Evaluating the genome-wide impacts of species translocations: the greater prairie-chicken as a case study - Samantha L. R. Capel; Juan L. Bouzat; Julian M. Catchen; Jeff A. Johnson; Peter O. Dunn; Ken N. Paige (Conservation Genetics, 2022)

The accumulation of subconcussive impacts on cognitive, imaging, and biomarker outcomes in child and college-aged athletes: a systematic review - Alexa E. Walter; James R. Wilkes; Peter A. Arnett; Sayers John Miller; Wayne Sebastianelli; Peter Seidenberg; Semyon M. Slobounov (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2022)

Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus small T antigen synergistically modulates S6 protein translation and DNA damage response pathways to shape host cell environment - Deepika Narayanan; Danyal Tahseen; Brooke R. Bartley; Stephen A. Moore; Rebecca Simonette; Peter L. Rady; Stephen K. Tyring (Virus Genes, 2022)

Two heads are better than one: current landscape of integrating QSP and machine learning - Tongli Zhang; Ioannis P. Androulakis; Peter Bonate; Limei Cheng; Tomáš Helikar; Jaimit Parikh; Christopher Rackauckas; Kalyanasundaram Subramanian; Carolyn R. Cho; Ioannis P. Androulakis; Peter Bonate; Ivan Borisov; et al. (Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 2022)
Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) modeling is applied to address essential questions in drug development, such as the mechanism of action of a therapeutic agent and the progression of disease. Meanwhile, machine learning (ML) approaches also contribute to answering these questions via the analysis of multi-layer ‘omics’ data such as gene expression, proteomics, metabolomics, and high-throughput imaging. Furthermore, ML approaches can also be applied to aspects of QSP modeling. Both approaches are powerful tools and there is considerable interest in integrating QSP modeling and ML. So far, a few successful implementations have been carried out from which we have learned about how each approach can overcome unique limitations of the other. The QSP + ML working group of the International Society of Pharmacometrics QSP Special Interest Group was convened in September, 2019 to identify and begin realizing new opportunities in QSP and ML integration. The working group, which comprises 21 members representing 18 academic and industry organizations, has identified four categories of current research activity which will be described herein together with case studies of applications to drug development decision making. The working group also concluded that the integration of QSP and ML is still in its early stages of moving from evaluating available technical tools to building case studies. This paper reports on this fast-moving field and serves as a foundation for future codification of best practices.

Pharmacological inhibition of MERTK induces in vivo retinal degeneration: a multimodal imaging ocular safety assessment - Gregory Hamm; Gareth Maglennon; Beth Williamson; Ruth Macdonald; Ann Doherty; Stewart Jones; Jayne Harris; James Blades; Alexander R. Harmer; Peter Barton; Philip B. Rawlins; Paul Smith; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2022)
The receptor tyrosine kinase, MERTK, plays an essential role in homeostasis of the retina via efferocytosis of shed outer nuclear segments of photoreceptors. The Royal College of Surgeons rat model of retinal degeneration has been linked to loss-of-function of MERTK, and together with the MERTK knock-out mouse, phenocopy retinitis pigmentosa in humans with MERTK mutations. Given recent efforts and interest in MERTK as a potential immuno-oncology target, development of a strategy to assess ocular safety at an early pre-clinical stage is critical. We have applied a state-of-the-art, multi-modal imaging platform to assess the in vivo effects of pharmacological inhibition of MERTK in mice. This involved the application of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to characterize the ocular spatial distribution of our highly selective MERTK inhibitor; AZ14145845, together with histopathology and transmission electron microscopy to characterize pathological and ultra-structural change in response to MERTK inhibition. In addition, we assessed the utility of a human retinal in vitro cell model to identify perturbation of phagocytosis post MERTK inhibition. We identified high localized total compound concentrations in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retinal lesions following 28 days of treatment with AZ14145845. These lesions were present in 4 of 8 treated animals, and were characterized by a thinning of the outer nuclear layer, loss of photoreceptors (PR) and accumulation of photoreceptor outer segments at the interface of the RPE and PRs. Furthermore, the lesions were very similar to that shown in the RCS rat and MERTK knock-out mouse, suggesting a MERTK-induced mechanism of PR cell death. This was further supported by the observation of reduced phagocytosis in the human retinal cell model following treatment with AZ14145845. Our study provides a viable, translational strategy to investigate the pre-clinical toxicity of MERTK inhibitors but is equally transferrable to novel chemotypes.

Vertical distribution of PM10 and PM2.5 emission sources and chemical composition during winter period in Delhi city - R. Shanmuga Priyan; Anju Elizbath Peter; Jyothi S. Menon; Mohan George; S. M. Shiva Nagendra; Mukesh Khare (Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2022)

Venoms for all occasions: The functional toxin profiles of different anatomical regions in sea anemones are related to their ecological function - Lauren M. Ashwood; Eivind A. B. Undheim; Bruno Madio; Brett R. Hamilton; Marymegan Daly; David A. Hurwood; Glenn F. King; Peter J. Prentis (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
The phylum Cnidaria is the oldest extant venomous group and is defined by the presence of nematocysts, specialized organelles responsible for venom production and delivery. Although toxin peptides and the cells housing nematocysts are distributed across the entire animal, nematocyte and venom profiles have been shown to differ across morphological structures in actiniarians. In this study, we explore the relationship between patterns of toxin expression and the ecological roles of discrete anatomical structures in Telmatactis stephensoni . Specifically, using a combination of proteomic and transcriptomic approaches, we examined whether there is a direct correlation between the functional similarity of regions and the similarity of their associated toxin expression profiles. We report that the regionalization of toxin production is consistent with the partitioning of the ecological roles of venom across envenomating structures, and that three major functional regions are present in T . stephensoni : tentacles, epidermis and gastrodermis. Additionally, we find that most structures that serve similar functions not only have comparable putative toxin profiles but also similar nematocyst types. There was no overlap in the putative toxins identified using proteomics and transcriptomics, but the expression patterns of specific milked venom peptides were conserved across RNA‐sequencing and mass spectrometry imaging data sets. Furthermore, based on our data, it appears that acontia of T . stephensoni may be transcriptionally inactive and only mature nematocysts are present in the distal portions of the threads. Overall, we find that the venom profile of different anatomical regions in sea anemones varies according to its ecological functions.

Next‐generation phylogeography resolves post‐glacial colonization patterns in a widespread carnivore, the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), in Europe - Allan D. McDevitt; Ilaria Coscia; Samuel S. Browett; Aritz Ruiz‐González; Mark J. Statham; Iwona Ruczyńska; Liam Roberts; Joanna Stojak; Alain C. Frantz; Karin Norén; Erik O. Ågren; Jane Learmount; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
Carnivores tend to exhibit a lack of (or less pronounced) genetic structure at continental scales in both a geographic and temporal sense and this can confound the identification of post‐glacial colonization patterns in this group. In this study we used genome‐wide data (using genotyping by sequencing [GBS]) to reconstruct the phylogeographic history of a widespread carnivore, the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), by investigating broad‐scale patterns of genomic variation, differentiation and admixture amongst contemporary populations in Europe. Using 15,003 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 524 individuals allowed us to identify the importance of refugial regions for the red fox in terms of endemism (e.g., Iberia). In addition, we tested multiple post‐glacial recolonization scenarios of previously glaciated regions during the Last Glacial Maximum using an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) approach that were unresolved from previous studies. This allowed us to identify the role of admixture from multiple source population post‐Younger Dryas in the case of Scandinavia and ancient land‐bridges in the colonization of the British Isles. A natural colonization of Ireland was deemed more likely than an ancient human‐mediated introduction as has previously been proposed and potentially points to a larger mammalian community on the island in the early post‐glacial period. Using genome‐wide data has allowed us to tease apart broad‐scale patterns of structure and diversity in a widespread carnivore in Europe that was not evident from using more limited marker sets and provides a foundation for next‐generation phylogeographic studies in other non‐model species.

Experimental evidence for resilience of rockweeds on rocky shores in the Gulf of Maine, USA - Steve R. Dudgeon; Peter S. Petraitis (Limnology and Oceanography, 2022)
Resilience of ecological systems has been a central focus in aquatic sciences over the last 20 yr and critical to the understanding of ecological dynamics. Here, data from long‐term time series and experimental manipulations are used to examine resilience of two fucoid macroalgae in the Gulf of Maine, USA. Experimental clearings that mimic ice scour of different sizes were established in stands of Ascophyllum nodosum in the winter of 1996–1997. Half of the clearings were scraped again during winter 2010–2011 to compare trajectories between plots that had been recleared and those that remained intact. Short‐term experiments were done to test hypotheses of inhibition of recruitment and influence of hydrodynamic exposure, clearing size, and consumers as drivers of the observed successional trajectories. A. nodosum was resilient to small clearings within two generation times (15–18 yr), but resilience lessened with increased magnitude of perturbation leaving nearly half of large clearings dominated by another fucoid, Fucus vesiculosus after 25 yr. F. vesiculosus was resilient against invasion by A. nodosum when it recruited early and grew rapidly, dominating space within two to three generation times (~ 3 yr). When A. nodosum established a foothold prior to dominance by F. vesiculosus , F. vesiculosus was a long transient state. Water motion, lack of consumers, and large clearings favor rapid domination by F. vesiculosus , which inhibits establishment of A. nodosum , thus forming an alternative stable state. For A. nodosum , its longevity and large biomass per unit area are key to A. nodosum inhibiting F. vesiculosus and forming the other stable state.

Morphological diversity within the O zark minnow ( Notropis nubilus : L euciscidae) - Peter B. Berendzen; Sam R. Holmes; Jeremy R. Abels; Corinthia R. Black (Journal of Fish Biology, 2022)
The Ozark minnow, Notropis nubilus , is a small stream fish that has a disjunct distribution in the Ozark Plateau and upper Mississippi River basin. Three reciprocally monophyletic and deeply divergent lineages have been hypothesized within the species based on molecular data. These lineages are allopatric and isolated from each other. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that these lineages and the disjunct population in the upper Mississippi River basin are morphologically distinct. Meristic and geometric morphometric data were used to identify and quantify morphological diversity within the Ozark minnow. Analyses of the meristic data and a principal component analysis of the morphometric data were unable to find any noticeable differences in morphology among groups. However, canonical variates analyses of the morphometric data and linear models were able to define statistically significant differences in shape. Analyses of all‐individuals were able to identify shape differences between all groups. Males‐only analyses were less conclusive, but there was some indication that males may be diverging more quickly than all‐individuals. The detection of subtle variation in shape implies selection is not a strong factor in morphological divergence and observed differences are most likely due to morphological drift. This indicates that the lineages within the Ozark minnow are likely on the trajectory for speciation. The allopatric nature of these clades makes the Ozark minnow an interesting model for the study of morphological drift and speciation.

The importance of 1.5°C warming for the Great Barrier Reef - Jennifer K. McWhorter; Paul R. Halloran; George Roff; William J. Skirving; Chris T. Perry; Peter J. Mumby (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Tropical coral reefs are among the most sensitive ecosystems to climate change and will benefit from the more ambitious aims of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change's Paris Agreement, which proposed to limit global warming to 1.5° rather than 2°C above pre‐industrial levels. Only in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change focussed assessment, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6), have climate models been used to investigate the 1.5° warming scenario directly. Here, we combine the most recent model updates from CMIP6 with a semi‐dynamic downscaling to evaluate the difference between the 1.5 and 2°C global warming targets on coral thermal stress metrics for the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). By ~2080, severe bleaching events are expected to occur annually under intensifying emissions (shared socioeconomic pathway SSP5‐8.5). Adherence to 2° warming (SSP1‐2.6) halves this frequency but the main benefit of confining warming to 1.5° (SSP1‐1.9) is that bleaching events are reduced further to 3 events per decade. Attaining low emissions of 1.5° is also paramount to prevent the mean magnitude of thermal stress from stabilizing close to a critical thermal threshold (8 Degree Heating Weeks). Thermal stress under the more pessimistic pathways SSP3‐7.0 and SSP5‐8.5 is three to fourfold higher than the present day, with grave implications for future reef ecosystem health. As global warming continues, our projections also indicate more regional warming in the central and southern GBR than the far north and northern GBR.

Pesticides alter ecosystem respiration via phytoplankton abundance and community structure: Effects on the carbon cycle? - Samantha L. Rumschlag; Dale A. Casamatta; Michael B. Mahon; Jason T. Hoverman; Thomas R. Raffel; Hunter J. Carrick; Peter J. Hudson; Jason R. Rohr (Global Change Biology, 2022)
A bstract Freshwater systems are critical to life on earth, yet they are threatened by the increasing rate of synthetic chemical pollution. Current predictions of the effects of synthetic chemicals on freshwater ecosystems are hampered by the sheer number of chemical contaminants entering aquatic systems, the diversity of organisms inhabiting these systems, the myriad possible direct and indirect effects resulting from these combinations, and uncertainties concerning how contaminants might alter ecosystem metabolism via changes in biodiversity. To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted a mesocosm experiment that elucidated the responses of ponds composed of phytoplankton and zooplankton to standardized concentrations of 12 pesticides, nested within four pesticide classes, and two pesticide types. We show that the effects of the pesticides on algae were consistent within herbicides and insecticides and that responses of over 70 phytoplankton species and genera were consistent within broad taxonomic groups. Insecticides generated top‐down effects on phytoplankton community composition and abundance, which were associated with persistent increases in ecosystem respiration. Insecticides had direct toxic effects on cladocerans, which led to competitive release of copepods. These changes in the zooplankton community led to a decrease in green algae and a modest increase in diatoms. Herbicides did not change phytoplankton composition but reduced total phytoplankton abundance. This reduction in phytoplankton led to short‐term decreases in ecosystem respiration. Given that ponds release atmospheric carbon and that worldwide pesticide pollution continues to increase exponentially, scientists and policy makers should pay more attention to the ways pesticides alter the carbon cycle in ponds via changes in communities, as demonstrated by our results. Our results show that these predictions can be simplified by grouping pesticides into types and species into functional groups. Adopting this approach provides an opportunity to improve the efficiency of risk assessment and mitigation responses to global change.

Decay by ectomycorrhizal fungi couples soil organic matter to nitrogen availability - William A. Argiroff; Donald R. Zak; Peter T. Pellitier; Rima A. Upchurch; Julia P. Belke (Ecology Letters, 2022)
Interactions between soil nitrogen (N) availability, fungal community composition, and soil organic matter (SOM) regulate soil carbon (C) dynamics in many forest ecosystems, but context dependency in these relationships has precluded general predictive theory. We found that ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi with peroxidases decreased with increasing inorganic N availability across a natural inorganic N gradient in northern temperate forests, whereas ligninolytic fungal saprotrophs exhibited no response. Lignin‐derived SOM and soil C were negatively correlated with ECM fungi with peroxidases and were positively correlated with inorganic N availability, suggesting decay of lignin‐derived SOM by these ECM fungi reduced soil C storage. The correlations we observed link SOM decay in temperate forests to tradeoffs in tree N nutrition and ECM composition, and we propose SOM varies along a single continuum across temperate and boreal ecosystems depending upon how tree allocation to functionally distinct ECM taxa and environmental stress covary with soil N availability.

Directional turnover towards larger‐ranged plants over time and across habitats - Ingmar R. Staude; Henrique M. Pereira; Gergana N. Daskalova; Markus Bernhardt‐Römermann; Martin Diekmann; Harald Pauli; Hans Van Calster; Mark Vellend; Anne D. Bjorkman; Jörg Brunet; Pieter De Frenne; Radim Hédl; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2022)
Species turnover is ubiquitous. However, it remains unknown whether certain types of species are consistently gained or lost across different habitats. Here, we analysed the trajectories of 1827 plant species over time intervals of up to 78 years at 141 sites across mountain summits, forests, and lowland grasslands in Europe. We found, albeit with relatively small effect sizes, displacements of smaller‐ by larger‐ranged species across habitats. Communities shifted in parallel towards more nutrient‐demanding species, with species from nutrient‐rich habitats having larger ranges. Because these species are typically strong competitors, declines of smaller‐ranged species could reflect not only abiotic drivers of global change, but also biotic pressure from increased competition. The ubiquitous component of turnover based on species range size we found here may partially reconcile findings of no net loss in local diversity with global species loss, and link community‐scale turnover to macroecological processes such as biotic homogenisation.

Birds of a Feather Eat Plastic Together: High Levels of Plastic Ingestion in Great Shearwater Adults and Juveniles Across Their Annual Migratory Cycle - Anna R. Robuck; Christine A. Hudak; Lindsay Agvent; Gwenyth Emery; Peter G. Ryan; Vonica Perold; Kevin D. Powers; Johanna Pedersen; Michael A. Thompson; Justin J. Suca; Michael J. Moore; Craig A. Harms; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Limited work to date has examined plastic ingestion in highly migratory seabirds like Great Shearwaters ( Ardenna gravis ) across their entire migratory range. We examined 217 Great Shearwaters obtained from 2008–2019 at multiple locations spanning their yearly migration cycle across the Northwest and South Atlantic to assess accumulation of ingested plastic as well as trends over time and between locations. A total of 2328 plastic fragments were documented in the ventriculus portion of the gastrointestinal tract, with an average of 9 plastic fragments per bird. The mass, count, and frequency of plastic occurrence (FO) varied by location, with higher plastic burdens but lower FO in South Atlantic adults and chicks from the breeding colonies. No fragments of the same size or morphology were found in the primary forage fish prey, the Sand Lance ( Ammodytes spp., n = 202) that supports Great Shearwaters in Massachusetts Bay, United States, suggesting the birds directly ingest the bulk of their plastic loads rather than accumulating via trophic transfer. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that low- and high-density polyethylene were the most common polymers ingested, within all years and locations. Individuals from the South Atlantic contained a higher proportion of larger plastic items and fragments compared to analogous life stages in the NW Atlantic, possibly due to increased use of remote, pelagic areas subject to reduced inputs of smaller, more diverse, and potentially less buoyant plastics found adjacent to coastal margins. Different signatures of polymer type, size, and category between similar life stages at different locations suggests rapid turnover of ingested plastics commensurate with migratory stage and location, though more empirical evidence is needed to ground-truth this hypothesis. This work is the first to comprehensively measure the accumulation of ingested plastics by Great Shearwaters over the last decade and across multiple locations spanning their yearly trans-equatorial migration cycle and underscores their utility as sentinels of plastic pollution in Atlantic ecosystems.

The Last Two Remaining Populations of the Critically Endangered Estuarine Pipefish Are Inbred and Not Genetically Distinct - Sven-Erick Weiss; Arsalan Emami-Khoyi; Horst Kaiser; Paul D. Cowley; Nicola C. James; Bettine Jansen van Vuuren; Alan K. Whitfield; Peter R. Teske (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
The critically endangered estuarine pipefish, Syngnathus watermeyeri , is one of Africa’s rarest fish species and currently faces a significant risk of extinction. A combination of anthropogenic and natural factors threaten submerged macrophyte beds in the two South African estuaries (Bushmans and Kariega) in which the species’ only two known remaining populations reside. Here, we genotyped 34 pipefish from both populations using genome-wide data to determine whether the two estuaries harbour distinct genetic diversity, such that translocating individuals between them might improve the genetic health of both. Our results show that both populations are highly inbred, and no statistically significant genetic structure was found between them. Moreover, individuals both within and between estuaries were very closely related to each other. These results indicate that the remaining populations of the estuarine pipefish suffer from the adverse genetic effects of small population sizes. Even though recent surveys have estimated population sizes in the order of thousands of individuals, these may fluctuate considerably. Although the translocation of genetically similar individuals between habitats will not increase local genetic diversity, the creation of additional populations across the species’ historical range may be a suitable conservation strategy to prevent further loss of genetic diversity, and to minimise the overall extinction risk posed by environmental stochasticity.

Conservation agriculture practices have changed habitat use by rodent pests: implications for management of feral house mice - Wendy A. Ruscoe; Peter R. Brown; Steve Henry; Nikki van de Weyer; Freya Robinson; Lyn A. Hinds; Grant R. Singleton (Journal of Pest Science, 2022)

Common, low-frequency, rare, and ultra-rare coding variants contribute to COVID-19 severity - Chiara Fallerini; Nicola Picchiotti; Margherita Baldassarri; Kristina Zguro; Sergio Daga; Francesca Fava; Elisa Benetti; Sara Amitrano; Mirella Bruttini; Maria Palmieri; Susanna Croci; Mirjam Lista; et al. (Human Genetics, 2022)
The combined impact of common and rare exonic variants in COVID-19 host genetics is currently insufficiently understood. Here, common and rare variants from whole-exome sequencing data of about 4000 SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals were used to define an interpretable machine-learning model for predicting COVID-19 severity. First, variants were converted into separate sets of Boolean features, depending on the absence or the presence of variants in each gene. An ensemble of LASSO logistic regression models was used to identify the most informative Boolean features with respect to the genetic bases of severity. The Boolean features selected by these logistic models were combined into an Integrated PolyGenic Score that offers a synthetic and interpretable index for describing the contribution of host genetics in COVID-19 severity, as demonstrated through testing in several independent cohorts. Selected features belong to ultra-rare, rare, low-frequency, and common variants, including those in linkage disequilibrium with known GWAS loci. Noteworthily, around one quarter of the selected genes are sex-specific. Pathway analysis of the selected genes associated with COVID-19 severity reflected the multi-organ nature of the disease. The proposed model might provide useful information for developing diagnostics and therapeutics, while also being able to guide bedside disease management.

Application of the anatomical fiducials framework to a clinical dataset of patients with Parkinson’s disease - Mohamad Abbass; Greydon Gilmore; Alaa Taha; Ryan Chevalier; Magdalena Jach; Terry M. Peters; Ali R. Khan; Jonathan C. Lau (Brain Structure and Function, 2022)
Establishing spatial correspondence between subject and template images is necessary in neuroimaging research and clinical applications such as brain mapping and stereotactic neurosurgery. Our anatomical fiducial (AFID) framework has recently been validated to serve as a quantitative measure of image registration based on salient anatomical features. In this study, we sought to apply the AFIDs protocol to the clinic, focusing on structural magnetic resonance images obtained from patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). We confirmed AFIDs could be placed to millimetric accuracy in the PD dataset with results comparable to those in normal control subjects. We evaluated subject-to-template registration using this framework by aligning the clinical scans to standard template space using a robust open preprocessing workflow. We found that registration errors measured using AFIDs were higher than previously reported, suggesting the need for optimization of image processing pipelines for clinical grade datasets. Finally, we examined the utility of using point-to-point distances between AFIDs as a morphometric biomarker of PD, finding evidence of reduced distances between AFIDs that circumscribe regions known to be affected in PD including the substantia nigra. Overall, we provide evidence that AFIDs can be successfully applied in a clinical setting and utilized to provide localized and quantitative measures of registration error. AFIDs provide clinicians and researchers with a common, open framework for quality control and validation of spatial correspondence and the location of anatomical structures, facilitating aggregation of imaging datasets and comparisons between various neurological conditions.

Addressing our planetary crisis - Jim Falk; Faten Attig-Bahar; Rita R. Colwell; Swadhin K. Behera; Adel S. El-Beltagy; Joachim von Braun; Partha Dasgupta; Peter H. Gleick; Ryuichi Kaneko; Charles F. Kennel; Phoebe Koundouri; Yuan Tseh Lee; et al. (Sustainability Science, 2022)

Estimating the reduction in US mortality if cigarettes were largely replaced by e-cigarettes - Peter N. Lee; John S. Fry; Stanley Gilliland; Preston Campbell; Andrew R. Joyce (Archives of Toxicology, 2022)
Background Recent estimates indicated substantially replacing cigarettes by e-cigarettes would, during 2016–2100, reduce US deaths and life-years lost (millions) by 6.6 and 86.7 (Optimistic Scenario) and 1.6 and 20.8 (Pessimistic). To provide additional insight we use alternative modelling based on a shorter period (1991–2040), four main smoking-associated diseases, deaths aged 30–79 years, and a full product history. We consider variations in: assumed effective dose of e-cigarettes versus cigarettes (F); their relative quitting rate (Q); proportions smoking after 10 years (X); and initiation rate (I) of vaping, relative to smoking. Methods We set F = 0.05, X = 5%, Q = 1.0 and I = 1.0 (Main Scenario) and F = 0.4, X = 10%, Q = 0.5 and I = 1.5 (Pessimistic Scenario). Sensitivity Analyses varied Main Scenario parameters singly; F from 0 to 0.4, X 0.01% to 15%, and Q and I 0.5 to 1.5. To allow comparison with prior work, individuals cannot be dual users, re-initiate, or switch except from cigarettes to e-cigarettes. Results Main Scenario reductions were 2.52 and 26.23 million deaths and life-years lost; Pessimistic Scenario reductions were 0.76 and 8.31 million. These were less than previously, due to the more limited age-range and follow-up, and restriction to four diseases. Reductions in deaths (millions) varied most for X, from 3.22 (X = 0.01%) to 1.31 (X = 15%), and F, 2.74 (F = 0) to 1.35 (F = 0.4). Varying Q or I had little effect. Conclusions Substantial reductions in deaths and life-years lost were observed even under pessimistic assumptions. Estimates varied most for X and F. These findings supplement literature indicating e-cigarettes can importantly impact health challenges from smoking.

Hypoxia as a physiological cue and pathological stress for coral larvae - Rachel Alderdice; Mathieu Pernice; Anny Cárdenas; David J. Hughes; Peter L. Harrison; Nadine Boulotte; Katie Chartrand; Michael Kühl; David J. Suggett; Christian R. Voolstra (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
Ocean deoxygenation events are intensifying worldwide and can rapidly drive adult corals into a state of metabolic crisis and bleaching‐induced mortality, but whether coral larvae are subject to similar stress remains untested. We experimentally exposed apo‐symbiotic coral larvae of Acropora selago to deoxygenation stress with subsequent reoxygenation aligned to their night‐day light cycle, and followed their gene expression using RNA‐Seq. After 12 h of deoxygenation stress (~2 mg O 2 /L), coral planulae demonstrated a low expression of HIF‐targeted hypoxia response genes concomitant with a significantly high expression of PHD2 (a promoter of HIFα proteasomal degradation), similar to corresponding adult corals. Despite exhibiting a consistent swimming phenotype compared to control samples, the differential gene expression observed in planulae exposed to deoxygenation‐reoxygenation suggests a disruption of pathways involved in developmental regulation, mitochondrial activity, lipid metabolism, and O 2 ‐sensitive epigenetic regulators. Importantly, we found that treated larvae exhibited a disruption in the expression of conserved HIF‐targeted developmental regulators, for example, Homeobox ( HOX ) genes, corroborating how changes in external oxygen levels can affect animal development. We discuss how the observed deoxygenation responses may be indicative of a possible acclimation response or alternatively may imply negative latent impacts for coral larval fitness.

Scallop shells as geochemical archives of phytoplankton‐related ecological processes in a temperate coastal ecosystem - Julien Thébault; Aurélie Jolivet; Matthieu Waeles; Hélène Tabouret; Sophie Sabarot; Christophe Pécheyran; Aude Leynaert; Klaus Peter Jochum; Bernd R. Schöne; Lukas Fröhlich; Valentin Siebert; Erwan Amice; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2022)
Phytoplankton dynamics in coastal ecosystems is increasingly altered by land‐based human activities. Yet, this global vision conceals major disparities, among sites and through time. As conventional monitoring time series are quite sparse and relatively short, biological records of environmental variability appear as relevant tools to gain insights into phytoplankton dynamics over larger temporal and spatial scales. Here, we present results of an interdisciplinary project dealing with chemical information archived in shells of Pecten maximus (Bivalvia; Pectinidae), known to form daily growth striae on its shell surface. Several individuals were collected in the Bay of Brest (France) in 2011 and 2012, and analyzed for the molybdenum and lithium concentrations in their soft tissues and the element‐to‐calcium ratios (Mo : Ca and Li : Ca) in their calcitic striae. All shells revealed high synchrony and reproducibility in their Mo : Ca and Li : Ca profiles, characterized with a major peak at the end of May and in mid‐June 2011, respectively. Detailed analysis of physical, chemical, and biological variables measured in seawater during an extensive 9‐month environmental survey enabled a meticulous description of phytoplankton dynamics in 2011 and its impact on shell geochemistry. Main findings strongly suggest that (1) the timing of Mo : Ca peaks reflects the occurrence of silicon limitation and diatom aggregation periods, (2) the height of these peaks relates to the amplitude of the first spring diatom bloom, and (3) Li : Ca serves as a proxy for the temporal dynamics of diatom biovolume and of biogenic silica recycling at the sediment–water interface.

Regional trends and drivers of the global methane budget - Ann R. Stavert; Marielle Saunois; Josep G. Canadell; Benjamin Poulter; Robert B. Jackson; Pierre Regnier; Ronny Lauerwald; Peter A. Raymond; George H. Allen; Prabir K. Patra; Peter Bergamaschi; Phillipe Bousquet; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
The ongoing development of the Global Carbon Project (GCP) global methane (CH 4 ) budget shows a continuation of increasing CH 4 emissions and CH 4 accumulation in the atmosphere during 2000–2017. Here, we decompose the global budget into 19 regions (18 land and 1 oceanic) and five key source sectors to spatially attribute the observed global trends. A comparison of top‐down (TD) (atmospheric and transport model‐based) and bottom‐up (BU) (inventory‐ and process model‐based) CH 4 emission estimates demonstrates robust temporal trends with CH 4 emissions increasing in 16 of the 19 regions. Five regions—China, Southeast Asia, USA, South Asia, and Brazil—account for >40% of the global total emissions (their anthropogenic and natural sources together totaling >270 Tg CH 4 yr −1 in 2008–2017). Two of these regions, China and South Asia, emit predominantly anthropogenic emissions (>75%) and together emit more than 25% of global anthropogenic emissions. China and the Middle East show the largest increases in total emission rates over the 2000 to 2017 period with regional emissions increasing by >20%. In contrast, Europe and Korea and Japan show a steady decline in CH 4 emission rates, with total emissions decreasing by ~10% between 2000 and 2017. Coal mining, waste (predominantly solid waste disposal) and livestock (especially enteric fermentation) are dominant drivers of observed emissions increases while declines appear driven by a combination of waste and fossil emission reductions. As such, together these sectors present the greatest risks of further increasing the atmospheric CH 4 burden and the greatest opportunities for greenhouse gas abatement.

Habitat size influences community stability - Hamish S. Greig; Peter A. McHugh; Ross M. Thompson; Helen J. Warburton; Angus R. McIntosh (Ecology, 2022)
Mechanisms linked to demographic, biogeographic, and food‐web processes thought to underpin community stability could be affected by habitat size, but the effects of habitat size on community stability remain relatively unknown. We investigated whether those habitat‐size‐dependent properties influenced community instability and vulnerability to perturbations caused by disturbance. This is particularly important given that human exploitation is contracting ecosystems, and abiotic perturbations are becoming more severe and frequent. We used a perturbation experiment in which 10 streams, spanning three orders of magnitude in habitat size, were subjected to simulated bed movement akin to a major flood disturbance event. We measured the resistance, resilience, and variability of basal resources, and population and community‐level responses across the stream habitat‐size gradient immediately before, and at 0.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 d post‐disturbance. Resistance to disturbance consistently increased with stream size in all response variables. In contrast, resilience was significantly higher in smaller streams for some response variables. However, this higher resilience of small ecosystems was insufficient to compensate for their lower resistance, and communities of smaller streams were thus more variable over time than those of larger streams. Compensatory dynamics of populations, especially for predators, stabilized some aspects of communities, but these mechanisms were unrelated to habitat size. Together, our results provide compelling evidence for the links between habitat size and community stability, and should motivate ecologists and managers to consider how changes in the size of habitats will alter the vulnerability of ecosystems to perturbations caused by environmental disturbance.

The 2019 Benguela Niño - Rodrigue Anicet Imbol Koungue; Peter Brandt; Joke Lübbecke; Arthur Prigent; Meike Sena Martins; Regina R. Rodrigues (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
High interannual sea surface temperature anomalies of more than 2°C were recorded along the coasts of Angola and Namibia between October 2019 and January 2020. This extreme coastal warm event that has been classified as a Benguela Niño, reached its peak amplitude in November 2019 in the Angola Benguela front region. In contrast to classical Benguela Niños, the 2019 Benguela Niño was generated by a combination of local and remote forcing. In September 2019, a local warming was triggered by positive anomalies of near coastal wind-stress curl leading to downwelling anomalies through Ekman dynamics off Southern Angola and by anomalously weak winds reducing the latent heat loss by the ocean south of 15°S. In addition, downwelling coastal trapped waves were observed along the African coast between mid-October 2019 and early January 2020. Those coastal trapped waves might have partly emanated from the equatorial Atlantic as westerly wind anomalies were observed in the central and eastern equatorial Atlantic between end of September to early December 2019. Additional forcing for the downwelling coastal trapped waves likely resulted from an observed weakening of the prevailing coastal southerly winds along the Angolan coast north of 15°S between October 2019 and mid-February 2020. During the peak of the event, latent heat flux damped the sea surface temperature anomalies mostly in the Angola Benguela front region. In the eastern equatorial Atlantic, relaxation of cross-equatorial southerly winds might have contributed to the equatorial warming in November 2019 during the peak of the 2019 Benguela Niño. Moreover, for the first time, moored velocities off Angola (11°S) revealed a coherent poleward flow in the upper 100 m in October and November 2019 suggesting a contribution of meridional heat advection to the near-surface warming during the early stages of the Benguela Niño. During the Benguela Niño, a reduction of net primary production in the Southern Angola and Angola Benguela front regions was observed.

Bidenichthys okamotoi, a New Species of the Bythitidae (Ophidiiformes, Teleostei) from the Koko Seamount, Central North Pacific - Peter R. Møller; Werner W. Schwarzhans; Henrik Lauridsen; Jørgen G. Nielsen (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2021)
Two specimens from the Koko Seamount (Koko Guyot), in the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain, Central North Pacific, caught in 2009 and 2010 are here described as a new species, Bidenichthys okamotoi. The taxonomy of the species in the genera Bidenichthys Barnard, 1934, and Fiordichthys Paulin, 1995, has been confusing due to the lost type of B. consorbrinus (Hutton, 1876) and the rarity of some of the species. Following the synonymization of Fiordichthys Paulin, 1995, with Bidenichthys by Møller and Nielsen 2015 and of Bidenichthys beeblebroxi Paulin, 1995, with Bidenichthys consobrinus Hutton, 1876, the genus Bidenichthys now comprises five species: B. capensis, B. consobrinus, B. okamotoi, B. paxtoni and B. slartibartfasti. Bidenichthys okamotoi differs from its congeners in, e.g., the fewer precaudal vertebrae (12 vs. 13), more palatine teeth rows (4–6 vs. 2–3), shorter pelvic fins (12.1–13.4% vs. 14.4–21.0% SL), max size (187 vs. 147 mm SL) and the shape of the sulcus of the otolith. We here present an updated diagnosis of the genus. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the holotype of B. okamotoi provides for additional anatomical details. The disjunctive occurrence of Bidenichthys okamotoi on the Emperor Seamount chain about 7500 km from the nearest congeneric taxon in New Zealand is discussed. The fossil otolith-based record of the genus Bidenichthys and its systematic implications is briefly discussed.

Mesocosm and Microcosm Bioassays to Examine Effects of Mine-Influenced Sediments on the Growth of Wild Rice (Zizania palustris L.) - O’Niell R. Tedrow; Peter F. Lee (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2021)

Parasitological, serological, and molecular survey of trypanosomosis (Surra) in camels slaughtered in northwestern Nigeria - S. A. Mamman; D. A. Dakul; J. A. Yohanna; G. A. Dogo; R. C. Reuben; O. O. Ogunleye; D. A. Tyem; J. G. Peter; J. Kamani (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2021)

Ferrous Iron Overload Evokes Thyroidal and Interrenal Activation, Shifts Metabolite Pattern and Reverses Hepatic Ion Transporter Activities in Salinity-Acclimated Air-Breathing Fish (Anabas testudineus) Bloch - R. Gayathry; Valsa S. Peter; M. C. Subhash Peter (Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 2021)

Towards a global list of accepted species V. The devil is in the detail - Richard L. Pyle; Saroj K. Barik; Les Christidis; Stijn Conix; Mark John Costello; Peter Paul van Dijk; Stephen T. Garnett; Donald Hobern; Paul M. Kirk; Aaron M. Lien; Thomas M. Orrell; David Remsen; et al. (Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 2021)

Towards a global list of accepted species III. Independence and stakeholder inclusion - Stijn Conix; Stephen T. Garnett; Kevin R. Thiele; Les Christidis; Peter Paul van Dijk; Olaf S. Bánki; Saroj K. Barik; John S. Buckeridge; Mark J. Costello; Donald Hobern; Paul M. Kirk; Aaron Lien; et al. (Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 2021)

Towards a global list of accepted species I. Why taxonomists sometimes disagree, and why this matters - Kevin R. Thiele; Stijn Conix; Richard L. Pyle; Saroj K. Barik; Les Christidis; Mark John Costello; Peter Paul van Dijk; Paul Kirk; Aaron Lien; Scott A. Thomson; Frank E. Zachos; Zhi-Qiang Zhang; et al. (Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 2021)

Runcaciguat, a novel soluble guanylate cyclase activator, shows renoprotection in hypertensive, diabetic, and metabolic preclinical models of chronic kidney disease - Agnès Bénardeau; Antje Kahnert; Tibor Schomber; Jutta Meyer; Mira Pavkovic; Axel Kretschmer; Bettina Lawrenz; Elke Hartmann; Ilka Mathar; Joerg Hueser; Jan R. Kraehling; Frank Eitner; et al. (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2021)
Chronic kidney diseaQueryse (CKD) is associated with oxidative stress which can interrupt the nitric oxide (NO)/soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) signaling and decrease cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production. Low cGMP concentrations can cause kidney damage and progression of CKD. The novel sGC activator runcaciguat targets the oxidized and heme-free form of sGC, restoring cGMP production under oxidative stress. The purpose of this study is to investigate if runcaciguat could provide an effective treatment for CKD. Runcaciguat was used for the treatment not only in rat CKD models with different etiologies and comorbidities, namely of hypertensive rats, the renin transgenic (RenTG) rat, and angiotensin-supplemented (ANG-SD) rat, but also in rats with diabetic and metabolic CKD, the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat. The treatment duration was 2 to 42 weeks and runcaciguat was applied orally in doses from 1 to 10 mg/kg/bid. In these different rat CKD models, runcaciguat significantly reduced proteinuria (urinary protein to creatinine ratio; uPCR). These effects were also significant at doses which did not or only moderately decrease systemic blood pressure. Moreover, runcaciguat significantly decreased kidney injury biomarkers and attenuated morphological kidney damages. In RenTG rats, runcaciguat improved survival rates and markers of heart injury. These data demonstrate that the sGC activator runcaciguat exhibits cardio-renal protection at doses which did not reduce blood pressure and was effective in hypertensive as well as diabetic and metabolic CKD models. These data, therefore, suggest that runcaciguat, with its specific mode of action, represents an efficient treatment approach for CKD and associated CV diseases. Graphical abstract

Impact of solar heat enhanced by the use of black polypropylene sheets on the development of Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) eggs and germinabilty of cowpea seeds - F. A. Ajayi; E. Peter; E. Okrikata; R. A. L. Emmanuel; S. A. Dattijo; E. A Kayode (International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 2021)
Post-harvest losses caused by Callosobruchus maculatus is a major constraint to cowpea production and the improper use of synthetic insecticides by most farmers have resulted in environmental, health hazards, and development of insecticide resistance in insects. This study evaluates the efficacy of solar heat treatment using double-layered black polypropylene sheets in suppressing the development of the cowpea bruchid eggs and the effect of the heat absorbed on the germination potential of cowpea seeds. Five pairs of 2 – 3-day old adult C. maculatus were allowed to oviposit for ten days on 50 g cowpea seeds in a glass jar in the laboratory before exposure to 24, 48, 72 and 96 h solar heat treatment regimes. Infested cowpea seeds but not exposed to solarization was set along with the treatments while uninfested cowpea seeds was also set along and used as part of the germinability test. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design and treatments were replicated four times. The results showed that there were no significant differences among the number of eggs laid by adult C. maculatus on the cowpea seeds before solar heat treatment. Solar heat treatment of the cowpea seed at 24 h achieved 100% egg mortality of C. maculatus thus preventing adult emergence. The effect of solarization on seed viability showed that there were no significant differences between the infested cowpea seeds exposed to different solar radiation regimes when compared to uninfested cowpea seeds – range; 74% – 99% germination. The results showed that 24 h solar heat exposure of cowpea seeds in double-layered black polypropylene sheets could be the thermal death point of C. maculatus eggs on the seeds in the study area.

Sleeping Site and Tree Selection by Bale Monkeys (Chlorocebus djamdjamensis) at Kokosa Forest Fragment in Southern Ethiopia - Addisu Mekonnen; Peter J. Fashing; Vivek V. Venkataraman; Colin A. Chapman; Nils Chr. Stenseth; R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar (International Journal of Primatology, 2021)
Although selecting advantageous sleeping sites is crucial for nonhuman primates, the extent to which different factors contribute to their selection remains largely unknown for many species. We investigated hypotheses relating to predator avoidance, food access, and thermoregulation to explain the sleeping behavior of Bale monkeys ( Chlorocebus djamdjamensis ) occupying a degraded fragmented forest, Kokosa, in the southern Ethiopian Highlands. We found that the study group reused 11 out of 20 sleeping sites used during the 42 study days over a 6-month period. Sleeping sites were usually close to the last feeding trees of the day (mean distance =15.2 m) and/or the first feeding trees of the next morning (mean distance = 13.5 m). This may reflect an attempt to maximize feeding efficiency and reduce travel costs. Compared to the mean trees in the study area, sleeping trees were significantly shorter. Bale monkeys selected sleeping places in trees with high foliage density above and below them, lending support to the hypothesis that they select sleeping places that can conceal them from predators and at the same time offer shelter from cold weather. The monkeys also frequently huddled at night. Our results suggest that predator avoidance, access to food resources, and thermoregulation all likely influence the selection of sleeping sites by Bale monkeys.

Correction to: Managed Wetlands Can Benefit Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Tidal Marsh - Nicole M. Aha; Peter B. Moyle; Nann A. Fangue; Andrew L. Rypel; John R. Durand (Estuaries and Coasts, 2021)

Coupled Shifts in Ectomycorrhizal Communities and Plant Uptake of Organic Nitrogen Along a Soil Gradient: An Isotopic Perspective - Peter T. Pellitier; Donald R. Zak; William A. Argiroff; Rima A. Upchurch (Ecosystems, 2021)

Sick and tired: sickness behaviour, polyparasitism and food stress in a gregarious mammal - Rosemary Blersch; Tyler R. Bonnell; Andre Ganswindt; Christopher Young; Louise Barrett; S. Peter Henzi (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2021)

Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2021)

2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2021)

Toxicokinetics of U-47700, tramadol, and their main metabolites in pigs following intravenous administration: is a multiple species allometric scaling approach useful for the extrapolation of toxicokinetic parameters to humans? - Frederike Nordmeier; Iryna Sihinevich; Adrian A. Doerr; Nadja Walle; Matthias W. Laschke; Thorsten Lehr; Michael D. Menger; Peter H. Schmidt; Markus R. Meyer; Nadine Schaefer (Archives of Toxicology, 2021)
New synthetic opioids (NSOs) pose a public health concern since their emergence on the illicit drug market and are gaining increasing importance in forensic toxicology. Like many other new psychoactive substances, NSOs are consumed without any preclinical safety data or any knowledge on toxicokinetic (TK) data. Due to ethical reasons, controlled human TK studies cannot be performed for the assessment of these relevant data. As an alternative animal experimental approach, six pigs per drug received a single intravenous dose of 100 µg/kg body weight (BW) of U-47700 or 1000 µg/kg BW of tramadol to evaluate whether this species is suitable to assess the TK of NSOs. The drugs were determined in serum and whole blood using a fully validated method based on solid-phase extraction and LC–MS/MS. The concentration–time profiles and a population (pop) TK analysis revealed that a three-compartment model best described the TK data of both opioids. Central volumes of distribution were 0.94 L/kg for U-47700 and 1.25 L/kg for tramadol and central (metabolic) clearances were estimated at 1.57 L/h/kg and 1.85 L/h/kg for U-47700 and tramadol, respectively. The final popTK model parameters for pigs were upscaled via allometric scaling techniques. In comparison to published human data, concentration–time profiles for tramadol could successfully be predicted with single species allometric scaling. Furthermore, possible profiles for U-47700 in humans were simulated. The findings of this study indicate that unlike a multiple species scaling approach, pigs in conjunction with TK modeling are a suitable tool for the assessment of TK data of NSOs and the prediction of human TK data.

Review of life history parameters and preliminary age estimates of some New Zealand deep‐sea fishes - Peter J. McMillan; Alan C. Hart; Peter L. Horn; Dianne M. Tracey; Caoimhghin Ó Maolagáin; Brittany Finucci; Matthew R. Dunn (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2021)
A literature review on longevity of New Zealand deep‐sea fishes provided life history parameter estimates for 17 bony and five cartilaginous species. Preliminary age estimates for a further nine deep‐sea bony fishes were made from otolith zone counts and included results from a pilot analysis of radiocarbon age estimates from the otoliths of three of the species. Radiocarbon age estimates corroborated the otolith zone count age estimates made for white rattail ( Trachyrincus aphyodes ) and smallhead cod ( Lepidion microcephalus ) but were substantially lower for the third species, smallscale brown slickhead ( Alepocephalus antipodianus ) which suggested that it was not exposed to elevated (near‐surface) levels of 14 C in early life. Validation of otolith zone age estimates is difficult for deep‐sea species but the radiocarbon analysis provided a practical method to corroborate age estimates for some bony fishes. Of the 31 fish in this study (known and new age estimates), five of the fishery target species and 10 of the bycatch were long‐lived (50 years or more). The hypothesis that all New Zealand deep‐sea species are long‐lived was not supported, but the chance of a species being long‐lived seem to be higher in deeper water.

Genomic signatures of parallel alpine adaptation in recently evolved flightless insects - Graham A. McCulloch; Joseph Guhlin; Ludovic Dutoit; Thomas W. R. Harrop; Peter K. Dearden; Jonathan M. Waters (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
Natural selection along elevational gradients has potential to drive predictable adaptations across distinct lineages, but the extent of such repeated evolution remains poorly studied for many widespread alpine taxa. We present parallel genomic analyses of two recently evolved flightless alpine insect lineages to test for molecular signatures of repeated alpine adaptation. Specifically, we compare low‐elevation vs. alpine stonefly ecotypes from parallel stream populations in which flightless upland ecotypes have been independently derived. We map 67,922 polymorphic genetic markers, generated across 176 Zelandoperla fenestrata specimens from two independent alpine stream populations in New Zealand's Rock and Pillar Range, to a newly developed plecopteran reference genome. Genome‐wide scans revealed 31 regions with outlier single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) differentiating lowland vs. alpine ecotypes in Lug Creek, and 37 regions with outliers differentiating ecotypes in Six Mile Creek. Of these regions, 13% (8/60) yielded outlier SNPs across both within‐stream ecotype comparisons, implying comparable genomic shifts contribute to this repeated alpine adaptation. Candidate genes closely linked to repeated outlier regions include several with documented roles in insect wing‐development (e.g., dishevelled ), suggesting that they may contribute to repeated alpine wing reduction. Additional candidate genes have been shown to influence insect fecundity (e.g., ovo ) and lifespan (e.g., Mrp4 ), implying that they might contribute to life history differentiation between upland and lowland ecotypes. Additional outlier genes have potential roles in the evolution of reproductive isolation among ecotypes ( hedgehog and Desaturase 1). These results demonstrate how replicated outlier tests across independent lineages can potentially contribute to the discovery of genes underpinning repeated adaptation.

Benthic micro‐ and macro‐community succession and coral recruitment under overfishing and nutrient enrichment - Nicolas R. Evensen; Inka Vanwonterghem; Christopher Doropoulos; Marine Gouezo; Emmanuelle S. Botté; Nicole S. Webster; Peter J. Mumby (Ecology, 2021)
Herbivory and nutrient availability are fundamental drivers of benthic community succession in shallow marine systems, including coral reefs. Despite the importance of early community succession for coral recruitment and recovery, studies characterizing the impact of top‐down and bottom‐up drivers on micro‐ and macrobenthic communities at scales relevant to coral recruitment are lacking. Here, a combination of tank and field experiments were used to assess the effects of herbivore exclusion and nutrient enrichment on micro‐ to macrobenthic community succession and subsequent coral recruitment success. Herbivore exclusion had the strongest effect on micro‐ and macrobenthic community succession, including a community shift toward copiotrophic and potentially opportunistic/pathogenic microorganisms, an increased cover of turf and macroalgae, and decreased cover of crustose coralline algae. Yet, when corals settled prior to the development of a macrobenthic community, rates of post‐settlement survival increased when herbivores were excluded, benefiting from the predation refugia provided by cages during their vulnerable early post‐settlement stage. Interestingly, survival on open tiles was negatively correlated with the relative abundance of the bacterial order Rhodobacterales , an opportunistic microbial group previously associated with stressed and diseased corals. Development of micro‐ and macrobenthic communities in the absence of herbivory, however, led to reduced coral settlement. In turn, there were no differences in post‐settlement survival between open and caged treatments for corals settled on tiles with established benthic communities. As a result, open tiles experienced marginally higher recruitment rates, driven primarily by the higher initial number of settlers on open tiles compared to caged tiles. Overall, we reveal that the primary interaction driving coral recruitment is the positive effect of herbivory in creating crustose coralline algae (CCA)‐dominated habitats, free of fleshy algae and associated opportunistic microbes, to enhance coral settlement. The negative direct and indirect impact of fish predation on newly settled corals was outweighed by the positive effect of herbivory on the initial rate of coral settlement. In turn, the addition of nutrients further altered benthic community succession in the absence of herbivory, reducing coral post‐settlement survival. However, the overall impact of nutrients on coral recruitment dynamics was minor relative to herbivory.

Guiding principles for rewilding - Steve Carver; Ian Convery; Sally Hawkins; Rene Beyers; Adam Eagle; Zoltan Kun; Erwin Van Maanen; Yue Cao; Mark Fisher; Stephen R. Edwards; Cara Nelson; George D. Gann; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2021)
There has been much recent interest in the concept of rewilding as a tool for nature conservation, but also confusion over the idea, which has limited its utility. We developed a unifying definition and 10 guiding principles for rewilding through a survey of 59 rewilding experts, a summary of key organizations’ rewilding visions, and workshops involving over 100 participants from around the world. The guiding principles convey that rewilding exits on a continuum of scale, connectivity, and level of human influence and aims to restore ecosystem structure and functions to achieve a self‐sustaining autonomous nature. These principles clarify the concept of rewilding and improve its effectiveness as a tool to achieve global conservation targets, including those of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Finally, we suggest differences in rewilding perspectives lie largely in the extent to which it is seen as achievable and in specific interventions. An understanding of the context of rewilding projects is the key to success, and careful site‐specific interpretations will help achieve the aims of rewilding.

A View From Both Ends: Shifts in Herbivore Assemblages Impact Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes on Coral Reefs - Katrina S. Munsterman; Jacob E. Allgeier; Joseph R. Peters; Deron E. Burkepile (Ecosystems, 2021)

Homogeneity of cognitive and behavioural processes underlying the relationship between insomnia and body image disturbance - Umair Akram; Sarah F. Allen; Jodie C. Stevenson; Lambros Lazuras; Millicent Ackroyd; Jessica Chester; Jessica Longden; Chloe Peters; Kamila R. Irvine (Cognitive Processing, 2021)
Specific cognitive behavioural mechanisms related to selective attention, situational avoidance and physical appearance are implicated in the development and maintenance of insomnia and negative reinforcement of body image disturbances. Therefore, we examined whether these processes potentially mediate the relationship between insomnia and body image perception. N = 728 participants completed self-reported measures of sleep-associated monitoring, insomnia symptoms, body image disturbance and coping with body image challenges. Symptoms of insomnia and sleep-associated monitoring behaviour were independently related to increased reports of body image disturbance, cognitive distortions of body image, appearance fixing (i.e. altering appearance by covering, camouflaging or correcting the perceived defect), avoidance (i.e. attempt to escape or avert stressful body image situations) and reduced levels of positive rationale acceptance (i.e. acceptance of the challenging event and positive self-care or rationale self-talk about one’s appearance). More crucially, sleep-related monitoring on awakening, cognitive distortion of body image and negative coping strategies related to body image (i.e. appearance fixing, avoidance, rationale acceptance) mediated the relationship between reports of body image disturbance and insomnia symptoms. The current findings expand upon previous research demonstrating consistent relationships between poor sleep and increased dissatisfaction with cutaneous features, by providing novel evidence that body image disturbances are associated with symptoms of insomnia. More crucially, we highlight the role of particular cognitive and behavioural mechanisms pertaining to sleep (i.e. selective attention for physical signs of poor sleep) and body image (i.e. avoidance and rationale acceptance) which may be targeted as part of cognitive behavioural treatments.

Repeated sampling of individuals reveals impact of tropical and temperate habitats on microbiota of a migratory bird - Heather R. Skeen; Nathan W. Cooper; Shannon J. Hackett; John M. Bates; Peter P. Marra (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
Migratory animals experiencing substantial change in diet and habitat across the annual cycle may have corresponding shifts in host‐associated microbial diversity. Using automated telemetry and radio tags to recapture birds, we examined gut microbiota structure in the same population and often same individual of Kirtland's Warblers ( Setophaga kirtlandii ) initially sampled on their wintering grounds in The Bahamas and subsequently resampled within their breeding territories in Michigan, USA. Initial sampling occurred in March and April and resampling occurred in May, June and early July. The composition of the most abundant phyla and classes of the warblers’ microbiota is similar to that of other migratory birds. However, we detected notable variation in abundance and diversity of numerous bacterial taxa, including a decrease in microbial richness and significant differences in microbial communities when comparing the microbiota of birds first captured in The Bahamas to that of birds recaptured in Michigan. This is observed at the individual and population level. Furthermore, we found that 22 bacterial genera exhibit heightened abundance within specific sampling periods and are probably associated with diet and environmental change. Finally, we described a small, species‐specific shared microbial profile that spans multiple time periods and environments within the migratory cycle. Our research highlights that the avian gut microbiota is dynamic over time, most significantly impacted by changing environments associated with migration. These results support the need for full annual cycle monitoring of migratory bird microbiota to improve understanding of seasonal host movement ecologies and response to recurrent physiological stressors.

Integrating environmental variability to broaden the research on coral responses to future ocean conditions - Maren Ziegler; Andrea Anton; Shannon G. Klein; Nils Rädecker; Nathan R. Geraldi; Sebastian Schmidt‐Roach; Vincent Saderne; Peter J. Mumby; Maha J. Cziesielski; Cecilia Martin; Thomas L. Frölicher; John M. Pandolfi; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Our understanding of the response of reef‐building corals to changes in their physical environment is largely based on laboratory experiments, analysis of long‐term field data, and model projections. Experimental data provide unique insights into how organisms respond to variation of environmental drivers. However, an assessment of how well experimental conditions cover the breadth of environmental conditions and variability where corals live successfully is missing. Here, we compiled and analyzed a globally distributed dataset of in‐situ seasonal and diurnal variability of key environmental drivers (temperature, p CO 2 , and O 2 ) critical for the growth and livelihood of reef‐building corals. Using a meta‐analysis approach, we compared the variability of environmental conditions assayed in coral experimental studies to current and projected conditions in their natural habitats. We found that annual temperature profiles projected for the end of the 21st century were characterized by distributional shifts in temperatures with warmer winters and longer warm periods in the summer, not just peak temperatures. Furthermore, short‐term hourly fluctuations of temperature and p CO 2 may regularly expose corals to conditions beyond the projected average increases for the end of the 21st century. Coral reef sites varied in the degree of coupling between temperature, p CO 2 , and dissolved O 2 , which warrants site‐specific, differentiated experimental approaches depending on the local hydrography and influence of biological processes on the carbonate system and O 2 availability. Our analysis highlights that a large portion of the natural environmental variability at short and long timescales is underexplored in experimental designs, which may provide a path to extend our understanding on the response of corals to global climate change.

Global co‐occurrence of methanogenic archaea and methanotrophic bacteria in Microcystis aggregates - Chuang Li; K. David Hambright; Hannah G. Bowen; Majoi A. Trammell; Hans‐Peter Grossart; Michele A. Burford; David P. Hamilton; Helong Jiang; Delphine Latour; Elisabeth I. Meyer; Judit Padisák; Richard M. Zamor; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2021)
Summary Global warming and eutrophication contribute to the worldwide increase in cyanobacterial blooms, and the level of cyanobacterial biomass is strongly associated with rises in methane emissions from surface lake waters. Hence, methane‐metabolizing microorganisms may be important for modulating carbon flow in cyanobacterial blooms. Here, we surveyed methanogenic and methanotrophic communities associated with floating Microcystis aggregates in 10 lakes spanning four continents, through sequencing of 16S rRNA and functional marker genes. Methanogenic archaea (mainly Methanoregula and Methanosaeta ) were detectable in 5 of the 10 lakes and constituted the majority (~50%–90%) of the archaeal community in these lakes. Three of the 10 lakes contained relatively more abundant methanotrophs than the other seven lakes, with the methanotrophic genera Methyloparacoccus , Crenothrix , and an uncultured species related to Methylobacter dominating and nearly exclusively found in each of those three lakes. These three are among the five lakes in which methanogens were observed. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness and abundance of methanotrophs were strongly positively correlated with those of methanogens, suggesting that their activities may be coupled. These Microcystis ‐aggregate‐associated methanotrophs may be responsible for a hitherto overlooked sink for methane in surface freshwaters, and their co‐occurrence with methanogens sheds light on the methane cycle in cyanobacterial aggregates.

Seabird Migration Strategies: Flight Budgets, Diel Activity Patterns, and Lunar Influence - Anne-Sophie Bonnet-Lebrun; Maria P. Dias; Richard A. Phillips; José P. Granadeiro; M. de L. Brooke; Olivier Chastel; Thomas A. Clay; Annette L. Fayet; Olivier Gilg; Jacob González-Solís; Tim Guilford; Sveinn A. Hanssen; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Every year, billions of birds undertake extensive migrations between breeding and non-breeding areas, facing challenges that require behavioural adjustments, particularly to flight timing and duration. Such adjustments in daily activity patterns and the influence of extrinsic factors (e.g., environmental conditions, moonlight) have received much more research attention in terrestrial than marine migrants. Taking advantage of the widespread deployment in recent decades of combined light-level geolocator-immersion loggers, we investigated diel organisation and influence of the moon on flight activities during the non-breeding season of 21 migrant seabird species from a wide taxonomic range (6 families, 3 orders). Migrant seabirds regularly stopped (to either feed or rest) during migration, unlike some terrestrial and wetland birds which fly non-stop. We found an overall increase for most seabird species in time in flight and, for several species, also in flight bout duration, during migration compared to when resident at the non-breeding grounds. Additionally, several nocturnal species spent more of the day in flight during migration than at non-breeding areas, and vice versa for diurnal species. Nocturnal time in flight tended to increase during full moon, both during migration and at the non-breeding grounds, depending on species. Our study provides an extensive overview of activity patterns of migrant seabirds, paving the way for further research on the underlying mechanisms and drivers.

Hundreds of new DNA barcodes for South African sponges - Benedicta B. Ngwakum; Robyn P. Payne; Peter R. Teske; Liesl Janson; Sven E. Kerwath; Toufiek Samaai (Systematics and Biodiversity, 2021)

Combined Perfusion and Permeability Imaging Reveals Different Pathophysiologic Tissue Responses After Successful Thrombectomy - Arne Potreck; Matthias A. Mutke; Charlotte S. Weyland; Johannes A. R. Pfaff; Peter A. Ringleb; Sibu Mundiyanapurath; Markus A. Möhlenbruch; Sabine Heiland; Mirko Pham; Martin Bendszus; Angelika Hoffmann (Translational Stroke Research, 2021)
Despite successful recanalization of large-vessel occlusions in acute ischemic stroke, individual patients profit to a varying degree. Dynamic susceptibility-weighted perfusion and dynamic T1-weighted contrast-enhanced blood-brain barrier permeability imaging may help to determine secondary stroke injury and predict clinical outcome. We prospectively performed perfusion and permeability imaging in 38 patients within 24 h after successful mechanical thrombectomy of an occlusion of the middle cerebral artery M1 segment. Perfusion alterations were evaluated on cerebral blood flow maps, blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) visually and quantitatively on k trans maps and hemorrhagic transformation on susceptibility-weighted images. Visual BBBD within the DWI lesion corresponded to a median k trans elevation (IQR) of 0.77 (0.41–1.4) min −1 and was found in all 7 cases of hypoperfusion (100%), in 10 of 16 cases of hyperperfusion (63%), and in only three of 13 cases with unaffected perfusion (23%). BBBD was significantly associated with hemorrhagic transformation ( p < 0.001). While BBBD alone was not a predictor of clinical outcome at 3 months (positive predictive value (PPV) = 0.8 [0.56–0.94]), hypoperfusion occurred more often in patients with unfavorable clinical outcome (PPV = 0.43 [0.10–0.82]) compared to hyperperfusion (PPV = 0.93 [0.68–1.0]) or unaffected perfusion (PPV = 1.0 [0.75–1.0]). We show that combined perfusion and permeability imaging reveals distinct infarct signatures after recanalization, indicating the severity of prior ischemic damage. It assists in predicting clinical outcome and may identify patients at risk of stroke progression.

The role of adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in stress-induced cardiac injury - Boris K. Kurbatov; Ekaterina S. Prokudina; Leonid N. Maslov; Natalia V. Naryzhnaya; Sergey V. Logvinov; Alexander S. Gorbunov; Alexandr V. Mukhomedzyanov; Andrey V. Krylatov; Nikita S. Voronkov; Andrey S. Sementsov; Konstantin V. Zavadovsky; Viktor V. Saushkin; et al. (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2021)

Multilocus phylogenetic analysis reveals that Cyttariales is a synonym of Helotiales - Danny Haelewaters; Duckchul Park; Peter R. Johnston (Mycological Progress, 2021)

“Waste Not, Want Not” — Leveraging Sewer Systems and Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for Drug Use Trends and Pharmaceutical Monitoring - Timothy B. Erickson; Noriko Endo; Claire Duvallet; Newsha Ghaeli; Kaitlyn Hess; Eric J. Alm; Mariana Matus; Peter R. Chai (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2021)
During the current global COVID-19 pandemic and opioid epidemic, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged as a powerful tool for monitoring public health trends by analysis of biomarkers including drugs, chemicals, and pathogens. Wastewater surveillance downstream at wastewater treatment plants provides large-scale population and regional-scale aggregation while upstream surveillance monitors locations at the neighborhood level with more precise geographic analysis. WBE can provide insights into dynamic drug consumption trends as well as environmental and toxicological contaminants. Applications of WBE include monitoring policy changes with cannabinoid legalization, tracking emerging illicit drugs, and early warning systems for potent fentanyl analogues along with the resurging wave of stimulants (e.g., methamphetamine, cocaine). Beyond drug consumption, WBE can also be used to monitor pharmaceuticals and their metabolites, including antidepressants and antipsychotics. In this manuscript, we describe the basic tenets and techniques of WBE, review its current application among drugs of abuse, and propose methods to scale and develop both monitoring and early warning systems with respect to measurement of illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals. We propose new frontiers in toxicological research with wastewater surveillance including assessment of medication assisted treatment of opioid use disorder (e.g., buprenorphine, methadone) in the context of other social burdens like COVID-19 disease.

ASL expression in ALDH1A1+ neurons in the substantia nigra metabolically contributes to neurodegenerative phenotype - Shaul Lerner; Raya Eilam; Lital Adler; Julien Baruteau; Topaz Kreiser; Michael Tsoory; Alexander Brandis; Tevie Mehlman; Mina Ryten; Juan A. Botia; Sonia Garcia Ruiz; Alejandro Cisterna Garcia; et al. (Human Genetics, 2021)
Argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) is essential for the NO-dependent regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and thus for catecholamine production. Using a conditional mouse model with loss of ASL in catecholamine neurons, we demonstrate that ASL is expressed in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, including the ALDH1A1 + subpopulation that is pivotal for the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). Neuronal loss of ASL results in catecholamine deficiency, in accumulation and formation of tyrosine aggregates, in elevation of α-synuclein, and phenotypically in motor and cognitive deficits. NO supplementation rescues the formation of aggregates as well as the motor deficiencies. Our data point to a potential metabolic link between accumulations of tyrosine and seeding of pathological aggregates in neurons as initiators for the pathological processes involved in neurodegeneration. Hence, interventions in tyrosine metabolism via regulation of NO levels may be therapeutic beneficial for the treatment of catecholamine-related neurodegenerative disorders.

Distinguishing pure histopathological growth patterns of colorectal liver metastases on CT using deep learning and radiomics: a pilot study - Martijn P. A. Starmans; Florian E. Buisman; Michel Renckens; François E. J. A. Willemssen; Sebastian R. van der Voort; Bas Groot Koerkamp; Dirk J. Grünhagen; Wiro J. Niessen; Peter B. Vermeulen; Cornelis Verhoef; Jacob J. Visser; Stefan Klein (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2021)
Histopathological growth patterns (HGPs) are independent prognosticators for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). Currently, HGPs are determined postoperatively. In this study, we evaluated radiomics for preoperative prediction of HGPs on computed tomography (CT), and its robustness to segmentation and acquisition variations. Patients with pure HGPs [i.e. 100% desmoplastic (dHGP) or 100% replacement (rHGP)] and a CT-scan who were surgically treated at the Erasmus MC between 2003–2015 were included retrospectively. Each lesion was segmented by three clinicians and a convolutional neural network (CNN). A prediction model was created using 564 radiomics features and a combination of machine learning approaches by training on the clinician’s and testing on the unseen CNN segmentations. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to select features robust to segmentation variations; ComBat was used to harmonize for acquisition variations. Evaluation was performed through a 100 × random-split cross-validation. The study included 93 CRLM in 76 patients (48% dHGP; 52% rHGP). Despite substantial differences between the segmentations of the three clinicians and the CNN, the radiomics model had a mean area under the curve of 0.69. ICC-based feature selection or ComBat yielded no improvement. Concluding, the combination of a CNN for segmentation and radiomics for classification has potential for automatically distinguishing dHGPs from rHGP, and is robust to segmentation and acquisition variations. Pending further optimization, including extension to mixed HGPs, our model may serve as a preoperative addition to postoperative HGP assessment, enabling further exploitation of HGPs as a biomarker.

Preseason Cerebrovascular Function in Adolescent Athletes - Patricia R. Roby; Peter J. Duquette; Zachary Y. Kerr; Johna K. Register-Mihalik; Lee Stoner; Jason P. Mihalik (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2021)

Coupled human and natural systems: The evolution and applications of an integrated framework - Jianguo Liu; Thomas Dietz; Stephen R. Carpenter; William W. Taylor; Marina Alberti; Peter Deadman; Charles Redman; Alice Pell; Carl Folke; Zhiyun Ouyang; Jane Lubchenco (Ambio, 2021)

Expression of Concern: Natural copy number variation of tandemly repeated regulatory SNORD RNAs leads to individual phenotypic differences in mice - Maryam Keshavarz; Yoland Savriama; Peter Refki; R. Guy Reeves; Diethard Tautz (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
Genic copy number differences can have phenotypic consequences, but so far this has not been studied in detail in natural populations. Here, we analysed the natural variation of two families of tandemly repeated regulatory small nucleolar RNAs (SNORD115 and SNORD116) in the house mouse ( Mus musculus ). They are encoded within the Prader‐Willi Syndrome gene region, known to be involved in behavioural, metabolic, and osteogenic functions in mammals. We determined that the copy numbers of these SNORD RNAs show substantial natural variation, both in wild‐derived mice as well as in an inbred mouse strain (C57BL/6J). We show that copy number differences are subject to change across generations, making them highly variable and resulting in individual differences. In transcriptome data from brain samples, we found SNORD copy‐number correlated regulation of possible target genes, including Htr2c , a predicted target gene of SNORD115, as well as Ankrd11 , a predicted target gene of SNORD116. Ankrd11 is a chromatin regulator, which has previously been implicated in regulating the development of the skull. Based on morphometric shape analysis of the skulls of individual mice of the inbred strain, we show that shape measures correlate with SNORD116 copy numbers in the respective individuals. Our results suggest that the variable dosage of regulatory RNAs can lead to phenotypic variation between individuals that would typically have been ascribed to environmentally induced variation, while it is actually encoded in individual differences of copy numbers of regulatory molecules.

Evidence of egg‐laying grounds for critically endangered flapper skate ( Dipturus intermedius ) off Orkney, UK - Natasha D. Phillips; Amy Garbett; Daniel Wise; Sophie L. Loca; Olivia Daly; Lawrence E. Eagling; Jonathan D. R. Houghton; Peter Verhoog; James Thorburn; Patrick C. Collins (Journal of Fish Biology, 2021)
Essential fish habitats (EFHs) are critical for fish life‐history events, including spawning, breeding, feeding or growth. This study provides evidence of EFHs for the critically endangered flapper skate ( Dipturus intermedius ) in the waters around the Orkney Isles, Scotland, based on citizen‐science observation data. The habitats of potential egg‐laying sites were parametrised as >20 m depth, with boulders or exposed bedrock, in moderate current flow (0.3–2.8 knots) with low sedimentation. This information provides a significant contribution to the understanding of EFHs for flapper skate.

Projected impacts of climate and land use changes on the habitat of Atlantic Forest plants in Brazil - Tarciso C. C. Leão; Jason R. Reinhardt; Eimear Nic Lughadha; Peter B. Reich (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2021)
Aim To provide novel evidence on the average impact of climate and land use changes on habitat suitability for tropical plants and to test previous conclusions on the relative importance of these two drivers in shaping future availability of habitat for tropical plant species. Location Brazil’s Atlantic Forest domain. Time period Plant occurrences recorded between 1960 and 2014. Baseline climate from 1960 to 2000 and land use from 2015. Projected scenarios of climate for 2041–2060 and land use for 2050. Major taxa studied Angiosperms. Methods We modelled the habitat suitability of 2,232 species of angiosperms from the Atlantic Forest domain, endemic to Brazil, and estimated how future climate and land use may affect species‐level habitat suitability under a moderate and a business‐as‐usual scenario for the year 2050. Results Our results suggest that climate change alone will, surprisingly, have only a modest negative impact on the mean habitat suitability, decreasing it by 2% (median = −5 to −7%, variation associated with scenarios). Land use change alone had a more consistent negative impact on habitat suitability, causing mean and median reductions of 4 to 6%. When the effects of climate and land use are combined, the mean habitat suitability was reduced by 4% (median = −9 to −11%). Main conclusions The combined impacts of climate and land use changes were substantial, although smaller than expected. Habitat suitability decreased for most species, but it increased substantially for some species, suggesting that the distribution of impacts across species is markedly right skewed. The impacts were typically detrimental to small‐ranged species and neutral or beneficial to widespread species. Land use change rather than climate change will likely cause more losses to the habitat of Atlantic Forest plant species within the next several decades.

A “Dirty” Footprint: Macroinvertebrate diversity in Amazonian Anthropic Soils - Wilian C. Demetrio; Ana C. Conrado; Agno N. S. Acioli; Alexandre C. Ferreira; Marie L. C. Bartz; Samuel W. James; Elodie da Silva; Lilianne S. Maia; Gilvan C. Martins; Rodrigo S. Macedo; David W. G. Stanton; Patrick Lavelle; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Amazonian rainforests, once thought to be pristine wilderness, are increasingly known to have been widely inhabited, modified, and managed prior to European arrival, by human populations with diverse cultural backgrounds. Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs) are fertile soils found throughout the Amazon Basin, created by pre‐Columbian societies with sedentary habits. Much is known about the chemistry of these soils, yet their zoology has been neglected. Hence, we characterized soil fertility, macroinvertebrate communities, and their activity at nine archeological sites in three Amazonian regions in ADEs and adjacent reference soils under native forest (young and old) and agricultural systems. We found 673 morphospecies and, despite similar richness in ADEs (385 spp.) and reference soils (399 spp.), we identified a tenacious pre‐Columbian footprint, with 49% of morphospecies found exclusively in ADEs. Termite and total macroinvertebrate abundance were higher in reference soils, while soil fertility and macroinvertebrate activity were higher in the ADEs, and associated with larger earthworm quantities and biomass. We show that ADE habitats have a unique pool of species, but that modern land use of ADEs decreases their populations, diversity, and contributions to soil functioning. These findings support the idea that humans created and sustained high‐fertility ecosystems that persist today, altering biodiversity patterns in Amazonia.

Earlier winter/spring runoff and snowmelt during warmer winters lead to lower summer chlorophyll‐ a in north temperate lakes - Allison R. Hrycik; Peter D. F. Isles; Rita Adrian; Matthew Albright; Linda C. Bacon; Stella A. Berger; Ruchi Bhattacharya; Hans‐Peter Grossart; Josef Hejzlar; Amy Lee Hetherington; Lesley B. Knoll; Alo Laas; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Winter conditions, such as ice cover and snow accumulation, are changing rapidly at northern latitudes and can have important implications for lake processes. For example, snowmelt in the watershed—a defining feature of lake hydrology because it delivers a large portion of annual nutrient inputs—is becoming earlier. Consequently, earlier and a shorter duration of snowmelt are expected to affect annual phytoplankton biomass. To test this hypothesis, we developed an index of runoff timing based on the date when 50% of cumulative runoff between January 1 and May 31 had occurred. The runoff index was computed using stream discharge for inflows, outflows, or for flows from nearby streams for 41 lakes in Europe and North America. The runoff index was then compared with summer chlorophyll‐ a (Chl‐ a ) concentration (a proxy for phytoplankton biomass) across 5–53 years for each lake. Earlier runoff generally corresponded to lower summer Chl‐ a . Furthermore, years with earlier runoff also had lower winter/spring runoff magnitude, more protracted runoff, and earlier ice‐out. We examined several lake characteristics that may regulate the strength of the relationship between runoff timing and summer Chl‐ a concentrations; however, our tested covariates had little effect on the relationship. Date of ice‐out was not clearly related to summer Chl‐ a concentrations. Our results indicate that ongoing changes in winter conditions may have important consequences for summer phytoplankton biomass and production.

Global assessment of marine and freshwater recreational fish reveals mismatch in climate change vulnerability and conservation effort - Elizabeth A. Nyboer; Hsien‐Yung Lin; Joseph R. Bennett; Joseph Gabriel; William Twardek; Auston D. Chhor; Lindsay Daly; Sarah Dolson; Eric Guitard; Peter Holder; Christina M. Mozzon; Alexandria Trahan; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Recreational fisheries contribute substantially to the sociocultural and economic well‐being of coastal and riparian regions worldwide, but climate change threatens their sustainability. Fishery managers require information on how climate change will impact key recreational species; however, the absence of a global assessment hinders both directed and widespread conservation efforts. In this study, we present the first global climate change vulnerability assessment of recreationally targeted fish species from marine and freshwater environments (including diadromous fishes). We use climate change projections and data on species’ physiological and ecological traits to quantify and map global climate vulnerability and analyze these patterns alongside the indices of socioeconomic value and conservation effort to determine where efforts are sufficient and where they might fall short. We found that over 20% of recreationally targeted fishes are vulnerable to climate change under a high emission scenario. Overall, marine fishes had the highest number of vulnerable species, concentrated in regions with sensitive habitat types (e.g., coral reefs). However, freshwater fishes had higher proportions of species at risk from climate change, with concentrations in northern Europe, Australia, and southern Africa. Mismatches in conservation effort and vulnerability were found within all regions and life‐history groups. A key pattern was that current conservation effort focused primarily on marine fishes of high socioeconomic value rather than on the freshwater and diadromous fishes that were predicted to be proportionately more vulnerable. While several marine regions were notably lacking in protection (e.g., Caribbean Sea, Banda Sea), only 19% of vulnerable marine species were without conservation effort. By contrast, 72% of freshwater fishes and 33% of diadromous fishes had no measures in place, despite their high vulnerability and cultural value. The spatial and taxonomic analyses presented here provide guidance for the future conservation and management of recreational fisheries as climate change progresses.

Exceptional 20th Century Shifts in Deep-Sea Ecosystems Are Spatially Heterogeneous and Associated With Local Surface Ocean Variability - Charlotte L. O’Brien; Peter T. Spooner; Jack H. Wharton; Eirini Papachristopoulou; Nicolas Dutton; David Fairman; Rebecca Garratt; Tianying Li; Francesco Pallottino; Fiona Stringer; David J. R. Thornalley (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Traditionally, deep-sea ecosystems have been considered to be insulated from the effects of modern climate change, but with the recognition of the importance of food supply from the surface ocean and deep-sea currents to sustaining these systems, the potential for rapid response of benthic systems to climate change is gaining increasing attention. However, very few ecological time-series exist for the deep ocean covering the twentieth century. Benthic responses to past climate change have been well-documented using marine sediment cores on glacial-interglacial timescales, and ocean sediments have also begun to reveal that planktic species assemblages are already being influenced by global warming. Here, we use benthic foraminifera found in mid-latitude and subpolar North Atlantic sediment cores to show that, in locations beneath areas of major surface water change, benthic ecosystems have also changed significantly over the last ∼150 years. The maximum benthic response occurs in areas which have seen large changes in surface circulation, temperature, and/or productivity. We infer that the observed surface-deep ocean coupling is due to changes in the supply of organic matter exported from the surface ocean and delivered to the seafloor. The local-to-regional scale nature of these changes highlights that accurate projections of changes in deep-sea ecosystems will require (1) increased spatial coverage of deep-sea proxy records, and (2) models capable of adequately resolving these relatively small-scale oceanographic features.

Seaweeds of South Andaman: diversity, distribution, biochemical characterization and fatty acid profiling of some selected species - R. Karunakumari; N. V. Vinithkumar; Reena Singh; D. Magesh Peter; G. Dharani (Marine Biology Research, 2021)

Measuring Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease Induction and Lesion Progression Within Two Intermediately Susceptible Species, Montastraea cavernosa and Orbicella faveolata - Katherine R. Eaton; Jan H. Landsberg; Yasunari Kiryu; Esther C. Peters; Erinn M. Muller (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
During the last several decades, Florida’s Coral Reef (FCR) has been impacted by both global and local stressors that have devastated much of its living coral cover. Additionally, since 2014 FCR has experienced a lethal disease outbreak termed stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD). Here, we examined SCTLD spreading dynamics within and among fragmented coral colonies and quantified lesion progression rate of two intermediately susceptible species— Montastraea cavernosa and Orbicella faveolata —through induction experiments conducted in laboratory aquaria. M. cavernosa colonies showing subacute tissue loss were sequentially fragmented parallel to the lesion edge to determine whether isolated tissue that showed no tissue-loss signs, referred to as isolated apparently healthy (AH) donor fragments, would subsequently exhibit tissue loss. Additionally, AH M. cavernosa and O. faveolata fragments, referred to as recipient fragments, were placed in direct contact with the M. cavernosa donor fragments to assess incidence of new tissue-loss lesions. Finally, AH M. cavernosa donor fragments were placed in direct contact with recipient M. cavernosa and O. faveolata fragments to account for aggression from direct contact. Samples were collected for histopathology of the corals through time. Many isolated AH donor fragments developed tissue-loss lesions during the 60-day study, suggesting SCTLD may be systemic within small-sized colonies. Our results confirmed that physical contact between recipient fragments and subacute SCTLD-lesioned tissue often led to tissue loss in recipient fragments. None of the control recipient or donor fragments experienced tissue loss. Grossly, multifocal lesions started on or adjacent to the septal and costal basal body walls with tissue loss progressing across the polyp septa and coenenchyme, respectively, in both species. Histologically, initial tissue-loss lesions in both species exhibited characteristic lytic necrosis (LN) at the basal body wall of the gastrodermis. O. faveolata exhibited higher rates of lesion appearance and subsequent mortality compared to M. cavernosa , but once a lesion appeared, M. cavernosa lost tissue faster than O. faveolata. This work contributes to the growing knowledge of SCTLD dynamics and highlights the differences in lesion progression within susceptible species.

Expression of the SHO Gene Under Control of a Stress-Specific Promoter RRTF1 Improves Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis - Elham R. S. Soliman; Peter Meyer (Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 2021)

Non-native brittle star interactions with native octocoral epizoites: an endemic benthic ctenophore in peril? - Peter W. Glynn; Brian Coffman; Kyle Dettloff; Joshua Dominguez; Phillip R. Gillette; Nicholas Martinez; Nicholas P. Jones; Bernhard M. Riegl (Marine Biology, 2021)

Combined nitrate and phosphorus application promotes rhizosphere alkalization and nitrogen uptake by wheat but not canola in acid subsoils - Zhe Weng; Clayton R. Butterly; Peter Sale; Guangdi Li; Caixian Tang (Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2021)

Genetic analyses of gynecological disease identify genetic relationships between uterine fibroids and endometrial cancer, and a novel endometrial cancer genetic risk region at the WNT4 1p36.12 locus - Pik Fang Kho; Sally Mortlock; Frederic Amant; Daniela Annibali; Katie Ashton; John Attia; Paul L. Auer; Matthias W. Beckmann; Amanda Black; Louise Brinton; Daniel D. Buchanan; Stephen J. Chanock; et al. (Human Genetics, 2021)

Correction to: Bacterial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent hospitalized patients and appropriateness of empirical treatment recommendations: an international point-prevalence study - Manuela Carugati; S. Aliberti; G. Sotgiu; F. Blasi; A. Gori; R. Menendez; M. Encheva; M. Gallego; P. Leuschner; S. Ruiz-Buitrago; S. Battaglia; R. Fantini; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2021)

Complex Tidal Marsh Dynamics Structure Fish Foraging Patterns in the San Francisco Estuary - Denise D. Colombano; Thomas B. Handley; Teejay A. O’Rear; John R. Durand; Peter B. Moyle (Estuaries and Coasts, 2021)
Mechanisms driving the consumption and transport of tidal marsh nutrients and energy by fishes are of key interest in the San Francisco Estuary, CA, USA. By combining multiple data sources (gill-net catches, gut contents, channel morphology, tides), we modeled spatial and temporal patterns of fish abundance and gut fullness across a tidal marsh elevation gradient. Channel depth, microhabitat, and tide were important predictors of fish abundance and gut fullness. Species, feeding guild, and season were also important to fish abundance but not to gut fullness, suggesting that abundance was more related to physical constraints of shallow water than to prey availability. Multiple feeding guilds overlapped in space and time at interaction hotspots in subtidal channel habitat near the marsh entrance. In contrast, fish use of shallow intertidal marsh channels was more variable and indicated tradeoffs between foraging and predation. Gut content analysis revealed moderate-to-high gut fullness for all feeding guilds and models predicted high gut fullness in subtidal reaches during tidal flooding, after which fish fed intensively throughout the marsh. While mysids, amphipods, and detritus were common prey among feeding guilds, variation in prey consumption was apparent. Overall, complex tidal marsh hydrogeomorphology driving land-water exchange and residence time may diversify and enhance benthic and pelagic food web pathways to fishes and invertebrates. Furthermore, these findings substantiate the notion that dynamic tidal marshes in this system can support robust secondary production, foraging by multiple feeding guilds, and trophic transfer by fishes to the estuarine mosaic.

Mitochondrial genome announcements need to consider existing short sequences from closely related species to prevent taxonomic errors - Peter R. Teske (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2021)
The reconstruction of complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) has considerable potential to clarify species relationships in cases where morphological analysis and DNA sequencing of individual genes are inconclusive. However, the trend to use only mitogenomes for the phylogenies presented in mitogenome announcements carries the inherent risk that the study species’ taxonomy is incorrect because no mitogenomes have yet been reconstructed for its sister species. Here, I illustrate this problem using the mitogenomes of two seahorses, Hippocampus capensis and H. queenslandicus . Both specimens used for mitogenome reconstruction originated from traditional Chinese medicine markets rather than native habitats. Although mitogenome phylogenies placed these specimens correctly among the seahorses from which mitogenomes were available at the time, incorporating single-marker sequence from closely related species into the phylogenies revealed that both mitogenomes are problematic. The mitogenome of the endemic South African H. capensis did not cluster among single-marker DNA sequences of seahorses from the species’ native habitat, but among sequences submitted under the names H. casscsio , H. fuscus and H. kuda that originated from all over the Indo-Pacific, including China. Phylogenetic placement of the mitogenome of H. queenslandicus within a cluster of seahorses that also included H. spinosissimus confirms an earlier finding that H. queenslandicus is a synonym of H. spinosissimus , a widespread Indo-Pacific species that also occurs in China. It is recommended that mitogenome announcements incorporate available single-marker sequences of closely related species, not only mitogenomes. The reconstruction of mitogenomes can exacerbate taxonomic confusion if existing information is ignored.

Elimination of endogenous high molecular weight FGF2 prevents pressure-overload-induced systolic dysfunction, linked to increased FGFR1 activity and NR1D1 expression - Navid Koleini; Barbara E. Nickel; Raghu S. Nagalingam; Natalie M. Landry; Robert R. Fandrich; David Y. C. Cheung; Ian M. Dixon; Michael P. Czubryt; Davinder S. Jassal; Peter A. Cattini; Elissavet Kardami (Cell and Tissue Research, 2021)

Breathing space: deoxygenation of aquatic environments can drive differential ecological impacts across biological invasion stages - James W. E. Dickey; Neil E. Coughlan; Jaimie T. A. Dick; Vincent Médoc; Monica McCard; Peter R. Leavitt; Gérard Lacroix; Sarah Fiorini; Alexis Millot; Ross N. Cuthbert (Biological Invasions, 2021)
The influence of climate change on the ecological impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) remains understudied, with deoxygenation of aquatic environments often-overlooked as a consequence of climate change. Here, we therefore assessed how oxygen saturation affects the ecological impact of a predatory invasive fish, the Ponto-Caspian round goby ( Neogobius melanostomus ), relative to a co-occurring endangered European native analogue, the bullhead ( Cottus gobio ) experiencing decline in the presence of the IAS. In individual trials and mesocosms, we assessed the effect of high, medium and low (90%, 60% and 30%) oxygen saturation on: (1) functional responses (FRs) of the IAS and native, i.e. per capita feeding rates; (2) the impact on prey populations exerted; and (3) how combined impacts of both fishes change over invasion stages (Pre-invasion, Arrival, Replacement, Proliferation). Both species showed Type II potentially destabilising FRs, but at low oxygen saturation, the invader had a significantly higher feeding rate than the native. Relative Impact Potential, combining fish per capita effects and population abundances, revealed that low oxygen saturation exacerbates the high relative impact of the invader. The Relative Total Impact Potential (RTIP), modelling both consumer species’ impacts on prey populations in a system, was consistently higher at low oxygen saturation and especially high during invader Proliferation. In the mesocosm experiment, low oxygen lowered RTIP where both species were present, but again the IAS retained high relative impact during Replacement and Proliferation stages at low oxygen. We also found evidence of multiple predator effects, principally antagonism. We highlight the threat posed to native communities by IAS alongside climate-related stressors, but note that solutions may be available to remedy hypoxia and potentially mitigate impacts across invasion stages.

Changes to virus taxonomy and to the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2021) - Peter J. Walker; Stuart G. Siddell; Elliot J. Lefkowitz; Arcady R. Mushegian; Evelien M. Adriaenssens; Poliane Alfenas-Zerbini; Andrew J. Davison; Donald M. Dempsey; Bas E. Dutilh; María Laura García; Balázs Harrach; Robert L. Harrison; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2021)

Evolution and connectivity influence the persistence and recovery of coral reefs under climate change in the Caribbean, Southwest Pacific, and Coral Triangle - Lisa C. McManus; Daniel L. Forrest; Eden Tekwa; Daniel E. Schindler; Madhavi A. Colton; Michael M. Webster; Timothy E. Essington; Stephen R. Palumbi; Peter J. Mumby; Malin L. Pinsky (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Corals are experiencing unprecedented decline from climate change‐induced mass bleaching events. Dispersal not only contributes to coral reef persistence through demographic rescue but can also hinder or facilitate evolutionary adaptation. Locations of reefs that are likely to survive future warming therefore remain largely unknown, particularly within the context of both ecological and evolutionary processes across complex seascapes that differ in temperature range, strength of connectivity, network size, and other characteristics. Here, we used eco‐evolutionary simulations to examine coral adaptation to warming across reef networks in the Caribbean, the Southwest Pacific, and the Coral Triangle. We assessed the factors associated with coral persistence in multiple reef systems to understand which results are general and which are sensitive to particular geographic contexts. We found that evolution can be critical in preventing extinction and facilitating the long‐term recovery of coral communities in all regions. Furthermore, the strength of immigration to a reef (destination strength) and current sea surface temperature robustly predicted reef persistence across all reef networks and across temperature projections. However, we found higher initial coral cover, slower recovery, and more evolutionary lag in the Coral Triangle, which has a greater number of reefs and more larval settlement than the other regions. We also found the lowest projected future coral cover in the Caribbean. These findings suggest that coral reef persistence depends on ecology, evolution, and habitat network characteristics, and that, under an emissions stabilization scenario (RCP 4.5), recovery may be possible over multiple centuries.

Predicting species and community responses to global change using structured expert judgement: An Australian mountain ecosystems case study - James S. Camac; Kate D. L. Umbers; John W. Morgan; Sonya R. Geange; Anca Hanea; Rachel A. Slatyer; Keith L. McDougall; Susanna E. Venn; Peter A. Vesk; Ary A. Hoffmann; Adrienne B. Nicotra (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Conservation managers are under increasing pressure to make decisions about the allocation of finite resources to protect biodiversity under a changing climate. However, the impacts of climate and global change drivers on species are outpacing our capacity to collect the empirical data necessary to inform these decisions. This is particularly the case in the Australian Alps which have already undergone recent changes in climate and experienced more frequent large‐scale bushfires. In lieu of empirical data, we use a structured expert elicitation method (the IDEA protocol) to estimate the change in abundance and distribution of nine vegetation groups and 89 Australian alpine and subalpine species by the year 2050. Experts predicted that most alpine vegetation communities would decline in extent by 2050; only woodlands and heathlands are predicted to increase in extent. Predicted species‐level responses for alpine plants and animals were highly variable and uncertain. In general, alpine plants spanned the range of possible responses, with some expected to increase, decrease or not change in cover. By contrast, almost all animal species are predicted to decline or not change in abundance or elevation range; more species with water‐centric life‐cycles are expected to decline in abundance than other species. While long‐term ecological data will always be the gold standard for informing the future of biodiversity, the method and outcomes outlined here provide a pragmatic and coherent basis upon which to start informing conservation policy and management in the face of rapid change and a paucity of data.

Evolution of virulence in a novel family of transmissible mega‐plasmids - Thomas L. Sitter; Amy L. Vaughan; Marion Schoof; Simon A. Jackson; Travis R. Glare; Murray P. Cox; Peter C. Fineran; Paul P. Gardner; Mark R. H. Hurst (Environmental Microbiology, 2021)
Summary Some Serratia entomophila isolates have been successfully exploited in biopesticides due to their ability to cause amber disease in larvae of the Aotearoa (New Zealand) endemic pasture pest, Costelytra giveni . Anti‐feeding prophage and ABC toxin complex virulence determinants are encoded by a 153‐kb single‐copy conjugative plasmid (pADAP; a mber d isease‐ a ssociated p lasmid). Despite growing understanding of the S . entomophila pADAP model plasmid, little is known about the wider plasmid family. Here, we sequence and analyse mega‐plasmids from 50 Serratia isolates that induce variable disease phenotypes in the C . giveni insect host. Mega‐plasmids are highly conserved within S . entomophila , but show considerable divergence in Serratia proteamaculans with other variants in S . liquefaciens and S . marcescens , likely reflecting niche adaption. In this study to reconstruct ancestral relationships for a complex mega‐plasmid system, strong co‐evolution between Serratia species and their plasmids were found. We identify 12 distinct mega‐plasmid genotypes, all sharing a conserved gene backbone, but encoding highly variable accessory regions including virulence factors, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, Nitrogen fixation genes and toxin‐antitoxin systems. We show that the variable pathogenicity of Serratia isolates is largely caused by presence/absence of virulence clusters on the mega‐plasmids, but notably, is augmented by external chromosomally encoded factors.

Determinants of community compositional change are equally affected by global change - Meghan L. Avolio; Kimberly J. Komatsu; Scott L. Collins; Emily Grman; Sally E. Koerner; Andrew T. Tredennick; Kevin R. Wilcox; Sara Baer; Elizabeth H. Boughton; Andrea J. Britton; Bryan Foster; Laura Gough; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2021)
Global change is impacting plant community composition, but the mechanisms underlying these changes are unclear. Using a dataset of 58 global change experiments, we tested the five fundamental mechanisms of community change: changes in evenness and richness, reordering, species gains and losses. We found 71% of communities were impacted by global change treatments, and 88% of communities that were exposed to two or more global change drivers were impacted. Further, all mechanisms of change were equally likely to be affected by global change treatments—species losses and changes in richness were just as common as species gains and reordering. We also found no evidence of a progression of community changes, for example, reordering and changes in evenness did not precede species gains and losses. We demonstrate that all processes underlying plant community composition changes are equally affected by treatments and often occur simultaneously, necessitating a wholistic approach to quantifying community changes.

Long-Term Trends and Impact of SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Lockdown on the Primary Productivity of the North Indian Ocean - N. Sunanda; J. Kuttippurath; R. Peter; Kunal Chakraborty; A. Chakraborty (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
COrona VIrus Disease (COVID) 2019 pandemic forced most countries to go into complete lockdown and India went on complete lockdown from 24th March 2020 to 8th June 2020. To understand the possible implications of lockdown, we analyze the long-term distribution of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) in the North Indian Ocean (NIO) and the factors that influence NPP directly and indirectly, for the period 2003–2019 and 2020 separately. There exists a seasonal cycle in the relationship between Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and NPP in agreement with the seasonal transport of aerosols and dust into these oceanic regions. In Arabian Sea (AS), the highest Chl-a (0.58 mg/m 3 ), NPP (696.57 mg/C/m 2 /day) and AOD (0.39) are observed in June, July, August, and September (JJAS). Similarly, maximum Chl-a (0.48 mg/m 3 ) and NPP (486.39 mg/C/m 2 /day) are found in JJAS and AOD (0.27) in March, April, and May (MAM) in Bay of Bengal. The interannual variability of Chl-a and NPP with wind speed and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is also examined, where the former has a positive and the latter has a negative feedback to NPP. The interannual variability of NPP reveals a decreasing trend in NPP, which is interlinked with the increasing trend in SST and AOD. The analysis of wind, SST, Chl-a, and AOD for the pre-lockdown, lockdown, and post lockdown periods of 2020 is employed to understand the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on NPP. The assessment shows the reduction in AOD, decreased wind speeds, increased SST and reduced NPP during the lockdown period as compared to the pre-lockdown, post-lockdown and climatology. This analysis is expected to help to understand the impact of aerosols on the ocean biogeochemistry, nutrient cycles in the ocean biogeochemical models, and to study the effects of climate change on ocean ecosystems.

Biochars and their feedstocks differ in their short-term effects in ameliorating acid soils grown with aluminium-sensitive wheat - Dominic Lauricella; Zhe Weng; Gary J. Clark; Clayton R. Butterly; Guangdi Li; Chris Gazey; Peter W. G. Sale; Caixian Tang (Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2021)

Variants in GCNA, X-linked germ-cell genome integrity gene, identified in men with primary spermatogenic failure - Jimmaline J. Hardy; Margot J. Wyrwoll; William Mcfadden; Agnieszka Malcher; Nadja Rotte; Nijole C. Pollock; Sarah Munyoki; Maria V. Veroli; Brendan J. Houston; Miguel J. Xavier; Laura Kasak; Margus Punab; et al. (Human Genetics, 2021)

Correction to: Experimental evidence of minimal effects on octocoral hosts caused by the introduced ophiuroid Ophiothela mirabilis - Peter W. Glynn; Phillip R. Gillette; Kyle Dettloff; Joshua Dominguez; Nicolas Martinez; Julie Gross; Bernhard M. Riegl (Coral Reefs, 2021)

A new cave-dwelling genus and species of Nerillidae (Annelida) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan - Katrine Worsaae; Malte J. Hansen; Oscar Axelsen; Keiichi Kakui; Peter R. Møller; Karen J. Osborn; Alejandro Martínez; Brett C. Gonzalez; Norio Miyamoto; Yoshihisa Fujita (Marine Biodiversity, 2021)

Correction to: Transmission of a novel predatory behaviour is not restricted to kin - Laura X. L. Tan; Wouter F. D. van Dongen; Craig D. H. Sherman; Kasun B. Ekanayake; Peter Dann; Duncan R. Sutherland; Michael A. Weston (Biological Invasions, 2021)

Transmission of a novel predatory behaviour is not restricted to kin - Laura X. L. Tan; Wouter F. D. van Dongen; Craig D. H. Sherman; Kasun B. Ekanayake; Peter Dann; Duncan R. Sutherland; Michael A. Weston (Biological Invasions, 2021)

Non-native earthworms alter the assembly of a meadow plant community - Jesse R. Fleri; Tara G. Martin; Amanda D. Rodewald; Peter Arcese (Biological Invasions, 2021)

Atorvastatin pleiotropically decreases intraplaque angiogenesis and intraplaque haemorrhage by inhibiting ANGPT2 release and VE-Cadherin internalization - Fabiana Baganha; Rob C. M. de Jong; Erna A. Peters; Wietske Voorham; J. Wouter Jukema; Mirela Delibegovic; Margreet R. de Vries; Paul H. A. Quax (Angiogenesis, 2021)
Objective Statins pleiotropically provide additional benefits in reducing atherosclerosis, but their effects on intraplaque angiogenesis (IPA) and hemorrhage (IPH) remain unclear. Therefore, we discriminated statin’s lipid-lowering dependent and independent effects on IPA and IPH. Approach and results ApoE3*Leiden mice are statin-responsive due to ApoE and LDLR presence, but also allow to titrate plasma cholesterol levels by diet. Therefore, ApoE3*Leiden mice were fed a high-cholesterol-inducing-diet (HCD) with or without atorvastatin (A) or a moderate-cholesterol-inducing-diet (MCD). Mice underwent vein graft surgery to induce lesions with IPA and IPH. Cholesterol levels were significantly reduced in MCD (56%) and HCD + A (39%) compared to HCD with no significant differences between MCD and HCD + A. Both MCD and HCD + A have a similar reduction in vessel remodeling and inflammation comparing to HCD. IPA was significantly decreased by 30% in HCD + A compared to HCD or MCD. Atorvastatin treatment reduced the presence of immature vessels by 34% vs. HCD and by 25% vs. MCD, resulting in a significant reduction of IPH. Atorvastatin’s anti-angiogenic capacity was further illustrated by a dose-dependent reduction of ECs proliferation and migration. Cultured mouse aortic-segments lost sprouting capacity upon atorvastatin treatment and became 30% richer in VE-Cadherin expression and pericyte coverage. Moreover, Atorvastatin inhibited ANGPT2 release and decreased VE-Cadherin(Y685)-phosphorylation in ECs. Conclusions Atorvastatin has beneficial effects on vessel remodeling due to its lipid-lowering capacity. Atorvastatin has strong pleiotropic effects on IPA by decreasing the number of neovessels and on IPH by increasing vessel maturation. Atorvastatin improves vessel maturation by inhibiting ANGPT2 release and phospho(Y658)-mediated VE-Cadherin internalization.

Land cover and nutrient enrichment regulates low‐molecular weight dissolved organic matter turnover in freshwater ecosystems - Francesca L. Brailsford; Helen C. Glanville; Miles R. Marshall; Christopher A. Yates; Alun T. Owen; Peter N. Golyshin; Penny J. Johnes; Davey L. Jones (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a complex mixture of carbon‐containing compounds. The low‐molecular weight (LMW) fraction constitutes thousands of different compounds and represents a substantial proportion of DOM in aquatic ecosystems. The turnover rates of this LMW DOM can be extremely high. Due to the challenges of measuring this pool at a molecular scale, comparatively little is known of the fate of LMW DOM compounds in lotic systems. This study addresses this knowledge gap, investigating the microbial processing of LMW DOM across 45 sites representing a range of physicochemical gradients and dominant land covers in the United Kingdom. Radioisotope tracers representing LMW dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (glucose), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) (amino acid mixture), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) (glucose‐6‐phosphate), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP, measured as orthophosphate) were used to measure the microbial uptake of different DOM compounds in river waters. The amount of DOM biodegradation varied between different components (DON ≥ DOC > DOP), with the rate of turnover of all three increasing along a gradient of N and P enrichment across the range of sites. Conversely, the uptake of SRP decreased along this same gradient. This was ascribed to preferential utilization of DOP over SRP. Dominant land cover had a significant effect on DOM use as a resource, due to its control of nutrient enrichment within the catchments. We conclude that nutrient enrichment of river waters will lead to further DOM removal from the water column, increased microbial growth, and a decrease in stream oxygen saturation, exacerbating the effects of eutrophication in rivers.

Disturbance type and species life history predict mammal responses to humans - Justin P. Suraci; Kaitlyn M. Gaynor; Maximilian L. Allen; Peter Alexander; Justin S. Brashares; Sara Cendejas‐Zarelli; Kevin Crooks; L. Mark Elbroch; Tavis Forrester; Austin M. Green; Jeffrey Haight; Nyeema C. Harris; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Human activity and land use change impact every landscape on Earth, driving declines in many animal species while benefiting others. Species ecological and life history traits may predict success in human‐dominated landscapes such that only species with “winning” combinations of traits will persist in disturbed environments. However, this link between species traits and successful coexistence with humans remains obscured by the complexity of anthropogenic disturbances and variability among study systems. We compiled detection data for 24 mammal species from 61 populations across North America to quantify the effects of (1) the direct presence of people and (2) the human footprint (landscape modification) on mammal occurrence and activity levels. Thirty‐three percent of mammal species exhibited a net negative response (i.e., reduced occurrence or activity) to increasing human presence and/or footprint across populations, whereas 58% of species were positively associated with increasing disturbance. However, apparent benefits of human presence and footprint tended to decrease or disappear at higher disturbance levels, indicative of thresholds in mammal species’ capacity to tolerate disturbance or exploit human‐dominated landscapes. Species ecological and life history traits were strong predictors of their responses to human footprint, with increasing footprint favoring smaller, less carnivorous, faster‐reproducing species. The positive and negative effects of human presence were distributed more randomly with respect to species trait values, with apparent winners and losers across a range of body sizes and dietary guilds. Differential responses by some species to human presence and human footprint highlight the importance of considering these two forms of human disturbance separately when estimating anthropogenic impacts on wildlife. Our approach provides insights into the complex mechanisms through which human activities shape mammal communities globally, revealing the drivers of the loss of larger predators in human‐modified landscapes.

Living on the edge: A continental‐scale assessment of forest vulnerability to drought - Jennifer M. R. Peters; Rosana López; Markus Nolf; Lindsay B. Hutley; Tim Wardlaw; Lucas A. Cernusak; Brendan Choat (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Globally, forests are facing an increasing risk of mass tree mortality events associated with extreme droughts and higher temperatures. Hydraulic dysfunction is considered a key mechanism of drought‐triggered dieback. By leveraging the climate breadth of the Australian landscape and a national network of research sites (Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network), we conducted a continental‐scale study of physiological and hydraulic traits of 33 native tree species from contrasting environments to disentangle the complexities of plant response to drought across communities. We found strong relationships between key plant hydraulic traits and site aridity. Leaf turgor loss point and xylem embolism resistance were correlated with minimum water potential experienced by each species. Across the data set, there was a strong coordination between hydraulic traits, including those linked to hydraulic safety, stomatal regulation and the cost of carbon investment into woody tissue. These results illustrate that aridity has acted as a strong selective pressure, shaping hydraulic traits of tree species across the Australian landscape. Hydraulic safety margins were constrained across sites, with species from wetter sites tending to have smaller safety margin compared with species at drier sites, suggesting trees are operating close to their hydraulic thresholds and forest biomes across the spectrum may be susceptible to shifts in climate that result in the intensification of drought.

Neural mechanisms of sexual decision-making in women with alcohol use disorder - Kess L. Folco; Daniel J. Fridberg; Lindsay R. Arcurio; Peter R. Finn; Julia R. Heiman; Thomas W. James (Psychopharmacology, 2021)

Tracing carbon flow through a sugar maple forest and its soil components: role of invasive earthworms - Timothy Fahey; Patrick Bohlen; Ted R. Feldpausch; Melany Fisk; Marc Goebel; Peter M. Groffman; John Maerz; Joseph Yavitt (Plant and Soil, 2021)

Liming effect of non-legume residues promotes the biological amelioration of soil acidity via nitrate uptake - Clayton R. Butterly; Xiaojuan Wang; Peter Sale; Guangdi Li; Caixian Tang (Plant and Soil, 2021)

Methodological considerations for a non-linear analysis of running in the heavy and severe intensity domains - Jennifer M. Yentes; Peter C. Raffalt; João R. Vaz (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2021)

Genetic diversity analysis in indigenous rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm for bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) (BB) using resistance genes-linked markers - K. R. Khannetah; S. Ramchander; M. T. Andrew Peter Leon; D. Shoba; S. Saravanan; R. Kannan; Jeshima Khan Yasin; Madhavan Arumugam Pillai (Euphytica, 2021)

Managed Wetlands Can Benefit Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Tidal Marsh - Nicole M. Aha; Peter B. Moyle; Nann A. Fangue; Andrew L. Rypel; John R. Durand (Estuaries and Coasts, 2021)
Loss of estuarine and coastal habitats worldwide has reduced nursery habitat and function for diverse fishes, including juvenile Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ). Underutilized off-channel habitats such as flooded rice fields and managed ponds present opportunities for improving rearing conditions and increasing habitat diversity along migratory corridors. While experiments in rice fields have shown enhanced growth rates of juvenile fishes, managed ponds are less studied. To evaluate the potential of these ponds as a nursery habitat, juvenile Chinook salmon (~ 2.8 g, 63 mm FL) were reared in cages in four contrasting locations within Suisun Marsh, a large wetland in the San Francisco Estuary. The locations included a natural tidal slough, a leveed tidal slough, and the inlet and outlet of a tidally muted managed pond established for waterfowl hunting. Fish growth rates differed significantly among locations, with the fastest growth occurring near the outlet in the managed pond. High zooplankton biomass at the managed pond outlet was the best correlate of salmon growth. Water temperatures in the managed pond were also cooler and less variable compared to sloughs, reducing thermal stress. The stress of low dissolved oxygen concentrations within the managed pond was likely mediated by high concentrations of zooplankton and favorable temperatures. Our findings suggest that muted tidal habitats in the San Francisco Estuary and elsewhere could be managed to promote growth and survival of juvenile salmon and other native fishes.

Impact of Mixed Reality Presentation on STEM Engagement and Comprehension: A Pilot Study on Adult Scientists - Peter Geller; Jaymie Stein; Daniel Du; Jason R. Webb; Zack Lieberman; David Shreiber; Biju Parekkadan (Biomedical Engineering Education, 2021)
Current educational presentation software used in STEM education fail to maximize student engagement and comprehension. Mixed reality presentation is one specific type of digital presentation software that has shown to significantly improve student engagement and comprehension. In this paper, we describe a pilot study on adult scientists which evaluates the usage of an integrated mixed reality presentation software in the Zyndo platform as an enhanced alternative to Adobe PDFs. A group of adult scientists ( N = 20), with higher education of at least a bachelor’s degree, from an academic research center at Harvard Medical School were randomized and asked to read two articles (one on Immunology and the other on Bioengineering) presented through either the mixed reality presentation or PDFs. Our results indicate that participants improved in nearly all metrics for engagement (ranging from + 4 to 51% improvement depending on engagement metric and subject matter) when viewing the mixed reality presentation over the traditional PDFs for both articles. Specifically, the participants demonstrated improved comprehension of the scientific content and time spent viewing the presentation in a content-dependent manner. Therefore, 3D mixed reality environments can potentially be applied to enhance student learning in STEM fields, particularly Biomedical Engineering in both on-line and in person classroom settings.

Terra incognita: the contribution of disaster risk reduction in unpacking the sustainability–peace nexus - Katie Peters; Laura E. R. Peters (Sustainability Science, 2021)

Discordant DNA mismatch repair protein status between synchronous or metachronous gastrointestinal carcinomas: frequency, patterns, and molecular etiologies - Monika Vyas; Canan Firat; Jaclyn F. Hechtman; Martin R. Weiser; Rona Yaeger; Chad Vanderbilt; Jamal K. Benhamida; Ajaratu Keshinro; Liying Zhang; Peter Ntiamoah; Marco Gonzalez; Rebecca Andrade; et al. (Familial Cancer, 2021)

Testing small‐scale ecological gradients and intraspecific differentiation for hundreds of kelp forest species using haplotypes from metabarcoding - Peter Shum; Stephen R. Palumbi (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
DNA metabarcoding has been increasingly used to detail distributions of hundreds of species. Most analyses focus on creating molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) from complex mixtures of DNA sequences, but much less common is use of the sequence diversity within these MOTUs. Here we use the diversity of COI haplotypes within MOTUs from a California kelp forest to infer patterns of population abundance, dispersal and population history from 527 species of animals and algae from 106 samples of benthic habitats in Monterey Bay. Using haplotypes as a unit we show fine‐grained differences of abundance across locations for 15 species, and marked aggregation from sample to sample for most of the common species of plants and animals. Previous analyses could not distinguish these patterns from artefacts of amplification or sequence bias. Our haplotype data also reveal strong population genetic differentiation over small spatial scales for 48 species of red algae, sponges and Bryozoa. Last, phylogenetic analysis of mismatch frequencies among haplotypes show a wide variety of demographic histories from recent expansions to long, stable population sizes. These analyses show that abundant, small‐bodied marine species that are often overlooked in ecological surveys can have strikingly different patterns of ecological and genetic structure leading to population, ecological and perhaps adaptive differences between habitats. MOTU diversity data from the same sequencing efforts that generate species‐level analyses can greatly increase the scope and value of metabarcoding studies.

Unexpected shift from phytoplankton to periphyton in eutrophic streams due to wastewater influx - Nathanael T. Bergbusch; Nicole M. Hayes; Gavin L. Simpson; Peter R. Leavitt (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
Pollution with nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) impairs streams by favoring suspended algae and cyanobacteria over diatom‐rich periphyton. Recently, wastewater treatment plants have been upgraded to biological nutrient removal to eliminate both P and N (mainly NH 4 + ), although little is known of the effects of this effluent on flowing waters. Here, we used high performance liquid chromatography to quantify how the abundance and composition of phytoplankton and periphyton varied in response to both influx of effluent produced by biological nutrient removal and physico‐chemical conditions in small, turbid, P‐rich streams of the northern Great Plains. At the catchment scale, analysis with generalized additive models (GAMs) explained 40.5–62.6% of deviance in total phototroph abundance (as Chl a ) and 72.5–82.5% of deviance in community composition (as biomarker carotenoids) in both planktonic and benthic habitats when date‐ and site‐specific physico‐chemical parameters were used as predictors. In contrast, GAMs using wastewater input (as aqueous δ 15 N) as a predictor explained up to 50% of deviance in Chl a , and ~60% of deviance in community composition, in both suspended (51.6% of Chl a , 67.1% of composition) and attached communities (21.5% of Chl a , 58.8% of composition). Phytoplankton was replaced by periphyton within a 60‐km wastewater‐impacted reach due to dilution of streams by transparent effluent and addition of urban NO 3 − , although predominance of phytoplankton was re‐established after confluence with higher‐order streams. Overall, influx of effluent shifted turbid, phytoplankton‐rich streams to clear ecosystems with abundant epilithon by improving water transparency and providing NO 3 − to favor benthic diatoms and chlorophytes.

Evolution reverses the effect of network structure on metapopulation persistence - Lisa C. McManus; Eden Tekwa; Daniel E. Schindler; Timothy E. Walsworth; Madhavi A. Colton; Michael M. Webster; Timothy E. Essington; Daniel L. Forrest; Stephen R. Palumbi; Peter J. Mumby; Malin L. Pinsky (Ecology, 2021)
Global environmental change is challenging species with novel conditions, such that demographic and evolutionary trajectories of populations are often shaped by the exchange of organisms and alleles across landscapes. Current ecological theory predicts that random networks with dispersal shortcuts connecting distant sites can promote persistence when there is no capacity for evolution. Here, we show with an eco‐evolutionary model that dispersal shortcuts across environmental gradients instead hinder persistence for populations that can evolve because long‐distance migrants bring extreme trait values that are often maladaptive, short‐circuiting the adaptive response of populations to directional change. Our results demonstrate that incorporating evolution and environmental heterogeneity fundamentally alters theoretical predictions regarding persistence in ecological networks.

Modeling Seasonal Distribution of Irrawaddy Dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in a Transnational Important Marine Mammal Area - Gregory M. Verutes; Sarah E. Tubbs; Nick Selmes; Darren R. Clark; Peter Walker; Oliver Clements (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Fishing activities continue to decimate populations of marine mammals, fish, and their habitats in the coastal waters of the Kep Archipelago, a cluster of tropical islands on the Cambodia-Vietnam border. In 2019, the area was recognized as an Important Marine Mammal Area, largely owing to the significant presence of Irrawaddy dolphins ( Orcaella brevirostris ). Understanding habitat preferences and distribution aids in the identification of areas to target for monitoring and conservation, which is particularly challenging in data-limited nations of Southeast Asia. Here, we test the hypothesis that accurate seasonal habitat models, relying on environmental data and species occurrences alone, can be used to describe the ecological processes governing abundance for the resident dolphin population of the Kep Archipelago, Cambodia. Leveraging two years of species and oceanographic data—depth, slope, distance to shore and rivers, sea surface temperature, and chlorophyll-a concentration—we built temporally stratified models to estimate distribution and infer seasonal habitat importance. Overall, Irrawaddy dolphins of Kep displayed habitat preferences similar to other populations, and were predominately encountered in three situations: (1) water depths ranging from 3.0 to 5.3 m, (2) surface water temperatures of 27–32°C, and (3) in close proximity to offshore islands (< 7.5 km). With respect to seasonality, statistical tests detected significant differences for all environment variables considered except seafloor slope. Four predictor sets, each with a unique combination of variables, were used to map seasonal variation in dolphin habitat suitability. Models with highest variable importance scores were water depth, pre- and during monsoon season (61–62%), and sea surface temperature, post-monsoon (71%), which suggests that greater freshwater flow during the wet season may alter primary productivity and dolphin prey abundance. Importantly, findings show the majority of areas with highest habitat suitability are not currently surveyed for dolphins and located outside Kep’s Marine Fisheries Management Area. This research confirms the need to expand monitoring to new areas where high-impact fisheries and other human activities operate. Baseline knowledge on dolphin distribution can guide regional conservation efforts by taking into account the seasonality of the species and support the design of tailored management strategies that address transboundary threats to an Important Marine Mammal Area.

Manganese (hyper)accumulation within Australian Denhamia (Celastraceae): an assessment of the trait and manganese accumulation under controlled conditions - Farida Abubakari; Philip Nti Nkrumah; Peter D. Erskine; Gillian K. Brown; Denise R. Fernando; Guillaume Echevarria; Antony van der Ent (Plant and Soil, 2021)

Evaluation of a laboratory-based high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 antigen assay for non-COVID-19 patient screening at hospital admission - Friederike Häuser; Martin F. Sprinzl; Kim J. Dreis; Angelique Renzaho; Simon Youhanen; Wolfgang M. Kremer; Jürgen Podlech; Peter R. Galle; Karl J. Lackner; Heidi Rossmann; Niels A. Lemmermann (Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 2021)
Several rapid antigen tests (RATs) for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated recently. However, reliable performance data for laboratory-based, high-throughput antigen tests are lacking. Therefore and in response to a short-term shortage of PCR reagents, we evaluated DiaSorin's LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 antigen test in comparison to RT-qPCR, and concerning the application of screening non-COVID-19 patients on hospital admission. Applying the manufacturer-recommended cut-off of 200 arbitrary units (AU/mL) the specificity of the LIAISON Test was 100%, the overall analytical sensitivity 40.2%. Lowering the cut-off to 100 AU/mL increased the sensitivity to 49.7% and decreased the specificity to 98.3%. Confining the analysis to samples with an RT-qPCR result < 25 Ct resulted in a sensitivity of 91.2%. The quality of the LIAISON test is very similar to that of good RATs described in the literature with the advantage of high throughput and the disadvantage of relatively long analysis time. It passes the WHO quality criteria for rapid antigen tests and is characterized by particularly high specificity. The LIAISON test can therefore be used for the same applications as recommended for RATs by the WHO. Due to limited sensitivity, the LIAISON test should only be used for screening, if PCR-based assays are not available.

Toward a global reference database of COI barcodes for marine zooplankton - Ann Bucklin; Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg; Ksenia N. Kosobokova; Todd D. O’Brien; Leocadio Blanco-Bercial; Astrid Cornils; Tone Falkenhaug; Russell R. Hopcroft; Aino Hosia; Silke Laakmann; Chaolun Li; Luis Martell; et al. (Marine Biology, 2021)
Characterization of species diversity of zooplankton is key to understanding, assessing, and predicting the function and future of pelagic ecosystems throughout the global ocean. The marine zooplankton assemblage, including only metazoans, is highly diverse and taxonomically complex, with an estimated ~28,000 species of 41 major taxonomic groups. This review provides a comprehensive summary of DNA sequences for the barcode region of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) for identified specimens. The foundation of this summary is the MetaZooGene Barcode Atlas and Database (MZGdb), a new open-access data and metadata portal that is linked to NCBI GenBank and BOLD data repositories. The MZGdb provides enhanced quality control and tools for assembling COI reference sequence databases that are specific to selected taxonomic groups and/or ocean regions, with associated metadata (e.g., collection georeferencing, verification of species identification, molecular protocols), and tools for statistical analysis, mapping, and visualization. To date, over 150,000 COI sequences for ~ 5600 described species of marine metazoan plankton (including holo- and meroplankton) are available via the MZGdb portal. This review uses the MZGdb as a resource for summaries of COI barcode data and metadata for important taxonomic groups of marine zooplankton and selected regions, including the North Atlantic, Arctic, North Pacific, and Southern Oceans. The MZGdb is designed to provide a foundation for analysis of species diversity of marine zooplankton based on DNA barcoding and metabarcoding for assessment of marine ecosystems and rapid detection of the impacts of climate change.

Wi-fi related radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF): a pilot experimental study of personal exposure and risk perception - Berihun M. Zeleke; Christopher Brzozek; Chhavi R. Bhatt; Michael J. Abramson; Frederik Freudenstein; Rodney J. Croft; Peter Wiedemann; Geza Benke (Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 2021)
The impact of providing people with an objectively measured personal radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure information on the risk perception of people is not well understood. We conducted an experimental study, among three groups of participants, to investigate the risk perception of people towards RF-EMF from Wi-Fi sources (ISM 2.4 GHz) by providing participants with either basic text, precautionary information, or a summary of their personal RF-EMF exposure measurement levels. Participants provided with personal RF-EMF exposure measurement information were more confident in protecting themselves from RF-EMF exposure, compared to those provided with only basic information. Nonetheless, neither the exposure perception nor the risk perception of people to Wi-Fi related RF-EMF differed by the type of information provided. The measured Wi-Fi signal levels were far below international exposure limits. Furthermore, self-rated levels of personal RF-EMF exposure perception were not associated with objectively measured RF-EMF exposure levels. Providing people with objectively measured information may help them build confidence in protecting themselves from Wi-Fi related RF-EMF exposure.

A safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic study of a novel simvastatin silica-lipid hybrid formulation in healthy male participants - Tahlia R. Meola; Ahmad Y. Abuhelwa; Paul Joyce; Peter Clifton; Clive A. Prestidge (Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 2021)

Two efficient CRISPR/Cas9 systems for gene editing in soybean - Jéssica Carrijo; Eudald Illa-Berenguer; Peter LaFayette; Nathalia Torres; Francisco J. L. Aragão; Wayne Parrott; Giovanni R. Vianna (Transgenic Research, 2021)

The petrologic and degassing behavior of sulfur and other magmatic volatiles from the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea, Hawaiʻi: melt concentrations, magma storage depths, and magma recycling - Allan H. Lerner; Paul J. Wallace; Thomas Shea; Adrien J. Mourey; Peter J. Kelly; Patricia A. Nadeau; Tamar Elias; Christoph Kern; Laura E. Clor; Cheryl Gansecki; R. Lopaka Lee; Lowell R. Moore; et al. (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2021)

Analysis of satellite imagery using a simple algorithm supports evidence that Trichodesmium supplies a significant new nitrogen load to the GBR lagoon - Peter R. F. Bell (Ambio, 2021)

Time to rethink trophic levels in aquaculture policy - Richard S. Cottrell; Marc Metian; Halley E. Froehlich; Julia L. Blanchard; Nis Sand Jacobsen; Peter B. McIntyre; Kirsty L. Nash; David R. Williams; Lex Bouwman; Jessica A. Gephart; Caitlin D. Kuempel; Daniel D. Moran; et al. (Reviews in Aquaculture, 2021)
Aquaculture policy often promotes production of low‐trophic level species for sustainable industry growth. Yet, the application of the trophic level concept to aquaculture is complex, and its value for assessing sustainability is further complicated by continual reformulation of feeds. The majority of fed farmed fish and invertebrate species are produced using human‐made compound feeds that can differ markedly from the diet of the same species in the wild and continue to change in composition. Using data on aquaculture feeds, we show that technical advances have substantially decreased the mean effective trophic level of farmed species, such as salmon (mean TL = 3.48 to 2.42) and tilapia (2.32 to 2.06), from 1995 to 2015. As farmed species diverge in effective trophic level from their wild counterparts, they are coalescing at a similar effective trophic level due to standardisation of feeds. This pattern blurs the interpretation of trophic level in aquaculture because it can no longer be viewed as a trait of the farmed species, but rather is a dynamic feature of the production system. Guidance based on wild trophic position or historical resource use is therefore misleading. Effective aquaculture policy needs to avoid overly simplistic sustainability indicators such as trophic level. Instead, employing empirically derived metrics based on the specific farmed properties of species groups, management techniques and advances in feed formulation will be crucial for achieving truly sustainable options for farmed seafood.

A palynological perspective on the impacts of European contact: Historic deforestation, ranching and agriculture surrounding the Cuchumatanes Highlands, Guatemala - William J. Harvey; Sandra Nogué; Nathan Stansell; Carole Adolf; Peter R. Long; Kathy Willis (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2021)
The Spanish conquest of the Cuchumatanes Highlands (1524–1541 ce ) led to dramatic land use changes adhering to colonial practices and values, which included the rearing of livestock, agriculture, timber extraction, mining, and the relocation of indigenous populations to new settlements. These changes are often recorded in historical accounts and official records; however, these are sparse, incomplete, and have been lost over the passage of time. Here, we present a high-resolution palaeoenvironmental reconstruction for Cenote Kail (Guatemala) since the Spanish Conquest, to provide additional evidence of land use changes from an integrated multi-proxy perspective. We analysed: (i) fossil pollen; (ii) macroscopic and microscopic charcoal; and (iii) dung fungal spores ( Sporormiella ) from a lake sediment core extracted from Cenote Kail in the Cuchumatanes highlands, combining these analyses with remotely sensed satellite data. We reconstructed: (i) forest composition and dynamics; (ii) burning, (iii) fauna abundance, and (iv) agricultural activities. High resolution age-depth modelling was conducted using a combination of 210 Pb and 14 C dates. The high temporal resolution enabled a novel integrated validation of the charcoal data sets with remotely sensed satellite data and the historical record. Three stages of floral compositional change were discerned from the palynological assemblage data encompassing: (i) the decline of mixed hard wood forests (MHWF), associated with the building of new settlements, agriculture and timber extraction for fuel (1550–1675 ce ); (ii) pastoral expansions involving the rearing of livestock (1700–1800 ce ); and (iii) the expansions of urban settlements and increasing management of the land (1821–2015 ce ). Seed predation is suggested as the dominant factor preventing MHWF from re-establishing in the Cuchumatanes Highlands over the past 500 years. Burning is limited locally and regionally and in line with the modern regime, which suggests that fire has been managed and controlled since European contact.

Genetic parameters, phenotypic and genetic trends of litter size on different breeds of goats in Egypt - A. Abd El-Halim Heba; H. R. Metawi; A. S. Adenaike; M. El-Komy Shimma; M. R. Anous; O. Peters Sunday; A. S. Khattab (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2021)

Correction to: Coupled beta diversity patterns among coral reef benthic taxa - Jamie M. McDevitt-Irwin; Carrie Kappel; Alastair R. Harborne; Peter J. Mumby; Daniel R. Brumbaugh; Fiorenza Micheli (Oecologia, 2021)

Investigating the effects of healthy cognitive aging on brain functional connectivity using 4.7 T resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging - Stanislau Hrybouski; Ivor Cribben; John McGonigle; Fraser Olsen; Rawle Carter; Peter Seres; Christopher R. Madan; Nikolai V. Malykhin (Brain Structure and Function, 2021)

The extent and variability of storm‐induced temperature changes in lakes measured with long‐term and high‐frequency data - Jonathan P. Doubek; Orlane Anneville; Gaël Dur; Aleksandra M. Lewandowska; Vijay P. Patil; James A. Rusak; Nico Salmaso; Christian Torsten Seltmann; Dietmar Straile; Pablo Urrutia‐Cordero; Patrick Venail; Rita Adrian; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
The intensity and frequency of storms are projected to increase in many regions of the world because of climate change. Storms can alter environmental conditions in many ecosystems. In lakes and reservoirs, storms can reduce epilimnetic temperatures from wind‐induced mixing with colder hypolimnetic waters, direct precipitation to the lake's surface, and watershed runoff. We analyzed 18 long‐term and high‐frequency lake datasets from 11 countries to assess the magnitude of wind‐ vs. rainstorm‐induced changes in epilimnetic temperature. We found small day‐to‐day epilimnetic temperature decreases in response to strong wind and heavy rain during stratified conditions. Day‐to‐day epilimnetic temperature decreased, on average, by 0.28°C during the strongest windstorms (storm mean daily wind speed among lakes: 6.7 ± 2.7 m s −1 , 1 SD) and by 0.15°C after the heaviest rainstorms (storm mean daily rainfall: 21.3 ± 9.0 mm). The largest decreases in epilimnetic temperature were observed ≥2 d after sustained strong wind or heavy rain (top 5 th percentile of wind and rain events for each lake) in shallow and medium‐depth lakes. The smallest decreases occurred in deep lakes. Epilimnetic temperature change from windstorms, but not rainstorms, was negatively correlated with maximum lake depth. However, even the largest storm‐induced mean epilimnetic temperature decreases were typically

A coastal N 2 fixation hotspot at the Cape Hatteras front: Elucidating spatial heterogeneity in diazotroph activity via supervised machine learning - Corday R. Selden; P. Dreux Chappell; Sophie Clayton; Alfonso Macías‐Tapia; Peter W. Bernhardt; Margaret R. Mulholland (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
In the North Atlantic Ocean, dinitrogen (N 2 ) fixation on the western continental shelf represents a significant fraction of basin‐wide nitrogen (N) inputs. However, the factors regulating coastal N 2 fixation remain poorly understood, in part due to sharp physico‐chemical gradients and dynamic water mass interactions that are difficult to constrain via traditional oceanographic approaches. This study sought to characterize the spatial heterogeneity of N 2 fixation on the western North Atlantic shelf, at the confluence of Mid‐ and South Atlantic Bight shelf waters and the Gulf Stream, in August 2016. Rates were quantified using the 15 N 2 bubble release method and used to build empirical models of regional N 2 fixation via a random forest machine learning approach. N 2 fixation rates were then predicted from high‐resolution CTD and satellite data to infer the variability of its depth and surface distributions, respectively. Our findings suggest that the frontal mixing zone created conditions conducive to exceptionally high N 2 fixation rates (> 100 nmol N L −1 d −1 ), which were likely driven by the haptophyte‐symbiont UCYN‐A. Above and below this hotspot, N 2 fixation rates were highest on the shelf due to the high particulate N concentrations there. Conversely, specific N 2 uptake rates, a biomass‐independent metric for diazotroph activity, were enhanced in the oligotrophic slope waters. Broadly, these observations suggest that N 2 fixation is favored offshore but occurs continuously across the shelf. Nevertheless, our model results indicate that there is a niche for diazotrophs along the coastline as phytoplankton populations begin to decline, likely due to exhaustion of coastal nutrients.

Toward resolving disparate accounts of the extent and magnitude of nitrogen fixation in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific oxygen deficient zone - Corday R. Selden; Margaret R. Mulholland; Brittany Widner; Peter Bernhardt; Amal Jayakumar (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
Examination of dinitrogen (N 2 ) fixation in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific oxygen deficient zone has raised questions about the range of diazotrophs in the deep sea and their quantitative importance as a source of new nitrogen globally. However, technical considerations in the deployment of stable isotopes in quantifying N 2 fixation rates have complicated interpretation of this research. Here, we report the findings of a comprehensive survey of N 2 fixation within, above and below the Eastern Tropical South Pacific oxygen deficient zone. N 2 fixation rates were measured using a robust 15 N tracer method (bubble removal) that accounts for the slow dissolution of N 2 gas and calculated using a conservative approach. N 2 fixation was only detected in a subset of samples (8 of 125 replicated measurements) collected within suboxic waters ( μ mol O 2 kg −1 ) or at the oxycline. Most of these detectable rates were measured at nearshore stations, or where surface productivity was high. These findings support the hypothesis that low oxygen/high organic carbon conditions favor non‐cyanobacterial diazotrophs. Nevertheless, this study indicates that N 2 fixation is neither widespread nor quantitatively important throughout this region.

Molecular phylogeography reveals two geographically and temporally separated floristic exchange tracks between Southeast Asia and northern Australia - Elizabeth M. Joyce; Caroline M. Pannell; Maurizio Rossetto; Jia‐Yee S. Yap; Kevin R. Thiele; Peter D. Wilson; Darren M. Crayn (Journal of Biogeography, 2021)
Aim Exchange of plant lineages between Australia and Southeast Asia has had a substantial impact on the evolution of Australia's northern, tropical flora, with important ramifications for its conservation and biosecurity. Despite this, floristic exchange tracks between northern Australia and Southeast Asia remain poorly understood. To address this, we conducted a molecular phylogeographic case study to identify exchange tracks between Australia and Southeast Asia. Location India, Southeast Asia, Australia and Pacific islands. Taxon The widespread tropical monsoonal tree species Aglaia elaeagnoidea (Meliaceae). Methods We conducted a DArTseq phylogeographic study of 141 herbarium and silica‐dried samples sourced from across the range of A. elaeagnoidea . We analysed 176,331 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 90,456 loci using multivariate, admixture, genetic differentiation and coalescent methods to characterise phylogeographic and phylogenetic patterns. These analyses were considered in the context of an environmental niche model for the last glacial maximum. Results Two exchange tracks were identified: one from New Guinea to Cape York Peninsula in north‐east Australia, and a second from Timor‐Leste to the Kimberley Plateau of north‐west Australia. The Cape York Peninsula track is contemporary, characterised by ongoing genetic exchange, whereas the Kimberley Plateau track is historic, facilitated by multiple past exposures of the Arafura Shelf during the Pleistocene. Overall, we suggest that phylogeographic patterns of A. elaeagnoidea have resulted from a combination of repeated range expansion and contraction cycles concurrent with Quaternary climate fluctuations and stochastic dispersal events. Main conclusions This study provides the first molecular phylogeographic evidence for two floristic exchange tracks between northern Australia and Southeast Asia. It also highlights the influence of Quaternary climate fluctuations on the complex biogeography of the region, and supports the idea that the Kimberley Plateau and Cape York Peninsula in northern Australia have separate biogeographic histories.

Using the Schmahmann Syndrome Scale to Assess Cognitive Impairment in Young Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: a Hypothesis-Generating Report - Eithan Kotkowski; Larry R. Price; Cheasequah J. Blevins; Crystal G. Franklin; Mary D. Woolsey; Ralph A. DeFronzo; John Blangero; Ravindranath Duggirala; David C. Glahn; Jeremy D. Schmahmann; Peter T. Fox (The Cerebellum, 2021)

Towards systematic nomenclature for cell-free DNA - Abel J. Bronkhorst; Vida Ungerer; Frank Diehl; Philippe Anker; Yuval Dor; Michael Fleischhacker; Peter B. Gahan; Lisa Hui; Stefan Holdenrieder; Alain R. Thierry (Human Genetics, 2021)
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has become widely recognized as a promising candidate biomarker for minimally invasive characterization of various genomic disorders and other clinical scenarios. However, among the obstacles that currently challenge the general progression of the research field, there remains an unmet need for unambiguous universal cfDNA nomenclature. To address this shortcoming, we classify in this report the different types of cfDNA molecules that occur in the human body based on its origin, genetic traits, and locality. We proceed by assigning existing terms to each of these cfDNA subtypes, while proposing new terms and abbreviations where clarity is lacking and more precise stratification would be beneficial. We then suggest the proper usage of these terms within different contexts and scenarios, focusing mainly on the nomenclature as it relates to the domains of oncology, prenatal testing, and post-transplant surgery surveillance. We hope that these recommendations will serve as useful considerations towards the establishment of universal cfDNA nomenclature in the future. In addition, it is conceivable that many of these recommendations can be transposed to cell-free RNA nomenclature by simply exchanging “DNA” with “RNA” in each acronym/abbreviation. Similarly, when describing DNA and RNA collectively, the suffix can be replaced with “NAs” to indicate nucleic acids.

Sources of auriferous fluids associated with a Neoarchean BIF-hosted orogenic gold deposit revealed by the multiple sulfur isotopic compositions of zoned pyrites - Li Liu; Trevor R. Ireland; Peter Holden; Janaina Ávila; Paulo Vasconcelos; John Mavrogenes (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2021)

Experimental evidence of minimal effects on octocoral hosts caused by the introduced ophiuroid Ophiothela mirabilis - Peter W. Glynn; Phillip R. Gillette; Kyle Dettloff; Joshua Dominguez; Nicolas Martinez; Julie Gross; Bernhard M. Riegl (Coral Reefs, 2021)

The palaeoendemic conifer Pherosphaera hookeriana (Podocarpaceae) exhibits high genetic diversity despite Quaternary range contraction and post glacial bottlenecking - James R. P. Worth; James R. Marthick; Peter A. Harrison; Shota Sakaguchi; Gregory J. Jordan (Conservation Genetics, 2021)

Neural Modulation in Approach-Avoidance Conflicts in Externalizing Psychopathology - Allison J. Lake; Peter R. Finn; Thomas W. James (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2021)

Tracing the origins of recent Queensland fruit fly incursions into South Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand - Ángel-David Popa-Báez; Siu Fai Lee; Heng Lin Yeap; Guy Westmore; Peter Crisp; Dongmei Li; Renee Catullo; Emilie C. Cameron; Owain R. Edwards; Phillip W. Taylor; John G. Oakeshott (Biological Invasions, 2021)

Synergistic effects of harvest and climate drive synchronous somatic growth within key New Zealand fisheries - John R. Morrongiello; Peter L. Horn; Caoimhghin Ó Maolagáin; Philip J. H. Sutton (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Fisheries harvest has pervasive impacts on wild fish populations, including the truncation of size and age structures, altered population dynamics and density, and modified habitat and assemblage composition. Understanding the degree to which harvest‐induced impacts increase the sensitivity of individuals, populations and ultimately species to environmental change is essential to ensuring sustainable fisheries management in a rapidly changing world. Here we generated multiple long‐term (44–62 years), annually resolved, somatic growth chronologies of four commercially important fishes from New Zealand's coastal and shelf waters. We used these novel data to investigate how regional‐ and basin‐scale environmental variability, in concert with fishing activity, affected individual somatic growth rates and the magnitude of spatial synchrony among stocks. Changes in somatic growth can affect individual fitness and a range of population and fishery metrics such as recruitment success, maturation schedules and stock biomass. Across all species, individual growth benefited from a fishing‐induced release of density controls. For nearshore snapper and tarakihi, regional‐scale wind and temperature also additively affected growth, indicating that future climate change‐induced warming and potentially strengthened winds will initially promote the productivity of more poleward populations. Fishing increased the sensitivity of deep‐water hoki and ling growth to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). A forecast shift to a positive IPO phase, in concert with current harvest strategies, will likely promote individual hoki and ling growth. At the species level, historical fishing practices and IPO synergized to strengthen spatial synchrony in average growth between stocks separated by 400–600 nm of ocean. Increased spatial synchrony can, however, increase the vulnerability of stocks to deleterious stochastic events. Together, our individual‐ and species‐level results show how fishing and environmental factors can conflate to initially promote individual growth but then possibly heighten the sensitivity of stocks to environmental change.

Comparison of Oyster Aquaculture Methods and Their Potential to Enhance Microbial Nitrogen Removal From Coastal Ecosystems - Paraskevi Mara; Virginia P. Edgcomb; Taylor R. Sehein; David Beaudoin; Chuck Martinsen; Christina Lovely; Bridget Belcher; Rebecca Cox; Meghan Curran; Claire Farnan; Peter Giannini; Sarah Lott; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Coastal ecosystems are impacted by excessive nutrient inputs that cause degradation of water quality and impairments of ecosystem functioning. Regulatory and management efforts to enhance nutrient export from coastal ecosystems include sustainable oyster aquaculture that removes nitrogen in the form of oyster biomass and increases particulate export to underlying sediments where increased organic material may enhance microbial denitrification. To better understand the impacts of oyster aquaculture on nitrogen removal, we examined bacterial processes in sediments underlying three of the most common aquaculture methods that vary in the proximity of oysters to the sediments. Sediment samples underlying sites managed with these different aquaculture methods were examined using the 16S rRNA gene to assess microbial community structure, gene expression analyses to examine nitrogen and sulfur cycling genes, and nitrogen gas flux measurements. All sites were located in the same hydrodynamic setting within Waquoit Bay, MA during 2018 and 2019. Although sediments under the different oyster farming practices showed similar communities, ordination analysis revealed discrete community groups formed along the sampling season. Measured N 2 fluxes and expression of key genes involved in denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) increased during mid-summer and into fall in both years primarily under bottom cages. While all three oyster growing methods enhanced nitrogen removal relative to the control site, gene expression data indicate that the nitrogen retaining process of DNRA is particularly enhanced after end of July under bottom cages, and to a lesser extent, under suspended and floating bags. The choice of gear can also potentially increase processes that induce nitrogen retention in the form of ammonia in the underlying sediments over time, thus causing deviations from predicted nitrogen removal. If nitrogen removal is a primary objective, monitoring for these shifts is essential for making decisions about siting and size of aquaculture sites from year to year.

Thrombin generation and activity in multiple sclerosis - Kelley R. Jordan; Ivan Parra-Izquierdo; András Gruber; Joseph J. Shatzel; Peter Pham; Larry S. Sherman; Owen J. T. McCarty; Norah G. Verbout (Metabolic Brain Disease, 2021)

Effects of climate change and industrialization on Lake Bolshoe Toko, eastern Siberia - Boris K. Biskaborn; Biljana Narancic; Kathleen R. Stoof-Leichsenring; Lyudmila A. Pestryakova; Peter G. Appleby; Gayane T. Piliposian; Bernhard Diekmann (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2021)
Industrialization in the Northern Hemisphere has led to warming and pollution of natural ecosystems. We used paleolimnological methods to explore whether recent climate change and/or pollution had affected a very remote lake ecosystem, i.e. one without nearby direct human influence. We compared sediment samples that date from before and after the onset of industrialization in the mid-nineteenth century, from four short cores taken at water depths between 12.1 and 68.3 m in Lake Bolshoe Toko, eastern Siberia. We analyzed diatom assemblage changes, including diversity estimates, in all four cores and geochemical changes (mercury, nitrogen, organic carbon) from one core taken at an intermediate water depth. Chronologies for two cores were established using 210 Pb and 137 Cs. Sedimentation rates were 0.018 and 0.033 cm year −1 at the shallow- and deep-water sites, respectively. We discovered an increase in light planktonic diatoms ( Cyclotella ) and a decrease in heavily silicified euplanktonic Aulacoseira through time at deep-water sites, related to more recent warmer air temperatures and shorter periods of lake-ice cover, which led to pronounced thermal stratification. Diatom beta diversity in shallow-water communities changed significantly because of the development of new habitats associated with macrophyte growth. Mercury concentrations increased by a factor of 1.6 since the mid-nineteenth century as a result of atmospheric fallout. Recent increases in the chrysophyte Mallomonas in all cores suggested an acidification trend. We conclude that even remote boreal lakes are susceptible to the effects of climate change and human-induced pollution.

Correction to: Addition of nectar sources affects a parasitoid community without improving pest suppression - Jacob H. Miall; Paul K. Abram; Naomi Cappuccino; Andrew M. R. Bennett; José L. Fernández-Triana; Gary A. P. Gibson; Peter G. Mason (Journal of Pest Science, 2021)

Addition of nectar sources affects a parasitoid community without improving pest suppression - Jacob H. Miall; Paul K. Abram; Naomi Cappuccino; Andrew M. R. Bennett; José L. Fernández-Triana; Gary A. P. Gibson; Peter G. Mason (Journal of Pest Science, 2021)

Small invertebrates in bivalve-cultivated and unmodified habitats of nearshore ecosystems - Stuart H. Munsch; Julie S. Barber; Jeffery R. Cordell; Peter M. Kiffney; Beth L. Sanderson; Jason D. Toft (Hydrobiologia, 2021)
Many nearshore ecosystems are modified by aquaculture, including bivalve culture to produce food and restore extirpated populations. Small invertebrates in nearshore ecosystems support fundamental ecological processes, but the effects of bivalve culture on invertebrates are incompletely understood. Here, we compared invertebrate assemblages from multiple studies of bivalve-cultivated and unmodified nearshore habitats along the US west coast. In general, unmodified eelgrass and nearby off-bottom culture habitats with eelgrass present were inhabited by a greater abundance, richness, and diversity of epibenthic invertebrates than bottom culture and bare (mud, sand) habitats that both lacked eelgrass. Findings of individual studies suggested: minor differences in epibenthic invertebrate assemblages associated with various aquaculture practices; restoring native oysters to mudflats did not detectably alter epibenthic invertebrate abundances; epibenthic invertebrates were more abundant on shell hash introduced to mudflats than unmodified mudflats; and benthic invertebrates were less abundant, rich, and diverse in habitats cultured on bottom by Manila clams. Considering the range of these patterns, there appears to be potential for coastal communities to restore extirpated bivalve populations or develop bivalve culture practices that meet objectives to grow food while maintaining nearshore ecosystems’ fundamental processes supported by robust invertebrate assemblages.

Susan Lynn Williams: the Life of an Exceptional Scholar, Leader, and Friend (1951–2018) - William C. Dennison; Matthew E. S. Bracken; Maria Brown; John F. Bruno; James T. Carlton; Robert C. Carpenter; Tim J. B. Carruthers; Megan N. Dethier; Carlos M. Duarte; Thomas R. Fisher; James W. Fourqurean; Richard K. Grosberg; et al. (Estuaries and Coasts, 2021)
Susan Lynn Williams (1951–2018) was an exceptional marine ecologist whose research focused broadly on the ecology of benthic nearshore environments dominated by seagrasses, seaweeds, and coral reefs. She took an empirical approach founded in techniques of physiological ecology. Susan was committed to applying her research results to ocean management through outreach to decision-makers and resource managers. Susan’s career included research throughout the USA in tropical, temperate, and polar regions, but she specialized in tropical marine ecology. Susan’s scholarship, leadership, and friendship touched many people, leading to this multi-authored paper. Susan’s scholarship was multi-faceted, and she excelled in scientific discovery, integration of scientific results, application of science for conservation, and teaching, especially as a mentor to undergraduate and graduate students and postdoctoral scholars. Susan served in a variety of leadership positions throughout her career. She embodied all facets of leadership; leading by example, listening to others, committing to the “long haul,” maintaining trust, and creating a platform for all to shine. Susan was an important role model for women in science. Susan was also a loyal friend, maintaining friendships for many decades. Susan loved cooking and entertaining with friends. This paper provides an overview of the accomplishments of Susan in the broad categories of scholarship, leadership, and friendship.

Modeling and Optimization of Multi-functional Ammonia Slip Catalysts for Diesel Exhaust Aftertreatment - Thomas Klint Torp; Brian Brun Hansen; Peter N. R. Vennestrøm; Ton V. W. Janssens; Anker Degn Jensen (Emission Control Science and Technology, 2021)

Indicators of climate change impacts on the water cycle and water management - Christa D. Peters-Lidard; Kevin C. Rose; Julie E. Kiang; Michael L. Strobel; Michael L. Anderson; Aaron R. Byrd; Michael J. Kolian; Levi D. Brekke; Derek S. Arndt (Climatic Change, 2021)

Men’s experiences of radiotherapy treatment for localized prostate cancer and its long-term treatment side effects: a longitudinal qualitative study - E. Sutton; J. A. Lane; M. Davis; E. I. Walsh; D. E. Neal; F. C. Hamdy; M. Mason; J. Staffurth; R. M. Martin; C. Metcalfe; T. J. Peters; J. L. Donovan; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2021)
Purpose To investigate men’s experiences of receiving external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with neoadjuvant Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) for localized prostate cancer (LPCa) in the ProtecT trial. Methods A longitudinal qualitative interview study was embedded in the ProtecT RCT. Sixteen men with clinically LPCa who underwent EBRT in ProtecT were purposively sampled to include a range of socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. They participated in serial in-depth qualitative interviews for up to 8 years post-treatment, exploring experiences of treatment and its side effects over time. Results Men experienced bowel, sexual, and urinary side effects, mostly in the short term but some persisted and were bothersome. Most men downplayed the impacts, voicing expectations of age-related decline, and normalizing these changes. There was some reticence to seek help, with men prioritizing their relationships and overall health and well-being over returning to pretreatment levels of function. Some unmet needs with regard to information about treatment schedules and side effects were reported, particularly among men with continuing functional symptoms. Conclusions These findings reinforce the importance of providing universal clear, concise, and timely information and supportive resources in the short term, and more targeted and detailed information and care in the longer term to maintain and improve treatment experiences for men undergoing EBRT.

The ambiguity of environmental disasters - Peter R. Mulvihill (Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 2021)

Spatial population genomics of a recent mosquito invasion - Thomas L. Schmidt; Tom Swan; Jessica Chung; Stephan Karl; Samuel Demok; Qiong Yang; Matt A Field; Mutizwa Odwell Muzari; Gerhard Ehlers; Mathew Brugh; Rodney Bellwood; Peter Horne; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
Population genomic approaches can characterize dispersal across a single generation through to many generations in the past, bridging the gap between individual movement and intergenerational gene flow. These approaches are particularly useful when investigating dispersal in recently altered systems, where they provide a way of inferring long‐distance dispersal between newly established populations and their interactions with existing populations. Human‐mediated biological invasions represent such altered systems which can be investigated with appropriate study designs and analyses. Here we apply temporally restricted sampling and a range of population genomic approaches to investigate dispersal in a 2004 invasion of Aedes albopictus (the Asian tiger mosquito) in the Torres Strait Islands (TSI) of Australia. We sampled mosquitoes from 13 TSI villages simultaneously and genotyped 373 mosquitoes at genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): 331 from the TSI, 36 from Papua New Guinea (PNG) and four incursive mosquitoes detected in uninvaded regions. Within villages, spatial genetic structure varied substantially but overall displayed isolation by distance and a neighbourhood size of 232–577. Close kin dyads revealed recent movement between islands 31–203 km apart, and deep learning inferences showed incursive Ae. albopictus had travelled to uninvaded regions from both adjacent and nonadjacent islands. Private alleles and a co‐ancestry matrix indicated direct gene flow from PNG into nearby islands. Outlier analyses also detected four linked alleles introgressed from PNG, with the alleles surrounding 12 resistance‐associated cytochrome P450 genes. By treating dispersal as both an intergenerational process and a set of discrete events, we describe a highly interconnected invasive system.

Arctic chironomids of the northwest North Atlantic reflect environmental and biogeographic gradients - Andrew S. Medeiros; Đurađ Milošević; Donna R. Francis; Eleanor Maddison; Sarah Woodroffe; Antony Long; Ian R. Walker; Ladislav Hamerlík; Roberto Quinlan; Peter Langdon; Klaus P. Brodersen; Yarrow Axford (Journal of Biogeography, 2021)
Aim While we understand broad climate drivers of insect distributions throughout the Arctic, less is known about the role of spatial processes in determining these relationships. As such, there is a need to understand how spatial controls may influence our interpretations of chironomid environment relationships. Here, we evaluated whether the distribution of chironomids followed spatial gradients, or were primarily controlled by environmental factors. Location Eastern Canadian Arctic, Greenland, Iceland. Taxon Non‐biting midges (Chironomidae). Methods We examined chironomid assemblages from 239 lakes in the western North Atlantic Arctic region (specifically from the Arctic Archipelago of Canada, two parts of west Greenland (the southwest and central west) and northwest Iceland). We used a combination of unconstrained ordination (Self Organizing Maps); a simple method with only one data matrix (community data), and constrained ordination (Redundancy Analysis); a canonical ordination with two datasets where we extracted structure of community related to environmental data. These methods allowed us to model chironomid assemblages across a large bioregional dimension and identify specific differences between regions that were defined by common taxa represented across all regions in high frequencies, as well as rare taxa distinctive to each region found in low frequencies. We then evaluated the relative importance of spatial processes versus local environmental factors. Results We find that environmental controls explained the largest amount of variation in chironomid assemblages within each region, and that spatial controls are only significant when crossing between regions. Broad‐scale biogeographic effects on chironomid distributions are reflected by the distinct differences among chironomid assemblages of Iceland, central‐west Greenland, and eastern Canada, defined by the presence of certain common and low‐frequency, rare taxa for each region. Environmental gradients, especially temperature, defined species distributions within each region, whereas spatial processes combine with environmental gradients in determining what mix of species characterizes each broad and geographically distinct island region in our study. Main conclusions While biogeographic context is important for defining interpretations of environmental controls on species distributions, the primary control on distributions within regions is environmental. These influences are fundamentally important for reconstructing past environmental change and better understanding historical distributions of these insect indicators.

Biogeochemical and ecological variability during the late summer–early autumn transition at an ice‐floe drift station in the Central Arctic Ocean - Nicole L. Schanke; Francesco Bolinesi; Olga Mangoni; Christian Katlein; Philipp Anhaus; Mario Hoppmann; Peter A. Lee; Giacomo R. DiTullio (Limnology and Oceanography, 2021)
As the annual expanse of Arctic summer ice‐cover steadily decreases, concomitant biogeochemical and ecological changes in this region are likely to occur. Because the Central Arctic Ocean is often nutrient and light limited, it is essential to understand how environmental changes will affect productivity, phytoplankton species composition, and ensuing changes in biogeochemistry in the region. During the transition from late summer to early autumn, water column sampling of various biogeochemical parameters was conducted along an ice‐floe drift station near the North Pole. Our results show that as the upper water column stratification weakened during the late summer–early autumn transition, nutrient concentrations, particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP p ) levels, photosynthetic efficiency, and biological productivity, as estimated by ΔO 2 /Ar ratios, all decreased. Chemotaxonomic (CHEMTAX) analysis of phytoplankton pigments revealed a taxonomically diverse picoautotrophic community, with chlorophyll (Chl) c 3 ‐containing flagellates and the prasinophyte, Pyramimonas spp., as the most abundant groups, comprising ~ 30% and 20% of the total Chl a (TChl a ) biomass, respectively. In contrast to previous studies, the picoprasinophyte, Micromonas spp., represented only 5% to 10% of the TChl a biomass. Of the nine taxonomic groups identified, DMSP p was most closely associated with Pyramimonas spp., a Chl b ‐containing species not usually considered a high DMSP producer. As the extent and duration of open, ice‐free waters in the Central Arctic Ocean progressively increases, we suggest that enhanced light transmission could potentially expand the ecological niche of Pyramimonas spp. in the region.

Monitoring water status in apple trees using a sensitive morning crop water stress index* - Abdelmoneim Z. Mohamed; Yasin Osroosh; R. Troy Peters; Travis Bates; Colin S. Campbell; Francesc Ferrer‐Alegre (Irrigation and Drainage, 2021)
The crop water stress index (CWSI) has shown to be a good indicator of water status in fruit trees. Conventional CWSI measured over solar noon is widely used to monitor plant water status. This study compared the theoretical CWSI averaged over morning hours, CWSI mo , and over solar noon hours, CWSI md , of apple trees. This study also assessed their sensitivity to the changes in soil water status (soil water deficit [SWD, %] and soil water potential [SWP, kPa]) at different root zone depths. Four different types of commercial and experimental apple orchards with different characteristics growing under semi‐arid conditions in Washington State, United States, were chosen to assess CWSI mo against CWSI md sensitivity to soil water status. In some of these locations, soil water status ranged from fully watered to severely stressed (low water deficit to high water deficit). Ground‐based thermal and microclimate measurements were recorded continuously at 10‐s intervals and acquired for the 15‐min average on a daily basis throughout the study period. The linear relationship between SWD and CWSI mo at the effective root zone depth (average of 0–150 mm and 0–460 mm) resulted in a slightly higher correlation ( R 2 = 0.42–0.64, p md ( R 2 = 0.32–0.60, p mo and SWP ( R 2 = 0.38–0.69, p mo and SWD, while SWP was less correlated with CWSI md ( R 2 = 0.33–0.55, p mo and CWSI md was observed using a nadir view orientation thermal measurement. The CWSI mo showed higher sensitivity to SWP than SWD.

Resource‐use, body condition and parasite load metrics indicate contrasting health of stocked and native game fishes in Canadian prairie lakes - Lushani Nanayakkara; Elizabeth R. Starks; Ryan N. Cooper; Sydney Chow; Peter R. Leavitt; Björn Wissel (Fisheries Management and Ecology, 2021)
This study evaluated the status of native and stocked fish species in 13 prairie lakes in central Canada over eight years (2007–14) using three metrics: resource‐use (benthic versus pelagic carbon via stable isotopes); body condition (relative weight index W r ); and parasite load (cestode gut enumerations). Analyses included game and non‐game fishes, like naturally occurring northern pike, Esox lucius L., and yellow perch, Perca flavescens Mitchill, but focused on stocked walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill) because it supports a robust recreational fishery. Walleye and northern pike were significantly more reliant on benthic carbon than yellow perch or forage fishes ( p r 2 = 0.93, p p

Interspecific competition between resident and wintering birds: experimental evidence and consequences of coexistence - Luke L. Powell; Elizabeth M. Ames; James R. Wright; Jason Matthiopoulos; Peter P. Marra (Ecology, 2021)
The contribution of interspecific competition to structuring population and community dynamics remains controversial and poorly tested. Interspecific competition has long been thought to influence the structure of migrant–resident bird communities in winter, yet experimental evidence remains elusive. The arrival of billions of songbirds into Neotropical habitats, where they co‐exist with residents, provides a unique opportunity to assess interspecific competition and its consequences. Working in 15 ha of Jamaican black mangrove forest, we used removal experiments to test whether dominant resident Yellow Warblers compete interspecifically with subordinate wintering American Redstarts; we also used observational evidence (interspecific territorial overlap) to understand whether this coexistence influences physical condition, spring departure dates or annual return rates. Consistent with interspecific competition, after experimental removal of the resident, yearling male Redstarts (but not females or adult males) immediately moved into vacated Yellow Warbler territories, increasing their overlap with the space by 7.3%. Yearling Redstarts also appeared to adjust their territorial space use by actively avoiding Yellow Warblers; for example, Redstarts departing the wintering grounds as yearlings and returning the following winter shifted such that their territories overlapped 32% less with those of Yellow Warblers. Adult Redstarts showed no such territorial flexibility. Adult male Redstarts also showed evidence supporting the consequences of coexistence: territorial overlap with Yellow Warblers was negatively correlated with body condition and annual return rates. Adult male Redstarts with

Extreme Levels of Ocean Acidification Restructure the Plankton Community and Biogeochemistry of a Temperate Coastal Ecosystem: A Mesocosm Study - Carsten Spisla; Jan Taucher; Lennart T. Bach; Mathias Haunost; Tim Boxhammer; Andrew L. King; Bettany D. Jenkins; Joselynn R. Wallace; Andrea Ludwig; Jana Meyer; Paul Stange; Fabrizio Minutolo; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
The oceans’ uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) decreases seawater pH and alters the inorganic carbon speciation – summarized in the term ocean acidification (OA). Already today, coastal regions experience episodic pH events during which surface layer pH drops below values projected for the surface ocean at the end of the century. Future OA is expected to further enhance the intensity of these coastal extreme pH events. To evaluate the influence of such episodic OA events in coastal regions, we deployed eight pelagic mesocosms for 53 days in Raunefjord, Norway, and enclosed 56–61 m 3 of local seawater containing a natural plankton community under nutrient limited post-bloom conditions. Four mesocosms were enriched with CO 2 to simulate extreme p CO 2 levels of 1978 – 2069 μatm while the other four served as untreated controls. Here, we present results from multivariate analyses on OA-induced changes in the phyto-, micro-, and mesozooplankton community structure. Pronounced differences in the plankton community emerged early in the experiment, and were amplified by enhanced top-down control throughout the study period. The plankton groups responding most profoundly to high CO 2 conditions were cyanobacteria (negative), chlorophyceae (negative), auto- and heterotrophic microzooplankton (negative), and a variety of mesozooplanktonic taxa, including copepoda (mixed), appendicularia (positive), hydrozoa (positive), fish larvae (positive), and gastropoda (negative). The restructuring of the community coincided with significant changes in the concentration and elemental stoichiometry of particulate organic matter. Results imply that extreme CO 2 events can lead to a substantial reorganization of the planktonic food web, affecting multiple trophic levels from phytoplankton to primary and secondary consumers.

Seagrass Recovery Following Marine Heat Wave Influences Sediment Carbon Stocks - Lillian R. Aoki; Karen J. McGlathery; Patricia L. Wiberg; Matthew P. J. Oreska; Amelie C. Berger; Peter Berg; Robert J. Orth (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Worldwide, seagrass meadows accumulate significant stocks of organic carbon (C), known as “blue” carbon, which can remain buried for decades to centuries. However, when seagrass meadows are disturbed, these C stocks may be remineralized, leading to significant CO 2 emissions. Increasing ocean temperatures, and increasing frequency and severity of heat waves, threaten seagrass meadows and their sediment blue C. To date, no study has directly measured the impact of seagrass declines from high temperatures on sediment C stocks. Here, we use a long-term record of sediment C stocks from a 7-km 2 , restored eelgrass ( Zostera marina ) meadow to show that seagrass dieback following a single marine heat wave (MHW) led to significant losses of sediment C. Patterns of sediment C loss and re-accumulation lagged patterns of seagrass recovery. Sediment C losses were concentrated within the central area of the meadow, where sites experienced extreme shoot density declines of 90% during the MHW and net losses of 20% of sediment C over the following 3 years. However, this effect was not uniform; outer meadow sites showed little evidence of shoot declines during the MHW and had net increases of 60% of sediment C over the following 3 years. Overall, sites with higher seagrass recovery maintained 1.7x as much C compared to sites with lower recovery. Our study demonstrates that while seagrass blue C is vulnerable to MHWs, localization of seagrass loss can prevent meadow-wide C losses. Long-term (decadal and beyond) stability of seagrass blue C depends on seagrass resilience to short-term disturbance events.

A Synthesis of the Biology and Ecology of Sculpin Species in the Laurentian Great Lakes and Implications for the Adaptive Capacity of the Benthic Ecosystem - Kelly F. Robinson; Charles R. Bronte; David B. Bunnell; Peter T. Euclide; Darryl W. Hondorp; John A. Janssen; Matthew S. Kornis; Derek H. Ogle; Will Otte; Stephen C. Riley; Mark R. Vinson; Shea L. Volkel; et al. (Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 2021)

Climatic, vegetative, and disturbance predictors of lichen species’ height in Arctic Alaska, USA - Emily A. Holt; Peter R. Nelson (Polar Biology, 2021)

Coupled beta diversity patterns among coral reef benthic taxa - Jamie M. McDevitt-Irwin; Carrie Kappel; Alastair R. Harborne; Peter J. Mumby; Daniel R. Brumbaugh; Fiorenza Micheli (Oecologia, 2021)

Impact of novel materials on alkalinity movement down acid soil profiles when combined with lime - Dominic Lauricella; Clayton R. Butterly; Zhe Weng; Gary J. Clark; Peter W. G. Sale; Guangdi Li; Caixian Tang (Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2021)

Ecological dynamics of a peri-urban lake: a multi-proxy paleolimnological study of Cultus Lake (British Columbia) over the past ~ 200 years - Joanna Gauthier; Irene Gregory-Eaves; Lynda Bunting; Peter R. Leavitt; Tanya Tran; Lyse Godbout; Bruce P. Finney; Daniel E. Schindler; Guangjie Chen; Gordon Holtgrieve; Mark Shapley; Daniel T. Selbie (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2021)

Territoriality and condition of chevron butterflyfish (Chaetodon trifascialis) with varying coral cover on the great barrier reef, Australia - Cassandra A. Thompson; Andrew S. Hoey; Stefano R. Montanari; Vanessa Messmer; Peter C. Doll; Morgan S. Pratchett (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2021)

Mosaic genome evolution and phylogenetics of Chrysodeixis includens nucleopolyhedrovirus (ChinNPV) and virulence of seven new isolates from the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso - Peter W. Inglis; Luis Arthur V. M. Santos; Saluana R. Craveiro; Bergmann M. Ribeiro; Maria Elita B. Castro (Archives of Virology, 2021)

Unlocking the phylogenetic diversity, primary habitats, and abundances of free‐living Symbiodiniaceae on a coral reef - Lisa Fujise; David J. Suggett; Michael Stat; Tim Kahlke; Michael Bunce; Stephanie G. Gardner; Samantha Goyen; Stephen Woodcock; Peter J. Ralph; Justin R. Seymour; Nachshon Siboni; Matthew R. Nitschke (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
Dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae form mutualistic symbioses with marine invertebrates such as reef‐building corals, but also inhabit reef environments as free‐living cells. Most coral species acquire Symbiodiniaceae horizontally from the surrounding environment during the larval and/or recruitment phase, however the phylogenetic diversity and ecology of free‐living Symbiodiniaceae on coral reefs is largely unknown. We coupled environmental DNA sequencing and genus‐specific qPCR to resolve the community structure and cell abundances of free‐living Symbiodiniaceae in the water column, sediment, and macroalgae and compared these to coral symbionts. Sampling was conducted at two time points, one of which coincided with the annual coral spawning event when recombination between hosts and free‐living Symbiodiniaceae is assumed to be critical. Amplicons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region were assigned to 12 of the 15 Symbiodiniaceae genera or genera‐equivalent lineages. Community compositions were separated by habitat, with water samples containing a high proportion of sequences corresponding to coral symbionts of the genus Cladocopium , potentially as a result of cell expulsion from in hospite populations. Sediment‐associated Symbiodiniaceae communities were distinct, potentially due to the presence of exclusively free‐living species. Intriguingly, macroalgal surfaces displayed the highest cell abundances of Symbiodiniaceae, suggesting a key role for macroalgae in ensuring the ecological success of corals through maintenance of a continuum between environmental and symbiotic populations of Symbiodiniaceae.

A global analysis of complexity–biodiversity relationships on marine artificial structures - Elisabeth M. A. Strain; Peter D. Steinberg; Maria Vozzo; Emma L. Johnston; Marco Abbiati; Moises A. Aguilera; Laura Airoldi; J. David Aguirre; Gail Ashton; Maritina Bernardi; Paul Brooks; Benny K. K. Chan; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2021)
Aim Topographic complexity is widely accepted as a key driver of biodiversity, but at the patch‐scale, complexity–biodiversity relationships may vary spatially and temporally according to the environmental stressors complexity mitigates, and the species richness and identity of potential colonists. Using a manipulative experiment, we assessed spatial variation in patch‐scale effects of complexity on intertidal biodiversity. Location 27 sites within 14 estuaries/bays distributed globally. Time period 2015–2017. Major taxa studied Functional groups of algae, sessile and mobile invertebrates. Methods Concrete tiles of differing complexity (flat; 2.5‐cm or 5‐cm complex) were affixed at low–high intertidal elevation on coastal defence structures, and the richness and abundance of the colonizing taxa were quantified after 12 months. Results The patch‐scale effects of complexity varied spatially and among functional groups. Complexity had neutral to positive effects on total, invertebrate and algal taxa richness, and invertebrate abundances. However, effects on the abundance of algae ranged from positive to negative, depending on location and functional group. The tidal elevation at which tiles were placed accounted for some variation. The total and invertebrate richness were greater at low or mid than at high intertidal elevations. Latitude was also an important source of spatial variation, with the effects of complexity on total richness and mobile mollusc abundance greatest at lower latitudes, whilst the cover of sessile invertebrates and sessile molluscs responded most strongly to complexity at higher latitudes. Conclusions After 12 months, patch‐scale relationships between biodiversity and habitat complexity were not universally positive. Instead, the relationship varied among functional groups and according to local abiotic and biotic conditions. This result challenges the assumption that effects of complexity on biodiversity are universally positive. The variable effect of complexity has ramifications for community and applied ecology, including eco‐engineering and restoration that seek to bolster biodiversity through the addition of complexity.

Global root traits (GRooT) database - Nathaly R. Guerrero‐Ramírez; Liesje Mommer; Grégoire T. Freschet; Colleen M. Iversen; M. Luke McCormack; Jens Kattge; Hendrik Poorter; Fons van der Plas; Joana Bergmann; Thom W. Kuyper; Larry M. York; Helge Bruelheide; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2021)
Motivation Trait data are fundamental to the quantitative description of plant form and function. Although root traits capture key dimensions related to plant responses to changing environmental conditions and effects on ecosystem processes, they have rarely been included in large‐scale comparative studies and global models. For instance, root traits remain absent from nearly all studies that define the global spectrum of plant form and function. Thus, to overcome conceptual and methodological roadblocks preventing a widespread integration of root trait data into large‐scale analyses we created the Global Root Trait (GRooT) Database. GRooT provides ready‐to‐use data by combining the expertise of root ecologists with data mobilization and curation. Specifically, we (a) determined a set of core root traits relevant to the description of plant form and function based on an assessment by experts, (b) maximized species coverage through data standardization within and among traits, and (c) implemented data quality checks. Main types of variables contained GRooT contains 114,222 trait records on 38 continuous root traits. Spatial location and grain Global coverage with data from arid, continental, polar, temperate and tropical biomes. Data on root traits were derived from experimental studies and field studies. Time period and grain Data were recorded between 1911 and 2019. Major taxa and level of measurement GRooT includes root trait data for which taxonomic information is available. Trait records vary in their taxonomic resolution, with subspecies or varieties being the highest and genera the lowest taxonomic resolution available. It contains information for 184 subspecies or varieties, 6,214 species, 1,967 genera and 254 families. Owing to variation in data sources, trait records in the database include both individual observations and mean values. Software format GRooT includes two csv files. A GitHub repository contains the csv files and a script in R to query the database.

Resilience of cold water aquaculture: a review of likely scenarios as climate changes in the Gulf of Maine - Ian R. Bricknell; Sean D. Birkel; Susan H. Brawley; Tyler Van Kirk; Heather J. Hamlin; Kyle Capistrant‐Fossa; Kimberly Huguenard; G. Peter Van Walsum; Zhilong L. Liu; Longhuan H. Zhu; Gretchen Grebe; Emma Taccardi; et al. (Reviews in Aquaculture, 2021)
Climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing development and continuation of sustainable aquaculture in temperate regions. We primarily consider the ecological and physical resilience of aquaculture in the Gulf of Maine (GoM), where a thriving industry includes marine algae, extensive and intensive shellfish aquaculture, and a well‐established Atlantic salmon industry, as well as the infrastructure required to support these economically important ventures. The historical record of sea surface temperature in the GoM, estimated from gridded, interpolated in situ measurements, shows considerable interannual and decade‐scale variability superimposed on an overall warming trend. Climate model projections of sea surface temperature indicate that the surface waters in the GoM could warm 0.5–3.5°C beyond recent values by the year 2100. This suggests that, while variability will continue, anomalous warmth of marine heatwaves that have been observed in the past decade could become the norm in the GoM ca . 2050, but with the most significant impacts to existing aquaculture along the southernmost region of the coast. We consider adaptations leading to aquacultural resilience despite the effects of warming, larger numbers of harmful nonindigenous species (including pathogens and parasites), acidification, sea‐level rise, and more frequent storms and storm surges. Some new species will be needed, but immediate attention to adapt existing species (e.g. preserve/define wild biodiversity, breed for temperature tolerance and incorporate greater husbandry) and aquaculture infrastructure can be successful. We predict that these measures and continued collaboration between industry, stakeholders, government and researchers will lead to sustaining a vibrant working waterfront in the GoM.

Dairy structures and physiological responses: a matter of gastric digestion - Ana-Isabel Mulet-Cabero; Alan R. Mackie; André Brodkorb; Peter J. Wilde (Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2020)

Correction to: Tilorone: a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Invented in the USA and Commercialized in Russia and beyond - Sean Ekins; Thomas R. Lane; Peter B. Madrid (Pharmaceutical Research, 2020)

Temporal variability in production is not consistently affected by global change drivers across herbaceous-dominated ecosystems - Meghan L. Avolio; Kevin R. Wilcox; Kimberly J. Komatsu; Nathan Lemoine; William D. Bowman; Scott L. Collins; Alan K. Knapp; Sally E. Koerner; Melinda D. Smith; Sara G. Baer; Katherine L. Gross; Forest Isbell; et al. (Oecologia, 2020)

Approaches for determining cardiac bidomain conductivity values: progress and challenges - Barbara M. Johnston; Peter R. Johnston (Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2020)

Unexpected photosensitivity of the well-characterized heme enzyme chlorite dismutase - Durga Mahor; Julia Püschmann; Diederik R. Adema; Marc J. F. Strampraad; Peter-Leon Hagedoorn (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2020)
Chlorite dismutase is a heme enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the toxic compound ClO 2 − (chlorite) to innocuous Cl − and O 2 . The reaction is a very rare case of enzymatic O–O bond formation, which has sparked the interest to elucidate the reaction mechanism using pre-steady-state kinetics. During stopped-flow experiments, spectroscopic and structural changes of the enzyme were observed in the absence of a substrate in the time range from milliseconds to minutes. These effects are a consequence of illumination with UV–visible light during the stopped-flow experiment. The changes in the UV–visible spectrum in the initial 200 s of the reaction indicate a possible involvement of a ferric superoxide/ferrous oxo or ferric hydroxide intermediate during the photochemical inactivation. Observed EPR spectral changes after 30 min reaction time indicate the loss of the heme and release of iron during the process. During prolonged illumination, the oligomeric state of the enzyme changes from homo-pentameric to monomeric with subsequent protein precipitation. Understanding the effects of UV–visible light illumination induced changes of chlorite dismutase will help us to understand the nature and mechanism of photosensitivity of heme enzymes in general. Furthermore, previously reported stopped-flow data of chlorite dismutase and potentially other heme enzymes will need to be re-evaluated in the context of the photosensitivity. Graphic abstract Illumination of recombinantly expressed Azospira oryzae Chlorite dismutase ( Ao Cld) with a high-intensity light source, common in stopped-flow equipment, results in disruption of the bond between Fe III and the axial histidine. This leads to the enzyme losing its heme cofactor and changing its oligomeric state as shown by spectroscopic changes and loss of activity.

2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Daniela Alioto; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Simon J. Anthony; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Tomáš Bartonička; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2020)

COSORE: A community database for continuous soil respiration and other soil‐atmosphere greenhouse gas flux data - Ben Bond‐Lamberty; Danielle S. Christianson; Avni Malhotra; Stephanie C. Pennington; Debjani Sihi; Amir AghaKouchak; Hassan Anjileli; M. Altaf Arain; Juan J. Armesto; Samaneh Ashraf; Mioko Ataka; Dennis Baldocchi; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Globally, soils store two to three times as much carbon as currently resides in the atmosphere, and it is critical to understand how soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and uptake will respond to ongoing climate change. In particular, the soil‐to‐atmosphere CO 2 flux, commonly though imprecisely termed soil respiration ( R S ), is one of the largest carbon fluxes in the Earth system. An increasing number of high‐frequency R S measurements (typically, from an automated system with hourly sampling) have been made over the last two decades; an increasing number of methane measurements are being made with such systems as well. Such high frequency data are an invaluable resource for understanding GHG fluxes, but lack a central database or repository. Here we describe the lightweight, open‐source COSORE (COntinuous SOil REspiration) database and software, that focuses on automated, continuous and long‐term GHG flux datasets, and is intended to serve as a community resource for earth sciences, climate change syntheses and model evaluation. Contributed datasets are mapped to a single, consistent standard, with metadata on contributors, geographic location, measurement conditions and ancillary data. The design emphasizes the importance of reproducibility, scientific transparency and open access to data. While being oriented towards continuously measured R S , the database design accommodates other soil‐atmosphere measurements (e.g. ecosystem respiration, chamber‐measured net ecosystem exchange, methane fluxes) as well as experimental treatments (heterotrophic only, etc.). We give brief examples of the types of analyses possible using this new community resource and describe its accompanying R software package.

Ecosystem transpiration and evaporation: Insights from three water flux partitioning methods across FLUXNET sites - Jacob A. Nelson; Oscar Pérez‐Priego; Sha Zhou; Rafael Poyatos; Yao Zhang; Peter D. Blanken; Teresa E. Gimeno; Georg Wohlfahrt; Ankur R. Desai; Beniamino Gioli; Jean‐Marc Limousin; Damien Bonal; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
We apply and compare three widely applicable methods for estimating ecosystem transpiration ( T ) from eddy covariance (EC) data across 251 FLUXNET sites globally. All three methods are based on the coupled water and carbon relationship, but they differ in assumptions and parameterizations. Intercomparison of the three daily T estimates shows high correlation among methods ( R between .89 and .94), but a spread in magnitudes of T /ET (evapotranspiration) from 45% to 77%. When compared at six sites with concurrent EC and sap flow measurements, all three EC‐based T estimates show higher correlation to sap flow‐based T than EC‐based ET. The partitioning methods show expected tendencies of T /ET increasing with dryness (vapor pressure deficit and days since rain) and with leaf area index (LAI). Analysis of 140 sites with high‐quality estimates for at least two continuous years shows that T /ET variability was 1.6 times higher across sites than across years. Spatial variability of T /ET was primarily driven by vegetation and soil characteristics (e.g., crop or grass designation, minimum annual LAI, soil coarse fragment volume) rather than climatic variables such as mean/standard deviation of temperature or precipitation. Overall, T and T /ET patterns are plausible and qualitatively consistent among the different water flux partitioning methods implying a significant advance made for estimating and understanding T globally, while the magnitudes remain uncertain. Our results represent the first extensive EC data‐based estimates of ecosystem T permitting a data‐driven perspective on the role of plants’ water use for global water and carbon cycling in a changing climate.

A Marine Biodiversity Observation Network for Genetic Monitoring of Hard-Bottom Communities (ARMS-MBON) - Matthias Obst; Katrina Exter; A. Louise Allcock; Christos Arvanitidis; Alizz Axberg; Maria Bustamante; Ibon Cancio; Diego Carreira-Flores; Eva Chatzinikolaou; Giorgos Chatzigeorgiou; Nathan Chrismas; Melody S. Clark; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)
Marine hard-bottom communities are undergoing severe change under the influence of multiple drivers, notably climate change, extraction of natural resources, pollution and eutrophication, habitat degradation, and invasive species. Monitoring marine biodiversity in such habitats is, however, challenging as it typically involves expensive, non-standardized, and often destructive sampling methods that limit its scalability. Differences in monitoring approaches furthermore hinders inter-comparison among monitoring programs. Here, we announce a Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON) consisting of Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) with the aim to assess the status and changes in benthic fauna with genomic-based methods, notably DNA metabarcoding, in combination with image-based identifications. This article presents the results of a 30-month pilot phase in which we established an operational and geographically expansive ARMS-MBON. The network currently consists of 20 observatories distributed across European coastal waters and the polar regions, in which 134 ARMS have been deployed to date. Sampling takes place annually, either as short-term deployments during the summer or as long-term deployments starting in spring. The pilot phase was used to establish a common set of standards for field sampling, genetic analysis, data management, and legal compliance, which are presented here. We also tested the potential of ARMS for combining genetic and image-based identification methods in comparative studies of benthic diversity, as well as for detecting non-indigenous species. Results show that ARMS are suitable for monitoring hard-bottom environments as they provide genetic data that can be continuously enriched, re-analyzed, and integrated with conventional data to document benthic community composition and detect non-indigenous species. Finally, we provide guidelines to expand the network and present a sustainability plan as part of the European Marine Biological Resource Centre ( www.embrc.eu ).

Mud, Microbes, and Macrofauna: Seasonal Dynamics of the Iron Biogeochemical Cycle in an Intertidal Mudflat - Jacob P. Beam; Sarabeth George; Nicholas R. Record; Peter D. Countway; David T. Johnston; Peter R. Girguis; David Emerson (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Correction to: Optimizing Predictive Performance of Bayesian Forecasting for Vancomycin Concentration in Intensive Care Patients - Tingjie Guo; Reinier M. van Hest; Laura B. Zwep; Luca F. Roggeveen; Lucas M. Fleuren; Rob J. Bosman; Peter H. J. van der Voort; Armand R. J. Girbes; Ron A. A. Mathot; Paul W. G. Elbers; Johan G. C. van Hasselt (Pharmaceutical Research, 2020)
This article was updated to correct Figs. 1 and 4 as author corrections were overlooked during the production process.

Combined effect of nitrogen fertiliser and leaf litter carbon drive nitrous oxide emissions in tropical soils - Hemant Raj Pandeya; Johannes Friedl; Daniele De Rosa; Constancio Tony Asis; Joanne Tilbrook; Clemens Scheer; Mila Bristow; Peter R. Grace; David W. Rowlings (Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2020)

Effectiveness of innovative organic amendments in acid soils depends on their ability to supply P and alleviate Al and Mn toxicity in plants - Dominic Lauricella; Clayton R. Butterly; Gary J. Clark; Peter W. G. Sale; Guangdi Li; Caixian Tang (Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2020)

The direction of postural threat alters balance control when standing at virtual elevation - Tiphanie E. Raffegeau; Bradley Fawver; William R. Young; A. Mark Williams; Keith R. Lohse; Peter C. Fino (Experimental Brain Research, 2020)

Probability of mycobactericidal activity of para-aminosalicylic acid with novel dosing regimens - Ahmed A. Abulfathi; Piyanan Assawasuwannakit; Peter R. Donald; Andreas H. Diacon; Helmuth Reuter; Elin M. Svensson (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020)

Mitigating the Legacy Effects of Ditching in a New England Salt Marsh - David M. Burdick; Gregg E. Moore; Susan C. Adamowicz; Geoffrey M. Wilson; Chris R. Peter (Estuaries and Coasts, 2020)

Effects of Environmentally Relevant Residual Levels of Diluted Bitumen on Wild Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) - Lauren Timlick; Lisa E. Peters; Sarah J. Wallace; Heather Dettman; R. Stephen Brown; Johanna Mason; Valerie S. Langlois; Vince Palace (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2020)

Changes to virus taxonomy and the Statutes ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2020) - Peter J. Walker; Stuart G. Siddell; Elliot J. Lefkowitz; Arcady R. Mushegian; Evelien M. Adriaenssens; Donald M. Dempsey; Bas E. Dutilh; Balázs Harrach; Robert L. Harrison; R. Curtis Hendrickson; Sandra Junglen; Nick J. Knowles; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2020)

Co-Delivery of Hispolon and Doxorubicin Liposomes Improves Efficacy Against Melanoma Cells - Ahmed Al Saqr; Mohammed F. Aldawsari; Hamad Alrbyawi; Ishwor Poudel; Manjusha Annaji; Vanisree Mulabagal; Modukuri V. Ramani; Subbaraju Gottumukkala; Amit K. Tiwari; Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran; Peter R. Panizzi; Robert D. Arnold; et al. (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2020)

SoilTemp: A global database of near‐surface temperature - Jonas J. Lembrechts; Juha Aalto; Michael B. Ashcroft; Pieter De Frenne; Martin Kopecký; Jonathan Lenoir; Miska Luoto; Ilya M. D. Maclean; Olivier Roupsard; Eduardo Fuentes‐Lillo; Rafael A. García; Loïc Pellissier; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Current analyses and predictions of spatially explicit patterns and processes in ecology most often rely on climate data interpolated from standardized weather stations. This interpolated climate data represents long‐term average thermal conditions at coarse spatial resolutions only. Hence, many climate‐forcing factors that operate at fine spatiotemporal resolutions are overlooked. This is particularly important in relation to effects of observation height (e.g. vegetation, snow and soil characteristics) and in habitats varying in their exposure to radiation, moisture and wind (e.g. topography, radiative forcing or cold‐air pooling). Since organisms living close to the ground relate more strongly to these microclimatic conditions than to free‐air temperatures, microclimatic ground and near‐surface data are needed to provide realistic forecasts of the fate of such organisms under anthropogenic climate change, as well as of the functioning of the ecosystems they live in. To fill this critical gap, we highlight a call for temperature time series submissions to SoilTemp, a geospatial database initiative compiling soil and near‐surface temperature data from all over the world. Currently, this database contains time series from 7,538 temperature sensors from 51 countries across all key biomes. The database will pave the way toward an improved global understanding of microclimate and bridge the gap between the available climate data and the climate at fine spatiotemporal resolutions relevant to most organisms and ecosystem processes.

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics - Clarissa Alves da Rosa; Bruno R. Ribeiro; Vanesa Bejarano; Fernando Henrique Puertas; Adriana Bocchiglieri; Adriana Loeser dos Santos Barbosa; Adriano Garcia Chiarello; Adriano Pereira Paglia; Adriele Aparecida Pereira; Adryelle Francisca de Souza Moreira; Agnis Cristiane de Souza; Aiesca Pellegrin; et al. (Ecology, 2020)
Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal‐central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus , Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. ( n = 37,782), Sus scrofa ( n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris ( n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., S yncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans ). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set ( n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata , and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation‐related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data.

Identification of Shared Spatial Dynamics in Temperature, Salinity, and Ichthyoplankton Community Diversity in the California Current System With Empirical Dynamic Modeling - Peter T. Kuriyama; George Sugihara; Andrew R. Thompson; Brice X. Semmens (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Neotropical Melyroidea group cockroaches reveal various degrees of (eu)sociality - Jan Hinkelman; Peter Vršanský; Thierry Garcia; Adrian Tejedor; Paul Bertner; Anton Sorokin; Geoffrey R. Gallice; Ivana Koubová; Štefan Nagy; Ľubomír Vidlička (The Science of Nature, 2020)

Understanding Naloxone Uptake from an Emergency Department Distribution Program Using a Low-Energy Bluetooth Real-time Location System - Jeffrey T. Lai; Brittany P. Chapman; Stephanie P. Carreiro; Kavita M. Babu; Edward W. Boyer; Peter R. Chai (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2020)

A comparative analysis of genetic hearing loss phenotypes in European/American and Japanese populations - W. Daniel Walls; Hideaki Moteki; Taylor R. Thomas; Shin-ya Nishio; Hidekane Yoshimura; Yoichiro Iwasa; Kathy L. Frees; Carla J. Nishimura; Hela Azaiez; Kevin T. Booth; Robert J. Marini; Diana L. Kolbe; et al. (Human Genetics, 2020)

AP1S1 missense mutations cause a congenital enteropathy via an epithelial barrier defect - Katharina M. C. Klee; Andreas R. Janecke; Hasret A. Civan; Štefan Rosipal; Peter Heinz-Erian; Lukas A. Huber; Thomas Müller; Georg F. Vogel (Human Genetics, 2020)
Congenital diarrheal disorders (CDD) comprise > 50 monogenic entities featuring chronic diarrhea of early-onset, including defects in nutrient and electrolyte absorption, enterocyte polarization, enteroendocrine cell differentiation, and epithelial integrity. Diarrhea is also a predominant symptom in many immunodeficiencies, congenital disorders of glycosylation, and in some defects of the vesicular sorting and transporting machinery. We set out to identify the etiology of an intractable diarrhea in 2 consanguineous families by whole-exome sequencing, and identified two novel AP1S1 mutations, c.269T>C (p.Leu90Pro) and c.346G>A (p.Glu116Lys). AP1S1 encodes the small subunit of the adaptor protein 1 complex (AP-1), which plays roles in clathrin coat-assembly and trafficking between trans-Golgi network, endosomes and the plasma membrane. An AP1S1 knock-out (KO) of a CaCo2 intestinal cell line was generated to characterize intestinal AP1S1 deficiency as well as identified mutations by stable expression in KO background. Morphology and prototype transporter protein distribution were comparable between parental and KO cells. We observed altered localization of tight-junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin 3, decreased transepithelial electrical resistance and an increased dextran permeability of the CaCo2-AP1S1-KO monolayer. In addition, lumen formation in 3D cultures of these cells was abnormal. Re-expression of wild-type AP1S1 in CaCo2-AP1S1-KO cells reverted these abnormalities, while expression of AP1S1 containing either missense mutation did not. Our data indicate that loss of AP1S1 function causes an intestinal epithelial barrier defect, and that AP1S1 mutations can cause a non-syndromic form of congenital diarrhea, whereas 2 reported truncating AP1S1 mutations caused MEDNIK syndrome, characterized by mental retardation, enteropathy, deafness, neuropathy, ichthyosis, and keratodermia.

Histopathological growth patterns as biomarker for adjuvant systemic chemotherapy in patients with resected colorectal liver metastases - Florian E. Buisman; Eric P. van der Stok; Boris Galjart; Peter B. Vermeulen; Vinod P. Balachandran; Robert R. J. Coebergh van den Braak; John M. Creasy; Diederik J. Höppener; William R. Jarnagin; T. Peter Kingham; Pieter M. H. Nierop; Eran Sadot; et al. (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2020)
Adjuvant systemic chemotherapy (CTx) is widely administered in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). Histopathological growth patterns (HGPs) are an independent prognostic factor for survival after complete resection. This study evaluates whether HGPs can predict the effectiveness of adjuvant CTx in patients with resected CRLM. Two main types of HGPs can be distinguished; the desmoplastic type and the non-desmoplastic type. Uni- and multivariable analyses for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were performed, in both patients treated with and without preoperative chemotherapy. A total of 1236 patients from two tertiary centers (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands) were included (period 2000–2016). A total of 656 patients (53.1%) patients received preoperative chemotherapy. Adjuvant CTx was only associated with a superior OS in non-desmoplastic patients that had not been pretreated (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37–0.73, p < 0.001), and not in desmoplastic patients (adjusted HR 1.78, 95% CI 0.75–4.21, p = 0.19). In pretreated patients no significant effect of adjuvant CTx was observed, neither in the desmoplastic group (adjusted HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.49–1.42, p = 0.50) nor in the non-desmoplastic group (adjusted HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.71–1.29, p = 0.79). Similar results were found for DFS, with a superior DFS in non-desmoplastic patients treated with adjuvant CTx (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55–0.93, p < 0.001) that were not pretreated. Adjuvant CTx seems to improve OS and DFS after resection of non-desmoplastic CRLM. However, this effect was only observed in patients that were not treated with chemotherapy.

Is adipose tissue suitable for detection of (synthetic) cannabinoids? A comparative study analyzing antemortem and postmortem specimens following pulmonary administration of JWH-210, RCS-4, as well as ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol to pigs - Nadine Schaefer; Frederike Nordmeier; Ann-Katrin Kröll; Christina Körbel; Matthias W. Laschke; Michael D. Menger; Hans H. Maurer; Markus R. Meyer; Peter H. Schmidt (Archives of Toxicology, 2020)
Examining fatal poisonings, chronic exposure may be reflected by the concentration in tissues known for long-term storage of drugs. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) persists in adipose tissue (AT), but sparse data on synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are available. Thus, a controlled pig study evaluating antemortem (AM) disposition and postmortem (PM) concentration changes of the SC 4-ethylnaphthalene-1-yl-(1-pentylindole-3-yl)methanone (JWH-210) and 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1-pentyl-indole-3-yl)methanone (RCS-4) as well as THC in AT was performed. The drugs were administered pulmonarily (200 µg/kg body weight) to twelve pigs. Subcutaneous (s.c.) AT specimens were collected after 15 and 30 min and then hourly up to 8 h. At the end, pigs were sacrificed and s.c., perirenal, and dorsal AT specimens were collected. The carcasses were stored at room temperature (RT; n = 6) or 4 °C ( n = 6) and specimens were collected after 24, 48, and 72 h. After homogenization in acetonitrile and standard addition, LC–MS/MS was performed. Maximum concentrations were reached 0.5–2 h after administration amounting to 21 ± 13 ng/g (JWH-210), 24 ± 13 ng/g (RCS-4), and 22 ± 20 ng/g (THC) and stayed at a plateau level. Regarding the metabolites, very low concentrations of N -hydroxypentyl-RCS-4 (HO-RCS-4) were detected from 0.5 to 8 h. PM concentrations of parent compounds did not change significantly ( p > 0.05) over time under both storage conditions. Concentrations of HO-RCS-4 significantly ( p

Occurrence, site fidelity, and associations of oceanic common bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ) off northeastern New Zealand - Jochen R. Zaeschmar; Gabriela Tezanos‐Pinto; Sarah L. Dwyer; Catherine H. Peters; Jo Berghan; David Donnelly; Anna M. Meissner; Ingrid N. Visser; Jody S. Weir; Alastair G. Judkins; Tom Brough; Marta Guerra; et al. (Marine Mammal Science, 2020)
Two ecotypes of the common bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) occur in New Zealand waters: a widely studied Nationally Endangered coastal ecotype and a little‐known oceanic ecotype. Site fidelity and association patterns of the oceanic ecotype, and home range overlap with the coastal ecotype, are examined from photo‐identification records collected off northeastern New Zealand between 2005 and 2016. The oceanic ecotype occurs widely in the study area: distance from shore ranged from distinctive or very distinctive individuals were sighted during more than 1 year and resightings spanned over 10 years and 650 km. All individuals were linked by association in a single, albeit clustered, social network. Unlike the coastal ecotype, interspecific associations with false killer ( Pseudorca crassidens ) and southern long‐finned pilot whales ( Globicephala melas edwardii ) were frequent, occurring during 84% of encounters. Only one oceanic individual matched any of the individuals from the coastal ecotype photo‐identification catalogues throughout the study area, suggesting that the two ecotypes co‐occur parapatrically. We recommend that the two ecotypes be considered independent management units for conservation purposes due to their divergent ecologies.

Comparative demography of commercially important species of coral grouper, Plectropomus leopardus and P. laevis , from Australia's great barrier reef and Coral Sea marine parks - Samuel D. Payet; Jake R. Lowe; Bruce D. Mapstone; Morgan S. Pratchett; Tane H. Sinclair‐Taylor; Brett M. Taylor; Peter A. Waldie; Hugo B. Harrison (Journal of Fish Biology, 2020)
Understanding the spatial and environmental variation in demographic processes of fisheries target species, such as coral grouper (Genus: Plectropomus ), is important for establishing effective management and conservation strategies. Herein we compare the demography of Plectropomus leopardus and P. laevis between Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP), which has been subject to sustained and extensive fishing pressure, and the oceanic atolls of Australia's Coral Sea Marine Park (CSMP), where there is very limited fishing for reef fishes. Coral grouper length‐at‐age data from contemporary and historical otolith collections across 9.4 degrees of latitude showed little difference in lifetime growth between GBRMP and CSMP regions. Plectropomus laevis populations in GBRMP reefs had significantly higher rates of total mortality than populations in the CSMP. Mean maximum lengths and mean maximum ages of P. laevis were also smaller in the GBRMP than in the CSMP, even when considering populations sampled within GBRMP no‐take marine reserves (NTMRs). Plectropomus leopardus , individuals were on average smaller on fished reefs than NTMRs in the GBRMP, but all other aspects of demography were broadly similar between regions despite the negligible levels of fishing pressure in the CSMP. Similarities between regions in growth profiles and length‐at‐age comparisons of P. laevis and P. leopardus suggest that the environmental differences between the CSMP and the GBRMP may not have significant impacts on lifetime growth. Our results show that fishing may have influenced the demography of coral grouper on the GBR, particularly for the slower growing and longer lived species, P. laevis .

The strengths and weaknesses of species distribution models in biome delimitation - Peter W. Moonlight; Pedro Luiz Silva de Miranda; Domingos Cardoso; Kyle G. Dexter; Ary T. Oliveira‐Filho; R. Toby Pennington; Gustavo Ramos; Tiina E. Särkinen (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2020)
Aim The aim was to test whether species distribution models (SDMs) can reproduce major macroecological patterns in a species‐rich, tropical region and provide recommendations for using SDMs in areas with sparse biotic inventory data. Location North‐east Brazil, including Minas Gerais. Time period Present. Major taxa studied Flowering plants. Methods Species composition estimates derived from stacked SDMs (s‐SDMs) were compared with data from 1,506 inventories of 933 woody plant species from north‐east Brazil. Both datasets were used in hierarchical clustering analyses to delimit floristic units that correspond to biomes. The ability of s‐SDMs to predict the identity, functional composition and floristic composition of biomes was compared across geographical and environmental space. Results The s‐SDMs and inventory data both resolved four major biomes that largely corresponded in terms of their distribution, floristics and function. The s‐SDMs proved excellent at identifying broad‐scale biomes and their function, but misassigned many individual sites in complex savanna–forest mosaics. Main conclusions Our results show that s‐SDMs have a unique role to play in describing macroecological patterns in areas lacking inventory data and for poorly known taxa. s‐SDMs accurately predict floristic and functional macroecological patterns but struggle in areas where non‐climatic factors, such as fire or soil, play key roles in governing distributions.

Identifying areas at risk of drought‐induced tree mortality across South‐Eastern Australia - Martin G. De Kauwe; Belinda E. Medlyn; Anna M. Ukkola; Mengyuan Mu; Manon E. B. Sabot; Andrew J. Pitman; Patrick Meir; Lucas A. Cernusak; Sami W. Rifai; Brendan Choat; David T. Tissue; Chris J. Blackman; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
South‐East Australia has recently been subjected to two of the worst droughts in the historical record (Millennium Drought, 2000–2009 and Big Dry, 2017–2019). Unfortunately, a lack of forest monitoring has made it difficult to determine whether widespread tree mortality has resulted from these droughts. Anecdotal observations suggest the Big Dry may have led to more significant tree mortality than the Millennium drought. Critically, to be able to robustly project future expected climate change effects on Australian vegetation, we need to assess the vulnerability of Australian trees to drought. Here we implemented a model of plant hydraulics into the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) land surface model. We parameterized the drought response behaviour of five broad vegetation types, based on a common garden dry‐down experiment with species originating across a rainfall gradient (188–1,125 mm/year) across South‐East Australia. The new hydraulics model significantly improved (~35%–45% reduction in root mean square error) CABLE’s previous predictions of latent heat fluxes during periods of water stress at two eddy covariance sites in Australia. Landscape‐scale predictions of the greatest percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) of about 40%–60%, were broadly consistent with satellite estimates of regions of the greatest change in both droughts. In neither drought did CABLE predict that trees would have reached critical PLC in widespread areas (i.e. it projected a low mortality risk), although the model highlighted critical levels near the desert regions of South‐East Australia where few trees live. Overall, our experimentally constrained model results imply significant resilience to drought conferred by hydraulic function, but also highlight critical data and scientific gaps. Our approach presents a promising avenue to integrate experimental data and make regional‐scale predictions of potential drought‐induced hydraulic failure.

Modelling climate change impacts on maize yields under low nitrogen input conditions in sub‐Saharan Africa - Gatien N. Falconnier; Marc Corbeels; Kenneth J. Boote; François Affholder; Myriam Adam; Dilys S. MacCarthy; Alex C. Ruane; Claas Nendel; Anthony M. Whitbread; Éric Justes; Lajpat R. Ahuja; Folorunso M. Akinseye; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Smallholder farmers in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) currently grow rainfed maize with limited inputs including fertilizer. Climate change may exacerbate current production constraints. Crop models can help quantify the potential impact of climate change on maize yields, but a comprehensive multimodel assessment of simulation accuracy and uncertainty in these low‐input systems is currently lacking. We evaluated the impact of varying [CO 2 ], temperature and rainfall conditions on maize yield, for different nitrogen (N) inputs (0, 80, 160 kg N/ha) for five environments in SSA, including cool subhumid Ethiopia, cool semi‐arid Rwanda, hot subhumid Ghana and hot semi‐arid Mali and Benin using an ensemble of 25 maize models. Models were calibrated with measured grain yield, plant biomass, plant N, leaf area index, harvest index and in‐season soil water content from 2‐year experiments in each country to assess their ability to simulate observed yield. Simulated responses to climate change factors were explored and compared between models. Calibrated models reproduced measured grain yield variations well with average relative root mean square error of 26%, although uncertainty in model prediction was substantial (CV = 28%). Model ensembles gave greater accuracy than any model taken at random. Nitrogen fertilization controlled the response to variations in [CO 2 ], temperature and rainfall. Without N fertilizer input, maize (a) benefited less from an increase in atmospheric [CO 2 ]; (b) was less affected by higher temperature or decreasing rainfall; and (c) was more affected by increased rainfall because N leaching was more critical. The model intercomparison revealed that simulation of daily soil N supply and N leaching plays a crucial role in simulating climate change impacts for low‐input systems. Climate change and N input interactions have strong implications for the design of robust adaptation approaches across SSA, because the impact of climate change in low input systems will be modified if farmers intensify maize production with balanced nutrient management.

Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats - Annie P. S. Wong; Susan E. Wijffels; Stephen C. Riser; Sylvie Pouliquen; Shigeki Hosoda; Dean Roemmich; John Gilson; Gregory C. Johnson; Kim Martini; David J. Murphy; Megan Scanderbeg; T. V. S. Udaya Bhaskar; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Photo-sensitive “flip-flop” characteristics of the developing Narcissus plant (daffodil phototropism) - Peter R. Greene; Virginia A. Greene (Planta, 2020)

Optimizing Predictive Performance of Bayesian Forecasting for Vancomycin Concentration in Intensive Care Patients - Tingjie Guo; Reinier M. van Hest; Laura B. Zwep; Luca F. Roggeveen; Lucas M. Fleuren; Rob J. Bosman; Peter H. J. van der Voort; Armand R. J. Girbes; Ron A. A. Mathot; Paul W. G. Elbers; Johan G. C. van Hasselt (Pharmaceutical Research, 2020)
Purpose Bayesian forecasting is crucial for model-based dose optimization based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) data of vancomycin in intensive care (ICU) patients. We aimed to evaluate the performance of Bayesian forecasting using maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation for model-based TDM. Methods We used a vancomycin TDM data set ( n = 408 patients). We compared standard MAP-based Bayesian forecasting with two alternative approaches: (i) adaptive MAP which handles data over multiple iterations, and (ii) weighted MAP which weights the likelihood contribution of data. We evaluated the percentage error (PE) for seven scenarios including historical TDM data from the preceding day up to seven days. Results The mean of median PEs of all scenarios for the standard MAP, adaptive MAP and weighted MAP method were − 7.7%, −4.5% and − 6.7%. The adaptive MAP also showed the narrowest inter-quartile range of PE. In addition, regardless of MAP method, including historical TDM data further in the past will increase prediction errors. Conclusions The proposed adaptive MAP method outperforms standard MAP in predictive performance and may be considered for improvement of model-based dose optimization. The inclusion of historical data beyond either one day (standard MAP and weighted MAP) or two days (adaptive MAP) reduces predictive performance.