Synthesis of Ocean Observations Using Data Assimilation for Operational, Real-Time and Reanalysis Systems: A More Complete Picture of the State of the Ocean - Andrew M. Moore; Matthew J. Martin; Santha Akella; Hernan G. Arango; Magdalena Balmaseda; Laurent Bertino; Stefano Ciavatta; Bruce Cornuelle; Jim Cummings; Sergey Frolov; Pierre Lermusiaux; Paolo Oddo; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Effects of cocaine on the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of mephedrone in male rats - Laura L. Erwin; Mark R. Nilges; Zachary B. Bondy; Peter J. Winsauer (Psychopharmacology, 2019)

Reproductive philopatry in a coastal shark drives age-related population structure - Juliana D. Klein; Aletta E. Bester-van der Merwe; Matt L. Dicken; Kolobe L. Mmonwa; Peter R. Teske (Marine Biology, 2019)

A Great Basin lake-level response to 38–34 ka Dansgaard–Oeschger oscillations - Eric J. Heaton; Greg Thompson; Dawn A. Fetzer; Robert M. Negrini; Peter E. Wigand; Manuel R. Palacios-Fest; Roy Lafever; Anna L. Jacobsen; Citlali Trigos (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2019)

Effects of Bridge Construction and Wastewater Effluent on Phytoplankton Abundance and Sediment Geochemistry in an Atlantic Temperate Coastal Bay Since 1930 - Moumita Karmakar; Peter R. Leavitt; Alain Patoine (Estuaries and Coasts, 2019)

A Seasonally Dynamic Estuarine Ecosystem Provides a Diverse Prey Base for Elasmobranchs - Sharon L. Every; Christopher J. Fulton; Heidi R. Pethybridge; Peter M. Kyne; David A. Crook (Estuaries and Coasts, 2019)

Drivers and Management Implications of Long-Term Cisco Oxythermal Habitat Decline in Lake Mendota, WI - Madeline R. Magee; Peter B. McIntyre; Paul C. Hanson; Chin H. Wu (Environmental Management, 2019)

Evaluation of multi-decadal UCLA-CFSv2 simulation and impact of interactive atmospheric-ocean feedback on global and regional variability - Jiwoo Lee; Yongkang Xue; Fernando De Sales; Ismaila Diallo; Larry Marx; Michael Ek; Kenneth R. Sperber; Peter J. Gleckler (Climate Dynamics, 2019)

Earth Observations and Integrative Models in Support of Food and Water Security - Stephanie Schollaert Uz; Alex C. Ruane; Bryan N. Duncan; Compton J. Tucker; George J. Huffman; Iliana E. Mladenova; Batuhan Osmanoglu; Thomas R. H. Holmes; Amy McNally; Christa Peters-Lidard; John D. Bolten; Narendra Das; et al. (Remote Sensing in Earth Systems Sciences, 2019)

Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: second update 2018 - Piet Maes; Scott Adkins; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; Matthew J. Ballinger; Dennis A. Bente; Martin Beer; Éric Bergeron; Carol D. Blair; Thomas Briese; Michael J. Buchmeier; Felicity J. Burt; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2019)

Additional changes to taxonomy ratified in a special vote by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (October 2018) - Stuart G. Siddell; Peter J. Walker; Elliot J. Lefkowitz; Arcady R. Mushegian; Michael J. Adams; Bas E. Dutilh; Alexander E. Gorbalenya; Balázs Harrach; Robert L. Harrison; Sandra Junglen; Nick J. Knowles; Andrew M. Kropinski; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2019)

Early‐life telomere length predicts lifespan and lifetime reproductive success in a wild bird - Justin R. Eastwood; Michelle L. Hall; Niki Teunissen; Sjouke A. Kingma; Nataly Hidalgo Aranzamendi; Marie Fan; Michael Roast; Simon Verhulst; Anne Peters (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
Poor conditions during early development can initiate trade‐offs that favour current survival at the expense of somatic maintenance and subsequently, future reproduction. However, the mechanisms that link early and late life‐history are largely unknown. Recently it has been suggested that telomeres, the nucleoprotein structures at the terminal end of chromosomes, could link early‐life conditions to lifespan and fitness. In wild purple‐crowned fairy‐wrens, we combined measurements of nestling telomere length (TL) with detailed life‐history data to investigate whether early‐life TL predicts fitness prospects. Our study differs from previous studies in the completeness of our fitness estimates in a highly philopatric population. The association between TL and survival was age‐dependent with early‐life TL having a positive effect on lifespan only among individuals that survived their first year. Early‐life TL was not associated with the probability or age of gaining a breeding position. Interestingly, early‐life TL was positively related to breeding duration, contribution to population growth and lifetime reproductive success because of their association with lifespan. Thus, early‐life TL, which reflects growth, accumulated early‐life stress and inherited TL, predicted fitness in birds that reached adulthood but not noticeably among fledglings. These findings suggest that a lack of investment in somatic maintenance during development particularly affects late life performance. This study demonstrates that factors in early‐life are related to fitness prospects through lifespan, and suggests that the study of telomeres may provide insight into the underlying physiological mechanisms linking early‐ and late‐life performance and trade‐offs across a lifetime.

Using mixed stock analysis to assess source populations for at‐sea bycaught juvenile and adult loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) in the north‐west Atlantic - Kelly R. Stewart; Erin L. LaCasella; Michael P. Jensen; Sheryan P. Epperly; Heather L. Haas; Lesley W. Stokes; Peter H. Dutton (Fish and Fisheries, 2019)
Assessments of fisheries by‐catch on marine megafauna are important for developing effective management strategies. For sea turtles, impacts may be evident in nesting population trends, but generally only after a lag, as turtles are slow to mature. We examined 850 loggerhead turtle ( Caretta caretta ) by‐catch samples collected over 14 years throughout the western North Atlantic to identify source nesting populations. We identified proportions of turtles from 19 distinct management units ( MU s), using mitochondrial DNA and mixed stock analysis, considering population size. We found a significant split in the distribution of small versus large loggerheads to the north and south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (latitude 35°N). North of Cape Hatteras, large turtles came from south‐east Florida ( SEFL ; 44% ± 15%) and the northern United States (33% ± 16%) MU s, while south of Cape Hatteras, the major contributors were Central East Florida (52% ± 20%) and south‐east Florida ( SEFL ; 41% ± 20%). Small turtles in the north came from Central East Florida (64% ± 14%), and in the south, south‐east Florida had the highest representation (56% ± 25%). There was little contribution from Mediterranean and Cape Verde populations, indicating low risk from western North Atlantic by‐catch to MUs in the Mediterranean. Understanding where threats may impact source populations is important, particularly for larger size turtles, as these individuals have the highest reproductive value. These findings allow more informed threat assessments to be conducted for loggerhead turtles considering spatial and demographic structure.

Systemic Treatment with the Enteric Bacterial Fermentation Product, Propionic Acid, Reduces Acoustic Startle Response Magnitude in Rats in a Dose-Dependent Fashion: Contribution to a Rodent Model of ASD - Corey L. Kamen; Danna L. Zevy; Jordan M. Ward; Indra R. Bishnoi; Martin Kavaliers; Klaus-Peter Ossenkopp (Neurotoxicity Research, 2019)

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Aluminum in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disease - Donald R. C. McLachlan; Catherine Bergeron; Peter N. Alexandrov; William J. Walsh; Aileen I. Pogue; Maire E. Percy; Theodore P. A. Kruck; Zhide Fang; Nathan M. Sharfman; Vivian Jaber; Yuhai Zhao; Wenhong Li; et al. (Molecular Neurobiology, 2019)

Multimodal Molecular Imaging Demonstrates Myeloperoxidase Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Neuroinflammation - Yinian Zhang; Huateng Dong; Daniel P. Seeburg; Gregory R. Wojtkiewicz; Peter Waterman; Benjamin Pulli; Reza Forghani; Muhammad Ali; Yoshiko Iwamoto; Filip K. Swirski; John W. Chen (Molecular Neurobiology, 2019)

More grist for the mill? Species delimitation in the genomic era and its implications for conservation - David W. G. Stanton; Peter Frandsen; Ryan K. Waples; Rasmus Heller; Isa-Rita M. Russo; Pablo A. Orozco-terWengel; Casper-Emil Tingskov Pedersen; Hans R. Siegismund; Michael W. Bruford (Conservation Genetics, 2019)

Multi-level emulation of complex climate model responses to boundary forcing data - Giang T. Tran; Kevin I. C. Oliver; Philip B. Holden; Neil R. Edwards; András Sóbester; Peter Challenor (Climate Dynamics, 2019)

No detection of CD4-independent human immunodeficiency virus 1 envelope glycoproteins in brain tissue of patients with or without neurological complications - Briana Quitadamo; Paul J. Peters; Matthew Koch; Katherine Luzuriaga; Cecilia Cheng-Mayer; Paul R. Clapham; Maria Paz Gonzalez-Perez (Archives of Virology, 2019)

Punching above their weight: Large release of greenhouse gases from small agricultural dams - Quinn R. Ollivier; Damien T. Maher; Chris Pitfield; Peter I. Macreadie (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Freshwater ecosystems play a major role in global carbon cycling through the breakdown of organic material and release of greenhouse gases ( GHG s). Carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) and methane ( CH 4 ) emissions from lakes, wetlands, reservoirs and small natural ponds have been well studied, however, the GHG emissions of highly abundant, small‐scale ( 2 ) agricultural dams (small stream and run‐off impoundments) are still unknown. Here, we measured the diffusive CO 2 and CH 4 flux of 77 small agricultural dams within south‐east Australia. The GHG emissions from these waterbodies, which are currently unaccounted for in GHG inventories, amounted to 11.12 ± 2.59 g CO 2 ‐equivalent m 2 /day, a value 3.43 times higher than temperate reservoir emissions. Upscaling these results to the entire state of Victoria, Australia, resulted in a farm dam CO 2 ‐equivalent/day emission rate of 4,853 tons, 3.1 times higher than state‐wide reservoir emissions in spite of farm dams covering only 0.94 times the comparative area. We also show that CO 2 and CH 4 emission rates were both significantly positively correlated with dissolved nitrate concentrations, and significantly higher in livestock rearing farm dams when compared to cropping farm dams. The results from this study demonstrate that small agricultural farm dams can be a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, thereby justifying their inclusion in global carbon budgets.

The diversity of population responses to environmental change - Fernando Colchero; Owen R. Jones; Dalia A. Conde; David Hodgson; Felix Zajitschek; Benedikt R. Schmidt; Aurelio F. Malo; Susan C. Alberts; Peter H. Becker; Sandra Bouwhuis; Anne M. Bronikowski; Kristel M. De Vleeschouwer; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2019)
The current extinction and climate change crises pressure us to predict population dynamics with ever‐greater accuracy. Although predictions rest on the well‐advanced theory of age‐structured populations, two key issues remain poorly explored. Specifically, how the age‐dependency in demographic rates and the year‐to‐year interactions between survival and fecundity affect stochastic population growth rates. We use inference, simulations and mathematical derivations to explore how environmental perturbations determine population growth rates for populations with different age‐specific demographic rates and when ages are reduced to stages. We find that stage‐ vs. age‐based models can produce markedly divergent stochastic population growth rates. The differences are most pronounced when there are survival‐fecundity‐trade‐offs, which reduce the variance in the population growth rate. Finally, the expected value and variance of the stochastic growth rates of populations with different age‐specific demographic rates can diverge to the extent that, while some populations may thrive, others will inevitably go extinct.

Growth, Photosynthesis, and Cold Tolerance of Eucalyptus benthamii Planted in the Piedmont of North Carolina - John R Butnor; Kurt H Johnsen; Peter H Anderson; Kevin B Hall; Joshua M Halman; Gary J Hawley; Christopher A Maier; Paul G Schaberg (Forest Science, 2019)

Hydrothermal Energy Transfer and Organic Carbon Production at the Deep Seafloor - Nadine Le Bris; Mustafa Yücel; Anindita Das; Stefan M. Sievert; PonnaPakkam LokaBharathi; Peter R. Girguis (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Spatiotemporal occurrence of green sturgeon at dredging and placement sites in the San Francisco estuary - Eric D. Chapman; Emily A. Miller; Gabriel P. Singer; Alex R. Hearn; Michael J. Thomas; William N. Brostoff; Peter E. LaCivita; A. Peter Klimley (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2019)

Active and secondhand smoke exposure throughout life and DNA methylation in breast tumors - Catherine L. Callahan; Matthew R. Bonner; Jing Nie; Youjin Wang; Meng-Hua Tao; Peter G. Shields; Catalin Marian; Kevin H. Eng; Maurizio Trevisan; Jo L. Freudenheim (Cancer Causes & Control, 2019)

Cholesterol profile in women with premature menopause after risk reducing salpingo-oophorectomy - Natalia Teixeira; Marian J. Mourits; Jan C. Oosterwijk; Ingrid E. Fakkert; Anthony R. Absalom; Stephan J. L. Bakker; Peter van der Meer; Geertruida H. de Bock (Familial Cancer, 2019)

Alstroemeria yellow spot virus (AYSV): a new orthotospovirus species within a growing Eurasian clade - A. Hassani-Mehraban; A. M. Dullemans; J. Th. J. Verhoeven; J. W. Roenhorst; D. Peters; R. A. A. van der Vlugt; R. Kormelink (Archives of Virology, 2019)

Seasonality of pCO 2 in a hard‐water lake of the northern Great Plains: The legacy effects of climate and limnological conditions over 36 years - Kerri Finlay; Richard J. Vogt; Gavin L. Simpson; Peter R. Leavitt (Limnology and Oceanography, 2019)
Biogeochemical processes are active year‐round in ice‐covered lakes, such that processes in one season can affect limnological conditions in subsequent seasons. However, the extent and nature of these legacy effects are poorly understood, particularly for the CO 2 content of lakes and when considering gas exchange with the atmosphere. Here, we used a unique 36‐yr dataset of weekly limnological measurements of Buffalo Pound Lake in the northern Great Plains to assess seasonal changes in CO 2 concentration and flux and determine how dependent lake pCO 2 is on limnological conditions of previous seasons. We found that the lake was a net source of CO 2 to the atmosphere (mean 18.5 ± 7.4 mol CO 2 m −2 yr −1 ), with spring potentially accounting for the majority (~ 64% ± 20%) of CO 2 efflux, assuming ice in spring was permeable to gas exchange (32.9% ± 19.8% if not). Analysis with generalized additive models (GAMs) demonstrated that current and antecedent seasonal conditions combined to explain 72.6% of deviance in spring pCO 2 , but that the strength of model predictions and the importance of antecedent conditions diminished in GAMs of summer (43.6%) and fall (23.3%) CO 2 levels. This research suggests that pCO 2 is regulated by a combination of coeval and historical environmental conditions and shows that quantification of seasonal and annual fluxes requires a mechanistic understanding of the legacy effects of preceding time intervals.

Differential stimulation and suppression of phytoplankton growth by ammonium enrichment in eutrophic hardwater lakes over 16 years - Vanessa J. Swarbrick; Gavin L. Simpson; Patricia M. Glibert; Peter R. Leavitt (Limnology and Oceanography, 2019)
Previous research suggests that fertilization of surface waters with chemically reduced nitrogen (N), including ammonium (NH 4 + ), may either enhance or suppress phytoplankton growth. To identify the factors influencing the net effect of NH 4 + , we fertilized natural phytoplankton assemblages from two eutrophic hardwater lakes with growth‐saturating concentrations of NH 4 Cl in 241 incubation experiments conducted biweekly May–August during 1996–2011. Phytoplankton biomass (as chlorophyll a ) was significantly ( p 4 + increased with abundance of diatoms, cryptophytes, and unicellular cyanobacteria, particularly when water temperatures and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations were low. In contrast, phytoplankton was often stimulated by NH 4 + when chlorophytes and non‐N 2 ‐fixing cyanobacteria were abundant, and temperatures and SRP concentrations were high. Progressive intensification of NH 4 + effects over 16 yr reflects changes in both spring (cooler water, increased diatoms and cryptophytes) and summer lake conditions (more chlorophytes, earlier cyanobacteria blooms), suggesting that the seasonal effects of NH 4 + will vary with future climate change and modes of N enrichment.

Climate change impact and adaptation for wheat protein - Senthold Asseng; Pierre Martre; Andrea Maiorano; Reimund P. Rötter; Garry J. O’Leary; Glenn J. Fitzgerald; Christine Girousse; Rosella Motzo; Francesco Giunta; M. Ali Babar; Matthew P. Reynolds; Ahmed M. S. Kheir; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Wheat grain protein concentration is an important determinant of wheat quality for human nutrition that is often overlooked in efforts to improve crop production. We tested and applied a 32‐multi‐model ensemble to simulate global wheat yield and quality in a changing climate. Potential benefits of elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration by 2050 on global wheat grain and protein yield are likely to be negated by impacts from rising temperature and changes in rainfall, but with considerable disparities between regions. Grain and protein yields are expected to be lower and more variable in most low‐rainfall regions, with nitrogen availability limiting growth stimulus from elevated CO 2 . Introducing genotypes adapted to warmer temperatures (and also considering changes in CO 2 and rainfall) could boost global wheat yield by 7% and protein yield by 2%, but grain protein concentration would be reduced by −1.1 percentage points, representing a relative change of −8.6%. Climate change adaptations that benefit grain yield are not always positive for grain quality, putting additional pressure on global wheat production.

Compositional response of Amazon forests to climate change - Adriane Esquivel‐Muelbert; Timothy R. Baker; Kyle G. Dexter; Simon L. Lewis; Roel J. W. Brienen; Ted R. Feldpausch; Jon Lloyd; Abel Monteagudo‐Mendoza; Luzmila Arroyo; Esteban Álvarez-Dávila; Niro Higuchi; Beatriz S. Marimon; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Most of the planet's diversity is concentrated in the tropics, which includes many regions undergoing rapid climate change. Yet, while climate‐induced biodiversity changes are widely documented elsewhere, few studies have addressed this issue for lowland tropical ecosystems. Here we investigate whether the floristic and functional composition of intact lowland Amazonian forests have been changing by evaluating records from 106 long‐term inventory plots spanning 30 years. We analyse three traits that have been hypothesized to respond to different environmental drivers (increase in moisture stress and atmospheric CO 2 concentrations): maximum tree size, biogeographic water‐deficit affiliation and wood density. Tree communities have become increasingly dominated by large‐statured taxa, but to date there has been no detectable change in mean wood density or water deficit affiliation at the community level, despite most forest plots having experienced an intensification of the dry season. However, among newly recruited trees, dry‐affiliated genera have become more abundant, while the mortality of wet‐affiliated genera has increased in those plots where the dry season has intensified most. Thus, a slow shift to a more dry‐affiliated Amazonia is underway, with changes in compositional dynamics (recruits and mortality) consistent with climate‐change drivers, but yet to significantly impact whole‐community composition. The Amazon observational record suggests that the increase in atmospheric CO 2 is driving a shift within tree communities to large‐statured species and that climate changes to date will impact forest composition, but long generation times of tropical trees mean that biodiversity change is lagging behind climate change.

Colour pattern divergence in reef fish species is rapid and driven by both range overlap and symmetry - Christopher R. Hemingson; Peter F. Cowman; Jennifer R. Hodge; David R. Bellwood (Ecology Letters, 2019)
Signal divergence is an important process underpinning the diversification of lineages. Research has shown that signal divergence is greatest in species pairs that possess high geographic range overlap. However, the influence of range‐size differences within pairs is less understood. We investigated how these factors have shaped signal divergence within brightly coloured coral reef butterflyfishes (genus: Chaetodon ). Using a novel digital imaging methodology, we quantified both colouration and pattern using 250 000 sample points on each fish image. Surprisingly, evolutionary age did not affect colour pattern dissimilarity between species pairs, with average differences arising in just 300 000 years. However, the effect of range overlap and range symmetry was significant. Species‐pair colour patterns become more different with increasing overlap, but only when ranges are similar in size. When ranges differ markedly in area, species‐pair colour patterns become more similar with increasing overlap. This suggests that species with small ranges may maintain non‐colour‐based species boundaries.

Specialisation and diversity of multiple trophic groups are promoted by different forest features - Caterina Penone; Eric Allan; Santiago Soliveres; María R Felipe‐Lucia; Martin M Gossner; Sebastian Seibold; Nadja K. Simons; Peter Schall; Fons van der Plas; Peter Manning; Rubén D. Manzanedo; Steffen Boch; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2019)
While forest management strongly influences biodiversity, it remains unclear how the structural and compositional changes caused by management affect different community dimensions (e.g. richness, specialisation, abundance or completeness) and how this differs between taxa. We assessed the effects of nine forest features (representing stand structure, heterogeneity and tree composition) on thirteen above‐ and belowground trophic groups of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria in 150 temperate forest plots differing in their management type. Canopy cover decreased light resources, which increased community specialisation but reduced overall diversity and abundance. Features increasing resource types and diversifying microhabitats (admixing of oaks and conifers) were important and mostly affected richness. Belowground groups responded differently to those aboveground and had weaker responses to most forest features. Our results show that we need to consider forest features rather than broad management types and highlight the importance of considering several groups and community dimensions to better inform conservation.

Understanding Conformational Dynamics of Complex Lipid Mixtures Relevant to Biology - Ran Friedman; Syma Khalid; Camilo Aponte-Santamaría; Elena Arutyunova; Marlon Becker; Kevin J. Boyd; Mikkel Christensen; João T. S. Coimbra; Simona Concilio; Csaba Daday; Floris J. van Eerden; Pedro A. Fernandes; et al. (The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2018)

Stress and Pore Pressure in Mudrocks Bounding Salt Systems - Maria A. Nikolinakou; Peter B. Flemings; Mahdi Heidari; Michael R. Hudec (Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2018)

Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of the digitate-tubered clade within subtribe Orchidinae s.s. (Orchidaceae: Orchideae) - Richard M. Bateman; Alexander R. M. Murphy; Peter M. Hollingsworth; Michelle L. Hart; Ian Denholm; Paula J. Rudall (Kew Bulletin, 2018)

Pharmacologic Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: a Review of Pharmacotherapy, Adjuncts, and Toxicity - Michael S. Toce; Peter R. Chai; Michele M. Burns; Edward W. Boyer (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2018)

Macrocheles species (Acari: Macrochelidae) associated with human corpses in Europe - Naila A. Che Kamaruzaman; Peter Mašán; Yelitza Velásquez; Alejandro González-Medina; Anders Lindström; Henk R. Braig; M. Alejandra Perotti (Experimental and Applied Acarology, 2018)

Dietary curcumin supplementation does not alter peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to exertional heat stress - Peter A. Falgiano; Trevor L. Gillum; Zach J. Schall; Harrison R. Strag; Matthew R. Kuennen (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2018)

From solution to surface to filament: actin flux into branched networks - R. Dyche Mullins; Peter Bieling; Daniel A. Fletcher (Biophysical Reviews, 2018)

Correction to: Responding to misinformation and criticisms regarding United States cat predation estimates - Scott R. Loss; Tom Will; Travis Longcore; Peter P. Marra (Biological Invasions, 2018)

Responding to misinformation and criticisms regarding United States cat predation estimates - Scott R. Loss; Tom Will; Travis Longcore; Peter P. Marra (Biological Invasions, 2018)

Naïve, bold, or just hungry? An invasive exotic prey species recognises but does not respond to its predators - Alexandra J. R. Carthey; Peter B. Banks (Biological Invasions, 2018)

A Wearable Magnet-Based System to Assess Activity and Joint Flexion in Humans and Large Animals - Feini Qu; Brendan D. Stoeckl; Peter M. Gebhard; Todd J. Hullfish; Josh R. Baxter; Robert L. Mauck (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2018)

Region-Specific Microstructure in the Neonatal Ventricles of a Porcine Model - F. Ahmad; S. Soe; N. White; R. Johnston; I. Khan; J. Liao; M. Jones; R. Prabhu; I. Maconochie; Peter Theobald (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2018)

Tundra Trait Team: A database of plant traits spanning the tundra biome - Anne D. Bjorkman; Isla H. Myers‐Smith; Sarah C. Elmendorf; Signe Normand; Haydn J. D. Thomas; Juha M. Alatalo; Heather Alexander; Alba Anadon‐Rosell; Sandra Angers‐Blondin; Yang Bai; Gaurav Baruah; Mariska te Beest; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Motivation The Tundra Trait Team (TTT) database includes field‐based measurements of key traits related to plant form and function at multiple sites across the tundra biome. This dataset can be used to address theoretical questions about plant strategy and trade‐offs, trait–environment relationships and environmental filtering, and trait variation across spatial scales, to validate satellite data, and to inform Earth system model parameters. Main types of variable contained The database contains 91,970 measurements of 18 plant traits. The most frequently measured traits (> 1,000 observations each) include plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf fresh and dry mass, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus content, leaf C:N and N:P, seed mass, and stem specific density. Spatial location and grain Measurements were collected in tundra habitats in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, including Arctic sites in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Fennoscandia and Siberia, alpine sites in the European Alps, Colorado Rockies, Caucasus, Ural Mountains, Pyrenees, Australian Alps, and Central Otago Mountains (New Zealand), and sub‐Antarctic Marion Island. More than 99% of observations are georeferenced. Time period and grain All data were collected between 1964 and 2018. A small number of sites have repeated trait measurements at two or more time periods. Major taxa and level of measurement Trait measurements were made on 978 terrestrial vascular plant species growing in tundra habitats. Most observations are on individuals (86%), while the remainder represent plot or site means or maximums per species. Software format csv file and GitHub repository with data cleaning scripts in R; contribution to TRY plant trait database ( www.try-db.org ) to be included in the next version release.

Effect of urbanization on soil methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in subtropical Australia - Lona van Delden; David W. Rowlings; Clemens Scheer; Daniele De Rosa; Peter R. Grace (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Increasing population densities and urban sprawl are causing rapid land use change from natural and agricultural ecosystems into smaller, urban residential properties. However, there is still great uncertainty about the effect that urbanization will have on biogeochemical C and N cycles and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) budgets. We aimed to evaluate how typical urbanization related land use change in subtropical Australia affects soil GHG exchange (N 2 O and CH 4 ) and the associated global warming potential (GWP). Fluxes were measured from three land uses: native forest, a long‐term pasture, and a turf grass lawn continuously over two years using a high‐resolution automated chamber system. The fertilized turf grass had the highest N 2 O emissions, dominated by high fluxes >100 g N 2 O‐N day −1 immediately following establishment though decreased to just 0.6 kg N 2 O‐N ha −1 in the second year. Only minor fluxes occurred in the forest and pasture, with the high aeration of the sandy topsoil limiting N 2 O emissions while promoting substantial CH 4 uptake. Native forest was consistently the strongest CH 4 sink (−2.9 kg CH 4 ‐C ha −1 year −1 ), while the pasture became a short‐term CH 4 source after heavy rainfall when the soil reached saturation. On a two‐year average, land use change from native forest to turf grass increased the non‐CO 2 GWP from a net annual GHG sink of −83 CO 2 ‐e ha –1 year −1 to a source of 245 kg CO 2 ‐e ha –1 year −1 . This study highlights that urbanization can substantially alter soil GHG exchange by altering plant soil water use and by increasing bulk density and inorganic N availability. However, on well‐drained subtropical soils, the impact of urbanization on inter‐annual non‐CO 2 GWP of turf grass was low compared to urbanized ecosystems in temperate climates.

Ambient changes exceed treatment effects on plant species abundance in global change experiments - J. Adam Langley; Samantha K. Chapman; Kimberly J. La Pierre; Meghan Avolio; William D. Bowman; David S. Johnson; Forest Isbell; Kevin R. Wilcox; Bryan L. Foster; Mark J. Hovenden; Alan K. Knapp; Sally E. Koerner; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2018)
The responses of species to environmental changes will determine future community composition and ecosystem function. Many syntheses of global change experiments examine the magnitude of treatment effect sizes, but we lack an understanding of how plant responses to treatments compare to ongoing changes in the unmanipulated (ambient or background) system. We used a database of long‐term global change studies manipulating CO 2 , nutrients, water, and temperature to answer three questions: (a) How do changes in plant species abundance in ambient plots relate to those in treated plots? (b) How does the magnitude of ambient change in species‐level abundance over time relate to responsiveness to global change treatments? (c) Does the direction of species‐level responses to global change treatments differ from the direction of ambient change? We estimated temporal trends in plant abundance for 791 plant species in ambient and treated plots across 16 long‐term global change experiments yielding 2,116 experiment–species–treatment combinations. Surprisingly, for most species (57%) the magnitude of ambient change was greater than the magnitude of treatment effects. However, the direction of ambient change, whether a species was increasing or decreasing in abundance under ambient conditions, had no bearing on the direction of treatment effects. Although ambient communities are inherently dynamic, there is now widespread evidence that anthropogenic drivers are directionally altering plant communities in many ecosystems. Thus, global change treatment effects must be interpreted in the context of plant species trajectories that are likely driven by ongoing environmental changes.

Chesapeake Bay Dissolved Oxygen Criterion Attainment Deficit: Three Decades of Temporal and Spatial Patterns - Qian Zhang; Peter J. Tango; Rebecca R. Murphy; Melinda K. Forsyth; Richard Tian; Jennifer Keisman; Emily M. Trentacoste (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2018)

From sea ice to seals: a moored marine ecosystem observatory in the Arctic - Claudine Hauri; Seth Danielson; Andrew M. P. McDonnell; Russell R. Hopcroft; Peter Winsor; Peter Shipton; Catherine Lalande; Kathleen M. Stafford; John K. Horne; Lee W. Cooper; Jacqueline M. Grebmeier; Andrew Mahoney; et al. (Ocean Science, 2018)
Although Arctic marine ecosystems are changing rapidly, year-round monitoring is currently very limited and presents multiple challenges unique to this region. The Chukchi Ecosystem Observatory (CEO) described here uses new sensor technologies to meet needs for continuous, high-resolution, and year-round observations across all levels of the ecosystem in the biologically productive and seasonally ice-covered Chukchi Sea off the northwest coast of Alaska. This mooring array records a broad suite of variables that facilitate observations, yielding better understanding of physical, chemical, and biological couplings, phenologies, and the overall state of this Arctic shelf marine ecosystem. While cold temperatures and 8 months of sea ice cover present challenging conditions for the operation of the CEO, this extreme environment also serves as a rigorous test bed for innovative ecosystem monitoring strategies. Here, we present data from the 2015–2016 CEO deployments that provide new perspectives on the seasonal evolution of sea ice, water column structure, and physical properties, annual cycles in nitrate, dissolved oxygen, phytoplankton blooms, and export, zooplankton abundance and vertical migration, the occurrence of Arctic cod, and vocalizations of marine mammals such as bearded seals. These integrated ecosystem observations are being combined with ship-based observations and modeling to produce a time series that documents biological community responses to changing seasonal sea ice and water temperatures while establishing a scientific basis for ecosystem management.

Future Directions in the Research and Management of Marine Snakes - Vinay Udyawer; Peter Barnes; Xavier Bonnet; François Brischoux; Jenna M. Crowe-Riddell; Blanche D’Anastasi; Bryan G. Fry; Amber Gillett; Claire Goiran; Michael L. Guinea; Harold Heatwole; Michelle R. Heupel; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2018)

Fertiliser timing and use of inhibitors to reduce N2O emissions of rainfed wheat in a semi-arid environment - Ashley J. Wallace; Roger D. Armstrong; Robert H. Harris; Oxana N. Belyaeva; Peter R. Grace; Debra L. Partington; Clemens Scheer (Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2018)

Three Decades of Change in Demersal Fish and Water Quality in a Long Island Sound Embayment - Sarah C. Crosby; Nicole L. Cantatore; Leslie M. Smith; Joshua R. Cooper; Peter J. Fraboni; Richard B. Harris (Estuaries and Coasts, 2018)

People-Centered and Ecosystem-Based Knowledge Co-Production to Promote Proactive Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development in Namibia - Axel Schick; Christina Sandig; Anja Krause; Peter R. Hobson; Stefan Porembski; Pierre L. Ibisch (Environmental Management, 2018)

The role of Amundsen–Bellingshausen Sea anticyclonic circulation in forcing marine air intrusions into West Antarctica - B. Daniel Emanuelsson; Nancy A. N. Bertler; Peter D. Neff; James A. Renwick; Bradley R. Markle; W. Troy Baisden; Elizabeth D. Keller (Climate Dynamics, 2018)

Density‐dependence mediates coral assemblage structure - Peter J. Edmunds; Hannah R. Nelson; Lorenzo Bramanti (Ecology, 2018)
Density dependence ( DD ) controls community recovery following widespread mortality, yet this principle rarely has been applied to coral assemblages. The reefs of Mo'orea, French Polynesia, provide the opportunity to study DD of coral population growth, because coral assemblages in this location responded to declines in abundance with high recruitment and an increase in cover during which recruitment of pocilloporid corals was inversely associated with density. This study tests for DD in this system, first, by describing the context within which it operates: coral cover changed from 46% in 2005, to DD of recruitment was conducted by decreasing Pocillopora spp. cover from 33% to 19%: one year later, the density of Pocillopora spp. recruits was 1.65‐fold higher in the low vs. high cover treatment. Finally, the effects of DD were investigated by comparing simulated and empirical distributions of pocilloporid colonies: as predicted by DD , small colonies were randomly distributed, while large colonies were uniformly distributed. Together these results demonstrate DD of population regulation for Pocillopora spp. corals, thus revealing the potential importance of this ecological principle in determining the resilience of coral assemblages.

Effect of Coral-Algal Interactions on Early Life History Processes in Pocillopora acuta in a Highly Disturbed Coral Reef System - Rick C. Leong; Ezequiel M. Marzinelli; Jeffrey Low; Andrew G. Bauman; Elton W. X. Lim; Chin Y. Lim; Peter D. Steinberg; James R. Guest (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2018)

Copper oxide nanoparticle effects on root growth and hydraulic conductivity of two vegetable crops - Andrew J. Margenot; Devin A. Rippner; Matt R. Dumlao; Sareh Nezami; Peter G. Green; Sanjai J. Parikh; Andrew J. McElrone (Plant and Soil, 2018)

Production of membrane proteins for characterisation of their pheromone-sensing and antimicrobial resistance functions - Aalishaa A. Azam; Jean M. Kinder; G. Nasir Khan; Ade Alase; Pikyee Ma; Yang Liu; James R. Ault; Peter J. F. Henderson; Babur Z. Chowdhry; Bruce D. Alexander; Stephen E. Harding; Mary K. Phillips-Jones (European Biophysics Journal, 2018)

Indoor tanning and the risk of developing non-cutaneous cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Dylan E. O’Sullivan; Troy W. R. Hillier; Darren R. Brenner; Cheryl E. Peters; Will D. King (Cancer Causes & Control, 2018)

Dose assessment from the exposure to attached and unattached progeny of radon and thoron in indoor environment - Mukesh Prasad; Peter Bossew; G. Anil Kumar; Rosaline Mishra; R. C. Ramola (Acta Geophysica, 2018)

Effects of urbanization on the population structure of freshwater turtles across the United States - David R. Bowne; Bradley J. Cosentino; Laurel J. Anderson; Christopher P. Bloch; Sandra Cooke; Patrick W. Crumrine; Jason Dallas; Alexandra Doran; Jerald J. Dosch; Daniel L. Druckenbrod; Richard D. Durtsche; Danielle Garneau; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2018)
Landscape‐scale alterations that accompany urbanization may negatively affect the population structure of wildlife species such as freshwater turtles. Changes to nesting sites and higher mortality rates due to vehicular collisions and increased predator populations may particularly affect immature turtles and mature female turtles. We hypothesized that the proportions of adult female and immature turtles in a population will negatively correlate with landscape urbanization. As a collaborative effort of the Ecological Research as Education Network (EREN), we sampled freshwater turtle populations in 11 states across the central and eastern United States. Contrary to expectations, we found a significant positive relationship between proportions of mature female painted turtles ( Chrysemys picta ) and urbanization. We did not detect a relationship between urbanization and proportions of immature turtles. Urbanization may alter the thermal environment of nesting sites such that more females are produced as urbanization increases. Our approach of creating a collaborative network of scientists and students at undergraduate institutions proved valuable in terms of testing our hypothesis over a large spatial scale while also allowing students to gain hands‐on experience in conservation science.

Conservation mycology in Australia and the potential role of citizen science - Peter J. Irga; Katherine Barker; Fraser R. Torpy (Conservation Biology, 2018)
Fungi are undoubtedly important for ecosystem functioning; however, they have been omitted or given scant attention in most biodiversity policy documents, management plans, and formal conservation schedules throughout the world. This oversight may be due to a general lack of awareness in the scientific community and compounded by a scarcity of mycology‐associated curricula at the tertiary level and a lack of mycologists in research institutions. Although molecular techniques advance the systematic cataloging of fungi and facilitate insights into fungal communities, the scarcity of professional mycologists in the environmental sciences hampers conservation efforts. Conversely, citizen science initiatives are making significant contributions to the mycology discipline by increasing awareness and extending the scope of fungal surveys. Future research by professional and amateur mycologists into the distribution of fungi and their function in ecosystems will help identify wider and more effective conservation goals.

Potential self-medication using millipede secretions in red-fronted lemurs: combining anointment and ingestion for a joint action against gastrointestinal parasites? - Louise R. Peckre; Charlotte Defolie; Peter M. Kappeler; Claudia Fichtel (Primates, 2018)

The Virtual Toxicology Journal Club: the Dissemination and Discussion of Noteworthy Manuscripts Using Twitter - Peter R. Chai; Anne-Michelle Ruha; Kelly E. Wong; Derek L. Monette; Meghan B. Spyres; Jeff Lapoint; Howard Greller; Mark B. Mycyk (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2018)

Machine Learning to Predict, Detect, and Intervene Older Adults Vulnerable for Adverse Drug Events in the Emergency Department - Kei Ouchi; Charlotta Lindvall; Peter R. Chai; Edward W. Boyer (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2018)

Resistance to neomycin ototoxicity in the extreme basal (hook) region of the mouse cochlea - Shelly C. Y. Lin; Peter R. Thorne; Gary D. Housley; Srdjan M. Vlajkovic (Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 2018)

Blooms of Dinoflagellate Mixotrophs in a Lower Chesapeake Bay Tributary: Carbon and Nitrogen Uptake over Diurnal, Seasonal, and Interannual Timescales - Margaret R. Mulholland; Ryan Morse; Todd Egerton; Peter W. Bernhardt; K. C. Filippino (Estuaries and Coasts, 2018)

Invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) feeding ecology in Biscayne National Park, Florida, USA - Gorka Sancho; Peter R. Kingsley-Smith; James A. Morris; C. Anna Toline; Vanessa McDonough; Sarah M. Doty (Biological Invasions, 2018)

Changes to taxonomy and the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2018) - Andrew M. Q. King; Elliot J. Lefkowitz; Arcady R. Mushegian; Michael J. Adams; Bas E. Dutilh; Alexander E. Gorbalenya; Balázs Harrach; Robert L. Harrison; Sandra Junglen; Nick J. Knowles; Andrew M. Kropinski; Mart Krupovic; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2018)

Neutron imaging study of ‘pattern-welded’ swords from the Viking Age - Anna Fedrigo; Markus Strobl; Alan R. Williams; Kim Lefmann; Poul Erik Lindelof; Lars Jørgensen; Peter Pentz; Dominik Bausenwein; Burkard Schillinger; Anton Kovyakh; Francesco Grazzi (Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2018)

Vertebral abnormalities in free‐living Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha , Walbaum) in New Zealand - Peter S. Davie; Seumas P. Walker; Matthew R. Perrott; Jane E. Symonds; Mark Preece; Adelbert De Clercq; John S. Munday (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2018)
Spinal abnormalities are common in farmed Chinook Salmon in New Zealand. We report spinal abnormalities in adult Chinook salmon which were predominantly hatchery reared and released as smolts and which we term free‐living. We compare these to rates seen in farmed New Zealand salmon. 101 free‐living adult salmon were radiographically assessed for spinal curvatures (lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis; LKS) and other vertebral abnormalities. Severity of abnormality was assessed on a three‐point scale. Abnormal vertebral bodies were detected in 88.1% of free‐living salmon. Spinal curvatures were the most common abnormality type with 83.2% of fish showing this abnormality but only one free‐living Chinook had LKS of severity greater than 1. Farmed Chinook salmon are reported to have LKS rates of 29% with 18% of LKS abnormalities of severity greater than 1. These results suggest that free‐living Chinook salmon frequently develop spinal abnormalities, but these abnormalities are less severe than those observed in farmed salmon.

Regional versus local drivers of water quality in the Windermere catchment, Lake District, United Kingdom: The dominant influence of wastewater pollution over the past 200 years - Heather L. Moorhouse; Suzanne McGowan; Zofia E. Taranu; Irene Gregory‐Eaves; Peter R. Leavitt; Matthew D. Jones; Philip Barker; Susan A. Brayshaw (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Freshwater ecosystems are threatened by multiple anthropogenic stressors acting over different spatial and temporal scales, resulting in toxic algal blooms, reduced water quality and hypoxia. However, while catchment characteristics act as a ‘filter’ modifying lake response to disturbance, little is known of the relative importance of different drivers and possible differentiation in the response of upland remote lakes in comparison to lowland, impacted lakes. Moreover, many studies have focussed on single lakes rather than looking at responses across a set of individual, yet connected lake basins. Here we used sedimentary algal pigments as an index of changes in primary producer assemblages over the last ~200 years in a northern temperate watershed consisting of 11 upland and lowland lakes within the Lake District, United Kingdom, to test our hypotheses about landscape drivers. Specifically, we expected that the magnitude of change in phototrophic assemblages would be greatest in lowland rather than upland lakes due to more intensive human activities in the watersheds of the former (agriculture, urbanization). Regional parameters, such as climate dynamics, would be the predominant factors regulating lake primary producers in remote upland lakes and thus, synchronize the dynamic of primary producer assemblages in these basins. We found broad support for the hypotheses pertaining to lowland sites as wastewater treatment was the main predictor of changes to primary producer assemblages in lowland lakes. In contrast, upland headwaters responded weakly to variation in atmospheric temperature, and dynamics in primary producers across upland lakes were asynchronous. Collectively, these findings show that nutrient inputs from point sources overwhelm climatic controls of algae and nuisance cyanobacteria, but highlights that large‐scale stressors do not always initiate coherent regional lake response. Furthermore, a lake's position in its landscape, its connectivity and proximity to point nutrients are important determinants of changes in production and composition of phototrophic assemblages.

Obituary – Lalchand Govindram Gwalani (1945–2018) - Kirtikumar R. Randive; Peter J. Downes (Mineralogy and Petrology, 2018)

Maize seed systems in different agro-ecosystems; what works and what does not work for smallholder farmers - J. Coosje Hoogendoorn; Genevieve Audet-Bélanger; Christian Böber; M. Laura Donnet; Kennedy Bisani Lweya; R. K. Malik; Peter R. Gildemacher (Food Security, 2018)

Reduced cooling following future volcanic eruptions - Peter O. Hopcroft; Jessy Kandlbauer; Paul J. Valdes; R. Stephen J. Sparks (Climate Dynamics, 2018)

Correction to: Organochlorine Chemical Residues in Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) Eggs from Greater Washington, DC USA - Christopher J. Schmitt; Kathy R. Echols; Paul H. Peterman; Carl E. Orazio; K. Christiana Grim; Shirlee Tan; Nora E. Diggs; Peter P. Marra (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2018)

Taxonomy of the family Arenaviridae and the order Bunyavirales: update 2018 - Piet Maes; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Yīmíng Bào; Martin Beer; Monica Birkhead; Thomas Briese; Michael J. Buchmeier; Charles H. Calisher; Rémi N. Charrel; Il Ryong Choi; Christopher S. Clegg; Juan Carlos de la Torre; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2018)

Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2018 - Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Nidia G. Aréchiga Ceballos; Ashley C. Banyard; Christopher F. Basler; Sina Bavari; Andrew J. Bennett; Kim R. Blasdell; Thomas Briese; Alexander Bukreyev; Yíngyún Caì; Charles H. Calisher; Cristine Campos Lawson; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2018)

Consensus guidelines for the use and interpretation of angiogenesis assays - Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska; Kari Alitalo; Elizabeth Allen; Andrey Anisimov; Alfred C. Aplin; Robert Auerbach; Hellmut G. Augustin; David O. Bates; Judy R. van Beijnum; R. Hugh F. Bender; Gabriele Bergers; Andreas Bikfalvi; et al. (Angiogenesis, 2018)

Monitoring age‐related trends in genomic diversity of Australian lungfish - Daniel J. Schmidt; Stewart Fallon; David T. Roberts; Thomas Espinoza; Andrew McDougall; Steven G. Brooks; Peter K. Kind; Nick R. Bond; Mark J. Kennard; Jane M. Hughes (Molecular Ecology, 2018)
An important challenge for conservation science is to detect declines in intraspecific diversity so that management action can be guided towards populations or species at risk. The lifespan of Australian lungfish ( Neoceratodus forsteri ) exceeds 80 years, and human impacts on breeding habitat over the last half century may have impeded recruitment, leaving populations dominated by old postreproductive individuals, potentially resulting in a small and declining breeding population. Here, we conduct a “single‐sample” evaluation of genetic erosion within contemporary populations of the Australian lungfish. Genetic erosion is a temporal decline in intraspecific diversity due to factors such as reduced population size and inbreeding. We examined whether young individuals showed signs of reduced genetic diversity and/or inbreeding using a novel bomb radiocarbon dating method to age lungfish nonlethally, based on 14 C ratios of scales. A total of 15,201 single nucleotide polymorphic ( SNP ) loci were genotyped in 92 individuals ranging in age from 2 to 77 years old. Standardized individual heterozygosity and individual inbreeding coefficients varied widely within and between riverine populations, but neither was associated with age, so perceived problems with recruitment have not translated into genetic erosion that could be considered a proximate threat to lungfish populations. Conservation concern has surrounded Australian lungfish for over a century. However, our results suggest that long‐lived threatened species can maintain stable levels of intraspecific variability when sufficient reproductive opportunities exist over the course of a long lifespan.

Prediction of enteric methane production, yield, and intensity in dairy cattle using an intercontinental database - Mutian Niu; Ermias Kebreab; Alexander N. Hristov; Joonpyo Oh; Claudia Arndt; André Bannink; Ali R. Bayat; André F. Brito; Tommy Boland; David Casper; Les A. Crompton; Jan Dijkstra; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Enteric methane ( CH 4 ) production from cattle contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions. Measurement of enteric CH 4 is complex, expensive, and impractical at large scales; therefore, models are commonly used to predict CH 4 production. However, building robust prediction models requires extensive data from animals under different management systems worldwide. The objectives of this study were to (1) collate a global database of enteric CH 4 production from individual lactating dairy cattle; (2) determine the availability of key variables for predicting enteric CH 4 production (g/day per cow), yield [g/kg dry matter intake ( DMI )], and intensity (g/kg energy corrected milk) and their respective relationships; (3) develop intercontinental and regional models and cross‐validate their performance; and (4) assess the trade‐off between availability of on‐farm inputs and CH 4 prediction accuracy. The intercontinental database covered Europe ( EU ), the United States ( US ), and Australia ( AU ). A sequential approach was taken by incrementally adding key variables to develop models with increasing complexity. Methane emissions were predicted by fitting linear mixed models. Within model categories, an intercontinental model with the most available independent variables performed best with root mean square prediction error ( RMSPE ) as a percentage of mean observed value of 16.6%, 14.7%, and 19.8% for intercontinental, EU , and United States regions, respectively. Less complex models requiring only DMI had predictive ability comparable to complex models. Enteric CH 4 production, yield, and intensity prediction models developed on an intercontinental basis had similar performance across regions, however, intercepts and slopes were different with implications for prediction. Revised CH 4 emission conversion factors for specific regions are required to improve CH 4 production estimates in national inventories. In conclusion, information on DMI is required for good prediction, and other factors such as dietary neutral detergent fiber ( NDF ) concentration, improve the prediction. For enteric CH 4 yield and intensity prediction, information on milk yield and composition is required for better estimation.

Minimizing opportunity costs to aquatic connectivity restoration while controlling an invasive species - Austin W. Milt; Matthew W. Diebel; Patrick J. Doran; Michael C. Ferris; Matthew Herbert; Mary L. Khoury; Allison T. Moody; Thomas M. Neeson; Jared Ross; Ted Treska; Jesse R. O'Hanley; Lisa Walter; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2018)
Controlling invasive species is critical for conservation but can have unintended consequences for native species and divert resources away from other efforts. This dilemma occurs on a grand scale in the North American Great Lakes, where dams and culverts block tributary access to habitat of desirable fish species and are a lynchpin of long‐standing efforts to limit ecological damage inflicted by the invasive, parasitic sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus ). Habitat restoration and sea‐lamprey control create conflicting goals for managing aging infrastructure. We used optimization to minimize opportunity costs of habitat gains for 37 desirable migratory fishes that arose from restricting sea lamprey access (0–25% increase) when selecting barriers for removal under a limited budget (US$1–105 million). Imposing limits on sea lamprey habitat reduced gains in tributary access for desirable species by 15–50% relative to an unconstrained scenario. Additional investment to offset the effect of limiting sea‐lamprey access resulted in high opportunity costs for 30 of 37 species (e.g., an additional US$20–80 million for lake sturgeon [ Acipenser fulvescens ]) and often required ≥5% increase in sea‐lamprey access to identify barrier‐removal solutions adhering to the budget and limiting access. Narrowly distributed species exhibited the highest opportunity costs but benefited more at less cost when small increases in sea‐lamprey access were allowed. Our results illustrate the value of optimization in limiting opportunity costs when balancing invasion control against restoration benefits for diverse desirable species. Such trade‐off analyses are essential to the restoration of connectivity within fragmented rivers without unleashing invaders.

Geochronology in the southern Midyan terrane: a review of constraints on the timing of magmatic pulses and tectonic evolution in a northwestern part of the Arabian Shield - Wiesław Kozdrój; Allen K. Kennedy; Peter R. Johnson; Małgorzata Ziółkowska-Kozdrój; Khalid Kadi (International Geology Review, 2018)

Characterization of the PEGylated Functional Upstream Domain Peptide (PEG-FUD): a Potent Fibronectin Assembly Inhibitor with Potential as an Anti-Fibrotic Therapeutic - Pawel Zbyszynski; Bianca R. Tomasini-Johansson; Donna M. Peters; Glen S. Kwon (Pharmaceutical Research, 2018)

Why do migrants move downhill? The effects of increasing predation and density on red deer altitudinal migration in temperate Carpathian forests - Peter Smolko; R. Kropil; T. Pataky; A. Veselovská; E. Merrill (Mammal Research, 2018)

Differential sensitivity to the antifouling chemical medetomidine between wood frog and American toad tadpoles with evidence for low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition of metamorphosis - Peter P. Fong; Olivia J. Lambert; Margot L. Hoagland; Emily R. Kurtz (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018)

Regional differences in the feeding of the ambush predator Neosebastes pandus and comparisons of diets in the Scorpaenidae, Triglidae and Platycephalidae - Claire N. Greenwell; Peter G. Coulson; James R. Tweedley; Neil R. Loneragan (Journal of Fish Biology, 2018)
This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the dietary composition of the ambush predator Neosebastes pandus and compares the diets of 49 species from 39 studies of three benthic predatory families in the Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae (20 species), Triglidae (19 species) and Platycephalidae (10 species). A total of 275 N. pandus were collected from the west (Rottnest Island) and south (Esperance) coasts of south‐western Australia and the percentage frequency and volumetric contribution of the stomach contents identified. Fish from the west coast consumed a greater mean number of broad taxonomic groups and were more diverse in their diet than fish from the south coast. Cephalopods, brachyurans and teleosts were the largest overall contributors to diet, with teleosts being more important to diets of west‐coast fish and polychaetes for south‐coast fish. This reflects differences in habitat between the two locations. Dietary composition also changed with increasing body size, reflecting morphological changes that allow bigger fish to capture and ingest larger, more mobile prey. Meta‐analysis of the diets of 49 species of scorpaenid, triglid and platycephalid revealed that they feed predominantly on teleosts and large crustaceans. Significant differences in diet were detected among families, with platycephalids being the most distinct and feeding more on teleosts than scorpaenids and triglids.

BioTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene - Maria Dornelas; Laura H. Antão; Faye Moyes; Amanda E. Bates; Anne E. Magurran; Dušan Adam; Asem A. Akhmetzhanova; Ward Appeltans; José Manuel Arcos; Haley Arnold; Narayanan Ayyappan; Gal Badihi; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Motivation The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community‐led open‐source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Main types of variables included The database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record. Spatial location and grain BioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km 2 (158 cm 2 ) to 100 km 2 (1,000,000,000,000 cm 2 ). Time period and grain BioTIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year. Major taxa and level of measurement BioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates. Software format .csv and .SQL.

Ecology shapes the evolutionary trade‐off between predator avoidance and defence in coral reef butterflyfishes - Jennifer R. Hodge; Chidera Alim; Nick G. Bertrand; Wesley Lee; Samantha A. Price; Binh Tran; Peter C. Wainwright (Ecology Letters, 2018)
Antipredator defensive traits are thought to trade‐off evolutionarily with traits that facilitate predator avoidance. However, complexity and scale have precluded tests of this prediction in many groups, including fishes. Using a macroevolutionary approach, we test this prediction in butterflyfishes, an iconic group of coral reef inhabitants with diverse social behaviours, foraging strategies and antipredator adaptations. We find that several antipredator traits have evolved adaptively, dependent primarily on foraging strategy. We identify a previously unrecognised axis of diversity in butterflyfishes where species with robust morphological defences have riskier foraging strategies and lack sociality, while species with reduced morphological defences feed in familiar territories, have adaptations for quick escapes and benefit from the vigilance provided by sociality. Furthermore, we find evidence for the constrained evolution of fin spines among species that graze solely on corals, highlighting the importance of corals, as both prey and structural refuge, in shaping fish morphology.

Jaguar movement database: a GPS‐based movement dataset of an apex predator in the Neotropics - Ronaldo G. Morato; Jeffrey J. Thompson; Agustin Paviolo; Jesus A. de La Torre; Fernando Lima; Roy T. McBride; Rogerio C. Paula; Laury Cullen; Leandro Silveira; Daniel L. Z. Kantek; Emiliano E. Ramalho; Louise Maranhão; et al. (Ecology, 2018)
The field of movement ecology has rapidly grown during the last decade, with important advancements in tracking devices and analytical tools that have provided unprecedented insights into where, when, and why species move across a landscape. Although there has been an increasing emphasis on making animal movement data publicly available, there has also been a conspicuous dearth in the availability of such data on large carnivores. Globally, large predators are of conservation concern. However, due to their secretive behavior and low densities, obtaining movement data on apex predators is expensive and logistically challenging. Consequently, the relatively small sample sizes typical of large carnivore movement studies may limit insights into the ecology and behavior of these elusive predators. The aim of this initiative is to make available to the conservation‐scientific community a dataset of 134,690 locations of jaguars ( Panthera onca ) collected from 117 individuals (54 males and 63 females) tracked by GPS technology. Individual jaguars were monitored in five different range countries representing a large portion of the species’ distribution. This dataset may be used to answer a variety of ecological questions including but not limited to: improved models of connectivity from local to continental scales; the use of natural or human‐modified landscapes by jaguars; movement behavior of jaguars in regions not represented in this dataset; intraspecific interactions; and predator‐prey interactions. In making our dataset publicly available, we hope to motivate other research groups to do the same in the near future. Specifically, we aim to help inform a better understanding of jaguar movement ecology with applications towards effective decision making and maximizing long‐term conservation efforts for this ecologically important species. There are no costs, copyright, or proprietary restrictions associated with this data set. When using this data set, please cite this article to recognize the effort involved in gathering and collating the data and the willingness of the authors to make it publicly available.

Looking Without Landing—Using Remote Piloted Aircraft to Monitor Fur Seal Populations Without Disturbance - Rebecca R. McIntosh; Ross Holmberg; Peter Dann (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2018)

Discovery of Transcription Factors Novel to Mouse Cerebellar Granule Cell Development Through Laser-Capture Microdissection - Peter G. Y. Zhang; Joanna Yeung; Ishita Gupta; Miguel Ramirez; Thomas Ha; Douglas J. Swanson; Sayaka Nagao-Sato; Masayoshi Itoh; Hideya Kawaji; Timo Lassmann; Carsten O. Daub; Erik Arner; et al. (The Cerebellum, 2018)

Observed and predicted impacts of climate change on the estuaries of south-western Australia, a Mediterranean climate region - Chris S. Hallett; Alistair J. Hobday; James R. Tweedley; Peter A. Thompson; Kathryn McMahon; Fiona J. Valesini (Regional Environmental Change, 2018)

Spread of Antarctic vegetation by the kelp gull: comparison of two maritime Antarctic regions - I. Parnikoza; A. Rozhok; P. Convey; M. Veselski; J. Esefeld; R. Ochyra; O. Mustafa; C. Braun; H.-U. Peter; J. Smykla; V. Kunakh; I. Kozeretska (Polar Biology, 2018)

Organochlorine Chemical Residues in Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) Eggs from Greater Washington, DC USA - Christopher J. Schmitt; Kathy R. Echols; Paul H. Peterman; Carl E. Orazio; K. Christiana Grim; Shirlee Tan; Nora E. Diggs; Peter P. Marra (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2018)

Widespread occurrence of Sinorhizobium meliloti strains with a type IV secretion system - Yuanyuan Cao; Susan S. Miller; Melinda R. Dornbusch; Sarah S. Castle; Peter Lenz; John Ferguson; Michael J. Sadowsky; Matthew S. Nelson; Christian Klatt; Deborah A. Samac (Symbiosis, 2018)

The early inflorescence of Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrates positional effects in floral organ growth and meristem patterning - Andrew R. G. Plackett; Stephen J. Powers; Andy L. Phillips; Zoe A. Wilson; Peter Hedden; Stephen G. Thomas (Plant Reproduction, 2018)

Rising synchrony controls western North American ecosystems - Bryan A. Black; Peter van der Sleen; Emanuele Di Lorenzo; Daniel Griffin; William J. Sydeman; Jason B. Dunham; Ryan R. Rykaczewski; Marisol García‐Reyes; Mohammad Safeeq; Ivan Arismendi; Steven J. Bograd (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Along the western margin of North America, the winter expression of the North Pacific High (NPH) strongly influences interannual variability in coastal upwelling, storm track position, precipitation, and river discharge. Coherence among these factors induces covariance among physical and biological processes across adjacent marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we show that over the past century the degree and spatial extent of this covariance (synchrony) has substantially increased, and is coincident with rising variance in the winter NPH. Furthermore, centuries‐long blue oak ( Quercus douglasii ) growth chronologies sensitive to the winter NPH provide robust evidence that modern levels of synchrony are among the highest observed in the context of the last 250 years. These trends may ultimately be linked to changing impacts of the El Niño Southern Oscillation on midlatitude ecosystems of North America. Such a rise in synchrony may destabilize ecosystems, expose populations to higher risks of extinction, and is thus a concern given the broad biological relevance of winter climate to biological systems.

A role for selective contraception of individuals in conservation - Holly R. Cope; Carolyn J. Hogg; Peter J. White; Catherine A. Herbert (Conservation Biology, 2018)
Contraception has an established role in managing overabundant populations and preventing undesirable breeding in zoos. We propose that it can also be used strategically and selectively in conservation to increase the genetic and behavioral quality of the animals. In captive breeding programs, it is becoming increasingly important to maximize the retention of genetic diversity by managing the reproductive contribution of each individual and preventing genetically suboptimal breeding through the use of selective contraception. Reproductive suppression of selected individuals in conservation programs has further benefits of allowing animals to be housed as a group in extensive enclosures without interfering with breeding recommendations, which reduces adaptation to captivity and facilitates the expression of wild behaviors and social structures. Before selective contraception can be incorporated into a breeding program, the most suitable method of fertility control must be selected, and this can be influenced by factors such as species life history, age, ease of treatment, potential for reversibility, and desired management outcome for the individual or population. Contraception should then be implemented in the population following a step‐by‐step process. In this way, it can provide crucial, flexible control over breeding to promote the physical and genetic health and sustainability of a conservation dependent species held in captivity. For Tasmanian devils ( Sarcophilus harrisii ), black‐flanked rock wallabies ( Petrogale lateralis ), and burrowing bettongs ( Bettongia lesueur ), contraception can benefit their conservation by maximizing genetic diversity and behavioral integrity in the captive breeding program, or, in the case of the wallabies and bettongs, by reducing populations to a sustainable size when they become locally overabundant. In these examples, contraceptive duration relative to reproductive life, reversibility, and predictability of the contraceptive agent being used are important to ensure the potential for individuals to reproduce following cessation of contraception, as exemplified by the wallabies when their population crashed and needed females to resume breeding.

Effects of age and sex ratios on offspring recruitment rates in translocated black rhinoceros - Jay V. Gedir; Peter R. Law; Pierre du Preez; Wayne L. Linklater (Conservation Biology, 2018)
Success of animal translocations depends on improving postrelease demographic rates toward establishment and subsequent growth of released populations. Short‐term metrics for evaluating translocation success and its drivers, like postrelease survival and fecundity, are unlikely to represent longer‐term outcomes. We used information theory to investigate 25 years of data on black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis ) translocations. We used the offspring recruitment rate (ORR) of translocated females—a metric integrating survival, fecundity, and offspring recruitment at sexual maturity—to detect determinants of success. Our unambiguously best model (AICω = 0.986) predicted that ORR increases with female age at release as a function of lower postrelease adult rhinoceros sex ratio (males:females). Delay of first postrelease reproduction and failure of some females to recruit any calves to sexual maturity most influenced the pattern of ORRs, and the leading causes of recruitment failure were postrelease female death (23% of all females) and failure to calve (24% of surviving females). We recommend translocating older females (≥6 years old) because they do not exhibit the reproductive delay and low ORRs of juveniles (

Stress-Dependent In Situ Gas Permeability in the Eagle Ford Shale - Athma R. Bhandari; Peter B. Flemings; Ronny Hofmann; Peter J. Polito (Transport in Porous Media, 2018)

Quantifying the effect of uncertainty in input parameters in a simplified bidomain model of partial thickness ischaemia - Barbara M. Johnston; Sam Coveney; Eugene T. Y. Chang; Peter R. Johnston; Richard H. Clayton (Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2018)

Working (longer than) 9 to 5: are there cardiometabolic health risks for young Australian workers who report longer than 38-h working weeks? - Amy C. Reynolds; Romola S. Bucks; Jessica L. Paterson; Sally A. Ferguson; Trevor A. Mori; Nigel McArdle; Leon Straker; Lawrence J. Beilin; Peter R. Eastwood (International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2018)

The atmospheric hydrologic cycle in the ACME v0.3 model - Christopher R. Terai; Peter M. Caldwell; Stephen A. Klein; Qi Tang; Marcia L. Branstetter (Climate Dynamics, 2018)

Interactions between global climate change strategies and local air pollution: lessons learnt from the expansion of the power sector in Brazil - Joana Portugal-Pereira; Alexandre Koberle; André F. P. Lucena; Pedro R. R. Rochedo; Mariana Império; Ana Monteiro Carsalade; Roberto Schaeffer; Peter Rafaj (Climatic Change, 2018)

Vulnerability of the Great Barrier Reef to climate change and local pressures - Nicholas H. Wolff; Peter J. Mumby; Michelle Devlin; Kenneth R. N. Anthony (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Australia's Great Barrier Reef ( GBR ) is under pressure from a suite of stressors including cyclones, crown‐of‐thorns starfish ( COTS ), nutrients from river run‐off and warming events that drive mass coral bleaching. Two key questions are: how vulnerable will the GBR be to future environmental scenarios, and to what extent can local management actions lower vulnerability in the face of climate change? To address these questions, we use a simple empirical and mechanistic coral model to explore six scenarios that represent plausible combinations of climate change projections (from four Representative Concentration Pathways, RCP s), cyclones and local stressors. Projections (2017–2050) indicate significant potential for coral recovery in the near‐term, relative to current state, followed by climate‐driven decline. Under a scenario of unmitigated emissions ( RCP 8.5) and business‐as‐usual management of local stressors, mean coral cover on the GBR is predicted to recover over the next decade and then rapidly decline to only 3% by year 2050. In contrast, a scenario of strong carbon mitigation ( RCP 2.6) and improved water quality, predicts significant coral recovery over the next two decades, followed by a relatively modest climate‐driven decline that sustained coral cover above 26% by 2050. In an analysis of the impacts of cumulative stressors on coral cover relative to potential coral cover in the absence of such impacts, we found that GBR ‐wide reef performance will decline 27%–74% depending on the scenario. Up to 66% of performance loss is attributable to local stressors. The potential for management to reduce vulnerability, measured here as the mean number of years coral cover can be kept above 30%, is spatially variable. Management strategies that alleviate cumulative impacts have the potential to reduce the vulnerability of some midshelf reefs in the central GBR by 83%, but only if combined with strong mitigation of carbon emissions.

Regional grassland productivity responses to precipitation during multiyear above‐ and below‐average rainfall periods - Matthew D. Petrie; Debra P. C. Peters; Jin Yao; John M. Blair; Nathan D. Burruss; Scott L. Collins; Justin D. Derner; Laureano A. Gherardi; John R. Hendrickson; Osvaldo E. Sala; Patrick J. Starks; Jean L. Steiner (Global Change Biology, 2018)
There is considerable uncertainty in the magnitude and direction of changes in precipitation associated with climate change, and ecosystem responses are also uncertain. Multiyear periods of above‐ and below‐average rainfall may foretell consequences of changes in rainfall regime. We compiled long‐term aboveground net primary productivity ( ANPP ) and precipitation ( PPT ) data for eight North American grasslands, and quantified relationships between ANPP and PPT at each site, and in 1–3 year periods of above‐ and below‐average rainfall for mesic, semiarid cool, and semiarid warm grassland types. Our objective was to improve understanding of ANPP dynamics associated with changing climatic conditions by contrasting PPT – ANPP relationships in above‐ and below‐average PPT years to those that occurred during sequences of multiple above‐ and below‐average years. We found differences in PPT – ANPP relationships in above‐ and below‐average years compared to long‐term site averages, and variation in ANPP not explained by PPT totals that likely are attributed to legacy effects. The correlation between ANPP and current‐ and prior‐year conditions changed from year to year throughout multiyear periods, with some legacy effects declining, and new responses emerging. Thus, ANPP in a given year was influenced by sequences of conditions that varied across grassland types and climates. Most importantly, the influence of prior‐year ANPP often increased with the length of multiyear periods, whereas the influence of the amount of current‐year PPT declined. Although the mechanisms by which a directional change in the frequency of above‐ and below‐average years imposes a persistent change in grassland ANPP require further investigation, our results emphasize the importance of legacy effects on productivity for sequences of above‐ vs. below‐average years, and illustrate the utility of long‐term data to examine these patterns.

The response of big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ) to interannual climate variation changes across its range - Andrew R. Kleinhesselink; Peter B. Adler (Ecology, 2018)
Understanding how annual climate variation affects population growth rates across a species' range may help us anticipate the effects of climate change on species distribution and abundance. We predict that populations in warmer or wetter parts of a species' range should respond negatively to periods of above average temperature or precipitation, respectively, whereas populations in colder or drier areas should respond positively to periods of above average temperature or precipitation. To test this, we estimated the population sensitivity of a common shrub species, big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ), to annual climate variation across its range. Our analysis includes 8,175 observations of year‐to‐year change in sagebrush cover or production from 131 monitoring sites in western North America. We coupled these observations with seasonal weather data for each site and analyzed the effects of spring through fall temperatures and fall through spring accumulated precipitation on annual changes in sagebrush abundance. Sensitivity to annual temperature variation supported our hypothesis: years with above average temperatures were beneficial to sagebrush in colder locations and detrimental to sagebrush in hotter locations. In contrast, sensitivity to precipitation did not change significantly across the distribution of sagebrush. This pattern of responses suggests that regional abundance of this species may be more limited by temperature than by precipitation. We also found important differences in how the ecologically distinct subspecies of sagebrush responded to the effects of precipitation and temperature. Our model predicts that a short‐term temperature increase could produce an increase in sagebrush cover at the cold edge of its range and a decrease in cover at the warm edge of its range. This prediction is qualitatively consistent with predictions from species distribution models for sagebrush based on spatial occurrence data, but it provides new mechanistic insight and helps estimate how much and how fast sagebrush cover may change within its range.

Governance of food systems across scales in times of social-ecological change: a review of indicators - Aogán Delaney; Tom Evans; John McGreevy; Jordan Blekking; Tyler Schlachter; Kaisa Korhonen-Kurki; Peter A. Tamás; Todd A. Crane; Hallie Eakin; Wiebke Förch; Lindsey Jones; Donald R. Nelson; et al. (Food Security, 2018)

Exposure to the antifouling chemical medetomidine slows development, reduces body mass, and delays metamorphosis in wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpoles - Janine M. Barr; Julia R. Palmucci; Olivia J. Lambert; Peter P. Fong (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018)

Dietary lipophilic iron accelerates regional brain iron-load in C57BL6 mice - Douglas G. Peters; Carson J. Purnell; Michael P. Haaf; Qing X. Yang; James R. Connor; Mark D. Meadowcroft (Brain Structure and Function, 2018)

Cold shock protein RBM3 attenuates atrophy and induces hypertrophy in skeletal muscle - Douglas W. Van Pelt; Amy L. Confides; Andrew R. Judge; Peter W. Vanderklish; Esther E. Dupont-Versteegden (Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility, 2018)

Rare long‐distance dispersal of a marine angiosperm across the Pacific Ocean - Timothy M. Smith; Paul H. York; Bernardo R. Broitman; Martin Thiel; Graeme C. Hays; Erik van Sebille; Nathan F. Putman; Peter I. Macreadie; Craig D. H. Sherman (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2018)
Aim Long‐distance dispersal (LDD) events occur rarely but play a fundamental role in shaping species biogeography. Lying at the heart of island biogeography theory, LDD relies on unusual events to facilitate colonization of new habitats and range expansion. Despite the importance of LDD, it is inherently difficult to quantify due to the rarity of such events. We estimate the probability of LDD of the seagrass Heterozostera nigricaulis , a common Australian species, across the Pacific Ocean to colonize South America. Location Coastal Chile, Australia and the Pacific Ocean. Methods Genetic analyses of H. nigricaulis collected from Chile and Australia were used to assess the relationship between the populations and levels of clonality. Ocean surface current models were used to predict the probability of propagules dispersing from south‐east Australia to central Chile and shipping data used to determine the likelihood of anthropogenic dispersal. Results Our study infers that the seagrass H. nigricaulis dispersed from Australia across the entire width of the Pacific ( c. 14,000 km) to colonize South America on two occasions. Genetic analyses reveal that these events led to two large isolated clones, one of which covers a combined area of 3.47 km 2 . Oceanographic models estimate the arrival probability of a dispersal propagule within 3 years to be at most 0.00264%. Early shipping provides a potential alternative dispersal vector, yet few ships sailed from SE Australia to Chile prior to the first recording of H. nigricaulis and the lack of more recent and ongoing introductions demonstrate the rarity of such dispersal. Main conclusions These findings demonstrate LDD does occur over extreme distances despite very low probabilities. The large number of propagules (100s of millions) produced over 100s of years suggests that the arrival of propagules in Chile was inevitable and confirms the importance of LDD for species distributions and community ecology.

Merchants of doubt in the free‐ranging cat conflict - Scott R. Loss; Peter P. Marra (Conservation Biology, 2018)
Article impact statement : Misinformation campaigns create false doubt about free‐ranging cat impacts, hinder efforts to manage cat numbers and conserve biodiversity.

Stabilising cooperation through pragmatic tolerance: the case of the Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA) tuna fishery - Agnes David Yeeting; Hans-Peter Weikard; Megan Bailey; Vina Ram-Bidesi; Simon R. Bush (Regional Environmental Change, 2018)

The effects of ceftriaxone on cue-primed reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in male and female rats: estrous cycle effects on behavior and protein expression in the nucleus accumbens - Allison R. Bechard; Peter U. Hamor; Marek Schwendt; Lori A. Knackstedt (Psychopharmacology, 2018)

Does the major aluminium-resistance gene in wheat, TaALMT1, also confer tolerance to alkaline soils? - Carolina M. S. Silva; Chunyan Zhang; Gustavo Habermann; Emmanuel Delhaize; Peter R. Ryan (Plant and Soil, 2018)

Predicting habitat suitability for eleven imperiled fluvial freshwater mussels - Wesley M. Daniel; Arthur R. Cooper; Peter J. Badra; Dana M. Infante (Hydrobiologia, 2018)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters, sediments, and unionid mussels: relation to road crossings and implications for chronic mussel exposure - Jennifer M. Archambault; Sharon T. Prochazka; W. Gregory Cope; Damian Shea; Peter R. Lazaro (Hydrobiologia, 2018)

Effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses to submaximal cycling in the heat - Georgina L. Kent; Brian Dawson; Gregory R. Cox; Chris R. Abbiss; Kurt J. Smith; Kevin D. Croft; Zi Xiang Lim; Annette Eastwood; Louise M. Burke; Peter Peeling (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2018)

Simultaneous measurements of dissolved CH4 and H2 in wetland soils - David S. Pal; Rajan Tripathee; Matthew C. Reid; Karina V. R. Schäfer; Peter R. Jaffé (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2018)

Correction to: The spatial distribution of Republican and Democratic climate opinions at state and local scales - Matto Mildenberger; Jennifer R. Marlon; Peter D. Howe; Anthony Leiserowitz (Climatic Change, 2018)

The mediating role of cortical thickness and gray matter volume on sleep slow-wave activity during adolescence - Aimée Goldstone; Adrian R. Willoughby; Massimiliano de Zambotti; Peter L. Franzen; Dongjin Kwon; Kilian M. Pohl; Adolf Pfefferbaum; Edith V. Sullivan; Eva M. Müller-Oehring; Devin E. Prouty; Brant P. Hasler; Duncan B. Clark; et al. (Brain Structure and Function, 2018)

In lakes but not in minds: stakeholder knowledge of invasive species in prairie lakes - Lushani Nanayakkara; Rozzet Jurdi-Hage; Peter R. Leavitt; Björn Wissel (Biological Invasions, 2018)

Riccia cavernosa (Ricciaceae): a new addition to the liverwort flora of New Zealand - Aalbert Rebergen; David S. Glenny; Kelly Frogley; Jeremy R. Rolfe; Peter J. de Lange (New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2018)
Riccia (Ricciaceae) is a widespread, cosmopolitan genus of thalloid liverworts. Here we document the presence of R. cavernosa Hoffm. in New Zealand for the first time. A full description based on New Zealand specimens is provided. Riccia cavernosa was discovered in New Zealand in February 2016 growing on the margins of a series of artificial wetlands constructed to aid in the recovery of a threatened endemic wading bird ( Himantopus novaezelandiae ). Following a review of the status of R. cavernosa in New Zealand we conclude that the species is most likely a recent natural, long distance trans‐Tasman wind‐dispersed arrival from Australia where the species is locally common. The discovery increases the number of Riccia reported from New Zealand from 10 to 11. Prior to the discovery of R. cavernosa , only four of the 10 Riccia recorded from New Zealand were considered indigenous. The conservation status of R. cavernosa is briefly discussed and a provisional assessment of ‘Threatened/Nationally Critical’ assigned to the species using the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

Size, growth, and density data for shallow‐water sea urchins from Mexico to the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, 1956–2016 - Thomas A. Ebert; Louis M. Barr; James L. Bodkin; Dirk Burcham; Dominique Bureau; Henry S. Carson; Nancy L. Caruso; Jennifer E. Caselle; Jeremy T. Claisse; Sabrina Clemente; Kathryn Davis; Paul M. Detwiler; et al. (Ecology, 2018)
Size, growth, and density have been studied for North American Pacific coast sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus , S. droebachiensis, S. polyacanthus , Mesocentrotus (Strongylocentrotus) franciscanus , Lytechinus pictus , Centrostephanus coronatus , and Arbacia stellata by various workers at diverse sites and for varying lengths of time from 1956 to present. Numerous peer‐reviewed publications have used some of these data but some data have appeared only in graduate theses or the gray literature. There also are data that have never appeared outside original data sheets. Motivation for studies has included fisheries management and environmental monitoring of sewer and power plant outfalls as well as changes associated with disease epidemics. Studies also have focused on kelp restoration, community effects of sea otters, basic sea urchin biology, and monitoring. The data sets presented here are a historical record of size, density, and growth for a common group of marine invertebrates in intertidal and nearshore environments that can be used to test hypotheses concerning future changes associated with fisheries practices, shifts of predator distributions, climate and ecosystem changes, and ocean acidification along the Pacific Coast of North America and islands of the north Pacific. No copyright restrictions apply. Please credit this paper when using the data.

Utility of Photochemical Traits as Diagnostics of Thermal Tolerance amongst Great Barrier Reef Corals - Matthew R. Nitschke; Stephanie G. Gardner; Samantha Goyen; Lisa Fujise; Emma F. Camp; Peter J. Ralph; David J. Suggett (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2018)

Variability of size structure and species composition in Caribbean octocoral communities under contrasting environmental conditions - Georgios Tsounis; Peter J. Edmunds; Lorenzo Bramanti; Bonnie Gambrel; Howard R. Lasker (Marine Biology, 2018)

LEFTY2 inhibits endometrial receptivity by downregulating Orai1 expression and store-operated Ca2+ entry - Madhuri S. Salker; Yogesh Singh; Ruban R. Peter Durairaj; Jing Yan; Md Alauddin; Ni Zeng; Jennifer H. Steel; Shaqiu Zhang; Jaya Nautiyal; Zoe Webster; Sara Y. Brucker; Diethelm Wallwiener; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2018)

Racial Differences in Information Needs During and After Cancer Treatment: a Nationwide, Longitudinal Survey by the University of Rochester Cancer Center National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program - Matthew Asare; Luke J. Peppone; Joseph A. Roscoe; Ian R. Kleckner; Karen M. Mustian; Charles E. Heckler; Joseph J. Guido; Mark Sborov; Peter Bushunow; Adedayo Onitilo; Charles Kamen (Journal of Cancer Education, 2018)

The impact of sustained hot weather on risk of acute work-related injury in Melbourne, Australia - Judith Anne McInnes; Ewan M. MacFarlane; Malcolm R. Sim; Peter Smith (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2018)

The impact of exertional-heat stress on gastrointestinal integrity, gastrointestinal symptoms, systemic endotoxin and cytokine profile - Rhiannon M. J. Snipe; Anthony Khoo; Cecilia M. Kitic; Peter R. Gibson; Ricardo J. S. Costa (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2018)

Global white matter microstructural abnormalities associated with addiction liability score in drug naïve youth - Leslie Hulvershorn; Tom Hummer; Yu-Chien Wu; Ralph Tarter; Parker Rea; Amit Anand; R. Andrew Chambers; Peter Finn (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2018)

First identification and characterization of Borrobol‐type tephra in the Greenland ice cores: new deposits and improved age estimates - Eliza Cook; Siwan M. Davies; Esther R. Guðmundsdóttir; Peter M. Abbott; Nicholas J. G. Pearce (Journal of Quaternary Science, 2018)
Contiguous sampling of ice spanning key intervals of the deglaciation from the Greenland ice cores of NGRIP, GRIP and NEEM has revealed three new silicic cryptotephra deposits that are geochemically similar to the well‐known Borrobol Tephra (BT). The BT is complex and confounded by the younger closely timed and compositionally similar Penifiler Tephra (PT). Two of the deposits found in the ice are in Greenland Interstadial 1e (GI‐1e) and an older deposit is found in Greenland Stadial 2.1 (GS‐2.1). Until now, the BT was confined to GI‐1‐equivalent lacustrine sequences in the British Isles, Sweden and Germany, and our discovery in Greenland ice extends its distribution and geochemical composition. However, the two cryptotephras that fall within GI‐1e ice cannot be separated on the basis of geochemistry and are dated to 14358 ± 177 a b2k and 14252 ± 173 a b2k, just 106 ± 3 years apart. The older deposit is consistent with BT age estimates derived from Scottish sites, while the younger deposit overlaps with both BT and PT age estimates. We suggest that either the BT in Northern European terrestrial sequences represents an amalgamation of tephra from both of the GI‐1e events identified in the ice‐cores or that it relates to just one of the ice‐core events. A firm correlation cannot be established at present due to their strong geochemical similarities. The older tephra horizon, found within all three ice‐cores and dated to 17326 ± 319 a b2k, can be correlated to a known layer within marine sediment cores from the North Iceland Shelf (ca. 17179‐16754 cal a BP). Despite showing similarities to the BT, this deposit can be distinguished on the basis of lower CaO and TiO 2 and is a valuable new tie‐point that could eventually be used in high‐resolution marine records to compare the climate signals from the ocean and atmosphere.

Key and Smart Actions to Alleviate Hunger and Poverty Through Irrigation and Drainage - Olcay Unver; Robina Wahaj; Elisa Lorenzon; Kourosh Mohammadi; Jerome R. Osias; Felix Reinders; Suhas Wani; Jyotsana Chuchra; Peter Lee; I.M. Sangjun (Irrigation and Drainage, 2018)
In the pursuit of information to support policies and actions to alleviate hunger and poverty through irrigation and drainage, this paper attempts to provide correlations between water scarcity, communities and poverty. Many reviews have found strong direct and indirect relationships between irrigation and poverty. One of the main goals of the international community is to eliminate hunger and poverty and in this perspective, through the Millennium Development Goals, much progress has been achieved and evidence obtained. Sustainable Development Goals and various other United Nations initiatives intend to move forward this agenda by making it a part of broader development frameworks. In this paper, the important elements of irrigation and drainage that affect the alleviation of hunger and poverty are discussed. These elements are grouped into governance, rights‐based developments, water rights and pricing, management, efficiency improvement, and the role of technology. Both the potential and the need for innovative technology and solutions in irrigation are underlined, which can be used to cater for the challenges in different subsectors. The main focus of these solutions is on maximizing productivity and efficiency, reducing water losses, achieving sustainable intensification and managing demands on water resources and the associated trade‐offs. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ATLANTIC MAMMAL TRAITS : a data set of morphological traits of mammals in the Atlantic Forest of South America - Fernando Gonçalves; Ricardo S. Bovendorp; Gabrielle Beca; Carolina Bello; Raul Costa‐Pereira; Renata L. Muylaert; Raisa R. Rodarte; Nacho Villar; Rafael Souza; Maurício E. Graipel; Jorge J. Cherem; Deborah Faria; et al. (Ecology, 2018)
Measures of traits are the basis of functional biological diversity. Numerous works consider mean species‐level measures of traits while ignoring individual variance within species. However, there is a large amount of variation within species and it is increasingly apparent that it is important to consider trait variation not only between species, but also within species. Mammals are an interesting group for investigating trait‐based approaches because they play diverse and important ecological functions (e.g., pollination, seed dispersal, predation, grazing) that are correlated with functional traits. Here we compile a data set comprising morphological and life history information of 279 mammal species from 39,850 individuals of 388 populations ranging from −5.83 to −29.75 decimal degrees of latitude and −34.82 to −56.73 decimal degrees of longitude in the Atlantic forest of South America. We present trait information from 16,840 individuals of 181 species of non‐volant mammals (Rodentia, Didelphimorphia, Carnivora, Primates, Cingulata, Artiodactyla, Pilosa, Lagomorpha, Perissodactyla) and from 23,010 individuals of 98 species of volant mammals (Chiroptera). The traits reported include body mass, age, sex, reproductive stage, as well as the geographic coordinates of sampling for all taxa. Moreover, we gathered information on forearm length for bats and body length and tail length for rodents and marsupials. No copyright restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data.

Estimating aboveground woody biomass change in Kalahari woodland: combining field, radar, and optical data sets - Vladimir R. Wingate; Stuart R Phinn; Nikolaus Kuhn; Peter Scarth (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2018)

Texas through time: Lone star geology, landscapes, and resources by Thomas E. Ewing, Austin TX, Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, 2016, 431pp., USD49.95 (hardcover) USBN 978-1-970007-09-1, USD35.00 (paperback) ISBN: 978-1-970007-09-1 - Peter R. Rose (International Geology Review, 2018)

Laboratory and home comparison of wrist-activity monitors and polysomnography in middle-aged adults - Ian C. Dunican; Kevin Murray; James A. Slater; Kathleen J. Maddison; Maddison J. Jones; Brian Dawson; Leon M. Straker; John A. Caldwell; Shona L. Halson; Peter R. Eastwood (Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 2018)

Effects of recreational football on women’s fitness and health: adaptations and mechanisms - Peter Krustrup; Eva Wulff Helge; Peter R. Hansen; Per Aagaard; Marie Hagman; Morten B. Randers; Maysa de Sousa; Magni Mohr (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2018)

Ecological disturbance influences adaptive divergence despite high gene flow in golden perch ( Macquaria ambigua ): Implications for management and resilience to climate change - Catherine R. M. Attard; Chris J. Brauer; Jonathan Sandoval‐Castillo; Leanne K. Faulks; Peter J. Unmack; Dean M. Gilligan; Luciano B. Beheregaray (Molecular Ecology, 2018)
Populations that are adaptively divergent but maintain high gene flow may have greater resilience to environmental change as gene flow allows the spread of alleles that have already been tested elsewhere. In addition, populations naturally subjected to ecological disturbance may already hold resilience to future environmental change. Confirming this necessitates ecological genomic studies of high dispersal, generalist species. Here we perform one such study on golden perch ( Macquaria ambigua ) in the Murray‐Darling Basin ( MDB ), Australia, using a genome‐wide SNP data set. The MDB spans across arid to wet and temperate to subtropical environments, with low to high ecological disturbance in the form of low to high hydrological variability. We found high gene flow across the basin and three populations with low neutral differentiation. Genotype–environment association analyses detected adaptive divergence predominantly linked to an arid region with highly variable riverine flow, and candidate loci included functions related to fat storage, stress and molecular or tissue repair. The high connectivity of golden perch in the MDB will likely allow locally adaptive traits in its most arid and hydrologically variable environment to spread and be selected in localities that are predicted to become arid and hydrologically variable in future climates. High connectivity in golden perch is likely due to their generalist life history and efforts of fisheries management. Our study adds to growing evidence of adaptation in the face of gene flow and highlights the importance of considering ecological disturbance and adaptive divergence in biodiversity management.

The effects of warming and ocean acidification on growth, photosynthesis, and bacterial communities for the marine invasive macroalga Caulerpa taxifolia - Alexandra J. Roth‐Schulze; Torsten Thomas; Peter Steinberg; Marty R. Deveney; Jason E. Tanner; Kathryn H. Wiltshire; Stephanie Papantoniou; John W. Runcie; C. Frederico D. Gurgel (Limnology and Oceanography, 2018)
Caulerpa taxifolia is a pantropical green benthic marine macroalga, and one of the best known marine invasive species in temperate coastal habitats. In Australia, this species has been introduced to seven estuaries along New South Wales and one in South Australia. How this alga will perform under future climate change scenarios is however not well defined. This study experimentally assessed the effects of ocean acidification and global warming on the growth, photosynthetic performance and the bacterial community on two populations of C. taxifolia , one native and one invasive. A range of complex significant interactive effects between pH, temperature, and initial plant size on the growth of C. taxifolia were observed, but no effect of population origin and photosystem II (PSII) fluorescence quantum yield parameters were detected. No significant effects of the treatment combinations were observed on bacterial community richness or diversity. Only one bacterial species out of 1087 present on the algae showed significant changes between pH treatments at high temperature (24°C). This bacterium belonged to the genus Planctomyces and its relative abundance was more than 10 times higher in samples with low pH compared to the control. Higher plant growth was observed under all higher pCO 2 and lower pH conditions suggesting that C. taxifolia will benefit from climate change, posing a potential higher risk in invaded locations.

Range position and climate sensitivity: The structure of among‐population demographic responses to climatic variation - Staci M. Amburgey; David A. W. Miller; Evan H. Campbell Grant; Tracy A. G. Rittenhouse; Michael F. Benard; Jonathan L. Richardson; Mark C. Urban; Ward Hughson; Adrianne B. Brand; Christopher J. Davis; Carmen R. Hardin; Peter W. C. Paton; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Species’ distributions will respond to climate change based on the relationship between local demographic processes and climate and how this relationship varies based on range position. A rarely tested demographic prediction is that populations at the extremes of a species’ climate envelope (e.g., populations in areas with the highest mean annual temperature) will be most sensitive to local shifts in climate (i.e., warming). We tested this prediction using a dynamic species distribution model linking demographic rates to variation in temperature and precipitation for wood frogs ( Lithobates sylvaticus ) in North America. Using long‐term monitoring data from 746 populations in 27 study areas, we determined how climatic variation affected population growth rates and how these relationships varied with respect to long‐term climate. Some models supported the predicted pattern, with negative effects of extreme summer temperatures in hotter areas and positive effects on recruitment for summer water availability in drier areas. We also found evidence of interacting temperature and precipitation influencing population size, such as extreme heat having less of a negative effect in wetter areas. Other results were contrary to predictions, such as positive effects of summer water availability in wetter parts of the range and positive responses to winter warming especially in milder areas. In general, we found wood frogs were more sensitive to changes in temperature or temperature interacting with precipitation than to changes in precipitation alone. Our results suggest that sensitivity to changes in climate cannot be predicted simply by knowing locations within the species’ climate envelope. Many climate processes did not affect population growth rates in the predicted direction based on range position. Processes such as species‐interactions, local adaptation, and interactions with the physical landscape likely affect the responses we observed. Our work highlights the need to measure demographic responses to changing climate.

Vegetation demographics in Earth System Models: A review of progress and priorities - Rosie A. Fisher; Charles D. Koven; William R. L. Anderegg; Bradley O. Christoffersen; Michael C. Dietze; Caroline E. Farrior; Jennifer A. Holm; George C. Hurtt; Ryan G. Knox; Peter J. Lawrence; Jeremy W. Lichstein; Marcos Longo; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Numerous current efforts seek to improve the representation of ecosystem ecology and vegetation demographic processes within Earth System Models ( ESM s). These developments are widely viewed as an important step in developing greater realism in predictions of future ecosystem states and fluxes. Increased realism, however, leads to increased model complexity, with new features raising a suite of ecological questions that require empirical constraints. Here, we review the developments that permit the representation of plant demographics in ESM s, and identify issues raised by these developments that highlight important gaps in ecological understanding. These issues inevitably translate into uncertainty in model projections but also allow models to be applied to new processes and questions concerning the dynamics of real‐world ecosystems. We argue that stronger and more innovative connections to data, across the range of scales considered, are required to address these gaps in understanding. The development of first‐generation land surface models as a unifying framework for ecophysiological understanding stimulated much research into plant physiological traits and gas exchange. Constraining predictions at ecologically relevant spatial and temporal scales will require a similar investment of effort and intensified inter‐disciplinary communication.

Multi‐model comparison highlights consistency in predicted effect of warming on a semi‐arid shrub - Katherine M. Renwick; Caroline Curtis; Andrew R. Kleinhesselink; Daniel Schlaepfer; Bethany A. Bradley; Cameron L. Aldridge; Benjamin Poulter; Peter B. Adler (Global Change Biology, 2018)
A number of modeling approaches have been developed to predict the impacts of climate change on species distributions, performance, and abundance. The stronger the agreement from models that represent different processes and are based on distinct and independent sources of information, the greater the confidence we can have in their predictions. Evaluating the level of confidence is particularly important when predictions are used to guide conservation or restoration decisions. We used a multi‐model approach to predict climate change impacts on big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ), the dominant plant species on roughly 43 million hectares in the western United States and a key resource for many endemic wildlife species. To evaluate the climate sensitivity of A. tridentata , we developed four predictive models, two based on empirically derived spatial and temporal relationships, and two that applied mechanistic approaches to simulate sagebrush recruitment and growth. This approach enabled us to produce an aggregate index of climate change vulnerability and uncertainty based on the level of agreement between models. Despite large differences in model structure, predictions of sagebrush response to climate change were largely consistent. Performance, as measured by change in cover, growth, or recruitment, was predicted to decrease at the warmest sites, but increase throughout the cooler portions of sagebrush's range. A sensitivity analysis indicated that sagebrush performance responds more strongly to changes in temperature than precipitation. Most of the uncertainty in model predictions reflected variation among the ecological models, raising questions about the reliability of forecasts based on a single modeling approach. Our results highlight the value of a multi‐model approach in forecasting climate change impacts and uncertainties and should help land managers to maximize the value of conservation investments.

From vineyard to winery: a source map of microbial diversity driving wine fermentation - Peter Morrison‐Whittle; Matthew R. Goddard (Environmental Microbiology, 2018)
Summary Humans have been making wine for thousands of years and microorganisms play an integral part in this process as they not only drive fermentation, but also significantly influence the flavour, aroma and quality of finished wines. Since fruits are ephemeral, they cannot comprise a permanent microbial habitat; thus, an age‐old unanswered question concerns the origin of fruit and ferment associated microbes. Here we use next‐generation sequencing approaches to examine and quantify the roles of native forest, vineyard soil, bark and fruit habitats as sources of fungal diversity in ferments. We show that microbial communities in harvested juice and ferments vary significantly across regions, and that while vineyard fungi account for ∼40% of the source of this diversity, uncultivated ecosystems outside of vineyards also prove a significant source. We also show that while communities in harvested juice resemble those found on grapes, these increasingly resemble fungi present on vine bark as the ferment proceeds.

Metavolcanic host rocks, mineralization, and gossans of the Shaib al Tair and Rabathan volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits of the Wadi Bidah Mineral District, Saudi Arabia - John C. Volesky; Matthew I. Leybourne; Robert J. Stern; Jan M. Peter; Daniel Layton-Matthews; Sarah Rice; Peter R. Johnson (International Geology Review, 2017)

Investigating baseline red meat slaughter operator capacity and directions for development in Lao PDR - Joanne C. Thomas; James R. Young; Kathrin Schemann; Phaivanh Chankhamthong; Syseng Khounsy; Sonevilay Nampanya; Peter A. Windsor; Russell D. Bush (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2017)

Long-term change in drivers of forest cover expansion: an analysis for Switzerland (1850-2000) - Christin Loran; Catalina Munteanu; Peter H. Verburg; Dirk R. Schmatz; Matthias Bürgi; Niklaus E. Zimmermann (Regional Environmental Change, 2017)

First successful domestication and determination of nutritional and antioxidant properties of the red ear mushroom Auricularia thailandica (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota) - Asanka R. Bandara; Samantha C. Karunarathna; Peter E. Mortimer; Kevin D. Hyde; Sehroon Khan; Pattana Kakumyan; Jianchu Xu (Mycological Progress, 2017)

A Novel Oral Fluid Assay (LC-QTOF-MS) for the Detection of Fentanyl and Clandestine Opioids in Oral Fluid After Reported Heroin Overdose - Matthew K. Griswold; Peter R. Chai; Alex J. Krotulski; Melissa Friscia; Brittany P. Chapman; Neha Varma; Edward W. Boyer; Barry K. Logan; Kavita M. Babu (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2017)

Responses of an American eel brain endothelial-like cell line to selenium deprivation and to selenite, selenate, and selenomethionine additions in different exposure media - Sophia R. Bloch; John J. Kim; Phuc H. Pham; Peter V. Hodson; Lucy E. J. Lee; Niels C. Bols (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 2017)

Raising chickens for increased egg consumption in a rural highland Bolivian population - Peter R. Berti; Heber Araujo Cossio (Food Security, 2017)

Development and characterization of wheat lines with increased levels of arabinoxylan - Karolina Tremmel-Bede; László Láng; Kitti Török; Sándor Tömösközi; Gyula Vida; Peter R. Shewry; Zoltán Bedő; Marianna Rakszegi (Euphytica, 2017)

The Influence of Legacy P on Lake Water Quality in a Midwestern Agricultural Watershed - Melissa Motew; Xi Chen; Eric G. Booth; Stephen R. Carpenter; Pavel Pinkas; Samuel C. Zipper; Steven P. Loheide; Simon D. Donner; Kai Tsuruta; Peter A. Vadas; Christopher J. Kucharik (Ecosystems, 2017)

The spatial distribution of Republican and Democratic climate opinions at state and local scales - Matto Mildenberger; Jennifer R. Marlon; Peter D. Howe; Anthony Leiserowitz (Climatic Change, 2017)

Risk of genetic maladaptation due to climate change in three major European tree species - Aline Frank; Glenn T. Howe; Christoph Sperisen; Peter Brang; J. Bradley St. Clair; Dirk R. Schmatz; Caroline Heiri (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Tree populations usually show adaptations to their local environments as a result of natural selection. As climates change, populations can become locally maladapted and decline in fitness. Evaluating the expected degree of genetic maladaptation due to climate change will allow forest managers to assess forest vulnerability, and develop strategies to preserve forest health and productivity. We studied potential genetic maladaptation to future climates in three major European tree species, Norway spruce ( Picea abies ), silver fir ( Abies alba ), and European beech ( Fagus sylvatica ). A common garden experiment was conducted to evaluate the quantitative genetic variation in growth and phenology of seedlings from 77 to 92 native populations of each species from across Switzerland. We used multivariate genecological models to associate population variation with past seed source climates, and to estimate relative risk of maladaptation to current and future climates based on key phenotypic traits and three regional climate projections within the A1B scenario. Current risks from climate change were similar to average risks from current seed transfer practices. For all three climate models, future risks increased in spruce and beech until the end of the century, but remained low in fir. Largest average risks associated with climate projections for the period 2061–2090 were found for spruce seedling height (0.64), and for beech bud break and leaf senescence (0.52 and 0.46). Future risks for spruce were high across Switzerland. However, areas of high risk were also found in drought‐prone regions for beech and in the southern Alps for fir. Genetic maladaptation to future climates is likely to become a problem for spruce and beech by the end of this century, but probably not for fir. Consequently, forest management strategies should be adjusted in the study area for spruce and beech to maintain productive and healthy forests in the future.

Defining ecologically relevant scales for spatial protection with long‐term data on an endangered seabird and local prey availability - Richard B. Sherley; Philna Botha; Les G. Underhill; Peter G. Ryan; Danie van Zyl; Andrew C. Cockcroft; Robert J.M. Crawford; Bruce M. Dyer; Timothée R. Cook (Conservation Biology, 2017)
Human activities are important drivers of marine ecosystem functioning. However, separating the synergistic effects of fishing and environmental variability on the prey base of nontarget predators is difficult, often because prey availability estimates on appropriate scales are lacking. Understanding how prey abundance at different spatial scales links to population change can help integrate the needs of nontarget predators into fisheries management by defining ecologically relevant areas for spatial protection. We investigated the local population response (number of breeders) of the Bank Cormorant ( Phalacrocorax neglectus ), a range‐restricted endangered seabird, to the availability of its prey, the heavily fished west coast rock lobster ( Jasus lalandii ). Using Bayesian state‐space modeled cormorant counts at 3 colonies, 22 years of fisheries‐independent data on local lobster abundance, and generalized additive modeling, we determined the spatial scale pertinent to these relationships in areas with different lobster availability. Cormorant numbers responded positively to lobster availability in the regions with intermediate and high abundance but not where regime shifts and fishing pressure had depleted lobster stocks. The relationships were strongest when lobsters 20–30 km offshore of the colony were considered, a distance greater than the Bank Cormorant's foraging range when breeding, and may have been influenced by prey availability for nonbreeding birds, prey switching, or prey ecology. Our results highlight the importance of considering the scale of ecological relationships in marine spatial planning and suggest that designing spatial protection around focal species can benefit marine predators across their full life cycle. We propose the precautionary implementation of small‐scale marine protected areas, followed by robust assessment and adaptive‐management, to confirm population‐level benefits for the cormorants, their prey, and the wider ecosystem, without negative impacts on local fisheries.

siRNA-Mediated RNA Interference in Precision-Cut Tissue Slices Prepared from Mouse Lung and Kidney - Mitchel J. R. Ruigrok; Nalinie Maggan; Delphine Willaert; Henderik W. Frijlink; Barbro N. Melgert; Peter Olinga; Wouter L. J. Hinrichs (The AAPS Journal, 2017)

Emerging Technologies and Synergies for Airborne and Space-Based Measurements of Water Vapor Profiles - Amin R. Nehrir; Christoph Kiemle; Mathew D. Lebsock; Gottfried Kirchengast; Stefan A. Buehler; Ulrich Löhnert; Cong-Liang Liu; Peter C. Hargrave; Maria Barrera-Verdejo; David M. Winker (Surveys in Geophysics, 2017)
A deeper understanding of how clouds will respond to a warming climate is one of the outstanding challenges in climate science. Uncertainties in the response of clouds, and particularly shallow clouds, have been identified as the dominant source of the discrepancy in model estimates of equilibrium climate sensitivity. As the community gains a deeper understanding of the many processes involved, there is a growing appreciation of the critical role played by fluctuations in water vapor and the coupling of water vapor and atmospheric circulations. Reduction of uncertainties in cloud-climate feedbacks and convection initiation as well as improved understanding of processes governing these effects will result from profiling of water vapor in the lower troposphere with improved accuracy and vertical resolution compared to existing airborne and space-based measurements. This paper highlights new technologies and improved measurement approaches for measuring lower tropospheric water vapor and their expected added value to current observations. Those include differential absorption lidar and radar, microwave occultation between low-Earth orbiters, and hyperspectral microwave remote sensing. Each methodology is briefly explained, and measurement capabilities as well as the current technological readiness for aircraft and satellite implementation are specified. Potential synergies between the technologies are discussed, actual examples hereof are given, and future perspectives are explored. Based on technical maturity and the foreseen near-mid-term development path of the various discussed measurement approaches, we find that improved measurements of water vapor throughout the troposphere would greatly benefit from the combination of differential absorption lidar focusing on the lower troposphere with passive remote sensors constraining the upper-tropospheric humidity.

Effect of light, fire and weed control on establishment of Pericopsis elata Harms regeneration - Peter M. Umunay; Kristofer R. Covey; Jean-Remy Makana; Timothy G. Gregoire (New Forests, 2017)

Ecological regime shift drives declining growth rates of sea turtles throughout the West Atlantic - Karen A. Bjorndal; Alan B. Bolten; Milani Chaloupka; Vincent S. Saba; Cláudio Bellini; Maria A. G. Marcovaldi; Armando J. B. Santos; Luis Felipe Wurdig Bortolon; Anne B. Meylan; Peter A. Meylan; Jennifer Gray; Robert Hardy; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Somatic growth is an integrated, individual‐based response to environmental conditions, especially in ectotherms. Growth dynamics of large, mobile animals are particularly useful as bio‐indicators of environmental change at regional scales. We assembled growth rate data from throughout the West Atlantic for green turtles, Chelonia mydas , which are long‐lived, highly migratory, primarily herbivorous mega‐consumers that may migrate over hundreds to thousands of kilometers. Our dataset, the largest ever compiled for sea turtles, has 9690 growth increments from 30 sites from Bermuda to Uruguay from 1973 to 2015. Using generalized additive mixed models, we evaluated covariates that could affect growth rates; body size, diet, and year have significant effects on growth. Growth increases in early years until 1999, then declines by 26% to 2015. The temporal (year) effect is of particular interest because two carnivorous species of sea turtles—hawksbills, Eretmochelys imbricata, and loggerheads, Caretta caretta —exhibited similar significant declines in growth rates starting in 1997 in the West Atlantic, based on previous studies. These synchronous declines in productivity among three sea turtle species across a trophic spectrum provide strong evidence that an ecological regime shift ( ERS ) in the Atlantic is driving growth dynamics. The ERS resulted from a synergy of the 1997/1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation ( ENSO )—the strongest on record—combined with an unprecedented warming rate over the last two to three decades. Further support is provided by the strong correlations between annualized mean growth rates of green turtles and both sea surface temperatures ( SST ) in the West Atlantic for years of declining growth rates ( r = −.94) and the Multivariate ENSO Index ( MEI ) for all years ( r = .74). Granger‐causality analysis also supports the latter finding. We discuss multiple stressors that could reinforce and prolong the effect of the ERS . This study demonstrates the importance of region‐wide collaborations.

Global reduction fisheries and their products in the context of sustainable limits - Tim Cashion; Peter Tyedmers; Robert W R Parker (Fish and Fisheries, 2017)
Globally, one‐sixth of landings from marine capture fisheries are destined for the production of fishmeal and fish oil ( FMFO ), which are currently overwhelming utilized by fed aquaculture. Many different species are used globally for the production of FMFO , but little concern has been given to the divergent environmental and ecological impacts of FMFO products based on species, ecosystem and fishing gear used in their capture. We evaluated the variable environmental performance of FMFO products from a wide range of fisheries whose products are either primarily intended for reduction or whose by‐products are redirected to reduction. Assessed fisheries accounted for 44% of global reduction fishery landings in 2014. Analysis was conducted on the basis of two measures: the carbon footprint (i.e., greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions) and the marine footprint (i.e., primary production required [PPR]). We found large differences between the impacts of FMFO products across the 18 reduction fisheries examined. Cumulatively, we estimate that reduction fisheries emitted 4.6 million tonnes of CO 2 ‐e GHGs in 2014, and appropriated over 4% of primary production in some ecosystems, demonstrating a non‐trivial impact. As demand for aquafeeds grow, the sustainable sourcing of raw material inputs will be of great importance. Results here suggest that the source of FMFO inputs can have dramatic effects on the environmental performance of fish feeds and fed aquaculture. We recommend further research on the environmental and ecological impacts of food production systems, and specifically to understand these results in relation to global production and sustainable boundaries.

Extreme floods and their relationship with tropical cyclones in Puerto Rico - José J. Hernández Ayala; David Keellings; Peter R. Waylen; Corene J. Matyas (Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2017)

The missing half of the subduction factory: shipboard results from the Izu rear arc, IODP Expedition 350 - Cathy J. Busby; Yoshihiko Tamura; Peter Blum; Gilles Guèrin; Graham D. M. Andrews; Abigail K. Barker; Julien L. R. Berger; Everton M. Bongiolo; Manuela Bordiga; Susan M. DeBari; James B. Gill; Cedric Hamelin; et al. (International Geology Review, 2017)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promote silicon accumulation in plant roots, reducing the impacts of root herbivory - Adam Frew; Jeff R. Powell; Peter G. Allsopp; Nader Sallam; Scott N. Johnson (Plant and Soil, 2017)

Regional climate changes drive increased scaled-chrysophyte abundance in lakes downwind of Athabasca Oil Sands nitrogen emissions - Graham R. Mushet; Kathleen R. Laird; Biplob Das; Brittany Hesjedal; Peter R. Leavitt; Kenneth A. Scott; Gavin L. Simpson; Björn Wissel; Jared D. Wolfe; Brian F. Cumming (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2017)

Human subcortical brain asymmetries in 15,847 people worldwide reveal effects of age and sex - Tulio Guadalupe; Samuel R. Mathias; Theo G. M. vanErp; Christopher D. Whelan; Marcel P. Zwiers; Yoshinari Abe; Lucija Abramovic; Ingrid Agartz; Ole A. Andreassen; Alejandro Arias-Vásquez; Benjamin S. Aribisala; Nicola J. Armstrong; et al. (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2017)

Migratory preferences of humpback whales between feeding and breeding grounds in the eastern South Pacific - Jorge Acevedo; Anelio Aguayo‐Lobo; Judith Allen; Natalia Botero‐Acosta; Juan Capella; Cristina Castro; Luciano Dalla Rosa; Judith Denkinger; Fernando Félix; Lilian Flórez‐González; Frank Garita; Héctor M. Guzmán; et al. (Marine Mammal Science, 2017)
Latitudinal preferences within the breeding range have been suggested for Breeding Stock G humpback whales that summer in different feeding areas of the eastern South Pacific. To address this hypothesis, humpback whales photo‐identified from the Antarctic Peninsula and the Fueguian Archipelago (southern Chile) were compared with whales photo‐identified from lower latitudes extending from northern Peru to Costa Rica. This comparison was performed over a time span that includes 18 austral seasons. A total of 238 whales identified from the Antarctic Peninsula and 25 whales from the Fueguian Archipelago were among those photo‐identified at the breeding grounds. Our findings showed that humpback whales from each feeding area were resighted unevenly across the breeding grounds, which suggests a degree of spatial structuring in the migratory pathway. Humpback whales that feed at the Antarctic Peninsula were more likely to migrate to the southern breeding range between northern Peru and Colombia, whereas whales that feed at the Fueguian Archipelago were more likely to be found in the northern range of the breeding ground off Panama. Further photo‐identification efforts and genetic sampling from poorly sampled or unsampled areas are recommended to confirm these reported connectivity patterns.

Seabirds (Laridae) as a source of Campylobacte r spp., Salmonella spp. and antimicrobial resistance in South Africa - Elisabet Moré; Teresa Ayats; Peter G. Ryan; Preneshni R. Naicker; Karen H. Keddy; Davide Gaglio; Minke Witteveen; Marta Cerdà‐Cuéllar (Environmental Microbiology, 2017)
Summary Zoonotic thermophilic Campylobacter and nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica are a major cause of foodborne human gastroenteritis worldwide. There is little information about reservoirs of these zoonotic agents in Africa. Thus, chicks of kelp gulls ( Larus dominicanus , n = 129) and greater crested terns ( Thalasseus bergii , n = 100) were studied at five colonies on the Western Cape coast (South Africa) during summer 2013/2014. Campylobacter spp. occurrence was 14.0% (CI 95% : 9.9–19.3), with C. jejuni the most frequently isolated species, whilst that of Salmonella was 27.5% (CI 95% : 21.9–33.9) overall, with a higher prevalence in gulls (43.0%, CI 95% : 34.8–52.4) than terns (7.0%, CI 95% : 3.1–14.4). Among the 16 different S. enterica serovars found, Anatum, Enteritidis and Hadar were the most frequent. The same or highly similar pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis genotype was found in some Salmonella isolates from seabirds and humans presenting with salmonellosis in Cape Town hospitals. Both Campylobacter and Salmonella isolates exhibited antimicrobial resistance to several agents, including critically important antimicrobials (quinolones, tetracyclines and β‐lactams) and multidrug resistance in Salmonella serovars from kelp gulls. Our results highlight the importance of seabirds as reservoirs of Campylobacter and Salmonella resistant strains and their role in the maintenance and transmission of these bacteria in the environment, with implications for public health.

Age‐specific infectious period shapes dynamics of pneumonia in bighorn sheep - Raina K. Plowright; Kezia R. Manlove; Thomas E. Besser; David J. Páez; Kimberly R. Andrews; Patrick E. Matthews; Lisette P. Waits; Peter J. Hudson; E. Frances Cassirer (Ecology Letters, 2017)
Superspreading, the phenomenon where a small proportion of individuals contribute disproportionately to new infections, has profound effects on disease dynamics. Superspreading can arise through variation in contacts, infectiousness or infectious periods. The latter has received little attention, yet it drives the dynamics of many diseases of critical public health, livestock health and conservation concern. Here, we present rare evidence of variation in infectious periods underlying a superspreading phenomenon in a free‐ranging wildlife system. We detected persistent infections of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae , the primary causative agent of pneumonia in bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis ), in a small number of older individuals that were homozygous at an immunologically relevant genetic locus. Interactions among age‐structure, genetic composition and infectious periods may drive feedbacks in disease dynamics that determine the magnitude of population response to infection. Accordingly, variation in initial conditions may explain divergent population responses to infection that range from recovery to catastrophic decline and extirpation.

Habitat as a mediator of mesopredator‐driven mammal extinction - Peter J. McDonald; Catherine E. M. Nano; Simon J. Ward; Alistair Stewart; Chris R. Pavey; Gary W. Luck; Chris R. Dickman (Conservation Biology, 2017)
A prevailing view in dryland systems is that mammals are constrained by the scarcity of fertile soils and primary productivity. An alternative view is that predation is a primary driver of mammal assemblages, especially in Australia, where 2 introduced mesopredators—feral cat (Felis catus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) —are responsible for severe declines of dryland mammals. We evaluated productivity and predation as drivers of native mammal assemblage structure in dryland Australia. We used new data from 90 sites to examine the divers of extant mammal species richness and reconstructed historic mammal assemblages to determine proportional loss of mammal species across broad habitat types (landform and vegetation communities). Predation was supported as a major driver of extant mammal richness, but its effect was strongly mediated by habitat. Areas that were rugged or had dense grass cover supported more mammal species than the more productive and topographically simple areas. Twelve species in the critical weight range (CWR) (35–5500 g) that is most vulnerable to mesopredator predation were extirpated from the continent's central region, and the severity of loss of species correlated negatively with ruggedness and positively with productivity. Based on previous studies, we expect that habitat mediates predation from red foxes and feral cats because it affects these species’ densities and foraging efficiency. Large areas of rugged terrain provided vital refuge for Australian dryland mammals, and we predict such areas will support the persistence of CWR species in the face of ongoing mammal declines elsewhere in Australia.

The effect of salinity on plant-available water - Anna R. Sheldon; Ram C. Dalal; Gunnar Kirchhof; Peter M. Kopittke; Neal W. Menzies (Plant and Soil, 2017)

Petrography and chemistry of tungsten-rich oxycalciobetafite in hydrothermal veins of the Adamello contact aureole, northern Italy - Gregory R. Lumpkin; Reto Gieré; C. Terry Williams; Peter J. McGlinn; Timothy E. Payne (Mineralogy and Petrology, 2017)

Genetic fingerprinting reveals natal origins of male leatherback turtles encountered in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea - Suzanne E. Roden; Kelly R. Stewart; Michael C. James; Kara L. Dodge; Florence Dell’Amico; Peter H. Dutton (Marine Biology, 2017)

Indigenous arthropod natural enemies of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug in North America and Europe - Paul K. Abram; Kim A. Hoelmer; Angelita Acebes-Doria; Heather Andrews; Elizabeth H. Beers; J. Christopher Bergh; Ric Bessin; David Biddinger; Paul Botch; Matthew L. Buffington; Mary L. Cornelius; Elena Costi; et al. (Journal of Pest Science, 2017)

Music as an Adjunct to Opioid-Based Analgesia - Peter R. Chai; Stephanie Carreiro; Megan L. Ranney; Ketki Karanam; Marko Ahtisaari; Robert Edwards; Kristin L. Schreiber; Lubabah Ben-Ghaly; Timothy B. Erickson; Edward W. Boyer (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2017)

Fraction of young water as an indicator of aquifer vulnerability along two regional flow paths in the Mississippi embayment aquifer system, southeastern USA - James A. Kingsbury; Jeannie R. B. Barlow; Bryant C. Jurgens; Peter B. McMahon; John K. Carmichael (Hydrogeology Journal, 2017)

Habitat partitioning by native and alien fishes and decapods in novel habitats of the upper San Francisco Estuary - Matthew J. Young; Kathleen A. Berridge; Teejay O’Rear; Peter B. Moyle; John R. Durand (Biological Invasions, 2017)

Recovering growth and grazing rates from nonlinear dilution experiments - Qian P. Li; Peter J. S. Franks; Michael R. Landry (Limnology and Oceanography, 2017)
Biological rate measurements provide critical information for understanding key processes and modeling future states of marine ecosystems. Experimentally derived rates can be challenging to interpret when methodological assumptions are untested or potentially violated under variable natural conditions, such as the assumed linear grazing response of the dilution technique for estimating rates of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing impact. Here, we show that grazing nonlinearity can be related to the ratio of initial phytoplankton biomass to the half‐saturation parameter in the Holling II model, while not being affected by varying grazer biomass during dilution experiments. From this, we present theory to recover growth and grazing rates from multi‐treatment dilution experiments with nonlinear grazing results. We test our analyses with data collected during the California Current Ecosystem‐Long‐Term Ecological Research (CCE‐LTER) program. We show that using a linear regression in 2‐treatment dilution experiments may lead to underestimates of microzooplankton grazing rates, particularly in high‐phytoplankton‐biomass coastal regions where grazing can be saturated. Using the Holling II grazing model and a correction factor, growth and grazing rates from 2‐treatment experiments can also be estimated, as illustrated by application to Lagrangian water‐tracking studies of growth and grazing dynamics in the CCE.

Shifting paradigms in restoration of the world's coral reefs - Madeleine J. H. van Oppen; Ruth D. Gates; Linda L. Blackall; Neal Cantin; Leela J. Chakravarti; Wing Y. Chan; Craig Cormick; Angela Crean; Katarina Damjanovic; Hannah Epstein; Peter L. Harrison; Thomas A. Jones; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Many ecosystems around the world are rapidly deteriorating due to both local and global pressures, and perhaps none so precipitously as coral reefs. Management of coral reefs through maintenance (e.g., marine‐protected areas, catchment management to improve water quality), restoration, as well as global and national governmental agreements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., the 2015 Paris Agreement) is critical for the persistence of coral reefs. Despite these initiatives, the health and abundance of corals reefs are rapidly declining and other solutions will soon be required. We have recently discussed options for using assisted evolution (i.e., selective breeding, assisted gene flow, conditioning or epigenetic programming, and the manipulation of the coral microbiome) as a means to enhance environmental stress tolerance of corals and the success of coral reef restoration efforts. The 2014–2016 global coral bleaching event has sharpened the focus on such interventionist approaches. We highlight the necessity for consideration of alternative (e.g., hybrid) ecosystem states, discuss traits of resilient corals and coral reef ecosystems, and propose a decision tree for incorporating assisted evolution into restoration initiatives to enhance climate resilience of coral reefs.

Toward establishing model organisms for marine protists: Successful transfection protocols for Parabodo caudatus (Kinetoplastida: Excavata) - Fatma Gomaa; Paulo A. Garcia; Jennifer Delaney; Peter R. Girguis; Cullen R. Buie; Virginia P. Edgcomb (Environmental Microbiology, 2017)
Summary We developed protocols for, and demonstrated successful transfection of, the free‐living kinetoplastid flagellate Parabodo caudatus with three plasmids carrying a fluorescence reporter gene (pEF‐GFP with the EF1 alpha promoter, pUB‐GFP with Ubiquitin C promoter, and pEYFP‐Mitotrap with CMV promoter). We evaluated three electroporation approaches: (1) a square‐wave electroporator designed for eukaryotes, (2) a novel microfluidic transfection system employing hydrodynamically‐controlled electric field waveforms, and (3) a traditional exponential decay electroporator. We found the microfluidic device provides a simple and efficient platform to quickly test a wide range of electric field parameters to find the optimal set of conditions for electroporation of target species. It also allows for processing large sample volumes (>10 ml) within minutes, increasing throughput 100 times over cuvettes. Fluorescence signal from the reporter gene was detected a few hours after transfection and persisted for 3 days in cells transfected by pEF‐GFP and pUB‐GFP plasmids and for at least 5 days post‐transfection for cells transfected with pEYFP‐Mitotrap. Expression of the reporter genes (GFP and YFP) was also confirmed using reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR). This work opens the door for further efforts with this taxon and close relatives toward establishing model systems for genome editing.

A genetic risk score is differentially associated with migraine with and without aura - Claudia Pisanu; Martin Preisig; Enrique Castelao; Jennifer Glaus; Giorgio Pistis; Alessio Squassina; Maria Del Zompo; Kathleen R. Merikangas; Gérard Waeber; Peter Vollenweider; Jessica Mwinyi; Helgi B. Schiöth (Human Genetics, 2017)

Effects of Roof-Edge Roughness on Air Temperature and Pollutant Concentration in Urban Canyons - Amir A. Aliabadi; E. Scott Krayenhoff; Negin Nazarian; Lup Wai Chew; Peter R. Armstrong; Afshin Afshari; Leslie K. Norford (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2017)

Revisiting the ‘cornerstone of Amazonian conservation’: a socioecological assessment of Brazil nut exploitation - Manuel R. Guariguata; Peter Cronkleton; Amy E. Duchelle; Pieter A. Zuidema (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2017)

Dynamics of direct inter-pack encounters in endangered African wild dogs - Neil R Jordan; Christopher Buse; Alan M Wilson; Krystyna A Golabek; Peter J Apps; John C Lowe; Leanne K Van der Weyde; J Weldon McNutt (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2017)

Volatility of network indices due to undersampling of intraspecific variation in plant–insect interactions - Jonas Kuppler; Tobias Grasegger; Birte Peters; Susanne Popp; Martin Schlager; Robert R. Junker (Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 2017)

Changes to taxonomy and the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2017) - Michael J. Adams; Elliot J. Lefkowitz; Andrew M. Q. King; Balázs Harrach; Robert L. Harrison; Nick J. Knowles; Andrew M. Kropinski; Mart Krupovic; Jens H. Kuhn; Arcady R. Mushegian; Max Nibert; Sead Sabanadzovic; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2017)

Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2017 - Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Yīmíng Bào; Christopher F. Basler; Sina Bavari; Martin Beer; Nicolás Bejerman; Kim R. Blasdell; Alisa Bochnowski; Thomas Briese; Alexander Bukreyev; Charles H. Calisher; Kartik Chandran; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2017)

A test of genomic modularity among life‐history adaptations promoting speciation with gene flow - Gregory J. Ragland; Meredith M. Doellman; Peter J. Meyers; Glen R. Hood; Scott P. Egan; Thomas H. Q. Powell; Daniel A. Hahn; Patrik Nosil; Jeffrey L. Feder (Molecular Ecology, 2017)
Speciation with gene flow may require adaptive divergence of multiple traits to generate strong ecologically based reproductive isolation. Extensive negative pleiotropy or physical linkage of genes in the wrong phase affecting these diverging traits may therefore hinder speciation, while genetic independence or “modularity” among phenotypic traits may reduce constraints and facilitate divergence. Here, we test whether the genetics underlying two components of diapause life history, initial diapause intensity and diapause termination timing, constrain differentiation between sympatric hawthorn and apple‐infesting host races of the fly Rhagoletis pomonella through analysis of 10,256 SNPs measured via genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS). Loci genetically associated with diapause termination timing were mainly observed for SNPs mapping to chromosomes 1–3 in the genome, most notably for SNPs displaying higher levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD), likely due to inversions. In contrast, selection on initial diapause intensity affected loci on all five major chromosomes of the genome, specifically those showing low levels of LD. This lack of overlap in genetically associated loci suggests that the two diapause phenotypes are largely modular. On chromosome 2, however, intermediate level LD loci and a subgroup of high LD loci displayed significant negative relationships between initial diapause intensity and diapause termination time. These gene regions on chromosome 2 therefore affected both traits, while most regions were largely independent. Moreover, loci associated with both measured traits also tended to exhibit highly divergent allele frequencies between the host races. Thus, the presence of nonoverlapping genetic modules likely facilitates simultaneous, adaptive divergence for the measured life‐history components.

Global patterns of interaction specialization in bird–flower networks - Thais B. Zanata; Bo Dalsgaard; Fernando C. Passos; Peter A. Cotton; James J. Roper; Pietro K. Maruyama; Erich Fischer; Matthias Schleuning; Ana M. Martín González; Jeferson Vizentin‐Bugoni; Donald C. Franklin; Stefan Abrahamczyk; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2017)
Aim Among the world's three major nectar‐feeding bird taxa, hummingbirds are the most phenotypically specialized for nectarivory, followed by sunbirds, while the honeyeaters are the least phenotypically specialized taxa. We tested whether this phenotypic specialization gradient is also found in the interaction patterns with their floral resources. Location Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania/Australia. Methods We compiled interaction networks between birds and floral resources for 79 hummingbird, nine sunbird and 33 honeyeater communities. Interaction specialization was quantified through connectance ( C ), complementary specialization ( H 2 ′), binary ( Q B ) and weighted modularity ( Q ), with both observed and null‐model corrected values. We compared interaction specialization among the three types of bird–flower communities, both independently and while controlling for potential confounding variables, such as plant species richness, asymmetry, latitude, insularity, topography, sampling methods and intensity. Results Hummingbird–flower networks were more specialized than honeyeater–flower networks. Specifically, hummingbird–flower networks had a lower proportion of realized interactions (lower C ), decreased niche overlap (greater H 2 ′) and greater modularity (greater Q B ). However, we found no significant differences between hummingbird– and sunbird–flower networks, nor between sunbird– and honeyeater–flower networks. Main conclusions As expected, hummingbirds and their floral resources have greater interaction specialization than honeyeaters, possibly because of greater phenotypic specialization and greater floral resource richness in the New World. Interaction specialization in sunbird–flower communities was similar to both hummingbird–flower and honeyeater–flower communities. This may either be due to the relatively small number of sunbird–flower networks available, or because sunbird–flower communities share features of both hummingbird–flower communities (specialized floral shapes) and honeyeater–flower communities (fewer floral resources). These results suggest a link between interaction specialization and both phenotypic specialization and floral resource richness within bird–flower communities at a global scale.

The relationship between species richness and ecosystem variability is shaped by the mechanism of coexistence - Andrew T. Tredennick; Peter B. Adler; Frederick R. Adler (Ecology Letters, 2017)
Theory relating species richness to ecosystem variability typically ignores the potential for environmental variability to promote species coexistence. Failure to account for fluctuation‐dependent coexistence may explain deviations from the expected negative diversity–ecosystem variability relationship, and limits our ability to predict the consequences of increases in environmental variability. We use a consumer‐resource model to explore how coexistence via the temporal storage effect and relative nonlinearity affects ecosystem variability. We show that a positive, rather than negative, diversity–ecosystem variability relationship is possible when ecosystem function is sampled across a natural gradient in environmental variability and diversity. We also show how fluctuation‐dependent coexistence can buffer ecosystem functioning against increasing environmental variability by promoting species richness and portfolio effects. Our work provides a general explanation for variation in observed diversity–ecosystem variability relationships and highlights the importance of conserving regional species pools to help buffer ecosystems against predicted increases in environmental variability.

Priority effects are interactively regulated by top‐down and bottom‐up forces: evidence from wood decomposer communities - Devin R. Leopold; J. Paula Wilkie; Ian A. Dickie; Robert B. Allen; Peter K. Buchanan; Tadashi Fukami (Ecology Letters, 2017)
Both top‐down (grazing) and bottom‐up (resource availability) forces can determine the strength of priority effects, or the effects of species arrival history on the structure and function of ecological communities, but their combined influences remain unresolved. To test for such influences, we assembled experimental communities of wood‐decomposing fungi using a factorial manipulation of fungivore ( Folsomia candida ) presence, nitrogen availability, and fungal assembly history. We found interactive effects of all three factors on fungal species composition and wood decomposition 1 year after the fungi were introduced. The strength of priority effects on community structure was affected primarily by nitrogen availability, whereas the strength of priority effects on decomposition rate was interactively regulated by nitrogen and fungivores. These results demonstrate that top‐down and bottom‐up forces jointly determine how strongly assembly history affects community structure and function.

Responses of soil extracellular enzyme activities to experimental warming and CO2 enrichment at the alpine treeline - Rômulo C. Souza; Emily F. Solly; Melissa A. Dawes; Frank Graf; Frank Hagedorn; Simon Egli; Charles R. Clement; Laszlo Nagy; Christian Rixen; Martina Peter (Plant and Soil, 2017)

Physiological responses to incremental, interval, and continuous counterweighted single-leg and double-leg cycling at the same relative intensities - Martin J. MacInnis; Nathaniel Morris; Michael W. Sonne; Amanda Farias Zuniga; Peter J. Keir; Jim R. Potvin; Martin J. Gibala (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2017)

Relationship among interthalamic adhesion size, thalamic anatomy and neuropsychological functions in healthy volunteers - Nishad R. Damle; Toshikazu Ikuta; Majnu John; Bart D. Peters; Pamela DeRosse; Anil K. Malhotra; Philip R. Szeszko (Brain Structure and Function, 2017)

Tracking reveals limited interactions between Campbell Albatross and fisheries during the breeding season - Lisa A. Sztukowski; Mariëlle L. van Toor; Henri Weimerskirch; David R. Thompson; Leigh G. Torres; Paul M. Sagar; Peter A. Cotton; Stephen C. Votier (Journal of Ornithology, 2017)

Chloroplast phylogeography of New Zealand Sophora trees (Fabaceae): extensive hybridization and widespread Last Glacial Maximum survival - Lara D. Shepherd; Peter J. de Lange; Leon R. Perrie; Peter B. Heenan (Journal of Biogeography, 2017)
Aim To date, there have been few studies investigating the phylogeography of forest trees that are widely distributed in New Zealand. Our main objective was to examine the phylogeographic distribution of chloroplast DNA from New Zealand Sophora trees with respect to known biogeographical regions, proposed refugia and species boundaries. A second objective was to investigate the origins of the southern and Chatham Island populations of Sophora chathamica , which have been proposed to derive from Māori translocation. Location The New Zealand archipelago coastal and lowland forests. Methods We sequenced the chloroplast trnQ5′‐rps16 intergenic spacer from 416 samples of Sophora , representing all of the New Zealand species. A median‐joining network was used to analyse haplotype relationships. Phylogeographic structuring was assessed with G ST and N ST calculations and spatial analysis of molecular variance ( SAMOVA ). Analyses of molecular variance were used to test partitioning schemes including species divisions and proposed biogeographical boundaries. Results A total of 22 haplotypes were recovered. Moderate genetic differentiation was detected and it had a phylogeographic component but no higher level groupings were found with a SAMOVA . Very little of the chloroplast variation was partitioned by species boundaries or geography. Haplotype diversity decreased from north to south but was not higher in proposed major lowland forest glacial refugia. Populations of Sophora chathamica suggested to derive from Māori translocations contained a haplotype not detected from the proposed natural range of the species. Main conclusions Sophora survived the Last Glacial Maximum in widespread populations throughout much of the country, although our data did not provide evidence for survival in the southern South Island. Chloroplast sharing among New Zealand Sophora species likely results from hybridization and introgression. Our results indicate that the occurrence of S. chathamica in the southern North Island, northern South Island and Chatham Islands is likely to be natural, although the planting by Māori of some of the individuals in the southern North Island and Chatham Islands cannot be excluded.

Strong thermal acclimation of photosynthesis in tropical and temperate wet‐forest tree species: the importance of altered Rubisco content - Andrew P. Scafaro; Shuang Xiang; Benedict M. Long; Nur H. A. Bahar; Lasantha K. Weerasinghe; Danielle Creek; John R. Evans; Peter B. Reich; Owen K. Atkin (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Understanding of the extent of acclimation of light‐saturated net photosynthesis ( A n ) to temperature ( T ), and associated underlying mechanisms, remains limited. This is a key knowledge gap given the importance of thermal acclimation for plant functioning, both under current and future higher temperatures, limiting the accuracy and realism of Earth system model ( ESM ) predictions. Given this, we analysed and modelled T ‐dependent changes in photosynthetic capacity in 10 wet‐forest tree species: six from temperate forests and four from tropical forests. Temperate and tropical species were each acclimated to three daytime growth temperatures ( T growth ): temperate – 15, 20 and 25 °C; tropical – 25, 30 and 35 °C. CO 2 response curves of A n were used to model maximal rates of Ru BP (ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate) carboxylation ( V cmax ) and electron transport ( J max ) at each treatment's respective T growth and at a common measurement T (25 °C). SDS ‐ PAGE gels were used to determine abundance of the CO 2 ‐fixing enzyme, Rubisco. Leaf chlorophyll, nitrogen (N) and mass per unit leaf area ( LMA ) were also determined. For all species and T growth , A n at current atmospheric CO 2 partial pressure was Rubisco‐limited. Across all species, LMA decreased with increasing T growth . Similarly, area‐based rates of V cmax at a measurement T of 25 °C ( V cmax 25 ) linearly declined with increasing T growth , linked to a concomitant decline in total leaf protein per unit leaf area and Rubisco as a percentage of leaf N. The decline in Rubisco constrained V cmax and A n for leaves developed at higher T growth and resulted in poor predictions of photosynthesis by currently widely used models that do not account for T growth ‐mediated changes in Rubisco abundance that underpin the thermal acclimation response of photosynthesis in wet‐forest tree species. A new model is proposed that accounts for the effect of T growth ‐mediated declines in V cmax 25 on A n , complementing current photosynthetic thermal acclimation models that do not account for T sensitivity of V cmax 25 .