High-resolution mapping of the Alp locus and identification of a candidate gene HvMATE controlling aluminium tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) - Junping Wang; Harsh Raman; Meixue Zhou; Peter R. Ryan; Emmanuel Delhaize; Diane M. Hebb; Neil Coombes; Neville Mendham (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2007)

Soil sampling for Metarhizium anisopliae spores in Queensland sugarcane fields - Mohamed N. Sallam; Catherine A. McAvoy; Peter R. Samson; Judy J. Bull (BioControl, 2007)

D hordeins of Hordeum chilense: a novel source of variation for improvement of wheat - Fernando Pistón; Peter R. Shewry; Francisco Barro (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2007)

2007 highlights of advances in the pharmaceutical sciences: An American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) perspective - Marilyn N. Martinez; Peter Bonate; Robert L. Chapman; Anne De Groot; Susan D'Souza; Naushad Ghilazi; Vivian Gray; Vishal K. Gupta; Kim Huynh-Ba; Sunil Iyer; Arya Jayatilaka; Amita Joshi; et al. (The AAPS Journal, 2007)

Is it economically feasible to harvest by management zone? - Peter R. Tozer; Bindi J. Isbister (Precision Agriculture, 2007)

An evaluation of the classical and extended Rossby wave theories in explaining spectral estimates of the first few baroclinic modes in the South Pacific Ocean - Angela M. Maharaj; Paolo Cipollini; Neil J. Holbrook; Peter D. Killworth; Jeffrey R. Blundell (Ocean Dynamics, 2007)

Probabilistic Prediction Models for Aggregate Quarry Siting - Gilpin R. Robinson; Peter M. Larkins (Natural Resources Research, 2007)

Patterns of microzooplankton growth in dilution experiments across a trophic gradient: Implications for herbivory studies - Matthew R. First; Peter J. Lavrentyev; Frank J. Jochem (Marine Biology, 2007)

Altered spin state equilibrium in the T309V mutant of cytochrome P450 2D6: a spectroscopic and computational study - Alois Bonifacio; André R. Groenhof; Peter H. J. Keizers; Chris de Graaf; Jan N. M. Commandeur; Nico P. E. Vermeulen; Andreas W. Ehlers; Koop Lammertsma; Cees Gooijer; Gert van der Zwan (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2007)

Expression of recombinant human factor VIII in milk of several generations of transgenic rabbits - Peter Chrenek; Lubos Ryban; Helga Vetr; Alexander V. Makarevich; Pavel Uhrin; Rekha K. Paleyanda; Bernd R. Binder (Transgenic Research, 2007)

Tablet formulation studies on nimesulide and meloxicam-cyclodextrin binary systems - Buchi N. Nalluri; K. P. R. Chowdary; K. V. R. Murthy; G. Becket; Peter A. Crooks (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2007)

Conservation Easements: Biodiversity Protection and Private Use - ADENA R. RISSMAN; LYNN LOZIER; TOSHA COMENDANT; PETER KAREIVA; JOSEPH M. KIESECKER; M. REBECCA SHAW; ADINA M. MERENLENDER (Conservation Biology, 2007)
Conservation easements are one of the primary tools for conserving biodiversity on private land. Despite their increasing use, little quantitative data are available on what species and habitats conservation easements aim to protect, how much structural development they allow, or what types of land use they commonly permit. To address these knowledge gaps, we surveyed staff responsible for 119 conservation easements established by the largest nonprofit easement holder, The Nature Conservancy, between 1985 and 2004. Most easements (80%) aimed to provide core habitat to protect species or communities on‐site, and nearly all were designed to reduce development. Conservation easements also allowed for a wide range of private uses, which may result in additional fragmentation and habitat disturbance. Some residential or commercial use, new structures, or subdivision of the property were permitted on 85% of sampled conservation easements. Over half (56%) allowed some additional buildings, of which 60% restricted structure size or building area. Working landscape easements with ranching, forestry, or farming made up nearly half (46%) of the easement properties sampled and were more likely than easements without these uses to be designated as buffers to enhance biodiversity in the surrounding area. Our results demonstrate the need for clear restrictions on building and subdivision in easements, research on the compatibility of private uses on easement land, and greater public understanding of the trade‐offs implicit in the use of conservation easements for biodiversity conservation.

Trophy Hunting and Conservation in Africa: Problems and One Potential Solution - PETER A. LINDSEY; L. G. FRANK; R. ALEXANDER; A. MATHIESON; S. S. ROMAÑACH (Conservation Biology, 2007)

In vitro rooting of microshoots of Cotinus coggygria Mill, a woody ornamental plant - Peter S. R. Metivier; Edward C. Yeung; Kamlesh R. Patel; Trevor A. Thorpe (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 2007)

Genetic diversity of HMW glutenin subunit in Chinese common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces from Hubei province - Yong Liu; Zhi-Yong Xiong; Yong-Gang He; Peter R. Shewry; Guang-yuan He (Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2007)

Cognitive, psychomotor and actual driving performance in healthy volunteers after immediate and extended release formulations of alprazolam 1 mg - Tim R. M. Leufkens; Annemiek Vermeeren; Beitske E. Smink; Peter van Ruitenbeek; Johannes G. Ramaekers (Psychopharmacology, 2007)

Family history of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic malignancies and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Yawei Zhang; Rong Wang; Theodore R. Holford; Brian Leaderer; Shelia Hoar Zahm; Peter Boyle; Yong Zhu; Qin Qin; Tongzhang Zheng (Cancer Causes & Control, 2007)

Identification of nestin-positive putative mammary stem cells in human breastmilk - Mark D. Cregan; Yiping Fan; Amber Appelbee; Mark L. Brown; Borut Klopcic; John Koppen; Leon R. Mitoulas; Kristin M. E. Piper; Mahesh A Choolani; Yap-Seng Chong; Peter E. Hartmann (Cell and Tissue Research, 2007)

Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and mating compatibility reveal marked genetic structuring and speciation in the NE Atlantic bryozoan Celleporella hyalina - AFRICA GÓMEZ; ROGER N. HUGHES; PETER J. WRIGHT; GARY R. CARVALHO; DAVID H. LUNT (Molecular Ecology, 2007)
The marine bryozoan Celleporella hyalina is a species complex composed of many highly divergent and mostly allopatric genetic lineages that are reproductively isolated but share a remarkably similar morphology. One such lineage commonly encrusts macroalgae throughout the NE Atlantic coast. To explore the processes leading to geographical diversification, reproductive isolation and speciation in this taxon, we (i) investigated NE Atlantic C. hyalina mitochondrial DNA phylogeography, and (ii) used breeding trials between geographical isolates to ascertain reproductive isolation. We find that haplotype diversity is geographically variable and there is a strong population structure, with significant isolation by distance. NE Atlantic C. hyalina is structured into two main parapatric lineages that appear to have had independent Pleistocene histories. Range expansions have resulted in two contact zones in Spain and W Ireland. Lineage 1 is found from Ireland to Spain and has low haplotype diversity, with closely related haplotypes, suggesting a recent population expansion into the Irish Sea, S Ireland, S England and Spain. Lineage 2 is found from Iceland to Spain and has high haplotype diversity. Complete reproductive isolation was found between some geographical isolates representing both lineages, whereas it was incomplete or asymmetric between others, suggesting these latter phylogeographical groups probably represent incipient species. The phylogeographical distribution of NE Atlantic C. hyalina does not fall easily into a pattern of southern refugia, and we discuss likely differences between terrestrial and marine system responses to Pleistocene glacial cycles.

Vitamin B 12 and iron colimitation of phytoplankton growth in the Ross Sea - Erin M. Bertrand; Mak A. Saito; Julie M. Rose; Christina R. Riesselman; Maeve C. Lohan; Abigail E. Noble; Peter A. Lee; Giacomo R. DiTullio (Limnology and Oceanography, 2007)
Primary production in the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas in the Southern Ocean, has previously been shown to be seasonally limited by iron. In two of three bottle incubation experiments conducted in the austral summer, significantly higher chlorophyll a (Chl a ) concentrations were measured upon the addition of iron and B 12 , relative to iron additions alone. Initial bacterial abundances were significantly lower in the two experiments that showed phytoplankton stimulation upon addition of B 12 and iron relative to the experiment that did not show this stimulation. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the bacteria and archaea in the upper water column are an important source of B 12 to marine phytoplankton. The addition of iron alone increased the growth of Phaeocystis antarctica relative to diatoms, whereas in an experiment where iron and B 12 stimulated total phytoplankton growth, the diatom Pseudonitzschia subcurvata went from comprising approximately 70% of the phytoplankton community to over 90%. Cobalt additions, with and without iron, did not alter Chl a biomass relative to controls and iron additions alone in the Ross Sea. Iron and vitamin B 12 plus iron treatments caused reductions in the DMSP (dimethyl sulfoniopropionate) : Chl a ratio relative to the control and B 12 treatments, consistent with the notion of an antioxidant function for DMSP. These results demonstrate the importance of a vitamin to phytoplankton growth and community composition in the marine environment.

Plant species richness, elevated CO 2 , and atmospheric nitrogen deposition alter soil microbial community composition and function - HAEGEUN CHUNG; DONALD R. ZAK; PETER B. REICH; DAVID S. ELLSWORTH (Global Change Biology, 2007)
We determined soil microbial community composition and function in a field experiment in which plant communities of increasing species richness were exposed to factorial elevated CO 2 and nitrogen (N) deposition treatments. Because elevated CO 2 and N deposition increased plant productivity to a greater extent in more diverse plant assemblages, it is plausible that heterotrophic microbial communities would experience greater substrate availability, potentially increasing microbial activity, and accelerating soil carbon (C) and N cycling. We, therefore, hypothesized that the response of microbial communities to elevated CO 2 and N deposition is contingent on the species richness of plant communities. Microbial community composition was determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis, and function was measured using the activity of key extracellular enzymes involved in litter decomposition. Higher plant species richness, as a main effect, fostered greater microbial biomass, cellulolytic and chitinolytic capacity, as well as the abundance of saprophytic and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Moreover, the effect of plant species richness on microbial communities was significantly modified by elevated CO 2 and N deposition. For instance, microbial biomass and fungal abundance increased with greater species richness, but only under combinations of elevated CO 2 and ambient N, or ambient CO 2 and N deposition. Cellobiohydrolase activity increased with higher plant species richness, and this trend was amplified by elevated CO 2 . In most cases, the effect of plant species richness remained significant even after accounting for the influence of plant biomass. Taken together, our results demonstrate that plant species richness can directly regulate microbial activity and community composition, and that plant species richness is a significant determinant of microbial response to elevated CO 2 and N deposition. The strong positive effect of plant species richness on cellulolytic capacity and microbial biomass indicate that the rates of soil C cycling may decline with decreasing plant species richness.

Distinct protistan assemblages characterize the euphotic zone and deep sea (2500 m) of the western North Atlantic (Sargasso Sea and Gulf Stream) - Peter D. Countway; Rebecca J. Gast; Mark R. Dennett; Pratik Savai; Julie M. Rose; David A. Caron (Environmental Microbiology, 2007)
Summary Protistan diversity was characterized at three locations in the western North Atlantic (Sargasso Sea and Gulf Stream) by sequencing 18S rRNA genes in samples from euphotic (≤ 125 m) and bathypelagic depths (2500 m). A total of 923 partial‐length protistan sequences were analysed, revealing 324 distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs) determined by an automated OTU‐calling program set to 95% sequence similarity. Most OTUs were comprised of only one or two sequences suggesting a large but rare pool of protistan diversity. Many OTUs from both depth strata were associated with recently described novel alveolate and stramenopile lineages while many OTUs from the bathypelagic were affiliated with Acantharea, Polycystinea and Euglenozoa and were not observed in euphotic zone libraries. Protistan assemblages from the euphotic zone and the deep sea were largely composed of distinct OTUs; only 28 of the 324 protistan OTUs were detected in both shallow and deep sea clone libraries. The diversity of protistan assemblages in the deep sea was distinctly lower than the diversity of euphotic zone assemblages. Protistan assemblages from the Gulf Stream were the most diverse for either depth strata. Overall, protistan assemblages from different stations but comparable depths were more similar than the assemblages from different depths at the same station. These data suggest that particular groups of protistan OTUs formed distinct ‘shallow’ and ‘deep‐sea’ assemblages across widely spaced oceanic locales.

Differential distribution of adenosine receptors in rat cochlea - Srdjan M. Vlajkovic; Shukri Abi; Carol J. H. Wang; Gary D. Housley; Peter R. Thorne (Cell and Tissue Research, 2007)

Alien macroalgae in Denmark – a broad-scale national perspective - Mads S. Thomsen; Thomas Wernberg; Peter Stææhr; Dorte Krause-Jensen; Nils Risgaard-Petersen; Brian R. Silliman (Marine Biology Research, 2007)

Promoter analysis and immunolocalisation show that puroindoline genes are exclusively expressed in starchy endosperm cells of wheat grain - Paul R. Wiley; Paola Tosi; Alexandre Evrard; Alison Lovegrove; Huw D. Jones; Peter R. Shewry (Plant Molecular Biology, 2007)

Inhibition of orthotopic osteosarcoma growth and metastasis by multitargeted antitumor activities of pigment epithelium-derived factor - Eugene T. H. Ek; Crispin R. Dass; Karla G. Contreras; Peter F. M. Choong (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2007)

Ambient UV, personal sun exposure and risk of multiple primary melanomas - Anne Kricker; Bruce K. Armstrong; Chris Goumas; Melisa Litchfield; Colin B. Begg; Amanda J. Hummer; Loraine D. Marrett; Beth Theis; Robert C. Millikan; Nancy Thomas; Hoda Anton Culver; Richard P. Gallagher; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2007)

Modeling initial contact dynamics during ambulation with dynamic simulation - Andrew R. Meyer; Mei Wang; Peter A. Smith; Gerald F. Harris (Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2007)

Hygroscopic behavior of aerosol particles from biomass fires using environmental transmission electron microscopy - Trudi A. Semeniuk; Matthew E. Wise; Scot T. Martin; Lynn M. Russell; Peter R. Buseck (Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2007)

Permeability up-scaling using Haar Wavelets - Vera Pancaldi; Kim Christensen; Peter R. King (Transport in Porous Media, 2007)

New insights into the history and origin of the southern Maya block, SE México: U–Pb–SHRIMP zircon geochronology from metamorphic rocks of the Chiapas massif - Bodo Weber; Alexander Iriondo; Wayne R. Premo; Lutz Hecht; Peter Schaaf (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2007)

Siderophile and chalcophile metal variations in Tertiary picrites and basalts from West Greenland with implications for the sulphide saturation history of continental flood basalt magmas - Reid R. Keays; Peter C. Lightfoot (Mineralium Deposita, 2007)

Formulation and In-Vitro and In-Vivo Evaluation of a Mucoadhesive Gel Containing Freeze Dried Black Raspberries: Implications for Oral Cancer Chemoprevention - Susan R. Mallery; Gary D. Stoner; Peter E. Larsen; Henry W. Fields; Kapila A. Rodrigo; Steven J. Schwartz; Qingguo Tian; Jin Dai; Russell J. Mumper (Pharmaceutical Research, 2007)

Genetic polymorphisms in the oxidative stress pathway and susceptibility to non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Qing Lan; Tongzhang Zheng; Min Shen; Yawei Zhang; Sophia S. Wang; Shelia H. Zahm; Theodore R. Holford; Brian Leaderer; Peter Boyle; Stephen Chanock (Human Genetics, 2007)

Evolution of the vertebrate Y RNA cluster - Axel Mosig; Meng Guofeng; Bärbel M. R. Stadler; Peter F. Stadler (Theory in Biosciences, 2007)

Unexpectedly low genetic divergences among populations of the threatened bog turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) - Peter A. Rosenbaum; Jeanne M. Robertson; Kelly R. Zamudio (Conservation Genetics, 2007)

Constraints on paleolake levels, spillways and glacial lake history, north-central Ontario, Canada - Shawn R. Slattery; Peter J. Barnett; Darrel G. F. Long (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2007)

Biological pacemakers based on I f - Michael R. Rosen; Peter R. Brink; Ira S. Cohen; Richard B. Robinson (Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2007)

Multisensory processing and oscillatory activity: analyzing non-linear electrophysiological measures in humans and simians - Daniel Senkowski; Manuel Gomez-Ramirez; Peter Lakatos; Glenn R. Wylie; Sophie Molholm; Charles E. Schroeder; John J. Foxe (Experimental Brain Research, 2007)

Variation of Macrophage Tropism among HIV-1 R5 Envelopes in Brain and Other Tissues - Paul J. Peters; Maria J. Dueñas-Decamp; W. Matthew Sullivan; Paul R. Clapham (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2007)

Friedrich Vogel 1925–2006 - Peter Propping; Claus R. Bartram (Human Genetics, 2007)

Compositional variability of ice‐rafted debris in Heinrich layers 1 and 2 on the northwest European continental slope identified by environmental magnetic analyses - John Walden; Emilie Wadsworth; William E. N. Austin; Clare Peters; James D. Scourse; Ian R. Hall (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2007)
The composition of ice‐rafted debris (IRD) within a sediment core from the European continental slope (core OMEX‐2K; 49° 5′ N, 13° 26′ W) has been examined using environmental magnetic analyses. The data demonstrate compositional variability of the IRD within Heinrich layers 2 (H2) and 1 (H1) and these differences are most readily explained by changes in the contribution of different IRD sources to the core site. Some IRD within the main Heinrich layers show magnetic signatures that are similar to IRD derived from the Laurentide ice sheet found in cores from within the main North Atlantic IRD‐belt. In contrast, other IRD‐rich layers, both prior to and within the main Heinrich layers, demonstrate different magnetic behaviour, suggesting a contribution from a non‐Laurentide sourced IRD, most likely derived from ice streams discharging from northeast Atlantic ice sheets such as the British and Fennoscandian ice sheets. These data are consistent with published compositional data from the same core and, given the rapid, highly sensitive and non‐destructive nature of the method, suggest that environmental magnetic analysis has considerable potential for characterising IRD materials within Heinrich layers for the purposes of defining provenance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Contemporary carbon balance and late Holocene carbon accumulation in a northern peatland - NIGEL T. ROULET; PETER M. LAFLEUR; PIERRE J. H. RICHARD; TIM R. MOORE; ELYN R. HUMPHREYS; JILL BUBIER (Global Change Biology, 2007)
Northern peatlands contain up to 25% of the world's soil carbon (C) and have an estimated annual exchange of CO 2 ‐C with the atmosphere of 0.1–0.5 Pg yr −1 and of CH 4 ‐C of 10–25 Tg yr −1 . Despite this overall importance to the global C cycle, there have been few, if any, complete multiyear annual C balances for these ecosystems. We report a 6‐year balance computed from continuous net ecosystem CO 2 exchange (NEE), regular instantaneous measurements of methane (CH 4 ) emissions, and export of dissolved organic C (DOC) from a northern ombrotrophic bog. From these observations, we have constructed complete seasonal and annual C balances, examined their seasonal and interannual variability, and compared the mean 6‐year contemporary C exchange with the apparent C accumulation for the last 3000 years obtained from C density and age‐depth profiles from two peat cores. The 6‐year mean NEE‐C and CH 4 ‐C exchange, and net DOC loss are −40.2±40.5 (±1 SD), 3.7±0.5, and 14.9±3.1 g m −2 yr −1 , giving a 6‐year mean balance of −21.5±39.0 g m −2 yr −1 (where positive exchange is a loss of C from the ecosystem). NEE had the largest magnitude and variability of the components of the C balance, but DOC and CH 4 had similar proportional variabilities and their inclusion is essential to resolve the C balance. There are large interseasonal and interannual ranges to the exchanges due to variations in climatic conditions. We estimate from the largest and smallest seasonal exchanges, quasi‐maximum limits of the annual C balance between 50 and −105 g m −2 yr −1 . The net C accumulation rate obtained from the two peatland cores for the interval 400–3000 bp (samples from the anoxic layer only) were 21.9±2.8 and 14.0±37.6 g m −2 yr −1 , which are not significantly different from the 6‐year mean contemporary exchange.

When Agendas Collide: Human Welfare and Biological Conservation - KAI M. A. CHAN; ROBERT M. PRINGLE; JAI RANGANATHAN; CAROL L. BOGGS; YVONNE L. CHAN; PAUL R. EHRLICH; PETER K. HAFF; NICOLE E. HELLER; KARIM AL‐KHAFAJI; DENA P. MACMYNOWSKI (Conservation Biology, 2007)
Conservation should benefit ecosystems, nonhuman organisms, and current and future human beings. Nevertheless, tension among these goals engenders potential ethical conflicts: conservationists' true motivations may differ from the justifications they offer for their activities, and conservation projects have the potential to disempower and oppress people. We reviewed the promise and deficiencies of integrating social, economic, and biological concerns into conservation, focusing on research in ecosystem services and efforts in community‐based conservation. Despite much progress, neither paradigm provides a silver bullet for conservation's most pressing problems, and both require additional thought and modification to become maximally effective. We conclude that the following strategies are needed to make conservation more effective in our human‐dominated world. (1) Conservation research needs to integrate with social scholarship in a more sophisticated manner. (2) Conservation must be informed by a detailed understanding of the spatial, temporal, and social distributions of costs and benefits of conservation efforts. Strategies should reflect this understanding, particularly by equitably distributing conservation's costs. (3) We must better acknowledge the social concerns that accompany biodiversity conservation; accordingly, sometimes we must argue for conservation for biodiversity's sake, not for its direct human benefits.

Evaluating the Potential for Conservation Development: Biophysical, Economic, and Institutional Perspectives - LIBA PEJCHAR; PETER M. MORGAN; MARGARET R. CALDWELL; CARL PALMER; GRETCHEN C. DAILY (Conservation Biology, 2007)
The widespread conversion of rural land to low‐density residential development poses an immediate threat to biodiversity and to the provision of ecosystem services. Given that development will continue and environmental stakes are high, analyzing alternative growth strategies is critical. Conservation development is one such strategy that has the potential to benefit ecosystems and diverse stakeholders including developers, homebuyers, governments, and society as a whole. Conservation development clusters homes on one part of a property to manage the most ecologically important land for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. We draw on lessons learned from landscape ecology, open‐space development, and regional planning to weigh the biophysical, economic, and institutional evidence for and against conservation development. Conservation development offers many potential environmental and economic advantages: relatively high home values and appreciation rates, lower development costs, and social and ecological benefits to society including landscape connectivity, protection and active stewardship of important ecological assets, and the maintenance of ecosystem services. But this approach also has shortcomings: it may require enlightened institutional regulations and regional planning (and/or ecologically aware developers), it is not always more profitable than conventional development and thus may require subsidies or incentives, and additional research is required to fully understand its benefits and drawbacks. With more information on the effects of clustering, the development of flexible zoning laws, and effective regional planning, conservation development could be a viable strategy for sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem services in changing landscapes.

A novel orthotopic murine model provides insights into cellular and molecular characteristics contributing to human osteosarcoma - Crispin R. Dass; Eugene T. Ek; Karla G. Contreras; Peter F. Choong (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2007)

Impacts of localisation in the EnKF and EnOI: experiments with a small model - Peter R. Oke; Pavel Sakov; Stuart P. Corney (Ocean Dynamics, 2007)

Plant species richness, elevated CO 2 , and atmospheric nitrogen deposition alter soil microbial community composition and function - HAEGEUN CHUNG; DONALD R. ZAK; PETER B. REICH; DAVID S. ELLSWORTH (Global Change Biology, 2007)

Plasma protein distribution and its impact on pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B in paediatric patients with malignant diseases - Ying Hong; Peter J. Shaw; Bruce N. Tattam; Christa E. Nath; John W. Earl; Katherine R. Stephen; Andrew J. McLachlan (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2007)

Molecular and biological comparison of two Tomato yellow ring virus (TYRV) isolates: challenging the Tospovirus species concept - A. Hassani-Mehraban; J. Saaijer; D. Peters; R. Goldbach; R. Kormelink (Archives of Virology, 2007)

Characterization and in vitro Cytotoxicity Testing of Ethanolamine-derived Cadmium Chelating Agents - Mikhail Zhukalin; Megan K. Blanksma; T. Dimitri Silva; Samuel W. Suyehira; Wendy A. Harvey; Sara J. Heggland; Peter R. Craig (BioMetals, 2007)

Effect of comorbid symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder on responses to atomoxetine in children with ADHD: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trial data - Joseph Biederman; Thomas J. Spencer; Jeffrey H. Newcorn; Haitao Gao; Denái R. Milton; Peter D. Feldman; Michael M. Witte (Psychopharmacology, 2007)

Identification of host range mutants of myxoma virus with altered oncolytic potential in human glioma cells - John W Barrett; Lindsay R Alston; Fuan Wang; Marianne M Stanford; Philippe-Alexandre Gilbert; Xiujuan Gao; June Jimenez; Danielle Villeneuve; Peter Forsyth; Grant McFadden (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2007)

Degradation of water quality in Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland, by diffuse nitrogen flux from a phosphorus‐rich catchment - Lynda Bunting; Peter R. Leavitt; Christopher E. Gibson; Edward J. McGee; Valerie A. Hall (Limnology and Oceanography, 2007)
Annually resolved fossil records of nitrogen (N) inputs (as sedimentary δ 15 N, N content), aquatic production (δ 13 C, C content), and algal abundance and gross community composition (pigments, nonsiliceous microfossils) from Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland (NI), were compared with annual records of climatic variability, atmospheric and urban nutrient loading, whole‐catchment nutrient budgets, and limnological monitoring data to identify the unique effects of N on the eutrophication of a phosphorus (P)‐rich lake during ca. 1933‐1995. Cluster analysis revealed two major biostratigraphic zones. Zone I (ca. 1933–1955) was characterized by moderate lake production, as inferred from low concentrations of most fossil pigments and reduced δ 15 N signatures but elevated δ 13 C values and chlorophyte microfossil concentrations. In contrast, Zone II (ca. 1955‐1995) exhibited greatly increased contents of 15 N, N, C, and algal pigments, combined with strongly reduced δ 13 C ratios and chlorophyte fossil abundance, a pattern consistent with recent severe eutrophication. Overall, microfossils of diazotrophic cyanobacteria were most abundant during the transition period between zones (ca. 1955‐1964). Regression analysis revealed that past N influx to the lake (as δ 15 N; r 2 = 0.916, p 2 = 0.837, p 2 = 0.388, p 2 δ 15 N = 0.503, p 2 cyanobacteria = 0.296, p 2 total algae = 0.046, p

Association of Hck genetic polymorphisms with gene expression and COPD - Xiaozhu Zhang; Salahaddin Mahmudi-Azer; John E. Connett; Nicholas R. Anthonisen; Jian-Qing He; Peter D. Paré; Andrew J. Sandford (Human Genetics, 2006)

Diameter Caps for Thinning Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests: Viewpoints, Effects, and Tradeoffs - Scott R. Abella; Peter Z. Fulé; W. Wallace Covington (Journal of Forestry, 2006)
Upper size limits of trees allowed to be cut, termed diameter caps, have resulted in polarization, litigation, and delays and alterations to thinning projects in many western forests. Using southwestern ponderosa pine forests as an example, we summarize viewpoints on caps, simulateeffects of caps on thinning prescriptions, and provide examples of ecosystem-level tradeoffs of leaving extra trees during thinning projects. The importance placed on trees versus other ecosystem components primarily differentiates those who support caps and those who do not. We conclude that diameter caps may enhance some ecosystem components, such as densities of large trees, but they negatively impact many nontree components.

Spring photosynthesis in a cool temperate bog - TIM R. MOORE; PETER M. LAFLEUR; DIANE M. I. POON; BENJAMIN W. HEUMANN; J. W. SEAQUIST; NIGEL T. ROULET (Global Change Biology, 2006)
In northern ecosystems, the onset and growth of spring photosynthesis may have an important influence on the annual carbon (C) budget, yet the controls have not been clearly identified, especially for peatlands. We used a 5‐year set of daily carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) exchange measurements derived from an eddy covariance tower located at Mer Bleue, an ombrotrophic bog near Ottawa, Canada, from March to May [day‐of‐year (DOY) 60–150], 1999–2003. We used half‐hourly measured net ecosystem exchange minus modelled ecosystem respiration to estimate daily photosynthesis, as gross ecosystem production (GEP). The onset of GEP in each year was closely related to the thinning and disappearance of the snow cover, occurring between DOY 86 and 101. GEP increased during the spring, reaching 10‐day average values of between 5 and 9 g CO 2 m −2 day −1 by the end of May. This increase was initially associated with moss activity ( Sphagnum and Polytrichum ), followed by the evergreen shrubs. Peat temperatures in the rooting zone (10–20 cm depth) and increases in shrub leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll a concentrations contributed to this rapid increase in GEP. Examination of moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) images over several years revealed that the temporal resolution (16‐day composites) was inadequate to capture the onset of GEP but estimates of gross primary productivity and photosynthesis from MODIS 8‐day composites for the most part followed the pattern and magnitude of CO 2 exchange observed at the tower.

Above‐ and below‐ground impacts of introduced predators in seabird‐dominated island ecosystems - Tadashi Fukami; David A. Wardle; Peter J. Bellingham; Christa P. H. Mulder; David R. Towns; Gregor W. Yeates; Karen I. Bonner; Melody S. Durrett; Madeline N. Grant‐Hoffman; Wendy M. Williamson (Ecology Letters, 2006)
Predators often exert multi‐trophic cascading effects in terrestrial ecosystems. However, how such predation may indirectly impact interactions between above‐ and below‐ground biota is poorly understood, despite the functional importance of these interactions. Comparison of rat‐free and rat‐invaded offshore islands in New Zealand revealed that predation of seabirds by introduced rats reduced forest soil fertility by disrupting sea‐to‐land nutrient transport by seabirds, and that fertility reduction in turn led to wide‐ranging cascading effects on belowground organisms and the ecosystem processes they drive. Our data further suggest that some effects on the belowground food web were attributable to changes in aboveground plant nutrients and biomass, which were themselves related to reduced soil disturbance and fertility on invaded islands. These results demonstrate that, by disrupting across‐ecosystem nutrient subsidies, predators can indirectly induce strong shifts in both above‐ and below‐ground biota via multiple pathways, and in doing so, act as major ecosystem drivers.

Effects of the addition of forest floor extracts on soil carbon dioxide efflux - Girisha K. Ganjegunte; Leo M. Condron; Peter W. Clinton; Murray R. Davis; Nathalie Mahieu (Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2006)

Redox chemistry of tungsten and iron–sulfur prosthetic groups in Pyrococcus furiosus formaldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase - Emile Bol; Loes E. Bevers; Peter-Leon Hagedoorn; Wilfred R. Hagen (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2006)

Interactive Effects of Fire, Elevated Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Deposition, and precipitation on a California Annual Grassland - Hugh A. L. Henry; Nona R. Chiariello; Peter M. Vitousek; Harold A. Mooney; Christopher B. Field (Ecosystems, 2006)

A comparison of SEM-EDS with ICP-AES for the quantitative elemental determination of estuarine particles - Stephen M. Haley; Alan D. Tappin; Peter R. Bond; Mark F. Fitzsimons (Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2006)

Assessment of cognitive function in the heterozygous reeler mouse - Dilja D. Krueger; Jessica L. Howell; Britni F. Hebert; Peter Olausson; Jane R. Taylor; Angus C. Nairn (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

Earthworm invasion into previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests - Lee E. Frelich; Cindy M. Hale; Stefan Scheu; Andrew R. Holdsworth; Liam Heneghan; Patrick J. Bohlen; Peter B. Reich (Biological Invasions, 2006)

Isolation and characterization of two novel ethanol-tolerant facultative-anaerobic thermophilic bacteria strains from waste compost - Jiunn C. N. Fong; Charles J. Svenson; Kenlee Nakasugi; Caine T. C. Leong; John P. Bowman; Betty Chen; Dianne R. Glenn; Brett A. Neilan; Peter L. Rogers (Extremophiles, 2006)

Intramyocellular lipid stores increase markedly in athletes after 1.5 days lipid supplementation and are utilized during exercise in proportion to their content - Monica Zehnder; Emanuel R. Christ; Michael Ith; Kevin J. Acheson; Etienne Pouteau; Roland Kreis; Roman Trepp; Peter Diem; Chris Boesch; Jacques Décombaz (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2006)

Fibronectin organization under and near cells - Kathy L. De Jong; Heather C. MacLeod; Peter R. Norton; Nils O. Petersen (European Biophysics Journal, 2006)

An optimal pooling strategy applied to high-throughput screening for rare marker-free transformants - Jinrui Zhang; Qin Xiao; Kexiu Li; Mingjie Chen; Junli Chang; Liting Luo; Yang Li; Yong Liu; Peter R. Shewry; Guangyuan He (Biotechnology Letters, 2006)

Probing the adaptive response of Escherichia coli to extracellular Zn(II) - Tara K. Sigdel; Renee Cilliers; Priya R. Gursahaney; Peter Thompson; J. Allen Easton; Michael W. Crowder (BioMetals, 2006)

Megaplasmids encode differing combinations of lantibiotics in Streptococcus salivarius - Philip A. Wescombe; Jeremy P. Burton; Peter A. Cadieux; Nikolai A. Klesse; Otto Hyink; Nicholas C. K. Heng; Chris N. Chilcott; Gregor Reid; John R. Tagg (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2006)

Hybridization between subspecies of waterbuck ( Kobus ellipsiprymnus ) in zones of overlap with limited introgression - ELINE D. LORENZEN; BO T. SIMONSEN; PIETER W. KAT; PETER ARCTANDER; HANS R. SIEGISMUND (Molecular Ecology, 2006)
Two subspecies of waterbuck ( Kobus ellipsiprymnus ), common ( Kobus ellipsiprymnus ellipsiprymnus ) and defassa ( Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa ), are recognized based on differences in rump pattern, coat colour and geographical distribution. These forms are parapatrically distributed with an area of range overlap in East Africa, where phenotypically intermediate populations occur. Variation in 478 bp of the mitochondrial DNA control region and 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci were used to describe the genetic structure and phylogeographical pattern of the species, and to assess if the intermediate populations are the results of hybridization. In total, 186 individuals from 11 localities were analysed. A high degree of genetic differentiation was found between subspecies, although this was most evident from the microsatellite data. Hybridization was suggested in the phenotypically and geographically intermediate Nairobi NP population in Kenya. A neighbour‐joining (NJ) tree based on microsatellite population genetic distances grouped Nairobi between the common and defassa populations, and a Bayesian analysis clearly showed introgression. Individuals sampled in Samburu NP, Kenya, had a common waterbuck phenotype, but introgression was suggested by both markers. Although a high degree of maternal defassa input was indicated from the sequence data, the Samburu population grouped with the common waterbuck in the microsatellite population genetic distance tree, with high support. Analyses of linkage disequilibrium and maximum‐likelihood estimates of genetic drift suggested that admixture between subspecies is a recent event. The fact that introgression is limited between subspecies could be caused by chromosomal differences, hindering gene flow between common and defassa waterbuck.

Effects of Selective Logging on Bat Communities in the Southeastern Amazon - SANDRA L. PETERS; JAY R. MALCOLM; BARBARA L. ZIMMERMAN (Conservation Biology, 2006)
Although extensive areas of tropical forest are selectively logged each year, the responses of bat communities to this form of disturbance have rarely been examined. Our objectives were to (1) compare bat abundance, species composition, and feeding guild structure between unlogged and low‐intensity selectively logged (1–4 logged stems/ha) sampling grids in the southeastern Amazon and (2) examine correlations between logging‐induced changes in bat communities and forest structure. We captured bats in understory and canopy mist nets set in five 1‐ha study grids in both logged and unlogged forest. We captured 996 individuals, representing 5 families, 32 genera, and 49 species. Abundances of nectarivorous and frugivorous taxa (Glossophaginae, Lonchophyllinae, Stenodermatinae, and Carolliinae) were higher at logged sites, where canopy openness and understory foliage density were greatest. In contrast, insectivorous and omnivorous species (Emballonuridae, Mormoopidae, Phyllostominae, and Vespertilionidae) were more abundant in unlogged sites, where canopy foliage density and variability in the understory stratum were greatest. Multivariate analyses indicated that understory bat species composition differed strongly between logged and unlogged sites but provided little evidence of logging effects for the canopy fauna. Different responses among feeding guilds and taxonomic groups appeared to be related to foraging and echolocation strategies and to changes in canopy cover and understory foliage densities. Our results suggest that even low‐intensity logging modifies habitat structure, leading to changes in bat species composition.

Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates accumulate at the onset of intense exercise in man but are not essential for the increase in muscle oxygen uptake - Jens Bangsbo; Martin J. Gibala; Krista R. Howarth; Peter Krustrup (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2006)

Immunogold-labeled S-phase neoblasts, total neoblast number, their distribution, and evidence for arrested neoblasts in Macrostomum lignano (Platyhelminthes, Rhabditophora) - A. Bode; W. Salvenmoser; K. Nimeth; M. Mahlknecht; Z. Adamski; R. M. Rieger; R. Peter; P. Ladurner (Cell and Tissue Research, 2006)

Himantura lobistoma, a new whipray (Rajiformes: Dasyatidae) from Borneo, with comments on the status of Dasyatis microphthalmus - B. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto; Peter R. Last (Ichthyological Research, 2006)

Differential expression of the cardiac ryanodine receptor in normal and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy canine hearts - Kathryn M. Meurs; Veronique A. Lacombe; Keith Dryburgh; Philip R. Fox; Peter R. Reiser; Mark D. Kittleson (Human Genetics, 2006)

The Potential Impact of Agricultural Management and Climate Change on Soil Organic Carbon of the North Central Region of the United States - Peter R. Grace; Manuel Colunga-Garcia; Stuart H. Gage; G. Philip Robertson; Gene R. Safir (Ecosystems, 2006)

Molecular provenance analysis for shy and white-capped albatrosses killed by fisheries interactions in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa - Cathryn L. Abbott; Michael C. Double; Rosemary Gales; G. Barry Baker; Anna Lashko; Christopher J. R. Robertson; Peter G. Ryan (Conservation Genetics, 2006)

Three genetically divergent lineages of the Oryx in eastern Africa: Evidence for an ancient introgressive hybridization - Charles Masembe; Vincent B. Muwanika; Silvester Nyakaana; Peter Arctander; Hans R. Siegismund (Conservation Genetics, 2006)

Leatherback turtles as oceanographic indicators: stable isotope analyses reveal a trophic dichotomy between ocean basins - Bryan P. Wallace; Jeffrey A. Seminoff; Susan S. Kilham; James R. Spotila; Peter H. Dutton (Marine Biology, 2006)

Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma among women in Connecticut - Min Shen; Tongzhang Zheng; Qing Lan; Yawei Zhang; Shelia H. Zahm; Sophia S. Wang; Theodore R. Holford; Brian Leaderer; Meredith Yeager; Robert Welch; Daehee Kang; Peter Boyle; et al. (Human Genetics, 2006)

Spatial variation of nitrogen fixation in lakes of the northern Great Plains - Alain Patoine; Mark D. Graham; Peter R. Leavitt (Limnology and Oceanography, 2006)
Cyanobacterial blooms are a regular feature of lakes in central North America, but little is known of their importance to the nitrogen (N) cycle and nutrition of aquatic food webs. We hypothesized that N 2 ‐fixing cyanobacteria constitute a significant source of N to prairie lakes, that fixed N is effectively transferred to primary and secondary consumers, and that the importance of fixed N is structured on a landscape scale due to spatial gradients of lake chemistry and catchment characteristics. These hypotheses were tested using stable isotope analyses and mass budgets in six chained lakes of the northern Great Plains that were sampled biweekly during summers of 1994‐2004. Mean annual N isotope signatures of particulate organic matter (δ 15 N‐POM) were highly correlated to the abundance of N 2 ‐fixing cyanobacteria ( r 2 = 0.75, p , 0.001), but exhibited no marked spatial organization. Instead, the temporal variability of δ 15 N‐POM was greatest in downstream lakes where N 2 ‐fixing cyanobacteria were abundant. Furthermore, seasonal declines in δ 15 N‐POM were correlated with reductions in δ 15 N of individual zooplankton taxa ( Daphnia spp., Diacyclops thomasi , Leptodiaptomus siciloides , Leptodora kindtii ), especially in downstream eastern lakes. N mass balances revealed that the importance of biological N 2 fixation relative to total N inputs (up to 77%) and initial N standing stock (up to 201%) were significantly linearly correlated with landscape position (0.59 ≤ r 2 ≤ 0.83, p ≤ 0.07) and effective drainage area (0.61 ≤ r 2 ≤ 0.98, p ≤ 0.07), as were volumetric and areal estimates of N 2 fixation during summer ( r 2 ≥ 0.87, p ≤ 0.007). These patterns demonstrate that fixed N is spatially structured, highly predictable based on landscape position, and readily assimilated into aquatic food webs.

Nitrogen fixation and release of fixed nitrogen by Trichodesmium spp. in the Gulf of Mexico - Margaret R. Mulholland; Peter W. Bernhardt; Cynthia A. Heil; Deborah A. Bronk; Judith M. O'Neil (Limnology and Oceanography, 2006)
During a 3‐yr study in the Gulf of Mexico, we measured dinitrogen (N 2 ) fixation and nitrogen (N) release by Trichodesmium and compared these rates with water column N demand and the estimated N necessary to support blooms of Karenia brevis , a toxic dinoflagellate that severely affects the West Florida shelf. Net and gross N 2 fixation rates were compared in simultaneous incubations using δ 15 N 2 uptake and acetylene reduction, respectively. The difference between net and gross N 2 fixation is assumed to be an approximation of the rate of N release. Results demonstrate that Trichodesmium in the Gulf of Mexico are fixing N 2 at high rates and that an average of 52% of this recently fixed N 2 is rapidly released. Calculations suggest that observed densities of Trichodesmium can provide enough N to support moderately sized K. brevis blooms. Based on other studies where δ 15 N 2 and acetylene reduction were compared directly, it appears that N release from Trichodesmium is common but varies in magnitude among environments. In addition, carbon (C) and N‐based doubling times for Trichodesmium vary among studies and environments. Comparing gross N 2 fixation and C fixation directly, C‐based doubling times exceeded N‐based doubling times, which suggests an imbalance in elemental turnover or a failure to fully quantify Trichodesmium N use.

Spatial variability of stable isotopes and fossil pigments in surface sediments of Alaskan coastal lakes: Constraints on quantitative estimates of past salmon abundance - Curtis S. Brock; Peter R. Leavitt; Daniel E. Schindler; Susan P. Johnson; Jonathan W. Moore (Limnology and Oceanography, 2006)
We quantified spatial patterns of stable isotopes of N and C (δ 15 N, δ 13 C) and fossil pigment concentrations in the uppermost 10 mm of sediment (,10 yr) from 74 profundal locations and three spawning‐stream discharge areas in Lake Nerka, southwest Alaska. Sediment δ 15 N (4.3% ± 0.7%) and δ 13 C (−26.3% ± 1.2%) varied directly (δ 15 N) or inversely (δ 13 C) with water column depth, whereas concentrations of most fossil pigments from algae were negatively correlated with depth. Sediment δ 15 N and δ 13 C were poorly correlated with either fossil pigment abundance or the local densities of spawning salmon. Instead, coastal nursery lakes appeared to integrate marine‐derived nutrients rapidly into lakewide nutrient pools, suggesting that while individual cores may be used to reconstruct whole‐lake salmon densities, habitat‐specific variations of past fish populations cannot be quantified reliably from sedimentary analyses.

Comparative field performance over 3 years and two sites of transgenic wheat lines expressing HMW subunit transgenes - Peter R. Shewry; Stephen Powers; J. Michael Field; Roger J. Fido; Huw D. Jones; Gillian M. Arnold; Jevon West; Paul A. Lazzeri; Pilar Barcelo; Francisco Barro; Arthur S. Tatham; Frank Bekes; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2006)

Molecular targeting of the lymphovascular system for imaging and therapy - Heiko Schöder; Edwin C. Glass; Alain P. Pecking; Jay K. Harness; Anne M. Wallace; Peter Hirnle; Jean L. Alberini; Didier Vilain; Steven M. Larson; Carl K. Hoh; David R. Vera (Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2006)

Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Exotic Earthworm Communities Along Invasion Fronts in a Temperate Hardwood Forest in South-Central New York (USA) - Esteban R. Suárez; Timothy J. Fahey; Peter M. Groffman; Joseph B. Yavitt; Patrick J. Bohlen (Biological Invasions, 2006)

Analysis of Electrode Configurations for Measuring Cardiac Tissue Conductivities and Fibre Rotation - Barbara M. Johnston; Peter R. Johnston; David Kilpatrick (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2006)

Parentage analysis detects cryptic precapture dispersal in a philopatric rodent - PETER M. WASER; JOSEPH D. BUSCH; CORY R. McCORMICK; J. ANDREW DEWOODY (Molecular Ecology, 2006)
Locating birthplaces using genetic parentage determination can increase the precision and accuracy with which animal dispersal patterns are established. We re‐analyse patterns of movement away from the birthplace as a function of time, sex and population density for a sample of 303 banner‐tailed kangaroo rats, Dipodomys spectabilis. We located birth sites using a combination of likelihood‐based parentage analysis with live‐trapping of mothers during the breeding season. The results demonstrate that natal‐breeding site distances are density dependent in this species; in particular, both sexes emigrate earlier in the year, and females disperse farther than males, at low population densities. Banner‐tailed kangaroo rats were chosen as a study system because live‐trapping easily detects maternal and offspring locations; nevertheless, parentage analysis reveals that some offspring evade early detection and move substantial distances before their first capture. In a few cases, the approach even detects dispersal out of the natal ‘deme’ prior to first capture. Parentage analysis confirms the extreme philopatry of both sexes but indicates that prior estimates of median dispersal distance were too low. For D. spectabilis , more accurate location of individual birthplaces clarifies patterns of sex bias and density dependence in dispersal, and may resolve apparent discrepancies between direct and indirect estimates of dispersal distance. For species in which mothers can be more reliably trapped than juveniles, using offspring genotypes to locate parents is a novel way that genetic techniques can contribute to the analysis of animal dispersal.

Data on Wildlife Trade - Peter O. Thomas; Mark R. Albert (Conservation Biology, 2006)

Relationships Between Environmental Variables and Benthic Diatom Assemblages in California Central Valley Streams (USA) - Yangdong Pan; Brian H. Hill; Peter Husby; Robert K. Hall; Philip R. Kaufmann (Hydrobiologia, 2006)

Interferon gamma polymorphisms and their interaction with smoking are associated with lung function - Jian-Qing He; Kelly Burkett; John E. Connett; Nicholas R. Anthonisen; Peter D. Paré; Andrew J. Sandford (Human Genetics, 2006)

Comparison of Nitrate Levels in Raw Water and Finished Water from Historical Monitoring Data on Iowa Municipal Drinking Water Supplies - Peter J. Weyer; Brian J. Smith; Zhen-Fang Feng; Jiji R. Kantamneni; David G. Riley (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2006)

Two melting regimes during Paleogene flood basalt generation in East Greenland: combined REE and PGE modelling - Peter Momme; Christian Tegner; C. Kent Brooks; Reid R. Keays (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2006)

Estimating the uncertainty in annual net ecosystem carbon exchange: spatial variation in turbulent fluxes and sampling errors in eddy‐covariance measurements - RAM OREN; CHENG‐I HSIEH; PAUL STOY; JOHN ALBERTSON; HEATHER R MCCARTHY; PETER HARRELL; GABRIEL G KATUL (Global Change Biology, 2006)
Above forest canopies, eddy covariance (EC) measurements of mass (CO 2 , H 2 O vapor) and energy exchange, assumed to represent ecosystem fluxes, are commonly made at one point in the roughness sublayer (RSL). A spatial variability experiment, in which EC measurements were made from six towers within the RSL in a uniform pine plantation, quantified large and dynamic spatial variation in fluxes. The spatial coefficient of variation (CV) of the scalar fluxes decreased with increasing integration time, stabilizing at a minimum that was independent of further lengthening the averaging period (hereafter a ‘stable minimum’). For all three fluxes, the stable minimum (CV=9–11%) was reached at averaging times ( τ p ) of 6–7 h during daytime, but higher stable minima (CV=46–158%) were reached at longer τ p (>12 h) during nighttime. To the extent that decreasing CV of EC fluxes reflects reduction in micrometeorological sampling errors, half of the observed variability at τ p =30 min is attributed to sampling errors. The remaining half (indicated by the stable minimum CV) is attributed to underlying variability in ecosystem structural properties, as determined by leaf area index, and perhaps associated ecosystem activity attributes. We further assessed the spatial variability estimates in the context of uncertainty in annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE). First, we adjusted annual NEE values obtained at our long‐term observation tower to account for the difference between this tower and the mean of all towers from this experiment; this increased NEE by up to 55 g C m −2 yr −1 . Second, we combined uncertainty from gap filling and instrument error with uncertainty because of spatial variability, producing an estimate of variability in annual NEE ranging from 79 to 127 g C m −2 yr −1 . This analysis demonstrated that even in such a uniform pine plantation, in some years spatial variability can contribute ∼50% of the uncertainty in annual NEE estimates.

Phylogenetic Analysis of Turkey Astroviruses Reveals Evidence of Recombination - Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood; Erica Spackman; Peter R. Woolcock (Virus Genes, 2006)

Identification and characterization of porcine mannan-binding lectin A (pMBL-A), and determination of serum concentration heritability - Helle R. Juul-Madsen; Thomas Krogh-Meibom; Mark Henryon; Nades Palaniyar; Peter M. H. Heegaard; Stig Purup; Anthony C. Willis; Ida Tornøe; Klaus L. Ingvartsen; Søren Hansen; Uffe Holmskov (Immunogenetics, 2006)

A highly thermostable ferritin from the hyperthermophilic archaeal anaerobe Pyrococcus furiosus - Jana Tatur; Peter-Leon Hagedoorn; Marieke L. Overeijnder; Wilfred R. Hagen (Extremophiles, 2006)

Climate Change, Flow Regulation and Land-Use Effects on the Hydrology of the Peace-Athabasca-Slave System; Findings from the Northern Rivers Ecosystem Initiative - T. D. Prowse; S. Beltaos; J. T. Gardner; J. J. Gibson; R. J. Granger; R. Leconte; D. L. Peters; A. Pietroniro; L. A. Romolo; B. Toth (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2006)

Molecular genetics, biology, and therapy for inherited peripheral neuropathies - Vincent Timmerman; James R. Lupski; Peter Jonghe (NeuroMolecular Medicine, 2006)

Cyclic AMP and Cyclic GMP suppress TNFα-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by inhibiting FADD up-regulation via a protein kinase A-dependent pathway - Y. Wang; Peter K. M. Kim; X. Peng; P. Loughran; Y. Vodovotz; B. Zhang; T. R. Billiar (Apoptosis, 2006)

New softnose skate genus Brochiraja from New Zealand (Rajidae: Arhynchobatinae) with description of four new species - Peter R. Last; John D. McEachran (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2006)
Brochiraja, a new rajid genus, is defined for a group of softnose skates from the deep sea adjacent New Zealand. The group presently contains six species: Brochiraja asperula (Garrick & Paul), B. spinifera (Garrick & Paul), and four new taxa, B albilabiata sp. nov., B. aenigma sp. nov., B. leviveneta sp. nov., and B . microspinifera sp. nov. These species are closely related to members of the Indo‐Pacific genus Notoraja but three of them differ from all other softnose skates (arhynchobatins) in at least one presumed synaphomorphy—the presence of a bifurcated thorn on the mid‐distal rostral cartilage that is strongly evident in juveniles and variably reduced in adults. Placement of B. aenigma, known only from the post‐juvenile holotype, lacks these thorns so its placement in the genus is provisional. The new species differ from B. asperula, B. spinifera, and each other, in coloration, morphometrics, squamation, and vertebral and pectoral‐fin counts. The existence of multiple morphotypes of the two pre‐existing nominal taxa suggests that the New Zealand skate fauna has vicariated from populations isolated from each other on the remote continental slopes, seamounts, and plateaus of the South‐West Pacific.

Microbial degradation of street dust polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in microcosms simulating diffuse pollution of urban soil - Anders R. Johnsen; Julia R. De Lipthay; Søren J. Sørensen; Flemming Ekelund; Peter Christensen; Ole Andersen; Ulrich Karlson; Carsten S. Jacobsen (Environmental Microbiology, 2006)
Summary Diffuse pollution with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of topsoil in urban regions has caused increasing concerns in recent years. We simulated diffuse pollution of soil in microcosms by spiking sandy topsoil (A‐horizon) and coarse, mineral subsoil (C‐horizon) with street dust (PM63) isolated from municipal street sweepings from central Copenhagen. The microbial communities adapted to PAH degradation in microcosms spiked with street dust in both A‐horizon and C‐horizon soils, in spite of low PAH‐concentrations. The increased potential for PAH degradation was demonstrated on several levels: by slowly diminishing PAH‐concentrations, increased mineralization of 14 C‐PAHs, increasing numbers of PAH degraders and increased prevalence of nah and pdo1 PAH degradation genes, i.e. the microbial communities quickly adapted to PAH degradation. Three‐ and 4‐ring PAHs from the street dust were biodegraded to some extent (10–20%), but 5‐ and 6‐ring PAHs were not biodegraded in spite of frequent soil mixing and high PAH degradation potentials. In addition to biodegradation, leaching of 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐ring PAHs from the A‐horizon to the C‐horizon seems to reduce PAH‐levels in surface soil. Over time, levels of 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐ring PAHs in surface soil may reach equilibrium between input and the combination of biodegradation and leaching. However, levels of the environmentally critical 5‐ and 6‐ring PAHs will probably continue to rise. We presume that sorption to black carbon particles is responsible for the persistence and low bioaccessibility of 5‐ and 6‐ring PAHs in diffusely polluted soil.

β2-Subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are involved in nicotine-induced increases in conditioned reinforcement but not progressive ratio responding for food in C57BL/6 mice - Darlene H. Brunzell; Jessica R. Chang; Brandon Schneider; Peter Olausson; Jane R. Taylor; Marina R. Picciotto (Psychopharmacology, 2006)

Function and transcript analysis of gibberellin-biosynthetic enzymes in wheat - Nigel E.J. Appleford; Daniel J. Evans; John R. Lenton; Paul Gaskin; Stephen J. Croker; Katrien M. Devos; Andrew L. Phillips; Peter Hedden (Planta, 2006)

The Effect of Mixing Prunings of Two Tropical Shrub Legumes (Calliandra Houstoniana and Indigofera zollingeriana) with Contrasting Quality on N Release in the Soil and Apparent N Degradation in the Rumen - K. Tscherning; C. Lascano; E. Barrios; R. Schultze-Kraft; M. Peters (Plant and Soil, 2006)

Comparison of population activity in the dorsal premotor cortex and putamen during the learning of arbitrary visuomotor mappings - Ethan R. Buch; Peter J. Brasted; Steven P. Wise (Experimental Brain Research, 2006)

Test color images on page for Joint Workflow 1.09.04a - Peter R. De Vries; Elena Xoplaki; Gary Funkhouser; Jürg Luterbacher; Malcolm K. Hughes; Nesat Erkan; Ünal Akkemik; Jean Stephan (Biotechnology Letters, 2006)

Changes in leaf morphology and anatomy with tree age and height in the broadleaved evergreen species, Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell - Jacqueline R. England; Peter M. Attiwill (Trees, 2006)

Population genetic structure of the brown tiger prawn, Penaeus esculentus, in tropical northern Australia - Robert D. Ward; Jennifer R. Ovenden; Jennifer R. S. Meadows; Peter M. Grewe; Sigrid A. Lehnert (Marine Biology, 2006)

Genome-wide linkage of febrile seizures and epilepsy to the FEB4 locus at 5q14.3-q23.1 and no MASS1 mutation - Liesbet Deprez; Lieve R. F. Claes; Kristl G. Claeys; Dominique Audenaert; Tine Van Dyck; Dirk Goossens; Wim Van Paesschen; Jurgen Del-Favero; Christine Van Broeckhoven; Peter De Jonghe (Human Genetics, 2006)

Two melting regimes during Paleogene flood basalt generation in East Greenland: combined REE and PGE modelling - Peter Momme; Christian Tegner; C. Kent Brooks; Reid R. Keays (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2006)

The relationships of Microsorum (Polypodiaceae) species occurring in New Zealand - Harald Schneider; Hans‐Peter Kreier; Leon R. Perrie; Patrick J. Brownsey (New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2006)
Relationships of the three species of Microsorum occurring in New Zealand, M. no‐vae‐zealandiae, M. pustulatum, and M. scandens, were explored using evidence from four chloro‐plast genomic markers: rbc L , rps 4 , rps 4 ‐trn S in‐tergenic spacer, and trnL‐F intergenic spacer. All three species were nested in a strongly supported lecanopteroid clade together with the ant‐fern genus Lecanopteris and several species accepted as belonging to the polyphyletic genus Microsorum. M. scandens is sister to M. varians from New Caledonia, and in turn both are sister to M. linguiforme. M. novae‐zealandiae and M. pustulatum form a clade together with the New Caledonian endemic M. viellardii. Support from morphological features is discussed, as is the possibility of a diversification of the lecanopteroids in Eastern Malesia and/or adjacent areas to the south after the collision of Australia and south‐east Asia.

Novel ecosystems: theoretical and management aspects of the new ecological world order - Richard J. Hobbs; Salvatore Arico; James Aronson; Jill S. Baron; Peter Bridgewater; Viki A. Cramer; Paul R. Epstein; John J. Ewel; Carlos A. Klink; Ariel E. Lugo; David Norton; Dennis Ojima; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2006)
We explore the issues relevant to those types of ecosystems containing new combinations of species that arise through human action, environmental change, and the impacts of the deliberate and inadvertent introduction of species from other regions. Novel ecosystems (also termed ‘emerging ecosystems’) result when species occur in combinations and relative abundances that have not occurred previously within a given biome. Key characteristics are novelty, in the form of new species combinations and the potential for changes in ecosystem functioning, and human agency, in that these ecosystems are the result of deliberate or inadvertent human action. As more of the Earth becomes transformed by human actions, novel ecosystems increase in importance, but are relatively little studied. Either the degradation or invasion of native or ‘wild’ ecosystems or the abandonment of intensively managed systems can result in the formation of these novel systems. Important considerations are whether these new systems are persistent and what values they may have. It is likely that it may be very difficult or costly to return such systems to their previous state, and hence consideration needs to be given to developing appropriate management goals and approaches.

The Maize An2 Gene is Induced by Fusarium Attack and Encodes an ent-Copalyl Diphosphate Synthase - L. J. Harris; A. Saparno; A. Johnston; S. Prisic; M. Xu; S. Allard; A. Kathiresan; T. Ouellet; R. J. Peters (Plant Molecular Biology, 2005)

Low energy neutral atom imaging on the Moon with the SARA instrument aboard Chandrayaan-1 mission - Anil Bhardwaj; Stas Barabash; Yoshifumi Futaana; Yoichi Kazama; Kazushi Asamura; David McCann; R. Sridharan; Mats Holmstrom; Peter Wurz; Rickard Lundin (Journal of Earth System Science, 2005)

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene and ion channel function in patients with idiopathic pancreatitis - Michele D. Bishop; Steven D. Freedman; Julian Zielenski; Najma Ahmed; Annie Dupuis; Sheelagh Martin; Lynda Ellis; Julie Shea; Isobel Hopper; Mary Corey; Paul Kortan; Gregory Haber; et al. (Human Genetics, 2005)

No evidence of gemcitabine accumulation during weekly administration - S. M. de Lange; K. van der Born; J. R. Kroep; H. A. Jensen; P. Pfeiffer; A. Cleverly; C. J. van Groeningen; G. J. Peters (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2005)

Downregulation of uPAR confirms link in growth and metastasis of osteosarcoma - Crispin R. Dass; Anne P. W. Nadesapillai; Daniel Robin; Monique L. Howard; Jane L. Fisher; Hong Zhou; Peter F. M. Choong (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2005)

Volcanic stratigraphy of large-volume silicic pyroclastic eruptions during Oligocene Afro-Arabian flood volcanism in Yemen - Ingrid Ukstins Peate; Joel A. Baker; Mohamed Al-Kadasi; Abdulkarim Al-Subbary; Kim B. Knight; Peter Riisager; Matthew F. Thirlwall; David W. Peate; Paul R. Renne; Martin A. Menzies (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2005)

The crystal structure and physicochemical characteristics of 2-hydroxy-N-[3(5)-pyrazolyl]-1,4-naphthoquinone-4-imine, a new antitrypanosomal compound - Norma R. Sperandeo; Alicia Karlsson; Silvia Cuffini; Silvina Pagola; Peter W. Stephens (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2005)

On the Role of Basic Residues in Adapting the Reaction Centre–LH1 Complex for Growth at Elevated Temperatures in Purple Bacteria - Ashley J. Watson; Arwel V. Hughes; Paul K. Fyfe; Marion C. Wakeham; Kate Holden-Dye; Peter Heathcote; Michael R. Jones (Photosynthesis Research, 2005)

Clinical significance of EGFR amplification and the aberrant EGFRvIII transcript in conventionally treated astrocytic gliomas - Lu Liu; L. Magnus Bäcklund; Bo R. Nilsson; Dan Grandér; Koichi Ichimura; Helena M. Goike; V. Peter Collins (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2005)

Mitochondrial polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes-related traits in Finns - Karen L. Mohlke; Anne U. Jackson; Laura J. Scott; Erin C. Peck; Yong D. Suh; Peter S. Chines; Richard M. Watanabe; Thomas A. Buchanan; Karen N. Conneely; Michael R. Erdos; Narisu Narisu; Sareena Enloe; et al. (Human Genetics, 2005)

Amphiphile-induced tubular budding of the bilayer membrane - Veronika Kralj-Iglič; Henry Hägerstrand; Peter Veranič; Kristijan Jezernik; Blaž Babnik; Dorit R. Gauger; Aleš Iglič (European Biophysics Journal, 2005)

Genetic basis of human testicular germ cell cancer: insights from the fruitfly and mouse - Catherine M. Browne; Gary R. Hime; Peter Koopman; Kate L. Loveland (Cell and Tissue Research, 2005)

Comparative analysis of the D genome-encoded high-molecular weight subunits of glutenin - Yongfang Wan; Zehong Yan; Kunfan Liu; Youliang Zheng; Renato D’Ovidio; Peter R. Shewry; Nigel G. Halford; Daowen Wang (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2005)

The sub-ice algal community in the Chukchi sea: large- and small-scale patterns of abundance based on images from a remotely operated vehicle - William G. Ambrose; Cecilie von Quillfeldt; Lisa M. Clough; Peter V. R. Tilney; Terry Tucker (Polar Biology, 2005)

Population histories of right whales (Cetacea: Eubalaena ) inferred from mitochondrial sequence diversities and divergences of their whale lice (Amphipoda: Cyamus ) - ZOFIA A. KALISZEWSKA; JON SEGER; VICTORIA J. ROWNTREE; SUSAN G. BARCO; RAFAEL BENEGAS; PETER B. BEST; MOIRA W. BROWN; ROBERT L. BROWNELL; ALEJANDRO CARRIBERO; ROBERT HARCOURT; AMY R. KNOWLTON; KIM MARSHALL‐TILAS; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2005)
Right whales carry large populations of three ‘whale lice’ ( Cyamus ovalis , Cyamus gracilis , Cyamus erraticus ) that have no other hosts. We used sequence variation in the mitochondrial COI gene to ask (i) whether cyamid population structures might reveal associations among right whale individuals and subpopulations, (ii) whether the divergences of the three nominally conspecific cyamid species on North Atlantic, North Pacific, and southern right whales ( Eubalaena glacialis, Eubalaena japonica, Eubalaena australis ) might indicate their times of separation, and (iii) whether the shapes of cyamid gene trees might contain information about changes in the population sizes of right whales. We found high levels of nucleotide diversity but almost no population structure within oceans, indicating large effective population sizes and high rates of transfer between whales and subpopulations. North Atlantic and Southern Ocean populations of all three species are reciprocally monophyletic, and North Pacific C. erraticus is well separated from North Atlantic and southern C. erraticus . Mitochondrial clock calibrations suggest that these divergences occurred around 6 million years ago (Ma), and that the Eubalaena mitochondrial clock is very slow. North Pacific C. ovalis forms a clade inside the southern C. ovalis gene tree, implying that at least one right whale has crossed the equator in the Pacific Ocean within the last 1–2 million years (Myr). Low‐frequency polymorphisms are more common than expected under neutrality for populations of constant size, but there is no obvious signal of rapid, interspecifically congruent expansion of the kind that would be expected if North Atlantic or southern right whales had experienced a prolonged population bottleneck within the last 0.5 Myr.

The coincidence of daily rainfall events in Liberia, Costa Rica and tropical cyclones in the Caribbean basin - Peter R. Waylen; Michael Harrison (International Journal of Climatology, 2005)

Cuttings of Wollemi pine tolerate moderate photoinhibition and remain highly capable of root formation - K. E. Pohio; H. M. Wallace; R. F. Peters; T. E. Smith; S. J. Trueman (Trees, 2005)

Habitat use by desert bighorn sheep during lambing - Peter D. Bangs; Paul R. Krausman; Kyron E. Kunkel; Zachary D. Parsons (European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2005)

A Whole-Lake Experiment to Determine the Effects of Winter Droughts on Shallow Lakes - Suzanne McGowan; Peter R. Leavitt; Roland I. Hall (Ecosystems, 2005)

An analysis of history matching errors - Z. Tavassoli; Jonathan N. Carter; Peter R. King (Computational Geosciences, 2005)

Attractive Properties of an Isoflavonoid Found in White Clover Root Nodules on the Clover Root Weevil - Scott N. Johnson; Peter J. Gregory; Jennifer R. Greenham; XiaoXian Zhang; Philip J. Murray (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2005)

One more article for issuebuilding in the Joint Workflow 1.7 - 1.8 - Peter R. De Vries; Elena Xoplaki; Gary Funkhouser; Jürg Luterbacher; Malcolm K. Hughes; Nesat Erkan; Ünal Akkemik; Jean Stephan (Biotechnology Letters, 2005)

Estimated Ultraviolet Radiation Doses in Wetlands in Six National Parks - Stephen A. Diamond; Peter C. Trenham; Michael J. Adams; Blake R. Hossack; Roland A. Knapp; Stacey L. Stark; David Bradford; P. Stephen Corn; Ken Czarnowski; Paul D. Brooks; Dan Fagre; Bob Breen; et al. (Ecosystems, 2005)

Distribution Patterns of Lentic-Breeding Amphibians in Relation to Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure in Western North America - Michael J. Adams; Blake R. Hossack; Roland A. Knapp; Paul Stephen Corn; Stephen A. Diamond; Peter C. Trenham; Dan B. Fagre (Ecosystems, 2005)

Secondhand smoke exposure in early life and the risk of breast cancer among never smokers (United States) - Matthew R. Bonner; Jing Nie; Daikwon Han; John E. Vena; Peter Rogerson; Paola Muti; Maurizio Trevisan; Stephen B. Edge; Jo L. Freudenheim (Cancer Causes & Control, 2005)

Effects Of Changing Surface Heat Flux On Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Flow Over Flat Terrain - Antony Z. Owinoh; Julian C. R. Hunt; Andrew Orr; Peter Clark; Rupert Klein; H. J. S. Fernando; Frans T. M. Nieuwstadt (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2005)

Kin interactions and changing social structure during a population outbreak of feral house mice - DUNCAN R. SUTHERLAND; PETER B. S. SPENCER; GRANT R. SINGLETON; ANDREA C. TAYLOR (Molecular Ecology, 2005)
Populations of feral house mice ( Mus domesticus L.) in Australia undergo multiannual fluctuations in density, and these outbreaks may be partly driven by some change in behavioural self‐regulation. In other vertebrate populations with multiannual fluctuations, changes in kin structure have been proposed as a causal mechanism for changes in spacing behaviour, which consequently result in density fluctuations. We tested the predictions of two alternative conceptual models based on kin selection in a population of house mice during such an outbreak. Both published models ( Charnov & Finerty 1980 ; Lambin & Krebs 1991 ) propose that the level of relatedness between interacting individuals affects their behavioural response and that this changes with population density, though the nature of this relationship differs between the two models. Neither of the models was consistent with all observed changes in relatedness between interacting female mice; however, our results suggested that changes in kin structure still have potential for explaining why mouse outbreaks begin. Therefore, we have developed a variant of one of these conceptual models suggesting that the maintenance of female kin groups through the preceding winter significantly improves recruitment during the subsequent breeding season, and is therefore necessary for mouse outbreaks. We provide six testable predictions to falsify this hypothesis.

Paleolimnological investigations of anthropogenic environmental change in Lake Tanganyika: I. An introduction to the project - Andrew S. Cohen; Manuel R. Palacios-Fest; James McGill; Peter W. Swarzenski; Dirk Verschuren; Robert Sinyinza; Tharcisse Songori; Bombi Kakagozo; Mutanga Syampila; Catherine M. O’Reilly; Simone R. Alin (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2005)

Water-Soluble Ln3+-Doped LaF3 Nanoparticles: Retention of Strong Luminescence and Potential as Biolabels - Peter R. Diamente; Frank C. J. M. van Veggel (Journal of Fluorescence, 2005)

Effect of light on growth, pigmentation and N2 fixation of cultured Trichodesmium sp. from the Great Barrier Reef lagoon - Peter R. F. Bell; Fei-Xue Fu (Hydrobiologia, 2005)

Effects of mixing radiata pine needles and understory litters on decomposition and nutrients release - Girisha K. Ganjegunte; Leo M. Condron; Peter W. Clinton; Murray R. Davis (Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2005)

Population pharmacokinetics: A memorial tribute to Lewis Sheiner - Diane R. Mould; Peter L. Bonate (The AAPS Journal, 2005)

Will loss of snow cover during climatic warming expose New Zealand alpine plants to increased frost damage? - Peter Bannister; Tanja Maegli; Katharine J. M. Dickinson; Stephan R. P. Halloy; Allison Knight; Janice M. Lord; Alan F. Mark; Katrina L. Spencer (Oecologia, 2005)

Design of a 3D Chirp Sub-bottom Imaging System - Jonathan M. Bull; Martin Gutowski; Justin K. Dix; Timothy J. Henstock; Peter Hogarth; Timothy G. Leighton; Paul R. White (Marine Geophysical Research, 2005)

Efficient and fast targeted production of murine models based on ENU mutagenesis - M. Augustin; R. Sedlmeier; T. Peters; U. Huffstadt; E. Kochmann; D. Simon; M. Schöniger; S. Garke-Mayerthaler; J. Laufs; M. Mayhaus; S. Franke; M. Klose; et al. (Mammalian Genome, 2005)

Association of the HLA region with multiple sclerosis as confirmed by a genome screen using >10,000 SNPs on DNA chips - René Gödde; Klaus Rohde; Christian Becker; Mahammad R. Toliat; Patricia Entz; Anita Suk; Norbert Müller; Eckhart Sindern; Michael Haupts; Sebastian Schimrigk; Peter Nürnberg; Jörg T. Epplen (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2005)

Habitat use by female desert bighorn sheep in the Fra Cristobal Mountains, New Mexico, USA - Peter D. Bangs; Paul R. Krausman; Kyran E. Kunkel; Zachary D. Parsons (European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2005)

Automated generation and evaluation of specific MHC binding predictive tools: ARB matrix applications - Huynh-Hoa Bui; John Sidney; Bjoern Peters; Muthuraman Sathiamurthy; Asabe Sinichi; Kelly-Anne Purton; Bianca R. Mothé; Francis V. Chisari; David I. Watkins; Alessandro Sette (Immunogenetics, 2005)

Differential expression of the GABA transporters GAT-1 and GAT-3 in brains of rats, cats, monkeys and humans - David V. Pow; Robert K. P. Sullivan; Susan M. Williams; Heather L. Scott; Peter R. Dodd; David Finkelstein (Cell and Tissue Research, 2005)

Use of Simulated Annealing for Identifying Essential Fish Habitat in a Multispecies Context - ROSAMONDE R. COOK; PETER J. AUSTER (Conservation Biology, 2005)
Essential fish habitat (EFH) is defined under U.S. federal law, which mandates its protection. Current single‐species approaches to identifying EFH for suites of managed species have resulted in areas designated for protection that are so large that protecting fish habitat has been difficult in the context of fishery management. We evaluated the potential for simulated annealing, a type of mathematical optimization, as a tool for simultaneously identifying EFH for multiple species in four ecological regions of the eastern continental shelf of the United States. Data were obtained from a shelf‐wide trawl survey with site‐specific abundance information spanning 37 years. The data were averaged within units of a sampling grid with 10‐minute squares. We used computer software with an objective function that includes a term for weighting the boundary length of selected sampling units and thereby identifies solutions that meet specific targets for representation under varying degrees of spatial aggregation. We defined representation as a percentage of the cumulative sampled abundance of individual species and examined the effects of these target values and spatial constraints on total (sea‐surface) area and boundary length of solution sets. We also evaluated the algorithm for its ability to select areas where juveniles occurred at high densities as a proxy for habitat value. Annealing solutions covered less total area than would the combined habitats of individual species that capture the same proportion of population abundance. For most species in most solutions, high‐density areas were selected in higher proportions to their relative abundance in a region and solutions contained less total habitat area and smaller boundary lengths. Additionally, sampling units were distributed among two or more discrete localities versus a single location for the same target level of representation. We suggest that simulated annealing is a viable tool for EFH planning with the potential for identifying more spatially conservative habitat areas for protection than a single‐species approach.

Trace Elements in Sediments of an Aging Reservoir in Rural Mississippi: Potential for Mobilization Following Dredging - Gregg R. Davidson; Sean J. Bennett; William C. Beard; Peter Waldo (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2005)

Purification and characterization of the tungsten enzyme aldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the hyperthermophilic denitrifier Pyrobaculum aerophilum - Peter L. Hagedoorn; Tianhong Chen; Imke Schröder; Sander R. Piersma; Simon de Vries; Wilfred R. Hagen (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2005)

The effect of growth rate, phosphorus concentration, and temperature on N 2 fixation, carbon fixation, and nitrogen release in continuous cultures of Trichodesmium IMS101 - Margaret R. Mulholland; Peter W. Bernhardt (Limnology and Oceanography, 2005)
With the use of continuous culture systems, rates of dinitrogen (N 2 ) and carbon (C) fixation and nitrogen (N)‐ and C‐based doubling times were assessed in Trichodesmium IMS101 growing exponentially at steady state dilution rates of 0.10, 0.20, and 0.33 d −1 (doubling times of 10, 5, and 3 d—within the range reported for natural populations). Rates of C fixation, N 2 fixation, and N release were examined in replicate culture systems with several techniques. Biomass‐specific C uptake varied little with population doubling time, but N 2 fixation and N release varied markedly among treatments. Total daily gross N 2 fixation rates and estimated N release rates were higher in cultures with higher dilution rates. Cultures grown at lower dilution rates had higher daily C:N 2 fixation ratios and lower N release rates. Consistent with other studies, it was estimated that Trichodesmium released about 80–90% of their recently fixed N 2 during growth. Turnover of cellular C estimated from carbon fixation was a good estimator of population growth rates in steady state cultures, whereas turnover of cellular N estimated from gross or net N 2 fixation was not. Small changes in temperature (24°C vs. 28°C) did not appear to affect gross N 2 fixation, whereas inorganic phosphorus (1 vs. 5 µmol L −1 ) supply had a large effect on N 2 fixation. These results suggest that continuous culture systems are excellent for elucidating physiological responses of Trichodesmium under ecologically relevant growth conditions and provide a framework for assessing highly variable field estimates of N 2 and C fixation.

Method Validation and Measurement of Biomarkers in Nonclinical and Clinical Samples in Drug Development: A Conference Report - Jean W. Lee; Russ S. Weiner; Jeff M. Sailstad; Ronald R. Bowsher; Dean W. Knuth; Peter J. O’Brien; Jean L. Fourcroy; Rakesh Dixit; Lini Pandite; Robert G. Pietrusko; Holly D. Soares; Valerie Quarmby; et al. (Pharmaceutical Research, 2005)

A Quantitative Tool for Assessing the Integrity of Southern Coastal California Streams - Peter R. Ode; Andrew C. Rehn; Jason T. May (Environmental Management, 2005)

How Modeling and Simulation Have Enhanced Decision Making in New Drug Development - Raymond Miller; Wayne Ewy; Brian W. Corrigan; Daniele Ouellet; David Hermann; Kenneth G. Kowalski; Peter Lockwood; Jeffrey R. Koup; Sean Donevan; Ayman El-Kattan; Cheryl SW Li; John L. Werth; et al. (Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 2005)

Climate variability and campylobacter infection: an international study - R. Sari Kovats; Sally J. Edwards; Dominique Charron; John Cowden; Rennie M. D’Souza; Kristie L. Ebi; Charmaine Gauci; Peter Gerner-Smidt; Shakoor Hajat; Simon Hales; Gloria Hernández Pezzi; Bohumir Kriz; et al. (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2005)

Signature of recent historical events in the European Y-chromosomal STR haplotype distribution - Lutz Roewer; Peter J. P. Croucher; Sascha Willuweit; Tim T. Lu; Manfred Kayser; Rdiger Lessig; Peter de Knijff; Mark A. Jobling; Chris Tyler-Smith; Michael Krawczak (Human Genetics, 2005)

Phylogenetics, population structure and genetic diversity of the endangered southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) in south-eastern Australia - Kyall R. Zenger; Mark D. B. Eldridge; Peter G. Johnston (Conservation Genetics, 2005)

First report ofPythium sylvaticum causing potato tuber rot - R. D. Peters; H. W. Bud Platt; C. A. Lévesque (American Journal of Potato Research, 2005)

Foliar respiration acclimation to temperature and temperature variable Q 10 alter ecosystem carbon balance - Kirk R. Wythers; Peter B. Reich; Mark G. Tjoelker; Paul B. Bolstad (Global Change Biology, 2005)
The response of respiration to temperature in plants can be considered at both short‐ and long‐term temporal scales. Short‐term temperature responses are not well described by a constant Q 10 of respiration, and longer‐term responses often include acclimation. Despite this, many carbon balance models use a static Q 10 of respiration to describe the short‐term temperature response and ignore temperature acclimation. We replaced static respiration parameters in the ecosystem model photosynthesis and evapo‐transpiration (PnET) with a temperature‐driven basal respiration algorithm ( Rd acclim ) that accounts for temperature acclimation, and a temperature‐variable Q 10 algorithm ( Q 10var ). We ran PnET with the new algorithms individually and in combination for 5 years across a range of sites and vegetation types in order to examine the new algorithms' effects on modeled rates of mass‐ and area‐based foliar dark respiration, above ground net primary production (ANPP), and foliar respiration–photosynthesis ratios. The Rd acclim algorithm adjusted dark respiration downwards at temperatures above 18°C, and adjusted rates up at temperatures below 5°C. The Q 10var algorithm adjusted dark respiration down at temperatures below 15°C. Using both algorithms simultaneously resulted in decreases in predicted annual foliar respiration that ranged from 31% at a tall‐grass prairie site to 41% at a boreal coniferous site. The use of the Rd acclim and Q 10var algorithms resulted in increases in predicted ANPP ranging from 18% at the tall‐grass prairie site to 38% at a warm temperate hardwood forest site. The new foliar respiration algorithms resulted in substantial and variable effects on PnETs predicted estimates of C exchange and production in plants and ecosystems. Current models that use static parameters may over‐predict respiration and subsequently under‐predict and/or inappropriately allocate productivity estimates. Incorporating acclimation of basal respiration and temperature‐sensitive Q 10 have the potential to enhance the application of ecosystem models across broad spatial scales, or in climate change scenarios, where large temperature ranges may cause static respiration parameters to yield misleading results.

Landscape scale, heterogeneity, and the viability of Serengeti grazers - John M. Fryxell; John F. Wilmshurst; Anthony R. E. Sinclair; Daniel T. Haydon; Robert D. Holt; Peter A. Abrams (Ecology Letters, 2005)
Species persistence can be threatened by substantial temporal variation in food resources over time. On the other hand, spatial heterogeneity in resources at the landscape scale might allow mobile consumers to compensate for temporal variability in resource availability at the local scale. We evaluated this hypothesis, using an extensive data set on foraging, grass growth, and movement by Thomson's gazelles living on the Serengeti Plains. Here we show that modelled populations of Thomson's gazelles can only persist under Serengeti conditions in the face of observed levels of rainfall stochasticity by making adaptive movements to take advantage of ephemeral spatial distributions of food resources. More importantly, our models suggest that Thomson's gazelles in Serengeti require unrestricted access to relatively large areas of grassland (> 1600 km 2 ) to guarantee long‐term persistence, particularly when there is positive spatial autocorrelation in resource abundance, as is the case in Serengeti. If this proves to be true for other species and/or other systems, then understanding of complex behavioural responses to spatially and temporally heterogeneous food supplies may be essential to successful conservation of grazing herbivores.

Effects of sample post harvest treatment on aerobic decomposition and anaerobic in-vitro digestion of tropical legumes with contrasting quality - K. Tscherning; E. Barrios; C. Lascano; M. Peters; R. Schultze-Kraft (Plant and Soil, 2005)

Invasive filamentous fungal infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients after recovery from neutropenia: Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic characteristics - Aasma Shaukat; Faris Bakri; Paul Young; Theresa Hahn; Donna Ball; Maria R. Baer; Meir Wetzler; James L. Slack; Peter Loud; Myron Czuczman; Philip L. McCarthy; Thomas J. Walsh; et al. (Mycopathologia, 2005)

Nutrient concentrations in Nyanza Gulf, Lake Victoria, Kenya: light limits algal demand and abundance - Peter Gikuma-Njuru; R. E. Hecky (Hydrobiologia, 2005)

Different populations of RNA polymerase II in living mammalian cells - Miki Hieda; Henry Winstanley; Philip Maini; Francisco J. Iborra; Peter R. Cook (Chromosome Research, 2005)

A Framework for Improved Monitoring of Biodiversity: Responses to the World Summit on Sustainable Development - RHYS E. GREEN; ANDREW BALMFORD; PETER R. CRANE; GEORGINA M. MACE; JOHN D. REYNOLDS; R. KERRY TURNER (Conservation Biology, 2005)
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) endorsed the Hague Ministerial Declaration that calls for a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional, and national levels by 2010. We argue that there is a shortage of standardized, regularly repeated measurements of the state of biomes and their biota that could be used to monitor progress toward this goal. In particular, there are few data that directly or indirectly measure the delivery of ecosystem services that depend on biodiversity. Given the link made in the declaration between biodiversity and poverty alleviation, this deficiency is of special concern. We suggest that greater attention should be given to defining the questions about changes in biodiversity that are relevant to CBD and WSSD goals and propose a framework through which the links between these questions and programs of monitoring and research could be made stronger and more explicit. The framework consists of three stages. First is a scoping stage in which reviews of existing knowledge and interactions with stakeholders help to define the subject of the evaluation and lead to a preliminary model of the system of interest. Second is a design stage in which the types of measurement and sampling strategies are selected by evaluating their fitness for purpose and the resources available to conduct the work. The final stage is implementation and reporting, which considers data collection and storage and the evaluation and dissemination of results. This framework can be applied across a broad range of biodiversity attributes and scales and, if combined with a systematic review of the most important and relevant questions about changes in biodiversity, would improve the coverage, fitness for purpose, and value for money of biodiversity monitoring. Slowing the rate of loss of biodiversity requires conservation action, but to know where this is most needed and whether it is working requires better and more comprehensive monitoring.

The influence of climate on the timing and rate of spring bird migration - Peter P. Marra; Charles M. Francis; Robert S. Mulvihill; Frank R. Moore (Oecologia, 2005)

The role of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in neuronal excitotoxicity in alzheimer’s disease - Vicky W. -W. Tsai; Heather L. Scott; Richard J. Lewis; Peter R. Dodd (Neurotoxicity Research, 2005)

Laboratory culture studies of Trichodesmium isolated from the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon, Australia - Peter R. F. Bell; Philippa J. R. Uwins; Ibrahim Elmetri; Julie A. Phillips; Fei-Xue Fu; Anya J.E. Yago (Hydrobiologia, 2005)

Environmental and nutritional responses of a Pinus radiata plantation to biosolids application - Hailong Wang; Gujja N. Magesan; Mark O. Kimberley; Tim W. Payn; Peter J. Wilks; Craig R. Fisher (Plant and Soil, 2004)

A dynamical neural network for hitting an approaching object - Joost C. Dessing; Simone R. Caljouw; C. (Lieke) E. Peper; Peter J. Beek (Biological Cybernetics, 2004)

Natal homing in juvenile loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) - BRIAN W. BOWEN; ANNA L. BASS; SHAIO‐MEI CHOW; MEREDITH BOSTROM; KAREN A. BJORNDAL; ALAN B. BOLTEN; TOSHINORI OKUYAMA; BENJAMIN M. BOLKER; SHERYAN EPPERLY; ERIN LACASELLA; DONNA SHAVER; MARK DODD; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2004)
Juvenile loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) from West Atlantic nesting beaches occupy oceanic (pelagic) habitats in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean, whereas larger juvenile turtles occupy shallow (neritic) habitats along the continental coastline of North America. Hence the switch from oceanic to neritic stage can involve a trans‐oceanic migration. Several researchers have suggested that at the end of the oceanic phase, juveniles are homing to feeding habitats in the vicinity of their natal rookery. To test the hypothesis of juvenile homing behaviour, we surveyed 10 juvenile feeding zones across the eastern USA with mitochondrial DNA control region sequences ( N = 1437) and compared these samples to potential source (nesting) populations in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea ( N = 465). The results indicated a shallow, but significant, population structure of neritic juveniles (Φ ST = 0.0088, P = 0.016), and haplotype frequency differences were significantly correlated between coastal feeding populations and adjacent nesting populations (Mantel test R 2 = 0.52, P = 0.001). Mixed stock analyses (using a Bayesian algorithm) indicated that juveniles occurred at elevated frequency in the vicinity of their natal rookery. Hence, all lines of evidence supported the hypothesis of juvenile homing in loggerhead turtles. While not as precise as the homing of breeding adults, this behaviour nonetheless places juvenile turtles in the vicinity of their natal nesting colonies. Some of the coastal hazards that affect declining nesting populations may also affect the next generation of turtles feeding in nearby habitats.

4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide in roasted coffee inhibits [3H]naloxone binding and reverses anti-nociceptive effects of morphine in mice - Tomas de Paulis; Patricia Commers; Adriana Farah; Jiali Zhao; Michael P. McDonald; Ruggero Galici; Peter R. Martin (Psychopharmacology, 2004)

Functional conservation and maintenance of expression pattern of FIDDLEHEAD-like genes in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum - Nadia Efremova; Lukas Schreiber; Sascha Br; Iris Heidmann; Peter Huijser; Kirsten Wellesen; Zsuzsanna Schwarz-Sommer; Heinz Saedler; Alexander Yephremov (Plant Molecular Biology, 2004)

Cytokine gene polymorphisms in ischaemic heart disease: investigation using family-based tests of association - Paul G. McGlinchey; Mark S. Spence; Chris C. Patterson; Adrian R. Allen; Gillian Murphy; David A. Savage; A. Peter Maxwell; Pascal P. McKeown (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2004)

Observations of a new source of coral mortality along the Kenyan coast - Timothy R. McClanahan; Shawn M. McLaughlin; Joanne E. Davy; William H. Wilson; Esther C. Peters; Kathy L. Price; Joseph Maina (Hydrobiologia, 2004)

Critical Analysis of Soil Invertebrate Biomarkers: A Field Case Study in Avonmouth, UK - Jason M. Weeks; David J. Spurgeon; Claus Svendsen; Peter K. Hankard; Jan E. Kammenga; Reinhard Dallinger; Heinz-R. Khler; Vibeke Simonsen; Janeck Scott-Fordsmand (Ecotoxicology, 2004)

Geographic clustering of residence in early life and subsequent risk of breast cancer (United States) - Daikwon Han; Peter A. Rogerson; Jing Nie; Matthew R. Bonner; John E. Vena; Dominica Vito; Paola Muti; Maurizio Trevisan; Stephen B. Edge; Jo L. Freudenheim (Cancer Causes & Control, 2004)

Quantification of the contribution of surface outgrowth to biocatalysis in sol-gels: oxytetracycline production by Streptomyces rimosus - Anthony P. Taylor; Kim S. Finnie; John R. Bartlett; Peter J. Holden (Biotechnology Letters, 2004)

Temporal variation of light availability in coastal benthic habitats: Effects of clouds, turbidity, and tides - Kenneth R. N. Anthony; Peter V. Ridd; Alan R. Orpin; Piers Larcombe; Janice Lough (Limnology and Oceanography, 2004)
We analyzed the contributions of clouds, turbidity, and tides to variations in irradiance and predicted benthic primary productivity on a coastal coral reef over a period of 2 yr (2001–2002). At 1.5 m below lowest astronomical tide (3.8–m tidal range), attenuation by suspended solids (turbidity) accounted for 74–79% of the total annual variation in irradiance, clouds for 14–17%, and tides for 7–10%. With increasing depth, the contribution from turbidity to irradiance variation increased asymptotically toward 95%. Fourier (spectral) analyses indicated that the benthic irradiance regime followed strong 8‐week periodicities and weaker 2–4‐week periodicities. The 8‐week cycle was driven primarily by turbidity and secondarily by clouds and matches the periodicity of the intraseasonal Madden‐Julian atmospheric oscillation. The weaker 3–4‐week irradiance cycle was driven by turbidity; the 2‐week cycle was driven by tides and, to a lesser extent, clouds. Comparisons of the benthic irradiance pattern with predictions of physiologically optimal irradiance levels (parameter E k ) for the coral Turbinaria mesenterina suggested that corals at the site alternate between states of potential light limitation and light stress, with a 2–8‐week periodicity caused mainly by variations in turbidity. The effect of external sources of light reduction, such as episodic runoff events, on the energetics of benthic primary producers is likely to vary critically with the timing of such events.

Quantitative trait loci for steady-state platelet count in mice - Carol C. Cheung; Ian C.A. Martin; Kyall R. Zenger; Jenny A. Donald; Peter C. Thomson; Christopher Moran; Michael F. Buckley (Mammalian Genome, 2004)

Effect of Iron Bioavailability on Dissolved Hydrogen Concentrations During Microbial Iron Reduction - John Komlos; Peter R. Jaffé (Biodegradation, 2004)

Influence of host plant-derived and abiotic environmental parameters on the composition of the diazotroph assemblage associated with roots of Juncus roemerianus - Jeannine R. LaRocque; Peter W. Bergholz; Christopher E. Bagwell; Charles R. Lovell (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2004)

Quaternary ecological and geomorphic changes associated with rainfall events in presently semi‐arid northeastern Brazil - Augusto S. Auler; Xianfeng Wang; R. Lawrence Edwards; Hai Cheng; Patrícia S. Cristalli; Peter L. Smart; David A. Richards (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2004)
Several geomorphic features and palaeobiotic remains in now semi‐arid northeastern Brazil indicate major palaeoenvironmental changes during past periods of increased rainfall. 230 Th mass spectrometric ages of speleothems and travertines have allowed the determination of the timing and duration of wetter than present conditions. The data demonstrate that wet events have occurred throughout much of the Pleistocene, present dry conditions having been established at the end of the Younger Dryas. A markedly different fauna comprising megafaunal elements not adapted to the present low arboreal scrubland caatinga vegetation existed in the area. Palaeobotanical remains embedded in travertine indicate forested vegetation at these wetter intervals, suggesting that the caatinga was then replaced or mixed with a semi‐deciduous forest. Due to the abundance of travertine sites containing fossil botanical remains in northeastern Brazil, it is believed that forest expansion occurred over large areas of the now semi‐arid zone, showing that the long hypothesised forested links between biodiversity‐rich Amazon and Atlantic rainforests may indeed have existed during these moister phases. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Temporally regulated expression of a yeast invertase in potato tubers allows dissection of the complex metabolic phenotype obtained following its constitutive expression - Bjrn H. junker; Ren Wuttke; Axel Tiessen; Peter Geigenberger; Uwe Sonnewald; Lothar Willmitzer; Alisdair R. fernie (Plant Molecular Biology, 2004)

The On-Ranch Economics of Riparian Zone Cattle Grazing Management - James R. Unterschultz; Jamie Miller; Peter C. Boxall (Environmental Management, 2004)

Distribution and retention of effluent nitrogen in surface sediments of a coastal bay - Candida Savage; Peter R. Leavitt; Ragnar Elmgren (Limnology and Oceanography, 2004)
Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) often causes coastal eutrophication, yet little is known about the fate and retention of effluent N in coastal waters and, hence, about the system’s ability to assimilate excess N loads. We used the spatial distribution of stable N isotope ratios and algal pigments in sedimentary organic matter from a Baltic bay receiving tertiary‐treated effluent to evaluate the extent of effects and the role of nearshore marine environments as sinks of anthropogenic N. Surface sediments (0–2 cm and 2–4 cm) exhibited a pronounced spatial gradient of δ 15 N, with the most elevated values (~8‰) near the outfall; values decreased linearly to values of ;4‰ outside the bay. Sedimentary pigment concentrations were consistent with water‐column data and showed that phytoplankton biomass was elevated in the inner reaches of the bay. In particular, diatoms were heavily labeled (δ 15 N ~ 10‰), reached maximum abundance near the effluent outfall, and were likely the main mechanism delivering effluent N to the sediments. Sediments within the bay removed ~5–11% of wastewater N inputs, with 50% of the sequestered effluent N buried in the basin nearest to the outfall. Magnitudes of N removal by sediments (23–26 x 10 4 kg N yr −1 ) were less than those estimated for denitrification (30–60 x 10 4 kg N yr −1 ), but they were substantially greater than biological uptake by macroalgae (~2 x 10 4 kg N yr −1 ). Taken together, these patterns demonstrate the idea that coastal sediments can be effective sinks of wastewater N, even after 30 yr of effluent input.

Quantifying habitat‐specific diatom production: A critical assessment using morphological and biogeochemical markers in Antarctic marine and lake sediments - Elie Verleyen; Dominic A. Hodgson; Peter R. Leavitt; Koen Sabbe; Wim Vyverman (Limnology and Oceanography, 2004)
Reconstructions of historical primary production, and of the algal groups and habitats that contribute to it, are fundamental in studies of climate and environmental change in both marine and freshwater environments. The aims of this study were to critically evaluate morphological and biogeochemical markers of diatom production by direct comparison of diatom marker pigments with absolute diatom biovolume and to partition diatom production between the main habitats (plankton, sea ice, and benthos). Sediments in two cores from the Larsemann Hills, Antarctica, spanning the last 10,000 yr, were analyzed for siliceous microfossils by microscopy and for fossil pigments by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Diatom pigments (diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin, fucoxanthin) were highly correlated ( r 2 = 0.557 and 0.358, p r 2 = 0.102, p = 0.111; r 2 = 0.223, p = 0.001, after correction for temporal autocorrelation), possibly because of frustule dissolution and selective degradation of diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin. In contrast, fucoxanthin was better preserved. By combining both microfossil and pigment proxies, we obtained a first estimate of diatom production in specific habitats (benthic and planktonic). Benthic diatom production was greatest in the lacustrine core sections, when benthic microbial mats dominated the flora, whereas diatoms were associated mainly with the water column and sea ice during the marine intervals. The combination of both proxies in marine and freshwater environments permits more accurate interpretation of pigment and diatom data in paleo‐ and neoecological research and the partitioning of diatom production between habitats.

Forest distribution and site quality in southern Lower Michigan, USA - Peter R. Scull; Jay R. Harman (Journal of Biogeography, 2004)
Aim The primary objectives of this research were to determine whether current forest patches in southern Lower Michigan are a proportionate sample of forest types present in the pre‐settlement cover and, if not, to establish the degree to which certain types are over‐ or under‐represented in the contemporary landscape. This determination is useful not only because any conservation policy designed to restore the present forest to pre‐settlement biodiversity through preservation of existing stands requires an accurate understanding of the degree to which these stands in sum mirror past forest diversity, but also because it fills a gap in the existing ecological literature. Location The research was conducted within four counties in southern Lower Michigan, USA (Ionia, Livingston, Tuscola and Van Buren). Methods Soil survey data were used to characterize the range of site quality across the study area and the areal extent of each quality category. The geographic locations of all current forest patches in each county were then determined from land use maps and were overlaid on the site quality classification. This procedure yielded the observed distribution of forest relative to site quality. The expected areal extent of forest within each category of site quality on the landscape was determined by assuming a random distribution and multiplying the total area of forestland by the proportion of landscape within each category of site quality. This procedure calculated the expected distribution of forest in terms of site quality by dividing the total forestland among the landscape types, relative to how well represented the landscape types were. The observed and expected distributions were then compared both in terms of absolute difference and normalized difference. Results Overall results indicate that categories of site quality that support a large proportion of the present‐day forest patches are generally composed of agriculturally inferior soil and are over‐represented with forest. Surviving or reforested tracts are concentrated on inferior types of habitat. Main conclusions Results suggest that the present‐day forest patches may not be a proportionate sample of the primeval forest. Rather, they are concentrated on agriculturally‐inferior (coarse‐textured, steeply‐sloped, or poorly‐drained) types of habitat. Unless these stands are for some unknown reason compositionally richer than their pre‐settlement counterparts, these results suggest that the existing forest resource in southern Lower Michigan is an inferior (biased) sample of the primeval cover. Furthermore, because forest types associated with the most heavily‐developed agricultural sites have apparently suffered the most loss of habitat, species more characteristic of these types may have experienced a greater decline in overall importance across the landscape. This study suggests that policy aimed at increasing the potential biodiversity of the area should include provisions that encourage the redevelopment of forest habitat on those sites no longer supporting their equal share of forest.

Pollen‐based reconstructions of biome distributions for Australia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific (SEAPAC region) at 0, 6000 and 18,000 14 C yr BP - Elizabeth J. Pickett; Sandy P. Harrison; Geoff Hope; Kate Harle; John R. Dodson; A. Peter Kershaw; I. Colin Prentice; John Backhouse; Eric A. Colhoun; Donna D'Costa; John Flenley; John Grindrod; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2004)
Aim This paper documents reconstructions of the vegetation patterns in Australia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific (SEAPAC region) in the mid‐Holocene and at the last glacial maximum (LGM). Methods Vegetation patterns were reconstructed from pollen data using an objective biomization scheme based on plant functional types. The biomization scheme was first tested using 535 modern pollen samples from 377 sites, and then applied unchanged to fossil pollen samples dating to 6000 ± 500 or 18,000 ± 1000 14 C yr bp . Results 1. Tests using surface pollen sample sites showed that the biomization scheme is capable of reproducing the modern broad‐scale patterns of vegetation distribution. The north–south gradient in temperature, reflected in transitions from cool evergreen needleleaf forest in the extreme south through temperate rain forest or wet sclerophyll forest (WSFW) and into tropical forests, is well reconstructed. The transitions from xerophytic through sclerophyll woodlands and open forests to closed‐canopy forests, which reflect the gradient in plant available moisture from the continental interior towards the coast, are reconstructed with less geographical precision but nevertheless the broad‐scale pattern emerges. 2. Differences between the modern and mid‐Holocene vegetation patterns in mainland Australia are comparatively small and reflect changes in moisture availability rather than temperature. In south‐eastern Australia some sites show a shift towards more moisture‐stressed vegetation in the mid‐Holocene with xerophytic woods/scrub and temperate sclerophyll woodland and shrubland at sites characterized today by WSFW or warm‐temperate rain forest (WTRF). However, sites in the Snowy Mountains, on the Southern Tablelands and east of the Great Dividing Range have more moisture‐demanding vegetation in the mid‐Holocene than today. South‐western Australia was slightly drier than today. The single site in north‐western Australia also shows conditions drier than today in the mid‐Holocene. Changes in the tropics are also comparatively small, but the presence of WTRF and tropical deciduous broadleaf forest and woodland in the mid‐Holocene, in sites occupied today by cool‐temperate rain forest, indicate warmer conditions. 3. Expansion of xerophytic vegetation in the south and tropical deciduous broadleaf forest and woodland in the north indicate drier conditions across mainland Australia at the LGM. None of these changes are informative about the degree of cooling. However the evidence from the tropics, showing lowering of the treeline and forest belts, indicates that conditions were between 1 and 9 °C (depending on elevation) colder. The encroachment of tropical deciduous broadleaf forest and woodland into lowland evergreen broadleaf forest implies greater aridity. Main conclusions This study provides the first continental‐scale reconstruction of mid‐Holocene and LGM vegetation patterns from Australia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific (SEAPAC region) using an objective biomization scheme. These data will provide a benchmark for evaluation of palaeoclimate simulations within the framework of the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project.

Isolation of gibberellin metabolic pathway genes from barley and comparative mapping in barley, wheat and rice - Wolfgang Spielmeyer; Marc Ellis; Masumi Robertson; Shahjahan Ali; John R. Lenton; Peter M. Chandler (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2004)

Lysine-fixable dye tracing of exocytosis shows F-actin coating is a step that follows granule fusion in pancreatic acinar cells - Matthew R. Turvey; Peter Thorn (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2004)

What limits the Serengeti zebra population? - Sophie Grange; Patrick Duncan; Jean-Michel Gaillard; Anthony R. E. Sinclair; Peter J. P. Gogan; Craig Packer; Heribert Hofer; Marion East (Oecologia, 2004)

Altered gating properties of functional Cx26 mutants associated with recessive non-syndromic hearing loss - Gülistan Meşe; Eric Londin; Rickie Mui; Peter R. Brink; Thomas W. White (Human Genetics, 2004)

Low Levels of Nucleotide Diversity in Crocodylus moreletii and Evidence of Hybridization with C. acutus - David A. Ray; Jennifer A. Dever; Steven G. Platt; Thomas R. Rainwater; Adam G. Finger; Scott T. McMurry; Mark A. Batzer; Brady Barr; Peter J. Stafford; Jenna McKnight; Llewellyn D. Densmore (Conservation Genetics, 2004)