha) leading to large reductions in agricultural land. The increased competition for land could lead to higher food prices and an increased population at risk of hunger. Our results confirm that afforestation has substantial potential for mitigation. At the same time, we highlight that major risks and trade‐offs are involved. Pathways aiming to limit climate change to 2°C or even 1.5°C need to minimize these risks and trade‐offs in order to achieve mitigation sustainably.

Temperature change as a driver of spatial patterns and long‐term trends in chironomid (Insecta: Diptera) diversity - Stefan Engels; Andrew S. Medeiros; Yarrow Axford; Stephen J. Brooks; Oliver Heiri; Tomi P. Luoto; Larisa Nazarova; David F. Porinchu; Roberto Quinlan; Angela E. Self (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Anthropogenic activities have led to a global decline in biodiversity, and monitoring studies indicate that both insect communities and wetland ecosystems are particularly affected. However, there is a need for long‐term data (over centennial or millennial timescales) to better understand natural community dynamics and the processes that govern the observed trends. Chironomids (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) are often the most abundant insects in lake ecosystems, sensitive to environmental change, and, because their larval exoskeleton head capsules preserve well in lake sediments, they provide a unique record of insect community dynamics through time. Here, we provide the results of a metadata analysis of chironomid diversity across a range of spatial and temporal scales. First, we analyse spatial trends in chironomid diversity using Northern Hemispheric data sets overall consisting of 837 lakes. Our results indicate that in most of our data sets, summer temperature ( T jul ) is strongly associated with spatial trends in modern‐day chironomid diversity. We observe a strong increase in chironomid alpha diversity with increasing T jul in regions with present‐day T jul between 2.5 and 14°C. In some areas with T jul > 14°C, chironomid diversity stabilizes or declines. Second, we demonstrate that the direction and amplitude of change in alpha diversity in a compilation of subfossil chironomid records spanning the last glacial–interglacial transition (~15,000–11,000 years ago) are similar to those observed in our modern data. A compilation of Holocene records shows that during phases when the amplitude of temperature change was small, site‐specific factors had a greater influence on the chironomid fauna obscuring the chironomid diversity–temperature relationship. Our results imply expected overall chironomid diversity increases in colder regions such as the Arctic under sustained global warming, but with complex and not necessarily predictable responses for individual sites.

Interprotein electron transfer biohybrid system for photocatalytic H2 production - Udita Brahmachari; P. Raj Pokkuluri; David M. Tiede; Jens Niklas; Oleg G. Poluektov; Karen L. Mulfort; Lisa M. Utschig (Photosynthesis Research, 2020)

Vertical stratification of a temperate forest caterpillar community in eastern North America - Carlo L. Seifert; Greg P. A. Lamarre; Martin Volf; Leonardo R. Jorge; Scott E. Miller; David L. Wagner; Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira; Vojtěch Novotný (Oecologia, 2020)

Rainfall threshold for initiating effective stress decrease and failure in weathered tephra slopes - Max Oke Kluger; M. Ehsan Jorat; Vicki G. Moon; Stefan Kreiter; Willem P. de Lange; Tobias Mörz; Thomas Robertson; David J. Lowe (Landslides, 2020)

When the Background Matters: Using Scenarios from Integrated Assessment Models in Prospective Life Cycle Assessment - Angelica Mendoza Beltran; Brian Cox; Chris Mutel; Detlef P. van Vuuren; David Font Vivanco; Sebastiaan Deetman; Oreane Y. Edelenbosch; Jeroen Guinée; Arnold Tukker (Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2020)
Summary Prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) needs to deal with the large epistemological uncertainty about the future to support more robust future environmental impact assessments of technologies. This study proposes a novel approach that systematically changes the background processes in a prospective LCA based on scenarios of an integrated assessment model (IAM), the IMAGE model. Consistent worldwide scenarios from IMAGE are evaluated in the life cycle inventory using ecoinvent v3.3. To test the approach, only the electricity sector was changed in a prospective LCA of an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) and an electric vehicle (EV) using six baseline and mitigation climate scenarios until 2050. This case study shows that changes in the electricity background can be very important for the environmental impacts of EV. Also, the approach demonstrates that the relative environmental performance of EV and ICEV over time is more complex and multifaceted than previously assumed. Uncertainty due to future developments manifests in different impacts depending on the product (EV or ICEV), the impact category, and the scenario and year considered. More robust prospective LCAs can be achieved, particularly for emerging technologies, by expanding this approach to other economic sectors beyond electricity background changes and mobility applications as well as by including uncertainty and changes in foreground parameters. A more systematic and structured composition of future inventory databases driven by IAM scenarios helps to acknowledge epistemological uncertainty and to increase the temporal consistency of foreground and background systems in LCAs of emerging technologies.

Calcite twinning strains from syn-faulting calcite gouge: small-offset strike-slip, normal and thrust faults - John P. Craddock; David H. Malone; Jakob Wartman; Megan J. Kelly; Liu Junlai; Maura Bussolotto; Chiara Invernizzi; Jeff Knott; Ryan Porter (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2020)

MS/MS in silico subtraction-based proteomic profiling as an approach to facilitate disease gene discovery: application to lens development and cataract - Sandeep Aryal; Deepti Anand; Francisco G. Hernandez; Bailey A. T. Weatherbee; Hongzhan Huang; Ashok P. Reddy; Phillip A. Wilmarth; Larry L. David; Salil A. Lachke (Human Genetics, 2020)

Identification and Synthesis of Putative Pheromone Components of the Threatened Salt Marsh Bagworm Moth, Whittleia retiella (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) - Rizan Rahmani; David Carrasco; Glenn P. Svensson; Hartmut Roweck; Nils Ryrholm; Mattias C. Larsson; Erik Hedenström (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2020)
Whittleia retiella (Newman, 1847) is a threatened salt marsh species of the bagworm moth family Psychidae. For its preservation it is necessary to develop efficient tools to survey its distribution and habitat requirements in order to use appropriate conservation methods. Such tools may be pheromone-based monitoring systems, which have documented efficacy in establishing the occurrence of cryptic insect species in nature. By using gas chromatography combined with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), we found two compounds in female W. retiella headspace samples and whole-body extracts that elicited electrophysiological activity in male antennae. Gas chromatograpy coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) operating in electron impact (EI) mode and comparison of the analytical data with those of synthetic reference compounds showed the chemical structures of these putative pheromone components to be (1 S )-1-methylpropyl (5 Z )-dec-5-enoate and 1-methylethyl (5 Z )-dec-5-enoate. Field assays using baits loaded with synthetic compounds revealed that conspecific males were attracted to (1 S )-1-methylpropyl (5 Z )-dec-5-enoate alone or in combination with 1-methylethyl (5Z)-dec-5-enoate, whereas 1-methylethyl (5Z)-dec-5-enoate neither attracted nor repelled males in the field assays when tested alone. This study shows the potential of using (1 S )-1-methylpropyl (5 Z )-dec-5-enoate for monitoring W. retiella to gather more detailed information about the geographic distribution and habitat needs of this rare moth.

Correction to: Nomenclature report 2019: major histocompatibility complex genes and alleles of great and small ape and old and new world monkey species - Natasja G. de Groot; Nel Otting; Giuseppe Maccari; James Robinson; John A. Hammond; Antoine Blancher; Bernard A. P. Lafont; Lisbeth A. Guethlein; Emily E. Wroblewski; Steven G. E. Marsh; Takashi Shiina; Lutz Walter; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Nomenclature report 2019: major histocompatibility complex genes and alleles of Great and Small Ape and Old and New World monkey species - Natasja G. de Groot; Nel Otting; Giuseppe Maccari; James Robinson; John A. Hammond; Antoine Blancher; Bernard A. P. Lafont; Lisbeth A. Guethlein; Emily E. Wroblewski; Steven G. E. Marsh; Takashi Shiina; Lutz Walter; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Characteristics of thunder and electromagnetic pulses from volcanic lightning at Bogoslof volcano, Alaska - Matthew M. Haney; Alexa R. Van Eaton; John J. Lyons; Rebecca L. Kramer; David Fee; Alexandra M. Iezzi; Robert P. Dziak; Jacob Anderson; Jeffrey B. Johnson; Jeff L. Lapierre; Michael Stock (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2020)

Trophic shifts in a native predator following the introduction of a top predator in a tropical lake - Marisol P. Valverde; Diana M. T. Sharpe; Mark E. Torchin; David G. Buck; Lauren J. Chapman (Biological Invasions, 2020)

Effect of β‐1/3,1/6‐glucan upon immune responses and bacteria in the gut of healthy common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) - Sarah J. Harris; Daniel P. Bray; Mikolaj Adamek; David R. Hulse; Dieter Steinhagen; David Hoole (Journal of Fish Biology, 2020)
β‐glucans are frequently included in the diet of healthy common carp Cyprinus carpio as a pre‐emptive measure for combatting disease. In order to study the effect this has on the relationship between the gut bacteria and host immune response, carp were maintained on either a β‐glucan free diet or feed containing 0.1% MacroGard®, a β‐1/3, 1/6‐glucan, for up to 7 weeks and analysis of innate immune gene expression and molecular analysis of the gut bacteria was performed. The data reveals feeding of MacroGard® to healthy carp does not induce bactericidal innate immune gene expression in the gut but does appear to alter bacterial species richness that did not have a negative effect on overall health. Analysis of innate immune gene expression within the upper midgut revealed that there were significant changes over time in the expression of Interleukin ( il ) ‐1β , inducible nitric oxide synthase ( inos ), mucin ( muc2 ) and C‐reactive protein ( crp2 ). Diet did not affect the number of copies of the bacterial 16s rDNA gene in the gut, used as a as a measure of total bacteria population size. However, PCR‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed a shift in bacterial species richness with MacroGard feeding. Bactericidal immune gene expression of crp2 , muc2 and il‐1β was weakly correlated with gut bacteria population size indicating a potentially limited role of these genes in interacting with the gut bacteria in healthy carp in order to maintain gut homeostatic conditions. These findings highlight the importance of considering both host immunity and the microbiome together in order to fully elucidate the effeect of immunomodulants, such as β‐glucans, upon gut health.

Secondary forest fragments offer important carbon and biodiversity cobenefits - Fabio A. R. Matos; Luiz F. S. Magnago; Carlos Aquila Chan Miranda; Luis F. T. de Menezes; Markus Gastauer; Nathália V. H. Safar; Carlos E. G. R. Schaefer; Mônica P. da Silva; Marcelo Simonelli; Felicity A. Edwards; Sebastião V. Martins; João A. A. Meira‐Neto; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Tropical forests store large amounts of carbon and high biodiversity, but are being degraded at alarming rates. The emerging global Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR) agenda seeks to limit global climate change by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the growth of trees. In doing so, it may also protect biodiversity as a free cobenefit, which is vital given the massive shortfall in funding for biodiversity conservation. We investigated whether natural forest regeneration on abandoned pastureland offers such cobenefits, focusing for the first time on the recovery of taxonomic diversity (TD), phylogenetic diversity (PD) and functional diversity (FD) of trees, including the recovery of threatened and endemic species richness, within isolated secondary forest (SF) fragments. We focused on the globally threatened Brazilian Atlantic Forest, where commitments have been made to restore 1 million hectares under FLR. Three decades after land abandonment, regenerating forests had recovered ~20% (72 Mg/ha) of the above‐ground carbon stocks of a primary forest (PF), with cattle pasture containing just 3% of stocks relative to PFs. Over this period, SF recovered ~76% of TD, 84% of PD and 96% of FD found within PFs. In addition, SFs had on average recovered 65% of threatened and ~30% of endemic species richness of primary Atlantic forest. Finally, we find positive relationships between carbon stock and tree diversity recovery. Our results emphasize that SF fragments offer cobenefits under FLR and other carbon‐based payments for ecosystem service schemes (e.g. carbon enhancements under REDD+). They also indicate that even isolated patches of SF could help to mitigate climate change and the biodiversity extinction crisis by recovering species of high conservation concern and improving landscape connectivity.

Imaging spectroscopy reveals the effects of topography and logging on the leaf chemistry of tropical forest canopy trees - Tom Swinfield; Sabine Both; Terhi Riutta; Boris Bongalov; Dafydd Elias; Noreen Majalap‐Lee; Nicholas Ostle; Martin Svátek; Jakub Kvasnica; David Milodowski; Tommaso Jucker; Robert M. Ewers; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Logging, pervasive across the lowland tropics, affects millions of hectares of forest, yet its influence on nutrient cycling remains poorly understood. One hypothesis is that logging influences phosphorus (P) cycling, because this scarce nutrient is removed in extracted timber and eroded soil, leading to shifts in ecosystem functioning and community composition. However, testing this is challenging because P varies within landscapes as a function of geology, topography and climate. Superimposed upon these trends are compositional changes in logged forests, with species with more acquisitive traits, characterized by higher foliar P concentrations, more dominant. It is difficult to resolve these patterns using traditional field approaches alone. Here, we use airborne light detection and ranging‐guided hyperspectral imagery to map foliar nutrient (i.e. P, nitrogen [N]) concentrations, calibrated using field measured traits, over 400 km 2 of northeastern Borneo, including a landscape‐level disturbance gradient spanning old‐growth to repeatedly logged forests. The maps reveal that canopy foliar P and N concentrations decrease with elevation. These relationships were not identified using traditional field measurements of leaf and soil nutrients. After controlling for topography, canopy foliar nutrient concentrations were lower in logged forest than in old‐growth areas, reflecting decreased nutrient availability. However, foliar nutrient concentrations and specific leaf area were greatest in relatively short patches in logged areas, reflecting a shift in composition to pioneer species with acquisitive traits. N:P ratio increased in logged forest, suggesting reduced soil P availability through disturbance. Through the first landscape scale assessment of how functional leaf traits change in response to logging, we find that differences from old‐growth forest become more pronounced as logged forests increase in stature over time, suggesting exacerbated phosphorus limitation as forests recover.

Enigmatic Deep-Water Mounds on the Orphan Knoll, Labrador Sea - Shawn P. Meredyk; Evan Edinger; David J. W. Piper; Veerle A. I. Huvenne; Shannon Hoy; Alan Ruffman (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Single β-lactams versus combinations as empiric therapy for infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa : assessing the in vitro susceptibility - Safa S. Almarzoky Abuhussain; Christina A. Sutherland; David P. Nicolau (Infectious Diseases, 2020)

Quantitative trait loci and differential gene expression analyses reveal the genetic basis for negatively associated β-carotene and starch content in hexaploid sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] - Dorcus C. Gemenet; Guilherme da Silva Pereira; Bert De Boeck; Joshua C. Wood; Marcelo Mollinari; Bode A. Olukolu; Federico Diaz; Veronica Mosquera; Reuben T. Ssali; Maria David; Mercy N. Kitavi; Gabriela Burgos; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2020)
Key message β-Carotene content in sweetpotato is associated with the Orange and phytoene synthase genes; due to physical linkage of phytoene synthase with sucrose synthase , β-carotene and starch content are negatively correlated. Abstract In populations depending on sweetpotato for food security, starch is an important source of calories, while β-carotene is an important source of provitamin A. The negative association between the two traits contributes to the low nutritional quality of sweetpotato consumed, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Using a biparental mapping population of 315 F 1 progeny generated from a cross between an orange-fleshed and a non-orange-fleshed sweetpotato variety, we identified two major quantitative trait loci (QTL) on linkage group (LG) three (LG3) and twelve (LG12) affecting starch, β-carotene, and their correlated traits, dry matter and flesh color. Analysis of parental haplotypes indicated that these two regions acted pleiotropically to reduce starch content and increase β-carotene in genotypes carrying the orange-fleshed parental haplotype at the LG3 locus. Phytoene synthase and sucrose synthase, the rate-limiting and linked genes located within the QTL on LG3 involved in the carotenoid and starch biosynthesis, respectively, were differentially expressed in Beauregard versus Tanzania storage roots. The Orange gene, the molecular switch for chromoplast biogenesis, located within the QTL on LG12 while not differentially expressed was expressed in developing roots of the parental genotypes. We conclude that these two QTL regions act together in a cis and trans manner to inhibit starch biosynthesis in amyloplasts and enhance chromoplast biogenesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, and accumulation in orange-fleshed sweetpotato. Understanding the genetic basis of this negative association between starch and β-carotene will inform future sweetpotato breeding strategies targeting sweetpotato for food and nutritional security.

Responses to dead and dying conspecifics and heterospecifics by wild mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) - David P. Watts (Primates, 2020)

Investigating relationship between drought severity in Botswana and ENSO - Jimmy Byakatonda; B. P. Parida; Ditiro B. Moalafhi; Piet K. Kenabatho; David Lesolle (Natural Hazards, 2020)

Recovery from Copperhead Snake Envenomation: Role of Age, Sex, Bite Location, Severity, and Treatment - Eric J. Lavonas; Randy I. Burnham; John Schwarz; Eugenia Quackenbush; Brandon Lewis; S. Rutherfoord Rose; Spencer Greene; Eric A. Toschlog; Nathan P. Charlton; Michael E. Mullins; Richard Schwartz; David Denning; et al. (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2020)

An Evaluation of the Influence of Coronary Flow on Transcatheter Heart Valve Neo-Sinus Flow Stasis - Immanuel David Madukauwa-David; Vahid Sadri; Prem A Midha; Vasilis Babaliaros; Cyrus Aidun; Ajit P. Yoganathan (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

Governing evolution: A socioecological comparison of resistance management for insecticidal transgenic Bt crops among four countries - Yves Carrière; Zachary S. Brown; Sharon J. Downes; Govind Gujar; Graham Epstein; Celso Omoto; Nicholas P. Storer; David Mota-Sanchez; Peter Søgaard Jørgensen; Scott P. Carroll (Ambio, 2020)

Metformin Hydrochloride and Sitagliptin Phosphate Fixed-Dose Combination Product Prepared Using Melt Granulation Continuous Processing Technology - Jeremiah F. Kelleher; Atif M. Madi; Gareth C. Gilvary; Y. W. Tian; Shu Li; Ammar Almajaan; Zoe S. Loys; David S. Jones; Gavin P. Andrews; Anne Marie Healy (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2020)

Two reproductive traits show contrasting genetic architectures in Plantago lanceolata - Matthew M. Marshall; David L. Remington; Elizabeth P. Lacey (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
In many species, temperature‐sensitive phenotypic plasticity (i.e., an individual's phenotypic response to temperature) displays a positive correlation with latitude, a pattern presumed to reflect local adaptation. This geographical pattern raises two general questions: (a) Do a few large‐effect genes contribute to latitudinal variation in a trait? (b) Is the thermal plasticity of different traits regulated pleiotropically? To address the questions, we crossed individuals of Plantago lanceolata derived from northern and southern European populations. Individuals naturally exhibited high and low thermal plasticity in floral reflectance and flowering time. We grew parents and offspring in controlled cool‐ and warm‐temperature environments, mimicking what plants would encounter in nature. We obtained genetic markers via genotype‐by‐sequencing, produced the first recombination map for this ecologically important nonmodel species, and performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of thermal plasticity and single‐environment values for both traits. We identified a large‐effect QTL that largely explained the reflectance plasticity differences between northern and southern populations. We identified multiple smaller‐effect QTLs affecting aspects of flowering time, one of which affected flowering time plasticity. The results indicate that the genetic architecture of thermal plasticity in flowering is more complex than for reflectance. One flowering time QTL showed strong cytonuclear interactions under cool temperatures. Reflectance and flowering plasticity QTLs did not colocalize, suggesting little pleiotropic genetic control and freedom for independent trait evolution. Such genetic information about the architecture of plasticity is environmentally important because it informs us about the potential for plasticity to offset negative effects of climate change.

The global Microcystis interactome - Katherine V. Cook; Chuang Li; Haiyuan Cai; Lee R. Krumholz; K. David Hambright; Hans W. Paerl; Morgan M. Steffen; Alan E. Wilson; Michele A. Burford; Hans‐Peter Grossart; David P. Hamilton; Helong Jiang; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
Bacteria play key roles in the function and diversity of aquatic systems, but aside from study of specific bloom systems, little is known about the diversity or biogeography of bacteria associated with harmful cyanobacterial blooms (cyanoHABs). CyanoHAB species are known to shape bacterial community composition and to rely on functions provided by the associated bacteria, leading to the hypothesized cyanoHAB interactome, a coevolved community of synergistic and interacting bacteria species, each necessary for the success of the others. Here, we surveyed the microbiome associated with Microcystis aeruginosa during blooms in 12 lakes spanning four continents as an initial test of the hypothesized Microcystis interactome. We predicted that microbiome composition and functional potential would be similar across blooms globally. Our results, as revealed by 16S rRNA sequence similarity, indicate that M. aeruginosa is cosmopolitan in lakes across a 280° longitudinal and 90° latitudinal gradient. The microbiome communities were represented by a wide range of operational taxonomic units and relative abundances. Highly abundant taxa were more related and shared across most sites and did not vary with geographic distance, thus, like Microcystis , revealing no evidence for dispersal limitation. High phylogenetic relatedness, both within and across lakes, indicates that microbiome bacteria with similar functional potential were associated with all blooms. While Microcystis and the microbiome bacteria shared many genes, whole‐community metagenomic analysis revealed a suite of biochemical pathways that could be considered complementary. Our results demonstrate a high degree of similarity across global Microcystis blooms, thereby providing initial support for the hypothesized Microcystis interactome.

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access - Jens Kattge; Gerhard Bönisch; Sandra Díaz; Sandra Lavorel; Iain Colin Prentice; Paul Leadley; Susanne Tautenhahn; Gijsbert D. A. Werner; Tuomas Aakala; Mehdi Abedi; Alicia T. R. Acosta; George C. Adamidis; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.

The FluxEngine air–sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for in situ analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases - Thomas Holding; Ian G. Ashton; Jamie D. Shutler; Peter E. Land; Philip D. Nightingale; Andrew P. Rees; Ian Brown; Jean-Francois Piolle; Annette Kock; Hermann W. Bange; David K. Woolf; Lonneke Goddijn-Murphy; et al. (Ocean Science, 2019)
The flow (flux) of climate-critical gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), between the ocean and the atmosphere is a fundamental component of our climate and an important driver of the biogeochemical systems within the oceans. Therefore, the accurate calculation of these air–sea gas fluxes is critical if we are to monitor the oceans and assess the impact that these gases are having on Earth's climate and ecosystems. FluxEngine is an open-source software toolbox that allows users to easily perform calculations of air–sea gas fluxes from model, in situ, and Earth observation data. The original development and verification of the toolbox was described in a previous publication. The toolbox has now been considerably updated to allow for its use as a Python library, to enable simplified installation, to ensure verification of its installation, to enable the handling of multiple sparingly soluble gases, and to enable the greatly expanded functionality for supporting in situ dataset analyses. This new functionality for supporting in situ analyses includes user-defined grids, time periods and projections, the ability to reanalyse in situ CO2 data to a common temperature dataset, and the ability to easily calculate gas fluxes using in situ data from drifting buoys, fixed moorings, and research cruises. Here we describe these new capabilities and demonstrate their application through illustrative case studies. The first case study demonstrates the workflow for accurately calculating CO2 fluxes using in situ data from four research cruises from the Surface Ocean CO2 ATlas (SOCAT) database. The second case study calculates air–sea CO2 fluxes using in situ data from a fixed monitoring station in the Baltic Sea. The third case study focuses on nitrous oxide (N2O) and, through a user-defined gas transfer parameterisation, identifies that biological surfactants in the North Atlantic could suppress individual N2O sea–air gas fluxes by up to 13 %. The fourth and final case study illustrates how a dissipation-based gas transfer parameterisation can be implemented and used. The updated version of the toolbox (version 3) and all documentation is now freely available.

Assembly and characterisation of a unique onion diversity set identifies resistance to Fusarium basal rot and improved seedling vigour - Andrew Taylor; Graham R. Teakle; Peter G. Walley; William E. Finch-Savage; Alison C. Jackson; Julie E. Jones; Paul Hand; Brian Thomas; Michael J. Havey; David A. C. Pink; John P. Clarkson (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2019)
Key message A unique, global onion diversity set was assembled, genotyped and phenotyped for beneficial traits. Accessions with strong basal rot resistance and increased seedling vigour were identified along with associated markers. Abstract Conserving biodiversity is critical for safeguarding future crop production. Onion ( Allium cepa L.) is a globally important crop with a very large (16 Gb per 1C) genome which has not been sequenced. While onions are self-fertile, they suffer from severe inbreeding depression and as such are highly heterozygous as a result of out-crossing. Bulb formation is driven by daylength, and accessions are adapted to the local photoperiod. Onion seed is often directly sown in the field, and hence seedling establishment is a critical trait for production. Furthermore, onion yield losses regularly occur worldwide due to Fusarium basal rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae . A globally relevant onion diversity set, consisting of 10 half-sib families for each of 95 accessions, was assembled and genotyping carried out using 892 SNP markers. A moderate level of heterozygosity (30–35%) was observed, reflecting the outbreeding nature of the crop. Using inferred phylogenies, population structure and principal component analyses, most accessions grouped according to local daylength. A high level of intra-accession diversity was observed, but this was less than inter-accession diversity. Accessions with strong basal rot resistance and increased seedling vigour were identified along with associated markers, confirming the utility of the diversity set for discovering beneficial traits. The onion diversity set and associated trait data therefore provide a valuable resource for future germplasm selection and onion breeding.

Synthesis of dehydro-α-lapachones, α- and β-lapachones, and screening against cancer cell lines - Caroline dos S. Moreira; Caroline D. Nicoletti; Daniel P. Pinheiro; Leonardo G. C. de Moraes; Debora O. Futuro; Vitor F. Ferreira; Claudia do Ó Pessoa; David R. da Rocha (Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2019)

Automated lifespan determination across Caenorhabditis strains and species reveals assay-specific effects of chemical interventions - Stephen A. Banse; Mark Lucanic; Christine A. Sedore; Anna L. Coleman-Hulbert; W. Todd Plummer; Esteban Chen; Jason L. Kish; David Hall; Brian Onken; Michael P. Presley; E. Grace Jones; Benjamin W. Blue; et al. (GeroScience, 2019)
The goal of the Caenorhabditis Intervention Testing Program is to identify robust and reproducible pro-longevity interventions that are efficacious across genetically diverse cohorts in the Caenorhabditis genus. The project design features multiple experimental replicates collected by three different laboratories. Our initial effort employed fully manual survival assays. With an interest in increasing throughput, we explored automation with flatbed scanner-based Automated Lifespan Machines (ALMs). We used ALMs to measure survivorship of 22 Caenorhabditis strains spanning three species. Additionally, we tested five chemicals that we previously found extended lifespan in manual assays. Overall, we found similar sources of variation among trials for the ALM and our previous manual assays, verifying reproducibility of outcome. Survival assessment was generally consistent between the manual and the ALM assays, although we did observe radically contrasting results for certain compound interventions. We found that particular lifespan outcome differences could be attributed to protocol elements such as enhanced light exposure of specific compounds in the ALM, underscoring that differences in technical details can influence outcomes and therefore interpretation. Overall, we demonstrate that the ALMs effectively reproduce a large, conventionally scored dataset from a diverse test set, independently validating ALMs as a robust and reproducible approach toward aging-intervention screening.

A clinically applicable tool for rapidly estimating muscle volume using ultrasound images - Daniel T. Rothwell; Daniel T. P. Fong; Sarah A. Stapley; David J. Williams (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2019)
Purpose This study aimed to identify a safe, rapid, and accessible method of estimating muscle volume of key lower limb muscle groups to reduce the time-demand of acquiring this measurement and potentially facilitate its application as a clinical monitoring tool. Methods Unilateral MRI images were acquired from the 12th thoracic vertebrae to the base of the foot in 18 recreationally active males. Panoramic B-mode ultrasound images were acquired from the same leg at the mid-hip, 25%, 50%, and 75% of thigh length, and 25% of shank length. Body mass, height, limb lengths, and circumferences at the sites corresponding to the ultrasound images were acquired. A single investigator manually analysed all images. Regression analyses were conducted to identify models for estimating volume of the hip extensor, knee extensor and flexor, and ankle plantarflexor muscle groups. Results Models were developed for estimating hip extensor (SEE = 8.92%, R 2 = 0.690), knee extensor (SEE = 5.24%, R 2 = 0.707) and flexor (SEE = 7.89%, R 2 = 0.357), and ankle plantarflexor (SEE = 10.78%, R 2 = 0.387) muscle group volumes. The hip and knee extensor models showed good potential for generalisation. Systematic error was observed for the knee flexor and ankle plantarflexor models. Conclusions Hip extensor, knee extensor and flexor, and ankle plantarflexor muscle group volumes can be estimated using B-mode ultrasound images and anthropometric measurements. The error shown for each of the models was sufficient to identify previously reported differences in muscle volume due to training or injury, supporting their clinical application.

Behavioral inhibition corresponds to white matter fiber bundle integrity in older adults - Paola M. Garcia-Egan; Rebecca N. Preston-Campbell; Lauren E. Salminen; Jodi M. Heaps-Woodruff; Lila Balla; Ryan P. Cabeen; David H. Laidlaw; Thomas E. Conturo; Robert H. Paul (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2019)

Neurobiological substrates of processing speed in childhood epilepsy - Samuel A. Bobholz; Kevin Dabbs; Dace Almane; Jana E. Jones; David E. Hsu; Carl E. Stafstrom; Michael Seidenberg; Bruce P. Hermann (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2019)

Risk Management and Analytics in Wildfire Response - Matthew P. Thompson; Yu Wei; David E. Calkin; Christopher D. O’Connor; Christopher J. Dunn; Nathaniel M. Anderson; John S. Hogland (Current Forestry Reports, 2019)
Purpose of Review The objectives of this paper are to briefly review basic risk management and analytics concepts, describe their nexus in relation to wildfire response, demonstrate real-world application of analytics to support response decisions and organizational learning, and outline an analytics strategy for the future. Recent Findings Analytics can improve decision-making and organizational performance across a variety of areas from sports to business to real-time emergency response. A lack of robust descriptive analytics on wildfire incident response effectiveness is a bottleneck for developing operationally relevant and empirically credible predictive and prescriptive analytics to inform and guide strategic response decisions. Capitalizing on technology such as automated resource tracking and machine learning algorithms can help bridge gaps between monitoring, learning, and data-driven decision-making. Summary By investing in better collection, documentation, archiving, and analysis of operational data on response effectiveness, fire management organizations can promote systematic learning and provide a better evidence base to support response decisions. We describe an analytics management framework that can provide structure to help deploy analytics within organizations, and provide real-world examples of advanced fire analytics applied in the USA. To fully capitalize on the potential of analytics, organizations may need to catalyze cultural shifts that cultivate stronger appreciation for data-driven decision processes, and develop informed skeptics that effectively balance both judgment and analysis in decision-making.

Phycocyanin sensors as an early warning system for cyanobacteria blooms concentrations: a case study in the Rotorua lakes - Vanessa Cotterill; David P. Hamilton; Jonathan Puddick; Alastair Suren; Susanna A. Wood (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2019)
Cyanobacterial blooms pose health risks to recreational water users. In New Zealand, cyanobacteria biovolumes are used to assess risk, but analyses can be time‐consuming and costly. In this study, measurements from a handheld phycocyanin sensor (Cyclops‐7, Turner Designs, USA) were compared with biovolumes from five lakes and a river in the Rotorua district over two years (2016, n = 121; 2017, n = 63). In the laboratory, relationships between sensor phycocyanin and biovolumes were assessed for four species to investigate precision and detection limits. The relationship between phycocyanin and biovolume was generally weak ( R 2 = 0.4) and varied among lakes and years, except at high biovolumes. Precision and detection limits differed among species. The biovolume detection limit derived from relationships with phycocyanin was above alert level thresholds for two of the four cyanobacteria species assessed. The phycocyanin sensor that was tested likely has limited utility but may be useful for on‐site confirmation of exceedances of alert level thresholds corresponding to when authorities should immediately issue health warnings.

Long‐term changes in the water quality of a deep temperate oligotrophic lake in response to catchment disturbance: evidence from sediment cores - Alfred Theodore N. K. Kpodonu; David P. Hamilton; Christopher H. Lusk; Adam Hartland; Daniel C. Laughlin; Piet Verburg (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2019)
This study examined long‐term stability in water quality of Lake Okataina, North Island, New Zealand, inferred from sediments deposited from 1836 to 2009, during which time there was a pyroclastic volcanic eruption (Tarawera 1886) and successive introductions of invasive mammals. Multiple geochemical proxies were analysed stratigraphically for organic matter loading, primary productivity, redox potential and phosphorus retention capacity. Organic matter loading to the lake is mostly authochthonous (algae) although there was increased allochthonous (terrestrial) loading immediately after the Tarawera eruption. After 1920, there was a sustained increase in inorganic erosion flux. Primary productivity appeared to increase considerably about 1960, but has remained relatively unchanged more recently. Our results suggest that the lake could recover from the impact of the volcanic eruption within a few decades, but the introduction of mammals may affect its resilience and lead to more pervasive impacts on the biogeochemistry.

Zones of influence for soil organic matter dynamics: A conceptual framework for data and models - Claudia Cagnarini; Eleanor Blyth; Bridget A. Emmett; Chris D. Evans; Robert I. Griffiths; Aidan Keith; Laurence Jones; Inma Lebron; Niall P. McNamara; Jeremy Puissant; Sabine Reinsch; David A. Robinson; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Soil organic matter (SOM) is an indicator of sustainable land management as stated in the global indicator framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG Indicator 15.3.1). Improved forecasting of future changes in SOM is needed to support the development of more sustainable land management under a changing climate. Current models fail to reproduce historical trends in SOM both within and during transition between ecosystems. More realistic spatio‐temporal SOM dynamics require inclusion of the recent paradigm shift from SOM recalcitrance as an ‘intrinsic property’ to SOM persistence as an ‘ecosystem interaction’. We present a soil profile, or pedon‐explicit, ecosystem‐scale framework for data and models of SOM distribution and dynamics which can better represent land use transitions. Ecosystem‐scale drivers are integrated with pedon‐scale processes in two zones of influence. In the upper vegetation zone, SOM is affected primarily by plant inputs (above‐ and belowground), climate, microbial activity and physical aggregation and is prone to destabilization. In the lower mineral matrix zone, SOM inputs from the vegetation zone are controlled primarily by mineral phase and chemical interactions, resulting in more favourable conditions for SOM persistence. Vegetation zone boundary conditions vary spatially at landscape scales (vegetation cover) and temporally at decadal scales (climate). Mineral matrix zone boundary conditions vary spatially at landscape scales (geology, topography) but change only slowly. The thicknesses of the two zones and their transport connectivity are dynamic and affected by plant cover, land use practices, climate and feedbacks from current SOM stock in each layer. Using this framework, we identify several areas where greater knowledge is needed to advance the emerging paradigm of SOM dynamics—improved representation of plant‐derived carbon inputs, contributions of soil biota to SOM storage and effect of dynamic soil structure on SOM storage—and how this can be combined with robust and efficient soil monitoring.

Frag SAD : A database of diversity and species abundance distributions from habitat fragments - Jonathan M. Chase; Mario Liebergesell; Alban Sagouis; Felix May; Shane A. Blowes; Åke Berg; Enrico Bernard; Berry J. Brosi; Marc W. Cadotte; Luis Cayuela; Adriano G. Chiarello; Jean‐Francois Cosson; et al. (Ecology, 2019)
Habitat destruction is the single greatest anthropogenic threat to biodiversity. Decades of research on this issue have led to the accumulation of hundreds of data sets comparing species assemblages in larger, intact, habitats to smaller, more fragmented, habitats. Despite this, little synthesis or consensus has been achieved, primarily because of non‐standardized sampling methodology and analyses of notoriously scale‐dependent response variables (i.e., species richness). To be able to compare and contrast the results of habitat fragmentation on species’ assemblages, it is necessary to have the underlying data on species abundances and sampling intensity, so that standardization can be achieved. To accomplish this, we systematically searched the literature for studies where abundances of species in assemblages (of any taxa) were sampled from many habitat patches that varied in size. From these, we extracted data from several studies, and contacted authors of studies where appropriate data were collected but not published, giving us 117 studies that compared species assemblages among habitat fragments that varied in area. Less than one‐half (41) of studies came from tropical forests of Central and South America, but there were many studies from temperate forests and grasslands from all continents except Antarctica. Fifty‐four of the studies were on invertebrates (mostly insects), but there were several studies on plants (15), birds (16), mammals (19), and reptiles and amphibians (13). We also collected qualitative information on the length of time since fragmentation. With data on total and relative abundances (and identities) of species, sampling effort, and affiliated meta‐data about the study sites, these data can be used to more definitively test hypotheses about the role of habitat fragmentation in altering patterns of biodiversity. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper and the associated Dryad data set if the data are used in publications.

Tropical Coastal Wetlands Ameliorate Nitrogen Export During Floods - Maria Fernanda Adame; Melanie E. Roberts; David P. Hamilton; Christopher E. Ndehedehe; Vanessa Reis; Jing Lu; Matthew Griffiths; Graeme Curwen; Mike Ronan (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Valuing non-market economic impacts from natural hazards - Abbie A. Rogers; Fiona L. Dempster; Jacob I. Hawkins; Robert J. Johnston; Peter C. Boxall; John Rolfe; Marit E. Kragt; Michael P. Burton; David J. Pannell (Natural Hazards, 2019)

Modulation of Monoaminergic Systems by Antidepressants in the Frontal Cortex of Rats After Chronic Mild Stress Exposure - David Martín-Hernández; Marta P. Pereira; Hiram Tendilla-Beltrán; José L. M. Madrigal; Borja García-Bueno; Juan C. Leza; Javier R. Caso (Molecular Neurobiology, 2019)

Sensitivity of static Coulomb stress change in relation to source fault geometry and regional stress magnitude: case study of the 2016 Pidie Jaya, Aceh earthquake (Mw = 6.5), Indonesia - Dian Kusumawati; David P. Sahara; Andri D. Nugraha; Nanang T. Puspito (Journal of Seismology, 2019)

Organization and training at national level of antimicrobial stewardship and infection control activities in Europe: an ESCMID cross-sectional survey - Alberto Enrico Maraolo; David S. Y. Ong; Cansu Cimen; Philip Howard; Diamantis P. Kofteridis; Jeroen Schouten; Nico T. Mutters; Céline Pulcini (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2019)

Experimental Saltwater Intrusion Drives Rapid Soil Elevation and Carbon Loss in Freshwater and Brackish Everglades Marshes - Sean P. Charles; John S. Kominoski; Tiffany G. Troxler; Evelyn E. Gaiser; Shelby Servais; Benjamin J. Wilson; Stephen E. Davis; Fred H. Sklar; Carlos Coronado-Molina; Christopher J. Madden; Steve Kelly; David T. Rudnick (Estuaries and Coasts, 2019)

Differences in reported sun protection practices, skin cancer knowledge, and perceived risk for skin cancer between rural and urban high school students - Elizabeth S. Nagelhout; Bridget G. Parsons; Benjamin Haaland; Kenneth P. Tercyak; Kelsey Zaugg; Angela Zhu; Garrett Harding; Jeffrey Yancey; Jakob D. Jensen; Douglas Grossman; David W. Wetter; Yelena P. Wu (Cancer Causes & Control, 2019)

The Contributions of Individual Muscle–Tendon Units to the Plantarflexor Group Force–Length Properties - Mehrdad Javidi; Craig P. McGowan; David C. Lin (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2019)

Overhauling Ocean Spatial Planning to Improve Marine Megafauna Conservation - Ana Micaela Martins Sequeira; Graeme Clive Hays; David W. Sims; Víctor M. Eguíluz; Jorge P. Rodríguez; Michelle R. Heupel; Rob Harcourt; Hannah Calich; Nuno Queiroz; Daniel Paul Costa; Juan Fernández-Gracia; Luciana C. Ferreira; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Production and ecosystem structure in cold‐core vs. warm‐core eddies: Implications for the zooplankton isoscape and rock lobster larvae - Anya M. Waite; Eric Raes; Lynnath E. Beckley; Peter A. Thompson; David Griffin; Megan Saunders; Christin Säwström; Richard O'Rorke; Miao Wang; Jason P. Landrum; Andrew Jeffs (Limnology and Oceanography, 2019)
Anticyclonic (warm‐core) mesoscale eddies (WCEs) in the Eastern Indian Ocean carry higher surface chlorophyll signatures than cyclonic (cold‐core) eddies (CCEs). Paradoxically, WCEs host rock lobster larvae (phyllosomas) with lower lipid stores and protein reserves than phyllosomas in CCEs, suggesting a poorer nutritional status. We assess primary productivity and zooplankton isotopic data from eight eddies across four research voyages (2003–2011) to determine how this contradiction might occur. We find that WCEs and CCEs are equally productive per unit chlorophyll a , but depth‐integrated primary production (PP) is greater in eddies with shallower mixed layers (MLs), especially in CCEs. MLs tend to be shallower in CCEs than in WCEs because the pycnocline is closer to the surface. This, in combination with stronger stratification in CCE euphotic zones than those of WCEs, supports greater flagellate and dinoflagellate populations in CCEs. These phytoplankton provide high‐quality nutrition for zooplankton, which feed on average ~ 0.6 trophic level lower in CCEs with the shallowest MLs, accumulating high lipid stores. Conversely, WCEs have, on average, ~ 70 m deeper MLs than CCEs, and host a phytoplankton community with more diatoms. Diatoms provide lower quality food for zooplankton, and zooplankton lipid stores in WCEs decline with trophic level, and possibly, with time after initial (or seasonal) nutrient injection. As a result, phyllosomas in CCEs have higher energy and lipid content than those in warm‐core eddies. The resolution of the paradox, therefore, is that the higher surface chlorophyll signatures of WCEs are not representative of the nutritional value of the prey field of the phyllosoma. We also conclude that interannual variations of mixed layer depth occur at a regional scale, controlling PP.

Variation in dissolved organic matter (DOM) stoichiometry in U.K. freshwaters: Assessing the influence of land cover and soil C:N ratio on DOM composition - Christopher A. Yates; Penny J. Johnes; Alun T. Owen; Francesca L. Brailsford; Helen C. Glanville; Christopher D. Evans; Miles R. Marshall; David L. Jones; Charlotte E. M. Lloyd; Tim Jickells; Richard P. Evershed (Limnology and Oceanography, 2019)
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in freshwater biogeochemistry. To investigate the influence of catchment character on the quality and quantity of DOM in freshwaters, 45 sampling sites draining subcatchments of contrasting soil type, hydrology, and land cover within one large upland‐dominated and one large lowland‐dominated catchment were sampled over a 1‐yr period. Dominant land cover in each subcatchment included: arable and horticultural, blanket peatland, coniferous woodland, and improved, unimproved, acid, and calcareous grasslands. The composition of the C, N, and P pool was determined as a function of the inorganic nutrient species (NO 3 − , NO 2 − , NH 4 + , and PO 4 3− ) and dissolved organic nutrient (dissolved organic carbon [DOC], dissolved organic nitrogen [DON], and dissolved organic phosphorus [DOP]) concentrations. DOM quality was assessed by calculation of the molar DOC : DON and DOC : DOP ratios and specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA 254 ). In catchments with little anthropogenic nutrient inputs, DON and DOP typically composed > 80% of the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) concentrations. By contrast, in heavily impacted agricultural catchments DON and DOP typically comprised 5–15% of TDN and 10–25% of TDP concentrations. Significant differences in DOC : DON and DOC : DOP ratios were observed between land cover class with significant correlations observed between both the DOC : DON and DOC : DOP molar ratios and SUVA 254 ( r s = 0.88 and 0.84, respectively). Analysis also demonstrated a significant correlation between soil C : N ratio and instream DOC : DON/DOP ( r s = 0.79 and 0.71, respectively). We infer from this that soil properties, specifically the C : N ratio of the soil organic matter pool, has a significant influence on the composition of DOM in streams draining through these landscapes.

Maternal versus artificial rearing shapes the rumen microbiome having minor long‐term physiological implications - Alejandro Belanche; David R. Yáñez‐Ruiz; Andrew P. Detheridge; Gareth W. Griffith; Alison H. Kingston‐Smith; Charles J. Newbold (Environmental Microbiology, 2019)
Summary Increasing productivity is a key target in ruminant science which requires better understanding of the rumen microbiota. This study investigated how maternal versus artificial rearing shapes the rumen microbiota using 24 sets of triplet lambs. Lambs within each sibling set were randomly assigned to natural rearing on the ewe (NN); ewe colostrum for 24 h followed by artificial milk feeding (NA); and colostrum alternative and artificial milk feeding (AA). Maternal colostrum feeding enhanced VFA production at weaning but not thereafter. At weaning, lambs reared on milk replacer had no rumen protozoa and lower microbial diversity, whereas natural rearing accelerated the rumen microbial development and facilitated the transition to solid diet. Differences in the rumen prokaryotic communities disappear later in life when all lambs were grouped on the same pasture up to 23 weeks of age. However, NN animals retained higher fungal diversity and abundances of Piromyces , Feramyces and Diplodiniinae protozoa as well as higher feed digestibility (+4%) and animal growth (+6.5%) during the grazing period. Nevertheless, no correlations were found between rumen microbiota and productive outcomes. These findings suggest that the early life nutritional intervention determine the initial rumen microbial community, but the persistence of these effects later in life is weak.

Supporting Spartina : Interdisciplinary perspective shows Spartina as a distinct solid genus - Alejandro Bortolus; Paul Adam; Janine B. Adams; Malika L. Ainouche; Debra Ayres; Mark D. Bertness; Tjeerd J. Bouma; John F. Bruno; Isabel Caçador; James T. Carlton; Jesus M. Castillo; Cesar S. B. Costa; et al. (Ecology, 2019)
In 2014, a DNA‐based phylogenetic study confirming the paraphyly of the grass subtribe Sporobolinae proposed the creation of a large monophyletic genus Sporobolus , including (among others) species previously included in the genera Spartina , Calamovilfa , and Sporobolus. Spartina species have contributed substantially (and continue contributing) to our knowledge in multiple disciplines, including ecology, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, biogeography, experimental ecology, biological invasions, environmental management, restoration ecology, history, economics, and sociology. There is no rationale so compelling to subsume the name Spartina as a subgenus that could rival the striking, global iconic history and use of the name Spartina for over 200 yr. We do not agree with the subjective arguments underlying the proposal to change Spartina to Sporobolus . We understand the importance of both the objective phylogenetic insights and of the subjective formalized nomenclature and hope that by opening this debate we will encourage positive feedback that will strengthen taxonomic decisions with an interdisciplinary perspective. We consider that the strongly distinct, monophyletic clade Spartina should simply and efficiently be treated as the genus Spartina .

Occupational Safety and Health in U.S. Aquaculture: A Review - Jillian P. Fry; Caitlin A. Ceryes; Jill M. Voorhees; Nancy A. Barnes; David C. Love; Michael E. Barnes (Journal of Agromedicine, 2019)

OceanGliders: A Component of the Integrated GOOS - Pierre Testor; Brad de Young; Daniel L. Rudnick; Scott Glenn; Daniel Hayes; Craig M. Lee; Charitha Pattiaratchi; Katherine Hill; Emma Heslop; Victor Turpin; Pekka Alenius; Carlos Barrera; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)
The OceanGliders program started in 2016 to support active coordination and enhancement of global glider activity. OceanGliders contributes to the international efforts of the Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS) for Climate, Ocean Health, and Operational Services. It brings together marine scientists and engineers operating gliders around the world: (1) to observe the long-term physical, biogeochemical, and biological ocean processes and phenomena that are relevant for societal applications; and, (2) to contribute to the GOOS through real-time and delayed mode data dissemination. The OceanGliders program is distributed across national and regional observing systems and significantly contributes to integrated, multi-scale and multi-platform sampling strategies. OceanGliders shares best practices, requirements, and scientific knowledge needed for glider operations, data collection and analysis. It also monitors global glider activity and supports the dissemination of glider data through regional and global databases, in real-time and delayed modes, facilitating data access to the wider community. OceanGliders currently supports national, regional and global initiatives to maintain and expand the capabilities and application of gliders to meet key global challenges such as improved measurement of ocean boundary currents, water transformation and storm forecast.

The impact of secondary forest regeneration on ground-dwelling ant communities in the Tropical Andes - Matthew G. Hethcoat; Bethany J. King; Fernando Fernandez Castiblanco; Claudia M. Ortiz-Sepúlveda; Fabian Camilo Prada Achiardi; Felicity A. Edwards; Claudia Medina; James J. Gilroy; Torbjørn Haugaasen; David P. Edwards (Oecologia, 2019)

Diversity of anammox bacteria and abundance of functional genes for nitrogen cycling in the rhizosphere of submerged macrophytes in a freshwater lake in summer - Jianwei Zhao; Yangfan Xu; Lei Peng; Guanglong Liu; Xiaoqiong Wan; Yumei Hua; Duanwei Zhu; David P. Hamilton (Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2019)

Does Lidocaine Cause False Positive Results on Cocaine Urine Drug Screen? - Eungjae Kim; Brian Patrick Murray; Maryam Salehi; Tim P. Moran; Joseph E. Carpenter; David D. Koch; James C. Ritchie; Joanna M. Schindler; Brent W. Morgan (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2019)

No acute effects of placebo or open-label placebo treatments on strength, voluntary activation, and neuromuscular fatigue - Alina P. Swafford; Dennis P. Kwon; Rob J. MacLennan; David H. Fukuda; Jeffrey R. Stout; Matt S. Stock (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2019)

Moderate positive predictive value of a multiplex real-time PCR on whole blood for pathogen detection in critically ill patients with sepsis - Kirsten van de Groep; Martine P. Bos; Meri R. J. Varkila; Paul H. M. Savelkoul; David S. Y. Ong; Lennie P. G. Derde; Nicole P. Juffermans; Tom van der Poll; Marc J. M. Bonten; Olaf L. Cremer (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2019)

Impact of model resolution on Arctic sea ice and North Atlantic Ocean heat transport - David Docquier; Jeremy P. Grist; Malcolm J. Roberts; Christopher D. Roberts; Tido Semmler; Leandro Ponsoni; François Massonnet; Dmitry Sidorenko; Dmitry V. Sein; Doroteaciro Iovino; Alessio Bellucci; Thierry Fichefet (Climate Dynamics, 2019)

AMOC sensitivity to surface buoyancy fluxes: the role of air-sea feedback mechanisms - Yavor Kostov; Helen L. Johnson; David P. Marshall (Climate Dynamics, 2019)