A paradox of parasite resistance: disease-driven trophic cascades increase the cost of resistance, selecting for lower resistance with parasites than without them - Jason C. Walsman; Alexander T. Strauss; Jessica L. Hite; Marta S. Shocket; Spencer R. Hall (Evolutionary Ecology, 2023)

Tissue-resident glial cells associate with tumoral vasculature and promote cancer progression - Beatriz G. S. Rocha; Caroline C. Picoli; Bryan O. P. Gonçalves; Walison N. Silva; Alinne C. Costa; Michele M. Moraes; Pedro A. C. Costa; Gabryella S. P. Santos; Milla R. Almeida; Luciana M. Silva; Youvika Singh; Marcelo Falchetti; et al. (Angiogenesis, 2023)

Agriculture without paraquat is feasible without loss of productivity—lessons learned from phasing out a highly hazardous herbicide - Alexander M. Stuart; Charles N. Merfield; Finbarr G. Horgan; Sheila Willis; Meriel A. Watts; Fernando Ramírez-Muñoz; Jorge Sánchez U; Leah Utyasheva; Michael Eddleston; Mark L. Davis; Lars Neumeister; Manoé R. Sanou; et al. (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2023)
A small proportion of the thousands of pesticides on the market today are associated with a disproportionately high incidence of severe acute pesticide poisoning and suicide. Paraquat stands out as one of the most lethal pesticides in common use, frequently involved in fatal incidents due to suicides or accidental exposure. Even though paraquat has been banned in over 67 countries, it is still widely used in many others, particularly in Asia and Latin America. Based on a literature review and consultations, this paper identifies options for replacing paraquat and distils practical lessons from numerous successes around the world. Our aim is to support regulators, policymakers, agronomists and the supply chain sector with practical information related to phasing out paraquat . Production data consistently failed to show any negative effects of banning paraquat on agricultural productivity. A wide range of alternative approaches to weed management and crop defoliation are available, many of which do not rely on herbicides. Over 1.25 million farmers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) successfully produce a range of crops for private voluntary standards (PVS) in food and fiber supply chains which prohibit paraquat use. We conclude from the findings of this study that eliminating paraquat will save lives without reducing agricultural productivity. Less hazardous and more sustainable alternatives exist. To enhance successful adoption and uptake of these methods on a wide scale, farmers require training and support within an enabling policy environment.

Biodiesel feedstock determines exhaust toxicity in 20% biodiesel: 80% mineral diesel blends - Katherine R. Landwehr; Jessica Hillas; Ryan Mead-Hunter; Andrew King; Rebecca A. O'Leary; Anthony Kicic; Benjamin J. Mullins; Alexander N. Larcombe (Chemosphere, 2023)

Impacts of habitat-specific benthic fishing compared to those of short-term induced variability by environmental drivers in a turbulent Baltic Sea environment - J. Rasmus Nielsen; Berthe M.J. Vastenhoud; Sieme Bossier; Flemming Møhlenberg; Asbjørn Christensen; Rabea Diekman; Grete E. Dinesen; Ole R. Eigaard; Mayya Gogina; Michael L. Zettler; Alexander Darr; Francois Bastardie (Fisheries Research, 2023)

Improving the accuracy of beef cattle methane inventories in Latin America and Caribbean countries - Guilhermo F.S. Congio; André Bannink; Olga L. Mayorga; João P.P. Rodrigues; Adeline Bougouin; Ermias Kebreab; Paulo C.F. Carvalho; Telma T. Berchielli; Maria E.Z. Mercadante; Sebastião C. Valadares-Filho; Ana L.C.C. Borges; Alexandre Berndt; et al. (Science of The Total Environment, 2023)

Prediction of enteric methane emissions by sheep using an intercontinental database - Alejandro Belanche; Alexander N. Hristov; Henk J. van Lingen; Stuart E. Denman; Ermias Kebreab; Angela Schwarm; Michael Kreuzer; Mutian Niu; Maguy Eugène; Vincent Niderkorn; Cécile Martin; Harry Archimède; et al. (Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023)

The H2O content of the ureilite parent body - Liam D. Peterson; Megan E. Newcombe; Conel M. O'D. Alexander; Jianhua Wang; Adam R. Sarafian; Addi Bischoff; Sune G. Nielsen (Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2023)

Energetics and mechanism of complexation between β-lactoglobulin and oligochitosan - Valerij Y. Grinberg; Tatiana V. Burova; Natalia V. Grinberg; Vladimir E. Tikhonov; Alexander S. Dubovik; Victor N. Orlov; Irina G. Plashchina; Anatolii I. Usov; Alexei R. Khokhlov (Food Hydrocolloids, 2023)

Fine particulate matter and incident coronary heart disease events up to 10 years of follow-up among Deepwater Horizon oil spill workers - Dazhe Chen; Dale P. Sandler; Alexander P. Keil; Gerardo Heiss; Eric A. Whitsel; Gregory C. Pratt; Patricia A. Stewart; Mark R. Stenzel; Caroline P. Groth; Sudipto Banerjee; Tran B. Huynh; Jessie K. Edwards; et al. (Environmental Research, 2023)

Optimization of the dipeptide motifs in the PSMA ligands linker structure: synthesis and in vitro evaluation - Anastasiia A. Uspenskaya; Ekaterina A. Nimenko; Radik R. Shafikov; Nikolay Y. Zyk; Sergei A. Evteev; Natalia S. Dashkova; Yan A. Ivanenkov; Alexander G. Majouga; Dmitry A. Skvortsov; Anastasiia S. Garanina; Elena K. Beloglazkina; Aleksei E. Machulkin (Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2023)

Vulnerable Waters are Essential to Watershed Resilience - Charles R. Lane; Irena F. Creed; Heather E. Golden; Scott G. Leibowitz; David M. Mushet; Mark C. Rains; Qiusheng Wu; Ellen D’Amico; Laurie C. Alexander; Genevieve A. Ali; Nandita B. Basu; Micah G. Bennett; et al. (Ecosystems, 2023)
Watershed resilience is the ability of a watershed to maintain its characteristic system state while concurrently resisting, adapting to, and reorganizing after hydrological (for example, drought, flooding) or biogeochemical (for example, excessive nutrient) disturbances. Vulnerable waters include non-floodplain wetlands and headwater streams, abundant watershed components representing the most distal extent of the freshwater aquatic network. Vulnerable waters are hydrologically dynamic and biogeochemically reactive aquatic systems, storing, processing, and releasing water and entrained (that is, dissolved and particulate) materials along expanding and contracting aquatic networks. The hydrological and biogeochemical functions emerging from these processes affect the magnitude, frequency, timing, duration, storage, and rate of change of material and energy fluxes among watershed components and to downstream waters, thereby maintaining watershed states and imparting watershed resilience. We present here a conceptual framework for understanding how vulnerable waters confer watershed resilience. We demonstrate how individual and cumulative vulnerable-water modifications (for example, reduced extent, altered connectivity) affect watershed-scale hydrological and biogeochemical disturbance response and recovery, which decreases watershed resilience and can trigger transitions across thresholds to alternative watershed states (for example, states conducive to increased flood frequency or nutrient concentrations). We subsequently describe how resilient watersheds require spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability in hydrological and biogeochemical interactions between terrestrial systems and down-gradient waters, which necessitates attention to the conservation and restoration of vulnerable waters and their downstream connectivity gradients. To conclude, we provide actionable principles for resilient watersheds and articulate research needs to further watershed resilience science and vulnerable-water management.

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates - Diego F. Correa; Pablo R. Stevenson; Maria Natalia Umaña; Luiz de Souza Coelho; Diógenes de Andrade Lima Filho; Rafael P. Salomão; Iêda Leão do Amaral; Florian Wittmann; Francisca Dionízia de Almeida Matos; Carolina V. Castilho; Oliver L. Phillips; Juan Ernesto Guevara; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2023)
Aim To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser‐availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource‐availability hypothesis). Time period Tree‐inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree‐inventory plots across terra‐firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance‐weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra‐firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions The disperser‐availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types.

Drugs and Endogenous Factors as Protagonists in Neurogenic Stimulation - Raphaela A. Chiareli; Bruno L. Marques; Gustavo A. de Carvalho; Raysa T. V. de Souza; Pedro H. G. Santana; Helton C. Santiago; Mauro C. X. Pinto; Alexander Birbrair; Ricardo C. Parreira; Henning Ulrich; Rodrigo R. Resende (Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 2022)

Back from the deaf: integrative taxonomy revalidates an earless and mute species, Hylodes grandoculis van Lidth de Jeude, 1904, and confirms a new species of Pristimantis Jiménez de la Espada, 1870 (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the Eastern Guiana Shield - Antoine Fouquet; Pedro Peloso; Rawien Jairam; Albertina P. Lima; Alexander T. Mônico; Raffael Ernst; Philippe J. R. Kok (Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 2022)

Resident-Reported Impact of a Novel Oncology Curriculum for Internal Medicine Residents - Frederick D. Tsai; Brendan Guercio; Sherri Stuver; Robert Stern; Michael J. Peluso; Marissa Winkler; Sorbarikor Piawah; Mounica Vallurupalli; Marlise R. Luskin; David Braun; Alexander Parent; Brett Glotzbecker; et al. (Journal of Cancer Education, 2022)

2022 taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Martina Bandte; Martin Beer; Nicolas Bejerman; Éric Bergeron; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2022)

The effect of aging on carotid artery wall mechanics during maximal resistance exercise - Sara R. Sherman; Wesley K. Lefferts; Elizabeth C. Lefferts; Georgios Grigoriadis; Natalia S. Lima; Bo Fernhall; Tracy Baynard; Alexander J. Rosenberg (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2022)

Constitutive chitosanase from Bacillus thuringiensis B-387 and its potential for preparation of antimicrobial chitooligomers - Gleb E. Aktuganov; Violetta R. Safina; Nailya F. Galimzianova; Elena A. Gilvanova; Lyudmila Yu. Kuzmina; Alexander I. Melentiev; Andrei H. Baymiev; Sergey A. Lopatin (World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2022)

SNAPSHOT USA 2020: A second coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States during the COVID ‐19 pandemic - Roland Kays; Michael V. Cove; Jose Diaz; Kimberly Todd; Claire Bresnan; Matt Snider; Thomas E. Lee; Jonathan G. Jasper; Brianna Douglas; Anthony P. Crupi; Katherine C. B. Weiss; Helen Rowe; et al. (Ecology, 2022)
Managing wildlife populations in the face of global change requires regular data on the abundance and distribution of wild animals, but acquiring these over appropriate spatial scales in a sustainable way has proven challenging. Here we present the data from Snapshot USA 2020, a second annual national mammal survey of the USA. This project involved 152 scientists setting camera traps in a standardized protocol at 1485 locations across 103 arrays in 43 states for a total of 52,710 trap‐nights of survey effort. Most (58) of these arrays were also sampled during the same months (September and October) in 2019, providing a direct comparison of animal populations in 2 years that includes data from both during and before the COVID‐19 pandemic. All data were managed by the eMammal system, with all species identifications checked by at least two reviewers. In total, we recorded 117,415 detections of 78 species of wild mammals, 9236 detections of at least 43 species of birds, 15,851 detections of six domestic animals and 23,825 detections of humans or their vehicles. Spatial differences across arrays explained more variation in the relative abundance than temporal variation across years for all 38 species modeled, although there are examples of significant site‐level differences among years for many species. Temporal results show how species allocate their time and can be used to study species interactions, including between humans and wildlife. These data provide a snapshot of the mammal community of the USA for 2020 and will be useful for exploring the drivers of spatial and temporal changes in relative abundance and distribution, and the impacts of species interactions on daily activity patterns. There are no copyright restrictions, and please cite this paper when using these data, or a subset of these data, for publication.

How to prioritize species recovery after a megafire - Michelle Ward; Josie Carwardine; James E. M. Watson; Anna Pintor; Stephanie Stuart; Hugh P. Possingham; Jonathan R. Rhodes; Alexander R. Carey; Nancy Auerbach; April Reside; Chuan Ji Yong; Ayesha I. T. Tulloch (Conservation Biology, 2022)
Due to climate change, megafires are increasingly common and have sudden, extensive impacts on many species over vast areas, leaving decision makers uncertain about how best to prioritize recovery. We devised a decision‐support framework to prioritize conservation actions to improve species outcomes immediately after a megafire. Complementary locations are selected to extend recovery actions across all fire‐affected species’ habitats. We applied our method to areas burned in the 2019−2020 Australian megafires and assessed its conservation advantages by comparing our results with outcomes of a site‐richness approach (i.e., identifying areas that cost‐effectively recover the most species in any one location). We found that 290 threatened species were likely severely affected and will require immediate conservation action to prevent population declines and possible extirpation. We identified 179 subregions, mostly in southeastern Australia, that are key locations to extend actions that benefit multiple species. Cost savings were over AU$300 million to reduce 95% of threats across all species. Our complementarity‐based prioritization also spread postfire management actions across a wider proportion of the study area compared with the site‐richness method (43% vs. 37% of the landscape managed, respectively) and put more of each species’ range under management (average 90% vs. 79% of every species’ habitat managed). In addition to wildfire response, our framework can be used to prioritize conservation actions that will best mitigate threats affecting species following other extreme environmental events (e.g., floods and drought).

eDNA metabarcoding of decapod crustaceans across Indonesian seas has implications for biodiversity conservation and fisheries sustainability - Hawis Madduppa; Lalu M. Iqbal Sani; Kuncoro Catur Nugroho; Dietriech G. Bengen; Zainal Abidin Muchlisin; Nur Fadli; Beginer Subhan; Dondy Arafat; Neviaty P. Zamani; Adriani Sunuddin; Meutia Samira Ismet; Endang S. Srimariana; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Environmental DNA (eDNA) methods are increasingly viewed as alternate or complementary approaches to conventional capture-based surveys for marine conservation and fisheries management purposes, especially at large spatial scales in mega-biodiversity regions such as Indonesia. Decapod crustacean distribution and diversity across Indonesia are still poorly known, even for economically important fisheries commodities. This study assessed coral reef associated decapod diversity and distribution by sampling 40 sites in three regions (West, Central, East), representing 17 provinces and 10 Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs) across Indonesia, with a special focus on the blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus . DNA sequencing (Illumina iSeq100) data were analysed in mBRAVE (Multiplex Barcode Research And Visualization Environment) yielded 406 OTUs belonging to 32 families, with 47 genera and 51 species identified. The number of families identified was highest in the Central region (25), while the most genera (31) and species (36) were identified in the West region. Alpha diversity did not differ significantly between regions or provinces, while Beta diversity differed significantly between provinces but not between regions. Our results also showed 31 species are possibility native based on the distribution meanwhile 12 species do not appear to have been recorded based of SeaLifeBase or WorMS. While providing a reference for further exploration of Indonesian coastal and small island decapod biodiversity, the high proportion of unidentified taxa calls for concerted efforts to develop and maintain reference specimen and sequence repositories and expand species conservation status assessments. The economically important decapod crustaceans identified in this study included three crabs ( Charybdis anisodon, Charybdis japonica, Portunus pelagicus ), a freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium nipponense ), a lobster ( Panulirus stimpsoni ) and two penaeid shrimps ( Mierspenaeopsis hardwickii and Trachysalambria aspera ). For most decapod taxa, observed patterns indicate management under existing provincial and/or FMA level management structures is appropriate. Furthermore, the data can inform science-based fisheries management strategies, in particular for P. pelagicus .

Real-time acoustic monitoring with telemetry to mitigate potential effects of seismic survey sounds on marine mammals: a case study offshore Sakhalin Island - Alexander N. Rutenko; Mikhail M. Zykov; Vladimir A. Gritsenko; Mikhail Yu. Fershalov; Michael R. Jenkerson; Roberto Racca; Vladimir E. Nechayuk (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2022)
Exxon Neftegas Ltd. (ENL) carried out three 4D seismic surveys during the summer of 2015. Seismic operations in two of these fields (Odoptu and Chayvo) ensonified the nearshore feeding area of Korean-Okhotsk (western) gray whales ( Eschrichtius robustus ), potentially disturbing feeding activities. Following model-based optimization of the source design to minimize its lateral acoustic footprint, pre-season modeling was used to compute the acoustic exposure along each survey line. Real-time acoustic data facilitated implementation of mitigation measures aimed to minimize disturbance of whales. Acoustic data originated from underwater recorders deployed on the seafloor. Two complementary approaches were used to transmit recorded sound data to a computer housed at the Central Post (CP), where decisions regarding mitigation shut downs were made. In the first approach, a limited bandwidth (2–2000 Hz) sampling of the data was transmitted via cable to a surface buoy, which relayed these data to a shore station up to 15 km away via digital VHF telemetry. At the shore station, acoustic impulses from the seismic surveys were processed to compute impulse characteristics in the form of estimates of sound exposure level and peak sound pressure level, as well as one-minute-average 1/3-octave power spectral density coefficients, which were then transmitted to the CP via the internet. In the second, the pulse characteristics were computed through algorithms running on an onboard processor in each recorder’s surface buoy and sent directly to the CP computer via an Iridium satellite uplink. Both methods of data transfer proved viable, but Iridium transmission achieved the goal without the need for any shore based relay stations and is therefore more operationally efficient than VHF transmission. At the CP, analysts used the real-time acoustic data to calibrate and adjust the output of pre-season acoustical model runs. The acoustic footprint for the active seismic source, advancing synchronously with the motion of the seismic vessel and changing as the sound propagation environment changed, was computed from the calibrated and adjusted model output and integrated through the software Pythagoras with locations of gray whales provided by shore-based observers. This enabled analysts to require air gun array shutdowns before whales were exposed to mean square sound pressure levels greater than the behavioral response threshold of 163 dB re 1 μPa 2 . The method described here provides a realistic means of mitigating the possible effects of air guns at a behavioral response level, whereas most seismic surveys rely on pre-established mitigation radii to manage the risk of injury to a whale.

Acoustic monitoring and analyses of air gun, pile driving, vessel, and ambient sounds during the 2015 seismic surveys on the Sakhalin shelf - Alexander N. Rutenko; Mikhail M. Zykov; Vladimir A. Gritsenko; Mikhail Yu. Fershalov; Michael R. Jenkerson; Denis S. Manulchev; Roberto Racca; Vladimir E. Nechayuk (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2022)
During the summer of 2015, four 4D seismic surveys were conducted on the northeastern Sakhalin shelf near the feeding grounds of the Korean-Okhotsk (western) gray whale ( Eschrichtius robustus ) population. In addition to the seismic surveys, onshore pile driving activities and vessel operations occurred. Forty autonomous underwater acoustic recorders provided data in the 2 Hz to15 kHz frequency band. Recordings were analyzed to evaluate the characteristics of impulses propagating from the seismic sources. Acoustic metrics analyzed comprised peak sound pressure level (PK), mean square sound pressure level (SPL), sound exposure level (SEL), T 100% , T 90% (the time intervals that contain the full and 90% of the energy of the impulse), and kurtosis. The impulses analyzed differed significantly due to the variability and complexity of propagation in the shallow water of the northeast Sakhalin shelf. At larger ranges, a seismic precursor propagated in the seabed ahead of the acoustic impulse, and the impulses often interfered with each other, complicating analyses. Additional processing of recordings allowed evaluation and documentation of relevant metrics for pile driving, vessel sounds, and ambient background levels. The computed metrics were used to calibrate acoustic models, generating time resolved estimates of the acoustic levels from seismic surveys, pile driving, and vessel operations on a gray whale distribution grid and along observed gray whale tracks. This paper describes the development of the metrics and the calibrated acoustic models, both of which will be used in work quantifying gray whale behavioral and distribution responses to underwater sounds and to determine whether these observed responses have the potential to impact important parameters at the population level (e.g., reproductive success).

Tallo: A global tree allometry and crown architecture database - Tommaso Jucker; Fabian Jörg Fischer; Jérôme Chave; David A. Coomes; John Caspersen; Arshad Ali; Grace Jopaul Loubota Panzou; Ted R. Feldpausch; Daniel Falster; Vladimir A. Usoltsev; Stephen Adu‐Bredu; Luciana F. Alves; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Data capturing multiple axes of tree size and shape, such as a tree's stem diameter, height and crown size, underpin a wide range of ecological research—from developing and testing theory on forest structure and dynamics, to estimating forest carbon stocks and their uncertainties, and integrating remote sensing imagery into forest monitoring programmes. However, these data can be surprisingly hard to come by, particularly for certain regions of the world and for specific taxonomic groups, posing a real barrier to progress in these fields. To overcome this challenge, we developed the Tallo database, a collection of 498,838 georeferenced and taxonomically standardized records of individual trees for which stem diameter, height and/or crown radius have been measured. These data were collected at 61,856 globally distributed sites, spanning all major forested and non‐forested biomes. The majority of trees in the database are identified to species (88%), and collectively Tallo includes data for 5163 species distributed across 1453 genera and 187 plant families. The database is publicly archived under a CC‐BY 4.0 licence and can be access from: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6637599 . To demonstrate its value, here we present three case studies that highlight how the Tallo database can be used to address a range of theoretical and applied questions in ecology—from testing the predictions of metabolic scaling theory, to exploring the limits of tree allometric plasticity along environmental gradients and modelling global variation in maximum attainable tree height. In doing so, we provide a key resource for field ecologists, remote sensing researchers and the modelling community working together to better understand the role that trees play in regulating the terrestrial carbon cycle.

Transcriptional Feedback in Plant Growth and Defense by PIFs, BZR1, HY5, and MYC Transcription Factors - Selena Koene; Umidjon Shapulatov; Aalt D. J. van Dijk; Alexander R. van der Krol (Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 2022)
Growth of Arabidopsis is controlled by the activity of a set of bHLH and bZIP transcription factors of which phytochrome interacting factor4 ( PIF4) , BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 ( BZR1 ), and elongated hypocotyl 5 ( HY5) have been most extensively studied. Defense responses are controlled by a set of MYC transcription factors of which MYC2 is best characterized. Moreover, hundreds of additional proteins (here named co-factors) have been identified which (in)directly may affect the expression or activity of these TFs. Thus, regulation of expression of genes encoding these co-factors becomes an integral part of understanding the molecular control of growth and defense. Here, we review RNA-seq data related to PIF, BZR1, HY5, or MYC activity, which indicate that 125 co-factor genes affecting PIFs, HY5, BZR1, or MYCs are themselves under transcriptional control by these TFs, thus revealing potential feedback regulation in growth and defense. The transcriptional feedback on co-factor genes related to PIF4 , BZR1 , and MYC2 by PIFs, BZR1, or MYCs, mostly results in negative feedback on PIF4 , BZR1 , or MYC2 activity . In contrast, transcription feedback on co-factor genes for HY5 by HY5 mostly results in positive feedback on HY5 activity . PIF4 and BZR1 exert a balanced regulating of photoreceptor-gene expression, whose products directly or indirectly affect PIF4, HY5, and MYC2 protein stability as a function of light. Growth itself is balanced by both multiple positive and multiple negative feedback on PIF4 and BZR1 activity. The balance between growth and defense is mostly through direct cross-regulation between HY5 and MYC2 as previously described, but also through potential transcriptional feedback on co-factor genes for MYC2 by PIF4, BZR1, and HY5 and through transcriptional feedback of co-factors for PIF4 and BZR1 by MYC2. The interlocking feed-forward and feed-backward transcriptional regulation of PIF4 , BZR1 , HY5 , and MYC2 co-factors is a signature of robust and temporal control of signaling related to growth and defense.

Ten lessons on the resilience of the EU common fisheries policy towards climate change and fuel efficiency - A call for adaptive, flexible and well-informed fisheries management - Francois Bastardie; David A. Feary; Thomas Brunel; Laurence T. Kell; Ralf Döring; Sebastien Metz; Ole R. Eigaard; Oihane C. Basurko; Valerio Bartolino; Jacob Bentley; Benoit Berges; Sieme Bossier; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
To effectively future-proof the management of the European Union fishing fleets we have explored a suite of case studies encompassing the northeast and tropical Atlantic, the Mediterranean, Baltic and Black Seas. This study shows that European Union (EU) fisheries are likely resilient to climate-driven short-term stresses, but may be negatively impacted by long-term trends in climate change. However, fisheries’ long-term stock resilience can be improved (and therefore be more resilient to increasing changes in climate) by adopting robust and adaptive fisheries management, provided such measures are based on sound scientific advice which includes uncertainty. Such management requires regular updates of biological reference points. Such updates will delineate safe biological limits for exploitation, providing both high long-term yields with reduced risk of stock collapse when affected by short-term stresses, and enhanced compliance with advice to avoid higher than intended fishing mortality. However, high resilience of the exploited ecosystem does not necessarily lead to the resilience of the economy of EU fisheries from suffering shocks associated with reduced yields, neither to a reduced carbon footprint if fuel use increases from lower stock abundances. Fuel consumption is impacted by stock development, but also by changes in vessel and gear technologies, as well as fishing techniques. In this respect, energy-efficient fishing technologies already exist within the EU, though implementing them would require improving the uptake of innovations and demonstrating to stakeholders the potential for both reduced fuel costs and increased catch rates. A transition towards reducing fuel consumption and costs would need to be supported by the setup of EU regulatory instruments. Overall, to effectively manage EU fisheries within a changing climate, flexible, adaptive, well-informed and well-enforced management is needed, with incentives provided for innovations and ocean literacy to cope with the changing conditions, while also reducing the dependency of the capture fishing industry on fossil fuels. To support such management, we provide 10 lessons to characterize ‘win-win’ fishing strategies for the European Union, which develop leverages in which fishing effort deployed corresponds to Maximum Sustainable Yield targets and Common Fisheries Policy minimal effects objectives. In these strategies, higher catch is obtained in the long run, less fuel is spent to attain the catch, and the fisheries have a higher resistance and resilience to shock and long-term factors to face climate-induced stresses.

Glucose metabolism patterns: A potential index to characterize brain ageing and predict high conversion risk into cognitive impairment - Jiehui Jiang; Can Sheng; Guanqun Chen; Chunhua Liu; Shichen Jin; Lanlan Li; Xueyan Jiang; Ying Han; Michael W. Weiner; Paul Aisen; Ronald Petersen; Clifford R. Jack; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)

Changes in extreme integrated water vapor transport on the U.S. west coast in NA-CORDEX, and relationship to mountain and inland precipitation - Mimi Rose Abel; Dustin Swales; James D. Scott; Michael Alexander; Kelly Mahoney; Rachel R. McCrary; Robert Cifelli; Melissa Bukovsky (Climate Dynamics, 2022)

Water table depth modulates productivity and biomass across Amazonian forests - Thaiane R. Sousa; Juliana Schietti; Igor O. Ribeiro; Thaise Emílio; Rafael Herrera Fernández; Hans ter Steege; Carolina V. Castilho; Adriane Esquivel‐Muelbert; Timothy Baker; Aline Pontes‐Lopes; Camila V. J. Silva; Juliana M. Silveira; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2022)
Aim Water availability is the major driver of tropical forest structure and dynamics. Most research has focused on the impacts of climatic water availability, whereas remarkably little is known about the influence of water table depth and excess soil water on forest processes. Nevertheless, given that plants take up water from the soil, the impacts of climatic water supply on plants are likely to be modulated by soil water conditions. Location Lowland Amazonian forests. Time period 1971–2019. Methods We used 344 long‐term inventory plots distributed across Amazonia to analyse the effects of long‐term climatic and edaphic water supply on forest functioning. We modelled forest structure and dynamics as a function of climatic, soil‐water and edaphic properties. Results Water supplied by both precipitation and groundwater affects forest structure and dynamics, but in different ways. Forests with a shallow water table (depth Main conclusions We show that the two extremes of water availability (excess and deficit) both reduce productivity in Amazon upland ( terra‐firme ) forests. Biomass and productivity across Amazonia respond not simply to regional climate, but rather to its interaction with water table conditions, exhibiting high local differentiation. Our study disentangles the relative contribution of those factors, helping to improve understanding of the functioning of tropical ecosystems and how they are likely to respond to climate change.

Extinction risk of the endemic vascular flora of Kauai, Hawaii, based on IUCN assessments - Nina Rønsted; Seana K. Walsh; Margaret Clark; Merlin Edmonds; Tim Flynn; Scott Heintzman; Alexander Loomis; David Lorence; Uma Nagendra; Ben Nyberg; Michael Opgenorth; Lauren Weisenberger; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2022)
The International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN Red List) is the world's most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of species. Governmental agencies and conservation organizations increasingly rely on IUCN Red List assessments to develop conservation policies and priorities. Funding agencies use the assessments as evaluation criteria, and researchers use meta‐analysis of red‐list data to address fundamental and applied conservation science questions. However, the circa 143,000 IUCN assessments represent a fraction of the world's biodiversity and are biased in regional and organismal coverage. These biases may affect conservation priorities, funding, and uses of these data to understand global patterns. Isolated oceanic islands are characterized by high endemicity, but the unique biodiversity of many islands is experiencing high extinction rates. The archipelago of Hawaii has one of the highest levels of endemism of any floristic region; 90% of its 1367 native vascular plant taxa are classified as endemic. We used the IUCN's assessment of the complete single‐island endemic (SIE) vascular plant flora of Kauai, Hawaii, to assess the proportion and drivers of decline of threatened plants in an oceanic island setting. We compared the IUCN assessments with federal, state, and other local assessments of Kauai species or taxa of conservation concern. Finally, we conducted a preliminary assessment for all 1044 native vascular plants of Hawaii based on IUCN criterion B by estimating area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, and number of locations to determine whether the pattern found for the SIE vascular flora of Kauai is comparable to the native vascular flora of the Hawaiian Islands. We compared our results with patterns observed for assessments of other floras. According to IUCN, 256 SIE vascular plant taxa are threatened with extinction and 5% are already extinct. This is the highest extinction risk reported for any flora to date. The preliminary assessment of the native vascular flora of Hawaii showed that 72% (753 taxa) is threatened. The flora of Hawaii may be one of the world's most threatened; thus, increased and novel conservation measures in the state and on other remote oceanic islands are urgently needed.

Thionation of quinolizidine alkaloids and their derivatives via Lawesson’s reagent - Alena V. Koval’skaya; Polina R. Petrova; Dmitry O. Tsypyshev; Alexander N. Lobov; Inna P. Tsypysheva (Natural Product Research, 2022)

Marine Microeukaryote Metatranscriptomics: Sample Processing and Bioinformatic Workflow Recommendations for Ecological Applications - Natalie R. Cohen; Harriet Alexander; Arianna I. Krinos; Sarah K. Hu; Robert H. Lampe (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Microeukaryotes (protists) serve fundamental roles in the marine environment as contributors to biogeochemical nutrient cycling and ecosystem function. Their activities can be inferred through metatranscriptomic investigations, which provide a detailed view into cellular processes, chemical-biological interactions in the environment, and ecological relationships among taxonomic groups. Established workflows have been individually put forth describing biomass collection at sea, laboratory RNA extraction protocols, and bioinformatic processing and computational approaches. Here, we present a compilation of current practices and lessons learned in carrying out metatranscriptomics of marine pelagic protistan communities, highlighting effective strategies and tools used by practitioners over the past decade. We anticipate that these guidelines will serve as a roadmap for new marine scientists beginning in the realms of molecular biology and/or bioinformatics, and will equip readers with foundational principles needed to delve into protistan metatranscriptomics.

Scientists Against War: A Plea to World Leaders for Better Governance - Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Velayudhan Mohan Kumar; Namasivayam Ganesh Pandian; Joop T. de Jong; Sudalaikannu Andiappan; Alexandru Corlateanu; Arehally Marappa Mahalaksmi; Saravana Babu Chidambaram; Ramasamy Rajesh Kumar; Chellamuthu Ramasubramanian; Sudhakar Sivasubramaniam; Alvhild Alette Bjørkum; et al. (Sleep and Vigilance, 2022)

Links between behaviour and metabolic physiology in fishes in the Anthropocene - Lauren A. Bailey; Amber R. Childs; Nicola C. James; Alexander Winkler; Warren M. Potts (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2022)

Comprehensive analysis of epigenetic clocks reveals associations between disproportionate biological ageing and hippocampal volume - Lidija Milicic; Michael Vacher; Tenielle Porter; Vincent Doré; Samantha C. Burnham; Pierrick Bourgeat; Rosita Shishegar; James Doecke; Nicola J. Armstrong; Rick Tankard; Paul Maruff; Colin L. Masters; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)
The concept of age acceleration, the difference between biological age and chronological age, is of growing interest, particularly with respect to age-related disorders, such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Whilst studies have reported associations with AD risk and related phenotypes, there remains a lack of consensus on these associations. Here we aimed to comprehensively investigate the relationship between five recognised measures of age acceleration, based on DNA methylation patterns (DNAm age), and cross-sectional and longitudinal cognition and AD-related neuroimaging phenotypes (volumetric MRI and Amyloid-β PET) in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Significant associations were observed between age acceleration using the Hannum epigenetic clock and cross-sectional hippocampal volume in AIBL and replicated in ADNI. In AIBL, several other findings were observed cross-sectionally, including a significant association between hippocampal volume and the Hannum and Phenoage epigenetic clocks. Further, significant associations were also observed between hippocampal volume and the Zhang and Phenoage epigenetic clocks within Amyloid-β positive individuals. However, these were not validated within the ADNI cohort. No associations between age acceleration and other Alzheimer’s disease-related phenotypes, including measures of cognition or brain Amyloid-β burden, were observed, and there was no association with longitudinal change in any phenotype. This study presents a link between age acceleration, as determined using DNA methylation, and hippocampal volume that was statistically significant across two highly characterised cohorts. The results presented in this study contribute to a growing literature that supports the role of epigenetic modifications in ageing and AD-related phenotypes.

Prediction of disability-free survival in healthy older people - Johannes Tobias Neumann; Le T. P. Thao; Anne M. Murray; Emily Callander; Prudence R. Carr; Mark R. Nelson; Rory Wolfe; Robyn L. Woods; Christopher M. Reid; Raj C. Shah; Anne B. Newman; Jeff D. Williamson; et al. (GeroScience, 2022)
Prolonging survival in good health is a fundamental societal goal. However, the leading determinants of disability-free survival in healthy older people have not been well established. Data from ASPREE, a bi-national placebo-controlled trial of aspirin with 4.7 years median follow-up, was analysed. At enrolment, participants were healthy and without prior cardiovascular events, dementia or persistent physical disability. Disability-free survival outcome was defined as absence of dementia, persistent disability or death. Selection of potential predictors from amongst 25 biomedical, psychosocial and lifestyle variables including recognized geriatric risk factors, utilizing a machine-learning approach. Separate models were developed for men and women. The selected predictors were evaluated in a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model and validated internally by bootstrapping. We included 19,114 Australian and US participants aged ≥65 years (median 74 years, IQR 71.6–77.7). Common predictors of a worse prognosis in both sexes included higher age, lower Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score, lower gait speed, lower grip strength and abnormal (low or elevated) body mass index. Additional risk factors for men included current smoking, and abnormal eGFR. In women, diabetes and depression were additional predictors. The biased-corrected areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the final prognostic models at 5 years were 0.72 for men and 0.75 for women. Final models showed good calibration between the observed and predicted risks. We developed a prediction model in which age, cognitive function and gait speed were the strongest predictors of disability-free survival in healthy older people. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01038583)

Bridge to the future: Important lessons from 20 years of ecosystem observations made by the OzFlux network - Jason Beringer; Caitlin E. Moore; Jamie Cleverly; David I. Campbell; Helen Cleugh; Martin G. De Kauwe; Miko U. F. Kirschbaum; Anne Griebel; Sam Grover; Alfredo Huete; Lindsay B. Hutley; Johannes Laubach; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
In 2020, the Australian and New Zealand flux research and monitoring network, OzFlux, celebrated its 20 th anniversary by reflecting on the lessons learned through two decades of ecosystem studies on global change biology. OzFlux is a network not only for ecosystem researchers, but also for those ‘next users’ of the knowledge, information and data that such networks provide. Here, we focus on eight lessons across topics of climate change and variability, disturbance and resilience, drought and heat stress and synergies with remote sensing and modelling. In distilling the key lessons learned, we also identify where further research is needed to fill knowledge gaps and improve the utility and relevance of the outputs from OzFlux. Extreme climate variability across Australia and New Zealand (droughts and flooding rains) provides a natural laboratory for a global understanding of ecosystems in this time of accelerating climate change. As evidence of worsening global fire risk emerges, the natural ability of these ecosystems to recover from disturbances, such as fire and cyclones, provides lessons on adaptation and resilience to disturbance. Drought and heatwaves are common occurrences across large parts of the region and can tip an ecosystem's carbon budget from a net CO 2 sink to a net CO 2 source. Despite such responses to stress, ecosystems at OzFlux sites show their resilience to climate variability by rapidly pivoting back to a strong carbon sink upon the return of favourable conditions. Located in under‐represented areas, OzFlux data have the potential for reducing uncertainties in global remote sensing products, and these data provide several opportunities to develop new theories and improve our ecosystem models. The accumulated impacts of these lessons over the last 20 years highlights the value of long‐term flux observations for natural and managed systems. A future vision for OzFlux includes ongoing and newly developed synergies with ecophysiologists, ecologists, geologists, remote sensors and modellers.

Learning From the Study Fleet: Maintenance of a Large-Scale Reference Fleet for Northeast U.S. Fisheries - Andrew W. Jones; Katie A. Burchard; Anna M. Mercer; John J. Hoey; Michael D. Morin; Giovanni L. Gianesin; Jacob A. Wilson; Calvin R. Alexander; Brooke A. Lowman; Debra G. Duarte; David Goethel; James Ford; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Logbook data from commercial fisheries are a vital component in the machinery of management, including tracking the volume of catches and allocating catch spatially. At the same time, logbooks can provide a unique window into the ecological and sociological conditions in marine fisheries, where fishermen interact with marine species and environments frequently and broadly. Traditional logbooks, however, often are not sufficiently standardized (when personal logs), or lack the detail (when regulatory documents) required to adequately understand fisheries ecosystems. The Study Fleet program, operated by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center’s Cooperative Research Branch, was developed to address these shortfalls by engaging members of the fishing industry in collecting high-resolution catch, effort, and environmental data using electronic logbooks. Since its inception, the Study Fleet has expanded from a small project focused on collecting detailed catch information from the New England multispecies groundfish fishery to a program with a wider scope encompassing a variety of fisheries, gears, and environmental parameters from North Carolina to Maine U.S. Over the years, a number of lessons have been learned about recruiting and supporting industry partners, managing the data, evolving technical specifications, and the challenges associated with analyzing and applying self-reported fisheries data. Here we describe the current state of the program and provide summaries of the Study Fleet program operations and outcomes from 2007-2020, with an eye towards successes, challenges, and applicability of the approach in other regions. We suggest other reference fleet programs, as well as other developing fishery dependent data collections (e.g., electronic monitoring programs), develop detailed roadmaps for each data collection to keep participants engaged as collaborators, target specific fisheries to keep resources from being stretched too thin, and partner with data users early. Additionally, we suggest programs invest in the long-term participation of individual fishermen, carefully weigh the pros and cons of involvement in regulatory reporting, and plan data products and applications well in advance to ensure that the sampling scheme and granularity of the data meet the needs of stock assessment, ecosystem, and oceanographic scientists.

Rapid radiation of Southern Ocean shags in response to receding sea ice - Nicolas J. Rawlence; Alexander T. Salis; Hamish G. Spencer; Jonathan M. Waters; Lachie Scarsbrook; Kieren J. Mitchell; Richard A. Phillips; Luciano Calderón; Timothée R. Cook; Charles‐André Bost; Ludovic Dutoit; Tania M. King; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2022)
Aim Understanding how natural populations respond to climatic shifts is a fundamental goal of biological research in a fast‐changing world. The Southern Ocean represents a fascinating system for assessing large‐scale climate‐driven biological change, as it contains extremely isolated island groups within a predominantly westerly, circumpolar wind and current system. Blue‐eyed shags represent a paradoxical seabird radiation—a circumpolar distribution implies strong dispersal capacity yet their species‐rich nature suggests local adaptation and isolation. Here we attempt to resolve this paradox in light of the history of repeated cycles of climate change in the Southern Ocean. Location Southern Ocean. Taxa 16 species and subspecies of blue‐eyed shags (Phalacrocoracidae; Leucocarbo spp.). Methods We use mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data from individuals across the geographical range of the genus to conduct the first comprehensive, time‐calibrated phylogenetic analyses and ancestral‐range biogeographical reconstructions of the blue‐eyed shags. Results The origins of many island‐endemic lineages are remarkably recent, consistent with a recent high‐latitude circumpolar radiation in the Pliocene or Early Pleistocene. This recent sub‐Antarctic expansion contrasts with significantly deeper lineages detected in South America and, to a lesser extent, New Zealand. These regions, particularly South America, acted as glacial refugia and sources for multiple waves of post‐glacial dispersal. Main conclusions The blue‐eyed shag paradox is resolved, with at least two waves of dispersal, linked to interglacial cycles, explaining the current distribution and diversity. Descendants of a Pliocene or Early Pleistocene wave of dispersal out of South America survive in the New Zealand region. In contrast, taxa distributed on sub‐Antarctic islands originated much later, possibly since the Last Glacial Maximum. Blue‐eyed shags therefore represent a powerful model system—comprising several natural replicates—for studying the early stages of founder‐event speciation and adaptation in a Southern‐Ocean bird group.

Global maps of soil temperature - Jonas J. Lembrechts; Johan van den Hoogen; Juha Aalto; Michael B. Ashcroft; Pieter De Frenne; Julia Kemppinen; Martin Kopecký; Miska Luoto; Ilya M. D. Maclean; Thomas W. Crowther; Joseph J. Bailey; Stef Haesen; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1‐km 2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1‐km 2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse‐grained air temperature estimates from ERA5‐Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome‐specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near‐surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil‐related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.

RETRACTED: Temperature optimum for marsh resilience and carbon accumulation revealed in a whole‐ecosystem warming experiment - Alexander J. Smith; Genevieve L. Noyce; James Patrick Megonigal; Glenn R. Guntenspergen; Matthew L. Kirwan (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Coastal marshes are globally important, carbon dense ecosystems simultaneously maintained and threatened by sea‐level rise. Warming temperatures may increase wetland plant productivity and organic matter accumulation, but temperature‐modulated feedbacks between productivity and decomposition make it difficult to assess how wetlands and their thick, organic‐rich soils will respond to climate warming. Here, we actively increased aboveground plant‐surface and belowground soil temperatures in two marsh plant communities, and found that a moderate amount of warming (1.7°C above ambient temperatures) consistently maximized root growth, marsh elevation gain, and belowground carbon accumulation. Marsh elevation loss observed at higher temperatures was associated with increased carbon mineralization and increased microtopographic heterogeneity, a potential early warning signal of marsh drowning. Maximized elevation and belowground carbon accumulation for moderate warming scenarios uniquely suggest linkages between metabolic theory of individuals and landscape‐scale ecosystem resilience and function, but our work indicates nonpermanent benefits as global temperatures continue to rise.

Lessons From the Western Atlantic Lionfish Invasion to Inform Management in the Mediterranean - Aylin Ulman; Fadilah Z. Ali; Holden E. Harris; Mohammad Adel; Sara A. A. Al Mabruk; Michel Bariche; Allison C. Candelmo; Jennifer K. Chapman; Burak Ali Çiçek; Kaylin R. Clements; Alexander Q. Fogg; Stacy Frank; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Major invasions of Indo-Pacific lionfish ( Pterois volitans and P. miles ) are underway in the Western Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. While the establishment of lionfish in the Western Atlantic is perhaps the most well-studied marine fish invasion to date, the rapidly expanding invasion in the Mediterranean is more recent and has received less attention. Here we review and synthesize successes and failures from two decades of lionfish management in the Western Atlantic to give policy recommendations for their management in the Mediterranean. Two failed approaches that were attempted multiple times in the Western Atlantic and that we advise against are (1) feeding lionfish to native fish to promote predation and (2) implementing bounty programs to incentivize lionfish harvest. Broadly, the most important management lessons that we recommend include (1) conducting routine removals by spearfishing with scuba, which can effectively suppress local abundances of lionfish; (2) encouraging the development of recreational and commercial lionfish fisheries, which can promote long-term, sustainable lionfish population control; and, (3) engaging local communities and resource users (e.g., with lionfish removal tournaments), which can concurrently achieve multiple objectives of promoting lionfish removals, market-development, research, and public education. Managers in the Western Atlantic often needed to adapt current conservation policies to enable lionfish removals in areas where spearfishing with scuba was otherwise prohibited for conservation purposes. The risk of abusing these policies was mitigated through the use of gear restrictions, diver trainings, and through participatory approaches that integrated scuba divers and stakeholder organizations in lionfish research and management. Our review of policies and practices in the Mediterranean Sea found that many of our recommended lionfish management approaches are not being done and indicate potential opportunities to implement these. We expect and fully recommend that work continues towards multinational cooperation to facilitate regional coordination of research, control, and management efforts with respect to the Mediterranean lionfish invasion. As with other major biological invasions, lionfish are unconstrained by political borders and their control will require rapid and strategic management approaches with broad cooperation among and between governments and stakeholders.

Saltmarsh archives of vegetation and land use change from Big River Marsh, SW Newfoundland, Canada - Katherine A. Selby; Helen M. Roe; Alexander J. Wright; Orson van de Plassche; Sally R. Derrett (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2022)
Pollen and plant macrofossils are often well-preserved in coastal sediments, providing a palaeoenvironmental record of sea-level and landscape change. In this study, we examine the pollen and plant macrofossil assemblages of a well-dated saltmarsh sediment core from southwest Newfoundland, Canada, to establish recent coastal vegetation and land use change, to increase the knowledge of anthropogenic activities in the area and develop pollen chronozones for reconstructing marsh accumulation rates and to examine the representation of plant macrofossil remains in the wetland pollen profile. Grouping the pollen record into upland and wetland assemblages allows local events related to hydrological change to be separated from landscape-scale changes. The wetland pollen and plant macrofossil records indicate a general acceleration in sea-level rise ca. ad 1700. The sedge pollen and plant macrofossil records attest to multiple phases of rhizome encroachment during inferred periods of marine regression. Two chronozones are identified from the upland pollen profile; the first associated with the settlement of St. George’s Bay ca. ad 1800, signalled by increases in Plantago lanceolata and Ambrosia pollen; the second with the permanent settlement of the Port au Port peninsula ca. ad 1850, indicated by increased P. lanceolata and Rumex pollen. Comparison of the plant macrofossil and wetland pollen profiles highlights the underrepresentation of grass pollen preserved in the saltmarsh sediments and a need for further analysis of the zonation, pollen dispersal and macrofossil representation of sedge species in saltmarshes.

A common founder effect of the splice site variant c.-23 + 1G > A in GJB2 gene causing autosomal recessive deafness 1A (DFNB1A) in Eurasia - Aisen V. Solovyev; Alena Kushniarevich; Elena Bliznetz; Marita Bady-Khoo; Maria R. Lalayants; Tatiana G. Markova; Gabriel Minárik; L’udevít Kádasi; Ene Metspalu; Vera G. Pshennikova; Fedor M. Teryutin; Elza K. Khusnutdinova; et al. (Human Genetics, 2022)

Correction to: Exploring the missing heritability in subjects with hearing loss, enlarged vestibular aqueducts, and a single or no pathogenic SLC26A4 variant - Jeroen J. Smits; Suzanne E. de Bruijn; Cornelis P. Lanting; Jaap Oostrik; Luke O’Gorman; Tuomo Mantere; M. F. van Dooren; S. G. Kant; H. H. W. de Gier; E. H. Hoefsloot; M. P. van der Schroeff; L. J. C. Rotteveel; et al. (Human Genetics, 2022)

Exploring the missing heritability in subjects with hearing loss, enlarged vestibular aqueducts, and a single or no pathogenic SLC26A4 variant - Jeroen J. Smits; Suzanne E. de Bruijn; Cornelis P. Lanting; Jaap Oostrik; Luke O’Gorman; Tuomo Mantere; M. F. van Dooren; S. G. Kant; H. H. W. de Gier; E. H. Hoefsloot; M. P. van der Schroeff; L. J. C. Rotteveel; et al. (Human Genetics, 2022)
Pathogenic variants in SLC26A4 have been associated with autosomal recessive hearing loss (arHL) and a unilateral or bilateral enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA). SLC26A4 is the second most frequently mutated gene in arHL. Despite the strong genotype–phenotype correlation, a significant part of cases remains genetically unresolved. In this study, we investigated a cohort of 28 Dutch index cases diagnosed with HL in combination with an EVA but without (M0) or with a single (M1) pathogenic variant in SLC26A4 . To explore the missing heritability, we first determined the presence of the previously described EVA-associated haplotype (Caucasian EVA (CEVA)), characterized by 12 single nucleotide variants located upstream of SLC26A4 . We found this haplotype and a delimited V1-CEVA haplotype to be significantly enriched in our M1 patient cohort (10/16 cases). The CEVA haplotype was also present in two M0 cases (2/12). Short- and long-read whole genome sequencing and optical genome mapping could not prioritize any of the variants present within the CEVA haplotype as the likely pathogenic defect. Short-read whole-genome sequencing of the six M1 cases without this haplotype and the two M0/CEVA cases only revealed previously overlooked or misinterpreted splice-altering SLC26A4 variants in two cases, who are now genetically explained. No deep-intronic or structural variants were identified in any of the M1 subjects. With this study, we have provided important insights that will pave the way for elucidating the missing heritability in M0 and M1 SLC26A4 cases. For pinpointing the pathogenic effect of the CEVA haplotype, additional analyses are required addressing defect(s) at the RNA, protein, or epigenetic level.

Larval thermal conditioning does not improve post-settlement thermal tolerance in the dominant reef-building coral, Montipora capitata - Gyasi Alexander; Joshua R. Hancock; Ariana S. Huffmyer; Shayle B. Matsuda (Coral Reefs, 2022)

Contextualizing enigmatic extinctions using genomic DNA from fluid-preserved museum specimens of Desmognathus salamanders - R. Alexander Pyron; David A. Beamer; Chace R. Holzheuser; Emily Moriarty Lemmon; Alan R. Lemmon; Addison H. Wynn; Kyle A. O’Connell (Conservation Genetics, 2022)

First international workshop of the ATM and cancer risk group (4-5 December 2019) - Fabienne Lesueur; Douglas F. Easton; Anne-Laure Renault; Sean V. Tavtigian; Jonine L. Bernstein; Zsofia Kote-Jarai; Rosalind A. Eeles; Dijana Plaseska-Karanfia; Lidia Feliubadaló; Alejandro Moles-Fernández; Marta Santamariña-Pena; Alysson T. Sánchez; et al. (Familial Cancer, 2022)

Population structure of North Pacific gray whales in light of trans‐Pacific movements - Aimée R. Lang; David W. Weller; Alexander M. Burdin; Kelly Robertson; Olga Sychenko; Jorge Urbán; Sergio Martínez‐Aguilar; Victoria L. Pease; Richard G. LeDuc; Dennis I. Litovka; Vladimir N. Burkanov; Robert L. Brownell (Marine Mammal Science, 2022)
Recent findings that some gray whales that feed off Sakhalin Island (SI), Russia, in the western North Pacific (WNP) overwinter in the eastern North Pacific (ENP) indicate that population structure in this species is more complex than originally thought. We generated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences and microsatellite genotypes ( n = 12 loci) from 156 whales sampled off SI and compared them to available data from 106 ENP whales. Significant mitochondrial and nuclear genetic differentiation between the SI and ENP whales was found. Genetic cluster analysis identified two groups among the SI whales, one of which was genetically similar to ENP whales. Photographs collected from the biopsied SI whales showed that both groups comprised whales known to migrate to the ENP, suggesting that the clustering pattern was not reflective of some SI whales interbreeding while overwintering in the WNP. Instead, the genetic differentiation observed between the SI and ENP whales may be due to assortative mating of SI whales while west of eastern migratory routes. The rare but continued reports of gray whales off the coasts of Japan and China, however, confirm that some gray whales overwinter in the WNP and highlight the need to collect additional data from these whales.

An updated review on bacterial community composition of traditional fermented milk products: what next-generation sequencing has revealed so far? - Gilberto V. de Melo Pereira; Dão Pedro de Carvalho Neto; Bruna L. Maske; Juliano De Dea Lindner; Alexander S. Vale; Gabriel R. Favero; Jéssica Viesser; Júlio C. de Carvalho; Aristóteles Góes-Neto; Carlos R. Soccol (Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2022)

Food for all: designing sustainable and secure future seafood systems - A. K. Farmery; K. Alexander; K. Anderson; J. L. Blanchard; C. G. Carter; K. Evans; M. Fischer; A. Fleming; S. Frusher; E. A. Fulton; B. Haas; C. K. MacLeod; et al. (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2022)

Impacts of the 2012–2015 Californian drought on carbon, water and energy fluxes in the Californian Sierras: Results from an imaging spectrometry‐constrained terrestrial biosphere model - Alexander S. Antonarakis; Stacy A. Bogan; Michael L. Goulden; Paul R. Moorcroft (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Accurate descriptions of current ecosystem composition are essential for improving terrestrial biosphere model predictions of how ecosystems are responding to climate variability and change. This study investigates how imaging spectrometry‐derived ecosystem composition can constrain and improve terrestrial biosphere model predictions of regional‐scale carbon, water and energy fluxes. Incorporating imaging spectrometry‐derived composition of five plant functional types (Grasses/Shrubs, Oaks/Western Hardwoods, Western Pines, Fir/Cedar and High‐elevation Pines) into the Ecosystem Demography (ED2) terrestrial biosphere model improves predictions of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and gross primary productivity (GPP) across four flux towers of the Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory (SSCZO) spanning a 2250 m elevational gradient in the western Sierra Nevada. NEP and GPP root‐mean‐square‐errors were reduced by 23%–82% and 19%–89%, respectively, and water flux predictions improved at the mid‐elevation pine (Soaproot), fir/cedar (P301) and high‐elevation pine (Shorthair) flux tower sites, but not at the oak savanna (San Joaquin Experimental Range [SJER]) site. These improvements in carbon and water predictions are similar to those achieved with model initializations using ground‐based inventory composition. The imaging spectrometry‐constrained ED2 model was then used to predict carbon, water and energy fluxes and above‐ground biomass (AGB) dynamics over a 737 km 2 region to gain insight into the regional ecosystem impacts of the 2012–2015 Californian drought. The analysis indicates that the drought reduced regional NEP, GPP and transpiration by 83%, 40% and 33%, respectively, with the largest reductions occurring in the functionally diverse, high basal area mid‐elevation forests. This was accompanied by a 54% decline in AGB growth in 2012, followed by a marked increase (823%) in AGB mortality in 2014, reflecting an approximately 10‐fold increase in per capita tree mortality from ~55 trees km −2 year −1 in 2010–2011, to ~535 trees km −2 year −1 in 2014. These findings illustrate how imaging spectrometry estimates of ecosystem composition can constrain and improve terrestrial biosphere model predictions of regional carbon, water, and energy fluxes, and biomass dynamics.

Cover Image: Volume 25 Number 3, March 2022 - Joseph A. Tobias; Catherine Sheard; Alex L. Pigot; Adam J. M. Devenish; Jingyi Yang; Ferran Sayol; Montague H. C. Neate‐Clegg; Nico Alioravainen; Thomas L. Weeks; Robert A. Barber; Patrick A. Walkden; Hannah E. A. MacGregor; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2022)

AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds - Joseph A. Tobias; Catherine Sheard; Alex L. Pigot; Adam J. M. Devenish; Jingyi Yang; Ferran Sayol; Montague H. C. Neate‐Clegg; Nico Alioravainen; Thomas L. Weeks; Robert A. Barber; Patrick A. Walkden; Hannah E. A. MacGregor; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2022)
Functional traits offer a rich quantitative framework for developing and testing theories in evolutionary biology, ecology and ecosystem science. However, the potential of functional traits to drive theoretical advances and refine models of global change can only be fully realised when species‐level information is complete. Here we present the AVONET dataset containing comprehensive functional trait data for all birds, including six ecological variables, 11 continuous morphological traits, and information on range size and location. Raw morphological measurements are presented from 90,020 individuals of 11,009 extant bird species sampled from 181 countries. These data are also summarised as species averages in three taxonomic formats, allowing integration with a global phylogeny, geographical range maps, IUCN Red List data and the eBird citizen science database. The AVONET dataset provides the most detailed picture of continuous trait variation for any major radiation of organisms, offering a global template for testing hypotheses and exploring the evolutionary origins, structure and functioning of biodiversity.

Key Life History Attributes and Removal Efforts of Invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans) in the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, Northwestern Gulf of Mexico - Raven D. Blakeway; Alexander Q. Fogg; Michelle A. Johnston; Jay R. Rooker; Glenn A. Jones (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
Indo-Pacific lionfish ( Pterois volitans and P. miles ) are the first marine teleost to have successfully invaded and become established in the Western Atlantic Ocean of the United States, Gulf of Mexico (GoM), and Caribbean Sea. Pterois volitans were first reported in the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS), a protected coral reef system in the northwestern GoM, in 2011. Little is understood about the life history characteristics of lionfish in this ecosystem. This study assessed population characteristics (size, density, age and growth) and removal efforts of lionfish ( n = 1,665) at two coral reef sites within FGBNMS for 2015, 2016, and 2018. The annual increment formation in sagittal otoliths was examined to assess the age and growth of lionfish collected in 2018 ( n = 100). Lionfish ranged in size from 75 to 444 mm total length (TL) and 4–1,153 g in total weight (TW). Six hundred and ten fish were randomly dissected for sex determination (females = 256, males = 354), females ranged in size from 137 to 348 mm TL and 21–586 g, while males ranged from 118 to 444 mm TL and 18–1,153 g. Interannual variation in mean lionfish density ranged from 26.7 individuals per hectare (ind ha –1 ) in 2016 to 81.1 ind ha –1 in 2018, while removal effort significantly increased ranging from 1.92 to 5.42 kg diver h –1 . Lionfish age ranged from 0 to 10 years, with a mean age of 3.9 years. The observed values of the asymptotic maximum total length (L ∞ ) and Brody’s growth coefficient (K) were 345 mm and 0.30 for females and 415 mm and 0.18 for males. Results suggest lionfish from FGBNMS exhibit markedly lower mean densities, a lower L ∞ and growth rate, but attain older ages than lionfish in the Caribbean Sea, Western Atlantic Ocean, and other ecoregions in the northern GoM. This study describes the first key life history parameters and removal efforts for lionfish in a protected, healthy coral reef system in the northwestern GoM that may provide insight into environmental population controls (e.g., ecological resilience). Metrics from this study could be integrated into mechanistic ecological models to determine if FGBNMS is in fact exhibiting natural resilience to the lionfish invasion.

High rate of bacterial respiratory tract co-infections upon admission amongst moderate to severe COVID-19 patients - Regev Cohen; Talya Finn; Frida Babushkin; Keren Geller; Hanna Alexander; Maurice Shapiro; Martina Uda; Abdol R. Mostrchy; Rabia Amash; Zvi Shimoni; Svetlana Paikin; Adi Ilani; et al. (Infectious Diseases, 2022)

Mouse Neural Stem Cell Differentiation and Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transdifferentiation Into Neuron- and Oligodendrocyte-like Cells With Myelination Potential - Anderson K. Santos; Katia N. Gomes; Ricardo C. Parreira; Sérgio Scalzo; Mauro C. X. Pinto; Helton C. Santiago; Alexander Birbrair; Ulrich Sack; Henning Ulrich; Rodrigo R. Resende (Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 2022)

Rapid and sensitive identification of omicron by variant-specific PCR and nanopore sequencing: paradigm for diagnostics of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants - Christopher Dächert; Maximilian Muenchhoff; Alexander Graf; Hanna Autenrieth; Sabine Bender; Helga Mairhofer; Paul R. Wratil; Susanne Thieme; Stefan Krebs; Natascha Grzimek-Koschewa; Helmut Blum; Oliver T. Keppler (Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 2022)
On November 26, 2021, the World Health Organization classified B.1.1.529 as a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant of concern (VoC), named omicron. Spike -gene dropouts in conventional SARS-CoV-2 PCR systems have been reported over the last weeks as indirect diagnostic evidence for the identification of omicron. Here, we report the combination of PCRs specific for heavily mutated sites in the spike gene and nanopore-based full-length genome sequencing for the rapid and sensitive identification of the first four COVID-19 patients diagnosed in Germany to be infected with omicron on November 28, 2021. This study will assist the unambiguous laboratory-based diagnosis and global surveillance for this highly contagious VoC with an unprecedented degree of humoral immune escape. Moreover, we propose that specialized diagnostic laboratories should continuously update their assays for variant-specific PCRs in the spike gene of SARS-CoV-2 to readily detect and diagnose emerging variants of interest and VoCs. The combination with established nanopore sequencing procedures allows both the rapid confirmation by whole genome sequencing as well as the sensitive identification of newly emerging variants of this pandemic β-coronavirus in years to come.

Genetic Testing in Professional Football: Perspectives of Key Stakeholders - Alexander B. T. McAuley; David C. Hughes; Loukia G. Tsaprouni; Ian Varley; Bruce Suraci; Thomas R. Roos; Adam J. Herbert; Adam L. Kelly (Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, 2022)
Purpose Genetic research in football is currently in it’s infancy but is growing rapidly. However, the practical application of genetic testing in football and the views concerning its use are unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the current practical application of genetic testing in professional football and provide an insight into the perspectives of key stakeholders (i.e., coaches, practitioners, players). Methods In total, 122 participants completed an online anonymous survey. This consisted of 21 multiple choice and Likert scale questions, with the option of providing an explanation for each response. Results Findings revealed genetic testing is rarely utilised by key stakeholders (10%) or their respective organisations (14%). However, three quarters (75%) had the opinion that genetic testing will have great utility in the future. The majority (72%) believed genetic testing should be used for athlete development and injury risk, whilst 35% believed that genetic testing should be utilised for talent identification purposes. However, most key stakeholders viewed their own (89%) and their colleagues’ (79%) knowledge related to genetic testing as insufficient; mainly due to ineffective current communication methods (91%). Most believed educational workshops are required (71%), whilst nearly all (91%) were interested in developing their expertise on the utility of genetic testing. Conclusion Genetic testing is rarely used within professional football, although key stakeholders anticipate that it will be utilised more in the future. As such, educational support may prove valuable in improving key stakeholder knowledge and the practical application of genetic testing in professional football.

Sympathetic nerve-adipocyte interactions in response to acute stress - Gabryella S. P. Santos; Alinne C. Costa; Caroline C. Picoli; Beatriz G. S. Rocha; Sheu O. Sulaiman; Debora C. Radicchi; Mauro C. X. Pinto; Miguel L. Batista; Jaime H. Amorim; Vasco A. C. Azevedo; Rodrigo R. Resende; Niels O. S. Câmara; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2022)

Pharmacological inhibition of MERTK induces in vivo retinal degeneration: a multimodal imaging ocular safety assessment - Gregory Hamm; Gareth Maglennon; Beth Williamson; Ruth Macdonald; Ann Doherty; Stewart Jones; Jayne Harris; James Blades; Alexander R. Harmer; Peter Barton; Philip B. Rawlins; Paul Smith; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2022)
The receptor tyrosine kinase, MERTK, plays an essential role in homeostasis of the retina via efferocytosis of shed outer nuclear segments of photoreceptors. The Royal College of Surgeons rat model of retinal degeneration has been linked to loss-of-function of MERTK, and together with the MERTK knock-out mouse, phenocopy retinitis pigmentosa in humans with MERTK mutations. Given recent efforts and interest in MERTK as a potential immuno-oncology target, development of a strategy to assess ocular safety at an early pre-clinical stage is critical. We have applied a state-of-the-art, multi-modal imaging platform to assess the in vivo effects of pharmacological inhibition of MERTK in mice. This involved the application of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to characterize the ocular spatial distribution of our highly selective MERTK inhibitor; AZ14145845, together with histopathology and transmission electron microscopy to characterize pathological and ultra-structural change in response to MERTK inhibition. In addition, we assessed the utility of a human retinal in vitro cell model to identify perturbation of phagocytosis post MERTK inhibition. We identified high localized total compound concentrations in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retinal lesions following 28 days of treatment with AZ14145845. These lesions were present in 4 of 8 treated animals, and were characterized by a thinning of the outer nuclear layer, loss of photoreceptors (PR) and accumulation of photoreceptor outer segments at the interface of the RPE and PRs. Furthermore, the lesions were very similar to that shown in the RCS rat and MERTK knock-out mouse, suggesting a MERTK-induced mechanism of PR cell death. This was further supported by the observation of reduced phagocytosis in the human retinal cell model following treatment with AZ14145845. Our study provides a viable, translational strategy to investigate the pre-clinical toxicity of MERTK inhibitors but is equally transferrable to novel chemotypes.

Next‐generation phylogeography resolves post‐glacial colonization patterns in a widespread carnivore, the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), in Europe - Allan D. McDevitt; Ilaria Coscia; Samuel S. Browett; Aritz Ruiz‐González; Mark J. Statham; Iwona Ruczyńska; Liam Roberts; Joanna Stojak; Alain C. Frantz; Karin Norén; Erik O. Ågren; Jane Learmount; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
Carnivores tend to exhibit a lack of (or less pronounced) genetic structure at continental scales in both a geographic and temporal sense and this can confound the identification of post‐glacial colonization patterns in this group. In this study we used genome‐wide data (using genotyping by sequencing [GBS]) to reconstruct the phylogeographic history of a widespread carnivore, the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), by investigating broad‐scale patterns of genomic variation, differentiation and admixture amongst contemporary populations in Europe. Using 15,003 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 524 individuals allowed us to identify the importance of refugial regions for the red fox in terms of endemism (e.g., Iberia). In addition, we tested multiple post‐glacial recolonization scenarios of previously glaciated regions during the Last Glacial Maximum using an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) approach that were unresolved from previous studies. This allowed us to identify the role of admixture from multiple source population post‐Younger Dryas in the case of Scandinavia and ancient land‐bridges in the colonization of the British Isles. A natural colonization of Ireland was deemed more likely than an ancient human‐mediated introduction as has previously been proposed and potentially points to a larger mammalian community on the island in the early post‐glacial period. Using genome‐wide data has allowed us to tease apart broad‐scale patterns of structure and diversity in a widespread carnivore in Europe that was not evident from using more limited marker sets and provides a foundation for next‐generation phylogeographic studies in other non‐model species.

Integrating ecosystem metabolism and consumer allochthony reveals nonlinear drivers in lake organic matter processing - Meredith A. Holgerson; Rachel A. Hovel; Patrick T. Kelly; Lauren E. Bortolotti; Jennifer A. Brentrup; Amber R. Bellamy; Samantha K. Oliver; Alexander J. Reisinger (Limnology and Oceanography, 2022)
Lakes process both terrestrial and aquatic organic matter, and the relative contribution from each source is often measured via ecosystem metabolism and terrestrial resource use in the food web (i.e., consumer allochthony). Yet, ecosystem metabolism and consumer allochthony are rarely considered together, despite possible interactions and potential for them to respond to the same lake characteristics. In this study, we compiled global datasets of lake gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and zooplankton allochthony to compare the strength and shape of relationships with physicochemical characteristics across a broad set of lakes. GPP was positively related to total phosphorus (TP) in lakes with intermediate TP concentrations (11–75 μ g L −1 ) and was highest in lakes with intermediate dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. While ER and GPP were strongly positively correlated, decoupling occurred at high DOC concentrations. Lastly, allochthony had a unimodal relationship with TP and related variably to DOC. By integrating metabolism and allochthony, we identified similar change points in GPP and zooplankton allochthony at intermediate DOC (4.5–10 mg L −1 ) and TP (8–20 μ g L −1 ) concentrations, indicating that allochthony and GPP may be coupled and inversely related. The ratio of DOC:nutrients also helped to identify conditions where lake organic matter processing responded more to autochthonous or allochthonous organic matter sources. As lakes globally face eutrophication and browning, predicting how lake organic matter processing will respond requires an updated paradigm that incorporates nonlinear dynamics and interactions.

Accelerated shifts in terrestrial life zones under rapid climate change - Paul R. Elsen; Earl C. Saxon; B. Alexander Simmons; Michelle Ward; Brooke A. Williams; Hedley S. Grantham; Salit Kark; Noam Levin; Katharina‐Victoria Perez‐Hammerle; April E. Reside; James E. M. Watson (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Rapid climate change is impacting biodiversity, ecosystem function, and human well‐being. Though the magnitude and trajectory of climate change are becoming clearer, our understanding of how these changes reshape terrestrial life zones—distinct biogeographic units characterized by biotemperature, precipitation, and aridity representing broad‐scale ecosystem types—is limited. To address this gap, we used high‐resolution historical climatologies and climate projections to determine the global distribution of historical (1901–1920), contemporary (1979–2013), and future (2061–2080) life zones. Comparing the historical and contemporary distributions shows that changes from one life zone to another during the 20th century impacted 27 million km 2 (18.3% of land), with consequences for social and ecological systems. Such changes took place in all biomes, most notably in Boreal Forests, Temperate Coniferous Forests, and Tropical Coniferous Forests. Comparing the contemporary and future life zone distributions shows the pace of life zone changes accelerating rapidly in the 21st century. By 2070, such changes would impact an additional 62 million km 2 (42.6% of land) under “business‐as‐usual” (RCP8.5) emissions scenarios. Accelerated rates of change are observed in hundreds of ecoregions across all biomes except Tropical Coniferous Forests. While only 30 ecoregions (3.5%) had over half of their areas change to a different life zone during the 20th century, by 2070 this number is projected to climb to 111 ecoregions (13.1%) under RCP4.5 and 281 ecoregions (33.2%) under RCP8.5. We identified weak correlations between life zone change and threatened vertebrate richness, levels of vertebrate endemism, cropland extent, and human population densities within ecoregions, illustrating the ubiquitous risks of life zone changes to diverse social–ecological systems. The accelerated pace of life zone changes will increasingly challenge adaptive conservation and sustainable development strategies that incorrectly assume current ecological patterns and livelihood provisioning systems will persist.

Host traits and environment interact to determine persistence of bat populations impacted by white‐nose syndrome - Alexander T. Grimaudo; Joseph R. Hoyt; Steffany A. Yamada; Carl J. Herzog; Alyssa B. Bennett; Kate E. Langwig (Ecology Letters, 2022)
Emerging infectious diseases have resulted in severe population declines across diverse taxa. In some instances, despite attributes associated with high extinction risk, disease emergence and host declines are followed by host stabilisation for unknown reasons. While host, pathogen, and the environment are recognised as important factors that interact to determine host–pathogen coexistence, they are often considered independently. Here, we use a translocation experiment to disentangle the role of host traits and environmental conditions in driving the persistence of remnant bat populations a decade after they declined 70–99% due to white‐nose syndrome and subsequently stabilised. While survival was significantly higher than during the initial epidemic within all sites, protection from severe disease only existed within a narrow environmental space, suggesting host traits conducive to surviving disease are highly environmentally dependent. Ultimately, population persistence following pathogen invasion is the product of host–pathogen interactions that vary across a patchwork of environments.

ATLANTIC ANTS: a data set of ants in Atlantic Forests of South America - Rogério R. Silva; Felipe Martello; Rodrigo Machado Feitosa; Otávio Guilherme M. Silva; Lívia Pires do Prado; Carlos Roberto F. Brandão; Emília Zoppas de Albuquerque; Maria Santina C. Morini; Jacques Hubert Charles Delabie; Erison Carlos dos Santos Monteiro; Agripino Emanuel Oliveira Alves; Alexander L. Wild; et al. (Ecology, 2022)
Ants, an ecologically successful and numerically dominant group of animals, play key ecological roles as soil engineers, predators, nutrient recyclers, and regulators of plant growth and reproduction in most terrestrial ecosystems. Further, ants are widely used as bioindicators of the ecological impact of land use. We gathered information of ant species in the Atlantic Forest of South America. The ATLANTIC ANTS data set, which is part of the ATLANTIC SERIES data papers, is a compilation of ant records from collections (18,713 records), unpublished data (29,651 records), and published sources (106,910 records; 1,059 references), including papers, theses, dissertations, and book chapters published from 1886 to 2020. In total, the data set contains 153,818 ant records from 7,636 study locations in the Atlantic Forest, representing 10 subfamilies, 99 genera, 1,114 ant species identified with updated taxonomic certainty, and 2,235 morphospecies codes. Our data set reflects the heterogeneity in ant records, which include ants sampled at the beginning of the taxonomic history of myrmecology (the 19th and 20th centuries) and more recent ant surveys designed to address specific questions in ecology and biology. The data set can be used by researchers to develop strategies to deal with different macroecological and region‐wide questions, focusing on assemblages, species occurrences, and distribution patterns. Furthermore, the data can be used to assess the consequences of changes in land use in the Atlantic Forest on different ecological processes. No copyright restrictions apply to the use of this data set, but we request that authors cite this data paper when using these data in publications or teaching events.

Bio-GO-SHIP: The Time Is Right to Establish Global Repeat Sections of Ocean Biology - Sophie Clayton; Harriet Alexander; Jason R. Graff; Nicole J. Poulton; Luke R. Thompson; Heather Benway; Emmanuel Boss; Adam Martiny (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022)
In this article, we present Bio-GO-SHIP, a new ocean observing program that will incorporate sustained and consistent global biological ocean observations into the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP). The goal of Bio-GO-SHIP is to produce systematic and consistent biological observations during global ocean repeat hydrographic surveys, with a particular focus on the planktonic ecosystem. Ocean plankton are an essential component of the earth climate system, form the base of the oceanic food web and thereby play an important role in influencing food security and contributing to the Blue Economy. Despite its importance, ocean biology is largely under-sampled in time and space compared to physical and chemical properties. This lack of information hampers our ability to understand the role of plankton in regulating biogeochemical processes and fueling higher trophic levels, now and in future ocean conditions. Traditionally, many of the methods used to quantify biological and ecosystem essential ocean variables (EOVs), measures that provide valuable information on the ecosystem, have been expensive and labor- and time-intensive, limiting their large-scale deployment. In the last two decades, new technologies have been developed and matured, making it possible to greatly expand our biological ocean observing capacity. These technologies, including cell imaging, bio-optical sensors and 'omic tools, can be combined to provide overlapping measurements of key biological and ecosystem EOVs. New developments in data management and open sharing can facilitate meaningful synthesis and integration with concurrent physical and chemical data. Here we outline how Bio-GO-SHIP leverages these technological advances to greatly expand our knowledge and understanding of the constituents and function of the global ocean plankton ecosystem.

Common, low-frequency, rare, and ultra-rare coding variants contribute to COVID-19 severity - Chiara Fallerini; Nicola Picchiotti; Margherita Baldassarri; Kristina Zguro; Sergio Daga; Francesca Fava; Elisa Benetti; Sara Amitrano; Mirella Bruttini; Maria Palmieri; Susanna Croci; Mirjam Lista; et al. (Human Genetics, 2022)
The combined impact of common and rare exonic variants in COVID-19 host genetics is currently insufficiently understood. Here, common and rare variants from whole-exome sequencing data of about 4000 SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals were used to define an interpretable machine-learning model for predicting COVID-19 severity. First, variants were converted into separate sets of Boolean features, depending on the absence or the presence of variants in each gene. An ensemble of LASSO logistic regression models was used to identify the most informative Boolean features with respect to the genetic bases of severity. The Boolean features selected by these logistic models were combined into an Integrated PolyGenic Score that offers a synthetic and interpretable index for describing the contribution of host genetics in COVID-19 severity, as demonstrated through testing in several independent cohorts. Selected features belong to ultra-rare, rare, low-frequency, and common variants, including those in linkage disequilibrium with known GWAS loci. Noteworthily, around one quarter of the selected genes are sex-specific. Pathway analysis of the selected genes associated with COVID-19 severity reflected the multi-organ nature of the disease. The proposed model might provide useful information for developing diagnostics and therapeutics, while also being able to guide bedside disease management.

Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds from Tempered and Incubated Grain Mediate Attraction by a Primary but Not Secondary Stored Product Insect Pest in Wheat - Taylor Van Winkle; Marco Ponce; Hannah Quellhorst; Alexander Bruce; Chloe E. Albin; Tania N. Kim; Kun Yan Zhu; William R. Morrison (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2022)
There has been a dearth of research elucidating the behavioral effect of microbially-produced volatile organic compounds on insects in postharvest agriculture. Demonstrating attraction to MVOC’s by stored product insects would provide an additional source of unique behaviorally-relevant stimuli to protect postharvest commodities at food facilities. Here, we assessed the behavioral response of a primary ( Rhyzopertha dominica ) and secondary ( Tribolium castaneum ) grain pest to bouquets of volatiles produced by whole wheat that were untempered, or tempered to 12%, 15%, or 19% grain moisture and incubated for 9, 18, or 27 days. We hypothesized that MVOC’s may be more important for the secondary feeder because they signal that otherwise unusable, intact grains have become susceptible by weakening of the bran. However, contrary to our expectations, we found that the primary feeder, R. dominica , but not T. castaneum was attracted to MVOC’s in a wind tunnel experiment, and in a release-recapture assay using commercial traps baited with grain treatments. Increasing grain moisture resulted in elevated grain damage detected by near-infrared spectroscopy and resulted in small but significant differences in the blend of volatiles emitted by treatments detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In sequencing the microbial community on the grain, we found a diversity of fungi, suggesting that an assemblage was responsible for emissions. We conclude that R. dominica is attracted to a broader suite of MVOC’s than T. castaneum , and that our work highlights the importance of understanding insect-microbe interactions in the postharvest agricultural supply chain.

Microcoleus (Cyanobacteria) form watershed‐wide populations without strong gradients in population structure - Keith Bouma‐Gregson; Alexander Crits‐Christoph; Mathew R. Olm; Mary E. Power; Jillian F. Banfield (Molecular Ecology, 2022)
The relative importance of separation by distance and by environment to population genetic diversity can be conveniently tested in river networks, where these two drivers are often independently distributed over space. To evaluate the importance of dispersal and environmental conditions in shaping microbial population structures, we performed genome‐resolved metagenomic analyses of benthic Microcoleus ‐dominated cyanobacterial mats collected in the Eel and Russian River networks (California, USA). The 64 Microcoleus genomes were clustered into three species that shared >96.5% average nucleotide identity (ANI). Most mats were dominated by one strain, but minor alleles within mats were often shared, even over large spatial distances (>300 km). Within the most common Microcoleus species, the ANI between the dominant strains within mats decreased with increasing spatial separation. However, over shorter spatial distances (tens of kilometres), mats from different subwatersheds had lower ANI than mats from the same subwatershed, suggesting that at shorter spatial distances environmental differences between subwatersheds in factors like canopy cover, conductivity, and mean annual temperature decreases ANI. Since mats in smaller creeks had similar levels of nucleotide diversity ( π ) as mats in larger downstream subwatersheds, within‐mat genetic diversity does not appear to depend on the downstream accumulation of upstream‐derived strains. The four‐gamete test and sequence length bias suggest recombination occurs between almost all strains within each species, even between populations separated by large distances or living in different habitats. Overall, our results show that, despite some isolation by distance and environmental conditions, sufficient gene‐flow occurs among cyanobacterial strains to prevent either driver from producing distinctive population structures across the watershed.

Local and regional constraints on relative sea‐level changes in southern Isle of Skye, Scotland, since the Last Glacial Maximum - Louise Best; Alexander R. Simms; Martin Brader; Jerry Lloyd; Juliet Sefton; Ian Shennan (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2022)
New relative sea‐level (RSL) data constrain the timing and magnitude of RSL changes in the southern Isle of Skye following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). We identify a marine limit at ~ 23 m OD, indicating RSL ~20 m above present c . 15.1 ka. Isolation basin data, supported by terrestrial and marine limiting dates, record an RSL fall to 11.59 m above present by c . 14.2 ka. This RSL fall occurs across the time of global Meltwater Pulse 1A, supporting recent research on the sources of ice melting. Our new data also help to resolve some of the chronological issues within the existing Isle of Skye RSL record and provide details of the sub‐Arctic marine environment associated with the transition into Devensian Lateglacial climate at c . 14.5 k cal a bp , and the timing of changes in response to the Loch Lomond Stadial climate. Glacio‐isostatic adjustment (GIA) model predictions of RSL deviate from the RSL constraints and reflect uncertainties in local and global ice models used within the GIA models. An empirical RSL curve provides a target for future research.

The nature of the Moho beneath fast‐spreading centers: Evidence from the Pacific plate and Oman ophiolite - Yoshihiko Tamura; Mathieu Rospabé; Gou Fujie; Akane Ohira; Kentaro Kaneda; Alexander R. L. Nichols; Georges Ceuleneer; Tomoki Sato; Shuichi Kodaira; Seiichi Miura; Eiichi Takazawa (Island Arc, 2022)
It is common knowledge that the Moho is the boundary between the crust and the Earth's mantle. Here we show along several seismic profiles through the Pacific Plate that a correlation exists between the strength of Moho reflections, crustal thickness, and water depth. Where the Moho can be detected clearly, the overlying oceanic crust is systematically thicker and the water depths are shallower. We suggest that two end‐members of oceanic crust exist in fast spreading environments: one thick, underlain by a clear Moho; the other thinner, without a Moho; with all intermediate situations. In the Oman ophiolite, the best‐preserved on‐land analogue of fossil oceanic lithosphere created by fast‐spreading, the boundary between the mantle peridotites and the lower crustal gabbros mainly consists of a dunitic transition zone (DTZ) ranging from a few meters to a few hundred meters in thickness. A sudden influx of seawater down to the base of the crust at the mid‐ocean ridge (MOR) results in the hydrous (re‐)melting of mantle peridotites, producing a dunitic residue at the crust–mantle boundary that represents the most reflective Moho. At the same time, the hydrous melting, in addition to the normal decompression melting, beneath the MOR, increases the thickness of the oceanic crust by enhancing magma production. In the absence of hydrous melting, the DTZ is thin or absent at the crust–mantle boundary, and instead the uppermost mantle harzburgite is intruded by gabbros, and/or the overlying crustal gabbro is intruded by numerous wehrlite bodies, which will be seismically gradational.

Joint effects of climate, tree size, and year on annual tree growth derived from tree‐ring records of ten globally distributed forests - Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira; Valentine Herrmann; Christine R. Rollinson; Bianca Gonzalez; Erika B. Gonzalez‐Akre; Neil Pederson; M. Ross Alexander; Craig D. Allen; Raquel Alfaro‐Sánchez; Tala Awada; Jennifer L. Baltzer; Patrick J. Baker; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2022)
Tree rings provide an invaluable long‐term record for understanding how climate and other drivers shape tree growth and forest productivity. However, conventional tree‐ring analysis methods were not designed to simultaneously test effects of climate, tree size, and other drivers on individual growth. This has limited the potential to test ecologically relevant hypotheses on tree growth sensitivity to environmental drivers and their interactions with tree size. Here, we develop and apply a new method to simultaneously model nonlinear effects of primary climate drivers, reconstructed tree diameter at breast height (DBH), and calendar year in generalized least squares models that account for the temporal autocorrelation inherent to each individual tree's growth. We analyze data from 3811 trees representing 40 species at 10 globally distributed sites, showing that precipitation, temperature, DBH, and calendar year have additively, and often interactively, influenced annual growth over the past 120 years. Growth responses were predominantly positive to precipitation (usually over ≥3‐month seasonal windows) and negative to temperature (usually maximum temperature, over ≤3‐month seasonal windows), with concave‐down responses in 63% of relationships. Climate sensitivity commonly varied with DBH (45% of cases tested), with larger trees usually more sensitive. Trends in ring width at small DBH were linked to the light environment under which trees established, but basal area or biomass increments consistently reached maxima at intermediate DBH. Accounting for climate and DBH, growth rate declined over time for 92% of species in secondary or disturbed stands, whereas growth trends were mixed in older forests. These trends were largely attributable to stand dynamics as cohorts and stands age, which remain challenging to disentangle from global change drivers. By providing a parsimonious approach for characterizing multiple interacting drivers of tree growth, our method reveals a more complete picture of the factors influencing growth than has previously been possible.

Effects of a 16-week multimodal exercise program on activities of daily living in institutionalized individuals with dementia - Jelena Bezold; Sandra Trautwein; Bettina Barisch-Fritz; Andrea Scharpf; Janina Krell-Roesch; Claudio R. Nigg; Alexander Woll (German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 2021)
We aimed to examine the effects of a 16-week multimodal exercise program (MEP) on activities of daily living (ADL) in individuals with dementia (IWD). Furthermore, we investigated the participants’ individual response to the MEP and whether baseline cognitive and motor performance explain ADL performance. We conducted a multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving 319 participants aged ≥ 65 years with mild to moderate dementia. ADL were assessed at baseline and after the 16-week intervention using the Barthel Index (BI), the Erlangen Test of Activities of Daily Living (E-ADL) and the 7‑item Physical Performance Test (PPT-7). We additionally assessed cognitive and motor performance using standardized and validated assessments. Intervention effects were examined through two-factor analysis of variance with repeated measurements applying a per protocol and an intention-to-treat analysis. We compared baseline cognitive and motor performance between positive-responders (positive-R), non-responders (non-R), and negative-responders (negative-R) and examined cognitive and motor performance as potential cofounders of ADL by conducting multiple regression analyses. There were no significant time×group effects on ADL. Between 20 and 32% of participants responded positively to the intervention, i.e., improved ADL performance from baseline to follow-up. Positive-R had worse baseline motor performance compared to non-R. Cognitive and motor performance explained up to 51.4% of variance in ADL. The MEP had no significant overall effect on ADL in IWD. This may be related to insufficient exercise intensity. However, our results indicate that the response to the MEP depends on individual prerequisites which should thus be considered in further research on individual exercise approaches.

Archerfish respond to a hunting robotic conspecific - Alexander A. Brown; Michael F. Brown; Spencer R. Folk; Brent A. Utter (Biological Cybernetics, 2021)

Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2021)

2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2021)

Hawksbill Nesting in Hawai‘i: 30-Year Dataset Reveals Recent Positive Trend for a Small, Yet Vital Population - Alexander R. Gaos; Lauren Kurpita; Hannah Bernard; Luke Sundquist; Cheryl S. King; Joy H. Browning; Eldridge Naboa; Irene K. Kelly; Kelleigh Downs; Tomo Eguchi; George Balazs; Kyle Van Houtan; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Evaluating wildlife population trends is necessary for the development of effective management strategies, which are particularly relevant for highly threatened species. Hawksbill marine turtles ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) are considered endangered globally and are rare in Hawai‘i. Remnant hawksbill nesting beaches were identified in Hawai‘i in the late 1980s and the primary sites have been monitored since that time. In this study we summarize all available hawksbill nesting activity around the Hawaiian Islands between 1988 and 2018, highlighting relevant demographic and geographic data for the species. Because monitoring effort varied substantially across space and time, we implemented a predictive modeling approach that accounted for varying effort to explore potential trends in annual number of nesting females and nests over time. Field monitoring efforts documented an annual average of 14 ± 4.3 (range: 5–26) nesting females and 48 ± 19.0 (range: 12–93) nests, with a cumulative total of 178 individual nesting females and 1,280 nests recorded across all years. Nesting has been documented on four Hawaiian Islands, with the overwhelming majority of nesting females (78.4%) and nests (86.5%) recorded at four beaches along the southern coast of Hawai‘i Island. Recent monitoring (2018) at a beach on Moloka‘i Island revealed numbers similar to the most important beaches on Hawai‘i Island. Despite difficulty discerning obvious trends when looking solely at the raw tabulated numbers from field monitoring, our analysis suggests both the number of nesting females and nests have been positively trending since 2006, and this is supported by a higher percentage (57.1% of annual cohorts) of neophyte (vs. remigrant) nesters over the second half of the monitoring timeframe. The masking of obvious trends in the tabulated numbers is likely due to decreased overall monitoring effort as a result of reduced funding in recent years, coupled with a shift in focal monitoring effort from the historical primary nesting site of Kamehame, to the more recently established nesting site of Pōhue. Although the positive trend is encouraging, our findings highlight the precarious state of hawksbills in Hawai‘i and the need to enhance monitoring across all sites to support more robust population assessments and management decision making.

Density data for Lake Ontario benthic invertebrate assemblages from 1964 to 2018 - Lyubov E. Burlakova; Alexander Y. Karatayev; Allison R. Hrycik; Susan E. Daniel; Knut Mehler; Lars G. Rudstam; James M. Watkins; Ronald Dermott; Jill Scharold; Ashley K. Elgin; Thomas F. Nalepa; Elizabeth K. Hinchey; et al. (Ecology, 2021)
Benthic invertebrates are important trophic links in aquatic food webs and serve as useful bioindicators of environmental conditions because their responses integrate the effects of both water and sediment qualities. However, long‐term data sets for benthic invertebrate assemblages across broad geographic areas are rare and, even if collected, historic data sets are often not readily accessible. This data set provides densities of benthic macroinvertebrates for all taxa collected during lake‐wide surveys in Lake Ontario, a Laurentian Great Lake, from 1964 to 2018. This information resulted from surveys funded by the governments of the United States and Canada to investigate the status and changes of Lake Ontario benthic community. Of the 13 lake‐wide benthic surveys conducted in Lake Ontario over the course of 54 yr, we were able to acquire taxonomic data to the species level for 11 of the surveys and data to the group level for the other two surveys. Density data are provided for taxa representing the Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Cnidaria, Nemertea, and Platyhelminthes phyla. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that the compositional structure of Lake Ontario invertebrate assemblages differed markedly by depth and were also significantly altered by the Dreissena spp. invasion in early 1990s. The introduction of invasive dreissenids has changed the community historically dominated by Diporeia , Oligochaeta, and Sphaeriidae, to a community dominated by quagga mussels and Oligochaeta. Considering the rarity of long‐term benthic data of high taxonomic resolution in lake ecosystems, this data set could be useful to explore broader aspects of ecological theory, including effects of different environmental factors and invasive species on community organization, functional and phylogenetic diversity, and spatial scale of variation in community structure. The data set could also be useful for studies on individual species including abundance and distribution, species co‐occurrence, and how the patterns of dominance and rarity change over space and time. Use of this data set for academic or educational purposes is encouraged as long as the data source is properly cited using the title of this Data Paper, the names of the authors, the year of publication, the journal name, and the article number.

Antiviral activity of amides and carboxamides of quinolizidine alkaloid (−)-cytisine against human influenza virus A (H1N1) and parainfluenza virus type 3 - Victoria A. Fedorova; Renata A. Kadyrova; Alexander V. Slita; Anna A. Muryleva; Polina R. Petrova; Alena V. Kovalskaya; Alexander N. Lobov; Zulfiya R. Zileeva; Dmiry O. Tsypyshev; Sophia S. Borisevich; Inna P. Tsypysheva; Julia V. Vakhitova; et al. (Natural Product Research, 2021)

Facile synthesis of pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines by domino reaction of 1-aroyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolines with conjugated ketones, nitroalkenes and nitriles - Grigorii S. Astakhov; Rinat R. Shigaev; Tatiana N. Borisova; Anastasia A. Ershova; Alexander A. Titov; Alexey V. Varlamov; Leonid G. Voskressensky; Maria D. Matveeva (Molecular Diversity, 2021)

Emergence of Cladosporium macrocarpum disease in canola (Brassica napus) - Alexander Idnurm; Ciara Beard; Anne Smith; Andrea L. Hills; Kylie R. Chambers (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2021)

The early marine distribution of Atlantic salmon in the North‐east Atlantic: A genetically informed stock‐specific synthesis - John Gilbey; Kjell Rong Utne; Vidar Wennevik; Alexander Christian Beck; Kyrre Kausrud; Kjetil Hindar; Carlos Garcia de Leaniz; Corrine Cherbonnel; Jamie Coughlan; Tom F. Cross; Eileen Dillane; Dennis Ensing; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2021)
The survival of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) , an increasingly rare anadromous species, has declined dramatically during its marine phase, with disproportionate impacts on the poorly understood early post‐smolt period. Logistical constraints on collecting oceanic data to inform this issue pose a formidable obstacle. To advance understanding of post‐smolt distributional ecology in the North‐east Atlantic, a comprehensive analysis of existing information was undertaken. Data were synthesized from 385 marine cruises, 10,202 individual trawls, and 9,269 captured post‐smolts, spanning three decades and ~4.75 million km 2 of ocean, with 3,423 individuals genetically assigned to regional phylogeographic origin. The findings confirm major migrational post‐smolt aggregations on the continental shelf‐edge off Ireland, Scotland and Norway, and an important marine foraging area in the Norwegian Sea. Genetic analysis shows that aggregational stock composition does not simply reflect distance to natal rivers, with northern phylogeographic stock groups significantly under‐represented in sampled high‐seas aggregations. It identifies a key foraging habitat for southern European post‐smolts located in international waters immediately west of the Vøring Plateau escarpment, potentially exposing them to a high by‐catch mortality from extra‐territorial pelagic fisheries. Evidence of the differential distribution of regional stocks points to fundamental differences in their migration behaviours and may lead to inter‐stock variation in responses to environmental change and marine survival. The study shows that understanding of post‐smolt marine ecology, as regards to stock‐specific variations in habitat utilization, biological performance and exposure to mortality factors, can be significantly advanced by data integration across studies and exploiting genetic approaches.

Evolutionary legacies in contemporary tetrapod imperilment - Dan A. Greenberg; R. Alexander Pyron; Liam G. W. Johnson; Nathan S. Upham; Walter Jetz; Arne Ø. Mooers (Ecology Letters, 2021)
The Tree of Life will be irrevocably reshaped as anthropogenic extinctions continue to unfold. Theory suggests that lineage evolutionary dynamics, such as age since origination, historical extinction filters and speciation rates, have influenced ancient extinction patterns – but whether these factors also contribute to modern extinction risk is largely unknown. We examine evolutionary legacies in contemporary extinction risk for over 4000 genera, representing ~30,000 species, from the major tetrapod groups: amphibians, birds, turtles and crocodiles, squamate reptiles and mammals. We find consistent support for the hypothesis that extinction risk is elevated in lineages with higher recent speciation rates. We subsequently test, and find modest support for, a primary mechanism driving this pattern: that rapidly diversifying clades predominantly comprise range‐restricted, and extinction‐prone, species. These evolutionary patterns in current imperilment may have important consequences for how we manage the erosion of biological diversity across the Tree of Life.

Acute and Chronic Kidney Dysfunction and Outcome After Stroke Thrombectomy - Simon Fandler-Höfler; Balazs Odler; Markus Kneihsl; Gerit Wünsch; Melanie Haidegger; Birgit Poltrum; Markus Beitzke; Hannes Deutschmann; Christian Enzinger; Alexander R Rosenkranz; Thomas Gattringer (Translational Stroke Research, 2021)
Data on the impact of kidney dysfunction on outcome in patients with stroke due to large vessel occlusion are scarce. The few available studies are limited by only considering single kidney parameters measured at one time point. We thus investigated the influence of both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) on outcome after mechanical thrombectomy. We included consecutive patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke receiving mechanical thrombectomy at our center over an 8-year period. We extracted clinical data from a prospective registry and investigated kidney serum parameters at admission, the following day and throughout hospital stay. CKD and AKI were defined according to established nephrological criteria. Unfavorable outcome was defined as scores of 3–6 on the modified Rankin Scale 3 months post-stroke. Among 465 patients, 31.8% had an impaired estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at admission (< 60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ). Impaired admission eGFR was related to unfavorable outcome in univariable analysis ( p = 0.003), but not after multivariable adjustment ( p = 0.96). Patients frequently met AKI criteria at admission (24.5%), which was associated with unfavorable outcome in a multivariable model (OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.73–5.30, p < 0.001). Moreover, patients who developed AKI during hospital stay also had a worse outcome ( p = 0.002 in multivariable analysis). While CKD was not associated with 3-month outcome, we identified AKI either at admission or throughout the hospital stay as an independent predictor of unfavorable prognosis in this study cohort. This finding warrants further investigation of kidney–brain crosstalk in the setting of acute stroke.

Circulating Nestin-GFP+ Cells Participate in the Pathogenesis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the Lungs - Leda M. C. Coimbra-Campos; Walison N. Silva; Ludmila M. Baltazar; Pedro A. C. Costa; Pedro H. D. M. Prazeres; Caroline C. Picoli; Alinne C. Costa; Beatriz G. S. Rocha; Gabryella S. P. Santos; Fabrício M. S. Oliveira; Mauro C. X. Pinto; Jaime H. Amorim; et al. (Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 2021)

The role of adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in stress-induced cardiac injury - Boris K. Kurbatov; Ekaterina S. Prokudina; Leonid N. Maslov; Natalia V. Naryzhnaya; Sergey V. Logvinov; Alexander S. Gorbunov; Alexandr V. Mukhomedzyanov; Andrey V. Krylatov; Nikita S. Voronkov; Andrey S. Sementsov; Konstantin V. Zavadovsky; Viktor V. Saushkin; et al. (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2021)

ASL expression in ALDH1A1+ neurons in the substantia nigra metabolically contributes to neurodegenerative phenotype - Shaul Lerner; Raya Eilam; Lital Adler; Julien Baruteau; Topaz Kreiser; Michael Tsoory; Alexander Brandis; Tevie Mehlman; Mina Ryten; Juan A. Botia; Sonia Garcia Ruiz; Alejandro Cisterna Garcia; et al. (Human Genetics, 2021)
Argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) is essential for the NO-dependent regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and thus for catecholamine production. Using a conditional mouse model with loss of ASL in catecholamine neurons, we demonstrate that ASL is expressed in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, including the ALDH1A1 + subpopulation that is pivotal for the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). Neuronal loss of ASL results in catecholamine deficiency, in accumulation and formation of tyrosine aggregates, in elevation of α-synuclein, and phenotypically in motor and cognitive deficits. NO supplementation rescues the formation of aggregates as well as the motor deficiencies. Our data point to a potential metabolic link between accumulations of tyrosine and seeding of pathological aggregates in neurons as initiators for the pathological processes involved in neurodegeneration. Hence, interventions in tyrosine metabolism via regulation of NO levels may be therapeutic beneficial for the treatment of catecholamine-related neurodegenerative disorders.

Genetic analyses of gynecological disease identify genetic relationships between uterine fibroids and endometrial cancer, and a novel endometrial cancer genetic risk region at the WNT4 1p36.12 locus - Pik Fang Kho; Sally Mortlock; Frederic Amant; Daniela Annibali; Katie Ashton; John Attia; Paul L. Auer; Matthias W. Beckmann; Amanda Black; Louise Brinton; Daniel D. Buchanan; Stephen J. Chanock; et al. (Human Genetics, 2021)

Flow is more Important than Temperature in Driving Patterns of Organic Matter Storage and Stoichiometry in Stream Ecosystems - James R. Junker; Wyatt F. Cross; Jonathan P. Benstead; Alexander D. Huryn; James M. Hood; Daniel Nelson; Gísli M. Gíslason; Jón S. Ólafsson (Ecosystems, 2021)

A Cross-sectional Study of Plasma Trace Elements and Vitamins Content in Androgenetic Alopecia in Men - Irina N. Kondrakhina; Dmitry A. Verbenko; Alexander M. Zatevalov; Eugenia R. Gatiatulina; Alexander A. Nikonorov; Dmitry G. Deryabin; Alexey A. Kubanov (Biological Trace Element Research, 2021)

sPlotOpen – An environmentally balanced, open‐access, global dataset of vegetation plots - Francesco Maria Sabatini; Jonathan Lenoir; Tarek Hattab; Elise Aimee Arnst; Milan Chytrý; Jürgen Dengler; Patrice De Ruffray; Stephan M. Hennekens; Ute Jandt; Florian Jansen; Borja Jiménez‐Alfaro; Jens Kattge; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2021)
Motivation Assessing biodiversity status and trends in plant communities is critical for understanding, quantifying and predicting the effects of global change on ecosystems. Vegetation plots record the occurrence or abundance of all plant species co‐occurring within delimited local areas. This allows species absences to be inferred, information seldom provided by existing global plant datasets. Although many vegetation plots have been recorded, most are not available to the global research community. A recent initiative, called ‘sPlot’, compiled the first global vegetation plot database, and continues to grow and curate it. The sPlot database, however, is extremely unbalanced spatially and environmentally, and is not open‐access. Here, we address both these issues by (a) resampling the vegetation plots using several environmental variables as sampling strata and (b) securing permission from data holders of 105 local‐to‐regional datasets to openly release data. We thus present sPlotOpen, the largest open‐access dataset of vegetation plots ever released. sPlotOpen can be used to explore global diversity at the plant community level, as ground truth data in remote sensing applications, or as a baseline for biodiversity monitoring. Main types of variable contained Vegetation plots ( n = 95,104) recording cover or abundance of naturally co‐occurring vascular plant species within delimited areas. sPlotOpen contains three partially overlapping resampled datasets ( c . 50,000 plots each), to be used as replicates in global analyses. Besides geographical location, date, plot size, biome, elevation, slope, aspect, vegetation type, naturalness, coverage of various vegetation layers, and source dataset, plot‐level data also include community‐weighted means and variances of 18 plant functional traits from the TRY Plant Trait Database. Spatial location and grain Global, 0.01–40,000 m². Time period and grain 1888–2015, recording dates. Major taxa and level of measurement 42,677 vascular plant taxa, plot‐level records. Software format Three main matrices (.csv), relationally linked.

Coastal Ocean Observing and Modeling Systems in Brazil: Initiatives and Future Perspectives - Guilherme Franz; Carlos A. E. Garcia; Janini Pereira; Luiz Paulo de Freitas Assad; Marcelo Rollnic; Luis Hamilton P. Garbossa; Letícia Cotrim da Cunha; Carlos A. D. Lentini; Paulo Nobre; Alexander Turra; Janice R. Trotte-Duhá; Mauro Cirano; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Coastal ocean observing and modeling systems (coastal observatories), connected with regional and global ocean systems, improve the quality of information and forecasts for effective management of safe and sustainable maritime activities. The public availability of systematic and long-term information of the ocean is an engine for the Blue Economy, boosting economic growth, employment, and innovation. An overview of some Brazilian initiatives is presented in this paper, involving universities, private companies, federal and state agencies, covering institutions from south to north of Brazil. Although these initiatives focus mainly on ocean physics, integrated efforts can extend the scope to include biogeochemistry and marine biodiversity, helping to address interdisciplinary problems. Existing initiatives can be connected, and new ones fostered, to fill in the gaps of temporal and spatial coverage of ocean monitoring in the vast oceanic area under Brazilian jurisdiction (nationally referred to as the Blue Amazon, in reference to the similar richness of the Amazon Forest). The alignment among national and regional initiatives, as well as with international programs, can be promoted if coordinated by a national-level organization, maximizing the return of public investment and socioeconomic benefits. In light of international examples, possible future institutional arrangements are discussed, leveraging from existing national public policies and international cooperation that Brazil is taking part. The United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development is a timely opportunity to encourage an institutional arrangement to support and articulate an integrated network of coastal observatories in Brazil.

Vegetation management and benthic macroinvertebrate communities in urban stormwater ponds: implications for regional biodiversity - James S. Sinclair; Lindsey S. Reisinger; Carrie R. Adams; Eban Bean; Alexander J. Reisinger; Basil V. Iannone (Urban Ecosystems, 2021)

Distribution patterns, ecological niche and conservation status of endemic Tillandsia purpurea along the Peruvian coast - Francisco Villasante Benavides; G. Anthony Pauca-Tanco; C. R. Luque-Fernández; Johana del Pilar Quispe-Turpo; Luis N. Villegas Paredes; Alexander Siegmund; Marcus A. Koch (Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2021)

The genome of the gymnosperm Picea glauca encodes a single Nucleobase Cation Symporter 1 (PgNCS1) that displays a broad yet unique solute specificity profile - Mahanish J. Thapa; Laura Mack; Jessica R. Schein; Kevin A. Hunt; Candace R. Alexander; Neil P. Schultes; George S. Mourad (Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2021)

The erythropoietin receptor expressed in skeletal muscle is essential for mitochondrial biogenesis and physiological exercise - Kirsten T. Nijholt; Laura M. G. Meems; Willem P. T. Ruifrok; Alexander H. Maass; Salva R. Yurista; Mario G. Pavez-Giani; Belend Mahmoud; Anouk H. G. Wolters; Dirk J. van Veldhuisen; Wiek H. van Gilst; Herman H. W. Silljé; Rudolf A. de Boer; et al. (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2021)
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a haematopoietic hormone that regulates erythropoiesis, but the EPO-receptor (EpoR) is also expressed in non-haematopoietic tissues. Stimulation of the EpoR in cardiac and skeletal muscle provides protection from various forms of pathological stress, but its relevance for normal muscle physiology remains unclear. We aimed to determine the contribution of the tissue-specific EpoR to exercise-induced remodelling of cardiac and skeletal muscle. Baseline phenotyping was performed on left ventricle and m. gastrocnemius of mice that only express the EpoR in haematopoietic tissues (EpoR-tKO). Subsequently, mice were caged in the presence or absence of a running wheel for 4 weeks and exercise performance, cardiac function and histological and molecular markers for physiological adaptation were assessed. While gross morphology of both muscles was normal in EpoR-tKO mice, mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle was decreased by 50%, associated with similar reductions in mitochondrial biogenesis, while mitophagy was unaltered. When subjected to exercise, EpoR-tKO mice ran slower and covered less distance than wild-type (WT) mice (5.5 ± 0.6 vs. 8.0 ± 0.4 km/day, p < 0.01). The impaired exercise performance was paralleled by reductions in myocyte growth and angiogenesis in both muscle types. Our findings indicate that the endogenous EPO-EpoR system controls mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. The reductions in mitochondrial content were associated with reduced exercise capacity in response to voluntary exercise, supporting a critical role for the extra-haematopoietic EpoR in exercise performance.

Semaphorin3F Drives Dendritic Spine Pruning Through Rho-GTPase Signaling - Bryce W. Duncan; Vishwa Mohan; Sarah D. Wade; Young Truong; Alexander Kampov-Polevoi; Brenda R. Temple; Patricia F. Maness (Molecular Neurobiology, 2021)

Morphological and physiological plasticity of Saccharina latissima (Phaeophyceae) in response to different hydrodynamic conditions and nutrient availability - Guorong Zhu; Alexander Ebbing; Tjeerd J. Bouma; Klaas R. Timmermans (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2021)

Variants in GCNA, X-linked germ-cell genome integrity gene, identified in men with primary spermatogenic failure - Jimmaline J. Hardy; Margot J. Wyrwoll; William Mcfadden; Agnieszka Malcher; Nadja Rotte; Nijole C. Pollock; Sarah Munyoki; Maria V. Veroli; Brendan J. Houston; Miguel J. Xavier; Laura Kasak; Margus Punab; et al. (Human Genetics, 2021)

C(3)1-TAg in C57BL/6 J background as a model to study mammary tumor development - Isadora F. G. Sena; Beatriz G. S. Rocha; Caroline C. Picoli; Gabryella S. P. Santos; Alinne C. Costa; Bryan O. P. Gonçalves; Ana Paula V. Garcia; Maryam Soltani-asl; Leda M. C. Coimbra-Campos; Walison N. Silva; Pedro A. C. Costa; Mauro C. X. Pinto; et al. (Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 2021)

Disturbance type and species life history predict mammal responses to humans - Justin P. Suraci; Kaitlyn M. Gaynor; Maximilian L. Allen; Peter Alexander; Justin S. Brashares; Sara Cendejas‐Zarelli; Kevin Crooks; L. Mark Elbroch; Tavis Forrester; Austin M. Green; Jeffrey Haight; Nyeema C. Harris; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2021)
Human activity and land use change impact every landscape on Earth, driving declines in many animal species while benefiting others. Species ecological and life history traits may predict success in human‐dominated landscapes such that only species with “winning” combinations of traits will persist in disturbed environments. However, this link between species traits and successful coexistence with humans remains obscured by the complexity of anthropogenic disturbances and variability among study systems. We compiled detection data for 24 mammal species from 61 populations across North America to quantify the effects of (1) the direct presence of people and (2) the human footprint (landscape modification) on mammal occurrence and activity levels. Thirty‐three percent of mammal species exhibited a net negative response (i.e., reduced occurrence or activity) to increasing human presence and/or footprint across populations, whereas 58% of species were positively associated with increasing disturbance. However, apparent benefits of human presence and footprint tended to decrease or disappear at higher disturbance levels, indicative of thresholds in mammal species’ capacity to tolerate disturbance or exploit human‐dominated landscapes. Species ecological and life history traits were strong predictors of their responses to human footprint, with increasing footprint favoring smaller, less carnivorous, faster‐reproducing species. The positive and negative effects of human presence were distributed more randomly with respect to species trait values, with apparent winners and losers across a range of body sizes and dietary guilds. Differential responses by some species to human presence and human footprint highlight the importance of considering these two forms of human disturbance separately when estimating anthropogenic impacts on wildlife. Our approach provides insights into the complex mechanisms through which human activities shape mammal communities globally, revealing the drivers of the loss of larger predators in human‐modified landscapes.

RippleNet: a Recurrent Neural Network for Sharp Wave Ripple (SPW-R) Detection - Espen Hagen; Anna R. Chambers; Gaute T. Einevoll; Klas H. Pettersen; Rune Enger; Alexander J. Stasik (Neuroinformatics, 2021)
Hippocampal sharp wave ripples (SPW-R) have been identified as key bio-markers of important brain functions such as memory consolidation and decision making. Understanding their underlying mechanisms in healthy and pathological brain function and behaviour rely on accurate SPW-R detection. In this multidisciplinary study, we propose a novel, self-improving artificial intelligence (AI) detection method in the form of deep Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) with Long Short-Term memory (LSTM) layers that can learn features of SPW-R events from raw, labeled input data. The approach contrasts conventional routines that typically relies on hand-crafted, heuristic feature extraction and often laborious manual curation. The algorithm is trained using supervised learning on hand-curated data sets with SPW-R events obtained under controlled conditions. The input to the algorithm is the local field potential (LFP), the low-frequency part of extracellularly recorded electric potentials from the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Its output predictions can be interpreted as time-varying probabilities of SPW-R events for the duration of the inputs. A simple thresholding applied to the output probabilities is found to identify times of SPW-R events with high precision. The non-causal, or bidirectional variant of the proposed algorithm demonstrates consistently better accuracy compared to the causal, or unidirectional counterpart. Reference implementations of the algorithm, named ‘RippleNet’, are open source, freely available, and implemented using a common open-source framework for neural networks () and can be easily incorporated into existing data analysis workflows for processing experimental data.

Biodiversity and distributions of freshwater mollusks in relation to chemical and physical factors in the thermokarst lakes of the Gydan Peninsula, Russia - Yulia V. Bespalaya; Olga V. Aksenova; Svetlana E. Sokolova; Alexander R. Shevchenko; Alena A. Tomilova; Natalia A. Zubrii (Hydrobiologia, 2021)

A Lagrangian-to-Eulerian Metric to Identify Estuarine Pelagic Habitats - Paul R. Stumpner; Jon R. Burau; Alexander L. Forrest (Estuaries and Coasts, 2021)

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae infecting passionfruit in New Zealand in a changing taxonomic landscape - R. Thangavel; J. A. Pattemore; K. B. Rebijith; N. Grbavac; S. Ganev; N. Chan; H. G. Pearson; B. J. R. Alexander (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2021)

The Pleistocene species pump past its prime: Evidence from European butterfly sister species - Sam Ebdon; Dominik R. Laetsch; Leonardo Dapporto; Alexander Hayward; Michael G. Ritchie; Vlad Dincӑ; Roger Vila; Konrad Lohse (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
The Pleistocene glacial cycles had a profound impact on the ranges and genetic make‐up of organisms. While it is clear that the contact zones that have been described for many sister taxa are secondary and have formed in the current interglacial, it is unclear when the taxa involved began to diverge. Previous estimates based on small numbers of loci are unreliable given the stochasticity of genetic drift and the contrasting effects of incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow on gene divergence. Here, we use genome‐wide transcriptome data to estimate divergence for 18 sister species pairs of European butterflies showing either sympatric or contact zone distributions. We find that in most cases, species divergence predates the mid‐Pleistocene transition or even the entire Pleistocene period. We also show that although post‐divergence gene flow is restricted to contact zone pairs, they are not systematically younger than sympatric pairs. This suggests that contact zones are not limited to the initial stages of the speciation process, but can involve notably old taxa. Finally, we show that mitochondrial divergence and nuclear divergence are only weakly correlated and mitochondrial divergence is higher for contact zone pairs.

Marine Heatwaves Exceed Cardiac Thermal Limits of Adult Sparid Fish (Diplodus capensis, Smith 1884) - Kerry-Ann van der Walt; Warren M. Potts; Francesca Porri; Alexander C. Winkler; Murray I. Duncan; Michael R. Skeeles; Nicola C. James (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Climate change not only drives increases in global mean ocean temperatures, but also in the intensity and duration of marine heatwaves (MHWs), with potentially deleterious effects on local fishes. A first step to assess the vulnerability of fishes to MHWs is to quantify their upper thermal thresholds and contrast these limits against current and future ocean temperatures during such heating events. Heart failure is considered a primary mechanism governing the upper thermal limits of fishes and begins to occur at temperatures where heart rate fails to keep pace with thermal dependency of reaction rates. This point is identified by estimating the Arrhenius breakpoint temperature (T AB ), which is the temperature where maximum heart rate ( f Hmax ) first deviates from its exponential increase with temperature and the incremental Q 10 breakpoint temperature (T QB ), which is where the Q 10 temperature coefficient (relative change in heart rate for a 10°C increase in temperature) for f Hmax abruptly decreases during acute warming. Here we determined T AB , T QB and the temperature that causes cardiac arrhythmia (T ARR ) in adults of the marine sparid, Diplodus capensis , using an established technique. Using these thermal indices results, we further estimated adult D. capensis vulnerability to contemporary MHWs and increases in ocean temperatures along the warm-temperate south-east coast of South Africa. For the established technique, we stimulated f Hmax with atropine and isoproterenol and used internal heart rate loggers to measure f Hmax under conditions of acute warming in the laboratory. We estimated average T AB, T QB , and T ARR values of 20.8°C, 21.0°C, and 28.3°C. These findings indicate that the physiology of D. capensis will be progressively compromised when temperatures exceed 21.0°C up to a thermal end-point of 28.3°C. Recent MHWs along the warm-temperate south-east coast, furthermore, are already occurring within the T ARR threshold (26.6–30.0°C) for cardiac function in adult D. capensis , suggesting that this species may already be physiologically compromised by MHWs. Predicted increases in mean ocean temperatures of a conservative 2.0°C, may further result in adult D. capensis experiencing more frequent MHWs as well as a contraction of the northern range limit of this species as mean summer temperatures exceed the average T ARR of 28.3°C.

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: the Last Decade - Sean N. Neifert; Emily K. Chapman; Michael L. Martini; William H. Shuman; Alexander J. Schupper; Eric K. Oermann; J. Mocco; R. Loch Macdonald (Translational Stroke Research, 2021)

Astrocyte Intracellular Ca2+and TrkB Signaling in the Hippocampus Could Be Involved in the Beneficial Behavioral Effects of Antidepressant Treatment - Frederico R. Ferreira; Alexander Cupido; Bogdan Catalin; Wilson A. Silva; Frank Kirchhoff; Elaine A. Del-Bel; Francisco S. Guimarães (Neurotoxicity Research, 2021)

Critical Review of Diesel Exhaust Exposure Health Impact Research Relevant to Occupational Settings: Are We Controlling the Wrong Pollutants? - Katherine R. Landwehr; Alexander N. Larcombe; Alison Reid; Benjamin J. Mullins (Exposure and Health, 2021)

Annotated checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee—second edition - José Fernando Pacheco; Luís Fábio Silveira; Alexandre Aleixo; Carlos Eduardo Agne; Glayson A. Bencke; Gustavo A. Bravo; Guilherme R. R. Brito; Mario Cohn-Haft; Giovanni Nachtigall Maurício; Luciano N. Naka; Fabio Olmos; Sérgio R. Posso; et al. (Ornithology Research, 2021)

Parent and Metabolite Concentration-QT Modeling to Evaluate QT-Interval Prolongation at Savolitinib Therapeutic Doses - Stein Schalkwijk; Tarjinder Sahota; Remy B. Verheijen; Alexander R. Harmer; Ghada F. Ahmed (The AAPS Journal, 2021)

Friend or foe? The role of biotic agents in drought-induced plant mortality - Robert J. Griffin-Nolan; Neha Mohanbabu; Sarah Araldi-Brondolo; Alexander R. Ebert; Julie LeVonne; Joanna I. Lumbsden-Pinto; Hannah Roden; Jordan R. Stark; Jordon Tourville; Katie M. Becklin; John E. Drake; Douglas A. Frank; et al. (Plant Ecology, 2021)

Seasonal Changes in Structure and Dynamics in an Urbanized Salt Wedge Estuary - Margaret A. McKeon; Alexander R. Horner-Devine; Sarah N. Giddings (Estuaries and Coasts, 2021)

Bibliometric analysis of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in wastewater treatment: global and Ibero-American research trends - Iván F. Macías-Quiroga; Paula A. Henao-Aguirre; Alexander Marín-Flórez; Sandra M. Arredondo-López; Nancy R. Sanabria-González (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021)

Development of a new real-time TaqMan PCR assay for the detection of the Prunus pathogen Monilinia kusanoi - K. Dharmaraj; B. J. R. Alexander; M. Toome-Heller (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2021)

Sex‐linked genetic diversity and differentiation in a globally distributed avian species complex - Drew R. Schield; Elizabeth S. C. Scordato; Chris C. R. Smith; Javan K. Carter; Sidi Imad Cherkaoui; Sundev Gombobaatar; Said Hajib; Saad Hanane; Amanda K. Hund; Kazuo Koyama; Wei Liang; Yang Liu; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2021)
Sex chromosomes often bear distinct patterns of genetic variation due to unique patterns of inheritance and demography. The processes of mutation, recombination, genetic drift and selection also influence rates of evolution on sex chromosomes differently than autosomes. Measuring such differences provides information about how these processes shape genomic variation and their roles in the origin of species. To test hypotheses and predictions about patterns of autosomal and sex‐linked genomic diversity and differentiation, we measured population genetic statistics within and between populations and subspecies of the barn swallow ( Hirundo rustica ) and performed explicit comparisons between autosomal and Z‐linked genomic regions. We first tested for evidence of low Z‐linked genetic diversity and high Z‐linked population differentiation relative to autosomes, then for evidence that the Z chromosome bears greater ancestry information due to faster lineage sorting. Finally, we investigated geographical clines across hybrid zones for evidence that the Z chromosome is resistant to introgression due to selection against hybrids. We found evidence that the barn swallow mating system, demographic history and linked selection each contribute to low Z‐linked diversity and high Z‐linked differentiation. While incomplete lineage sorting is rampant across the genome, our results indicate faster sorting of ancestral polymorphism on the Z. Finally, hybrid zone analyses indicate barriers to introgression on the Z chromosome, suggesting that sex‐linked traits are important in reproductive isolation, especially in migratory divide regions. Our study highlights how selection, gene flow and demography shape sex‐linked genetic diversity and underlines the relevance of the Z chromosome in speciation.

Synthesis of new 1,3-thiazol derivatives of maleopimaric acid as anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal agents - Rimma M. Sultanova; Alexander N. Lobov; Alina V. Shumadalova; Svetlana A. Meshcheryakova; Zulfia R. Zileeva; Nailya S. Khusnutdinova; Vener A. Vakhitov; Yulia V. Vakhitova (Natural Product Research, 2021)

Seasonal Changes in Dissolved Organic Matter Composition in a Patagonian Fjord Affected by Glacier Melt Inputs - Matthew G. Marshall; Anne M. Kellerman; Jemma L. Wadham; Jon R. Hawkings; Giovanni Daneri; Rodrigo Torres; Helena V. Pryer; Alexander Beaton; Hong Chin Ng; Alejandra Urra; Laura F. Robinson; Robert G. M. Spencer (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Biogeochemical processes in fjords are likely affected by changes in surrounding glacier cover but very little is known about how meltwater directly influences dissolved organic matter (DOM) in fjords. Moreover, the data available are restricted to a handful of northern hemisphere sites. Here we analyze seasonal and spatial variation in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and DOM composition (spectrofluorescence, ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry) in Baker-Martinez Fjord, Chilean Patagonia (48°S), to infer the impacts of rapid regional deglaciation on fjord DOM. We show that surface layer DOC concentrations do not vary significantly between seasons, but DOM composition is sensitive to differences in riverine inputs. In summer, higher protein-like fluorescence reflects increased glacial meltwater inputs, whilst molecular level data show weaker influence from marine DOM due to more intense stratification. We postulate that the shifting seasonal balance of riverine and marine waters affects the supply of biolabile peptides and organic nitrogen cycling in the surface layer. Trends in DOM composition with increasing salinity are consistent with patterns in estuaries (i.e. preferential removal of aromatic compounds and increasing relative contribution of unsaturated and heteroatom-rich DOM from marine sources). Preliminary estimates also suggest that at least 10% of the annual organic carbon stock in this fjord is supplied by the four largest, glacially fed rivers and that these inputs are dominated by dissolved (84%) over particulate organic carbon. Riverine DOC may therefore be an important carbon subsidy to bacterial communities in the inner fjord. The overall findings highlight the biogeochemical sensitivity of a Patagonian fjord to changes in glacier melt input, which likely has relevance for other glaciated fjords in a warming climate.

A Dynamically Downscaled Ensemble of Future Projections for the California Current System - Mercedes Pozo Buil; Michael G. Jacox; Jerome Fiechter; Michael A. Alexander; Steven J. Bograd; Enrique N. Curchitser; Christopher A. Edwards; Ryan R. Rykaczewski; Charles A. Stock (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021)
Given the ecological and economic importance of eastern boundary upwelling systems like the California Current System (CCS), their evolution under climate change is of considerable interest for resource management. However, the spatial resolution of global earth system models (ESMs) is typically too coarse to properly resolve coastal winds and upwelling dynamics that are key to structuring these ecosystems. Here we use a high-resolution (0.1°) regional ocean circulation model coupled with a biogeochemical model to dynamically downscale ESMs and produce climate projections for the CCS under the high emission scenario, Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5. To capture model uncertainty in the projections, we downscale three ESMs: GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, and IPSL-CM5A-MR, which span the CMIP5 range for future changes in both the mean and variance of physical and biogeochemical CCS properties. The forcing of the regional ocean model is constructed with a “time-varying delta” method, which removes the mean bias of the ESM forcing and resolves the full transient ocean response from 1980 to 2100. We found that all models agree in the direction of the future change in offshore waters: an intensification of upwelling favorable winds in the northern CCS, an overall surface warming, and an enrichment of nitrate and corresponding decrease in dissolved oxygen below the surface mixed layer. However, differences in projections of these properties arise in the coastal region, producing different responses of the future biogeochemical variables. Two of the models display an increase of surface chlorophyll in the northern CCS, consistent with a combination of higher nitrate content in source waters and an intensification of upwelling favorable winds. All three models display a decrease of chlorophyll in the southern CCS, which appears to be driven by decreased upwelling favorable winds and enhanced stratification, and, for the HadGEM2-ES forced run, decreased nitrate content in upwelling source waters in nearshore regions. While trends in the downscaled models reflect those in the ESMs that force them, the ESM and downscaled solutions differ more for biogeochemical than for physical variables.

Richardson’s ground squirrel litter size–sex ratio trade-off reveals conditional adaptive sex allocation - Alexander R. Yeo; James F. Hare (Oecologia, 2021)

Musclesense: a Trained, Artificial Neural Network for the Anatomical Segmentation of Lower Limb Magnetic Resonance Images in Neuromuscular Diseases - Baris Kanber; Jasper M Morrow; Uros Klickovic; Stephen Wastling; Sachit Shah; Pietro Fratta; Amy R McDowell; Matt G Hall; Chris A Clark; Francesco Muntoni; Mary M Reilly; Michael G Hanna; et al. (Neuroinformatics, 2021)

Isonicotinoyl hydrazones of pyridoxine derivatives: synthesis and antimycobacterial activity - Nikita V. Shtyrlin; Rail M. Khaziev; Valery G. Shtyrlin; Edward M. Gilyazetdinov; Mariya N. Agafonova; Konstantin S. Usachev; Daut R. Islamov; Alexander E. Klimovitskii; Tatiana I. Vinogradova; Marine Z. Dogonadze; Natalia V. Zabolotnykh; Evgenii G. Sokolovich; et al. (Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2021)

Genetics of mouse behavioral and peripheral neural responses to sucrose - Cailu Lin; Masashi Inoue; Xia Li; Natalia P. Bosak; Yutaka Ishiwatari; Michael G. Tordoff; Gary K. Beauchamp; Alexander A. Bachmanov; Danielle R. Reed (Mammalian Genome, 2021)

Genetic controls of Tas1r3-independent sucrose consumption in mice - Cailu Lin; Michael G. Tordoff; Xia Li; Natalia P. Bosak; Masashi Inoue; Yutaka Ishiwatari; Longhui Chen; Gary K. Beauchamp; Alexander A. Bachmanov; Danielle R. Reed (Mammalian Genome, 2021)

A global collaboration to study intimate partner violence-related head trauma: The ENIGMA consortium IPV working group - Carrie Esopenko; Jessica Meyer; Elisabeth A. Wilde; Amy D. Marshall; David F. Tate; Alexander P. Lin; Inga K. Koerte; Kimberly B. Werner; Emily L. Dennis; Ashley L. Ware; Nicola L. de Souza; Deleene S. Menefee; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2021)

The clinical utility of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in traumatic brain injury: recommendations from the ENIGMA MRS working group - Brenda L Bartnik-Olson; Jeffry R Alger; Talin Babikian; Ashley D Harris; Barbara Holshouser; Ivan I Kirov; Andrew A Maudsley; Paul M Thompson; Emily L Dennis; David F Tate; Elisabeth A Wilde; Alexander Lin (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2021)

Challenges and opportunities for neuroimaging in young patients with traumatic brain injury: a coordinated effort towards advancing discovery from the ENIGMA pediatric moderate/severe TBI group - Emily L Dennis; Karen Caeyenberghs; Robert F Asarnow; Talin Babikian; Brenda Bartnik-Olson; Erin D Bigler; Anthony Figaji; Christopher C Giza; Naomi J Goodrich-Hunsaker; Cooper B Hodges; Kristen R Hoskinson; Marsh Königs; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2021)

The ENIGMA sports injury working group:– an international collaboration to further our understanding of sport-related brain injury - Inga K. Koerte; Carrie Esopenko; Sidney R. Hinds; Martha E. Shenton; Elena M. Bonke; Jeffrey J. Bazarian; Kevin C. Bickart; Erin D. Bigler; Sylvain Bouix; Thomas A. Buckley; Meeryo C. Choe; Paul S. Echlin; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2021)
Sport-related brain injury is very common, and the potential long-term effects include a wide range of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, and potentially neurodegeneration. Around the globe, researchers are conducting neuroimaging studies on primarily homogenous samples of athletes. However, neuroimaging studies are expensive and time consuming, and thus current findings from studies of sport-related brain injury are often limited by small sample sizes. Further, current studies apply a variety of neuroimaging techniques and analysis tools which limit comparability among studies. The ENIGMA Sports Injury working group aims to provide a platform for data sharing and collaborative data analysis thereby leveraging existing data and expertise. By harmonizing data from a large number of studies from around the globe, we will work towards reproducibility of previously published findings and towards addressing important research questions with regard to diagnosis, prognosis, and efficacy of treatment for sport-related brain injury. Moreover, the ENIGMA Sports Injury working group is committed to providing recommendations for future prospective data acquisition to enhance data quality and scientific rigor.

Chloroplast Genome of Native Silene latifolia subsp. alba from Fennoscandia Shows High Level of Differences from Invasive White Campion - Yulia V. Mikhaylova; Mikhail Gordon; Anna R. Maslova; Dmitrii E. Polev; Elizaveta O. Punina; Alexander V. Rodionov (Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 2021)

Climate sensitivity of understory trees differs from overstory trees in temperate mesic forests - Christine R. Rollinson; M. Ross Alexander; Alex W. Dye; David J. P. Moore; Neil Pederson; Valerie Trouet (Ecology, 2021)
The response of understory trees to climate variability is key to understanding current and future forest dynamics. However, analyses of climatic effects on tree growth have primarily focused on the upper canopy, leaving understory dynamics unresolved. We analyzed differences in climate sensitivity based on canopy position of four common tree species ( Acer rubrum , Fagus grandifolia , Quercus rubra , and Tsuga canadensis ) using growth information from 1,084 trees across eight sites in the northeastern United States. Effects of canopy position on climate response varied, but were significant and often nonlinear, for all four species. Compared to overstory trees, understory trees showed stronger reductions in growth at high temperatures and varied shifts in precipitation response. This contradicts the prevailing assumption that climate responses, particularly to temperature, of understory trees are buffered by the overstory. Forest growth trajectories are uncertain in compositionally and structurally complex forests, and future demography and regeneration dynamics may be misinferred if not all canopy levels are represented in future forecasts.

Calc-alkaline volcanic rocks and zircon ages of the late Tonian: early Cryogenian arc-related Big Naryn Complex in the Eastern Djetim-Too Range, Middle Tianshan block, Kyrgyzstan - Baiansuluu Terbishalieva; Martin Jan Timmerman; Alexander Mikolaichuk; Uwe Altenberger; Jiří Sláma; Anja Maria Schleicher; Masafumi Sudo; Edward R. Sobel; Sarah B. Cichy (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2021)
The Big Naryn Complex (BNC) in the East Djetim-Too Range of the Kyrgyz Middle Tianshan block is a tectonized, at least 2 km thick sequence of predominantly felsic to intermediate volcanic rocks intruded by porphyric rhyolite sills. It overlies a basement of metamorphic rocks and is overlain by late Neoproterozoic Djetim-Too Formation sediments; these also occur as tectonic intercalations in the BNC. The up to ca. 1100 m thick Lower Member is composed of predominantly rhyolites-to-dacites and minor basalts, while the at least 900 m thick pyroclastic Upper Member is dominated by rhyolitic-to-dacitic ignimbrites. Porphyric rhyolite sills are concentrated at the top of the Lower Member. A Lower Member rhyolite and a sill sample have LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon crystallization ages of 726.1 ± 2.2 Ma and 720.3 ± 6.5 Ma, respectively, showing that most of the magmatism occurred within a short time span in the late Tonian–early Cryogenian. Inherited zircons in the sill sample have Neoarchean (2.63, 2.64 Ga), Paleo- (2.33–1.81 Ga), Meso- (1.55 Ga), and Neoproterozoic (ca. 815 Ma) ages, and were derived from a heterogeneous Kuilyu Complex basement. A 1751 ± 7 Ma 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age for amphibole from metagabbro is the age of cooling subsequent to Paleoproterozoic metamorphism of the Kuilyu Complex. The large amount of pyroclastic rocks, and their major and trace element compositions, the presence of Neoarchean to Neoproterozoic inherited zircons and a depositional basement of metamorphic rocks point to formation of the BNC in a continental magmatic arc setting.

Cell-to-cell variation in gene expression and the aging process - Alexander R. Mendenhall; George M. Martin; Matt Kaeberlein; Rozalyn M. Anderson (GeroScience, 2021)

Developing drought index–based forecasts for tropical climates using wavelet neural network: an application in Fiji - Anshuka Anshuka; Alexander J. V. Buzacott; R. Willem Vervoort; Floris F. van Ogtrop (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2021)

Determination of the lunar body tide from global laser altimetry data - Robin N. Thor; Reinald Kallenbach; Ulrich R. Christensen; Philipp Gläser; Alexander Stark; Gregor Steinbrügge; Jürgen Oberst (Journal of Geodesy, 2021)
We use global data from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) to retrieve the lunar tidal Love number $$h_2$$ h 2 and find $$h_2 = 0.0387± 0.0025$$ h 2 = 0.0387 ± 0.0025 . This result is in agreement with previous estimates from laser altimetry using crossover points of LOLA profiles. The Love numbers $$k_2$$ k 2 and $$h_2$$ h 2 are key constraints on planetary interior models. We further develop and apply a retrieval method based on a simultaneous inversion for the topography and the tidal signal benefiting from the large volume of LOLA data. By the application to the lunar tides, we also demonstrate the potential of the method for future altimetry experiments at other planetary bodies. The results of this study are very promising with respect to the determination of Mercury’s and Ganymede’s $$h_2$$ h 2 from future altimeter measurements.

Historical Changes in the Vegetated Area of Salt Marshes - Christine J. Burns; Merryl Alber; Clark R. Alexander (Estuaries and Coasts, 2021)

Correction: The Dynamics of Multiscale Institutional Complexes: the Case of the São Paulo Macrometropolitan Region - Leandra R. Gonçalves; Pedro Fidelman; Alexander Turra; Oran Young (Environmental Management, 2021)

The Dynamics of Multiscale Institutional Complexes: the Case of the São Paulo Macrometropolitan Region - Leandra R. Gonçalves; Pedro Fidelman; Alexander Turra; Oran Young (Environmental Management, 2021)

Spatial analysis of urine zinc (Zn) concentration for women of reproductive age and school age children in Malawi - Felix P. Phiri; E. Louise Ander; R. Murray Lark; Edward J. M. Joy; Alexander A. Kalimbira; Parminder S. Suchdev; Jellita Gondwe; Elliott M. Hamilton; Michael J. Watts; Martin R. Broadley (Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2021)
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient, and Zn deficiency remains a major global public health challenge. Recognised biomarkers of population Zn status include blood plasma or serum Zn concentration and proxy data such as dietary Zn intake and prevalence of stunting. Urine Zn concentration is rarely used to assess population Zn status. This study assessed the value of urine Zn concentration as a biomarker of population Zn status using a nationally representative sample of non-pregnant women of reproductive age (WRA) and school-aged children (SAC) in Malawi. Spot (casual) urine samples were collected from 741 WRA and 665 SAC. Urine Zn concentration was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with specific gravity adjustment for hydration status. Data were analysed using a linear mixed model with a spatially correlated random effect for between-cluster variation. The effect of time of sample collection (morning or afternoon), and gender (for SAC), on urine Zn concentration were examined. There was spatial dependence in urine Zn concentration between clusters among SAC but not WRA, which indicates that food system or environmental factors can influence urine Zn concentration. Mapping urine Zn concentration could potentially identify areas where the prevalence of Zn deficiency is greater and thus where further sampling or interventions might be targeted. There was no evidence for differences in urine Zn concentration between gender ( P = 0.69) or time of sample collection ( P = 0.85) in SAC. Urine Zn concentration was greater in afternoon samples for WRA ( P = 0.003). Relationships between urine Zn concentration, serum Zn concentration, dietary Zn intake, and potential food systems covariates warrant further study.

Loricaria cuffyi (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) , a new species of loricariin catfish from the Guiana Shield - Alejandro Londoño‐Burbano; Alexander Urbano‐Bonilla; Matthew R. Thomas (Journal of Fish Biology, 2021)
Loricaria cuffyi n. sp. is described based on 36 specimens from the Essequibo and upper Negro River drainages in western Guyana and the upper Orinoco River drainage in Venezuela. The new species can be distinguished from sympatric and geographically proximate congeners by a postorbital notch that is inconspicuous, shallow and rounded, odontode ridges on the dorsum of head and predorsal weakly developed, abdominal plates tightly joined and completely covering the median abdominal space and pectoral girdle, higher anterior lateral plate counts, and coloration characteristics. The distribution of the new species adds to an interesting and well‐documented biogeographical pattern exhibited by other Guiana Shield loricariids influenced by the proto‐Berbice during the Cenozoic and recent configuration of drainages in the Guiana Shield. We present an update on the taxonomy of Loricaria , and discuss the biogeography and conservation status of the new species.

Temperature dependence of metabolic rate in tropical and temperate aquatic insects: Support for the Climate Variability Hypothesis in mayflies but not stoneflies - Alisha A. Shah; H. Arthur Woods; Justin C. Havird; Andrea C. Encalada; Alexander S. Flecker; W. Chris Funk; Juan M. Guayasamin; Boris C. Kondratieff; N. LeRoy Poff; Steven A. Thomas; Kelly R. Zamudio; Cameron K. Ghalambor (Global Change Biology, 2021)
A fundamental gap in climate change vulnerability research is an understanding of the relative thermal sensitivity of ectotherms. Aquatic insects are vital to stream ecosystem function and biodiversity but insufficiently studied with respect to their thermal physiology. With global temperatures rising at an unprecedented rate, it is imperative that we know how aquatic insects respond to increasing temperature and whether these responses vary among taxa, latitudes, and elevations. We evaluated the thermal sensitivity of standard metabolic rate in stream‐dwelling baetid mayflies and perlid stoneflies across a ~2,000 m elevation gradient in the temperate Rocky Mountains in Colorado, USA, and the tropical Andes in Napo, Ecuador. We used temperature‐controlled water baths and microrespirometry to estimate changes in oxygen consumption. Tropical mayflies generally exhibited greater thermal sensitivity in metabolism compared to temperate mayflies; tropical mayfly metabolic rates increased more rapidly with temperature and the insects more frequently exhibited behavioral signs of thermal stress. By contrast, temperate and tropical stoneflies did not clearly differ. Varied responses to temperature among baetid mayflies and perlid stoneflies may reflect differences in evolutionary history or ecological roles as herbivores and predators, respectively. Our results show that there is physiological variation across elevations and species and that low‐elevation tropical mayflies may be especially imperiled by climate warming. Given such variation among species, broad generalizations about the vulnerability of tropical ectotherms should be made more cautiously.

The Human Element of Restoration Success: Manager Characteristics Affect Vegetation Recovery Following Invasive Tamarix Control - Anna A. Sher; Lisa Clark; Annie L. Henry; Alexander R. B. Goetz; Eduardo González; Anit Tyagi; Isabelle Simpson; Bérenger Bourgeois (Wetlands, 2020)

Kinetid in larval cells of Spongillida (Porifera: Demospongiae): tracing the ancestral traits - Agniya M. Sokolova; Igor R. Pozdnyakov; Dmitry M. Schepetov; Alexander V. Ereskovsky; Sergey A. Karpov (Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 2020)

Correction to: Enamel Microstructure in Cetacea: a Case Study in Evolutionary Loss of Complexity - Alexander J. Werth; Carolina Loch; R. Ewan Fordyce (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2020)

Enamel Microstructure in Cetacea: a Case Study in Evolutionary Loss of Complexity - Alexander J. Werth; Carolina Loch; R. Ewan Fordyce (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2020)

Developing benthic monitoring programmes to support precise and representative status assessments: a case study from the Baltic Sea - Henrik Nygård; Mats Lindegarth; Alexander Darr; Grete E. Dinesen; Ole R. Eigaard; Inga Lips (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2020)
Benthic habitats and communities are key components of the marine ecosystem. Securing their functioning is a central aim in marine environmental management, where monitoring data provide the base for assessing the state of marine ecosystems. In the Baltic Sea, a > 50-year-long tradition of zoobenthic monitoring exists. However, the monitoring programmes were designed prior to the current policies, primarily to detect long-term trends at basin-scale and are thus not optimal to fulfil recent requirements such as area-based periodic status assessments. Here, we review the current monitoring programmes and assess the precision and representativity of the monitoring data in status assessments to identify routes for improvement. At present, the monitoring is focused on soft-bottoms, not accounting for all habitat types occurring in the Baltic Sea. Evaluating the sources of variance in the assessment data revealed that the component accounting for variability among stations forms the largest proportion of the uncertainty. Furthermore, it is shown that the precision of the status estimates can be improved, with the current number of samples. Reducing sampling effort per station, but sampling more stations, is the best option to improve precision in status assessments. Furthermore, by allocating the sampling stations more evenly in the sub-basins, a better representativity of the area can be achieved. However, emphasis on securing the long-term data series is needed if changes to the monitoring programmes are planned.

2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales - Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Daniela Alioto; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Simon J. Anthony; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Tomáš Bartonička; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2020)

Ecosystem transpiration and evaporation: Insights from three water flux partitioning methods across FLUXNET sites - Jacob A. Nelson; Oscar Pérez‐Priego; Sha Zhou; Rafael Poyatos; Yao Zhang; Peter D. Blanken; Teresa E. Gimeno; Georg Wohlfahrt; Ankur R. Desai; Beniamino Gioli; Jean‐Marc Limousin; Damien Bonal; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
We apply and compare three widely applicable methods for estimating ecosystem transpiration ( T ) from eddy covariance (EC) data across 251 FLUXNET sites globally. All three methods are based on the coupled water and carbon relationship, but they differ in assumptions and parameterizations. Intercomparison of the three daily T estimates shows high correlation among methods ( R between .89 and .94), but a spread in magnitudes of T /ET (evapotranspiration) from 45% to 77%. When compared at six sites with concurrent EC and sap flow measurements, all three EC‐based T estimates show higher correlation to sap flow‐based T than EC‐based ET. The partitioning methods show expected tendencies of T /ET increasing with dryness (vapor pressure deficit and days since rain) and with leaf area index (LAI). Analysis of 140 sites with high‐quality estimates for at least two continuous years shows that T /ET variability was 1.6 times higher across sites than across years. Spatial variability of T /ET was primarily driven by vegetation and soil characteristics (e.g., crop or grass designation, minimum annual LAI, soil coarse fragment volume) rather than climatic variables such as mean/standard deviation of temperature or precipitation. Overall, T and T /ET patterns are plausible and qualitatively consistent among the different water flux partitioning methods implying a significant advance made for estimating and understanding T globally, while the magnitudes remain uncertain. Our results represent the first extensive EC data‐based estimates of ecosystem T permitting a data‐driven perspective on the role of plants’ water use for global water and carbon cycling in a changing climate.

R esource supply governs the apparent temperature dependence of animal production in stream ecosystems - James R. Junker; Wyatt F. Cross; Jonathan P. Benstead; Alexander D. Huryn; James M. Hood; Daniel Nelson; Gísli M. Gíslason; Jón S. Ólafsson (Ecology Letters, 2020)
Rising global temperatures are changing how energy and materials move through ecosystems, with potential consequences for the role of animals in these processes. We tested a central prediction of the metabolic scaling framework—the temperature independence of animal community production—using a series of geothermally heated streams and a comprehensive empirical analysis. We show that the apparent temperature sensitivity of animal production was consistent with theory for individuals ( E p ind = 0.64 vs. 0.65 eV), but strongly amplified relative to theoretical expectations for communities, both among ( E p among = 0.67 vs. 0 eV) and within ( E p within = 1.52 vs. 0 eV) streams. After accounting for spatial and temporal variation in resources, we show that the apparent positive effect of temperature was driven by resource supply, providing strong empirical support for the temperature independence of invertebrate production and the necessary inclusion of resources in metabolic scaling efforts.

Snow-mediated plasticity does not prevent camouflage mismatch - Alexander V. Kumar; Marketa Zimova; James R. Sparks; L. Scott Mills (Oecologia, 2020)
Global reduction in snow cover duration is one of the most consistent and widespread climate change outcomes. Declining snow duration has severe negative consequences for diverse taxa including seasonally color molting species, which rely on snow for camouflage. However, phenotypic plasticity may facilitate adaptation to reduced snow duration. Plastic responses could occur in the color molt phenology or through behavior that minimizes coat color mismatch or its consequences. We quantified molt phenology of 200 wild snowshoe hares ( Lepus americanus ), and measured microhabitat choice and local snow cover. Similar to other studies, we found that hares did not show behavioral plasticity to minimize coat color mismatch via background matching; instead they preferred colder, snow free areas regardless of their coat color. Furthermore, hares did not behaviorally mitigate the negative consequences of mismatch by choosing resting sites with denser vegetation cover when mismatched. Importantly, we demonstrated plasticity in the initiation and the rate of the molt and established the direct effect of snow on molt phenology; greater snow cover was associated with whiter hares and this association was not due to whiter hares preferring snowier areas. However, despite the observed snow-mediated plasticity in molt phenology, camouflage mismatch with white hares on brown snowless ground persisted and was more frequent during early snowmelt. Thus, we find no evidence that phenotypic plasticity in snowshoe hares is sufficient to facilitate adaptive rescue to camouflage mismatch under climate change.

Neurite outgrowth inhibitory levels of organophosphates induce tissue transglutaminase activity in differentiating N2a cells: evidence for covalent adduct formation - Ibtesam S. Almami; Maha A. Aldubayan; Shatha G. Felemban; Najiah Alyamani; Richard Howden; Alexander J. Robinson; Tom D. Z. Pearson; David Boocock; Alanood S. Algarni; A. Christopher Garner; Martin Griffin; Philip L. R. Bonner; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2020)
Organophosphate compounds (OPs) induce both acute and delayed neurotoxic effects, the latter of which is believed to involve their interaction with proteins other than acetylcholinesterase. However, few OP-binding proteins have been identified that may have a direct role in OP-induced delayed neurotoxicity. Given their ability to disrupt Ca 2+ homeostasis, a key aim of the current work was to investigate the effects of sub-lethal neurite outgrowth inhibitory levels of OPs on the Ca 2+ -dependent enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2). At 1–10 µM, the OPs phenyl saligenin phosphate (PSP) and chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) had no effect cell viability but induced concentration-dependent decreases in neurite outgrowth in differentiating N2a neuroblastoma cells. The activity of TG2 increased in cell lysates of differentiating cells exposed for 24 h to PSP and chlorpyrifos oxon CPO (10 µM), as determined by biotin-cadaverine incorporation assays. Exposure to both OPs (3 and/or 10 µM) also enhanced in situ incorporation of the membrane permeable substrate biotin-X-cadaverine, as indicated by Western blot analysis of treated cell lysates probed with ExtrAvidin peroxidase and fluorescence microscopy of cell monolayers incubated with FITC-streptavidin. Both OPs (10 µM) stimulated the activity of human and mouse recombinant TG2 and covalent labelling of TG2 with dansylamine-labelled PSP was demonstrated by fluorescence imaging following SDS-PAGE. A number of TG2 substrates were tentatively identified by mass spectrometry, including cytoskeletal proteins, chaperones and proteins involved protein synthesis and gene regulation. We propose that the elevated TG2 activity observed is due to the formation of a novel covalent adduct between TG2 and OPs.

A COVID-19 Airway Management Innovation with Pragmatic Efficacy Evaluation: The Patient Particle Containment Chamber - Lauren M. Maloney; Ariel H. Yang; Rudolph A. Princi; Alexander J. Eichert; Daniella R. Hébert; Taelyn V. Kupec; Alexander E. Mertz; Roman Vasyltsiv; Thea M. Vijaya Kumar; Griffin J. Walker; Edder J. Peralta; Jason L. Hoffman; et al. (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)
The unique resource constraints, urgency, and virulence of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has sparked immense innovation in the development of barrier devices to protect healthcare providers from infectious airborne particles generated by patients during airway management interventions. Of the existing devices, all have shortcomings which render them ineffective and impractical in out-of-hospital environments. Therefore, we propose a new design for such a device, along with a pragmatic evaluation of its efficacy. Must-have criteria for the device included: reduction of aerosol transmission by at least 90% as measured by pragmatic testing; construction from readily available, inexpensive materials; easy to clean; and compatibility with common EMS stretchers. The Patient Particle Containment Chamber (PPCC) consists of a standard shower liner draped over a modified octagonal PVC pipe frame and secured with binder clips. 3D printed sleeve portals were used to secure plastic sleeves to the shower liner wall. A weighted tube sealed the exterior base of the chamber with the contours of the patient’s body and stretcher. Upon testing, the PPCC contained 99% of spray-paint particles sprayed over a 90s period. Overall, the PPCC provides a compact, affordable option that can be used in both the in-hospital and out-of-hospital environments.

Building genomic infrastructure: Sequencing platinum‐standard reference‐quality genomes of all cetacean species - Phillip A. Morin; Alana Alexander; Mark Blaxter; Susana Caballero; Olivier Fedrigo; Michael C. Fontaine; Andrew D. Foote; Shigehiro Kuraku; Brigid Maloney; Morgan L. McCarthy; Michael R. McGowen; Jacquelyn Mountcastle; et al. (Marine Mammal Science, 2020)

Comment on the letter of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP) dated April 21, 2020 regarding “Fossils from conflict zones and reproducibility of fossil-based scientific data”: the importance of private collections - Carolin Haug; Jelle W. F. Reumer; Joachim T. Haug; Antonio Arillo; Denis Audo; Dany Azar; Viktor Baranov; Rolf Beutel; Sylvain Charbonnier; Rodney Feldmann; Christian Foth; René H. B. Fraaije; et al. (PalZ, 2020)

Comment on the letter of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP) dated April 21, 2020 regarding “Fossils from conflict zones and reproducibility of fossil-based scientific data”: Myanmar amber - Joachim T. Haug; Dany Azar; Andrew Ross; Jacek Szwedo; Bo Wang; Antonio Arillo; Viktor Baranov; Julia Bechteler; Rolf Beutel; Vladimir Blagoderov; Xavier Delclòs; Jason Dunlop; et al. (PalZ, 2020)

Rodent damage to rice crops is not affected by the water-saving technique, alternate wetting and drying - Renee P. Lorica; Grant R. Singleton; Alexander M. Stuart; Steven R. Belmain (Journal of Pest Science, 2020)

Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems for Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Therapy - Matthew J. Haney; Yuling Zhao; Yeon S. Jin; Samuel M. Li; Juli R. Bago; Natalia L. Klyachko; Alexander V. Kabanov; Elena V. Batrakova (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2020)

Projected Landscape Impacts from Oil and Gas Development Scenarios in the Permian Basin, USA - Jon Paul Pierre; John R. Andrews; Michael H. Young; Alexander Y. Sun; Brad D. Wolaver (Environmental Management, 2020)

Lead Contamination in Ground Venison from Shotgun-Harvested White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Illinois - W. Aaron Wilson; R. Given Harper; Genevieve Alexander; Manori Perara; Matt Fraker (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2020)

Discovery of treatment for nerve agents targeting a new metabolic pathway - Trevor Glaros; Elizabeth S. Dhummakupt; Gabrielle M. Rizzo; Ethan McBride; Daniel O. Carmany; Linnzi K. M. Wright; Jeffry S. Forster; Julie A. Renner; Ruth W. Moretz; Russell Dorsey; Mark R. Marten; Walker Huso; et al. (Archives of Toxicology, 2020)
The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase is regarded as the primary toxic mechanism of action for chemical warfare agents. Recently, there have been numerous reports suggesting that metabolic processes could significantly contribute to toxicity. As such, we applied a multi-omics pipeline to generate a detailed cascade of molecular events temporally occurring in guinea pigs exposed to VX. Proteomic and metabolomic profiling resulted in the identification of several enzymes and metabolic precursors involved in glycolysis and the TCA cycle. All lines of experimental evidence indicated that there was a blockade of the TCA cycle at isocitrate dehydrogenase 2, which converts isocitrate to α -ketoglutarate. Using a primary beating cardiomyocyte cell model, we were able to determine that the supplementation of α -ketoglutarate subsequently rescued cells from the acute effects of VX poisoning. This study highlights the broad impacts that VX has and how understanding these mechanisms could result in new therapeutics such as α -ketoglutarate.

Interactions between coral restoration and fish assemblages: implications for reef management - Marie J. Seraphim; Katherine A. Sloman; Mhairi E. Alexander; Noel Janetski; Jamaluddin Jompa; Rohani Ambo‐Rappe; Donna Snellgrove; Frank Mars; Alastair R. Harborne (Journal of Fish Biology, 2020)
Corals create complex reef structures that provide both habitat and food for many fish species. Because of numerous natural and anthropogenic threats, many coral reefs are currently being degraded, endangering the fish assemblages they support. Coral reef restoration, an active ecological management tool, may help reverse some of the current trends in reef degradation through the transplantation of stony corals. Although restoration techniques have been extensively reviewed in relation to coral survival, our understanding of the effects of adding live coral cover and complexity on fishes is in its infancy with a lack of scientifically validated research. This study reviews the limited data on reef restoration and fish assemblages, and complements this with the more extensive understanding of complex interactions between natural reefs and fishes and how this might inform restoration efforts. It also discusses which key fish species or functional groups may promote, facilitate or inhibit restoration efforts and, in turn, how restoration efforts can be optimised to enhance coral fish assemblages. By highlighting critical knowledge gaps in relation to fishes and restoration interactions, the study aims to stimulate research into the role of reef fishes in restoration projects. A greater understanding of the functional roles of reef fishes would also help inform whether restoration projects can return fish assemblages to their natural compositions or whether alternative species compositions develop, and over what timeframe. Although alleviation of local and global reef stressors remains a priority, reef restoration is an important tool; an increased understanding of the interactions between replanted corals and the fishes they support is critical for ensuring its success for people and nature.

Expected benefits of genomic selection for growth and wood quality traits in Eucalyptus grandis - Makobatjatji M. Mphahlele; Fikret Isik; Marja M. Mostert-O’Neill; S. Melissa Reynolds; Gary R. Hodge; Alexander A. Myburg (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2020)

Heterogeneous response of diatom assemblages since ca. 1945 in lakes from boreal regions of northern Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada - Kathleen R. Laird; Graham R. Mushet; Roger J. Flower; Alexander P. Wolfe; Brian F. Cumming (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2020)

Integrated biorefinery process for sustainable fractionation of Ulva ohnoi (Chlorophyta): process optimization and revenue analysis - Meghanath S. Prabhu; Alvaro Israel; Ruslana R. Palatnik; David Zilberman; Alexander Golberg (Journal of Applied Phycology, 2020)

Hawaiian hawksbills: a distinct and isolated nesting colony in the Central North Pacific Ocean revealed by mitochondrial DNA - Alexander R. Gaos; Erin L. LaCasella; Lauren Kurpita; George Balazs; Stacy Hargrove; Cheryl King; Hannah Bernard; T. Todd Jones; Peter H. Dutton (Conservation Genetics, 2020)

Anaerobic microbial communities and their potential for bioenergy production in heavily biodegraded petroleum reservoirs - Júlia R. de Rezende; Thomas B. P. Oldenburg; Tetyana Korin; William D. L. Richardson; Milovan Fustic; Carolyn M. Aitken; Bernard F. J. Bowler; Angela Sherry; Alexander Grigoryan; Gerrit Voordouw; Stephen R. Larter; Ian M. Head; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2020)
Summary Most of the oil in low temperature, non‐uplifted reservoirs is biodegraded due to millions of years of microbial activity, including via methanogenesis from crude oil. To evaluate stimulating additional methanogenesis in already heavily biodegraded oil reservoirs, oil sands samples were amended with nutrients and electron acceptors, but oil sands bitumen was the only organic substrate. Methane production was monitored for over 3000 days. Methanogenesis was observed in duplicate microcosms that were unamended, amended with sulfate or that were initially oxic, however methanogenesis was not observed in nitrate‐amended controls. The highest rate of methane production was 0.15 μmol CH 4 g −1 oil d −1 , orders of magnitude lower than other reports of methanogenesis from lighter crude oils. Methanogenic Archaea and several potential syntrophic bacterial partners were detected following the incubations. GC–MS and FTICR–MS revealed no significant bitumen alteration for any specific compound or compound class, suggesting that the very slow methanogenesis observed was coupled to bitumen biodegradation in an unspecific manner. After 3000 days, methanogenic communities were amended with benzoate resulting in methanogenesis rates that were 110‐fold greater. This suggests that oil‐to‐methane conversion is limited by the recalcitrant nature of oil sands bitumen, not the microbial communities resident in heavy oil reservoirs.

Incorporating connectivity into conservation planning for the optimal representation of multiple species and ecosystem services - Sara H. Williams; Sarah A. Scriven; David F. R. P. Burslem; Jane K. Hill; Glen Reynolds; Agnes L. Agama; Frederick Kugan; Colin R. Maycock; Eyen Khoo; Alexander Y. L. Hastie; John B. Sugau; Reuben Nilus; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2020)
Conservation planning tends to focus on protecting species’ ranges or landscape connectivity but seldom both—particularly in the case of diverse taxonomic assemblages and multiple planning goals. Therefore, information on potential trade‐offs between maintaining landscape connectivity and achieving other conservation objectives is lacking. We developed an optimization approach to prioritize the maximal protection of species’ ranges, ecosystem types, and forest carbon stocks, while also including habitat connectivity for range‐shifting species and dispersal corridors to link protected area. We applied our approach to Sabah, Malaysia, where the state government mandated an increase in protected‐area coverage of approximately 305,000 ha but did not specify where new protected areas should be. Compared with a conservation planning approach that did not incorporate the 2 connectivity features, our approach increased the protection of dispersal corridors and elevational connectivity by 13% and 21%, respectively. Coverage of vertebrate and plant species’ ranges and forest types were the same whether connectivity was included or excluded. Our approach protected 2% less forest carbon and 3% less butterfly range than when connectivity features were not included. Hence, the inclusion of connectivity into conservation planning can generate large increases in the protection of landscape connectivity with minimal loss of representation of other conservation targets.

Ensuring tests of conservation interventions build on existing literature - William J. Sutherland; Sergio Ticul Alvarez‐Castañeda; Tatsuya Amano; Roberto Ambrosini; Philip Atkinson; John M. Baxter; Alexander L. Bond; Philip J. Boon; Katherine L. Buchanan; Jos Barlow; Giuseppe Bogliani; Olivia M. Bragg; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2020)

Effects of body size on estimation of mammalian area requirements - Michael J. Noonan; Christen H. Fleming; Marlee A. Tucker; Roland Kays; Autumn‐Lynn Harrison; Margaret C. Crofoot; Briana Abrahms; Susan C. Alberts; Abdullahi H. Ali; Jeanne Altmann; Pamela Castro Antunes; Nina Attias; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2020)
Accurately quantifying species’ area requirements is a prerequisite for effective area‐based conservation. This typically involves collecting tracking data on species of interest and then conducting home‐range analyses. Problematically, autocorrelation in tracking data can result in space needs being severely underestimated. Based on the previous work, we hypothesized the magnitude of underestimation varies with body mass, a relationship that could have serious conservation implications. To evaluate this hypothesis for terrestrial mammals, we estimated home‐range areas with global positioning system (GPS) locations from 757 individuals across 61 globally distributed mammalian species with body masses ranging from 0.4 to 4000 kg. We then applied block cross‐validation to quantify bias in empirical home‐range estimates. Area requirements of mammals 1, meaning the scaling of the relationship changed substantially at the upper end of the mass spectrum.

Ecomorphology of largemouth bass relative to a native trophic analogue explains its high invasive impact - A. M. Luger; J. South; M. E. Alexander; B. R. Ellender; O. L. F. Weyl; L. A. J. Nagelkerke (Biological Invasions, 2020)

Drift, selection and adaptive variation in small populations of a threatened rattlesnake - Alexander Ochoa; Michael Broe; Emily Moriarty Lemmon; Alan R. Lemmon; Darin R. Rokyta; H. Lisle Gibbs (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
An important goal of conservation genetics is to determine if the viability of small populations is reduced by a loss of adaptive variation due to genetic drift. Here, we assessed the impact of drift and selection on direct measures of adaptive variation (toxin loci encoding venom proteins) in the eastern massasauga rattlesnake ( Sistrurus catenatus ), a threatened reptile that exists in small isolated populations. We estimated levels of individual polymorphism in 46 toxin loci and 1,467 control loci across 12 populations of this species, and compared the results with patterns of selection on the same loci following speciation of S. catenatus and its closest relative, the western massasauga ( S. tergeminus ). Multiple lines of evidence suggest that both drift and selection have had observable impacts on standing adaptive variation. In support of drift effects, we found little evidence for selection on toxin variation within populations and a significant positive relationship between current levels of adaptive variation and long‐ and short‐term estimates of effective population size. However, we also observed levels of directional selection on toxin loci among populations that are broadly similar to patterns predicted from interspecific selection analyses that pre‐date the effects of recent drift, and that functional variation in these loci persists despite small short‐term effective sizes. This suggests that much of the adaptive variation present in populations may represent an example of “drift debt,” a nonequilibrium state where present‐day levels of variation overestimate the amount of functional genetic diversity present in future populations.

Yellowstone Lake Ecosystem Restoration: A Case Study for Invasive Fish Management - Todd M. Koel; Jeffery L. Arnold; Patricia E. Bigelow; Travis O. Brenden; Jeffery D. Davis; Colleen R. Detjens; Philip D. Doepke; Brian D. Ertel; Hayley C. Glassic; Robert E. Gresswell; Christopher S. Guy; Drew J. MacDonald; et al. (Fishes, 2020)
Invasive predatory lake trout Salvelinus namaycush were discovered in Yellowstone Lake in 1994 and caused a precipitous decrease in abundance of native Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri. Suppression efforts (primarily gillnetting) initiated in 1995 did not curtail lake trout population growth or lakewide expansion. An adaptive management strategy was developed in 2010 that specified desired conditions indicative of ecosystem recovery. Population modeling was used to estimate effects of suppression efforts on the lake trout and establish effort benchmarks to achieve negative population growth (λ 46,800 100-m net nights; this effort level was achieved in 2012 and led to a reduction in lake trout biomass. Total lake trout biomass declined from 432,017 kg in 2012 to 196,675 kg in 2019, primarily because of a 79% reduction in adults. Total abundance declined from 925,208 in 2012 to 673,983 in 2019 but was highly variable because of recruitment of age-2 fish. Overall, 3.35 million lake trout were killed by suppression efforts from 1995 to 2019. Cutthroat trout abundance remained below target levels, but relative condition increased, large individuals (> 400 mm) became more abundant, and individual weights doubled, probably because of reduced density. Continued actions to suppress lake trout will facilitate further recovery of the cutthroat trout population and integrity of the Yellowstone Lake ecosystem.

A Basin-Wide Survey of Coastal Wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes: Development and Comparison of Water Quality Indices - Anna M. Harrison; Alexander J. Reisinger; Matthew J. Cooper; Valerie J. Brady; Jan J. H. Ciborowski; Katherine E. O’Reilly; Carl R. Ruetz; Douglas A. Wilcox; Donald G. Uzarski (Wetlands, 2020)

Structure of the enterocyte transcytosis compartments during lipid absorption - Irina S. Sesorova; Natalia R. Karelina; Tatiana E. Kazakova; Seetharaman Parashuraman; Maria A. Zdorikova; Ivan D. Dimov; Elena V. Seliverstova; Galina V. Beznoussenko; Alexander A. Mironov (Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 2020)

Transitions between biomes are common and directional in Bombacoideae (Malvaceae) - Alexander Zizka; Jefferson G. Carvalho‐Sobrinho; R. Toby Pennington; Luciano P. Queiroz; Suzana Alcantara; David A. Baum; Christine D. Bacon; Alexandre Antonelli (Journal of Biogeography, 2020)
Aim To quantify evolutionary transitions between tropical evergreen rain forest and seasonally dry biomes, to test whether biome transitions affect lineage diversification and to examine the robustness of these results to methodological choices. Location The tropics. Time period The Cenozoic. Major taxa studied The plant subfamily Bombacoideae (Malvaceae). Methods We inferred ancestral biomes based on a fossil‐dated molecular phylogeny of 103 species (59% of the clade) and recorded the number of transitions among biomes using biogeographical stochastic mapping based on the dispersal‐extinction‐cladogenesis model. We then estimated diversification rates using state‐specific speciation and extinction rate ( SSE ) methods. Furthermore, we tested the sensitivity of the results to model choice, phylogenetic uncertainty, measurement error and biome definition. Results We found numerous transitions from evergreen rain forest to seasonally dry biomes, and fewer in the opposite direction. These results were robust to methodological choices. Biome type did not influence diversification rates, although this result was subject to uncertainty, especially related to model choice and biome definition. Main conclusions Our results contradict the idea of evolutionary biome conservatism in Bombacoideae, and support previous findings that evergreen rain forests serve as a source for the flora of seasonally dry biomes. The impact of biome classification and biome definition on the results suggest caution when using a biome concept for biogeographical reconstruction and diversification rate analysis.

A Comparison of the Diagnostic Accuracy of in-situ and Digital Image-Based Assessments of Coral Health and Disease - John H. R. Burns; Grady Weyenberg; Travis Mandel; Sofia B. Ferreira; Drew Gotshalk; Chad K. Kinoshita; Micah J. Marshall; Nicholas A. V. Del Moral; Shane J. Murphy; Kailey H. Pascoe; Alexandra Runyan; Alexander J. Spengler; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Contests between web spiders: patience as a strategy for successful invasion - Lacey D. Campbell; Alexander R. Salazar; Ann L. Rypstra (Biological Invasions, 2020)

Correction to: Chasing myrtle rust in New Zealand: host range and distribution over the first year after invasion - M. Toome-Heller; W. W. H. Ho; R. J. Ganley; C. E. A. Elliott; B. Quinn; H. G. Pearson; B. J. R. Alexander (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2020)

Chasing myrtle rust in New Zealand: host range and distribution over the first year after invasion - M. Toome-Heller; W. W. H. Ho; R. J. Ganley; C. E. A. Elliott; B. Quinn; H. G. Pearson; B. J. R. Alexander (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2020)
After the detection of the myrtle rust pathogen, Austropuccinia psidii, in New Zealand, a biosecurity response was initiated, including a wide-spread surveillance programme. Through an intensive public awareness initiative, the general public was highly engaged in reporting myrtle rust infections and added significant value to the surveys by reporting first detections from most of the areas that are now known to be infected. During the first year of the response, Austropuccinia psidii was found in areas that were predicted to be at high infection risk in previous modelling studies. Significant surveillance resources were deployed to different parts of the country and the response surveillance team contributed to most of the new host species finds. Twenty -four species and six hybrids of Myrtaceae have been confirmed to be naturally infected by myrtle rust in New Zealand. Eleven of these are new host records globally and three were previously recorded only as experimental hosts.

Stabilization of myeloid-derived HIFs promotes vascular regeneration in retinal ischemia - Pilar Villacampa; Sidath E. Liyanage; Izabela P. Klaska; Enrico Cristante; Katja E. Menger; Robert D. Sampson; Maeve Barlow; Laura Abelleira-Hervas; Yanai Duran; Alexander J. Smith; Robin R. Ali; Ulrich F. O. Luhmann; et al. (Angiogenesis, 2020)
The retinal vasculature is tightly organized in a structure that provides for the high metabolic demand of neurons while minimizing interference with incident light. The adverse impact of retinal vascular insufficiency is mitigated by adaptive vascular regeneration but exacerbated by pathological neovascularization. Aberrant growth of neovessels in the retina is responsible for impairment of sight in common blinding disorders including retinopathy of prematurity, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. Myeloid cells are key players in this process, with diverse roles that can either promote or protect against ocular neovascularization. We have previously demonstrated that myeloid-derived VEGF, HIF1, and HIF2 are not essential for pathological retinal neovascularization. Here, however, we show by cell-specific depletion of Vhl in a mouse model of retinal ischemia (oxygen-induced retinopathy, OIR) that myeloid-derived HIFs promote VEGF and bFGF expression and enhance vascular regeneration in association with improved density and organization of the astrocytic network.

Genomic and phenomic analysis of island ant community assembly - Clive T. Darwell; Georg Fischer; Eli M. Sarnat; Nicholas R. Friedman; Cong Liu; Guilherme Baiao; Alexander S. Mikheyev; Evan P. Economo (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
Island biodiversity has long fascinated biologists as it typically presents tractable systems for unpicking the eco‐evolutionary processes driving community assembly. In general, two recurring themes are of central theoretical interest. First, immigration, diversification, and extinction typically depend on island geographical properties (e.g., area, isolation, and age). Second, predictable ecological and evolutionary trajectories readily occur after colonization, such as the evolution of adaptive trait syndromes, trends toward specialization, adaptive radiation, and eventual ecological decline. Hypotheses such as the taxon cycle draw on several of these themes to posit particular constraints on colonization and subsequent eco‐evolutionary dynamics. However, it has been challenging to examine these integrated dynamics with traditional methods. Here, we combine phylogenomics, population genomics and phenomics, to unravel community assembly dynamics among Pheidole (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) ants in the isolated Fijian archipelago. We uphold basic island biogeographic predictions that isolated islands accumulate diversity primarily through in situ evolution rather than dispersal, and population genomic support for taxon cycle predictions that endemic species have decreased dispersal ability and demography relative to regionally widespread taxa. However, rather than trending toward island syndromes, ecomorphological diversification in Fiji was intense, filling much of the genus‐level global morphospace. Furthermore, while most endemic species exhibit demographic decline and reduced dispersal, we show that the archipelago is not an evolutionary dead‐end. Rather, several endemic species show signatures of population and range expansion, including a successful colonization to the Cook islands. These results shed light on the processes shaping island biotas and refine our understanding of island biogeographic theory.

Ecosystem effects of the world’s largest invasive animal - Jonathan B. Shurin; Nelson Aranguren-Riaño; Daniel Duque Negro; David Echeverri Lopez; Natalie T. Jones; Oscar Laverde‐R; Alexander Neu; Adriana Pedroza Ramos (Ecology, 2020)
The keystone roles of mega‐fauna in many terrestrial ecosystems have been lost to defaunation. Large predators and herbivores often play keystone roles in their native ranges, and some have established invasive populations in new biogeographic regions. However, few empirical examples are available to guide expectations about how mega‐fauna affect ecosystems in novel environmental and evolutionary contexts. We examined the impacts on aquatic ecosystems of an emerging population of hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus amphibus ) that has been growing in Colombia over the last 25 yr. Hippos in Africa fertilize lakes and rivers by grazing on land and excreting wastes in the water. Stable isotopes indicate that terrestrial sources contribute more carbon in Colombian lakes containing hippo populations, and daily dissolved oxygen cycles suggest that their presence stimulates ecosystem metabolism. Phytoplankton communities were more dominated by cyanobacteria in lakes with hippos, and bacteria, zooplankton, and benthic invertebrate communities were similar regardless of hippo presence. Our results suggest that hippos recapitulate their role as ecosystem engineers in Colombia, importing terrestrial organic matter and nutrients with detectable impacts on ecosystem metabolism and community structure in the early stages of invasion. Ongoing range expansion may pose a threat to water resources.

Establishing ecological baselines around a temperate Himalayan peatland - Alexander R. O’Neill; Prem K. Chhetri; Bijoy Chhetri; Santosh K. Rana (Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2020)

Characterization of genetically complex Collaborative Cross mouse strains that model divergent locomotor activating and reinforcing properties of cocaine - Sarah A. Schoenrock; Padam Kumar; Alexander Gómez-A; Price E. Dickson; Sam-Moon Kim; Lauren Bailey; Sofia Neira; Kyle D. Riker; Joseph Farrington; Christiann H. Gaines; Saad Khan; Troy D. Wilcox; et al. (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Whole-Genome Sequencing of Aspergillus terreus Species Complex - Mathangi Palanivel; Micheál Mac Aogáin; Rikky W. Purbojati; Akira Uchida; Ngu War Aung; Serene B. Y. Lim; Alexander Putra; Daniela I. Drautz-Moses; Shila Seaton; Thomas R. Rogers; Stephan C. Schuster; Sanjay H. Chotirmall (Mycopathologia, 2020)

Evolutionary history and sex are significant drivers of crayfish demography in resource-limited cave ecosystems - Brock M. Huntsman; Michael P. Venarsky; Fitsum Abadi; Alexander D. Huryn; Bernard R. Kuhajda; Christian L. Cox; Jonathan P. Benstead (Evolutionary Ecology, 2020)

Small-scale distribution modeling of benthic species in a protected natural hard ground area in the German North Sea (Helgoländer Steingrund) - Lydia R. Becker; Alexander Bartholomä; Anja Singer; Kai Bischof; Susanne Coers; Ingrid Kröncke (Geo-Marine Letters, 2020)

Thermal niche diversity and trophic redundancy drive neutral effects of warming on energy flux through a stream food web - Daniel Nelson; Jonathan P. Benstead; Alexander D. Huryn; Wyatt F. Cross; James M. Hood; Philip W. Johnson; James R. Junker; Gísli M. Gíslason; Jón S. Ólafsson (Ecology, 2020)
Climate warming is predicted to alter routing and flows of energy through food webs because of the critical and varied effects of temperature on physiological rates, community structure, and trophic dynamics. Few studies, however, have experimentally assessed the net effect of warming on energy flux and food web dynamics in natural intact communities. Here, we test how warming affects energy flux and the trophic basis of production in a natural invertebrate food web by experimentally heating a stream reach in southwest Iceland by ~4°C for 2 yr and comparing its response to an unheated reference stream. Previous results from this experiment showed that warming led to shifts in the structure of the invertebrate assemblage, with estimated increases in total metabolic demand but no change in annual secondary production. We hypothesized that elevated metabolic demand and invariant secondary production would combine to increase total consumption of organic matter in the food web, if diet composition did not change appreciably with warming. Dietary composition of primary consumers indeed varied little between streams and among years, with gut contents primarily consisting of diatoms (72.9%) and amorphous detritus (19.5%). Diatoms dominated the trophic basis of production of primary consumers in both study streams, contributing 79–86% to secondary production. Although warming increased the flux of filamentous algae within the food web, total resource consumption did not increase as predicted. The neutral net effect of warming on total energy flow through the food web was a result of taxon‐level variation in responses to warming, a neutral effect on total invertebrate production, and strong trophic redundancy within the invertebrate assemblage. Thus, food webs characterized by a high degree of trophic redundancy may be more resistant to the effects of climate warming than those with more diverse and specialized consumers.

Protocol for purification and culture of astrocytes: useful not only in 2 days postnatal but also in adult rat brain - Masoumeh Zarei-Kheirabadi; Sara Mirsadeghi; Alexander R. Vaccaro; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Sahar Kiani (Molecular Biology Reports, 2020)

Re-Differentiation of Human Meniscus Fibrochondrocytes Differs in Three-Dimensional Cell Aggregates and Decellularized Human Meniscus Matrix Scaffolds - Yan Liang; Alexander R. A. Szojka; Enaam Idrees; Melanie Kunze; Aillette Mulet-Sierra; Adetola B. Adesida (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

Low conservatism of leafhopper communities in remnant and reconstructed prairie sites in a working agroecological landscape - Kent Keene; Carolyn M. Malmstrom; Helen M. Alexander; Astri Wayadande; Kathy R. Denning (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2020)

Proposed revision of the family Secoviridae taxonomy to create three subgenera, “Satsumavirus”, “Stramovirus” and “Cholivirus”, in the genus Sadwavirus - Hélène Sanfaçon; Indranil Dasgupta; Marc Fuchs; Alexander V. Karasev; Karel Petrzik; Jeremy R. Thompson; Ioannis Tzanetakis; René van der Vlugt; Thierry Wetzel; Nobuyuki Yoshikawa (Archives of Virology, 2020)

Assessment of prokaryote to eukaryote ratios in environmental samples by SSU rDNA length polymorphism - Alexander Guhr; Alfons R. Weig (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2020)

Migratory divides coincide with reproductive barriers across replicated avian hybrid zones above the Tibetan Plateau - Elizabeth S. C. Scordato; Chris C. R. Smith; Georgy A. Semenov; Yu Liu; Matthew R. Wilkins; Wei Liang; Alexander Rubtsov; Gomboobaatar Sundev; Kazuo Koyama; Sheela P. Turbek; Michael B. Wunder; Craig A. Stricker; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2020)
Migratory divides are proposed to be catalysts for speciation across a diversity of taxa. However, it is difficult to test the relative contributions of migratory behaviour vs. other divergent traits to reproductive isolation. Comparing hybrid zones with and without migratory divides offers a rare opportunity to directly examine the contribution of divergent migratory behaviour to reproductive barriers. We show that across replicate sampling transects of two pairs of barn swallow ( Hirundo rustica ) subspecies, strong reproductive isolation coincided with a migratory divide spanning 20 degrees of latitude. A third subspecies pair exhibited no evidence for a migratory divide and hybridised extensively. Within migratory divides, overwintering habitats were associated with assortative mating, implicating a central contribution of divergent migratory behaviour to reproductive barriers. The remarkable geographic coincidence between migratory divides and genetic breaks supports a long‐standing hypothesis that the Tibetan Plateau is a substantial barrier contributing to the diversity of Siberian avifauna.

Uses of pre-Hispanic kitchenware from Central Nicaragua: implications for understanding botanical foodways - Andy J. Ciofalo; Natalia R. Donner; Corinne L. Hofman; Alexander Geurds (Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2020)

Burst & High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation Differentially Effect Spinal Neuronal Activity After Radiculopathy - Alexander R. Kent; Christine L. Weisshaar; Lalit Venkatesan; Beth A. Winkelstein (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

Strong divergent selection at multiple loci in two closely related species of ragworts adapted to high and low elevations on Mount Etna - Edgar L. Y. Wong; Bruno Nevado; Owen G. Osborne; Alexander S. T. Papadopulos; Jon R. Bridle; Simon J. Hiscock; Dmitry A. Filatov (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
Recently diverged species present particularly informative systems for studying speciation and maintenance of genetic divergence in the face of gene flow. We investigated speciation in two closely related Senecio species, S. aethnensis and S. chrysanthemifolius , which grow at high and low elevations, respectively, on Mount Etna, Sicily and form a hybrid zone at intermediate elevations. We used a newly generated genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) dataset from 192 individuals collected over 18 localities along an elevational gradient to reconstruct the likely history of speciation, identify highly differentiated SNPs, and estimate the strength of divergent selection. We found that speciation in this system involved heterogeneous and bidirectional gene flow along the genome, and species experienced marked population size changes in the past. Furthermore, we identified highly‐differentiated SNPs between the species, some of which are located in genes potentially involved in ecological differences between species (such as photosynthesis and UV response). We analysed the shape of these SNPs’ allele frequency clines along the elevational gradient. These clines show significantly variable coincidence and concordance, indicative of the presence of multifarious selective forces. Selection against hybrids is estimated to be very strong (0.16–0.78) and one of the highest reported in literature. The combination of strong cumulative selection across the genome and previously identified intrinsic incompatibilities probably work together to maintain the genetic and phenotypic differentiation between these species – pointing to the importance of considering both intrinsic and extrinsic factors when studying divergence and speciation.