Threat evolution: negative feedbacks between management action and species recovery in threatened trout (Salmonidae) - Robert A. Lusardi; Molly R. Stephens; Peter B. Moyle; Christy L. McGuire; Josh M. Hull (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2015)

DHEA metabolism to the neurosteroid androsterone: a possible mechanism of DHEA’s antidepressant action - Rivka Ben Dor; Christine E. Marx; Lawrence J. Shampine; David R. Rubinow; Peter J. Schmidt (Psychopharmacology, 2015)

Ethylene inhibitors improve efficiency of microspore embryogenesis in hexaploid triticale - Tobias Würschum; Matthew R. Tucker; Hans Peter Maurer; Willmar L. Leiser (Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2015)

The interaction between delayed rectifier channel alpha-subunits does not involve hetero-tetramer formation - Peter Biliczki; Andre Rüdiger; Zenawit Girmatsion; Marc Pourrier; Aida M. Mamarbachi; Terence E. Hébert; Ralf P. Brandes; Stefan H. Hohnloser; Stanley Nattel; Joachim R. Ehrlich (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2015)

The Feasibility and Acceptability of Google Glass for Teletoxicology Consults - Peter R. Chai; Kavita M. Babu; Edward W. Boyer (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2015)

Erratum to: Reliability of Postmortem Fentanyl Concentrations in Determining the Cause of Death - James R. Gill; Peter T. Lin; Lewis Nelson (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2015)

Genes mirror geography in Daphnia magna - Peter D. Fields; Céline Reisser; Marinela Dukić; Christoph R. Haag; Dieter Ebert (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
Identifying the presence and magnitude of population genetic structure remains a major consideration in evolutionary biology as doing so allows one to understand the demographic history of a species as well as make predictions of how the evolutionary process will proceed. Next‐generation sequencing methods allow us to reconsider previous ideas and conclusions concerning the distribution of genetic variation, and what this distribution implies about a given species evolutionary history. A previous phylogeographic study of the crustacean Daphnia magna suggested that, despite strong genetic differentiation among populations at a local scale, the species shows only moderate genetic structure across its European range, with a spatially patchy occurrence of individual lineages. We apply RAD sequencing to a sample of D. magna collected across a wide swath of the species' Eurasian range and analyse the data using principle component analysis ( PCA ) of genetic variation and Procrustes analytical approaches, to quantify spatial genetic structure. We find remarkable consistency between the first two PCA axes and the geographic coordinates of individual sampling points, suggesting that, on a continent‐wide scale, genetic differentiation is driven to a large extent by geographic distance. The observed pattern is consistent with unimpeded (i.e. no barriers, landscape or otherwise) migration at large spatial scales, despite the fragmented and patchy nature of favourable habitats at local scales. With high‐resolution genetic data similar patterns may be uncovered for other species with wide geographic distributions, allowing an increased understanding of how genetic drift and selection have shaped their evolutionary history.

Phylogeography of six codistributed New Zealand cicadas and their relationship to multiple biogeographical boundaries suggest a re‐evaluation of the Taupo Line - Emily A. Ellis; David C. Marshall; Kathy B. R. Hill; Christopher L. Owen; Peter J. J. Kamp; Chris Simon (Journal of Biogeography, 2015)
Aim Comparative biogeographers question the extent to which codistributed species respond similarly to environmental change. Such responses should create similar, appropriately timed patterns of cladogenesis among codistributed taxa compared to evolutionary independence, which may limit the predictions that can be made for unstudied species. Here, we compare phylogeographical patterns across ecologically divergent, codistributed taxa in the light of New Zealand's palaeohistory. Location North Island, New Zealand. Methods Mitochondrial DNA from six codistributed cicada species ( Kikihia ochrina , K. cutora , K. laneorum , K. cauta , K. scutellaris and K. dugdalei ) was analysed using phylogenetic methods and molecular dating techniques. We analysed phylogeographical distributions using analysis of molecular variance ( AMOVA ) to determine the significance of hypothesized biogeographical boundaries for clade differentiation and spatial distribution of genetic diversity. Results Five species ( Kikihia ochrina , K. cutora , K. laneorum , K. cauta and K. scutellaris ) show various degrees of intraspecific concordance with biogeographical boundaries found in previously studied taxa – the Kauri Line, the Northland Line and the newly identified Cockayne's Line. Clade splits of forest species correlate with the Kauri Line and/or Northland Line, whereas splits of scrub/hill species correlate with Cockayne's Line. Four species ( Kikihia ochrina , K. cutora , K. laneorum and K. cauta ) diversified before the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM , 20 ka), whereas two species ( K. scutellaris and K. dugdalei ) show only post‐ LGM diversification. Main conclusions Despite species idiosyncrasies, we see the imprint of shared palaeoclimatic/geological events. We distinguish between (1) the importance of biogeographical lines as the demarcation between older genetically diverse and newer genetically depauperate populations, and (2) the importance of lines as biogeographical boundaries between sister clades. We also stress the importance of dating clade splits to ensure consistency with explanations for the biogeographical lines in question. We suggest that the Taupo Line has been overemphasized as a biogeographical boundary, whereas the importance of the mountain axis running north‐east to south‐west (‘Cockayne's Line’) has been overlooked.

Leaf‐trait plasticity and species vulnerability to climate change in a Mongolian steppe - Pierre Liancourt; Bazartseren Boldgiv; Daniel S. Song; Laura A. Spence; Brent R. Helliker; Peter S. Petraitis; Brenda B. Casper (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Climate change is expected to modify plant assemblages in ways that will have major consequences for ecosystem functions. How climate change will affect community composition will depend on how individual species respond, which is likely related to interspecific differences in functional traits. The extraordinary plasticity of some plant traits is typically neglected in assessing how climate change will affect different species. In the Mongolian steppe, we examined whether leaf functional traits under ambient conditions and whether plasticity in these traits under altered climate could explain climate‐induced biomass responses in 12 co‐occurring plant species. We experimentally created three probable climate change scenarios and used a model selection procedure to determine the set of baseline traits or plasticity values that best explained biomass response. Under all climate change scenarios, plasticity for at least one leaf trait correlated with change in species performance, while functional leaf‐trait values in ambient conditions did not. We demonstrate that trait plasticity could play a critical role in vulnerability of species to a rapidly changing environment. Plasticity should be considered when examining how climate change will affect plant performance, species' niche spaces, and ecological processes that depend on plant community composition.

Deep Sequencing Reveals Divergent Expression Patterns Within the Small RNA Transcriptomes of Cultured and Vegetative Tissues of Sugarcane - Peter R. Sternes; Richard L. Moyle (Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 2015)

GPCR structure, function, drug discovery and crystallography: report from Academia-Industry International Conference (UK Royal Society) Chicheley Hall, 1–2 September 2014 - Alexander Heifetz; Gebhard F. X. Schertler; Roland Seifert; Christopher G. Tate; Patrick M. Sexton; Vsevolod V. Gurevich; Daniel Fourmy; Vadim Cherezov; Fiona H. Marshall; R. Ian Storer; Isabel Moraes; Irina G. Tikhonova; et al. (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2015)

Validation of an automated mite counter for Dermanyssus gallinae in experimental laying hen cages - Monique F. Mul; Johan W. van Riel; Bastiaan G. Meerburg; Marcel Dicke; David R. George; Peter W. G. Groot Koerkamp (Experimental and Applied Acarology, 2015)

Dynamics of an expanding black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor) population - Peter R. Law; Brad Fike; Peter C. Lent (European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2015)

Historical biogeography of Breynia (Phyllanthaceae): what caused speciation? - Peter C. van Welzen; Kanchana Pruesapan; Ian R. H. Telford; Jeremy J. Bruhl (Journal of Biogeography, 2015)
Aim The dated phylogeny of Breynia (including Sauropus ) was used to analyse historical biogeographical patterns and to compare the speciation events with tectonic occurrences and biotic and abiotic aspects. Location Southeast Asia, Malesia and Australia. Methods Existing molecular markers ( trn S– trn G, acc D– psa I, PHYC and ITS ) were used in beast to make a Bayesian age estimate with an exponential relaxed molecular clock. The resulting cladograms and maximum clade credibility ( MCC ) tree were used as input in statistical dispersal–vicariance analysis (S‐ DIVA option in the rasp package). Results Breynia originated 25–20 Ma in Thailand (western part of northern to southern Thailand) up to peninsular Malaysia. Dispersal occurred in various directions (India+Sri Lanka, China+Indochina, Malesia+Australia) establishing widespread species. Most species evolved locally in the area of origin and a relatively high number of species form limestone endemics. Main conclusions There is little correlation between tectonic movements and dispersal patterns in Breynia . Only the dispersal over Wallace's Line occurred when stepping stones were in place. Speciation, especially in the area of origin seems to be linked to soil (limestone endemics) and pollination, as indicated by the presence of deviating inflorescences in B . subgen. Sauropus (no pollinators are known yet) and the obligate moth pollination in B . sect. Breynia . Moreover, B . sect. Breynia and three widespread species of B . subgen. Sauropus have (more) fleshy fruits and all these taxa generally have wide distributions, probably because of bird dispersal.

Erratum to: Anisotropy and Stress Dependence of Permeability in the Barnett Shale - Athma R. Bhandari; Peter B. Flemings; Peter J. Polito; Michael B. Cronin; Steven L. Bryant (Transport in Porous Media, 2015)

Differential cellular expression of organic anion transporting peptides OATP1A2 and OATP2B1 in the human retina and brain: implications for carrier-mediated transport of neuropeptides and neurosteriods in the CNS - Bo Gao; Stephan R. Vavricka; Peter J. Meier; Bruno Stieger (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2015)

Foraging in groups affects giving-up densities: solo foragers quit sooner - Alexandra J. R. Carthey; Peter B. Banks (Oecologia, 2015)

Skeletal dysplasia in a consanguineous clan from the island of Nias/Indonesia is caused by a novel mutation in B3GAT3 - Birgit S. Budde; Shuji Mizumoto; Ryo Kogawa; Christian Becker; Janine Altmüller; Holger Thiele; Franz Rüschendorf; Mohammad R. Toliat; Gerrit Kaleschke; Johannes M. Hämmerle; Wolfgang Höhne; Kazuyuki Sugahara; et al. (Human Genetics, 2015)

Erratum to: Differential distribution of Y-box-binding protein 1 and cold shock domain protein A in developing and adult human brain - Hans-Gert Bernstein; Jonathan A. Lindquist; Gerburg Keilhoff; Henrik Dobrowolny; Sabine Brandt; Johann Steiner; Bernhard Bogerts; Peter R. Mertens (Brain Structure and Function, 2015)

Neural networks related to dysfunctional face processing in autism spectrum disorder - Thomas Nickl-Jockschat; Claudia Rottschy; Johanna Thommes; Frank Schneider; Angela R. Laird; Peter T. Fox; Simon B. Eickhoff (Brain Structure and Function, 2015)

Differential distribution of Y-box-binding protein 1 and cold shock domain protein A in developing and adult human brain - Hans-Gert Bernstein; Jonathan A. Lindquist; Gerburg Keilhoff; Henrik Dobrowolny; Sabine Brandt; Johann Steiner; Bernhard Bogerts; Peter R. Mertens (Brain Structure and Function, 2015)

A coastal sand dune in New Zealand reveals high arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity - Renee B. Johansen; Mauritz Vestberg; Bruce R. Burns; Duckchul Park; John E. Hooker; Peter R. Johnston (Symbiosis, 2015)

Past, present, and future of arenavirus taxonomy - Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Yīmíng Bào; Michael J. Buchmeier; Rémi N. Charrel; Anna N. Clawson; Christopher S. Clegg; Joseph L. DeRisi; Sébastien Emonet; Jean-Paul Gonzalez; Jens H. Kuhn; Igor S. Lukashevich; Clarence J. Peters; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2015)

Anisotropy and Stress Dependence of Permeability in the Barnett Shale - Athma R. Bhandari; Peter B. Flemings; Peter J. Polito; Michael B. Cronin; Steven L. Bryant (Transport in Porous Media, 2015)

Clinical and Neuropathological Features of Spastic Ataxia in a Spanish Family with Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutations in STUB1 - Conceição Bettencourt; Justo García de Yébenes; José Luis López-Sendón; Orr Shomroni; Xingqian Zhang; Shu-Bing Qian; Ingrid M. C. Bakker; Sasja Heetveld; Raquel Ros; Beatriz Quintáns; María-Jesús Sobrido; Marianna R. Bevova; et al. (The Cerebellum, 2015)

Incorporating Target Sequences of Developmentally Regulated Small RNAs Into Transgenes to Enhance Tissue Specificity of Expression in Plants - Richard L. Moyle; Peter R. Sternes; Robert G. Birch (Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 2015)

Derek Bendall (1930–2014) - Christopher J. Howe; Peter R. Rich; Marcellus Ubbink (Photosynthesis Research, 2015)

A Candidate Gene Association Study Identifies DAPL1 as a Female-Specific Susceptibility Locus for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) - Felix Grassmann; Ulrike Friedrich; Sascha Fauser; Tina Schick; Andrea Milenkovic; Heidi L. Schulz; Claudia N. von Strachwitz; Thomas Bettecken; Peter Lichtner; Thomas Meitinger; Nicole Arend; Armin Wolf; et al. (NeuroMolecular Medicine, 2015)

Starch productivity in cyclically operated photobioreactors with marine microalgae—effect of ammonium addition regime and volume exchange ratio - Peter R. Mooij; Danny R. de Graaff; Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht; Robbert Kleerebezem (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2015)

Discrete wetland groundwater discharges revealed with a three-dimensional temperature model and botanical indicators (Boxford, UK) - Andrew R. House; James P. R. Sorensen; Daren C. Gooddy; Andrew J. Newell; Ben Marchant; J. Owen Mountford; Peter Scarlett; Peter J. Williams; Gareth H. Old (Hydrogeology Journal, 2015)

Effects of Nesting Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) on Soil Chemistry, Microbial Communities and Soil Fauna - Gundula S. Kolb; Cecilia Palmborg; Astrid R. Taylor; Erland Bååth; Peter A. Hambäck (Ecosystems, 2015)

Erratum to: Widespread prevalence of cryptic Symbiodinium D in the key Caribbean reef builder, Orbicella annularis - Emma V. Kennedy; Nicola L. Foster; Peter J. Mumby; Jamie R. Stevens (Coral Reefs, 2015)

Widespread prevalence of cryptic Symbiodinium D in the key Caribbean reef builder, Orbicella annularis - Emma V. Kennedy; Nicola L. Foster; Peter J. Mumby; Jamie R. Stevens (Coral Reefs, 2015)

High-resolution melting (HRM) re-analysis of a polyposis patients cohort reveals previously undetected heterozygous and mosaic APC gene mutations - Astrid A. Out; Ivonne J. H. M. van Minderhout; Nienke van der Stoep; Lysette S. R. van Bommel; Irma Kluijt; Cora Aalfs; Marsha Voorendt; Rolf H. A. M. Vossen; Maartje Nielsen; Hans F. A. Vasen; Hans Morreau; Peter Devilee; et al. (Familial Cancer, 2015)

Untapped Potential: Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Bioenergy Production from Marginal Lands in the Northeast USA - Cathelijne R. Stoof; Brian K. Richards; Peter B. Woodbury; Eric S. Fabio; Alice R. Brumbach; Jerry Cherney; Srabani Das; Larry Geohring; Julie Hansen; Josh Hornesky; Hilary Mayton; Cedric Mason; et al. (BioEnergy Research, 2015)

Energetic compensation is historically contingent and not supported for small mammals in South American or Asian deserts - Douglas A. Kelt; Jaclyn R. Aliperti; Peter L. Meserve; W. Bryan Milstead; M. Andrea Previtali; Julio R. Gutiérrez (Ecology, 2015)
Understanding the nature of faunal assembly and community structure remains central to ecology. Research in North American deserts and some tropical forests provides evidence of energetic compensation and zero‐sum dynamics, suggesting that species in some natural assemblages may be replaced with limited impact on ecosystem function. Experimental removal of a dominant small mammal (degu, Octodon degus ) from replicate plots in semiarid coastal thorn‐scrub habitat in north‐central Chile revealed no evidence for energetic or functional compensation; energy consumption remained significantly lower on degu exclusions relative to control plots after 17 years of exclusion. This occurred in spite of the fact that the geographic species pools for South American sites generally are similar in size to those of most North American sites (mean and median number of species, 16.3 and 21.5 vs. 21.0 and 20, respectively). A macroecological assessment of energetically equivalent species at 394 arid sites in North America, the Gobi Desert, and South America indicated that the number of potentially equivalent species was lower than (Gobi) or similar to (South America) that found in North America, but when segregated by trophic groups, these faunas differed markedly. North American sites included large numbers of granivorous species whereas South American sites were dominated by omnivores. The more general trophic strategy in the latter sites would be expected to facilitate compensatory responses within local faunas, suggesting either that our site is anomalous or that other factors are governing local dynamics. Further research is needed to understand the generality of compensatory dynamics within natural systems, as this mechanism has direct relevance to discussions on ecological resilience in the face of ongoing environmental change.

International Guidelines for Bioequivalence of Locally Acting Orally Inhaled Drug Products: Similarities and Differences - Dongmei Lu; Sau L. Lee; Robert A. Lionberger; Stephanie Choi; Wallace Adams; Hoainhon N. Caramenico; Badrul A. Chowdhury; Dale P. Conner; Rohit Katial; Susan Limb; John R. Peters; Lawrence Yu; et al. (The AAPS Journal, 2015)

Statistical analysis of ecological communities: progress, status, and future directions - Peter R. Minchin; Jari Oksanen (Plant Ecology, 2015)

Metal-deficient SOD1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - James B. Hilton; Anthony R. White; Peter J. Crouch (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2015)

Cerambycid Beetle Species with Similar Pheromones are Segregated by Phenology and Minor Pheromone Components - Robert F. Mitchell; Peter F. Reagel; Joseph C. H. Wong; Linnea R. Meier; Weliton Dias Silva; Judith Mongold-Diers; Jocelyn G. Millar; Lawrence M. Hanks (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2015)

Biological invasions in terrestrial Antarctica: what is the current status and can we respond? - Kevin A. Hughes; Luis R. Pertierra; Marco A. Molina-Montenegro; Peter Convey (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2015)

Northern Hemisphere origins of the amphi‐Pacific tropical plant family Symplocaceae - Peter W. Fritsch; Steven R. Manchester; R. D. Stone; Boni C. Cruz; Frank Almeda (Journal of Biogeography, 2015)
Aim We sought to reconstruct the historical biogeography of the amphi‐Pacific tropical disjunct plant family Symplocaceae in the context of competing Northern Hemisphere (boreotropical) versus Southern Hemisphere (West Gondwanan) hypotheses for its origin and spread. Location Americas, western Pacific Rim, fossil localities in Europe. Methods We derived a dated phylogeny using a relaxed clock on a data set of 114 terminals, four genic regions (three plastid regions and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region) and six fossil calibrations. We inferred ancestral geographical ranges with maximum likelihood under a dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis model, with the probability of dispersal constrained by areal distance and palaeogeography. Results We inferred a Eurasian origin for crown‐node Symplocaceae at c. 52 Ma, followed by dispersal to North America (including Mesoamerica) at c. 52–38 Ma. Most of the highest likelihood intra‐American dispersals recovered in the analysis trended from north to south, with none from south to north. Six intra‐American dispersals were inferred to have originated in North America, with lineages either terminating in the Antilles or migrating to South America at various times. One additional North American lineage emigrated back to Eurasia in the late Miocene. Main conclusions The predominantly southwards American migrations inferred here for the Symplocaceae conform to the boreotropics hypothesis, apparently driven by cooling and drying climates in the later Cenozoic. The inferred Eurasian origin for the family corroborates a more specific European origin, as suggested independently by its fossil fruit record. Of the lineages ultimately arriving in South America from North America, two are inferred to have migrated through the Antilles (by island‐hopping) and three through Mesoamerica. The timing of one of the Mesoamerican events, inferred to be between 8.9 and 7.5 Ma, implies over‐water dispersal under the prevailing model of Isthmus of Panama formation, but also accords with overland migration under a model of earlier formation.

A new data architecture for advancing life cycle assessment - Wesley W. Ingwersen; Troy R. Hawkins; Thomas R. Transue; David E. Meyer; Gary Moore; Ezra Kahn; Peter Arbuckle; Heidi Paulsen; Gregory A. Norris (The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2015)

Erratum to: Coupling thermodynamic modeling and high-resolution in situ LA-ICP-MS monazite geochronology: evidence for Barrovian metamorphism late in the Grenvillian history of southeastern Ontario - Travis McCarron; Fred Gaidies; Christopher R. M. McFarlane; R. Michael Easton; Peter Jones (Mineralogy and Petrology, 2015)

Quantifying variation in δ 13C and δ 15N isotopes within and between feathers and individuals: Is one sample enough? - W. James Grecian; Rona A. R. McGill; Richard A. Phillips; Peter G. Ryan; Robert W. Furness (Marine Biology, 2015)

Movements of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) smolts migrating through the San Francisco Bay Estuary - Eric D Chapman; Alex R Hearn; Gabriel P Singer; William N Brostoff; Peter E LaCivita; A. Peter Klimley (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2015)

Exercise improves mitochondrial and redox-regulated stress responses in the elderly: better late than never! - James N. Cobley; Peter R. Moult; Jatin G. Burniston; James P. Morton; Graeme L. Close (Biogerontology, 2015)

Different ornaments signal male health and MHC variation in two populations of a warbler - Linda A. Whittingham; Corey R. Freeman‐Gallant; Conor C. Taff; Peter O. Dunn (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
Male traits that signal health and vigour are used by females to choose better quality mates, but in some cases the male trait selected by females differs among populations. Multiple male traits can be maintained through female mate choice if both traits are equally honest indicators of male quality, but tests of this prediction are rare. By choosing males based on such traits, females could gain direct benefits from males (assistance with parental care), but when females choose extra‐pair mates based on these traits, females gain only male sperm, and potentially indirect genetic benefits for their offspring. In common yellowthroats ( Geothylpis trichas ), female choice of extra‐pair mates targets two different plumage ornaments: the black mask in a Wisconsin population and the yellow bib in a New York population. Previously, we found that the black mask in Wisconsin is related to greater major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) class II variation, which in turn signals better survival and disease resistance. In this study, we examined the signalling function of the yellow bib in New York to test whether it signals the same aspects of male quality as the black mask in Wisconsin. As predicted, we found that the yellow bib in New York is most closely associated with MHC variation, which also signals survival and resistance to blood parasites. Thus, the ornament preferred by females differs between the two populations, but the different ornaments signal similar aspects of male health and genetic quality, specifically information regarding MHC variation and potential indirect genetic benefits to females.

Evolutionary priority effects in New Zealand alpine plants across environmental gradients - Devin R. Leopold; Andrew J. Tanentzap; William G. Lee; Peter B. Heenan; Tadashi Fukami (Journal of Biogeography, 2015)
Aim Priority effects, in which the order and timing of species arrival influence community assembly, are thought to be stronger in less stressful environments, reflecting increased competition, but this hypothesis has rarely been examined over evolutionary time. Here, we test the hypothesis using an island community of alpine plants. Location Murchison Mountains, South Island, New Zealand. Methods Lineage age data for 14 monophyletic New Zealand alpine plant genera, with stem ages ranging from 2 to 17 Ma, were paired with species presence and abundance data in 261 plots, covering nearly 400 km 2 . The relationships between lineage age and the relative abundance and richness of focal genera across elevation (800–1620 m) and precipitation (2500–5000 mm yr −1 ) gradients were investigated using linear models in a Bayesian framework. Results The relative abundance of focal genera increased with lineage age, but this effect was weaker at higher elevation and precipitation, where plants are likely to have experienced more stressful conditions. The relative richness of focal genera increased at a consistent rate despite significant changes in overall richness of focal genera across both elevation and precipitation gradients. Main conclusions Our results suggest that priority effects, on a time‐scale of millions of years and involving significant evolutionary change, influence community assembly, leading to increased dominance of older lineages, but that the strength of these effects may vary with environmental conditions. Environmental gradients correlated with abiotic stress, such as elevation in alpine systems, may be particularly important for predicting the strength of both ecological and evolutionary priority effects.

Acceleration of cyanobacterial dominance in north temperate‐subarctic lakes during the Anthropocene - Zofia E. Taranu; Irene Gregory‐Eaves; Peter R. Leavitt; Lynda Bunting; Teresa Buchaca; Jordi Catalan; Isabelle Domaizon; Piero Guilizzoni; Andrea Lami; Suzanne McGowan; Heather Moorhouse; Giuseppe Morabito; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2015)
Increases in atmospheric temperature and nutrients from land are thought to be promoting the expansion of harmful cyanobacteria in lakes worldwide, yet to date there has been no quantitative synthesis of long‐term trends. To test whether cyanobacteria have increased in abundance over the past ~ 200 years and evaluate the relative influence of potential causal mechanisms, we synthesised 108 highly resolved sedimentary time series and 18 decadal‐scale monitoring records from north temperate‐subarctic lakes. We demonstrate that: (1) cyanobacteria have increased significantly since c . 1800 ce , (2) they have increased disproportionately relative to other phytoplankton, and (3) cyanobacteria increased more rapidly post c . 1945 ce . Variation among lakes in the rates of increase was explained best by nutrient concentration (phosphorus and nitrogen), and temperature was of secondary importance. Although cyanobacterial biomass has declined in some managed lakes with reduced nutrient influx, the larger spatio‐temporal scale of sedimentary records show continued increases in cyanobacteria throughout the north temperate‐subarctic regions.

Novel insights into host-fungal pathogen interactions derived from live-cell imaging - Judith Bain; Neil A. R. Gow; Lars-Peter Erwig (Seminars in Immunopathology, 2015)

Comparative in situ analyses of cell wall matrix polysaccharide dynamics in developing rice and wheat grain - Richard Palmer; Valérie Cornuault; Susan E. Marcus; J. Paul Knox; Peter R. Shewry; Paola Tosi (Planta, 2015)

The effect of soil compaction at different depths on cork oak seedling growth - Cati Dinis; Peter Surový; Nuno Ribeiro; Maria R. G. Oliveira (New Forests, 2015)

Energy-efficient homes and mortgage risk: crossing the chasm at last? - Andrew R. Sanderford; George A. Overstreet; Peter A. Beling; Kanshukan Rajaratnam (Environment Systems and Decisions, 2015)

Earthworms Reduce Biotic 15-Nitrogen Retention in Northern Hardwood Forests - Holly A. Ewing; Amy R. Tuininga; Peter M. Groffman; Kathleen C. Weathers; Timothy J. Fahey; Melany C. Fisk; Patrick J. Bohlen; Esteban Suarez (Ecosystems, 2015)

Definition and characterization of an extended social-affective default network - Maren Amft; Danilo Bzdok; Angela R. Laird; Peter T. Fox; Leonhard Schilbach; Simon B. Eickhoff (Brain Structure and Function, 2015)

G protein-coupled receptors in cardiac biology: old and new receptors - Simon R. Foster; Eugeni Roura; Peter Molenaar; Walter G. Thomas (Biophysical Reviews, 2015)

Whole‐genome sequencing reveals absence of recent gene flow and separate demographic histories for Anopheles punctulatus mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea - Kyle Logue; Scott T. Small; Ernest R. Chan; Lisa Reimer; Peter M. Siba; Peter A. Zimmerman; David Serre (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors of several human diseases including malaria. In many malaria endemic areas, several species of Anopheles coexist, sometimes in the form of related sibling species that are morphologically indistinguishable. Determining the size and organization of Anopheles populations, and possible ongoing gene flow among them is important for malaria control and, in particular, for monitoring the spread of insecticide resistance alleles. However, these parameters have been difficult to evaluate in most Anopheles species due to the paucity of genetic data available. Here, we assess the extent of contemporary gene flow and historical variations in population size by sequencing and de novo assembling the genomes of wild‐caught mosquitoes from four species of the Anopheles punctulatus group of Papua New Guinea. Our analysis of more than 50 Mb of orthologous DNA sequences revealed no evidence of contemporary gene flow among these mosquitoes. In addition, investigation of the demography of two of the An. punctulatus species revealed distinct population histories. Overall, our analyses suggest that, despite their similarities in morphology, behaviour and ecology, contemporary sympatric populations of An. punctulatus are evolving independently.

Variation in plant diversity in mediterranean‐climate ecosystems: the role of climatic and topographical stability - Richard M. Cowling; Alastair J. Potts; Peter L. Bradshaw; Jonathan Colville; Margarita Arianoutsou; Simon Ferrier; Felix Forest; Nikolaos M. Fyllas; Stephen D. Hopper; Fernando Ojeda; Şerban Procheş; Rhian J. Smith; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2015)
Aim Although all five of the major mediterranean‐climate ecosystems ( MCE s) of the world are recognized as loci of high plant species diversity and endemism, they show considerable variation in regional‐scale richness. Here, we assess the role of stable Pleistocene climate and Cenozoic topography in explaining variation in regional richness of the globe's MCE s. We hypothesize that older, more climatically stable MCE s would support more species, because they have had more time for species to accumulate than MCE s that were historically subject to greater topographic upheavals and fluctuating climates. Location South‐western Africa (Cape), south‐western Australia, California, central Chile and the eastern (Greece) and western (Spain) Mediterranean Basin. Methods We estimated plant diversity for each MCE as the intercepts of species–area curves that are homogeneous in slope across all regions. We used two down‐scaled global circulation models of the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) to quantify climate stability by comparing the change in the location of MCE s between the LGM and present. We quantified the Cenozoic topographic stability of each MCE by comparing contemporary topographic profiles with those present in the late Oligocene and the early Pliocene. Results The most diverse MCE s – Cape and Australia – had the highest Cenozoic environmental stability, and the least diverse – Chile and California – had the lowest stability. Main conclusions Variation in plant diversity in MCE s is likely to be a consequence not of differences in diversification rates, but rather the persistence of numerous pre‐Pliocene clades in the more stable MCE s. The extraordinary plant diversity of the Cape is a consequence of the combined effects of both mature and recent radiations, the latter associated with increased habitat heterogeneity produced by mild tectonic uplift in the Neogene.

Does flood rhythm drive ecosystem responses in tropical riverscapes? - Timothy D. Jardine; Nicholas R. Bond; Michele A. Burford; Mark J. Kennard; Douglas P. Ward; Peter Bayliss; Peter M. Davies; Michael M. Douglas; Stephen K. Hamilton; John M. Melack; Robert J. Naiman; Neil E. Pettit; et al. (Ecology, 2015)
Biotic communities are shaped by adaptations from generations of exposure to selective pressures by recurrent and often infrequent events. In large rivers, floods can act as significant agents of change, causing considerable physical and biotic disturbance while often enhancing productivity and diversity. We show that the relative balance between these seemingly divergent outcomes can be explained by the rhythmicity, or predictability of the timing and magnitude, of flood events. By analyzing biological data for large rivers that span a gradient of rhythmicity in the Neotropics and tropical Australia, we find that systems with rhythmic annual floods have higher fish species richness, more stable avian populations, and elevated rates of riparian forest production compared with those with arrhythmic flood pulses. Intensification of the hydrological cycle driven by climate change, coupled with reductions in runoff due to water extractions for human use and altered discharge from impoundments, is expected to alter the hydrologic rhythmicity of floodplain rivers with significant consequences for both biodiversity and productivity.

Description of a new deep-sea eelpout Pachycara matallanasi sp. nov. from the Solomon Sea (western South Pacific Ocean) - Cecília Corbella; Peter R. Møller (Marine Biology Research, 2015)

Synthesis in land change science: methodological patterns, challenges, and guidelines - Nicholas R. Magliocca; Thomas K. Rudel; Peter H. Verburg; William J. McConnell; Ole Mertz; Katharina Gerstner; Andreas Heinimann; Erle C. Ellis (Regional Environmental Change, 2015)

The effect of natural seed coatings of Capsella bursa-pastoris L. Medik. (shepherd’s purse) on soil-water retention, stability and hydraulic conductivity - Wenni Deng; Paul D. Hallett; Dong-Sheng Jeng; Geoffrey R. Squire; Peter E. Toorop; Pietro P. M. Iannetta (Plant and Soil, 2015)

Using extended pedigrees to identify novel autism spectrum disorder (ASD) candidate genes - Marc Woodbury-Smith; Andrew D. Paterson; Bhooma Thiruvahindrapduram; Anath C. Lionel; Christian R. Marshall; Daniele Merico; Bridget A. Fernandez; Eric Duku; James S. Sutcliffe; Irene O’Conner; Christina Chrysler; Ann Thompson; et al. (Human Genetics, 2015)

A Review of the Role of the Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Mechanically Loaded Tissues: The Canary in the Cage Singing in Tune with the Pressure Ulcer Mantra - Peyman Mirtaheri; Terje Gjøvaag; Peter R. Worsley; Dan L. Bader (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2015)

Anticipative management for coral reef ecosystem services in the 21st century - Alice Rogers; Alastair R. Harborne; Christopher J. Brown; Yves‐Marie Bozec; Carolina Castro; Iliana Chollett; Karlo Hock; Cheryl A. Knowland; Alyssa Marshell; Juan C. Ortiz; Tries Razak; George Roff; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Under projections of global climate change and other stressors, significant changes in the ecology, structure and function of coral reefs are predicted. Current management strategies tend to look to the past to set goals, focusing on halting declines and restoring baseline conditions. Here, we explore a complementary approach to decision making that is based on the anticipation of future changes in ecosystem state, function and services. Reviewing the existing literature and utilizing a scenario planning approach, we explore how the structure of coral reef communities might change in the future in response to global climate change and overfishing. We incorporate uncertainties in our predictions by considering heterogeneity in reef types in relation to structural complexity and primary productivity. We examine 14 ecosystem services provided by reefs, and rate their sensitivity to a range of future scenarios and management options. Our predictions suggest that the efficacy of management is highly dependent on biophysical characteristics and reef state. Reserves are currently widely used and are predicted to remain effective for reefs with high structural complexity. However, when complexity is lost, maximizing service provision requires a broader portfolio of management approaches, including the provision of artificial complexity, coral restoration, fish aggregation devices and herbivore management. Increased use of such management tools will require capacity building and technique refinement and we therefore conclude that diversification of our management toolbox should be considered urgently to prepare for the challenges of managing reefs into the 21st century.

Intensive agriculture reduces soil biodiversity across Europe - Maria A. Tsiafouli; Elisa Thébault; Stefanos P. Sgardelis; Peter C. de Ruiter; Wim H. van der Putten; Klaus Birkhofer; Lia Hemerik; Franciska T. de Vries; Richard D. Bardgett; Mark Vincent Brady; Lisa Bjornlund; Helene Bracht Jørgensen; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Soil biodiversity plays a key role in regulating the processes that underpin the delivery of ecosystem goods and services in terrestrial ecosystems. Agricultural intensification is known to change the diversity of individual groups of soil biota, but less is known about how intensification affects biodiversity of the soil food web as a whole, and whether or not these effects may be generalized across regions. We examined biodiversity in soil food webs from grasslands, extensive, and intensive rotations in four agricultural regions across Europe: in Sweden, the UK , the Czech Republic and Greece. Effects of land‐use intensity were quantified based on structure and diversity among functional groups in the soil food web, as well as on community‐weighted mean body mass of soil fauna. We also elucidate land‐use intensity effects on diversity of taxonomic units within taxonomic groups of soil fauna. We found that between regions soil food web diversity measures were variable, but that increasing land‐use intensity caused highly consistent responses. In particular, land‐use intensification reduced the complexity in the soil food webs, as well as the community‐weighted mean body mass of soil fauna. In all regions across Europe, species richness of earthworms, Collembolans, and oribatid mites was negatively affected by increased land‐use intensity. The taxonomic distinctness, which is a measure of taxonomic relatedness of species in a community that is independent of species richness, was also reduced by land‐use intensification. We conclude that intensive agriculture reduces soil biodiversity, making soil food webs less diverse and composed of smaller bodied organisms. Land‐use intensification results in fewer functional groups of soil biota with fewer and taxonomically more closely related species. We discuss how these changes in soil biodiversity due to land‐use intensification may threaten the functioning of soil in agricultural production systems.

Assessing ecological correlates of marine bird declines to inform marine conservation - L. Ignacio Vilchis; Christine K. Johnson; Joseph R. Evenson; Scott F. Pearson; Karen L. Barry; Peter Davidson; Martin G. Raphael; Joseph K. Gaydos (Conservation Biology, 2015)
Identifying drivers of ecosystem change in large marine ecosystems is central for their effective management and conservation. This is a sizable challenge, particularly in ecosystems transcending international borders, where monitoring and conservation of long‐range migratory species and their habitats are logistically and financially problematic. Here, using tools borrowed from epidemiology, we elucidated common drivers underlying species declines within a marine ecosystem, much in the way epidemiological analyses evaluate risk factors for negative health outcomes to better inform decisions. Thus, we identified ecological traits and dietary specializations associated with species declines in a community of marine predators that could be reflective of ecosystem change. To do so, we integrated count data from winter surveys collected in long‐term marine bird monitoring programs conducted throughout the Salish Sea—a transboundary large marine ecosystem in North America's Pacific Northwest. We found that decadal declines in winter counts were most prevalent among pursuit divers such as alcids ( Alcidae ) and grebes ( Podicipedidae ) that have specialized diets based on forage fish, and that wide‐ranging species without local breeding colonies were more prone to these declines. Although a combination of factors is most likely driving declines of diving forage fish specialists, we propose that changes in the availability of low‐trophic prey may be forcing wintering range shifts of diving birds in the Salish Sea. Such a synthesis of long‐term trends in a marine predator community not only provides unique insights into the types of species that are at risk of extirpation and why, but may also inform proactive conservation measures to counteract threats—information that is paramount for species‐specific and ecosystem‐wide conservation. Evaluación de las Correlaciones Ecológicas de las Declinaciones de Aves Marinas para Informar a la Conservación Marina

Large Scale Tests on Jointed and Bedded Rocks Under Multi-Stage Triaxial Compression and Direct Shear - Maximiliano R. Vergara; Peter Kudella; Theodoros Triantafyllidis (Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2015)

Superoxide Dismutase Enzymosomes: Carrier Capacity Optimization, in Vivo Behaviour and Therapeutic Activity - M. Luísa Corvo; H. Susana Marinho; Paulo Marcelino; Rui M. Lopes; Carlos A. Vale; Claúdia R. Marques; Luísa C.D. Martins; Peter Laverman; Gert Storm; M. Bárbara A.F. Martins (Pharmaceutical Research, 2015)

Topophysis in Corymbia torelliana × C. citriodora seedlings: adventitious rooting capacity, stem anatomy, and auxin and abscisic acid concentrations - Ivar Wendling; Peter R. Brooks; Stephen J. Trueman (New Forests, 2015)

Correspondence of biological condition models of California streams at statewide and regional scales - Jason T. May; Larry R. Brown; Andrew C. Rehn; Ian R. Waite; Peter R. Ode; Raphael D. Mazor; Kenneth C. Schiff (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2015)

Delineating optimal settlement areas of juvenile reef fish in Ngederrak Reef, Koror state, Republic of Palau - Victor S. Ticzon; Greg Foster; Laura T. David; Peter J. Mumby; Badi R. Samaniego; Val Randolf Madrid (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2015)

Circadian clock genes and risk of fatal prostate cancer - Sarah C. Markt; Unnur A. Valdimarsdottir; Irene M. Shui; Lara G. Sigurdardottir; Jennifer R. Rider; Rulla M. Tamimi; Julie L. Batista; Sebastien Haneuse; Erin Flynn-Evans; Steven W. Lockley; Charles A. Czeisler; Meir J. Stampfer; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2015)

Context-dependent patterns, determinants and demographic consequences of herbivory in an invasive species - Shekhar R. Biswas; Peter M. Kotanen; Dasvinder Kambo; Helene H. Wagner (Biological Invasions, 2015)

Enhancing the TurtleWatch product for leatherback sea turtles, a dynamic habitat model for ecosystem‐based management - Evan A. Howell; Aimee Hoover; Scott R. Benson; Helen Bailey; Jeffrey J. Polovina; Jeffrey A. Seminoff; Peter H. Dutton (Fisheries Oceanography, 2015)
Fishery management measures to reduce interactions between fisheries and endangered or threatened species have typically relied on static time‐area closures. While these efforts have reduced interactions, they can be costly and inefficient for managing highly migratory species such as sea turtles. The NOAA TurtleWatch product was created in 2006 as a tool to reduce the rates of interactions of loggerhead sea turtles with shallow‐set longline gear deployed by the Hawaii‐based pelagic longline fishery targeting swordfish. TurtleWatch provides information on loggerhead habitat and can be used by managers and industry to make dynamic management decisions to potentially reduce incidentally capturing turtles during fishing operations. TurtleWatch is expanded here to include information on endangered leatherback turtles to help reduce incidental capture rates in the central North Pacific. Fishery‐dependent data were combined with fishing effort, bycatch and satellite tracking data of leatherbacks to characterize sea surface temperature ( SST ) relationships that identify habitat or interaction ‘hotspots’. Analysis of SST identified two zones, centered at 17.2° and 22.9°C, occupied by leatherbacks on fishing grounds of the Hawaii‐based swordfish fishery. This new information was used to expand the TurtleWatch product to provide managers and industry near real‐time habitat information for both loggerheads and leatherbacks. The updated TurtleWatch product provides a tool for dynamic management of the Hawaii‐based shallow‐set fishery to aid in the bycatch reduction of both species. Updating the management strategy to dynamically adapt to shifts in multi‐species habitat use through time is a step towards an ecosystem‐based approach to fisheries management in pelagic ecosystems.

Assessing agronomic and environmental implications of different N fertilisation strategies in subtropical grain cropping systems on Oxisols - Massimiliano De Antoni Migliorati; Mike J. Bell; Peter R. Grace; David W. Rowlings; Clemens Scheer; Alice Strazzabosco (Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2014)

Coupling thermodynamic modeling and high-resolution in situ LA-ICP-MS monazite geochronology: evidence for Barrovian metamorphism late in the Grenvillian history of southeastern Ontario - Travis McCarron; Fred Gaidies; Christopher R. M. McFarlane; R. Michael Easton; Peter Jones (Mineralogy and Petrology, 2014)

The Virtual Toxicology Service: Wearable Head-Mounted Devices for Medical Toxicology - Peter R. Chai; Roger Y. Wu; Megan L. Ranney; Paul S. Porter; Kavita M. Babu; Edward W. Boyer (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2014)

Life histories predict vulnerability to overexploitation in parrotfishes - Brett M. Taylor; Peter Houk; Garry R. Russ; J. Howard Choat (Coral Reefs, 2014)

Structural and compositional changes in the salivary pellicle induced upon exposure to SDS and STP - Anthony Ash; Francis Mulholland; Gary R. Burnett; Peter J. Wilde (Biofouling, 2014)

Improving odour assessment in LCA—the odour footprint - Gregory M. Peters; Kathleen R. Murphy; Anders Peter S. Adamsen; Sander Bruun; Magdalena Svanström; Marieke ten Hoeve (The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2014)

Connectivity in solitary ascidians: Is a 24-h propagule duration sufficient to maintain large-scale genetic homogeneity? - Peter R. Teske (Marine Biology, 2014)

Erratum to: Multi-region hemispheric specialization differentiates human from nonhuman primate brain function - Hsiao-Ying Wey; Kimberley A. Phillips; D. Reese McKay; Angela R. Laird; Peter Kochunov; M. Duff Davis; David C. Glahn; John Blangero; Timothy Q. Duong; Peter T. Fox (Brain Structure and Function, 2014)

Multi-region hemispheric specialization differentiates human from nonhuman primate brain function - Hsiao-Ying Wey; Kimberley A. Phillips; D. Reese McKay; Angela R. Laird; Peter Kochunov; M. Duff Davis; David C. Glahn; Timothy Q. Duong; Peter T. Fox (Brain Structure and Function, 2014)

Compounds alone and in combination with yeasts to control Colletotrichum acutatum in apples - Kirsty S. H. Boyd-Wilson; Ruth C. Butler; Peter A. Alspach; Kerry R. Everett; I. P. Shamini Pushparajah; Monika Walter (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2014)

Multiplex RT-PCR detection of three common viruses infecting orchids - Raymond N. Ali; Alison L. Dann; Peter A. Cross; Calum R. Wilson (Archives of Virology, 2014)

Developmental alterations in anxiety and cognitive behavior in serotonin transporter mutant mice - Yasufumi Sakakibara; Yoshiyuki Kasahara; F. Scott Hall; Klaus-Peter Lesch; Dennis L. Murphy; George R. Uhl; Ichiro Sora (Psychopharmacology, 2014)

Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging Tracks Lateral Distribution in Human Stratum Corneum - Qihong Zhang; Peter Saad; Guangru Mao; Russel M. Walters; Mary Catherine Mack Correa; Richard Mendelsohn; Carol R. Flach (Pharmaceutical Research, 2014)

Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling - Peter James B. Abad; Michael L. Tan; Melissa Mae P. Baluyot; Angela Q. Villa; Gay Luz Talapian; Ma. Elouisa Reyes; Riza Concordia Suarez; Aster Lynn D. Sur; Vanessa Dyan R. Aldemita; Carmencita David Padilla; Mercy Ygona Laurino (Journal of Community Genetics, 2014)

Hypothesis-independent pathway analysis implicates GABA and Acetyl-CoA metabolism in primary open-angle glaucoma and normal-pressure glaucoma - Jessica N. Cooke Bailey; Brian L. Yaspan; Louis R. Pasquale; Michael A. Hauser; Jae H. Kang; Stephanie J. Loomis; Murray Brilliant; Donald L. Budenz; William G. Christen; John Fingert; Douglas Gaasterland; Terry Gaasterland; et al. (Human Genetics, 2014)

Acute hypoxic exercise does not alter post-exercise iron metabolism in moderately trained endurance athletes - Andrew D. Govus; Chris R. Abbiss; Laura A. Garvican-Lewis; Dorine W. Swinkels; Coby M. Laarakkers; Christopher J. Gore; Peter Peeling (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2014)

Avalanche and landslide simulation using the material point method: flow dynamics and force interaction with structures - Carter M. Mast; Pedro Arduino; Gregory R. Miller; Peter Mackenzie-Helnwein (Computational Geosciences, 2014)

Robust optimisation of CO2 sequestration strategies under geological uncertainty using adaptive sparse grid surrogates - Kurt R. Petvipusit; Ahmed H. Elsheikh; Tara C. Laforce; Peter R. King; Martin J. Blunt (Computational Geosciences, 2014)

Seasonal prediction of global sea level anomalies using an ocean–atmosphere dynamical model - Elaine R. Miles; Claire M. Spillman; John A. Church; Peter C. McIntosh (Climate Dynamics, 2014)

Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, hair dye use, and the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Huan Guo; Bryan A. Bassig; Qing Lan; Yong Zhu; Yawei Zhang; Theodore R. Holford; Brian Leaderer; Peter Boyle; Qin Qin; Cairong Zhu; Ni Li; Nathaniel Rothman; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2014)

Long‐term hurricane damage effects on tropical forest tree growth and mortality - Edmund V. J. Tanner; Francisco Rodriguez-Sanchez; John R. Healey; Robert J. Holdaway; Peter J. Bellingham (Ecology, 2014)
Hurricane winds can have large impacts on forest structure and dynamics. To date, most evaluations of hurricane impacts have focused on short‐term responses after a hurricane, often lacked pre‐hurricane measurements, and missed responses occurring over longer time scales. Here, we use a long‐term data set (1974–2009, 35 years) of tree stems (>3 cm in diameter at 1.3 m aboveground) in four sites (0.35 ha in total) in montane rain forest (∼1600 m elevation) in Jamaica to investigate the patterns of crown damage in individual stems by Hurricane Gilbert in 1988, and how subsequent growth and mortality were affected by hurricane damage, sprouting, and the incidence of multiple stems. Topographical position on a mountain ridge was the best predictor of crown damage, followed by crown size and species identity. The average diameter growth rate of stems that survived the hurricane was greater than that pre‐hurricane for the whole 21‐yr post‐hurricane period. Growth rates of stems with damaged crowns increased less than those with undamaged crowns; differences in growth rate between damaged and undamaged trees disappeared after 11 years. Hurricane‐damaged stems had two to eight times higher mortality than undamaged stems for 19 years post hurricane. Many stems sprouted shortly after the hurricane, but few sprouts managed to establish (grow to >3 cm diameter at breast height). However, sprouting and multi‐stemming were associated with reduced mortality rate, particularly in damaged trees. From an initial population of 1670 stems in 1974, 54% were still alive in 2009 (21 years after the hurricane). We conclude that despite the high frequency of hurricane damage to tree crowns and the subsequent increased mortality rate in this hurricane‐prone tropical montane forest, many stems will be hit and recover from several hurricanes in their lifetime.

Allopregnanolone as a mediator of affective switching in reproductive mood disorders - Crystal Edler Schiller; Peter J. Schmidt; David R. Rubinow (Psychopharmacology, 2014)

Intracellular Ca2+ Release Mediates Cationic but Not Anionic Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) Dendrimer-Induced Tight Junction Modulation - Brittany R. Avaritt; Peter W. Swaan (Pharmaceutical Research, 2014)

What spatial scales are believable for climate model projections of sea surface temperature? - Lester Kwiatkowski; Paul R. Halloran; Peter J. Mumby; David B. Stephenson (Climate Dynamics, 2014)

Erratum to: Exposure to pesticides and the risk of childhood brain tumors - Kathryn R. Greenop; Susan Peters; Helen D. Bailey; Lin Fritschi; John Attia; Rodney J. Scott; Deborah C. Glass; Nicholas H. de Klerk; Frank Alvaro; Bruce K. Armstrong; Elizabeth Milne (Cancer Causes & Control, 2014)

Erratum to: Exposure to household painting and floor treatments, and parental occupational paint exposure and risk of childhood brain tumors: results from an Australian case–control study - Kathryn R. Greenop; Susan Peters; Lin Fritschi; Deborah C. Glass; Lesley J. Ashton; Helen D. Bailey; Rodney J. Scott; John Daubenton; Nicholas H. de Klerk; Bruce K. Armstrong; Elizabeth Milne (Cancer Causes & Control, 2014)

Increased functional connectivity within memory networks following memory rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis - Victoria M. Leavitt; Glenn R. Wylie; Peter A. Girgis; John DeLuca; Nancy D. Chiaravalloti (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2014)

Reporting on Marginal Lands for Bioenergy Feedstock Production: a Modest Proposal - Brian K. Richards; Cathelijne R. Stoof; Ian J. Cary; Peter B. Woodbury (BioEnergy Research, 2014)

Towards a phylogenetic classification of reef corals: the I ndo‐ P acific genera M erulina , G oniastrea and S capophyllia ( S cleractinia, M erulinidae) - Danwei Huang; Francesca Benzoni; Roberto Arrigoni; Andrew H. Baird; Michael L. Berumen; Jessica Bouwmeester; Loke Ming Chou; Hironobu Fukami; Wilfredo Y. Licuanan; Edward R. Lovell; Rudolf Meier; Peter A. Todd; et al. (Zoologica Scripta, 2014)
Recent advances in scleractinian systematics and taxonomy have been achieved through the integration of molecular and morphological data, as well as rigorous analysis using phylogenetic methods. In this study, we continue in our pursuit of a phylogenetic classification by examining the evolutionary relationships between the closely related reef coral genera M erulina , G oniastrea , P araclavarina and S capophyllia (Merulinidae). In particular, we address the extreme polyphyly of F avites and G oniastrea that was discovered a decade ago. We sampled 145 specimens belonging to 16 species from a wide geographic range in the I ndo‐ P acific, focusing especially on type localities, including the Red Sea, western Indian Ocean and central Pacific. Tree reconstructions based on both nuclear and mitochondrial markers reveal a novel lineage composed of three species previously placed in F avites and G oniastrea . Morphological analyses indicate that this clade, P aragoniastrea H uang, B enzoni & B udd, gen. n., has a unique combination of corallite and subcorallite features observable with scanning electron microscopy and thin sections. Molecular and morphological evidence furthermore indicates that the monotypic genus Paraclavarina is nested within Merulina , and the former is therefore synonymised.

Sexual selection in true fruit flies ( D iptera: T ephritidae): transcriptome and experimental evidences for phytochemicals increasing male competitive ability - Nagalingam Kumaran; Peter J. Prentis; Kalimuthu P. Mangalam; Mark K. Schutze; Anthony R. Clarke (Molecular Ecology, 2014)
In male tephritid fruit flies of the genus B actrocera , feeding on secondary plant compounds ( sensu lato male lures = methyl eugenol, raspberry ketone and zingerone) increases male mating success. Ingested male lures alter the male pheromonal blend, normally making it more attractive to females and this is considered the primary mechanism for the enhanced mating success. However, the male lures raspberry ketone and zingerone are known, across a diverse range of other organisms, to be involved in increasing energy metabolism. If this also occurs in B actrocera , then this may represent an additional benefit to males as courtship is metabolically expensive and lure feeding may increase a fly's short‐term energy. We tested this hypothesis by performing comparative RNA ‐seq analysis between zingerone‐fed and unfed males of B actrocera tryoni . We also carried out behavioural assays with zingerone‐ and cuelure‐fed males to test whether they became more active. RNA ‐seq analysis revealed, in zingerone‐fed flies, up‐regulation of 3183 genes with homologues transcripts to those known to regulate intermale aggression, pheromone synthesis, mating and accessory gland proteins, along with significant enrichment of several energy metabolic pathways and gene ontology terms. Behavioural assays show significant increases in locomotor activity, weight reduction and successful mating after mounting; all direct/indirect measures of increased activity. These results suggest that feeding on lures leads to complex physiological changes, which result in more competitive males. These results do not negate the pheromone effect, but do strongly suggest that the phytochemical‐induced sexual selection is governed by both female preference and male competitive mechanisms.

Ficus insipida subsp. insipida (Moraceae) reveals the role of ecology in the phylogeography of widespread Neotropical rain forest tree species - Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado; Kyle G. Dexter; Monica F. Poelchau; Peter M. Hollingsworth; Oliver L. Phillips; R. Toby Pennington (Journal of Biogeography, 2014)
Aim To examine the phylogeography of Ficus insipida subsp. insipida in order to investigate patterns of spatial genetic structure across the Neotropics and within Amazonia. Location Neotropics. Methods Plastid DNA ( trn H– psb A; 410 individuals from 54 populations) and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ( ITS ; 85 individuals from 27 populations) sequences were sampled from Mexico to Bolivia, representing the full extent of the taxon's distribution. Divergence of plastid lineages was dated using a Bayesian coalescent approach. Genetic diversity was assessed with indices of haplotype and nucleotide diversities, and genetic structure was examined using spatial analysis of molecular variance ( SAMOVA ) and haplotype networks. Population expansion within Amazonia was tested using neutrality and mismatch distribution tests. Results trn H– psb A sequences yielded 19 haplotypes restricted to either Mesoamerica or Amazonia; six haplotypes were found among ITS sequences. Diversification of the plastid DNA haplotypes began c . 14.6 Ma. Haplotype diversity for trn H– psb A was higher in Amazonia. Seven genetically differentiated SAMOVA groups were described for trn H– psb A, of which two were also supported by the presence of unique ITS sequences. Population expansion was suggested for both markers for the SAMOVA group that contains most Amazonian populations. Main conclusions Our results show marked population genetic structure in F. insipida between Mesoamerica and Amazonia, implying that the Andes and seasonally dry areas of northern South America are eco‐climatic barriers to its migration. This pattern is shared with other widespread pioneer species affiliated to wet habitats, indicating that the ecological characteristics of species may impact upon large‐scale phylogeography. Ficus insipida also shows genetic structure in north‐western Amazonia potentially related to pre‐Pleistocene historical events. In contrast, evident population expansion elsewhere in Amazonia, in particular the presence of genetically uniform populations across the south‐west, indicate recent colonization. Our findings are consistent with palaeoecological data that suggest recent post‐glacial expansion of Amazonian forests in the south.

Pyrosequencing reveals regional differences in fruit‐associated fungal communities - Michael W. Taylor; Peter Tsai; Nicole Anfang; Howard A. Ross; Matthew R. Goddard (Environmental Microbiology, 2014)
Summary We know relatively little of the distribution of microbial communities generally. Significant work has examined a range of bacterial communities, but the distribution of microbial eukaryotes is less well characterized. Humans have an ancient association with grape vines ( V itis vinifera ) and have been making wine since the dawn of civilization, and fungi drive this natural process. While the molecular biology of certain fungi naturally associated with vines and wines is well characterized, complementary investigations into the ecology of fungi associated with fruiting plants is largely lacking. DNA sequencing technologies allow the direct estimation of microbial diversity from a given sample, avoiding culture‐based biases. Here, we use deep community pyrosequencing approaches, targeted at the 26 S rRNA gene, to examine the richness and composition of fungal communities associated with grapevines and test for geographical community structure among four major regions in N ew Z ealand ( NZ ). We find over 200 taxa using this approach, which is 10‐fold more than previously recovered using culture‐based methods. Our analyses allow us to reject the null hypothesis of homogeneity in fungal species richness and community composition across NZ and reveal significant differences between major areas.

Septicaemia models using Streptococcus pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes: understanding the role of complement properdin - Aline Dupont; Fatima Mohamed; Nur’Ain Salehen; Sarah Glenn; Lorenza Francescut; Rozita Adib; Simon Byrne; Hannah Brewin; Irina Elliott; Luke Richards; Petya Dimitrova; Wilhelm Schwaeble; et al. (Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 2014)

Adipose tissue depot specific promoter methylation of TMEM18 - Kerstin Rohde; Maria Keller; Matthias Klös; Dorit Schleinitz; Arne Dietrich; Michael R. Schön; Daniel Gärtner; Tobias Lohmann; Miriam Dreßler; Michael Stumvoll; Peter Kovacs; Matthias Blüher; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2014)

H-Cluster assembly during maturation of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase - Joan B. Broderick; Amanda S. Byer; Kaitlin S. Duschene; Benjamin R. Duffus; Jeremiah N. Betz; Eric M. Shepard; John W. Peters (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2014)

Large multiethnic Candidate Gene Study for C-reactive protein levels: identification of a novel association at CD36 in African Americans - Jaclyn Ellis; Ethan M. Lange; Jin Li; Josee Dupuis; Jens Baumert; Jeremy D. Walston; Brendan J. Keating; Peter Durda; Ervin R. Fox; Cameron D. Palmer; Yan A. Meng; Taylor Young; et al. (Human Genetics, 2014)

Movements of out-migrating late-fall run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) smolts through the San Francisco Bay Estuary - Alex R. Hearn; Eric D. Chapman; Gabriel P. Singer; William N. Brostoff; Peter E. LaCivita; A. Peter Klimley (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2014)

Thermoregulatory plasticity in free-ranging vervet monkeys, Chlorocebus pygerythrus - Alwyn Lubbe; Robyn S. Hetem; Richard McFarland; Louise Barrett; Peter S. Henzi; Duncan Mitchell; Leith C. R. Meyer; Shane K. Maloney; Andrea Fuller (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2014)

Chronic water stress reduces tree growth and the carbon sink of deciduous hardwood forests - Edward R. Brzostek; Danilo Dragoni; Hans Peter Schmid; Abdullah F. Rahman; Daniel Sims; Craig A. Wayson; Daniel J. Johnson; Richard P. Phillips (Global Change Biology, 2014)
Predicted decreases in water availability across the temperate forest biome have the potential to offset gains in carbon (C) uptake from phenology trends, rising atmospheric CO 2 , and nitrogen deposition. While it is well established that severe droughts reduce the C sink of forests by inducing tree mortality, the impacts of mild but chronic water stress on forest phenology and physiology are largely unknown. We quantified the C consequences of chronic water stress using a 13‐year record of tree growth ( n = 200 trees), soil moisture, and ecosystem C balance at the Morgan–Monroe State Forest ( MMSF ) in Indiana, and a regional 11‐year record of tree growth ( n > 300 000 trees) and water availability for the 20 most dominant deciduous broadleaf tree species across the eastern and midwestern USA . We show that despite ~26 more days of C assimilation by trees at the MMSF , increasing water stress decreased the number of days of wood production by ~42 days over the same period, reducing the annual accrual of C in woody biomass by 41%. Across the deciduous forest region, water stress induced similar declines in tree growth, particularly for water‐demanding ‘mesophytic’ tree species. Given the current replacement of water‐stress adapted ‘xerophytic’ tree species by mesophytic tree species, we estimate that chronic water stress has the potential to decrease the C sink of deciduous forests by up to 17% (0.04 Pg C yr −1 ) in the coming decades. This reduction in the C sink due to mesophication and chronic water stress is equivalent to an additional 1–3 days of global C emissions from fossil fuel burning each year. Collectively, our results indicate that regional declines in water availability may offset the growth‐enhancing effects of other global changes and reduce the extent to which forests ameliorate climate warming.

Characterizing microbial communities and processes in a modern stromatolite ( S hark B ay) using lipid biomarkers and two‐dimensional distributions of porewater solutes - Anais Pagès; Kliti Grice; Michael Vacher; David T. Welsh; Peter R. Teasdale; William W. Bennett; Paul Greenwood (Environmental Microbiology, 2014)
Summary Modern microbial mats are highly complex and dynamic ecosystems. Diffusive equilibration in thin films ( DET ) and diffusive gradients in thin films ( DGT ) samplers were deployed in a modern smooth microbial mat from Shark Bay in order to observe, for the first time, two‐dimensional distributions of porewater solutes during day and night time. Two‐dimensional sulfide and alkalinity distributions revealed a strong spatial heterogeneity and a minor contribution of sulfide to alkalinity. Phosphate distributions were also very heterogeneous, while iron( II ) distributions were quite similar during day and night with a few hotspots of mobilization. Lipid biomarkers from the three successive layers of the mat were also analysed in order to characterize the microbial communities regulating analyte distributions. The major hydrocarbon products detected in all layers included n ‐alkanes and isoprenoids, whilst other important biomarkers included hopanoids. Phospholipid fatty acid profiles revealed a decrease in cyanobacterial markers with depth, whereas sulfate‐reducing bacteria markers increased in abundance in accordance with rising sulfide concentrations with depth. Despite the general depth trends in community structure and physiochemical conditions within the mat, two‐dimensional solute distributions showed considerable small‐scale lateral variability, indicating that the distributions and activities of the microbial communities regulating these solute distributions were equally heterogeneous and complex.

Policy and financing—why is sea transport currently invisible in the search for a low carbon future for Pacific Island Countries? - Peter R. Nuttall; Alison Newell; Amelia Bola; John Kaitu'u; Biman Prasad (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2014)

Normal aging affects movement execution but not visual motion working memory and decision-making delay during cue-dependent memory-based smooth-pursuit - Kikuro Fukushima; Graham R. Barnes; Norie Ito; Peter M. Olley; Tateo Warabi (Experimental Brain Research, 2014)

Target direction rather than position determines oculomotor expectation in repeating sequences - Andrew J. Anderson; Matthew J. Stainer; Peter Brotchie; R. H. S. Carpenter (Experimental Brain Research, 2014)

Science into policy; improving uptake and adoption of research: outcomes and conclusions - Paul De Barro; Stephen Goldson; Detlef Bartsch; Mikael Hirsch; Martyn Jeggo; John W. Lowenthal; Philip Macdonald; Ryan R. J. McAllister; Rod McCrea; Fiona McFarlane; Cathy Robinson; Kim Ritman; et al. (Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 2014)

Testing a post-copulatory pre-zygotic reproductive barrier in a passerine species pair - Emily R. A. Cramer; Terje Laskemoen; Fabrice Eroukhmanoff; Fredrik Haas; Jo S. Hermansen; Jan T. Lifjeld; Melissah Rowe; Glenn-Peter Sætre; Arild Johnsen (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2014)

Loss of optical and molecular indicators of terrigenous dissolved organic matter during long-term photobleaching - John R. Helms; Jingdong Mao; Aron Stubbins; Klaus Schmidt-Rohr; Robert G. M. Spencer; Peter J. Hernes; Kenneth Mopper (Aquatic Sciences, 2014)

Evidence for ca. 7‐ka maximum Holocene transgression on the Peninsular Malaysia east coast - PETER R. PARHAM; YOSHIKI SAITO; NORAISYAH SAPON; ROKIAH SURIADI; NOOR AZARIYAH MOHTAR (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2014)
In situ fossil coral and shelly marine deposits occur up to 50 cm above mean sea level in north‐east Peninsular Malaysia. The fossil reef comprises over 15 coral species and associated molluscs. Radiocarbon ages of corals range from 7238 to 6909 cal a BP. The reef occurs adjacent to bedrock hills that formed a mainland peninsula when the coral was living. Abundant well‐preserved fossil molluscs with bivalves commonly articulated occur in ditch tailings from coastal plains flanking these hills. Landward, a sand ridge represents part of the maximum transgression shoreline. When alive, the fossil coral reef required clear water and full marine conditions seaward of the peninsula. The maximum transgression here occurred ca. 7 ka with stable environmental conditions persisting long enough for diverse coral reef development. Assuming a similar tidal range to today, relative sea level ca. 7 ka would have been between 1.4 and 3 m above present. Between then and ca. 6 ka, abundant sediment supply resulted in barrier‐beach construction seaward of the coral reef, converting the area to a lagoonal environment unsuitable for coral and burial by muddy deposits. Assuming that regional relative sea‐level data indicate maximum Holocene highstand up to +5 m between 6 and 4 ka are correct, then the maximum transgression preceded maximum sea level by at least 1000 years.

Anthropogenic‐based regional‐scale factors most consistently explain plot‐level exotic diversity in grasslands - Andrew S. MacDougall; Joseph R. Bennett; Jennifer Firn; Eric W. Seabloom; Elizabeth T. Borer; Eric M. Lind; John L. Orrock; W. Stanley Harpole; Yann Hautier; Peter B. Adler; Elsa Cleland; Kendi Davies; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2014)
Aim Evidence linking the accumulation of exotic species to the suppression of native diversity is equivocal, often relying on data from studies that have used different methods. Plot‐level studies often attribute inverse relationships between native and exotic diversity to competition, but regional abiotic filters, including anthropogenic influences, can produce similar patterns. We seek to test these alternatives using identical scale‐dependent sampling protocols in multiple grasslands on two continents. Location Thirty‐two grassland sites in N orth A merica and A ustralia. Methods We use multiscale observational data, collected identically in grain and extent at each site, to test the association of local and regional factors with the plot‐level richness and abundance of native and exotic plants. Sites captured environmental and anthropogenic gradients including land‐use intensity, human population density, light and soil resources, climate and elevation. Site selection occurred independently of exotic diversity, meaning that the numbers of exotic species varied randomly thereby reducing potential biases if only highly invaded sites were chosen. Results Regional factors associated directly or indirectly with human activity had the strongest associations with plot‐level diversity. These regional drivers had divergent effects: urban‐based economic activity was associated with high exotic : native diversity ratios; climate‐ and landscape‐based indicators of lower human population density were associated with low exotic : native ratios. Negative correlations between plot‐level native and exotic diversity, a potential signature of competitive interactions, were not prevalent; this result did not change along gradients of productivity or heterogeneity. Main conclusion We show that plot‐level diversity of native and exotic plants are more consistently associated with regional‐scale factors relating to urbanization and climate suitability than measures indicative of competition. These findings clarify the long‐standing difficulty in resolving drivers of exotic diversity using single‐factor mechanisms, suggesting that multiple interacting anthropogenic‐based processes best explain the accumulation of exotic diversity in modern landscapes.

Vasculature of the hive: heat dissipation in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) hive - Rachael E. Bonoan; Rhyan R. Goldman; Peter Y. Wong; Philip T. Starks (The Science of Nature, 2014)

Simulating Long-Term Effects of Trash Management on Sugarcane Yield for Brazilian Cropping Systems - Fábio R. Marin; Peter J. Thorburn; Leandro G. da Costa; Rafael Otto (Sugar Tech, 2014)

UTP-induced ATP release is a fine-tuned signalling pathway in osteocytes - Tina M. Kringelbach; Derya Aslan; Ivana Novak; Peter Schwarz; Niklas R. Jørgensen (Purinergic Signalling, 2014)

Neither season nor sex affects the cost of terrestrial locomotion in a circumpolar diving duck: the common eider (Somateria mollissima) - Kayleigh A. Rose; Peter G. Tickle; John J. Lees; Karl-Arne Stokkan; Jonathan R. Codd (Polar Biology, 2014)

The ENIGMA Consortium: large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data - Paul M. Thompson; Jason L. Stein; Sarah E. Medland; Derrek P. Hibar; Alejandro Arias Vasquez; Miguel E. Renteria; Roberto Toro; Neda Jahanshad; Gunter Schumann; Barbara Franke; Margaret J. Wright; Nicholas G. Martin; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2014)

Observations on the crystal structures of lueshite - Roger H. Mitchell; Peter C. Burns; Kevin S. Knight; Christopher J. Howard; Anton R. Chakhmouradian (Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 2014)

Toxicity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids to Spodoptera exigua Using Insect Cell Lines and Injection Bioassays - Tri R. Nuringtyas; Robert Verpoorte; Peter G. L. Klinkhamer; Monique M. van Oers; Kirsten A. Leiss (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2014)

Distribution and diversity of V errucomicrobia methanotrophs in geothermal and acidic environments - Christine E. Sharp; Angela V. Smirnova; Jaime M. Graham; Matthew B. Stott; Roshan Khadka; Tim R. Moore; Stephen E. Grasby; Maria Strack; Peter F. Dunfield (Environmental Microbiology, 2014)
Summary Recently, methanotrophic members of the phylum V errucomicrobia have been described, but little is known about their distribution in nature. We surveyed methanotrophic bacteria in geothermal springs and acidic wetlands via pyrosequencing of 16 S rRNA gene amplicons. Putative methanotrophic V errucomicrobia were found in samples covering a broad temperature range (22.5–81.6° C ), but only in acidic conditions ( pH 1.8–5.0) and only in geothermal environments, not in acidic bogs or fens. Phylogenetically, three 16 S rRNA gene sequence clusters of putative methanotrophic V errucomicrobia were observed. Those detected in high‐temperature geothermal samples (44.1–81.6° C ) grouped with known thermoacidiphilic ‘ M ethylacidiphilum ’ isolates. A second group dominated in moderate‐temperature geothermal samples (22.5–40.1° C ) and a representative mesophilic methanotroph from this group was isolated (strain LP 2 A ). Genome sequencing verified that strain LP 2 A possessed particulate methane monooxygenase, but its 16 S rRNA gene sequence identity to ‘ M ethylacidiphilum infernorum ’ strain V4 was only 90.6%. A third group clustered distantly with known methanotrophic V errucomicrobia . Using pmoA ‐gene targeted quantitative polymerase chain reaction, two geothermal soil profiles showed a dominance of LP 2 A ‐like pmoA sequences in the cooler surface layers and ‘ M ethylacidiphilum'‐ like pmoA sequences in deeper, hotter layers. Based on these results, there appears to be a thermophilic group and a mesophilic group of methanotrophic V errucomicrobia . However, both were detected only in acidic geothermal environments.

Efficiency of augmented p-rep designs in multi-environmental trials - Jens Moehring; Emlyn R. Williams; Hans-Peter Piepho (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2014)

Secondary cell wall composition and candidate gene expression in developing willow (Salix purpurea) stems - Yongfang Wan; Cristina Gritsch; Theodora Tryfona; Mike J. Ray; Ambrose Andongabo; Keywan Hassani-Pak; Huw D. Jones; Paul Dupree; Angela Karp; Peter R. Shewry; Rowan A. C. Mitchell (Planta, 2014)

Human-resource subsidies alter the dietary preferences of a mammalian top predator - Thomas M. Newsome; Guy-Anthony Ballard; Peter J. S. Fleming; Remy van de Ven; Georgeanna L. Story; Christopher R. Dickman (Oecologia, 2014)

What makes a species common? No evidence of density-dependent recruitment or mortality of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum after the 1983–1984 mass mortality - Don R. Levitan; Peter J. Edmunds; Keeha E. Levitan (Oecologia, 2014)

Competitive naïveté between a highly successful invader and a functionally similar native species - Stephen J. Heavener; Alexandra J. R. Carthey; Peter B. Banks (Oecologia, 2014)

Exploring the spatio-temporal relationship between two key aeroallergens and meteorological variables in the United Kingdom - Nabaz Khwarahm; Jadunandan Dash; Peter M. Atkinson; R. M. Newnham; C. A. Skjøth; B. Adams-Groom; Eric Caulton; K. Head (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2014)

Genome-wide association study of subtype-specific epithelial ovarian cancer risk alleles using pooled DNA - Madalene A. Earp; Linda E. Kelemen; Anthony M. Magliocco; Kenneth D. Swenerton; Georgia Chenevix-Trench; Yi Lu; Alexander Hein; Arif B. Ekici; Matthias W. Beckmann; Peter A. Fasching; Diether Lambrechts; Evelyn Despierre; et al. (Human Genetics, 2014)

Effect of emotional and neutral declarative memory consolidation on sleep architecture - Marcus P. Ward; Kevin R. Peters; Carlyle T. Smith (Experimental Brain Research, 2014)

Influence of post-exercise hypoxic exposure on hepcidin response in athletes - Claire E. Badenhorst; Brian Dawson; Carmel Goodman; Marc Sim; Gregory R. Cox; Christopher J. Gore; Harold Tjalsma; Dorine W. Swinkels; Peter Peeling (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2014)

The impact of frailty on pharmacokinetics in older people: using gentamicin population pharmacokinetic modeling to investigate changes in renal drug clearance by glomerular filtration - Claire Johnston; Sarah N. Hilmer; Andrew J. McLachlan; Slade T. Matthews; Peter R. Carroll; Carl M. Kirkpatrick (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2014)

Population-based surveillance for cervical cancer precursors in three central cancer registries, United States 2009 - Elaine W. Flagg; S. Deblina Datta; Mona Saraiya; Elizabeth R. Unger; Edward Peters; Lauren Cole; Vivien W. Chen; Thomas Tucker; Mary Jane Byrne; Glenn Copeland; Won Silva; Meg Watson; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2014)

Increases in disturbance and reductions in habitat size interact to suppress predator body size - Phillip G. Jellyman; Peter A. McHugh; Angus R. McIntosh (Global Change Biology, 2014)
Food webs are strongly size‐structured so will be vulnerable to changes in environmental factors that affect large predators. However, mechanistic understanding of environmental controls of top predator size is poorly developed. We used streams to investigate how predator body size is altered by three fundamental climate change stressors: reductions in habitat size, increases in disturbance and warmer temperatures. Using new survey data from 74 streams, we showed that habitat size and disturbance were the most important stressors influencing predator body size. A synergistic interaction between that habitat size and disturbance due to flooding meant the sizes of predatory fishes peaked in large, benign habitats and their body size decreased as habitats became either smaller or harsher. These patterns were supported by experiments indicating that habitat‐size reductions and increased flood disturbance decreased both the abundance and biomass of large predators. This research indicates that interacting climate change stressors can influence predator body size, resulting in smaller predators than would be predicted from examining an environmental factor in isolation. Thus, climate‐induced changes to key interacting environmental factors are likely to have synergistic impacts on predator body size which, because of their influence on the strength of biological interactions, will have far‐reaching effects on food‐web responses to global environmental change.

Cerebral Aneurysms: Formation, Progression, and Developmental Chronology - Nima Etminan; Bruce A. Buchholz; Rita Dreier; Peter Bruckner; James C. Torner; Hans-Jakob Steiger; Daniel Hänggi; R. Loch Macdonald (Translational Stroke Research, 2014)

A Candidate Gene Association Study for Growth Performance in an Improved Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Culture Line - Hyungtaek Jung; Russell E. Lyons; Yutao Li; Nguyen Minh Thanh; Hung Dinh; David A. Hurwood; Krishna R. Salin; Peter B. Mather (Marine Biotechnology, 2014)

The rotations opening the Central and Northern Atlantic Ocean: compilation, drift lines, and flow lines (Int J Earth Sci 102:1357–1376) - Thomas Frisch; Peter R. Dawes (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2014)

The Right Tree for the Job? Perceptions of Species Suitability for the Provision of Ecosystem Services - Simeon J. Smaill; Karen M. Bayne; Graham W. R. Coker; Thomas S. H. Paul; Peter W. Clinton (Environmental Management, 2014)

Physical activity and prostate gene expression in men with low-risk prostate cancer - Mark Jesus M. Magbanua; Erin L. Richman; Eduardo V. Sosa; Lee W. Jones; Jeff Simko; Katsuto Shinohara; Christopher M. Haqq; Peter R. Carroll; June M. Chan (Cancer Causes & Control, 2014)

Genetic Information, Physical Interpreters and Thermodynamics; The Material-Informatic Basis of Biosemiosis - Peter R. Wills (Biosemiotics, 2014)

Response to “Selective Evidence of Eutrophication in the Great Barrier Reef” by Furnas et al. - Peter R. F. Bell; Ibrahim Elmetri; Brian E. Lapointe (Ambio, 2014)

Evidence of Large-Scale Chronic Eutrophication in the Great Barrier Reef: Quantification of Chlorophyll a Thresholds for Sustaining Coral Reef Communities - Peter R. F. Bell; Ibrahim Elmetri; Brian E. Lapointe (Ambio, 2014)

Timing and tempo of evolutionary diversification in a biodiversity hotspot: Primulaceae on Indian Ocean islands - Joeri S. Strijk; Ruth E. Bone; Christophe Thébaud; Sven Buerki; Peter W. Fritsch; Trevor R. Hodkinson; Dominique Strasberg (Journal of Biogeography, 2014)
Aim We examined phylogenetic relationships and spatio‐temporal diversification in Indian Ocean Primulaceae, assessing correlations between speciation rates, geographical expansion and ecomorphological specialization. Location Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands. Methods We conducted phylogenetic analyses with plastid and nuclear DNA sequences of Primulaceae using maximum likelihood and Bayesian algorithms, and estimated divergence times using a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock. Temporal changes in diversification rate and possible correlations with the biogeographical history of the group were examined. We performed parametric ancestral area reconstruction incorporating a stratified palaeogeographical model that reflects changes in terrestrial configuration and the presence of phytogeographical connections through time in the western Indian Ocean Basin. Shifts in diversification rate were compared with ancestral area assignments and divergence age estimates. Results Indian Ocean Primulaceae were recovered as monophyletic with a sister relationship to Asian Ardisia . Oncostemum , a genus confined to Madagascar and the Comoros, was resolved as paraphyletic by the inclusion of a monophyletic Mascarene Badula group consisting of single‐island endemics. We found evidence for diversification bursts early in the history of Indian Ocean Primulaceae that correspond closely to the sequence of dispersal and the appearance of newly formed Mascarene Islands. Age estimates suggest a dispersal to Rodrigues that is older than the estimated geological age of the island. Main conclusions Results suggest a Madagascan origin of Indian Ocean Primulaceae with subsequent dispersal to the Mascarenes in the middle to late Miocene, with initial establishment on either Mauritius or Rodrigues and subsequent stepping‐stone dispersal to the other two Mascarene islands within the last 2 Myr. Analyses suggest that diversification has slowed over time, with significant rate changes following dispersal to new geographical areas. Onset of diversification in species‐rich Oncostemum appears to have been recent, with major cladogenesis commencing in the early Pliocene.

Effects of drought and pluvial periods on fish and zooplankton communities in prairie lakes: systematic and asystematic responses - Elizabeth Starks; Ryan Cooper; Peter R. Leavitt; Björn Wissel (Global Change Biology, 2014)
The anticipated impacts of climate change on aquatic biota are difficult to evaluate because of potentially contrasting effects of temperature and hydrology on lake ecosystems, particularly those closed‐basin lakes within semiarid regions. To address this shortfall, we quantified decade‐scale changes in chemical and biological properties of 20 endorheic lakes in central North America in response to a pronounced transition from a drought to a pluvial period during the early 21st century. Lakes exhibited marked temporal changes in chemical characteristics and formed two discrete clusters corresponding to periods of substantially different effective moisture (as Palmer Drought Severity Index, PDSI ). Discriminant function analysis ( DFA ) explained 90% of variability in fish assemblage composition and showed that fish communities were predicted best by environmental conditions during the arid interval ( PDSI DFA also predicted that lakes could support more fish species during pluvial periods, but their occurrences may be limited by periodic stress due to recurrent droughts and physical barriers to colonization. Zooplankton taxonomic assemblages in fishless lakes were resilient to short‐term changes in meteorological conditions, and did not vary between drought and deluge periods. Conversely, zooplankton taxa in fish‐populated lakes decreased substantially in biomass during the wet interval, likely due to increased zooplanktivory by fish. The powerful effects of such climatic variability on hydrology and the strong subsequent links to water chemistry and biota indicate that future changes in global climate could result in significant restructuring of aquatic communities. Together these findings suggest that semiarid lakes undergoing temporary climate shifts provide a useful model system for anticipating the effects of global climate change on lake food webs.

Elucidation of bacteria found in car interiors and strategies to reduce the presence of potential pathogens - Rachel E. Stephenson; Daniel Gutierrez; Cindy Peters; Mark Nichols; Blaise R. Boles (Biofouling, 2014)

The role of cold shock domain proteins in inflammatory diseases - Jonathan A. Lindquist; Sabine Brandt; Anja Bernhardt; Cheng Zhu; Peter R. Mertens (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2014)

Ammonia concentrations and modeling of inorganic particulate matter in the vicinity of an egg production facility in Southeastern USA - Qian-Feng Li; Lingjuan Wang-Li; Sanjay B. Shah; R. K. M. Jayanty; Peter Bloomfield (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2014)

Exposure to household painting and floor treatments, and parental occupational paint exposure and risk of childhood brain tumors: results from an Australian case–control study - Kathryn R. Greenop; Susan Peters; Lin Fritschi; Deborah C. Glass; Lesley J. Ashton; Helen D. Bailey; Rodney J. Scott; John Daubenton; Nicholas H. de Klerk; Bruce K. Armstrong; Elizabeth Milne (Cancer Causes & Control, 2014)

Stereological and ultrastructural quantification of the afferent synaptome of individual neurons - Pablo Henny; Matthew T. C. Brown; Benjamin R. Micklem; Peter J. Magill; J. Paul Bolam (Brain Structure and Function, 2014)

Stress treatments influence efficiency of microspore embryogenesis and green plant regeneration in hexaploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack L.) - Tobias Würschum; Matthew R. Tucker; Hans Peter Maurer (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 2014)

Development of nineteen polymorphic microsatellite loci in the threatened polar bear (Ursus maritimus) using next generation sequencing - Jessica R. Brandt; Peter J. Van Coeverden de Groot; Kai Zhao; Markus G. Dyck; Peter T. Boag; Alfred L. Roca (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2014)

PECAM-1: regulator of endothelial junctional integrity - Jamie R. Privratsky; Peter J. Newman (Cell and Tissue Research, 2014)

Characterizing the plasticity of nitrogen metabolism by the host and symbionts of the hydrothermal vent chemoautotrophic symbioses R idgeia piscesae - Li Liao; Scott D. Wankel; Min Wu; Colleen M. Cavanaugh; Peter R. Girguis (Molecular Ecology, 2014)
Chemoautotrophic symbionts of deep sea hydrothermal vent tubeworms are known to provide their hosts with all their primary nutrition. While studies have examined how chemoautotrophic symbionts provide the association with nitrogen, fewer have examined if symbiont nitrogen metabolism varies as a function of environmental conditions. R idgeia piscesae tubeworms flourish at Northeastern Pacific vents, occupy a range of microhabitats, and exhibit a high degree of morphological plasticity [e.g. long‐skinny ( LS ) and short‐fat ( SF ) phenotypes] that may relate to environmental conditions. This plasticity affords an opportunity to examine whether symbiont nitrogen metabolism varies among host phenotypes. LS and SF R. piscesae were recovered from the A xial and Main Endeavour Field hydrothermal vents. Nitrate and ammonium were quantified in R idgeia blood, and the expression of key nitrogen metabolism genes, as well as stable nitrogen isotope ratios, was quantified in host branchial plume and symbiont‐containing tissues. Nitrate and ammonium were abundant in the blood of both phenotypes though environmental ammonium concentrations were, paradoxically, lowest among individuals with the highest blood ammonium. Assimilatory nitrate reductase transcripts were always below detection, though in both LS and SF R . piscesae symbionts, we observed elevated expression of dissimilatory nitrate reductase genes, as well as symbiont and host ammonium assimilation genes. Site‐specific differences in expression, along with tissue stable isotope analyses, suggest that LS and SF Ridgeia symbionts are engaged in both dissimilatory nitrate reduction and ammonia assimilation to varying degrees. As such, it appears that environmental conditions –not host phenotype—primarily dictates symbiont nitrogen metabolism.

New insights on the trophic ecology of bathyal communities from the methane seep area off Concepción, Chile (~36° S) - Germán Zapata‐Hernández; Javier Sellanes; Andrew R. Thurber; Lisa A. Levin; Frédéric Chazalon; Peter Linke (Marine Ecology, 2014)
Studies of the trophic structure in methane‐seep habitats provide insight into the ecological function of deep‐sea ecosystems. Methane seep biota on the Chilean margin likely represent a novel biogeographic province; however, little is known about the ecology of the seep fauna and particularly their trophic support. The present study, using natural abundance stable isotopes, reveals a complex trophic structure among heterotrophic consumers, with four trophic levels supported by a diversity of food sources at a methane seep area off Concepción, Chile (~36° S). Although methanotrophy, thiotrophy and phototrophy are all identified as carbon fixation mechanisms fueling the food web within this area, most of the analysed species (87.5%) incorporate carbon derived from photosynthesis and a smaller number (12%) use carbon derived from chemosynthesis. Methane‐derived carbon ( MDC ) incorporation was documented in 22 taxa, including sipunculids, gastropods, polychaetes and echinoderms. In addition, wide trophic niches were detected in suspension‐feeding and deposit‐feeding taxa, possibly associated with the use of organic matter in different stages of degradation ( e.g . from fresh to refractory). Estimates of Bayesian standard ellipses area (SEA B ) reveal different isotopic niche breadth in the predator fishes, the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides and the combtooth dogfish Centroscyllium nigrum , suggesting generalist versus specialist feeding behaviors, respectively. Top predators in the ecosystem were the Patagonian toothfish D. eleginoides and the dusky cat shark, Bythaelurus canescens . The blue hake Antimora rostrata also provides a trophic link between the benthic and pelagic systems, with a diet based primarily on pelagic‐derived carrion. These findings can inform accurate ecosystem models, which are critical for effective management and conservation of methane seep and adjacent deep‐sea habitats in the Southeastern Pacific.

Land cover changes and their biogeophysical effects on climate - Rezaul Mahmood; Roger A. Pielke; Kenneth G. Hubbard; Dev Niyogi; Paul A. Dirmeyer; Clive McAlpine; Andrew M. Carleton; Robert Hale; Samuel Gameda; Adriana Beltrán‐Przekurat; Bruce Baker; Richard McNider; et al. (International Journal of Climatology, 2014)
Land cover changes ( LCCs ) play an important role in the climate system. Research over recent decades highlights the impacts of these changes on atmospheric temperature, humidity, cloud cover, circulation, and precipitation. These impacts range from the local‐ and regional‐scale to sub‐continental and global‐scale. It has been found that the impacts of regional‐scale LCC in one area may also be manifested in other parts of the world as a climatic teleconnection. In light of these findings, this article provides an overview and synthesis of some of the most notable types of LCC and their impacts on climate. These LCC types include agriculture, deforestation and afforestation, desertification, and urbanization. In addition, this article provides a discussion on challenges to, and future research directions in, assessing the climatic impacts of LCC .

Quantitative exploration of the contribution of settlement, growth, dispersal and grazing to the accumulation of natural marine biofilms on antifouling and fouling-release coatings - Benjamin A.S. Van Mooy; Laura R. Hmelo; Helen F. Fredricks; Justin E. Ossolinski; Byron E. Pedler; Daniel J. Bogorff; Peter J.S. Smith (Biofouling, 2014)

Nitrogen Deposition Effects on Diatom Communities in Lakes from Three National Parks in Washington State - Richard W. Sheibley; Mihaela Enache; Peter W. Swarzenski; Patrick W. Moran; James R. Foreman (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2014)

Biolistic transformation of elite genotypes of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) - Zachary R. King; Adam L. Bray; Peter R. LaFayette; Wayne A. Parrott (Plant Cell Reports, 2014)

Microfluidic Preparation of Liposomes to Determine Particle Size Influence on Cellular Uptake Mechanisms - Abhay U. Andar; Renee R. Hood; Wyatt N. Vreeland; Don L. DeVoe; Peter W. Swaan (Pharmaceutical Research, 2014)

Development and comparison of stream indices of biotic integrity using diatoms vs. non-diatom algae vs. a combination - A. Elizabeth Fetscher; Rosalina Stancheva; J. Patrick Kociolek; Robert G. Sheath; Eric D. Stein; Raphael D. Mazor; Peter R. Ode; Lilian B. Busse (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2014)

Genome-wide association study of endometrial cancer in E2C2 - Immaculata De Vivo; Jennifer Prescott; Veronica Wendy Setiawan; Sara H. Olson; Nicolas Wentzensen; John Attia; Amanda Black; Louise Brinton; Chu Chen; Constance Chen; Linda S. Cook; Marta Crous-Bou; et al. (Human Genetics, 2014)

Genetic risk score analysis indicates migraine with and without comorbid depression are genetically different disorders - Lannie Ligthart; Jouke-Jan Hottenga; Cathryn M. Lewis; Anne E. Farmer; Ian W. Craig; Gerome Breen; Gonneke Willemsen; Jacqueline M. Vink; Christel M. Middeldorp; Enda M. Byrne; Andrew C. Heath; Pamela A. F. Madden; et al. (Human Genetics, 2014)

Unraveling the complex genetic model for cystic fibrosis: pleiotropic effects of modifier genes on early cystic fibrosis-related morbidities - Weili Li; David Soave; Melissa R. Miller; Katherine Keenan; Fan Lin; Jiafen Gong; Theodore Chiang; Anne L. Stephenson; Peter Durie; Johanna Rommens; Lei Sun; Lisa J. Strug (Human Genetics, 2014)

Tactile localization depends on stimulus intensity - Peter Steenbergen; Jan R. Buitenweg; Jörg Trojan; Peter H. Veltink (Experimental Brain Research, 2014)

Behavior, movements, and habitat use of adult green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, in the upper Sacramento River - Michael J. Thomas; Matthew L. Peterson; Eric D. Chapman; Alex R. Hearn; Gabriel P. Singer; Ryan D. Battleson; A. Peter Klimley (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2014)

Prostate cancer derived prostatic acid phosphatase promotes an osteoblastic response in the bone microenvironment - Sandy R. Larson; Jessica Chin; Xiaotun Zhang; Lisha G. Brown; Ilsa M. Coleman; Bryce Lakely; Martin Tenniswood; Eva Corey; Peter S. Nelson; Robert L. Vessella; Colm Morrissey (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2014)

Mitonuclear discordance in genetic structure across the Atlantic/Indian Ocean biogeographical transition zone - Peter R. Teske; Isabelle Papadopoulos; Nigel P. Barker; Christopher D. McQuaid; Luciano B. Beheregaray (Journal of Biogeography, 2014)
Aim Based on mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA ) data, many organisms with ranges spanning multiple biogeographical regions exhibit genetic structure across the transition zones between these regions, while others appear to be genetically homogenous. No clear link has been found between the presence or absence of such spatial genetic discontinuities and species' dispersal potential, confounding the formulation of general predictions concerning genetic structure. The fact that discrepancies between mt DNA and nuclear markers are common across semi‐permeable barriers suggests that a lack of structure could be attributable to mt DNA ‐specific properties of inheritance. We re‐examined genetic structure in the coastal crab Hymenosoma orbiculare , a species that is represented by a single mt DNA lineage across the Atlantic/Indian Ocean biogeographical transition zone, by comparing mt DNA data with nuclear DNA data. Location South Africa's cool‐temperate and warm‐temperate marine biogeographical provinces. Methods DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial COI gene and the intron of the nuclear ANT gene were generated for 150 individuals of H. orbiculare . For each locus, we determined whether the sharing of alleles between provinces was the result of either the retention of ancestral polymorphism or of secondary contact. Results We recovered two nuclear intron lineages whose spatial genetic structure reflects contemporary biogeographical and oceanographical conditions, indicating that the existence of a single mt DNA lineage is not a function of unexpectedly high levels of dispersal. Main conclusions Mt DNA ‐based genetic homogeneity is increasingly being reported in coastal organisms with ranges spanning biogeographical transition zones that define distinct evolutionary lineages in other species. Our results stress the importance of revisiting single‐locus data sets by means of multilocus genetic approaches before any conclusions can be drawn about the role of biogeographical transition zones in driving genetic structure.

A protected area influences genotype‐specific survival and the structure of a Canis hybrid zone - John F. Benson; Brent R. Patterson; Peter J. Mahoney (Ecology, 2014)
It is widely recognized that protected areas can strongly influence ecological systems and that hybridization is an important conservation issue. However, previous studies have not explicitly considered the influence of protected areas on hybridization dynamics. Eastern wolves are a species of special concern and their distribution is largely restricted to a protected population in Algonquin Provincial Park (APP), Ontario, Canada, where they are the numerically dominant canid. We studied intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing survival and cause‐specific mortality of hybrid and parental canids in the three‐species hybrid zone between eastern wolves, eastern coyotes, and gray wolves in and adjacent to APP. Mortality risk for eastern wolves in areas adjacent to APP was significantly higher than for other sympatric Canis types outside of APP, and for eastern wolves and other canids within APP. Outside of APP, the annual mortality rate of all canids by harvest (24%) was higher than for other causes of death (4–7%). Furthermore, eastern wolves (hazard ratio = 3.5) and nonresidents (transients and dispersing animals, hazard ratio = 2.7) were more likely to die from harvest relative to other Canis types and residents, respectively. Thus, eastern wolves dispersing from APP were especially vulnerable to harvest mortality. For residents, eastern wolf survival was more negatively influenced by increased road density than for other Canis types, further highlighting the sensitivity of eastern wolves to human disturbance. A cycle of dispersal from APP followed by high rates of mortality and hybridization appears to maintain eastern wolves at low density adjacent to APP, limiting the potential for expansion beyond the protected area. However, high survival and numerical dominance of eastern wolves within APP suggest that protected areas can allow rare hybridizing species to persist even if their demographic performance is compromised and barriers to hybridization are largely absent in the adjacent matrix.

Distinguishing individual quality from habitat preference and quality in a territorial passerine - Ryan R. Germain; Peter Arcese (Ecology, 2014)
Theory predicts that animals breeding in heterogeneous landscapes preferentially occupy habitats likely to maximize individual fitness, but identifying those habitats has proved problematic. Many studies develop metrics of habitat quality linked to site‐specific reproductive output measured in successive years, but few separate the independent effects of individual “intrinsic quality” from those due solely to the attributes of the habitats themselves. In many populations, processes such as competitive territory defense, longevity, site‐fidelity, and variation in breeding density and territory size over time have the potential to limit the degree to which individual and habitat quality will be positively related in nature. However, the effects of these processes on estimates of habitat or site‐specific reproductive output have not been thoroughly investigated. We show that, in an insular population of Song Sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ), females nested preferentially in breeding sites with high mean reproductive output assessed over 35 years, and that variation in site‐specific reproductive output was positively related to female intrinsic quality, measured here as the lifetime reproductive success of individual females relative to others hatched the same year (rLRS). In contrast, vegetation traits (shrub cover, edge, and soil depth) predicted female preference for breeding sites but did not predict site‐specific variation in annual reproductive output. Female quality also did not predict which females occupied more‐ or less‐preferred breeding sites over the study period. However, mean annual reproductive output of breeding sites estimated over 35 years was strongly positively related to the quality of the females that nested in them. Overall, these results indicate that site‐specific estimates of habitat quality that do not consider the quality of the individuals occupying those sites may include substantial bias due to variation in occupant quality, and thus may not reliably predict the intrinsic effects of habitat quality on individual or population fitness.

Use of Pollen and Ancient DNA as Conservation Baselines for Offshore Islands in New Zealand - JANET M. WILMSHURST; NEVILLE T. MOAR; JAMIE R. WOOD; PETER J. BELLINGHAM; AMY M. FINDLATER; JAMES J. ROBINSON; CLIVE STONE (Conservation Biology, 2014)
Islands play a key role globally in the conservation of endemic species. Many island reserves have been highly modified since human colonization, and their restoration and management usually occur without knowledge of their prehuman state. However, conservation paleoecology is increasingly being recognized as a tool that can help to inform both restoration and conservation of island reserves by providing prehuman vegetation baselines. Many of New Zealand's mammal‐free offshore islands are foci for biological diversity conservation and, like many islands in the Polynesian region, were deforested following initial human settlement. Therefore, their current restoration, replanting, and management are guided either by historic vegetation descriptions or the occurrence of species on forested islands. We analyzed pollen and ancient DNA in soil cores from an offshore island in northern New Zealand. The result was a 2000‐year record of vegetation change that began >1200 years before human settlement and spanned 550 years of human occupation and 180 years of forest succession since human occupation ceased. Between prehuman and contemporary forests there was nearly a complete species turnover including the extirpation of a dominant conifer and a palm tree. The podocarp‐dominated forests were replaced by a native but novel angiosperm‐dominated forest. There is no modern analog of the prehuman forests on any northern New Zealand island, and those islands that are forested are dominated by angiosperms which are assumed to be climax forests. The pollen and DNA evidence for conifer‐ and palm‐rich forests in the prehuman era challenge this climax forest assumption. Prehuman vegetation records can thus help to inform future restoration of degraded offshore islands by informing the likely rate and direction of successional change; helping to determine whether natural rates of succession are preferable to more costly replanting programs; and providing past species lists if restoration replanting is desired. Uso de Polen y ADN Antiguo como Líneas de Base de Conservación en Islas Litorales en Nueva Zelanda

New evidence indicates the coarse soil fraction is of greater relevance to plant nutrition than previously suggested - Simeon J. Smaill; Peter W. Clinton; Robert B. Allen; Murray R. Davis (Plant and Soil, 2014)

Litter quality versus soil microbial community controls over decomposition: a quantitative analysis - Cory C. Cleveland; Sasha C. Reed; Adrienne B. Keller; Diana R. Nemergut; Sean P. O’Neill; Rebecca Ostertag; Peter M. Vitousek (Oecologia, 2014)

Synthesis and Optical Properties of Various Thienyl Derivatives of Pyrene - Krzysztof R. Idzik; Tobias Licha; Vladimír Lukeš; Peter Rapta; Jaroslaw Frydel; Mario Schaffer; Eric Taeuscher; Rainer Beckert; Lothar Dunsch (Journal of Fluorescence, 2014)

Population trends in a substantial colony of Little Penguins: three independent measures over three decades - Duncan R. Sutherland; Peter Dann (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2014)

Analysis of a Blainville's beaked whale's movement response to playback of killer whale vocalizations - Ann N. Allen; Julian J. Schanze; Andrew R. Solow; Peter L. Tyack (Marine Mammal Science, 2014)
Increasing evidence links exposure to Navy sonar with certain mass stranding events of deep diving beaked whales. Although the cause of these strandings is unknown, one theory suggests that the animals confuse the sonar signals with vocalizations of killer whales, a known predator. Here we analyze the movement patterns of a tagged female Blainville's beaked whale in reaction to playback of killer whale predation calls. During a deep foraging dive, the whale was exposed to a playback of killer whale vocalizations with the source level slowly increased until the whale prematurely ceased foraging. The heading data from the tag were analyzed using a rotation test with a likelihood ratio calculated for a nonparametric kernel density estimate. We found a significant difference ( P 0.005) in the distribution of Δheading (the change in heading averaged over 200 s) after the cessation of the killer whale playback. A test of the angular standard deviation (SD) of the Δheading showed that after the playback, the SD was significantly reduced ( P = 0.0064), which indicates that the animal maintained a straighter than normal course for an extended period of time. The prolonged directed avoidance response observed here suggests a behavioral reaction that could pose a risk factor for stranding.

Threats and opportunities for freshwater conservation under future land use change scenarios in the United States - Sebastián Martinuzzi; Stephanie R. Januchowski‐Hartley; Brenda M. Pracheil; Peter B. McIntyre; Andrew J. Plantinga; David J. Lewis; Volker C. Radeloff (Global Change Biology, 2014)
Freshwater ecosystems provide vital resources for humans and support high levels of biodiversity, yet are severely threatened throughout the world. The expansion of human land uses, such as urban and crop cover, typically degrades water quality and reduces freshwater biodiversity, thereby jeopardizing both biodiversity and ecosystem services. Identifying and mitigating future threats to freshwater ecosystems requires forecasting where land use changes are most likely. Our goal was to evaluate the potential consequences of future land use on freshwater ecosystems in the coterminous United States by comparing alternative scenarios of land use change (2001–2051) with current patterns of freshwater biodiversity and water quality risk. Using an econometric model, each of our land use scenarios projected greater changes in watersheds of the eastern half of the country, where freshwater ecosystems already experience higher stress from human activities. Future urban expansion emerged as a major threat in regions with high freshwater biodiversity (e.g., the Southeast) or severe water quality problems (e.g., the Midwest). Our scenarios reflecting environmentally oriented policies had some positive effects. Subsidizing afforestation for carbon sequestration reduced crop cover and increased natural vegetation in areas that are currently stressed by low water quality, while discouraging urban sprawl diminished urban expansion in areas of high biodiversity. On the other hand, we found that increases in crop commodity prices could lead to increased agricultural threats in areas of high freshwater biodiversity. Our analyses illustrate the potential for policy changes and market factors to influence future land use trends in certain regions of the country, with important consequences for freshwater ecosystems. Successful conservation of aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services in the United States into the future will require attending to the potential threats and opportunities arising from policies and market changes affecting land use.

Food resource effects on diel movements and body size of cisco in north-temperate lakes - Tyler D. Ahrenstorff; Thomas R. Hrabik; Peter C. Jacobson; Donald L. Pereira (Oecologia, 2013)

3D- microanatomy of the semiterrestrial slug Gascoignella aprica Jensen, 1985—a basal plakobranchacean sacoglossan (Gastropoda, Panpulmonata) - Peter Kohnert; Bastian Brenzinger; Kathe R. Jensen; Michael Schrödl (Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 2013)

A multi-electrode array and inversion technique for retrieving six conductivities from heart potential measurements - Barbara M. Johnston; Peter R. Johnston (Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2013)

Modification of climate signals by human activities recorded in varved sediments (AD 1608–1942) of Lake Holzmaar (Germany) - Ulrike Kienel; Heinz Vos; Peter Dulski; Andreas Lücke; Robert Moschen; Norbert R. Nowaczyk; Markus J. Schwab (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2013)

Clonal Immortalized Human Glial Cell Lines Support Varying Levels of JC Virus Infection due to Differences in Cellular Gene Expression - Michael W. Ferenczy; Kory R. Johnson; Shannon M. Steinberg; Leslie J. Marshall; Maria Chiara Monaco; Alexander M. Beschloss; Peter N. Jensen; Eugene O. Major (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2013)

Symptom Management Strategies for Men with Early-Stage Prostate Cancer: Results from the Prostate Cancer Patient Education Program (PC PEP ) - Alok Vij; Marc A. Kowalkowski; Tae Hart; Heather Honoré Goltz; David J. Hoffman; Sara J. Knight; Peter R. Caroll; David M. Latini (Journal of Cancer Education, 2013)

Cyber risk to transportation, industrial control systems, and traffic signal controllers - Barry C. Ezell; R. Michael Robinson; Peter Foytik; Craig Jordan; David Flanagan (Environment Systems and Decisions, 2013)

Cancer survival in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian children: what is the difference? - Patricia C. Valery; Danny R. Youlden; Peter D. Baade; Leisa J. Ward; Adele C. Green; Joanne F. Aitken (Cancer Causes & Control, 2013)

Macroalgal associations of motile epifaunal invertebrate communities on coral reefs - George Roff; Colette C. C. Wabnitz; Alastair R. Harborne; Peter J. Mumby (Marine Ecology, 2013)
Small grazing motile epifaunal invertebrates play an important ecosystem role on coral reefs, influencing both the abundance and composition of macroalgal communities and acting as a key food source for a range of predatory fishes. The first aim of this study was to investigate the associations between motile epifaunal communities and four common macroalgal species ( Lobophora variegata , Dictyota divaricata , Microdictyon marinum and Halimeda opuntia ) on fore‐reef environments in the Exuma Cays (Bahamas, wider Caribbean). Secondly, we investigated the implications of the well documented rise of Caribbean macroalgal cover on invertebrate densities by surveying sites inside and outside the Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park ( ECLSP ), where increases in parrotfish grazing intensity inside the marine reserves have led to reductions in macroalgal cover. Therefore, surveys compared similar reefs with significantly different macrolagal cover. Comparisons between macroalgal species revealed a four to fivefold difference in motile epifaunal densities per unit volume of macroalgae. Post‐hoc tests revealed that this difference was significant only for Lobophora , with no difference observed among the other species. As macroalgae provide both a refuge from predation and a food source for grazing epifauna, the higher densities of epifauna observed in Lobophora may be attributed to either refuge from visual predators through morphological features (high cover of overlapping blades close to the substrate) or lack of palatability for parrotfish grazing, providing a more stable refuge. Our results revealed no significant differences in diversity, density or community structure of motile epifauna per unit volume of macroalgae between sites inside and outside the ECLSP . Since canopy height and invertivore biomass did not vary systematically across reserve boundaries, this suggests that algal cover does not affect the density of epifaunal invertebrates. However, areal cover was consistently higher for all macroalgal species at sites outside the ECLSP than those inside the reserve. Therefore, when scaled by aerial cover of macroalgae, total abundance of epifauna was twofold higher outside the ECLSP . We suggest that the increasing abundance of macroalgae on Caribbean reefs may be having dramatic effects on epifaunal invertebrate populations and potentially their ecological functions.

Late Pleistocene colonization of South Georgia by yellow‐billed pintails pre‐dates the Last Glacial Maximum - Kevin G. McCracken; Robert E. Wilson; Jeffrey L. Peters; Kevin Winker; Anthony R. Martin (Journal of Biogeography, 2013)
Aim Glacial cycles had a major influence on the distribution of high‐latitude species, and while genetic consequences of these cycles have been well studied in the Circumpolar North, notably fewer studies have been undertaken in the Antarctic. Here, we use multilocus genetic data from the South Georgia pintail ( Anas georgica georgica ) as a proxy to study the presence and timing of ice‐free refugia on South Georgia, a glaciated subantarctic island in the South Atlantic Ocean that has been the subject of intense geomorphological and palaeoenvironmental study. Location South Georgia. Methods Multilocus DNA sequence data from five nuclear loci and the mitochondrial DNA control region were analysed for South Georgia pintails ( n = 60) and the neighbouring population of yellow‐billed pintails ( A. georgica spinicauda ) in Argentina ( n = 64). Population genetic structure and gene flow were examined using Φ ST , assignment tests, and multilocus coalescent analyses. Results Isolation‐with‐migration (IM) analysis revealed that the South Georgia pintail population was founded by pintails dispersing from South America. Although the confidence intervals on divergence dates inferred from genetic data are generally wide and there may be time‐dependency in rate calibrations, our analysis suggests that this founding event probably occurred c . 34,000 years ago, prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Our findings further suggest that South Georgia pintails might have experienced a bottleneck coinciding with complete replacement of mitochondrial DNA prior to 8700 years ago following the final advance of glaciers. Main conclusions These findings suggest that ice‐free refugia existed earlier in the chronology of deglaciation in contrast with earlier studies, but in agreement with observations that the plant community was also established on South Georgia prior to the end of the Pleistocene. Like other recent studies that have utilized genetic data to date dispersal and vicariance events in the Antarctic, our results provide a constraint on the extent of ice sheets, suggesting that past ice coverage on South Georgia through the LGM was overestimated.

Predicting invasion in grassland ecosystems: is exotic dominance the real embarrassment of richness? - Eric W. Seabloom; Elizabeth T. Borer; Yvonne Buckley; Elsa E. Cleland; Kendi Davies; Jennifer Firn; W. Stanley Harpole; Yann Hautier; Eric Lind; Andrew MacDougall; John L. Orrock; Suzanne M. Prober; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2013)
Invasions have increased the size of regional species pools, but are typically assumed to reduce native diversity. However, global‐scale tests of this assumption have been elusive because of the focus on exotic species richness, rather than relative abundance. This is problematic because low invader richness can indicate invasion resistance by the native community or, alternatively, dominance by a single exotic species. Here, we used a globally replicated study to quantify relationships between exotic richness and abundance in grass‐dominated ecosystems in 13 countries on six continents, ranging from salt marshes to alpine tundra. We tested effects of human land use, native community diversity, herbivore pressure, and nutrient limitation on exotic plant dominance. Despite its widespread use, exotic richness was a poor proxy for exotic dominance at low exotic richness, because sites that contained few exotic species ranged from relatively pristine (low exotic richness and cover) to almost completely exotic‐dominated ones (low exotic richness but high exotic cover). Both exotic cover and richness were predicted by native plant diversity (native grass richness) and land use (distance to cultivation). Although climate was important for predicting both exotic cover and richness, climatic factors predicting cover (precipitation variability) differed from those predicting richness (maximum temperature and mean temperature in the wettest quarter). Herbivory and nutrient limitation did not predict exotic richness or cover. Exotic dominance was greatest in areas with low native grass richness at the site‐ or regional‐scale. Although this could reflect native grass displacement, a lack of biotic resistance is a more likely explanation, given that grasses comprise the most aggressive invaders. These findings underscore the need to move beyond richness as a surrogate for the extent of invasion, because this metric confounds monodominance with invasion resistance. Monitoring species' relative abundance will more rapidly advance our understanding of invasions.

Virus nomenclature below the species level: a standardized nomenclature for filovirus strains and variants rescued from cDNA - Jens H. Kuhn; Yīmíng Bào; Sina Bavari; Stephan Becker; Steven Bradfute; Kristina Brauburger; J. Rodney Brister; Alexander A. Bukreyev; Yíngyún Caì; Kartik Chandran; Robert A. Davey; Olga Dolnik; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2013)

Effects of disturbance scale on soil microbial communities in the Western Cascades of Oregon - Stacie A. Kageyama; Nancy R. Posavatz; Sarah S. Jones; Kirk E. Waterstripe; Peter J. Bottomley; Kermit Cromack; David D. Myrold (Plant and Soil, 2013)

Stimulation of phagocyte adhesion to endothelial cells by modified VLDL and HDL requires scavenger receptor BI - Sarama Saha; Juergen Graessler; Stefan R. Bornstein; Peter E. H. Schwarz; Steffi Kopprasch (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2013)