Hypocretin/orexin antagonism enhances sleep-related adenosine and GABA neurotransmission in rat basal forebrain - Jacqueline Vazquez-DeRose; Michael D. Schwartz; Alexander T. Nguyen; Deepti R. Warrier; Srishti Gulati; Thomas K. Mathew; Thomas C. Neylan; Thomas S. Kilduff (Brain Structure and Function, 2016)

Repeated observations of cetaceans and carcharhiniformes associations in the Red Sea - Till Röthig; Julia L. Y. Spaet; Alexander Kattan; Isabelle K. Schulz; May Roberts; Anna Roik; Christian R. Voolstra (Marine Biodiversity, 2016)

Spatiotemporal structures of rainfall over the Amazon basin derived from TRMM data - R. Hierro; P. Llamedo; A. de la Torre; P. Alexander (International Journal of Climatology, 2016)
On the basis of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ( TRMM ) daily accumulated rainfall data ( 3B42 v7 product) covering 16 years (1998–2013), the Amazon Basin ( AB ) time and space rainfall variability is analysed. Different behaviours of precipitation over AB are found to the north and south of 8°S when the longitudinal band 70°–50°W is considered. The sample is then split into northern and southern sectors with respect to 8°S, describing their monthly evolution as a function of longitude. The main spatial oscillation modes are isolated and analysed through continuous wavelet transform analysis. Intense spatial oscillations are found close to the western side of the studied region. Several temporal modes in different scales are detected within each sample. Two of them show scales longer than 12 months, which are probably associated with ENSO phases. Smaller scale oscillations, evaluated from daily data, are also found. The northern sector of AB shows more daily data variability than the southern one and seems to be more affected by large temporal processes than the southern sector.

North American extreme temperature events and related large scale meteorological patterns: a review of statistical methods, dynamics, modeling, and trends - Richard Grotjahn; Robert Black; Ruby Leung; Michael F. Wehner; Mathew Barlow; Mike Bosilovich; Alexander Gershunov; William J. Gutowski; John R. Gyakum; Richard W. Katz; Yun-Young Lee; Young-Kwon Lim; et al. (Climate Dynamics, 2016)

Evaluation of cystatin C as an early biomarker of cadmium nephrotoxicity in the rat - Walter C. Prozialeck; Aaron VanDreel; Christopher D. Ackerman; Ian Stock; Alexander Papaeliou; Christian Yasmine; Kristen Wilson; Peter C. Lamar; Victoria L. Sears; Joshua Z. Gasiorowski; Karyn M. DiNovo; Vishal S. Vaidya; et al. (BioMetals, 2016)

Body sizes and diversification rates of lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians and the tuatara - Anat Feldman; Niv Sabath; R. Alexander Pyron; Itay Mayrose; Shai Meiri (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2016)
Aim Size is one of the most important and obvious traits of an organism. Both small and large sizes have adaptive advantages and disadvantages. Body size–frequency distributions of most large clades are unimodal and right skewed. Species larger than the mean or range midpoint of body sizes are relatively scarce. Theoretical models suggest evolutionary rates are higher in small organisms with short generation times. Therefore diversification rates are usually thought to be maximal at relatively small body sizes. Empirical studies of the rates of molecular evolution and clade diversification, however, have usually indicated that both are unrelated to body size. Furthermore, it has been claimed that because snakes are longer than lizards, the size–frequency distribution of all squamate species is bimodal overall. We examined the shape of the size–frequency distribution of nearly all Squamata and Rhynchocephalia species, and investigated how size affected diversification rates. Location Global. Methods We collected data on maximum body length for 9805 lepidosaur (squamates and the tuatara) species (99.7% of all species) and converted them to mass using clade‐specific allometric equations. Using methods that test for relationships between continuous traits and speciation and extinction rates on a large, dated phylogeny (4155 species), we investigated the relationship between diversification rates and body size. Results Living squamates span six orders of magnitude in body size, eight when giant extinct snakes and mosasaurs are included. The body size–frequency distributions of snakes and lizards separately, and of all lepidosaur species combined, are unimodal and right skewed. Nonetheless, we find neither linear nor hump‐shaped relationships between size and diversification rates, except in snakes, where speciation and diversification are hump shaped. Main conclusions Despite a clear modality and skew in the body sizes of lepidosaurs, we find little evidence for faster diversification of modal‐sized taxa, perhaps implying that larger‐sized clades are relatively young.

Parasites destabilize host populations by shifting stage‐structured interactions - Jessica L. Hite; Rachel M. Penczykowski; Marta S. Shocket; Alexander T. Strauss; Paul A. Orlando; Meghan A. Duffy; Carla E. Cáceres; Spencer R. Hall (Ecology, 2016)
Should parasites stabilize or destabilize consumer–resource dynamics? Recent theory suggests that parasite‐enhanced mortality may confer underappreciated stability to their hosts. We tested this hypothesis using disease in zooplankton. Across both natural and experimental epidemics, bigger epidemics correlated with larger—not smaller—host fluctuations. Thus, we tested two mechanistic hypotheses to explain destabilization or apparent destabilization by parasites. First, enrichment could, in principle, simultaneously enhance both instability and disease prevalence. In natural epidemics, destabilization was correlated with enrichment (indexed by total phosphorous). However, an in situ (lake enclosure) experiment did not support these links. Instead, field and experimental results point to a novel destabilizing mechanism involving host stage structure. Epidemics pushed hosts from relatively more stable host dynamics with less‐synchronized juveniles and adults to less stable dynamics with more‐synchronized juveniles and adults. Our results demonstrate how links between host stage structure and disease can shape host/consumer–resource stability.

Microvascular responses to (hyper-)gravitational stress by short-arm human centrifuge: arteriolar vasoconstriction and venous pooling - H. Habazettl; Alexander Stahn; Andrea Nitsche; Michael Nordine; A. R. Pries; H. -C. Gunga; O. Opatz (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2016)

Homogeneous static magnetic field of different orientation induces biological changes in subacutely exposed mice - Ivan D. Milovanovich; Saša Ćirković; Silvio R. De Luka; Drago M. Djordjevich; Andjelija Ž. Ilić; Tamara Popović; Aleksandra Arsić; Danilo D. Obradović; Dejan Oprić; Jasna L. Ristić-Djurović; Alexander M. Trbovich (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016)

Local corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) signals to its receptor CRHR1 during postnatal development of the mouse olfactory bulb - Isabella Garcia; Paramjit K. Bhullar; Burak Tepe; Joshua Ortiz-Guzman; Longwen Huang; Alexander M. Herman; Lesley Chaboub; Benjamin Deneen; Nicholas J. Justice; Benjamin R. Arenkiel (Brain Structure and Function, 2016)

Coastal ocean variability in the US Pacific Northwest region: seasonal patterns, winter circulation, and the influence of the 2009–2010 El Niño - Scott M. Durski; Alexander L. Kurapov; John S. Allen; P. Michael Kosro; Gary D. Egbert; R. Kipp Shearman; John A. Barth (Ocean Dynamics, 2015)

Coastal Vertebrate Exposure to Predicted Habitat Changes Due to Sea Level Rise - Elizabeth A. Hunter; Nathan P. Nibbelink; Clark R. Alexander; Kyle Barrett; Lara F. Mengak; Rachel K. Guy; Clinton T. Moore; Robert J. Cooper (Environmental Management, 2015)

Probabilistic tail dependence of intense precipitation on spatiotemporal scale in observations, reanalyses, and GCMs - Nicholas R. Cavanaugh; Alexander Gershunov (Climate Dynamics, 2015)

Prioritization of knowledge needs for sustainable aquaculture: a national and global perspective - Aisla C Jones; Angela Mead; Michel J Kaiser; Melanie C V Austen; Alex W Adrian; Neil A Auchterlonie; Kenneth D Black; Lucy R Blow; Charlotte Bury; Janet H Brown; Gavin M Burnell; Elaine Connolly; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2015)
Aquaculture is currently the fastest expanding global animal food production sector and is a key future contributor to food security. An increase in food security will be dependent upon the development and improvement of sustainable practices. A prioritization exercise was undertaken, focusing on the future knowledge needs to underpin UK sustainable aquaculture (both domestic and imported products) using a ‘task force’ group of 36 ‘practitioners’ and 12 ‘research scientists’ who have an active interest in sustainable aquaculture. A long list of 264 knowledge needs related to sustainable aquaculture was developed in conjunction with the task force. The long list was further refined through a three stage process of voting and scoring, including discussions of each knowledge need. The top 25 knowledge needs are presented, as scored separately by ‘practitioners’ or ‘research scientists’. There was similar agreement in priorities identified by these two groups. The priority knowledge needs will provide guidance to structure ongoing work to make science accessible to practitioners and help to prioritize future science policy needs and funding. The process of knowledge exchange, and the mechanisms by which this can be achieved, effectively emerged as the top priority for sustainable aquaculture. Viable alternatives to wild fish‐based aquaculture feeds, resource constraints that will potentially limit expansion of aquaculture, sustainable offshore aquaculture and the treatment of sea lice also emerged as strong priorities. Although the exercise was focused on UK needs for sustainable aquaculture, many of the emergent issues are considered to have global application.

Methods to Make Homogenous Antibody Drug Conjugates - Toni Kline; Alexander R. Steiner; Kalyani Penta; Aaron K. Sato; Trevor J. Hallam; Gang Yin (Pharmaceutical Research, 2015)

Reducing Neointima Formation in a Swine Model with IVUS and Sirolimus Microbubbles - Joseph P. Kilroy; Ali H. Dhanaliwala; Alexander L. Klibanov; Douglas K. Bowles; Brian R. Wamhoff; John A. Hossack (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2015)

Inducible release of particulates from liposomes using the mechanosensitive channel of large conductance and l-α-lysophosphatidylcholine - Alexander Foo; Andrew R. Battle; Gamma Chi; Ben Hankamer; Michael J. Landsberg; Boris Martinac (European Biophysics Journal, 2015)

How pervasive is biotic homogenization in human‐modified tropical forest landscapes? - Ricardo Ribeiro de Castro Solar; Jos Barlow; Joice Ferreira; Erika Berenguer; Alexander C. Lees; James R. Thomson; Júlio Louzada; Márcia Maués; Nárgila G. Moura; Victor H. F. Oliveira; Júlio C. M. Chaul; José Henrique Schoereder; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2015)
Land‐cover change and ecosystem degradation may lead to biotic homogenization, yet our understanding of this phenomenon over large spatial scales and different biotic groups remains weak. We used a multi‐taxa dataset from 335 sites and 36 heterogeneous landscapes in the Brazilian Amazon to examine the potential for landscape‐scale processes to modulate the cumulative effects of local disturbances. Biotic homogenization was high in production areas but much less in disturbed and regenerating forests, where high levels of among‐site and among‐landscape β‐diversity appeared to attenuate species loss at larger scales. We found consistently high levels of β‐diversity among landscapes for all land cover classes, providing support for landscape‐scale divergence in species composition. Our findings support concerns that β‐diversity has been underestimated as a driver of biodiversity change and underscore the importance of maintaining a distributed network of reserves, including remaining areas of undisturbed primary forest, but also disturbed and regenerating forests, to conserve regional biota.

Reproductive cycle of the trigonal clam Tivela mactroides (Bivalvia, Veneridae) in Caraguatatuba Bay, southeastern Brazil - Marcia R. Denadai; Luciana Le Sueur-Maluf; Carla G. Marques; Antonia C. Z. Amaral; Isadora Adamo; Leonardo Q. Yokoyama; Alexander Turra (Marine Biology Research, 2015)

Advanced neuroimaging applied to veterans and service personnel with traumatic brain injury: state of the art and potential benefits - Elisabeth A. Wilde; Sylvain Bouix; David F. Tate; Alexander P. Lin; Mary R. Newsome; Brian A. Taylor; James R. Stone; James Montier; Samuel E. Gandy; Brian Biekman; Martha E. Shenton; Gerald York (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2015)

Spatial and temporal variability of ozone and nitrogen dioxide over a major urban estuarine ecosystem - Maria Tzortziou; Jay R. Herman; Alexander Cede; Christopher P. Loughner; Nader Abuhassan; Sheenali Naik (Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2015)

Effects of local meteorology and aerosols on ozone and nitrogen dioxide retrievals from OMI and pandora spectrometers in Maryland, USA during DISCOVER-AQ 2011 - Andra J. Reed; Anne M. Thompson; Debra E. Kollonige; Douglas K. Martins; Maria A. Tzortziou; Jay R. Herman; Timothy A. Berkoff; Nader K. Abuhassan; Alexander Cede (Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2015)

Extra-slow-growing Tardiphaga strains isolated from nodules of Vavilovia formosa (Stev.) Fed. - Vera I. Safronova; Irina G. Kuznetsova; Anna L. Sazanova; Anastasiia K. Kimeklis; Andrey A. Belimov; Evgeny E. Andronov; Alexander G. Pinaev; Andrey R. Pukhaev; Konstantin P. Popov; Janna A. Akopian; Anne Willems; Igor A. Tikhonovich (Archives of Microbiology, 2015)

Artificial M arine M icro‐ R eserves N etworks ( AMMRN s): an innovative approach to conserve marine littoral biodiversity and protect endangered species - José C. García‐Gómez; José M. Guerra‐García; Free Espinosa; Manuel J. Maestre; Georgina Rivera‐Ingraham; Darren Fa; Alexander R. González; Aurora Ruiz‐Tabares; Carlos M. López‐Fé (Marine Ecology, 2015)
Coastal engineering works, especially the outer breakwaters of ports where environmental conditions are usually good, often constitute new habitats for marine littoral species. Their potential indirect contribution to the regeneration and conservation of protected species opens up a new perspective in protection of marine biodiversity. This is particularly true when these works harbour, as we show here, important reproductive populations of species that are threatened or even in danger of extinction. We provide integrated data on protected marine species in Southern Iberia established on different substrata (quarried dolomitic rocks, concrete cubic blocks, concrete tetrapods and vertical concrete walls) that are used in the construction of artificial levees that could potentially be Artificial Marine Micro‐Reserves ( AMMR s). We also present the first evidence of the ‘reserve effect’ in potential AMMR s and we discuss the need for the creation of AMMR s including their effective networking ( AMMRN s), supporting data for which has been observed by studying coastal facilities subjected to strict access restrictions (for security reasons, not conservation). These facilities have acted as valuable proxies and, in reality, potentially act as AMMR s, as well as having a role in helping to detect and control invasive species. We discuss the ecological engineering aspects related to the design and type of materials used in coastal constructions with a view to aiding the integration of these into existing coastal ecosystems as well as promoting greater settlement of species and therefore increases in biodiversity. Finally, the environmental implications of AMMRN s within the future implementation strategy of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60 EC are also discussed.

Success, failure and ambiguity of the dilution effect among competitors - Alexander T. Strauss; David J. Civitello; Carla E. Cáceres; Spencer R. Hall (Ecology Letters, 2015)
It remains challenging to predict variation in the magnitude of disease outbreaks. The dilution effect seeks to explain this variation by linking multiple host species to disease transmission. It predicts that disease risk increases for a focal host when host species diversity declines. However, when an increase in species diversity does not reduce disease, we are often unable to diagnose why. Here, we increase mechanistic and predictive clarity of the dilution effect with a general trait‐based model of disease transmission in multi‐host communities. Then, we parameterise and empirically test our model with a multi‐generational case study of planktonic disease. The model‐experiment combination shows that hosts that vary in competitive ability ( R* ) and potential to spread disease ( R 0 ) can produce three qualitatively disparate outcomes of dilution on disease: the dilution effect can succeed, fail, or be ambiguous/irrelevant.

GPCR structure, function, drug discovery and crystallography: report from Academia-Industry International Conference (UK Royal Society) Chicheley Hall, 1–2 September 2014 - Alexander Heifetz; Gebhard F. X. Schertler; Roland Seifert; Christopher G. Tate; Patrick M. Sexton; Vsevolod V. Gurevich; Daniel Fourmy; Vadim Cherezov; Fiona H. Marshall; R. Ian Storer; Isabel Moraes; Irina G. Tikhonova; et al. (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2015)

Environmental impacts and constraints associated with the production of major food crops in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia - Travis W. Reynolds; Stephen R. Waddington; C. Leigh Anderson; Alexander Chew; Zoe True; Alison Cullen (Food Security, 2015)

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia due to a germline CBL Y371C mutation: 35-year follow-up of a large family - Anand Pathak; Alexander Pemov; Mary L. McMaster; Ramita Dewan; Sarangan Ravichandran; Evgenia Pak; Amalia Dutra; Hyo Jung Lee; Aurelie Vogt; Xijun Zhang; Meredith Yeager; Stacie Anderson; et al. (Human Genetics, 2015)

Model structure in observational constraints on transient climate response - Richard J. Millar; Alexander Otto; Piers M. Forster; Jason A. Lowe; William J. Ingram; Myles R. Allen (Climatic Change, 2015)

Geographically Isolated Wetlands: Rethinking a Misnomer - David M. Mushet; Aram J. K. Calhoun; Laurie C. Alexander; Matthew J. Cohen; Edward S. DeKeyser; Laurie Fowler; Charles R. Lane; Megan W. Lang; Mark C. Rains; Susan C. Walls (Wetlands, 2015)

A new Dominican amber fossil of the derived fern genus Pleopeltis confirms generic stasis in the epiphytic fern diversity of the West Indies - Harald Schneider; Alexander R. Schmidt; Paul C. Nascimbene; Jochen Heinrichs (Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 2015)

Algal pigments in Arctic lake sediments record biogeochemical changes due to Holocene climate variability and anthropogenic global change - Christopher R. Florian; Gifford H. Miller; Marilyn L. Fogel; Alexander P. Wolfe; Rolf D. Vinebrooke; Áslaug Geirsdóttir (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2015)

Increasing Opportunistic Oral Cancer Screening Examinations: Findings from Focus Groups with General Dentists in Puerto Rico - Walter J. Psoter; Douglas E. Morse; Melba Sánchez-Ayendez; Carmen M. Vélez Vega; Maria L. Aguilar; Carmen J. Buxó-Martinez; Jodi A. Psoter; Alexander R. Kerr; Christina M. Lane; Vincent J. Scaringi; Augusto Elias (Journal of Cancer Education, 2015)

Risk Versus Reward, a Financial Analysis of Alternative Contract Specifications for the Miscanthus Lignocellulosic Supply Chain - Joshua R. Yoder; Corinne Alexander; Rastislav Ivanic; Stephanie Rosch; Wallace Tyner; Steven Y. Wu (BioEnergy Research, 2015)

Population biology and secondary production of the harvested clam T ivela mactroides ( B orn, 1778) ( B ivalvia, V eneridae) in S outheastern B razil - Alexander Turra; Marcelo Petracco; Antonia Cecília Z. Amaral; Márcia R. Denadai (Marine Ecology, 2015)
The population structure, growth and production of the trigonal clam T ivela mactroides were investigated by monthly sampling between J anuary 2003 and O ctober 2004 in two areas (southern and northern) of the intertidal and subtidal zones of Caraguatatuba Bay, S outheastern B razil. Intertidal sampling was carried out in each area along eight transects perpendicular to the shoreline. In the subtidal zone of both areas, one 50‐m dredging was performed along five sampling stations arranged on three transects perpendicular to the coast. The intertidal abundance of T . mactroides was higher in the southern (more dissipative conditions) than in the northern area. High abundances occurred in F ebruary– M arch 2004 in the south and in S eptember 2004 in the north. The size structure showed that younger individuals dominated in the sublittoral, indicating that recruitment occurs in this zone, followed by the migration of these individuals to the intertidal, where they complete their life cycle. Tivela mactroides showed continuous reproduction, with 26 cohorts detected in the study period. The lower estimates for the growth index (ϕ′ = 3.22), mortality rate (Z = 2.10 year −1 ) and turnover rate (P/B = 1.21 year −1 ), and conversely the longer life span (2.5 years) of T . mactroides in C araguatatuba B ay (24°S) compared with V enezuelan populations (10°N) suggests a latitudinal pattern of these life‐history traits. The high production of T . mactroides in C araguatatuba B ay was due to continuous recruitment and rapid and continuous growth, and demonstrates the importance of T . mactroides as a biological resource for many marine species and for the local residents.

Functional and phylogenetic diversity of plant communities differently affect the structure of flower-visitor interactions and reveal convergences in floral traits - Robert R. Junker; Nico Blüthgen; Alexander Keller (Evolutionary Ecology, 2015)

Gut microbiome composition and metabolomic profiles of wild western lowland gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) reflect host ecology - Andres Gomez; Klara Petrzelkova; Carl J. Yeoman; Klara Vlckova; Jakub Mrázek; Ingrid Koppova; Franck Carbonero; Alexander Ulanov; David Modry; Angelique Todd; Manolito Torralba; Karen E. Nelson; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2015)
The metabolic activities of gut microbes significantly influence host physiology; thus, characterizing the forces that modulate this micro‐ecosystem is key to understanding mammalian biology and fitness. To investigate the gut microbiome of wild primates and determine how these microbial communities respond to the host's external environment, we characterized faecal bacterial communities and, for the first time, gut metabolomes of four wild lowland gorilla groups in the Dzanga‐Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. Results show that geographical range may be an important modulator of the gut microbiomes and metabolomes of these gorilla groups. Distinctions seemed to relate to feeding behaviour, implying energy harvest through increased fruit consumption or fermentation of highly fibrous foods. These observations were supported by differential abundance of metabolites and bacterial taxa associated with the metabolism of cellulose, phenolics, organic acids, simple sugars, lipids and sterols between gorillas occupying different geographical ranges. Additionally, the gut microbiomes of a gorilla group under increased anthropogenic pressure could always be distinguished from that of all other groups. By characterizing the interplay between environment, behaviour, diet and symbiotic gut microbes, we present an alternative perspective on primate ecology and on the forces that shape the gut microbiomes of wild primates from an evolutionary context.

Fire and climate: contrasting pressures on tropical Andean timberline species - Mark B. Bush; Andrea M. Alfonso‐Reynolds; Dunia H. Urrego; Bryan G. Valencia; Y. Alexander Correa‐Metrio; Michael Zimmermann; Miles R. Silman (Journal of Biogeography, 2015)
Aim The aim was to test competing hypotheses regarding migration of the Andean timberline within the last 2000 years. Location The upper forest limit in Manu National Park, Peru. Methods A randomized stratified design provided 21 soil profiles from forested sites just below the timberline, 15 from puna grassland sites just above the timberline and 15 from the transitional habitat at the puna–forest boundary. From each profile a surface sample (hereafter modern) and a sample from the base of the organic horizon (hereafter historical) were collected. Pollen and charcoal were analysed from the modern and historical layers of the 51 soil profiles. A chronological framework was provided by 24 14 C dates. Data were ordinated as modern and historical groups and the temporal trends illustrated by Procrustes rotation. Results The organic layer from the soil profiles represented the last 600–2000 years. Fire was much more abundant in all habitat types (puna, transitional and forested) in the modern compared with the historical groups. Samples that had historically been in puna just above the timberline showed encroachment by woody species. Samples that had been forested were still classified as forest but their composition had become more transitional. Sites that were transitional appeared to represent a new or expanded class of sites that was far less abundant historically. Main conclusions Our results are consistent with ongoing warming causing an upslope migration of species, although not necessarily of the timberline. Weedy fire‐tolerant species are spreading upslope, creating a transitional forest, softening the boundary between forest and puna. Simultaneously, fire introduced to improve grazing outside the park has increasingly penetrated the forest and is causing the upper timberline to shift towards more fire‐tolerant and weedy species. Consequently, both the form of the ecotone between forest and grassland and the species composition of these forests is changing and is expected to continue to change, representing a shifting baseline for what is considered to be natural.

Fossil‐based comparative analyses reveal ancient marine ancestry erased by extinction in ray‐finned fishes - Ricardo Betancur‐R; Guillermo Ortí; Robert Alexander Pyron (Ecology Letters, 2015)
The marine‐freshwater boundary is a major biodiversity gradient and few groups have colonised both systems successfully. Fishes have transitioned between habitats repeatedly, diversifying in rivers, lakes and oceans over evolutionary time. However, their history of habitat colonisation and diversification is unclear based on available fossil and phylogenetic data. We estimate ancestral habitats and diversification and transition rates using a large‐scale phylogeny of extant fish taxa and one containing a massive number of extinct species. Extant‐only phylogenetic analyses indicate freshwater ancestry, but inclusion of fossils reveal strong evidence of marine ancestry in lineages now restricted to freshwaters. Diversification and colonisation dynamics vary asymmetrically between habitats, as marine lineages colonise and flourish in rivers more frequently than the reverse. Our study highlights the importance of including fossils in comparative analyses, showing that freshwaters have played a role as refuges for ancient fish lineages, a signal erased by extinction in extant‐only phylogenies.

World Squid Fisheries - Alexander I. Arkhipkin; Paul G. K. Rodhouse; Graham J. Pierce; Warwick Sauer; Mitsuo Sakai; Louise Allcock; Juan Arguelles; John R. Bower; Gladis Castillo; Luca Ceriola; Chih-Shin Chen; Xinjun Chen; et al. (Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 2015)

Zinc-enriched fertilisers as a potential public health intervention in Africa - Edward J. M. Joy; Alexander J. Stein; Scott D. Young; E. Louise Ander; Michael J. Watts; Martin R. Broadley (Plant and Soil, 2015)

Short-Chain Glycoceramides Promote Intracellular Mitoxantrone Delivery from Novel Nanoliposomes into Breast Cancer Cells - Lília R. Cordeiro Pedrosa; Timo L. M. ten Hagen; Regine Süss; Albert van Hell; Alexander M. M. Eggermont; Marcel Verheij; Gerben A. Koning (Pharmaceutical Research, 2015)

Bosea vaviloviae sp. nov., a new species of slow-growing rhizobia isolated from nodules of the relict species Vavilovia formosa (Stev.) Fed. - Vera I. Safronova; Irina G. Kuznetsova; Anna L. Sazanova; Anastasiia K. Kimeklis; Andrey A. Belimov; Evgeny E. Andronov; Alexander G. Pinaev; Elena P. Chizhevskaya; Andrey R. Pukhaev; Konstantin P. Popov; Anne Willems; Igor A. Tikhonovich (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2015)

Isolation of progenitor cells from the blubber of northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris ) in order to obtain an in vitro adipocyte model—preliminary results - Caroline Louis; Michael S. Tift; Daniel E. Crocker; David Alexander; Donald R. Smith; Cathy Debier (Marine Mammal Science, 2015)

The Southern Ocean ecosystem under multiple climate change stresses ‐ an integrated circumpolar assessment - Julian Gutt; Nancy Bertler; Thomas J. Bracegirdle; Alexander Buschmann; Josefino Comiso; Graham Hosie; Enrique Isla; Irene R. Schloss; Craig R. Smith; Jean Tournadre; José C. Xavier (Global Change Biology, 2015)
A quantitative assessment of observed and projected environmental changes in the Southern Ocean ( SO ) with a potential impact on the marine ecosystem shows: (i) large proportions of the SO are and will be affected by one or more climate change processes; areas projected to be affected in the future are larger than areas that are already under environmental stress, (ii) areas affected by changes in sea‐ice in the past and likely in the future are much larger than areas affected by ocean warming. The smallest areas ( SO ) are affected by glacier retreat and warming in the deeper euphotic layer. In the future, decrease in the sea‐ice is expected to be widespread. Changes in iceberg impact resulting from further collapse of ice‐shelves can potentially affect large parts of shelf and ephemerally in the off‐shore regions. However, aragonite undersaturation (acidification) might become one of the biggest problems for the Antarctic marine ecosystem by affecting almost the entire SO . Direct and indirect impacts of various environmental changes to the three major habitats, sea‐ice, pelagic and benthos and their biota are complex. The areas affected by environmental stressors range from 33% of the SO for a single stressor, 11% for two and 2% for three, to SO ecosystem.

Arabidopsis thaliana MSI4/FVE associates with members of a novel family of plant specific PWWP/RRM domain proteins - Alexander Kenzior; William R. Folk (Plant Molecular Biology, 2015)

The salamandrid Chelotriton paradoxus from Enspel and Randeck Maars (Oligocene–Miocene, Germany) - Rainer R. Schoch; Markus Poschmann; Alexander Kupfer (Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 2015)

Is there a male-specific effect on hypertension? - Theresa Dankowski; Arne Schillert; Alexander Teumer; Stefan Blankenberg; Marcus Dörr; Andre Franke; Wolfgang Lieb; Inke R. König; Andreas Ziegler (Human Genetics, 2015)

Does N 2 fixation amplify the temperature dependence of ecosystem metabolism? - Jill R. Welter; Jonathan P. Benstead; Wyatt F. Cross; James M. Hood; Alexander D. Huryn; Philip W. Johnson; Tanner J. Williamson (Ecology, 2015)
Variation in resource supply can cause variation in temperature dependences of metabolic processes (e.g., photosynthesis and respiration). Understanding such divergence is particularly important when using metabolic theory to predict ecosystem responses to climate warming. Few studies, however, have assessed the effect of temperature–resource interactions on metabolic processes, particularly in cases where the supply of limiting resources exhibits temperature dependence. We investigated the responses of biomass accrual, gross primary production (GPP), community respiration (CR), and N 2 fixation to warming during biofilm development in a streamside channel experiment. Areal rates of GPP, CR, biomass accrual, and N 2 fixation scaled positively with temperature, showing a 32‐ to 71‐fold range across the temperature gradient (~7°–24°C). Areal N 2 ‐fixation rates exhibited apparent activation energies (1.5–2.0 eV; 1 eV = ~1.6 × 10 −19 J) approximating the activation energy of the nitrogenase reaction. In contrast, mean apparent activation energies for areal rates of GPP (2.1–2.2 eV) and CR (1.6–1.9 eV) were 6.5‐ and 2.7‐fold higher than estimates based on metabolic theory predictions (i.e., 0.32 and 0.65 eV, respectively) and did not significantly differ from the apparent activation energy observed for N 2 fixation. Mass‐specific activation energies for N 2 fixation (1.4–1.6 eV), GPP (0.3–0.5 eV), and CR (no observed temperature relationship) were near or lower than theoretical predictions. We attribute the divergence of areal activation energies from those predicted by metabolic theory to increases in N 2 fixation with temperature, leading to amplified temperature dependences of biomass accrual and areal rates of GPP and R. Such interactions between temperature dependences must be incorporated into metabolic models to improve predictions of ecosystem responses to climate change.

Spatially explicit estimation of aboveground boreal forest biomass in the Yukon River Basin, Alaska - Lei Ji; Bruce K. Wylie; Dana R. N. Brown; Birgit Peterson; Heather D. Alexander; Michelle C. Mack; Jennifer Rover; Mark P. Waldrop; Jack W. McFarland; Xuexia Chen; Neal J. Pastick (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2015)

Mining unique soft old water within the Manson Impact Structure, Iowa (USA) - Keith E. Schilling; Raymond R. Anderson; David W. Peate; Jeffrey A. Dorale; E. C. Alexander (Hydrogeology Journal, 2015)

Aza-Michael reaction of 12- N -carboxamide of (–)-cytisine under high pressure conditions - Inna P. Tsypysheva; Alexander N. Lobov; Alena V. Kovalskaya; Polina R. Petrova; Sergey P. Ivanov; Shamil A. Rameev; Sophia S. Borisevich; Rustam L. Safiullin; Marat S. Yunusov (Natural Product Research, 2015)

Anisotropic Analysis of I-Walls in New Orleans - Sudarshan Adhikari; Chung R. Song; Alexander H.-D. Cheng (Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2015)

Quantitative food web analysis supports the energy-limitation hypothesis in cave stream ecosystems - Michael P. Venarsky; Brock M. Huntsman; Alexander D. Huryn; Jonathan P. Benstead; Bernard R. Kuhajda (Oecologia, 2014)

Impact of Different Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in the Olfactory Response of Sipha flava (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its Predators - Marcy G. Fonseca; Dayane R. Santos; Alexander M. Auad (Journal of Insect Behavior, 2014)

Infertility in the hyperplasic ovary of freshwater planarians: the role of programmed cell death - Abdel Halim Harrath; Abdelhabib Semlali; Lamjed Mansour; Mukhtar Ahmed; Alexander V. Sirotkin; Suliman Y. Al Omar; Maha Arfah; Mohamed S. Al Anazi; Ibrahim M. Alhazza; Jens R. Nyengaard; Saleh Alwasel (Cell and Tissue Research, 2014)

Biomethanisierung — ein Prozess zur Ermöglichung der Energiewende? - Simon K.-M. R. Rittmann; Arne H. Seifert; Alexander Krajete (BIOspektrum, 2014)

De novo expression of fetal ED-A+ fibronectin and B+ tenascin-C splicing variants in human cardiac allografts: potential impact for targeted therapy of rejection - Marcus Franz; Monika Matusiak-Brückner; Petra Richter; Katja Grün; Barbara Ziffels; Dario Neri; Hansjörg Maschek; Uwe Schulz; Alexander Pfeil; Christian Jung; Hans R. Figulla; Jan Gummert; et al. (Journal of Molecular Histology, 2014)

Neurocognitive functioning in a Romanian cohort of young adults with parenterally-acquired HIV-infection during childhood - Luminita Ene; Donald R. Franklin; Ruxandra Burlacu; Anca E. Luca; Andreea G. Blaglosov; Ronald J. Ellis; Terry J. Alexander; Anya Umlauf; Igor Grant; Dan C. Duiculescu; Cristian L. Achim; Thomas D. Marcotte (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2014)

Temperate extinction in squamate reptiles and the roots of latitudinal diversity gradients - R. Alexander Pyron (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2014)
Aim Many ecological and evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed to explain latitudinal diversity gradients. However, any mechanistic explanation must include factors that change at least one of the three processes that can directly affect species richness: speciation, extinction and dispersal. I hypothesize that higher extinction in temperate areas, higher speciation in tropical areas and reduced dispersal into temperate regions drives latitudinal diversity gradients in squamates, and that these processes may be common in other groups. Location World‐wide. Methods I test for these processes using phylogenetic methods that can untangle speciation and extinction with respect to latitudinal position ( GeoSSE ), using a dated phylogeny containing c . 45% of all squamates (4161 species) with data on their geographic occurrence. Results I find that lineages in the tropics have high speciation and low extinction, but that temperate lineages have even higher speciation and extinction, leading to lower net diversification and higher turnover in temperate areas, with much higher rates of dispersal into the tropics from temperate areas than the reverse. Main conclusions Recent empirical studies using dated molecular phylogenies appear to be consistent in supporting a similar set of simple and intuitive results for processes driving latitudinal gradients in species richness: higher net diversification rates in the tropics, higher relative extinction fractions in temperate regions and reduced dispersal out of the tropics. I suggest that higher temperate extinction represents a dominant force for the origin and maintenance of latitudinal gradients, particularly in groups with ancient temperate clades.

Extreme tadpoles II: the highly derived larval anatomy of Occidozyga baluensis (Boulenger, 1896), an obligate carnivorous tadpole - Alexander Haas; Jana Pohlmeyer; David S. McLeod; Thomas Kleinteich; Stefan T. Hertwig; Indraneil Das; Daniel R. Buchholz (Zoomorphology, 2014)

Intensification of decadal and multi-decadal sea level variability in the western tropical Pacific during recent decades - Weiqing Han; Gerald A. Meehl; Aixue Hu; Michael A. Alexander; Toshio Yamagata; Dongliang Yuan; Masayoshi Ishii; Philip Pegion; Jian Zheng; Benjamin D. Hamlington; Xiao-Wei Quan; Robert R. Leben (Climate Dynamics, 2014)

Superior temporal metabolic changes related to auditory hallucinations: a 31P-MR spectroscopy study in antipsychotic-free schizophrenia patients - Igor Nenadic; Maren Dietzek; Kerstin Langbein; Reinhard Rzanny; Alexander Gussew; Jürgen R. Reichenbach; Heinrich Sauer; Stefan Smesny (Brain Structure and Function, 2014)

Investigations and design of pyridine-2-carboxylic acid thiazol-2-ylamide analogs as methionine aminopeptidase inhibitors using 3D-QSAR and molecular docking - Potshangbam Angamba Meetei; Alexander S. Hauser; Prathigadapa S. Raju; R. S. Rathore; N. Prakash Prabhu; Vaibhav Vindal (Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2014)

Long-term trends in invertebrate–habitat relationships under protected and fished conditions - Timothy J. Alexander; Craig R. Johnson; Malcolm Haddon; Neville S. Barrett; Graham J. Edgar (Marine Biology, 2014)

Ecological and evolutionary determinants of species richness and phylogenetic diversity for island snakes - R. Alexander Pyron; Frank T. Burbrink (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2014)
Aim Island biogeography predicts positive relationships between area and species richness resulting from the ecological processes of colonization in smaller areas and the evolutionary process of in situ diversification in larger areas. However, the relative contribution of these ecological and evolutionary processes to diversity on islands over time is unclear without associated measures of phylogenetic diversity ( PD ), which account for the evolutionary distinctiveness of component taxa. Location Global. Methods We assemble a global dataset of island richness for snakes, along with a phylogeny for the group, to examine the origins of species richness and PD on islands. Results Ecological models driven by colonization explain a majority of species richness in island snake faunas, while in situ diversification is rare, restricted to a few large islands and rarely contributing significantly to island richness. Similarly, PD on islands is tied to variables that affect colonization probability such as isolation and climate, but not area, indicating that in situ diversification does not exert a significant influence on island richness. Main conclusions Even large islands with high in situ diversification do not produce phylogenetically distinct faunas, but are instead dependent on colonization of new lineages from the continent, as predicted by ecological theory. Evolutionary processes such as in situ diversification are relatively insignificant drivers of both species richness and PD compared with colonization from regional species pools, even over evolutionary time‐scales on large islands.

Markedly divergent estimates of A mazon forest carbon density from ground plots and satellites - Edward T. A. Mitchard; Ted R. Feldpausch; Roel J. W. Brienen; Gabriela Lopez‐Gonzalez; Abel Monteagudo; Timothy R. Baker; Simon L. Lewis; Jon Lloyd; Carlos A. Quesada; Manuel Gloor; Hans ter Steege; Patrick Meir; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2014)
Aim The accurate mapping of forest carbon stocks is essential for understanding the global carbon cycle, for assessing emissions from deforestation, and for rational land‐use planning. Remote sensing ( RS ) is currently the key tool for this purpose, but RS does not estimate vegetation biomass directly, and thus may miss significant spatial variations in forest structure. We test the stated accuracy of pantropical carbon maps using a large independent field dataset. Location Tropical forests of the A mazon basin. The permanent archive of the field plot data can be accessed at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5521/FORESTPLOTS.NET/2014_1 Methods Two recent pantropical RS maps of vegetation carbon are compared to a unique ground‐plot dataset, involving tree measurements in 413 large inventory plots located in nine countries. The RS maps were compared directly to field plots, and kriging of the field data was used to allow area‐based comparisons. Results The two RS carbon maps fail to capture the main gradient in Amazon forest carbon detected using 413 ground plots, from the densely wooded tall forests of the north‐east, to the light‐wooded, shorter forests of the south‐west. The differences between plots and RS maps far exceed the uncertainties given in these studies, with whole regions over‐ or under‐estimated by > 25%, whereas regional uncertainties for the maps were reported to be Main conclusions Pantropical biomass maps are widely used by governments and by projects aiming to reduce deforestation using carbon offsets, but may have significant regional biases. Carbon‐mapping techniques must be revised to account for the known ecological variation in tree wood density and allometry to create maps suitable for carbon accounting. The use of single relationships between tree canopy height and above‐ground biomass inevitably yields large, spatially correlated errors. This presents a significant challenge to both the forest conservation and remote sensing communities, because neither wood density nor species assemblages can be reliably mapped from space.

What controls gain in gain control? Mismatch negativity (MMN), priors and system biases - Juanita Todd; Andrew Heathcote; Daniel Mullens; Lisa R. Whitson; Alexander Provost; István Winkler (Brain Topography, 2014)

The ENIGMA Consortium: large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data - Paul M. Thompson; Jason L. Stein; Sarah E. Medland; Derrek P. Hibar; Alejandro Arias Vasquez; Miguel E. Renteria; Roberto Toro; Neda Jahanshad; Gunter Schumann; Barbara Franke; Margaret J. Wright; Nicholas G. Martin; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2014)

HIV-associated distal neuropathic pain is associated with smaller total cerebral cortical gray matter - John R. Keltner; Christine Fennema-Notestine; Florin Vaida; Dongzhe Wang; Donald R. Franklin; Robert H. Dworkin; Chelsea Sanders; J. Allen McCutchan; Sarah L. Archibald; David J. Miller; George Kesidis; Clint Cushman; et al. (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2014)

Recent insight in α-glucan metabolism in probiotic bacteria - Marie S. Møller; Yong Jun Goh; Alexander H. Viborg; Joakim M. Andersen; Todd R. Klaenhammer; Birte Svensson; Maher Abou Hachem (Biologia, 2014)

An updated assessment of trends and variability in total and extreme rainfall in the western Pacific - S. McGree; K. Whan; D. Jones; L. V. Alexander; A. Imielska; H. Diamond; E. Ene; S. Finaulahi; K. Inape; L. Jacklick; R. Kumar; V. Laurent; et al. (International Journal of Climatology, 2014)

Trends and variability of temperature extremes in the tropical Western Pacific - K. Whan; L. V. Alexander; A. Imielska; S. McGree; D. Jones; E. Ene; S. Finaulahi; K. Inape; L. Jacklick; R. Kumar; V. Laurent; H. Malala; et al. (International Journal of Climatology, 2014)

Genome-wide association study of subtype-specific epithelial ovarian cancer risk alleles using pooled DNA - Madalene A. Earp; Linda E. Kelemen; Anthony M. Magliocco; Kenneth D. Swenerton; Georgia Chenevix-Trench; Yi Lu; Alexander Hein; Arif B. Ekici; Matthias W. Beckmann; Peter A. Fasching; Diether Lambrechts; Evelyn Despierre; et al. (Human Genetics, 2014)

Multiparameter flow cytometry for the characterisation of extracellular markers on human mesenchymal stem cells - Alexander K. C. Chan; Thomas R. J. Heathman; Karen Coopman; Christopher J. Hewitt (Biotechnology Letters, 2014)

Phylogeny and phenotypes of clinical and environmental S higa toxin‐producing E scherichia coli O 174 - Wenlan Zhang; Julia Nadirk; Annelene Kossow; Martina Bielaszewska; Shana R. Leopold; Anika Witten; Angelika Fruth; Helge Karch; Andrea Ammon; Alexander Mellmann (Environmental Microbiology, 2014)
Summary S higa toxin ( S tx)‐producing E scherichia coli ( STEC ) of serogroup O 174 are human pathogenic intimin gene ( eae )‐negative STEC . To facilitate diagnosis and subtyping, we genotypically and phenotypically characterized 25 STEC O 174 isolates from humans with different clinical outcomes and from animals and the environment. fliC genotyping resulted in four different genotypes ( fliC H2 : n = 5; fliC H8 : n = 8; fliC H21 : n = 11; fliC H46 : n = 1). Twenty‐three strains were motile expressing the corresponding H antigen; two non‐motile isolates possessed fliC H8 . The stx genotypes and non‐ stx virulence loci, including toxins, serine‐proteases and adhesins correlated well with serotypes but showed no differences with respect to the isolates' origins. Multilocus sequence typing identified seven sequence types that correlated with serotypes. Core gene typing further specified the four serotypes, including a previously unknown O 174: H 46 combination, and revealed distant relationships of the different serotypes within serogroup O 174 and in relation to other haemolytic uremic syndrome ( HUS )‐associated STEC . Only serotype O 174: H 21 was associated with HUS . Differences in virulence factors and in the adherence capacity of STEC O 174 corroborated this separation into four distinct groups. Our study provides a basis for O 174 subtyping, unravels considerable genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity and sheds light to potential environmental and animal reservoirs.

The value of multiple earthquake missions: the EEFIT L’Aquila Earthquake experience - T. Rossetto; D. D’Ayala; F. Gori; R. Persio; J. Han; V. Novelli; S. M. Wilkinson; D. Alexander; M. Hill; S. Stephens; S. Kontoe; G. Elia; et al. (Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2014)

Genetic diversity of rhizobia isolated from nodules of the relic species Vavilovia formosa (Stev.) Fed. - Vera I. Safronova; Anastasiia K. Kimeklis; Elena P. Chizhevskaya; Andrey A. Belimov; Evgeny E. Andronov; Alexander G. Pinaev; Andrey R. Pukhaev; Konstantin P. Popov; Igor A. Tikhonovich (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2014)

The Bromeliaceae tank dweller Bromeliophila (Lejeuneaceae, Porellales) is a member of the Cyclolejeunea-Prionolejeunea clade - Jochen Heinrichs; Aleksandra Czumaj; Shanshan Dong; Armin Scheben; Alfons Schäfer-Verwimp; Denilson F. Peralta; Kathrin Feldberg; Alexander R. Schmidt; Harald Schneider (Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2014)

Traditional and emerging roles for the SLC9 Na+/H+ exchangers - Daniel G. Fuster; R. Todd Alexander (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2014)

Early origin of viviparity and multiple reversions to oviparity in squamate reptiles - R. Alexander Pyron; Frank T. Burbrink (Ecology Letters, 2014)
Viviparity has putatively evolved 115 times in squamates (lizards and snakes), out of only ~ 140 origins in vertebrates, and is apparently related to colder climates and other factors such as body size. Viviparity apparently evolves from oviparity via egg‐retention, and such taxa may thus still have the machinery to produce thick‐shelled eggs. Parity mode is also associated with variable diversification rates in some groups. We reconstruct ancestral parity modes accounting for state‐dependent diversification in a large‐scale phylogenetic analysis, and find strong support for an early origin of viviparity at the base of Squamata, and a complex pattern of subsequent transitions. Viviparous lineages have higher rates of speciation and extinction, and greater species turnover through time. Viviparity is associated with lower environmental and body temperatures in lizards and amphisbaenians, but not female mass. These results suggest that parity mode is a labile trait that shifts frequently in response to ecological conditions.

Clonal Immortalized Human Glial Cell Lines Support Varying Levels of JC Virus Infection due to Differences in Cellular Gene Expression - Michael W. Ferenczy; Kory R. Johnson; Shannon M. Steinberg; Leslie J. Marshall; Maria Chiara Monaco; Alexander M. Beschloss; Peter N. Jensen; Eugene O. Major (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2013)

A new method for producing transgenic birds via direct in vivo transfection of primordial germ cells - Scott G. Tyack; Kristie A. Jenkins; Terri E. O’Neil; Terry G. Wise; Kirsten R. Morris; Matthew P. Bruce; Scott McLeod; Alexander J. Wade; James McKay; Robert J. Moore; Karel A. Schat; John W. Lowenthal; et al. (Transgenic Research, 2013)

Investigating the candidacy of a lipoteichoic acid-based glycoconjugate as a vaccine to combat Clostridium difficile infection - Andrew D. Cox; Frank St. Michael; Annie Aubry; Chantelle M. Cairns; Philippa C. R. Strong; Alexander C. Hayes; Susan M. Logan (Glycoconjugate Journal, 2013)

Head Impact Exposure in Youth Football: Elementary School Ages 9–12 Years and the Effect of Practice Structure - Bryan R. Cobb; Jillian E. Urban; Elizabeth M. Davenport; Steven Rowson; Stefan M. Duma; Joseph A. Maldjian; Christopher T. Whitlow; Alexander K. Powers; Joel D. Stitzel (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2013)

Exploring the efficiency of bias corrections of regional climate model output for the assessment of future crop yields in Europe - Alexander M. R. Bakker; Janette J. E. Bessembinder; Allard J. W. de Wit; Bart J. J. M. van den Hurk; Steven B. Hoek (Regional Environmental Change, 2013)

Virus nomenclature below the species level: a standardized nomenclature for filovirus strains and variants rescued from cDNA - Jens H. Kuhn; Yīmíng Bào; Sina Bavari; Stephan Becker; Steven Bradfute; Kristina Brauburger; J. Rodney Brister; Alexander A. Bukreyev; Yíngyún Caì; Kartik Chandran; Robert A. Davey; Olga Dolnik; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2013)

Antigenic and genetic analyses of isolate APMV/wigeon/Italy/3920-1/2005 indicate that it represents a new avian paramyxovirus (APMV-12) - C. Terregino; E. W. Aldous; A. Heidari; C. M. Fuller; R. De Nardi; R. J. Manvell; M. S. Beato; W. M. Shell; I. Monne; I. H. Brown; D. J. Alexander; I. Capua (Archives of Virology, 2013)

Energetics and metabolite profiles during early flight in American robins (Turdus Migratorius) - Alexander R. Gerson; Christopher G. Guglielmo (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2013)

Host‐associated genomic differentiation in congeneric butterflies: now you see it, now you do not - Alexander S. Mikheyev; Carolyn S. McBride; Ulrich G. Mueller; Camille Parmesan; Melanie R. Smee; Constanti Stefanescu; Brian Wee; Michael C. Singer (Molecular Ecology, 2013)
Ecotypic variation among populations may become associated with widespread genomic differentiation, but theory predicts that this should happen only under particular conditions of gene flow, selection and population size. In closely related species, we might expect the strength of host‐associated genomic differentiation ( HAD ) to be correlated with the degree of phenotypic differentiation in host‐adaptive traits. Using microsatellite and A mplified F ragment L ength P olymorphism ( AFLP ) markers, and controlling for isolation by distance between populations, we sought HAD in two congeneric species of butterflies with different degrees of host plant specialization. Prior work on E uphydryas editha had shown strong interpopulation differentiation in host‐adapted traits, resulting in incipient reproductive isolation among host‐associated ecotypes. We show here that E uphydryas aurinia had much weaker host‐associated phenotypic differentiation. Contrary to our expectations, we detected HAD in Euphydryas aurinia , but not in E. editha . Even within an E. aurinia population that fed on both hosts, we found weak but significant sympatric HAD that persisted in samples taken 9 years apart. The finding of significantly stronger HAD in the system with less phenotypic differentiation may seem paradoxical. Our findings can be explained by multiple factors, ranging from differences in dispersal or effective population size, to spatial variation in genomic or phenotypic traits and to structure induced by past histories of host‐adapted populations. Other infrequently measured factors, such as differences in recombination rates, may also play a role. Our result adds to recent work as a further caution against assumptions of simple relationships between genomic and adaptive phenotypic differentiation.

Metagenomic identification, seasonal dynamics, and potential transmission mechanisms of a Daphnia ‐associated single‐stranded DNA virus in two temperate lakes - Ian Hewson; Gabriel Ng; WenFang Li; Brenna A. LaBarre; Isabel Aguirre; Jorge G. Barbosa; Mya Breitbart; Anthony W. Greco; Colleen M. Kearns; Alexander Looi; Lindsay R. Schaffner; Philip D. Thompson; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2013)
We used a metagenomic approach to identify viruses that may be involved in the ecology of Daphnia spp. in Oneida and Cayuga lakes (upstate New York). We identified several highly represented, putative eukaryotic, circular, single‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viral genomes. Among these, we discovered a genotype similar in both sequence and genomic architecture to a virus previously reported from a hyperthermal lake that shares characteristics of both single‐stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) and single‐stranded DNA viruses. We used quantitative polymerase chain reactions to study the prevalence and viral load of both positive‐sense and negative‐sense strands of the Daphnia mendotae ‐associated (Cladocera) hybrid virus (DMClaHV) over a summer season in Oneida and Cayuga lakes. DMClaHV had high prevalence within Daphnia populations, where viral load and the proportion of virus‐positive individuals were higher preceding host population decline. DMClaHV viral load was different between two species of Daphnia ( D. mendotae and D. retrocurva ), and the dynamics between viruses and their hosts varied between the two lakes. We detected DMClaHV in eggs (ephippia) retrieved from Oneida Lake sediments with an estimated age of 30 yr. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed small (20 nm diameter) virus‐like particles in Daphnia that were well away from gut tissues and not associated with intracellular parasites. Because Daphnia plays a critical role in many lake ecosystems, DMClaHV may have important effects on herbivory and thus carbon flow through the lake ecosystem.

Recommendations for a national agenda to substantially reduce cervical cancer - Jennifer S. Smith; Noel T. Brewer; Debbie Saslow; Kenneth Alexander; Mildred R. Chernofsky; Richard Crosby; Libby Derting; Leah Devlin; Charles J. Dunton; Jeffrey Engle; Maria Fernandez; Mona Fouad; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2013)

Improving Intracellular Doxorubicin Delivery Through Nanoliposomes Equipped with Selective Tumor Cell Membrane Permeabilizing Short-Chain Sphingolipids - Lília R. Cordeiro Pedrosa; Albert van Hell; Regine Süss; Wim J. van Blitterswijk; Ann L. B. Seynhaeve; Wiggert A. van Cappellen; Alexander M. M. Eggermont; Timo L. M. ten Hagen; Marcel Verheij; Gerben A. Koning (Pharmaceutical Research, 2013)

Role of the subcommissural organ in the pathogenesis of congenital hydrocephalus in the HTx rat - Alexander R. Ortloff; Karin Vío; Montserrat Guerra; Katherine Jaramillo; Thilo Kaehne; Hazel Jones; James P. McAllister; Esteban Rodríguez (Cell and Tissue Research, 2013)

Virus nomenclature below the species level: a standardized nomenclature for laboratory animal-adapted strains and variants of viruses assigned to the family Filoviridae - Jens H. Kuhn; Yiming Bao; Sina Bavari; Stephan Becker; Steven Bradfute; J. Rodney Brister; Alexander A. Bukreyev; Yíngyún Caì; Kartik Chandran; Robert A. Davey; Olga Dolnik; John M. Dye; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2013)

The dual symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhiza and nitrogen fixing bacteria benefits the growth and nutrition of the woody invasive legume Acacia cyclops under nutrient limiting conditions - Peter E. Mortimer; Marcellous R. Le Roux; Maria A. Pérez-Fernández; Vagner A. Benedito; Aleysia Kleinert; Jianchu Xu; Alexander J. Valentine (Plant and Soil, 2013)

Ecological impacts of an invasive predator explained and predicted by comparative functional responses - Jaimie T. A. Dick; Kevin Gallagher; Suncica Avlijas; Hazel C. Clarke; Susan E. Lewis; Sally Leung; Dan Minchin; Joe Caffrey; Mhairi E. Alexander; Cathy Maguire; Chris Harrod; Neil Reid; et al. (Biological Invasions, 2013)

Exploring the impact of fossil constraints on the divergence time estimates of derived liverworts - Kathrin Feldberg; Jochen Heinrichs; Alexander R. Schmidt; Jiří Váňa; Harald Schneider (Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2013)

Global change revealed by palaeolimnological records from remote lakes: a review - Jordi Catalan; Sergi Pla-Rabés; Alexander P. Wolfe; John P. Smol; Kathleen M. Rühland; N. John Anderson; Jiři Kopáček; Evžen Stuchlík; Roland Schmidt; Karin A. Koinig; Lluís Camarero; Roger J. Flower; et al. (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2013)

Megacities and Large Urban Agglomerations in the Coastal Zone: Interactions Between Atmosphere, Land, and Marine Ecosystems - Roland von Glasow; Tim D. Jickells; Alexander Baklanov; Gregory R. Carmichael; Tom M. Church; Laura Gallardo; Claire Hughes; Maria Kanakidou; Peter S. Liss; Laurence Mee; Robin Raine; Purvaja Ramachandran; et al. (Ambio, 2013)

Coaggregation occurs amongst bacteria within and between biofilms in domestic showerheads - Jay Vornhagen; Michael Stevens; David W. McCormick; Scot E. Dowd; Joseph N.S. Eisenberg; Blaise R. Boles; Alexander H. Rickard (Biofouling, 2013)

Virus nomenclature below the species level: a standardized nomenclature for natural variants of viruses assigned to the family Filoviridae - Jens H. Kuhn; Yiming Bao; Sina Bavari; Stephan Becker; Steven Bradfute; J. Rodney Brister; Alexander A. Bukreyev; Kartik Chandran; Robert A. Davey; Olga Dolnik; John M. Dye; Sven Enterlein; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2013)

Cloning and characterization of a tuberous root-specific promoter from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) - Herma J. J. Koehorst-van Putten; Anne-Marie A. Wolters; Isolde M. Pereira-Bertram; Hans H. J. van den Berg; Alexander R. van der Krol; Richard G. F. Visser (Planta, 2012)

Developing an Interactive Web-Based Learning Program on Skin Cancer: the Learning Experiences of Clinical Educators - Waqas R. Shaikh; Alan Geller; Gwen Alexander; Maryam M. Asgari; Gunther J. Chanange; Stephen Dusza; Melody J. Eide; Suzanne W. Fletcher; Jacqueline M. Goulart; Allan C. Halpern; Shoshana Landow; Ashfaq A. Marghoob; et al. (Journal of Cancer Education, 2012)

VEGFR-1 expression levels predict occurrence of disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow of patients with esophageal carcinoma - Alexander Schultze; Isabel Ben Batalla; Sabine Riethdorf; Michael Bubenheim; Emre Yekebas; Andreas Erbersdobler; Uta Reichelt; Katharina E. Effenberger; Thomas Schmidt; Jakob R. Izbicki; Carsten Bokemeyer; Klaus Pantel; et al. (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2012)

On the application of fiber optic gyroscopes for detection of seismic rotations - Alexander Velikoseltsev; Karl Ulrich Schreiber; Alexander Yankovsky; Jon-Paul R. Wells; Alexander Boronachin; Anna Tkachenko (Journal of Seismology, 2012)

Gallbladder cancer, a vanishing disease? - S. Alexander; V. E. P. P. Lemmens; S. Houterman; L. Nollen; R. Roumen; G. D. Slooter (Cancer Causes & Control, 2012)

Seaweed Allelopathy Against Coral: Surface Distribution of a Seaweed Secondary Metabolite by Imaging Mass Spectrometry - Tiffany D. Andras; Troy S. Alexander; Asiri Gahlena; R. Mitchell Parry; Facundo M. Fernandez; Julia Kubanek; May D. Wang; Mark E. Hay (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2012)

Spatial analysis of ectomycorrhizal fungi reveals that root tip communities are structured by competitive interactions - Brian J. Pickles; David R. Genney; Ian C. Anderson; Ian J. Alexander (Molecular Ecology, 2012)
Microbial ecology has made large advances over the last decade, mostly because of improvements in molecular analysis techniques that have enabled the detection and identification of progressively larger numbers of microbial species. However, determining the ecological patterns and processes taking place in communities of microbes remains a significant challenge. Are communities randomly assembled through dispersal and priority effects, or do species interact with each other leading to positive and negative associations? For mycorrhizal fungi, evidence is accumulating that stochastic and competitive interactions between species may both have a role in shaping community structure. Could the methodological approach, which is often incidence based, impact the outcomes detected? Here, we applied an incidence‐based T erminal R estriction F ragment L ength P olymorphism ( T ‐ RFLP ) database approach to examine species diversity and ecological interactions within a community of ectomycorrhizal ( ECM ) fungi. Co‐occurrence analysis revealed that the ECM community colonizing root tips was strongly structured by competitive interactions, or ecological processes generating a similar spatial pattern, rather than neutral processes. Analysis of β‐diversity indicated that community structure was significantly more similar (spatially autocorrelated) at distances equal to or ECM fungi displayed significant competitive interactions with at least one other species, showing that the incidence‐based approach was capable of detecting this sort of ecological information.

Evaluation of a digital microfluidic real-time PCR platform to detect DNA of Candida albicans in blood - W. A. Schell; J. L. Benton; P. B. Smith; M. Poore; J. L. Rouse; D. J. Boles; M. D. Johnson; B. D. Alexander; V. K. Pamula; A. E. Eckhardt; M. G. Pollack; D. K. Benjamin; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2012)

Genetic stock identification of overwintering chum salmon in the North Pacific Ocean - W. Tyler McCraney; Edward V. Farley; Christine M. Kondzela; Svetlana V. Naydenko; Alexander N. Starovoytov; Jeffrey R. Guyon (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2012)

Estimation of persistence and trends in geostrophic wind speed for the assessment of wind energy yields in Northwest Europe - Alexander M. R. Bakker; Bart J. J. M. van den Hurk (Climate Dynamics, 2012)

Lava balloons—peculiar products of basaltic submarine eruptions - Ulrich Kueppers; Alexander R. L. Nichols; Vittorio Zanon; Marcel Potuzak; Jose M. R. Pacheco (Bulletin of Volcanology, 2012)

Apparent signal of competition limiting diversification after ecological transitions from marine to freshwater habitats - Ricardo Betancur‐R.; Guillermo Ortí; Ariel M. Stein; Alexandre P. Marceniuk; R. Alexander Pyron (Ecology Letters, 2012)
Adaptive radiations are typically triggered when a lineage encounters a significant range of open niche space (ecological opportunity), stemming from colonisation of new areas, extinction of competitors or key innovations. The most well‐known of these is the colonisation of new areas, through either dispersal into new regions or the invasion of novel ecological regimes. One aspect of ecological opportunity that has rarely been studied, however, is the extent to which pre‐existent competitors act to limit diversification in newly colonised adaptive zones. Herein, we show that in multiple geographically independent invasions of freshwaters by marine Sea Catfishes (Ariidae), rates of both morphological disparification and lineage diversification are inversely related to the presence and diversity of other freshwater fish lineages. Only in one region (Australia‐New Guinea) with an otherwise depauperate freshwater fauna, has an ariid invasion gained any substantial traction. This is true at both regional and community scales, suggesting that competitive constraints may be an important factor regulating adaptive radiation.

Impacts of climate variability and human colonization on the vegetation of the Galápagos Islands - Alejandra Restrepo; Paul Colinvaux; Mark Bush; Alexander Correa-Metrio; Jessica Conroy; Mark R. Gardener; Patricia Jaramillo; Miriam Steinitz-Kannan; Jonathan Overpeck (Ecology, 2012)
A high‐resolution (2–9 year sampling interval) fossil pollen record from the Galápagos Islands, which spans the last 2690 years, reveals considerable ecosystem stability. Vegetation changes associated with independently derived histories of El Niño Southern Oscillation variability provided evidence of shifts in the relative abundance of individual species rather than immigration or extinction. Droughts associated with the Medieval Climate Anomaly induced rapid ecological change that was followed by a reversion to the previous state. The paleoecological data suggested nonneutral responses to climatic forcing in this ecosystem prior to the period of human influence. Human impacts on the islands are evident in the record. A marked decline in long‐term codominants of the pollen record, Alternanthera and Acalypha , produced a flora without modern analogue before 1930. Intensified animal husbandry after ca. 1930 may have induced the local extinction of Acalypha and Alternanthera . Reductions in populations of grazing animals in the 1970s and 1980s did not result in the return of the native flora, but in invasions by exotic species. After ca. 1970 the trajectory of habitat change accelerated, continuously moving the ecosystem away from the observed range of variability in the previous 2690 years toward a novel ecosystem. The last 40 years of the record also suggest unprecedented transport of lowland pollen to the uplands, consistent with intensified convection and warmer wet seasons.

Evidence from field nitrogen balance and 15N natural abundance data for the contribution of biological N2 fixation to Brazilian sugarcane varieties - Segundo Urquiaga; Rogério P. Xavier; Rafael F. de Morais; Rafael B. Batista; Nivaldo Schultz; José M. Leite; Jerusa Maia e Sá; Karolina P. Barbosa; Alexander S. de Resende; Bruno J. R. Alves; Robert M. Boddey (Plant and Soil, 2012)

Effects of urbanization on macroinvertebrates in tributaries of the St. Johns River, Florida, USA - Michael A. Chadwick; John E. Thiele; Alexander D. Huryn; Arthur C. Benke; Dean R. Dobberfuhl (Urban Ecosystems, 2012)

Progress in Myrtaceae genetics and genomics: Eucalyptus as the pivotal genus - Dario Grattapaglia; René E. Vaillancourt; Merv Shepherd; Bala R. Thumma; William Foley; Carsten Külheim; Brad M. Potts; Alexander A. Myburg (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2012)
The status of genomics and genetics research in the Myrtaceae, a large family of dicotyledonous woody plants, is reviewed with Eucalyptus as the focal genus. The family contains over 5,650 species in 130 to 150 genera, predominantly of neo-tropical and Southern Hemisphere distribution. Several genera are well known for their economic importance worldwide. Myrtaceae are typically diploids with small to intermediate genome size. Microsatellites have been developed for several genera while higher throughput marker systems such as diversity arrays technology and single nucleotide polymorphism are available for Eucalyptus . Molecular data have been fundamental to current perspectives on the phylogeny, phylogeography and taxonomy of the Myrtaceae, while numerous studies of genetic diversity have been carried out particularly as it relates to endangered, rare, fragmented, overharvested or economically important species. Large expressed sequence tag collections for species of Eucalyptus have recently become public to support the annotation of the Eucalyptus grandis genome. Transcriptomics in Eucalyptus has advanced by microarrays and next-generation sequencing focusing on wood development. Linkage maps for Eucalyptus display high synteny across species and have been extensively used to map quantitative trait loci for a number of traits including growth, wood quality, disease and insect resistance. Candidate gene-based association genetics have successfully found marker–trait associations for wood and fiber traits. Genomic selection experiments have demonstrated clear potential to improve the efficiency of breeding programs while freeze-tolerant transgenic Eucalyptus trials have recently been initiated. The recently released E. grandis genome, sequenced to an average coverage of 8×, will open up exceptional opportunities to advance Myrtaceae genetics and genomics research.

Posttranslational Modifications in Connexins and Pannexins - Scott R. Johnstone; Marie Billaud; Alexander W. Lohman; Evan P. Taddeo; Brant E. Isakson (The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2012)

Testing the role of patch openness as a causal mechanism for apparent area sensitivity in a grassland specialist - Alexander C. Keyel; Carolyn M. Bauer; Christine R. Lattin; L. Michael Romero; J. Michael Reed (Oecologia, 2012)

Relative contributions of local cell and passing fiber activation and silencing to changes in thalamic fidelity during deep brain stimulation and lesioning: a computational modeling study - Rosa Q. So; Alexander R. Kent; Warren M. Grill (Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 2012)

A 3,387 bp 5′-flanking sequence of the goat alpha-S1-casein gene provides correct tissue-specific expression of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hG-CSF) in the mammary gland of transgenic mice - Irina A. Serova; Gennady A. Dvoryanchikov; Ludmila E. Andreeva; Ivan A. Burkov; Luciene P. B. Dias; Nariman R. Battulin; Alexander V. Smirnov; Oleg L. Serov (Transgenic Research, 2012)

Combination of Vascular Endothelial and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 for Induction of Neurogenesis and Angiogenesis after Traumatic Brain Injury - Orli Thau-Zuchman; Esther Shohami; Alexander G. Alexandrovich; Ronen R. Leker (Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 2012)

High synteny and colinearity among Eucalyptus genomes revealed by high-density comparative genetic mapping - Corey J. Hudson; Anand R. K. Kullan; Jules S. Freeman; Danielle A. Faria; Dario Grattapaglia; Andrzej Kilian; Alexander A. Myburg; Brad M. Potts; René E. Vaillancourt (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2012)

Genetic variants associated with the white blood cell count in 13,923 subjects in the eMERGE Network - David R. Crosslin; Andrew McDavid; Noah Weston; Sarah C. Nelson; Xiuwen Zheng; Eugene Hart; Mariza de Andrade; Iftikhar J. Kullo; Catherine A. McCarty; Kimberly F. Doheny; Elizabeth Pugh; Abel Kho; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

A novel approach of homozygous haplotype sharing identifies candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder - Jillian P. Casey; Tiago Magalhaes; Judith M. Conroy; Regina Regan; Naisha Shah; Richard Anney; Denis C. Shields; Brett S. Abrahams; Joana Almeida; Elena Bacchelli; Anthony J. Bailey; Gillian Baird; et al. (Human Genetics, 2012)

Ubiquitous Brms1 expression is critical for mammary carcinoma metastasis suppression via promotion of apoptosis - Leah M. Cook; Xuemei Cao; Alexander E. Dowell; Michael T. Debies; Mick D. Edmonds; Benjamin H. Beck; Robert A. Kesterson; Renee A. Desmond; Andra R. Frost; Douglas R. Hurst; Danny R. Welch (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2012)

The impact of caspase-12 on susceptibility to candidemia - D. C. Rosentul; T. S. Plantinga; W. K. Scott; B. D. Alexander; N. M. D. van de Geer; J. R. Perfect; B. J. Kullberg; M. D. Johnson; M. G. Netea (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2012)

Frontogenesis and Frontal Progression of a Trapping-Generated Estuarine Convergence Front and Its Influence on Mixing and Stratification - Sarah N. Giddings; Derek A. Fong; Stephen G. Monismith; C. Chris Chickadel; Kathleen A. Edwards; William J. Plant; Bing Wang; Oliver B. Fringer; Alexander R. Horner-Devine; Andrew T. Jessup (Estuaries and Coasts, 2012)

When are adaptive radiations replicated in areas? Ecological opportunity and unexceptional diversification in West Indian dipsadine snakes (Colubridae: Alsophiini) - Frank T. Burbrink; Sara Ruane; R. Alexander Pyron (Journal of Biogeography, 2012)
Aim We examine diversification in Caribbean alsophiine snakes and hypothesize that, given the ecological opportunity presented by colonization of the West Indies, alsophiines should show the signature of an early burst of diversification and associated low within‐clade ecological and morphological disparification. We also test whether changes in morphology and ecology are associated with changes in diversification rate, as trait‐dependent diversification is hypothesized to affect historical inferences of diversification and disparification. Finally, as replicated radiations are found across the West Indies in the anoles, we test for significant differences in ecological and morphological assemblages and rates among the major island groups. Location The West Indies. Methods A time‐calibrated phylogeny produced from six genes using relaxed clock methods in beast was constructed to estimate ancestral areas using L agrange . Maximum body size and ecological niche were scored for all species in the phylogeny, and comparative phylogenetic methods in R using geiger , laser , ape and our own code were used to examine diversification through time, disparification and trait‐dependent diversification from this dated phylogeny. Results The pattern of species diversification did not differ significantly from the Yule model of diversification. Morphology and ecology fitted a Brownian and white noise model of diversification, respectively. Although not significantly different, morphological disparification was lower than the Brownian null model, whereas ecological disparification was significantly greater than the null. Trait‐dependent diversification analyses suggested that the constant null models provided the best fit to these data. There was no significant signal of rate variation among the major island groups for size, but moderate evidence for niche. Main conclusions Although ecological opportunity was similarly present for alsophiines as it was for anoles, the snakes fail to show an early burst of speciation. Potential reasons for this include the young age of the group, and staggered diversification due to waiting times between island colonization. In turn, ecological and morphological disparities do not necessarily follow predictable patterns related to species diversification. Thus, the presence of ecological opportunity alone is not necessarily sufficient to trigger replicated adaptive radiations in areas.

High-Resolution Fibre-Optic Temperature Sensing: A New Tool to Study the Two-Dimensional Structure of Atmospheric Surface-Layer Flow - Christoph K. Thomas; Adam M. Kennedy; John S. Selker; Ayla Moretti; Martin H. Schroth; Alexander R. Smoot; Nicholas B. Tufillaro; Matthias J. Zeeman (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2012)

Land Trust Evaluation of Progress toward Conservation Goals - LOUISE ALEXANDER; GEORGE R. HESS (Conservation Biology, 2012)
In the United States local land trusts preserve and conserve land to protect water quality and supply, farmlands, habitat for native plants and animals, areas of cultural or historical significance, and scenic views. We surveyed the 24 active, local land trusts in North Carolina (U.S.A.) to determine how they report progress toward attaining such conservation goals. Twenty‐two land trusts responded to our survey. Of these, eight reported developing specific conservation goals for all of the properties they protect, five identified conservation targets on all properties, and two reported monitoring biological indicators on all of their protected properties. On the basis of these results, we believe most of the land trusts surveyed could not determine whether they were meeting conservation goals because most did not identify explicit, measurable goals and monitor progress toward them. Instead they reported success in terms of the amount of land protected and money raised. We think this is a lost opportunity for land trusts to build sound approaches to environmental management, engage the public, entice new donors, and attain funding for additional conservation activities. We propose conservation professionals help local land trusts adopt the Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation, a framework developed by a consortium of international conservation organizations, to develop conservation goals and measure whether the goals are achieved.

Facilitating adaptation of biodiversity to climate change: a conceptual framework applied to the world’s largest Mediterranean-climate woodland - Suzanne M. Prober; Kevin R. Thiele; Philip W. Rundel; Colin J. Yates; Sandra L. Berry; Margaret Byrne; Les Christidis; Carl R. Gosper; Pauline F. Grierson; Kristina Lemson; Tom Lyons; Craig Macfarlane; et al. (Climatic Change, 2012)

Comparison of printed glycan array, suspension array and ELISA in the detection of human anti-glycan antibodies - Tatiana Pochechueva; Francis Jacob; Darlene R. Goldstein; Margaret E. Huflejt; Alexander Chinarev; Rosemarie Caduff; Daniel Fink; Neville Hacker; Nicolai V. Bovin; Viola Heinzelmann-Schwarz (Glycoconjugate Journal, 2011)

Multiple Effects of Changes in Arctic Snow Cover - Terry V. Callaghan; Margareta Johansson; Ross D. Brown; Pavel Ya. Groisman; Niklas Labba; Vladimir Radionov; Raymond S. Bradley; Sylvie Blangy; Olga N. Bulygina; Torben R. Christensen; Jonathan E. Colman; Richard L. H. Essery; et al. (Ambio, 2011)

Effect of Superphosphate and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus mosseae on Phosphorus and Arsenic Uptake in Lentil (Lens culinaris L.) - Fazel R. Sadeque Ahmed; Ian J. Alexander; Mwinyikione Mwinyihija; Kenneth Killham (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2011)

Protein Kinase B (Akt) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase p38α in Retinal Ischemic Post-Conditioning - John C. Dreixler; Ajay Sampat; Afzhal R. Shaikh; Michael Alexander; Marcus M. Marcet; Steven Roth (Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 2011)

Humpback whale abundance in the North Pacific estimated by photographic capture‐recapture with bias correction from simulation studies - Jay Barlow; John Calambokidis; Erin A. Falcone; C. Scott Baker; Alexander M. Burdin; Phillip J. Clapham; John K. B. Ford; Christine M. Gabriele; Richard LeDuc; David K. Mattila; Terrance J. Quinn; Lorenzo Rojas‐Bracho; et al. (Marine Mammal Science, 2011)
We estimated the abundance of humpback whales in the North Pacific by capture‐recapture methods using over 18,000 fluke identification photographs collected in 2004–2006. Our best estimate of abundance was 21,808 (CV = 0.04). We estimated the biases in this value using a simulation model. Births and deaths, which violate the assumption of a closed population, resulted in a bias of +5.2%, exclusion of calves in samples resulted in a bias of −10.5%, failure to achieve random geographic sampling resulted in a bias of −0.4%, and missed matches resulted in a bias of +9.3%. Known sex‐biased sampling favoring males in breeding areas did not add significant bias if both sexes are proportionately sampled in the feeding areas. Our best estimate of abundance was 21,063 after accounting for a net bias of +3.5%. This estimate is likely to be lower than the true abundance due to two additional sources of bias: individual heterogeneity in the probability of being sampled (unquantified) and the likely existence of an unknown and unsampled breeding area (−8.7%). Results confirm that the overall humpback whale population in the North Pacific has continued to increase and is now greater than some prior estimates of prewhaling abundance.

Simple, rapid, and non-invasive measurement of fat, lean, and total water masses of live birds using quantitative magnetic resonance - Christopher G. Guglielmo; Liam P. McGuire; Alexander R. Gerson; Chad L. Seewagen (Journal of Ornithology, 2011)

Contribution of subsurface peat to CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes in a neotropical peatland - EMMA L. WRIGHT; COLIN R. BLACK; ALEXANDER W. CHEESMAN; TREVOR DRAGE; DAVID LARGE; BENJAMIN L. TURNER; SOFIE SJÖGERSTEN (Global Change Biology, 2011)
Tropical peatlands play an important role in the global carbon cycling but little is known about factors regulating carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) fluxes from these ecosystems. Here, we test the hypotheses that (i) CO 2 and CH 4 are produced mainly from surface peat and (ii) that the contribution of subsurface peat to net C emissions is governed by substrate availability. To achieve this, in situ and ex situ CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes were determined throughout the peat profiles under three vegetation types along a nutrient gradient in a tropical ombrotrophic peatland in Panama. The peat was also characterized with respect to its organic composition using 13 C solid state cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Deep peat contributed substantially to CO 2 effluxes both with respect to actual in situ and potential ex situ fluxes. CH 4 was produced throughout the peat profile with distinct subsurface peaks, but net emission was limited by oxidation in the surface layers. CO 2 and CH 4 production were strongly substrate‐limited and a large proportion of the variance in their production (30% and 63%, respectively) was related to the quantity of carbohydrates in the peat. Furthermore, CO 2 and CH 4 production differed between vegetation types, suggesting that the quality of plant‐derived carbon inputs is an important driver of trace gas production throughout the peat profile. We conclude that the production of both CO 2 and CH 4 from subsurface peat is a substantial component of the net efflux of these gases, but that gas production through the peat profile is regulated in part by the degree of decomposition of the peat.

Results and evaluation of a survey to estimate Pacific walrus population size, 2006 1 - Suzann G. Speckman; Vladimir I. Chernook; Douglas M. Burn; Mark S. Udevitz; Anatoly A. Kochnev; Alexander Vasilev; Chadwick V. Jay; Alexander Lisovsky; Anthony S. Fischbach; R. Bradley Benter (Marine Mammal Science, 2011)
In spring 2006, we conducted a collaborative U.S.–Russia survey to estimate abundance of the Pacific walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus divergens ). The Bering Sea was partitioned into survey blocks, and a systematic random sample of transects within a subset of the blocks was surveyed with airborne thermal scanners using standard strip‐transect methodology. Counts of walruses in photographed groups were used to model the relation between thermal signatures and the number of walruses in groups, which was used to estimate the number of walruses in groups that were detected by the scanner but not photographed. We also modeled the probability of thermally detecting various‐sized walrus groups to estimate the number of walruses in groups undetected by the scanner. We used data from radio‐tagged walruses to adjust on‐ice estimates to account for walruses in the water during the survey. The estimated area of available habitat averaged 668,000 km 2 and the area of surveyed blocks was 318,204 km 2 . The number of Pacific walruses within the surveyed area was estimated at 129,000 with 95% confidence limits of 55,000–507,000 individuals. Poor weather conditions precluded surveying in other areas; therefore, this value represents the number of Pacific walruses within about half of potential walrus habitat.

Characterization of a genomic divergence island between black‐and‐yellow and gopher Sebastes rockfishes - VINCENT P. BUONACCORSI; SHAWN R. NARUM; KRISTINE A. KARKOSKA; STEVEN GREGORY; TRAVIS DEPTOLA; ALEXANDER B. WEIMER (Molecular Ecology, 2011)
Islands of high genomic divergence that contain genes of evolutionary significance may form between diverging species. The gopher rockfish, Sebastes carnatus, and black‐and‐yellow rockfish, S. chrysomelas , are sympatrically distributed temperate marine species inhabiting rocky reefs and kelp forests on the west coast of the United States. Prior studies documented low levels of genetic divergence between the two species, except at a single microsatellite locus that displayed high divergence, Sra .7‐2. To better characterize genome wide divergence, we scored 25 additional microsatellite loci. Mean neutral divergence between species ( F ST = 0.01) changed little from prior estimates. Sra .7‐2 continued to be an extreme divergence outlier. Five novel microsatellites within ± 15 kb of Sra .7‐2 were characterized. High divergence, consistently low diversity in S. chrysomelas , and linkage disequilibrium were detected at these loci, suggesting the influence of recent selection. However, coalescent modelling of divergence at neutral and Sra .7‐2 regions showed that initial divergence at Sra .7‐2 was ancient, likely predating divergence at neutral regions. It is therefore unlikely that Sra .7‐2 divergence represents solely recent ecological divergence within one species and may represent the action of recurrent selection. Introgressive gene flow (2 N E m ) was much higher (>>1) at neutral than Sra .7‐2 regions ( S. carnatus individuals have recently mixed ancestry at the Sra .7‐2 region. The Sra .7‐2 genomic region is likely one of several regions containing genes involved in initiating and maintaining species integrity. Completion of the final stages of speciation appears to be a slow and ongoing process for these species.

Comparative analysis of oncofetal fibronectin and tenascin-C expression in right atrial auricular and left ventricular human cardiac tissue from patients with coronary artery disease and aortic valve stenosis - Anja Baldinger; Bernhard R. Brehm; Petra Richter; Torsten Bossert; Katja Gruen; Khosro Hekmat; Hartwig Kosmehl; Dario Neri; Hans-Reiner Figulla; Alexander Berndt; Marcus Franz (Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 2011)

Reconstruction of karyotype evolution in core Glires. I. The genome homology revealed by comparative chromosome painting - Violetta R. Beklemisheva; Svetlana A. Romanenko; Larisa S. Biltueva; Vladimir A. Trifonov; Nadezhda V. Vorobieva; Natalya A. Serdukova; Nadezhda V. Rubtsova; Oleg V. Brandler; Patricia C. M. O’Brien; Fentang Yang; Roscoe Stanyon; Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith; et al. (Chromosome Research, 2011)

Modeling the Effect of Midrotation Fertilization on Specific Gravity of Loblolly Pine ( Pinus taeda L.) - Finto Antony; Laurence R. Schimleck; Daniel B. Hall; Alexander Clark; Richard F. Daniels (Forest Science, 2011)
Ring specific gravity, earlywood and latewood specific gravity, and percent latewood were measured on cores collected at breast height from a thinned and fertilized midrotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation in the lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina. The study was laid out in a randomized complete block design receiving four levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in 1984: 000 (control), 112, 224, and 336 kg/ha plus 28 kg/ha of phosphorus with each treatment. A consistent pattern of response was observed in latewood specific gravity (LWSG) after the application of different levels of fertilizer and used as a variable for modeling. The LWSG profiles of unfertilized trees followed a nonlinear relation with ring number from pith. A three-parameter asymptotic function was used to explain the LWSG profile of unfertilized trees with ring number as a covariate. Application of N reduced LWSG and was modeled using a two-parameter response function with year since fertilization as a covariate and separate parameter estimates for each fertilization level. On the basis of the model, the magnitude of maximum cumulative response was −0.025, −0.049, and −0.074 attained at 3.7, 1.9, and 0.8 years after fertilization for the 112, 224, and 336 kg/ha treatments, respectively.

Lactobacillus plantarum 299v Prevents Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis In Vitro - Natalie S. Dykstra; Lucie Hyde; Alexander MacKenzie; David R. Mack (Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 2011)

Genetic association analysis highlights new loci that modulate hematological trait variation in Caucasians and African Americans - Ken Sin Lo; James G. Wilson; Leslie A. Lange; Aaron R. Folsom; Geneviève Galarneau; Santhi K. Ganesh; Struan F. A. Grant; Brendan J. Keating; Steven A. McCarroll; Emile R. Mohler III; Christopher J. O’Donnell; Walter Palmas; et al. (Human Genetics, 2011)

Evolving social influence in large populations - R. Alexander Bentley; Paul Ormerod; Michael Batty (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2011)

Facultative nitrogen fixation by canopy legumes in a lowland tropical forest - Alexander R. Barron; Drew W. Purves; Lars O. Hedin (Oecologia, 2011)

Effects of prazosin, clonidine, and propranolol on the elevations in brain reward thresholds and somatic signs associated with nicotine withdrawal in rats - Adrie W. Bruijnzeel; Mahendra Bishnoi; Irma A. van Tuijl; Kim F. M. Keijzers; Kate R. Yavarovich; Tim M. Pasek; Jenna Ford; Jon C. Alexander; Hidetaka Yamada (Psychopharmacology, 2010)

Anatomic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Developing Child and Adolescent Brain and Effects of Genetic Variation - Jay N. Giedd; Michael Stockman; Catherine Weddle; Maria Liverpool; Aaron Alexander-Bloch; Gregory L. Wallace; Nancy R. Lee; Francois Lalonde; Rhoshel K. Lenroot (Neuropsychology Review, 2010)

Vertical Clinging and Leaping Revisited: Locomotion and Habitat Use in the Western Tarsier, Tarsius bancanus Explored Via Loglinear Modeling - Robin Huw Crompton; Mary L. Blanchard; Sam Coward; R. McNeill Alexander; Susannah K. Thorpe (International Journal of Primatology, 2010)

Integrated stratigraphy and 40Ar/39Ar chronology of the early to middle Miocene Upper Freshwater Molasse in western Bavaria (Germany) - Hayfaa Abdul Aziz; Madelaine Böhme; Alexander Rocholl; Jerome Prieto; Jan R. Wijbrans; Valerian Bachtadse; Albert Ulbig (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2010)

The threatened plant intermediate wintergreen (Pyrola media) associates with a wide range of biotrophic fungi in native Scottish pine woods - Tenna Toftegaard; Glenn R. Iason; Ian J. Alexander; Søren Rosendahl; Andy F. S. Taylor (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2010)

In Vitro Effects of Cholesterol β-d-Glucoside, Cholesterol and Cycad Phytosterol Glucosides on Respiration and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Brain Mitochondria - Alexander Panov; Nataliya Kubalik; Benjamin R. Brooks; Christopher A. Shaw (The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2010)

The Effects of Irrigation and Fertilization on Specific Gravity of Loblolly Pine - Kimberly R. Love-Myers; Alexander Clark; Laurence R. Schimleck; Phillip M. Dougherty; Richard F. Daniels (Forest Science, 2010)
The effects of two treatments, irrigation and fertilization, were examined on specific gravity (SG)-related wood properties of loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) grown in Scotland County, North Carolina. The effects on the core as a whole, on the juvenile core, on the mature core, and from year to year were all analyzed. The results indicate that fertilization significantly lowered latewood SG, overall SG, and percent latewood and did so consistently throughout the period of study. Irrigation significantly lowered earlywood SG during the phase of juvenile wood production but significantly raised latewood SG during the period of mature wood production. Significant interaction between fertilization and irrigation indicated that irrigation helped overall SG and percent latewood of fertilized trees to increase to the level of untreated trees. Therefore, this study provides evidence that although fertilization significantly affects several SG-related properties, water availability is beneficial to the fertilization process; over time, an adequate water supply may help fertilized trees to maintain SG levels similar to those of unfertilized trees.

Hard and soft allopatry: physically and ecologically mediated modes of geographic speciation - R. Alexander Pyron; Frank T. Burbrink (Journal of Biogeography, 2010)
Aim Three common patterns have emerged in comparative phylogeographic analyses at many barriers: (1) a potential geographic pseudocongruence of lineage divergences; (2) a disconnect between the inference of temporally clustered, relatively recent timing for observed speciation events, and dates spanning a broader, apparently random time‐scale; and (3) an apparent prevalence of speciation with recent or continuing gene flow. It is unclear if there is a unifying explanation for these phenomena. We argue that the interaction between geographic barriers to dispersal and ecological limits on the distribution of species can explain these patterns. We suggest that these patterns can be explained by the presence of a continuum between two underlying processes, here termed ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ allopatric divergence, which result from the interplay between organismal ecology and the physioecological nature of geographic barriers. Location Examples from North America. Methods We examine comparative phylogeographic divergences in 18 groups of terrestrial vertebrates at two major biogeographic features in North America – the Mississippi River Embayment and the Cochise Filter Barrier – to test predictions made by this hypothesis. Results We find support for the two distinct processes of hard and soft allopatry, and note several examples exhibiting characteristics of both. Hard allopatry is caused by physical barriers promoting divergence as a function of consistent geographic isolation. Soft allopatry is caused by ecological processes that isolate populations geographically in allopatric refugia through niche conservatism, or across ecological transition zones through niche divergence, but which may be periodic or inconsistent through time. Main conclusions Viewing geographic speciation as a continuum between hard and soft allopatry can explain all three patterns as a consequence of the physical and ecological mechanisms that isolate populations, and provides an alternative perspective on the impact of ecological factors and physical barriers on lineage formation.

Behavioural and anatomical measures of visual acuity in first-feeding Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi) larvae - Alexander G. Carton; Melanie R. Vaughan (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2010)

Algal-silica cycling and pigment diagenesis in recent alpine lake sediments: mechanisms and paleoecological implications - William O. Hobbs; Stefan V. Lalonde; Rolf D. Vinebrooke; Kurt O. Konhauser; R. Paul Weidman; Mark D. Graham; Alexander P. Wolfe (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2010)

Bacterial attachment on optical fibre surfaces - N. Mitik-Dineva; J. Wang; V. K. Truong; P. R. Stoddart; M. R. Alexander; D. J. Albutt; C. Fluke; R. J. Crawford; E. P. Ivanova (Biofouling, 2010)

The influence of hydrological regimes on sex ratios and spatial segregation of the sexes in two dioecious riparian shrub species in northern Sweden - Francine M. R. Hughes; Mats Johansson; Shaojun Xiong; Elisabet Carlborg; Dawn Hawkins; Magnus Svedmark; Adrian Hayes; Alexander Goodall; Keith S. Richards; Christer Nilsson (Plant Ecology, 2010)

On the use of large marker panels to estimate inbreeding and relatedness: empirical and simulation studies of a pedigreed zebra finch population typed at 771 SNPs - ANNA W. SANTURE; JESSICA STAPLEY; ALEXANDER D. BALL; TIM R. BIRKHEAD; TERRY BURKE; JON SLATE (Molecular Ecology, 2010)
In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the availability of high density genetic marker data for both model and non‐model organisms. A potential application of these data is to infer relatedness in the absence of a complete pedigree. Using a marker panel of 771 SNPs genotyped in three generations of an extensive zebra finch pedigree, correlations between pedigree relatedness and seven marker‐based estimates of relatedness were examined, as was the relationship between heterozygosity and inbreeding. Although marker‐based and pedigree relatedness were highly correlated, the variance in estimated relatedness was high. Further, the correlation between heterozygosity and inbreeding was weak, even though mean inbreeding coefficient is typical of that seen in wild vertebrate pedigrees; the weak relationship was in part due to the small variance in inbreeding in the pedigree. Our data suggest that using marker information to reconstruct the pedigree, and then calculating relatedness from the pedigree, is likely to give more accurate relatedness estimates than using marker‐based estimators directly.

IL-33 synergizes with IgE-dependent and IgE-independent agents to promote mast cell and basophil activation - Matthew R. Silver; Alexander Margulis; Nancy Wood; Samuel J. Goldman; Marion Kasaian; Divya Chaudhary (Inflammation Research, 2010)

Changes in extra cellular matrix remodelling and re-expression of fibronectin and tenascin-C splicing variants in human myocardial tissue of the right atrial auricle: implications for a targeted therapy of cardiovascular diseases using human SIP format antibodies - Marcus Franz; Bernhard R. Brehm; Petra Richter; Katja Gruen; Dario Neri; Hartwig Kosmehl; Khosro Hekmat; Andre Renner; Jan Gummert; Hans R. Figulla; Alexander Berndt (Journal of Molecular Histology, 2010)

Concordant phylogeography and cryptic speciation in two Western Palaearctic oak gall parasitoid species complexes - JAMES A. NICHOLLS; SONJA PREUSS; ALEXANDER HAYWARD; GEORGE MELIKA; GYÖRGY CSÓKA; JOSÉ-LUIS NIEVES-ALDREY; RICHARD R. ASKEW; MAJID TAVAKOLI; KARSTEN SCHÖNROGGE; GRAHAM N. STONE (Molecular Ecology, 2010)

Palmitoylation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors - J. K. Alexander; A. P. Govind; R. C. Drisdel; M. P. Blanton; Y. Vallejo; T. T. Lam; W. N. Green (Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 2010)

Fitness consequences of male provisioning of incubating females in a desert passerine bird - Laura R. Stein; Kevin P. Oh; Alexander V. Badyaev (Journal of Ornithology, 2010)

Diagnosis of Broad bean wilt virus 1 and Verbena latent virus in Tropaeolum majus in New Zealand - F. M. Ochoa-Corona; J. Tang; B. S. M. Lebas; L. Rubio; A. Gera; B. J. R. Alexander (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2010)

Monash at the academic industrial interface: trains and platforms - Alexander Ian Smith; Phillip R. Thompson; David P. Gearing (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2009)

A Biogeochemical View of Estuarine Eutrophication: Seasonal and Spatial Trends and Correlations in the Delaware Estuary - Jonathan H. Sharp; Kohei Yoshiyama; Alexander E. Parker; Matthew C. Schwartz; Susan E. Curless; Allison Y. Beauregard; Justin E. Ossolinski; Allen R. Davis (Estuaries and Coasts, 2009)

Kinetics of Lead Bioaccumulation from a Hydroponic Medium by Aquatic Macrophytes Pistia stratiotes - Fernando R. Espinoza-Quiñones; Aparecido N. Módenes; Ismael L. Costa; Soraya M. Palácio; Nayara Szymanski; Daniela E. G. Trigueros; Alexander Dimitrov Kroumov; Edson A. Silva (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2009)

Enhancing of GM3 synthase expression during differentiation of human blood monocytes into macrophages as in vitro model of GM3 accumulation in atherosclerotic lesion - Elena V. Gracheva; Nelya N. Samovilova; Natalia K. Golovanova; Svetlana V. Kashirina; Alexander Shevelev; Igor Rybalkin; Tat’yana Gurskaya; Tat’yana N. Vlasik; Elena R. Andreeva; Nina V. Prokazova (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2009)

Can we see a cohort effect on survival of Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus) at Kozlova Cape rookery (eastern Kamchatka, Russia)? - Alexander M. Burdin; Daniel R. Hennen; Donald G. Calkins; Vladimir N. Burkanov; Victor S. Nikulin; Tatiana Yu. Lisitsina (Marine Mammal Science, 2009)
Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus ) have experienced a decline in Russia as well as the United States. The causes for the decline of the Russian population may or may not overlap the causes of the decline in Alaska. The demographics of the Russian population are not well understood and are an area of interest for scientists wishing to compare and contrast the Alaskan and Russian stocks. This study uses a unique observational system to assess survival by age at a small rookery on the Kamchatka Peninsula, Kozlova Cape. We proceeded under the hypothesis that changes in environmental conditions between years would produce noticeable differences in survival of pups born in those years. We found no evidence to support our hypothesis, but did find some differences from the Alaskan population in estimated survival for the juvenile stage class. This study also provides some of the history of Steller sea lions in Russia for context.

Individual differences in the sensitivity to serotonergic drugs: a pharmacobehavioural approach using rats selected on the basis of their response to novelty - Michel M. M. Verheij; Jesse V. Veenvliet; Tom Groot Kormelink; Maaike Steenhof; Alexander R. Cools (Psychopharmacology, 2009)

Lineage diversification in a widespread species: roles for niche divergence and conservatism in the common kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula - R. ALEXANDER PYRON; FRANK T. BURBRINK (Molecular Ecology, 2009)
Niche conservatism and niche divergence are both important ecological mechanisms associated with promoting allopatric speciation across geographical barriers. However, the potential for variable responses in widely distributed organisms has not been fully investigated. For allopatric sister lineages, three patterns for the interaction of ecological niche preference and geographical barriers are possible: (i) niche conservatism at a physical barrier; (ii) niche divergence at a physical barrier; and (iii) niche divergence in the absence of a physical barrier. We test for the presence of these patterns in a transcontinentally distributed snake species, the common kingsnake ( Lampropeltis getula ), to determine the relative frequency of niche conservatism or divergence in a single species complex inhabiting multiple distinct ecoregions. We infer the phylogeographic structure of the kingsnake using a range‐wide data set sampled for the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b . We use coalescent simulation methods to test for the presence of structured lineage formation vs. fragmentation of a widespread ancestor. Finally, we use statistical techniques for creating and evaluating ecological niche models to test for conservatism of ecological niche preferences. Significant geographical structure is present in the kingsnake, for which coalescent tests indicate structured population division. Surprisingly, we find evidence for all three patterns of conservatism and divergence. This suggests that ecological niche preferences may be labile on recent phylogenetic timescales, and that lineage formation in widespread species can result from an interaction between inertial tendencies of niche conservatism and natural selection on populations in ecologically divergent habitats.

Can the tropical conservatism hypothesis explain temperate species richness patterns? An inverse latitudinal biodiversity gradient in the New World snake tribe Lampropeltini - R. Alexander Pyron; Frank T. Burbrink (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2009)
Aim A latitudinal gradient in species richness, defined as a decrease in biodiversity away from the equator, is one of the oldest known patterns in ecology and evolutionary biology. However, there are also many known cases of increasing poleward diversity, forming inverse latitudinal biodiversity gradients. As only three processes (speciation, extinction and dispersal) can directly affect species richness in areas, similar factors may be responsible for both classical (high tropical diversity) and inverse (high temperate diversity) gradients. Thus, a modified explanation for differential species richness which accounts for both patterns would be preferable to one which only explains high tropical biodiversity. Location The New World. Methods We test several proposed ecological, temporal, evolutionary and spatial explanations for latitudinal diversity gradients in the New World snake tribe Lampropeltini, which exhibits its highest biodiversity in temperate regions. Results We find that an extratropical peak in species richness is not explained by latitudinal variation in diversification rate, the mid‐domain effect, or Rapoport's rule. Rather, earlier colonization and longer duration in the temperate zones allowing more time for speciation to increase biodiversity, phylogenetic niche conservatism limiting tropical dispersal and the expansion of the temperate zones in the Tertiary better explain inverse diversity gradients in this group. Main conclusions Our conclusions are the inverse of the predictions made by the tropical conservatism hypothesis to explain higher biodiversity near the equator. Therefore, we suggest that the processes invoked are not intrinsic to the tropics but are dependent on historical biogeography to determine the distribution of species richness, which we refer to as the ‘biogeographical conservatism hypothesis’.

Attenuation of basal and cocaine-enhanced locomotion and nucleus accumbens dopamine in cannabinoid CB1-receptor-knockout mice - Xia Li; Alexander F. Hoffman; Xiao-Qing Peng; Carl R. Lupica; Eliot L. Gardner; Zheng-Xiong Xi (Psychopharmacology, 2009)

Hierarchical Annealing for Synthesis of Binary Images - Simon K. Alexander; Paul Fieguth; Marios A. Ioannidis; Edward R. Vrscay (Mathematical Geosciences, 2009)

Effects of eccentric strength training on biceps femoris muscle architecture and knee joint range of movement - Tara G. Potier; Caroline M. Alexander; Olivier R. Seynnes (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2009)

Biological control of Radopholus similis in banana by combined application of the mutualistic endophyte Fusarium oxysporum strain 162, the egg pathogen Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251 and the antagonistic bacteria Bacillus firmus - Alexander R. Mendoza; Richard A. Sikora (BioControl, 2009)

Nanobiology for the Pharmacology of Cellular Ion Channels - Alexander V. Kabanov; Mikhail P. Kirpichnikov; Alexey R. Khokhlov (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2009)

Deep zooxanthellate corals at the high latitude Bermuda Seamount - Alexander A. Venn; F. K. Weber; J. E. Loram; R. J. Jones (Coral Reefs, 2009)

Properties of the nucleic-acid bases in free and Watson-Crick hydrogen-bonded states: computational insights into the sequence-dependent features of double-helical DNA - A. R. Srinivasan; Ronald R. Sauers; Marcia O. Fenley; Alexander H. Boschitsch; Atsushi Matsumoto; Andrew V. Colasanti; Wilma K. Olson (Biophysical Reviews, 2009)

Patterns of unsuccessful shell‐crushing predation along a tidal gradient in two geographically separated salt marshes - Gregory P. Dietl; Richard R. Alexander (Marine Ecology, 2009)
Gradients in salt marsh ecosystems that result from reduced tidal inundation time in the high marsh offer an opportunity to assess the importance of predation as a selective agent (indexed by the time‐averaged record of unsuccessful predation, which integrates potentially confounding short‐term – inter‐seasonal and inter‐annual – fluctuations in predation pressure). Spatial patterns in selection pressure are expected to decrease landward from the seaward edge of the marsh. Interaction between shell‐breaking predators and their snail prey, Littoraria irrorata, however, generated a pattern in the frequency of sublethal injury (shell repair), standardized for snail size, that did not follow this simple, single‐variable prediction of decreasing repair frequencies with distance from the seaward edge of the marsh, based on inundation time alone. Patterns of repair frequency increased landward from the seaward edge of the marsh, only declining as predicted after a zone of dense stands of salt marsh grass. The interaction of tidal inundation time and primary habitat structure ( e.g. physical vegetative barriers to dispersion of predators into the marsh) is hypothesized to shape selection gradients in salt marshes, as inferred from the record of unsuccessful predation.

Impact of GODAE products on nested HYCOM simulations of the West Florida Shelf - George R. Halliwell; Alexander Barth; Robert H. Weisberg; Patrick Hogan; Ole Martin Smedstad; James Cummings (Ocean Dynamics, 2009)

Experimental Studies and Numerical Analysis of the Inflation and Interaction of Vascular Balloon Catheter-Stent Systems - Dimitrios E. Kiousis; Alexander R. Wulff; Gerhard A. Holzapfel (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2009)

The organophosphorous pesticide, fenitrothion, acts as an anti-androgen and alters reproductive behavior of the male three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus - Marion Sebire; Alexander P. Scott; Charles R. Tyler; James Cresswell; Dave J. Hodgson; Steve Morris; Matthew B. Sanders; Paul D. Stebbing; Ioanna Katsiadaki (Ecotoxicology, 2009)

Investigation of Impatiens necrotic spot virus outbreaks in New Zealand - D. R. Elliott; B. S. M. Lebas; F. M. Ochoa-Corona; J. Tang; B. J. R. Alexander (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2009)

Investigation of an outbreak of Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus in New Zealand - B. S. M. Lebas; F. M. Ochoa-Corona; D. R. Elliott; J. Tang; A. G. Blouin; O. E. Timudo; S. Ganev; B. J. R. Alexander (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2009)

Changes in Stream Primary Producer Communities Resulting from Large-Scale Catastrophic Amphibian Declines: Can Small-Scale Experiments Predict Effects of Tadpole Loss? - Scott Connelly; Catherine M. Pringle; Rebecca J. Bixby; Roberto Brenes; Matt R. Whiles; Karen R. Lips; Susan Kilham; Alexander D. Huryn (Ecosystems, 2008)

Munich Oktoberfest experience: remarkable impact of sex and age in ethanol intoxication - C. Binner; S. Selinski; M. J. Barysch; C. Pölcher; Wiebke Schormann; Matthias Hermes; Marc Brulport; Alexander Bauer; Claudia Rudolph; Essam Bedawy; Markus Schug; Klaus Golka; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2008)

Store-operated Ca2+ entry in platelets occurs independently of transient receptor potential (TRP) C1 - David Varga-Szabo; Kalwant S. Authi; Attila Braun; Markus Bender; Archana Ambily; Sheila R. Hassock; Thomas Gudermann; Alexander Dietrich; Bernhard Nieswandt (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2008)

Evidence for the inherent unsteadiness of a river plume: Satellite observations of the Niagara River discharge - Alexander R. Horner-Devine; Derek A. Fong; Stephen G. Monismith (Limnology and Oceanography, 2008)
We present satellite data from the Niagara River plume showing that a large eddy, or bulge, forms and grows in the plume near the mouth of the river. The plume consists of a semicircular bulge region immediately offshore of the mouth and a narrow current that propagates east along the shoreline. During the low‐wind period from 27 to 29 May 1999, the width of the bulge more than doubled and the current width increased only slightly. Approximately one‐third of the Niagara River water accumulated in the bulge near the mouth during this period, implying that the transport rate in the shore‐parallel current was reduced to two‐thirds of the river discharge rate. The effective radius and the growth rate of the bulge computed from the satellite images was in good agreement with previous laboratory results and a numerical model of the Niagara River plume. This is the first field evidence of the unsteadiness of the bulge.

Adaptations in pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor function and cocaine supersensitivity in serotonin transporter knockout rats - Judith R. Homberg; Sietse F. De Boer; Halfdan S. Raasø; Jocelien D. A. Olivier; Mark Verheul; Eric Ronken; Alexander R. Cools; Bart A. Ellenbroek; Anton N. M. Schoffelmeer; Louk J. M. J. Vanderschuren; Taco J. De Vries; Edwin Cuppen (Psychopharmacology, 2008)

Tracking of human cells in mice - Wiebke Schormann; Friedrich J. Hammersen; Marc Brulport; Matthias Hermes; Alexander Bauer; Claudia Rudolph; Markus Schug; Thomas Lehmann; Andreas Nussler; Hendrik Ungefroren; James Hutchinson; Fred Fändrich; et al. (Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 2008)

Immunohistochemical characterization of chicken pituitary cells containing the vasotocin VT2 receptor - Alexander Jurkevich; Luc R. Berghman; Lawrence E. Cornett; Wayne J. Kuenzel (Cell and Tissue Research, 2008)

Cellular Uptake of Fluorescent Labelled Biotin–Streptavidin Microspheres - M. Bradley; L. Alexander; R. M. Sanchez-Martin (Journal of Fluorescence, 2008)

Water diffusion in cytoplasmic streaming in Elodea internodal cells under the effect of antimitotic agents - Vladimir N. Vorob’ev; Alexander V. Anisimov; Nailya R. Dautova (European Biophysics Journal, 2008)

Lutein prevents the effect of high glucose levels on immune system cells in vivo and in vitro - M. Muriach; F. Bosch-Morell; E. Arnal; G. Alexander; R. Blomhoff; F. J. Romero (Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2008)

Tracking genome organization in rodents by Zoo-FISH - Alexander S. Graphodatsky; Fengtang Yang; Gauthier Dobigny; Svetlana A. Romanenko; Larisa S. Biltueva; Polina L. Perelman; Violetta R. Beklemisheva; Elena Z. Alkalaeva; Natalya A. Serdukova; Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith; William J. Murphy; Terence J. Robinson (Chromosome Research, 2008)