A simple in vitro culture system for tracheal cartilage development - Jinhyung Park; Jennifer J. R. Zhang; Ruth Choi; Irene Trinh; Peter C. W. Kim (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 2010)

Two sympatric spotted gum species are molecularly homogeneous - Joel W. Ochieng; Mervyn Shepherd; Peter R. Baverstock; Garth Nikles; David J. Lee; Robert J. Henry (Conservation Genetics, 2010)

Nitrogen fertilizer management for nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation in intensive corn (Maize) production: an emissions reduction protocol for US Midwest agriculture - Neville Millar; G. Philip Robertson; Peter R. Grace; Ron J. Gehl; John P. Hoben (Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2010)

Detection of Phytophthora erythroseptica in Soil Using Nightshade as Bait Combined with PCR Techniques - U. N. Nanayakkara; Mathuresh Singh; K. I. Al-Mughrabi; R. D. Peters (American Journal of Potato Research, 2010)

Effects of More Frequent and Prolonged El Niño Events on Life‐History Parameters of the Degu, a Long‐Lived and Slow‐Reproducing Rodent - M. ANDREA PREVITALI; PETER L. MESERVE; DOUGLAS A. KELT; W. BRYAN MILSTEAD; JULIO R. GUTIERREZ (Conservation Biology, 2010)
Global climate change (GCC) can have profound effects on species whose ecology is governed primarily by climatic factors. The ecology of small mammals inhabiting semiarid Chile is strongly affected by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). During La Niña events in this area, dry conditions prevail and species may disappear from the thorn‐scrub habitat. Conversely, El Niño events bring high rainfall, and associated pulses of food trigger small‐mammal population increases. We used capture–mark–recapture to study responses of the degu ( Octodon degus ), a dominant small mammal, to variation in rainfall over 18 years. In response to a recent trend toward wetter conditions, degus reached record‐high densities and maintained more stable numbers in the area. Underlying mechanisms involved variation in adult survival, juvenile persistence, and fecundity linked to rainfall changes during consecutive years (i.e., rainfall phases). During prolonged droughts, degus had low survival and produced fewer offspring, with low persistence. Following high rainfall, these parameters reversed; consecutive wet years resulted in further increases. Weak declines in fecundity and adult survival and high persistence of juveniles explained delayed responses to deteriorating conditions in initial dry years. If GCC leads to increased frequency of El Niño events, we anticipate greater numerical dominance of degus in semiarid Chile and possible range expansion. Furthermore, degus have strong impacts on other small mammal and some plant species, are important prey species, and are agricultural pests and disease reservoirs. Hence, GCC has the potential to dramatically influence their ecology in northern Chile and to have cascading effects on other components of this system.

Development and application of sedimentary pigments for assessing effects of climatic and environmental changes on subarctic lakes in northern Sweden - Nina Reuss; Peter R. Leavitt; Roland I. Hall; Christian Bigler; Dan Hammarlund (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2010)

Genetic structure and history of Swiss maize (Zea mays L. ssp. mays) landraces - T. W. Eschholz; P. Stamp; R. Peter; J. Leipner; A. Hund (Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2010)

Structure and heterogeneity of gliadin: a hydrodynamic evaluation - Shirley Ang; Jana Kogulanathan; Gordon A. Morris; M. Samil Kök; Peter R. Shewry; Arthur S. Tatham; Gary G. Adams; Arthur J. Rowe; Stephen E. Harding (European Biophysics Journal, 2010)

Regulation of the nitrogen biogeochemistry of mountain lakes by subsidies of terrestrial dissolved organic matter and the implications for climate studies - Lynda Bunting; Peter R. Leavitt; R. Paul Weidman; Rolf D. Vinebrookeb (Limnology and Oceanography, 2010)
Stable isotopes of nitrogen (N) were analyzed in modern sediments of mountain lakes, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and sediment cores spanning the past 12,000 yr to test the hypothesis that spatial and temporal (100‐ 1000 yr) variation in the N content of mountain lakes is regulated by influx of allochthonous DOM. Analysis of spatial patterns in an elevation gradient of 75 mountain lakes revealed that most N was associated with DOM rather than inorganic N, particularly in subalpine lakes (, 1700 m above sea level). Similarly, analysis of N isotope ratios (δ 15 N) from 22 lakes showed that whole sediments of subalpine sites were significantly more depleted (0.74‰ ± 1.58‰) than were those of alpine lakes above 2200 m (3.04‰ ± 1.21‰), consistent with the depleted δ 15 N of isolated DOM (~1.3‰). Sedimentary δ 15 N values of Crowfoot Lake, presently near tree line, also varied greatly during the past 12,000 yr, with enriched values (~4%) during the alpine phases of the lake's history and depleted values (~1%) during the intervening subalpine phase (ca. 10,050‐4160 14 C yr before present) when DOM was abundant. In contrast, sedimentary δ 15 N values remained constant (~2.5%) at Snowflake Lake, an alpine reference site that never experienced a DOM‐rich subalpine phase. These analyses suggest that climate regulates N influx and lake biogeochemistry by changing the subsidies of terrestrial DOM, and warn that future climate change may initially reduce N influx on a decadal scale by reducing hydrologic transfer before increasing N subsidies on a centennial scale by increasing terrestrial production of DOM.

Ten Putative Contributors to the Obesity Epidemic - Emily J. McAllister; Nikhil V. Dhurandhar; Scott W. Keith; Louis J. Aronne; Jamie Barger; Monica Baskin; Ruth M. Benca; Joseph Biggio; Mary M. Boggiano; Joe C. Eisenmann; Mai Elobeid; Kevin R. Fontaine; et al. (Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2009)

Modifier gene study of meconium ileus in cystic fibrosis: statistical considerations and gene mapping results - Ruslan Dorfman; Weili Li; Lei Sun; Fan Lin; Yongqian Wang; Andrew Sandford; Peter D. Paré; Karen McKay; Hana Kayserova; Tereza Piskackova; Milan Macek; Kamila Czerska; et al. (Human Genetics, 2009)

Gating mechanisms in Cys-loop receptors - Jennie M. E. Cederholm; Peter R. Schofield; Trevor M. Lewis (European Biophysics Journal, 2009)

Measuring in situ reaction rate constants in wetland sediments - Emma Bassein; Peter R. Jaffé (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2009)

Identification of a Sex Attractant Pheromone for Male Winterform Pear Psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola - Christelle Guédot; Jocelyn G. Millar; David R. Horton; Peter J. Landolt (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2009)

Identification, Synthesis and Field Testing of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-Henicosatriene, a Second Bioactive Component of the Sex Pheromone of the Autumn Gum Moth, Mnesampela privata - Paul W. Walker; Geoff R. Allen; Noel W. Davies; Jason A. Smith; Peter P. Molesworth; Anna Nilsson; Fredrik Andersson; Erik Hedenström (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2009)

REE and Sr isotope characteristics of carbonate within the Cu–Co mineralized sedimentary sequence of the Nchanga Mine, Zambian Copperbelt - Stephen Roberts; Martin R. Palmer; Matthew J. Cooper; Peter Buchaus; Drew Sargent (Mineralium Deposita, 2009)

L-PGDS (Betatrace Protein) Inhibits Astrocyte Proliferation and Mitochondrial ATP Production in Vitro - Xiaorong Xin; Andreas Huber; Peter Meyer; Josef Flammer; Albert Neutzner; Neil R. Miller; Hanspeter E. Killer (Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 2009)

Catalysis of iron core formation in Pyrococcus furiosus ferritin - Kourosh Honarmand Ebrahimi; Peter-Leon Hagedoorn; Jaap A. Jongejan; Wilfred R. Hagen (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2009)

The cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CNR2) gene is associated with hand bone strength phenotypes in an ethnically homogeneous family sample - Meliha Karsak; Ida Malkin; Mohammad R. Toliat; Christian Kubisch; Peter Nürnberg; Andreas Zimmer; Gregory Livshits (Human Genetics, 2009)

Transcript profiling suggests transcriptional repression of the flavonoid pathway in the white-fruited Chilean strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill. - Guillermo Saud; Fabrizio Carbone; Gaetano Perrotta; Carlos R. Figueroa; Mario Moya; Raúl Herrera; Jorge B. Retamales; Basilio Carrasco; Jose Cheel; Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann; Peter D. S. Caligari (Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2009)

Comparison of Nutrient and Microbial Dynamics over a Seasonal Cycle in a Mid-Atlantic Coastal Lagoon Prone to Aureococcus anophagefferens (Brown Tide) Blooms - Margaret R. Mulholland; George E. Boneillo; Peter W. Bernhardt; Elizabeth C. Minor (Estuaries and Coasts, 2009)

Likely Population-Level Effects of Contaminants on a Resident Estuarine Fish Species: Comparing Gillichthys mirabilis Population Static Measurements and Vital Rates in San Francisco and Tomales Bays - Catherine R. McGourty; James A. Hobbs; William A. Bennett; Peter G. Green; Hyun-Min Hwang; Naoaki Ikemiyagi; Levi Lewis; Jason M. Cope (Estuaries and Coasts, 2009)

Geographic patterns of genetic differentiation and plumage colour variation are different in the pied flycatcher ( Ficedula hypoleuca ) - PAULA K. LEHTONEN; TONI LAAKSONEN; ALEKSANDR V. ARTEMYEV; EUGEN BELSKII; CHRISTIAAN BOTH; STANISLAV BUREŠ; ANDREY V. BUSHUEV; INDRIKIS KRAMS; JUAN MORENO; MARKO MÄGI; ANDREAS NORD; JAIME POTTI; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2009)
The pied flycatcher is one of the most phenotypically variable bird species in Europe. The geographic variation in phenotypes has often been attributed to spatial variation in selection regimes that is associated with the presence or absence of the congeneric collared flycatcher. Spatial variation in phenotypes could however also be generated by spatially restricted gene flow and genetic drift. We examined the genetic population structure of pied flycatchers across the breeding range and applied the phenotypic Q ST ( P ST )– F ST approach to detect indirect signals of divergent selection on dorsal plumage colouration in pied flycatcher males. Allelic frequencies at neutral markers were found to significantly differ among populations breeding in central and southern Europe whereas northerly breeding pied flycatchers were found to be one apparently panmictic group of individuals. Pairwise differences between phenotypic ( P ST ) and neutral genetic distances ( F ST ) were positively correlated after removing the most differentiated Spanish and Swiss populations from the analysis, suggesting that genetic drift may have contributed to the observed phenotypic differentiation in some parts of the pied flycatcher breeding range. Differentiation in dorsal plumage colouration however greatly exceeded that observed at neutral genetic markers, which indicates that the observed pattern of phenotypic differentiation is unlikely to be solely maintained by restricted gene flow and genetic drift.

Climate control of the spring clear‐water phase through the transfer of energy and mass to lakes - Iris Dröscher; Alain Patoine; Kerri Finlay; Peter R. Leavitt (Limnology and Oceanography, 2009)
We analyzed decade‐long time series of water transparency, algal abundance, zooplankton density, heat income, hydrology, and climate from six polymictic lakes of the northern Great Plains to determine how energy and mass transfers interact to regulate lake structure during the spring clear‐water phase (CWP). Timing (date of occurrence) and intensity (Secchi transparency) of CWP were highly variable among lakes (mean lake‐pair synchrony, S = 0.072, p = 0.53); however, CWP occurred in all lakes when water overlying the sediments reached 16.1°C ± 3.7°C and Daphnia cleared the water column of diatoms. At a decadal resolution, timing and intensity of CWP were correlated strongly and positively (r2 > 0.90, p CWP‐θ ) was itself correlated inversely with the winter index of the North Atlantic Oscillation ( r p r p

Paleolimnological evidence of the effects on lakes of energy and mass transfer from climate and humans - Peter R. Leavitt; S. C. Fritz; N. J. Anderson; P. A. Baker; T. Blenckner; L. Bunting; J. Catalan; D. J. Conley; W. O. Hobbs; E. Jeppesen; A. Korhola; S. McGowan; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2009)
The premise of this article is that climate effects on lakes can be quantified most effectively by the integration of process‐oriented limnological studies with paleolimnological research, particularly when both disciplines operate within a common conceptual framework. To this end, the energy (E)‐mass ( m ) flux framework (E m flux) is developed and applied to selected retrospective studies to demonstrate that climate variability regulates lake structure and function over diverse temporal and spatial scales through four main pathways: rapid direct transfer of E to the lake surface by irradiance, heat, and wind; slow indirect effects of E via changes in terrestrial development and subsequent m subsidies to lakes; direct influx of m as precipitation, particles, and solutes from the atmosphere; and indirect influx of water, suspended particles, and dissolved substances from the catchment. Sedimentary analyses are used to illustrate the unique effects of each pathway on lakes but suggest that interactions among mechanisms are complex and depend on the landscape position of lakes, catchment characteristics, the range of temporal variation of individual pathways, ontogenetic changes in lake basins, and the selective effects of humans on m transfers. In particular, preliminary synthesis suggests that m influx can overwhelm the direct effects of E transfer to lakes, especially when anthropogenic activities alter m subsidies from catchments.

Effect of Ceramide on Nonraft Proteins - Georg Pabst; Beate Boulgaropoulos; Edgar Gander; Bibhu R. Sarangi; Heinz Amenitsch; Velayudhan A. Raghunathan; Peter Laggner (The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2009)

FXYD2 and Na,K-ATPase Expression in Isolated Human Proximal Tubular Cells: Disturbed Upregulation on Renal Hypomagnesemia? - Edinio R. Cairo; Herman G. P. Swarts; Martijn J. G. Wilmer; Peter H. G. M. Willems; Elena N. Levtchenko; Jan Joep H. H. M. De Pont; Jan B. Koenderink (The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2009)

Fur seals at Macquarie Island: post-sealing colonisation, trends in abundance and hybridisation of three species - Simon David Goldsworthy; Jane McKenzie; Brad Page; Melanie L. Lancaster; Peter D. Shaughnessy; Louise P. Wynen; Susan A. Robinson; Kristian J. Peters; Alastair M. M. Baylis; Rebecca R. McIntosh (Polar Biology, 2009)

Seafloor ecosystem functioning: the importance of organic matter priming - Paul van Nugteren; Leon Moodley; Geert-Jan Brummer; Carlo H. R. Heip; Peter M. J. Herman; Jack J. Middelburg (Marine Biology, 2009)

A Description of Seed Potato Systems in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia - Peter R. Gildemacher; Paul Demo; Ian Barker; Wachira Kaguongo; Gebremedhin Woldegiorgis; William W. Wagoire; Mercy Wakahiu; Cees Leeuwis; Paul C. Struik (American Journal of Potato Research, 2009)

Multiple colonizations of a remote oceanic archipelago by one species: how common is long‐distance dispersal? - Lara D. Shepherd; Peter J. De Lange; Leon R. Perrie (Journal of Biogeography, 2009)
Aim It is well established that many groups of plants and animals have undergone long‐distance dispersal, but the extent to which this continues beyond initial colonization is largely unknown. To provide further insight into the frequency of gene flow mediated by long‐distance dispersal, we investigated the origins of the fern Asplenium hookerianum on the Chatham Islands, and present a review of the contribution of molecular data to elucidating the origins of this archipelago’s biota. Location Chatham Islands and New Zealand. A. hookerianum is scarce on the Chatham Islands but common in New Zealand, some 800 km to the west. Methods We compared chloroplast trnL–trnF DNA sequence data from Chatham Islands’ A. hookerianum with extensive phylogeographic data for this genetically variable species in mainland New Zealand. Results Our sequencing revealed the presence of two haplotypes in Chatham Islands’ A. hookerianum . These haplotypes differed by four mutational events and were each more closely related to haplotypes found in New Zealand than to each other. Main conclusions Despite the rarity of A. hookerianum on the Chatham Islands, its populations there appear to derive from at least two long‐distance dispersal events from New Zealand, these possibly originating from different areas. We suggest that long‐distance transoceanic dispersal, and the gene flow it can mediate, may be more common than is generally appreciated.

Nodulation of Sesbania species by Rhizobium ( Agrobacterium ) strain IRBG74 and other rhizobia - Stephen P. Cummings; Prasad Gyaneshwar; Pablo Vinuesa; Frank T. Farruggia; Mitchell Andrews; David Humphry; Geoffrey N. Elliott; Andrew Nelson; Caroline Orr; Deborah Pettitt; Gopit R. Shah; Scott R. Santos; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2009)
Summary Concatenated sequence analysis with 16S rRNA, rpoB and fusA genes identified a bacterial strain (IRBG74) isolated from root nodules of the aquatic legume Sesbania cannabina as a close relative of the plant pathogen Rhizobium radiobacter (syn. Agrobacterium tumefaciens ). However, DNA:DNA hybridization with R. radiobacter , R. rubi , R. vitis and R. huautlense gave only 44%, 5%, 8% and 8% similarity respectively, suggesting that IRBG74 is potentially a new species. Additionally, it contained no vir genes and lacked tumour‐forming ability, but harboured a sym ‐plasmid containing nifH and nodA genes similar to those in other Sesbania symbionts. Indeed, IRBG74 effectively nodulated S. cannabina and seven other Sesbania spp. that nodulate with Ensifer ( Sinorhizobium )/ Rhizobium strains with similar nodA genes to IRBG74, but not species that nodulate with Azorhizobium or Mesorhizobium . Light and electron microscopy revealed that IRBG74 infected Sesbania spp. via lateral root junctions under flooded conditions, but via root hairs under non‐flooded conditions. Thus, IRBG74 is the first confirmed legume‐nodulating symbiont from the Rhizobium ( Agrobacterium ) clade. Cross‐inoculation studies with various Sesbania symbionts showed that S. cannabina could form fully effective symbioses with strains in the genera Rhizobium and Ensifer , only ineffective ones with Azorhizobium strains, and either partially effective ( Mesorhizobium huakii ) or ineffective ( Mesorhizobium plurifarium ) symbioses with Mesorhizobium . These data are discussed in terms of the molecular phylogeny of Sesbania and its symbionts.

Temporal Gravity Variations near Shrinking Vatnajökull Ice Cap, Iceland - Wolfgang R. Jacoby; Oliver Hartmann; Herbert Wallner; Peter L. Smilde; Stefan Bürger; Lars E. Sjöberg; Sigurdur Erlingsson; Detlef Wolf; Volker Klemann; Ingo Sasgen (Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2009)

Comparison of the Cardiac Electrophysiology and General Toxicology of Two Formulations of Intravenous Amiodarone in Dogs - Daniel J. Cushing; Warren D. Cooper; Michael R. Gralinski; Raymond J. Lipicky; Peter J. Kudenchuk; Peter R. Kowey (Cardiovascular Toxicology, 2009)

Measurement and calculation of OH reactivity at a United Kingdom coastal site - James D. Lee; Jennifer C. Young; Katie A. Read; Jacqueline F. Hamilton; James R. Hopkins; Alastair C. Lewis; Brian J. Bandy; James Davey; Peter Edwards; Trevor Ingham; Daniel E. Self; Shona C. Smith; et al. (Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2009)

A highly selective, orally bioavailable, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor has potent activity in vitro and in vivo - Kenneth R. LaMontagne; Jeannene Butler; Virna B. Borowski; Angel R. Fuentes-Pesquera; Jonathan M. Blevitt; Shenlin Huang; Ronghua Li; Peter J. Connolly; Lee M. Greenberger (Angiogenesis, 2009)

Two additional indigenous species of Veronica (Plantaginaceae) from northern New Zealand: V. jovellanoides , a new and highly endangered species, and V. plebeia R.Br. - Geoff R. Davidson; Peter J. de Lange; Phil J. Garnock‐Jones (New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2009)
Veronica jovellanoides is described as a new species from northern New Zealand. it differs from New Zealand species with similar flowers in its herbaceous creeping habit, broad thin leaves with long petioles, few‐flowered inflorescences, and hygrochastic strongly flattened capsules. With only three plants known in the wild, V. jovellanoides is considered Nationally Critical using the New Zealand Threat Classification System. Additionally, V. plebeia is considered indigenous to New Zealand.

Ecological, landscape, and climatic regulation of sediment geochemistry in North American sockeye salmon nursery lakes: Insights for paleoecological salmon investigations - Daniel T. Selbie; Bruce P. Finney; David Barto; Lynda Bunting; Guangjie Chen; Peter R. Leavitt; Erland A. MacIsaac; Daniel E. Schindler; Mark D. Shapley; Irene Gregory-Eavesa (Limnology and Oceanography, 2009)
We used multiple linear regressions across a Northeast Pacific region 56‐lake set to examine the influence of sockeye salmon spawner densities and limnological, climatic, and watershed characteristics on sediment stable nitrogen isotope (δ 15 N) and C:N signatures, geochemical proxies used in paleolimnological reconstructions of prehistoric salmon abundances. Across all sites (n = 56), sedimentary C:N was primarily related to variables reflecting allochthonous organic matter and nutrient fluxes, with 67= of the variance explained by watershed vegetation type, watershed area, mean slope, and salmon spawner densities. In a subset of sites with nutrient data (n = 41), 63= of variance in C:N was explained by precipitation and watershed vegetation type. Sediment δ 15 N was most strongly related to salmon spawner densities, but C:N and watershed area : lake area ratios explained significant residual variance (total 55=). In sites with nutrient data, salmon spawner densities, vegetation type, and spring nitrate explained 62= of the variance in d15N. Sediment C:N and δ 15 N values exhibited distinct interregional variation, typically varying inversely. Regional d15N‐salmon density relationships (regression slopes) varied strongly with total annual precipitation (r 2 = 0.89, p = 0.016, n = 5), suggesting watershed organic matter and nutrient loading vary predictably in relation to regional biogeoclimatic conditions. Our findings demonstrate that paleolimnological analyses are useful for quantitative reconstruction of past salmon densities; however, inferences regarding past salmon populations must consider the factors regulating influxes of nitrogen from watershed sources.

Spatial distribution of detrital resources determines the outcome of competition between bacteria and a facultative detritivorous worm - Paul van Nugteren; Peter M. J. Herman; Leon Moodley; Jack J. Middelburg; Matthijs Vos; Carlo H. R. Heip (Limnology and Oceanography, 2009)
Macrobenthic deposit feeders and bacteria compete for the same detrital food resources. We hypothesize that the spatial scale at which food is distributed in the sediment is an important factor determining the outcome of this competition. Macrobenthic deposit feeders are better adapted for fast consumption of food in concentrated patches, whereas diluted food can only be exploited by bacteria. This hypothesis was tested in an experiment in which a fixed quantity of isotopically labeled algal detritus was offered to a natural bacterial community and the polychaete worm Nereis (= Hediste ) diversicolor , either as a concentrated patch or mixed through the sediment matrix. Worms dominated food uptake in the concentrated treatment, while bacterial uptake was much greater in the diluted treatment. The experiment demonstrated scale‐based niche differentiation between these taxonomically distant groups. It also showed that worms spatially redistributed food and made it available to bacteria in that way. Together, these mechanisms may stimulate stable co‐existence through a scale‐based partitioning of resources.

Global impairment of prospective memory following acute alcohol - Julie R. Leitz; Celia J. A. Morgan; James A. Bisby; Peter G. Rendell; H. Valerie Curran (Psychopharmacology, 2009)

Rhizosphere engineering and management for sustainable agriculture - Peter R. Ryan; Yves Dessaux; Linda S. Thomashow; David M. Weller (Plant and Soil, 2009)

Transcriptome analysis of a bacterially induced basal and hypersensitive response of Medicago truncatula - Zoltán Bozsó; Nicolas Maunoury; Agnes Szatmari; Peter Mergaert; Péter G. Ott; László R. Zsíros; Erika Szabó; Éva Kondorosi; Zoltán Klement (Plant Molecular Biology, 2009)

Experimental confirmation of multiple community states in a marine ecosystem - Peter S. Petraitis; Elizabeth T. Methratta; Erika C. Rhile; Nicholas A. Vidargas; Steve R. Dudgeon (Oecologia, 2009)

Brain donation: who and why? - Xanthe Meryn Glaw; Therese M. Garrick; Peter J. Terwee; Jo R. Patching; Helen Blake; Clive Harper (Cell and Tissue Banking, 2009)

Direct and indirect effects of rats: does rat eradication restore ecosystem functioning of New Zealand seabird islands? - Christa P. H. Mulder; M. Nicole Grant-Hoffman; David R. Towns; Peter J. Bellingham; David A. Wardle; Melody S. Durrett; Tadashi Fukami; Karen I. Bonner (Biological Invasions, 2009)

Application of manure to no-till soils: phosphorus losses by sub-surface and surface pathways - Peter J. A. Kleinman; Andrew N. Sharpley; Lou S. Saporito; Anthony R. Buda; Ray B. Bryant (Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2009)

Quantitative Analysis of Promoter Activity by Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Target/Reporter Strategy in a Novel Transgenic alx/fpr-rs2 Null Mouse - Neil Peter Dufton; R. Hannon; M. Perretti; R. Flower (Inflammation Research, 2009)

Influence of natural amphipod (Victoriopisa australiensis) (Chilton, 1923) population densities on benthic metabolism, nutrient fluxes, denitrification and DNRA in sub-tropical estuarine sediment - Ryan J. K. Dunn; David T. Welsh; Mark A. Jordan; Peter R. Teasdale; Charles J. Lemckert (Hydrobiologia, 2009)

Understanding Causes and Impacts of the Dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Blooms in the Chesapeake Bay - Margaret R. Mulholland; Ryan E. Morse; George E. Boneillo; Peter W. Bernhardt; Katherine C. Filippino; Leo A. Procise; Jose L. Blanco-Garcia; Harold G. Marshall; Todd A. Egerton; William S. Hunley; Kenneth A. Moore; Dianna L. Berry; et al. (Estuaries and Coasts, 2009)

The N-glycolyl form of mouse sialyl Lewis X is recognized by selectins but not by HECA-452 and FH6 antibodies that were raised against human cells - Junya Mitoma; Tatsuo Miyazaki; Mark Sutton-Smith; Misa Suzuki; Hideo Saito; Jiunn-Chern Yeh; Takehiro Kawano; Ole Hindsgaul; Peter H. Seeberger; Maria Panico; Stuart M. Haslam; Howard R. Morris; et al. (Glycoconjugate Journal, 2009)

Analysis of information used in the management of plant genetic resources: a case study from northwestern Mato Grosso, Brazil - Jorge L. Vivan; Peter H. May; Luís H. H. da Cunha; Walter S. de Boef; Charles R. Clement (Agroforestry Systems, 2009)

Population dynamics of two sympatric rodents in a variable environment: rainfall, resource availability, and predation - M. Andrea Previtali; Mauricio Lima; Peter L. Meserve; Douglas A. Kelt; Julio R. Gutiérrez (Ecology, 2009)
Precipitation plays an important role in the dynamics of species found in arid and semiarid environments. However, population fluctuations generally are driven by a combination of multiple factors whose relative contribution may vary through time and among species. We monitored fluctuations of species in three trophic levels for >17 years at a semiarid community in north‐central Chile. The region is strongly affected by the El Niño Southern Oscillation, resulting in high variation in rainfall that triggers dramatic changes in food resource availability, with strong effects on upper trophic levels. We focused our analyses on the role played by endogenous and exogenous (climatic) factors on the dynamics of two important rodent species in the community, Octodon degus and Phyllotis darwini . We documented population fluctuations of several orders of magnitude in response to wet and dry episodes of different strength and duration. P. darwini reached similar maximum densities, regardless of the duration of high‐rainfall events, whereas O. degus showed additive effects of multiple wet years. Time series diagnostic tools revealed oscillations with a 5‐year periodicity in rainfall, which may be the cause of the same periodicity and a weak second‐order signal observed in the rodent dynamics. However, the dynamics of both rodent species were dominated by strong first‐order processes, suggesting an important role of direct density dependence. Intraspecific competition, expressed as the ratio of rodent density/rainfall (or food resources) explained more than two‐thirds of the variation in the population rate of change, whereas less than one‐third was explained by lagged rainfall (or food resources). We detected no significant effects of predation. Our results contribute to a growing number of examples of dynamics governed by the combined effect of density dependence and climatic forcing. They also reveal strong bottom‐up regulation that may be common in other arid environments.

Innate and adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis - René R. S. Packard; Andrew H. Lichtman; Peter Libby (Seminars in Immunopathology, 2009)

P2 purinergic receptor mRNA in rat and human sinoatrial node and other heart regions - Hanny Musa; James O. Tellez; Natalie J. Chandler; Ian D. Greener; Michał Mączewski; Urszula Mackiewicz; Andrzej Beresewicz; Peter Molenaar; Mark R. Boyett; Halina Dobrzynski (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2009)

Isolation and Characterisation of a Δ5-fatty Acid Elongase from the Marine Microalga Pavlova salina - Stanley S. Robert; James R. Petrie; Xue-Rong Zhou; Maged P. Mansour; Susan I. Blackburn; Allan G. Green; Surinder P. Singh; Peter D. Nichols (Marine Biotechnology, 2009)

A thermostable hybrid cluster protein from Pyrococcus furiosus: effects of the loss of a three helix bundle subdomain - Marieke L. Overeijnder; Wilfred R. Hagen; Peter-Leon Hagedoorn (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2009)

Long-term Site Fidelity and Individual Home Range Shifts in Lophocebus albigena - Karline R. L. Janmaat; William Olupot; Rebecca L. Chancellor; Malgorzata E. Arlet; Peter M. Waser (International Journal of Primatology, 2009)

Osteosarcoma treatment: state of the art - Hang T. Ta; Crispin R. Dass; Peter F. M. Choong; Dave E. Dunstan (Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2009)

Ecology and conservation status of endemic freshwater crabs in Lake Tanganyika, Africa - Saskia A. E. Marijnissen; Ellinor Michel; Daniel F. R. Cleary; Peter B. McIntyre (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2009)

Detection of Phytophthora erythroseptica in Above-ground Potato Tissues, Progeny Tubers, Stolons and Crop Debris Using PCR Techniques - U. N. Nanayakkara; Mathuresh Singh; K. I. Al-Mughrabi; R. D. Peters (American Journal of Potato Research, 2009)

Relationship between tree canopy height and the production of pasture species in a silvopastoral system based on alder trees - Naba R. Devkota; Peter D. Kemp; John Hodgson; Ian Valentine; I. Komang D. Jaya (Agroforestry Systems, 2009)

Novice drivers’ performance after different alcohol dosages and placebo in the divided-attention steering simulator (DASS) - Joris C. Verster; Anne E. Wester; Maartje Goorden; Jan-Peter van Wieringen; Berend Olivier; Edmund R. Volkerts (Psychopharmacology, 2009)

Improving Potato Production in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia: A System Diagnosis - Peter R. Gildemacher; Wachira Kaguongo; Oscar Ortiz; Agajie Tesfaye; Gebremedhin Woldegiorgis; William W. Wagoire; Rogers Kakuhenzire; Peter M. Kinyae; Moses Nyongesa; Paul C. Struik; Cees Leeuwis (Potato Research, 2009)

Cloning and molecular characterization of a novel x-type glutenin gene Glu-D t 1 from Aegilops tauschii - Jingye Fang; Yong Liu; Change Zhang; Guangxiao Yang; Kexiu Li; Peter R. Shewry; Guangyuan He (Molecular Biology Reports, 2009)

Intra- and inter-individual genetic differences in gene expression - Mark J. Cowley; Chris J. Cotsapas; Rohan B. H. Williams; Eva K. F. Chan; Jeremy N. Pulvers; Michael Y. Liu; Oscar J. Luo; David J. Nott; Peter F. R. Little (Mammalian Genome, 2009)

Twentieth century eutrophication of the St. Croix River (Minnesota–Wisconsin, USA) reconstructed from the sediments of its natural impoundment - Mark B. Edlund; Daniel R. Engstrom; Laura D. Triplett; Brenda Moraska Lafrancois; Peter R. Leavitt (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2009)

Development of a generic approach to native metalloproteomics: application to the quantitative identification of soluble copper proteins in Escherichia coli - Ana-Maria Sevcenco; Gerard C. Krijger; Martijn W. H. Pinkse; Peter D. E. M. Verhaert; Wilfred R. Hagen; Peter-Leon Hagedoorn (JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2009)

Chesapeake Bay Plume Morphology and the Effects on Nutrient Dynamics and Primary Productivity in the Coastal Zone - Katherine C. Filippino; Peter W. Bernhardt; Margaret R. Mulholland (Estuaries and Coasts, 2009)

Movements of brown smoothhounds, Mustelus henlei, in Tomales Bay, California - Brent R. Campos; Maxfield A. Fish; Gardner Jones; Rebecca W. Riley; Peter J. Allen; Peter A. Klimley; Joseph J. Cech; John T. Kelly (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2009)

Dietary medicinal plant extracts improve growth, immune activity and survival of tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus - G. Immanuel; R. P. Uma; P. Iyapparaj; T. Citarasu; S. M. Punitha Peter; M. Michael Babu; A. Palavesam (Journal of Fish Biology, 2009)
The effects of supplementing diets with acetone extract (1% w/w) from four medicinal plants (Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon , H 1 , beal Aegle marmelos , H 2 , winter cherry Withania somnifera , H 3 and ginger Zingiber officinale , H 4 ) on growth, the non‐specific immune response and ability to resist pathogen infection in tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus were assessed. In addition, the antimicrobial properties of the extract were assessed against Vibrio alginolyticus , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Vibrio mimicus , Vibrio campbelli , Vibrio vulnificus , Vibrio harveyi and Photobacterium damselae . Oreochromis mossambicus were fed 5% of their body mass per day for 45 days, and those fed the experimental diets showed a greater increase in mass (111–139%) over the 45 days compared to those that received the control diet (98%). The specific growth rate of O. mossambicus fed the four diets was also significantly greater (1·66–1·93%) than control (1·52%) diet‐fed fish. The blood plasma chemistry analysis revealed that protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, glucose and triglyceride levels of experimental fish were significantly higher than that of control fish. Packed cell volume of the blood samples of experimental diet‐fed fish was also significantly higher (34·16–37·95%) than control fish (33·0%). Leucocrit value, phagocytic index and lysozyme activity were enhanced in fish fed the plant extract‐supplemented diets. The acetone extract of the plants inhibited growth of Vibrio spp. and P. damselae with extracts from W. somnifera showing maximum growth inhibition. A challenge test with V. vulnificus showed 100% mortality in O. mossambicus fed the control diet by day 15, whereas the fish fed the experimental diets registered only 63–80% mortality at the end of challenge experiment (30 days). The cumulative mortality index for the control group was 12 000, which was equated to 1·0% mortality, and accordingly, the lowest mortality of 0·35% was registered in H 4 ‐diet‐fed group.

Primary production dynamics and climate variability: ecological consequences in semiarid Chile - MARIANO DE LA MAZA; MAURICIO LIMA; PETER L. MESERVE; JULIO R. GUTIÉRREZ; FABIAN M. JAKSIC (Global Change Biology, 2009)
Increase in rainfall variability has important consequences for organisms in arid and semiarid regions around the world. In South American and Australian deserts, the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon greatly influences rainfall patterns, and therefore the dynamics of plant communities. However, the field data needed to assess the effect of climate change on vegetational patterns is difficult to obtain because of the large spatial scale required for such studies. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) characteristics allow the use of several indexes related to vegetational structure. Due to its direct relationship with primary productivity, it is possible to obtain several measures of annual productivity. These include annual plant yield, annual maximum yield, onset of ‘greening‐up’ and senescence phases, length of the ‘green’ season, vegetation peak, and therefore, the periods when more or less food is available for herbivores. After verification with ground‐truth measures, we used NDVI data from two semiarid localities in north‐central Chile (Fray Jorge and Aucó) to determine the relationship between rainfall patterns and vegetation cover and productivity related to El Niño phenomenon. With this information we gauge the influence of climatic processes on primary productivity in western South America, an area subject to strong climate variability. We predict significant variation in Chilean semiarid regions due to climate change, affecting mainly the extent and timing of annual growth season of vegetation, and also including a shorter and delayed greening‐up season. Also, we predict that important decreases in rainfall levels will not have strong effects on primary production in these semiarid ecosystems.

Distribution of Anthocyanins Delivered from a Bioadhesive Black Raspberry Gel Following Topical Intraoral Application in Normal Healthy Volunteers - Carlos M. Ugalde; Zhongfa Liu; Chen Ren; Kenneth K. Chan; Kapila A. Rodrigo; Yhonghua Ling; Peter E. Larsen; Guillermo E. Chacon; Gary D. Stoner; Russell J. Mumper; Henry W. Fields; Susan R. Mallery (Pharmaceutical Research, 2009)

Glycemic index, carbohydrate and fiber intakes and risk of reflux esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma - Helen G. Mulholland; Marie M. Cantwell; Lesley A. Anderson; Brian T. Johnston; R. G. Peter Watson; Seamus J. Murphy; Heather R. Ferguson; Jim McGuigan; John V. Reynolds; Harry Comber; Liam J. Murray (Cancer Causes & Control, 2009)

Brain thermal inertia, but no evidence for selective brain cooling, in free-ranging western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) - Shane K. Maloney; Andrea Fuller; Leith C. R. Meyer; Peter R. Kamerman; Graham Mitchell; Duncan Mitchell (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2009)

Differences in aggressive behavior between convict cichlid color morphs: amelanistic convicts lose even with a size advantage - Adam R. Reddon; Peter L. Hurd (acta ethologica, 2009)

Analysis of production objectives and breeding practices of dairy goats in Kenya - R. C. Bett; I. S. Kosgey; A. K. Kahi; K. J. Peters (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2009)

Effects of the H3 receptor inverse agonist thioperamide on cocaine-induced locomotion in mice: role of the histaminergic system and potential pharmacokinetic interactions - Christian Brabant; Livia Alleva; Thierry Grisar; Etienne Quertemont; Bernard Lakaye; Hiroshi Ohtsu; Jian-Sheng Lin; Peter Jatlow; Marina R. Picciotto; Ezio Tirelli (Psychopharmacology, 2009)

Reciprocal chromosome translocation associated with TDNA-insertion mutation in Arabidopsis: genetic and cytological analyses of consequences for gametophyte development and for construction of doubly mutant lines - Marc J. Curtis; Katia Belcram; Stephanie R. Bollmann; Colin M. Tominey; Peter D. Hoffman; Raphael Mercier; John B. Hays (Planta, 2009)

Parasites, info-disruption, and the ecology of fear - Jason R. Rohr; Autumn Swan; Thomas R. Raffel; Peter J. Hudson (Oecologia, 2009)

Allelic variation and genetic diversity of high molecular weight glutenin subunit in Chinese endemic wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) - Jingye Fang; Yong Liu; Jie Luo; Yuesheng Wang; Peter R. Shewry; Guangyuan He (Euphytica, 2009)

Implications of metal accumulation mechanisms to phytoremediation - Abdul R. Memon; Peter Schröder (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2009)

Projected climate‐induced faunal change in the Western Hemisphere - Joshua J. Lawler; Sarah L. Shafer; Denis White; Peter Kareiva; Edwin P. Maurer; Andrew R. Blaustein; Patrick J. Bartlein (Ecology, 2009)
Climate change is predicted to be one of the greatest drivers of ecological change in the coming century. Increases in temperature over the last century have clearly been linked to shifts in species distributions. Given the magnitude of projected future climatic changes, we can expect even larger range shifts in the coming century. These changes will, in turn, alter ecological communities and the functioning of ecosystems. Despite the seriousness of predicted climate change, the uncertainty in climate‐change projections makes it difficult for conservation managers and planners to proactively respond to climate stresses. To address one aspect of this uncertainty, we identified predictions of faunal change for which a high level of consensus was exhibited by different climate models. Specifically, we assessed the potential effects of 30 coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) future‐climate simulations on the geographic ranges of 2954 species of birds, mammals, and amphibians in the Western Hemisphere. Eighty percent of the climate projections based on a relatively low greenhouse‐gas emissions scenario result in the local loss of at least 10% of the vertebrate fauna over much of North and South America. The largest changes in fauna are predicted for the tundra, Central America, and the Andes Mountains where, assuming no dispersal constraints, specific areas are likely to experience over 90% turnover, so that faunal distributions in the future will bear little resemblance to those of today.

Characterizing the microhabitats of exotic species in Illinois shale barrens - Natalie M. West; David J. Gibson; Peter R. Minchin (Plant Ecology, 2009)

Using ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) shells to reconstruct palaeoenvironment in Öresund, Kattegat and Skagerrak, Sweden - Elena Dunca; Harry Mutvei; Peter Göransson; Carl-Magnus Mörth; Bernd R. Schöne; Martin J. Whitehouse; Mikael Elfman; Susanne P. Baden (International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2009)

Effects of nutrients and dissolved organic matter on the response of phytoplankton to ultraviolet radiation: experimental comparison in spring versus summer - Caren E. Scott; Jasmine E. Saros; Craig E. Williamson; Courtney R. Salm; Stephen C. Peters; David L. Mitchell (Hydrobiologia, 2009)

Developing an Ocean Ethic: Science, Utility, Aesthetics, Self‐Interest, and Different Ways of Knowing - PETER J. AUSTER; ROD FUJITA; STEPHEN R. KELLERT; JOHN AVISE; CLAUDIO CAMPAGNA; BENJAMIN CUKER; PAUL DAYTON; BURR HENEMAN; RICHARD KENCHINGTON; GREG STONE; GIUSEPPE NOTARBARTOLO DI SCIARA; POLITA GLYNN (Conservation Biology, 2009)

Sensitivity Analyses of Spatial Population Viability Analysis Models for Species at Risk and Habitat Conservation Planning - ILONA R. NAUJOKAITIS‐LEWIS; JANELLE M. R. CURTIS; PETER ARCESE; JORDAN ROSENFELD (Conservation Biology, 2009)
Population viability analysis (PVA) is an effective framework for modeling species‐ and habitat‐recovery efforts, but uncertainty in parameter estimates and model structure can lead to unreliable predictions. Integrating complex and often uncertain information into spatial PVA models requires that comprehensive sensitivity analyses be applied to explore the influence of spatial and nonspatial parameters on model predictions. We reviewed 87 analyses of spatial demographic PVA models of plants and animals to identify common approaches to sensitivity analysis in recent publications. In contrast to best practices recommended in the broader modeling community, sensitivity analyses of spatial PVAs were typically ad hoc, inconsistent, and difficult to compare. Most studies applied local approaches to sensitivity analyses, but few varied multiple parameters simultaneously. A lack of standards for sensitivity analysis and reporting in spatial PVAs has the potential to compromise the ability to learn collectively from PVA results, accurately interpret results in cases where model relationships include nonlinearities and interactions, prioritize monitoring and management actions, and ensure conservation‐planning decisions are robust to uncertainties in spatial and nonspatial parameters. Our review underscores the need to develop tools for global sensitivity analysis and apply these to spatial PVA.

The potential of nano-structured silicon oxide type coatings deposited by PACVD for control of aquatic biofouling - Laurent Akesso; Michala E. Pettitt; James A. Callow; Maureen E. Callow; Joanne Stallard; Dennis Teer; Chen Liu; Su Wang; Qi Zhao; Fraddry D'Souza; Peter R. Willemsen; Glen T. Donnelly; et al. (Biofouling, 2009)

New predictive equations for Arias intensity from crustal earthquakes in New Zealand - Peter J. Stafford; John B. Berrill; Jarg R. Pettinga (Journal of Seismology, 2009)

Clinical variability in distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (DSMA1): determination of steady-state IGHMBP2 protein levels in five patients with infantile and juvenile disease - Ulf-Peter Guenther; Lusy Handoko; Raymonda Varon; Ulrich Stephani; Chang-Yong Tsao; Jerry R. Mendell; Susanne Lützkendorf; Christoph Hübner; Katja von Au; Sibylle Jablonka; Gunnar Dittmar; Udo Heinemann; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2009)

Reinforcement and learning - Maria R. Servedio; Stein A. Sæther; Glenn-Peter Sætre (Evolutionary Ecology, 2009)

Coxsackie B meningoencephalitis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and a multiple sclerosis–like illness - Joseph R. Berger; Dominic B. Fee; Peter Nelson; Gerald Nuovo (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2009)

Phylogeography of an estuarine mysid, Neomysis integer (Crustacea, Mysida), along the north‐east Atlantic coasts - Thomas Remerie; Andy Vierstraete; Peter H. H. Weekers; Jacques R. Vanfleteren; Ann Vanreusel (Journal of Biogeography, 2009)
Aim The brackish water mysid, Neomysis integer , is one of the most common mysid species along the coasts of the north‐east Atlantic. In the present study, the phylogeographical patterns were examined throughout the distribution range of N. integer . In particular, the latitudinal trends in genetic diversity and the distribution of genetic variation were examined in order to elucidate the imprints of the Pleistocene glaciations. Location North‐east Atlantic coasts from the Baltic Sea to the south of Spain. Methods A total of 461 specimens from 11 populations were analysed by means of single‐stranded conformation polymorphism analysis combined with DNA sequencing of a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene. The genetic structure was examined by using a progression of phylogenetic, demographic and population genetic analyses to elucidate not only the geographical structure, but also the evolutionary history producing that structure. Results The levels of genetic diversity were relatively uniform throughout the distribution range, with the exception of a decline at the northern and southern edges of distribution. A high heterogeneity was observed between the populations analysed (global Φ ST = 0.787). This is caused by the disparate distribution of the cytochrome oxidase I haplotypes, with several population‐specific haplotypes. A clear genetic break (2.4% sequence divergence) occurred between the southernmost Guadalquivir population and all other populations. Main conclusions The present study corroborates the expectations of the genetic patterns typically observed in an estuarine species. The within‐population variability was low, whereas a significant (moderate to high) divergence was observed between populations. Phylogeographical analysis revealed that northern populations within the English Channel, North Sea and Baltic Sea are characterized by several widespread haplotypes, while the Irish population and all sites south of the Bay of Biscay consist solely of unique haplotypes. This pattern, combined with the relative high levels of genetic diversity, could be indicative for the presence of a glacial refugium in the English Channel region. Under this scenario N. integer must have survived the Last Glacial Maximum in the palaeoriver system present in that region.

The brighter side of soils: Quantum dots track organic nitrogen through fungi and plants - Matthew D. Whiteside; Kathleen K. Treseder; Peter R. Atsatt (Ecology, 2009)
Soil microorganisms mediate many nutrient transformations that are central in terrestrial cycling of carbon and nitrogen. However, uptake of organic nutrients by microorganisms is difficult to study in natural systems. We assessed quantum dots (fluorescent nanoscale semiconductors) as a new tool to observe uptake and translocation of organic nitrogen by fungi and plants. We conjugated quantum dots to the amino groups of glycine, arginine, and chitosan and incubated them with Penicillium fungi (a saprotroph) and annual bluegrass ( Poa annua ) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. As experimental controls, we incubated fungi and bluegrass samples with substrate‐free quantum dots as well as unbound quantum dot substrate mixtures. Penicillium fungi, annual bluegrass, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi all showed uptake and translocation of quantum dot‐labeled organic nitrogen, but no uptake of quantum dot controls. Additionally, we observed quantum dot‐labeled organic nitrogen within soil hyphae, plant roots, and plant shoots using field imaging techniques. This experiment is one of the first to demonstrate direct uptake of organic nitrogen by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Advances in plant food processing in the Near Eastern Epipalaeolithic and implications for improved edibility and nutrient bioaccessibility: an experimental assessment of Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla (sea club-rush) - Michèle M. Wollstonecroft; Peter R. Ellis; Gordon C. Hillman; Dorian Q. Fuller (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2008)

Ultrasound Assisted Engineering of Lactose Crystals - Ravindra S. Dhumal; Shailesh V. Biradar; Anant R. Paradkar; Peter York (Pharmaceutical Research, 2008)

Activation of β-adrenoceptors mimics preconditioning of rat-isolated atria and ventricles against ischaemic contractile dysfunction - Peter E. Penson; William R. Ford; Emma J. Kidd; Kenneth J. Broadley (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2008)

Microhabitat use by larvae and females of a rare barrens butterfly, frosted elfin (Callophrys irus) - Gene Albanese; Peter D. Vickery; Paul R. Sievert (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2008)

The Synthesis of Phosphopeptides Using Microwave-assisted Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis - Paul W. R. Harris; Geoffrey M. Williams; Peter Shepherd; Margaret A. Brimble (International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, 2008)

Persistent Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Tissues and Eggs of White-Backed Vulture, Gyps bengalensis from Different Locations in India - S. Muralidharan; V. Dhananjayan; Robert Risebrough; V. Prakash; R. Jayakumar; Peter H. Bloom (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2008)

Unique tetrads of Epilobium luteum (Onagraceae: Onagreae) pollen from Alaska - John J. Skvarla; John R. Rowley; Peter C. Hoch; William F. Chissoe (Brittonia, 2008)

Phylogeography of native ploidy levels and invasive tetraploids of Solidago gigantea - DANIEL R. SCHLAEPFER; PETER J. EDWARDS; ALEX WIDMER; REGULA BILLETER (Molecular Ecology, 2008)
Ploidy level is an important aspect of the genetic makeup of a plant, and can strongly influence ecological characteristics such as invasiveness. We used a phylogeographical approach to elucidate the history of polyploidization and colonization success of diploid and tetraploid Solidago gigantea Aiton (Asteraceae) within its native range in North America. We were also able to identify the probable source material of the haplotype lineages invasive in Europe and Asia, where only tetraploid plants occur. To do this, we sequenced 1275 bp of chloroplast intergenic spacer DNA in 268 individuals from 57 populations. In addition, we performed a crossing experiment, which supported the hypothesis that chloroplast inheritance in this species is maternal. The phylogeographical analysis showed a complex pattern of 20 haplotypes of diploid and tetraploid plants. In North America, we found significant differentiation among regions, private haplotypes, and isolation by distance. Ploidy levels were more differentiated in the northern regions than in the South. The haplotype network was shallow and included one tetraploid‐only, star‐shaped cluster of haplotypes that were particularly successful colonizers. Post‐glacial migration of diploid S. gigantea occurred mainly northwards east of the Appalachian Mountains, and to a lesser degree also southward. Our data suggest that tetraploids have formed several times in North America. Haplotype number and diversity were lower in European populations than in the native range, and we found evidence that four haplotypes were introduced to Europe from two source areas, New England and the Southern Appalachian Mountains.

Antioxidant, α-amylase inhibitory and brine-shrimp toxicity studies on Centaurea centaurium L. methanolic root extract - Filomena Conforti; Federica Menichini; Monica R. Loizzo; A. Giancarlo Statti; Antonio Rapisarda; Francesco Menichini; Peter J. Houghton (Natural Product Research, 2008)

The novel genetic variant predisposing to coronary artery disease in the region of the PSRC1 and CELSR2 genes on chromosome 1 associates with serum cholesterol - Nilesh J. Samani; Peter S. Braund; Jeanette Erdmann; Anika Götz; Maciej Tomaszewski; Patrick Linsel-Nitschke; Cother Hajat; Massimo Mangino; Christian Hengstenberg; Klaus Stark; Andreas Ziegler; Mark Caulfield; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2008)

Vertical whole-body vibration does not increase cardiovascular stress to static semi-squat exercise - Tom J. Hazell; Graeme W. R. Thomas; Jason R. DeGuire; Peter W. R. Lemon (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2008)

Changes in Population, Growth, and Physiological Indices of Longnose Dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) in the Red Deer River, Alberta, Canada - Ken M. Jeffries; Leland J. Jackson; Lisa E. Peters; Kelly R. Munkittrick (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2008)

Interactions between changing pCO2, N2 fixation, and Fe limitation in the marine unicellular cyanobacterium Crocosphaera - Fei-Xue Fu; Margaret R. Mulholland; Nathan S. Garcia; Aaron Beck; Peter W. Bernhardt; Mark E. Warner; Sergio A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy; David A. Hutchins (Limnology and Oceanography, 2008)
We examined the physiological responses of steady‐state iron (Fe)‐replete and Fe‐limited cultures of the biogeochemically critical marine unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacterium Crocosphaera at glacial (19 Pa; 190 ppm), current (39 Pa; 380 ppm), and projected year 2100 (76 Pa; 750 ppm) CO 2 levels. Rates of N 2 and CO 2 fixation and growth increased in step with increasing partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ), but only under Fe‐replete conditions. N 2 and carbon fixation rates at 75 Pa CO 2 were 1.4‐1.8‐fold and 1.2‐2.0‐fold higher, respectively, relative to those at present day and glacial pCO 2 levels. In Fe‐replete cultures, cellular Fe and molybdenum quotas varied threefold and were linearly related to N 2 fixation rates and to external pCO 2 . However, N 2 fixation and trace metal quotas were decoupled from pCO 2 in Fe‐limited Crocosphaera . Higher CO 2 and Fe concentrations both resulted in increased cellular pigment contents and affected photosynthesis vs. irradiance parameters. If these results also apply to natural Crocosphaera populations, anthropogenic CO 2 enrichment could substantially increase global oceanic N 2 and CO 2 fixation, but this effect may be tempered by Fe availability. Possible biogeochemical consequences may include elevated inputs of new nitrogen to the ocean and increased potential for Fe and/or phosphorus limitation in the future high‐CO 2 ocean, and feedbacks to atmospheric pCO 2 in both the near future and over glacial to interglacial timescales.

Cytogeography of Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae) and its invasive ploidy level - Daniel R. Schlaepfer; Peter J. Edwards; John C. Semple; Regula Billeter (Journal of Biogeography, 2008)
Aim Newly formed polyploids experience problems of establishment and spread similar to those faced by newly introduced alien species. To understand the significance of polyploidy in biological invasions, we mapped the distribution of ploidy levels in Solidago gigantea Aiton in its native range in North America, and in Europe and East Asia where it is invasive. Location North America, Europe and East Asia. Methods Flow cytometry was used to measure ploidy levels in a total of 834 plants from 149 locations. Together with data from contributors and a literature review, ploidy‐level data were assembled for 336 locations. Cytogeographical maps from North America and Europe were prepared, incorporating new and previously published ploidy‐level data. Results In the native range, diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid plants were found, and also one triploid and one pentaploid plant (2 n = 3 x and 2 n = 5 x , respectively, each being new reports for this species). There was a high degree of geographical separation among the ploidy levels, and populations with mixed ploidy were rare. However, four zones were identified where plants of different ploidy could come into contact. In Europe and East Asia, only tetraploid plants were found. Main conclusions The geographical pattern in North America suggests that the ploidy levels are ecologically differentiated, although further investigations are needed to identify the nature of these differences. Alien populations appear to be exclusively tetraploid, but it is not clear whether this is because tetraploids were selectively introduced or because diploids were unsuccessful. In any case, comparisons between native and introduced populations need to account for ploidy level.

Expression of a putative nitrite reductase and the reversible inhibition of nitrite‐dependent respiration by nitric oxide in Nitrobacter winogradskyi Nb‐255 - Shawn R. Starkenburg; Daniel J. Arp; Peter J. Bottomley (Environmental Microbiology, 2008)
Summary The nitrite oxidizing Alphaproteobacterium , Nitrobacter winogradskyi , primarily conserves energy from the oxidation of nitrite (NO 2 − ) to nitrate (NO 3 − ) through aerobic respiration. Almost 20 years ago, NO‐dependent NADH formation was reported to occur in both aerobic and anaerobic cell suspensions of N. winogradskyi strain ‘agilis’, suggesting that NO oxidation might contribute to energy conservation by Nitrobacter . Recently, the N. winogradskyi Nb‐255 genome was found to contain a gene (Nwin_2648) that encodes a putative copper‐containing nitrite reductase (NirK), which may reduce NO 2 − to NO. In this study, the putative nirK was found to be maximally transcribed under low O 2 (between zero and 4% O 2 ) in the presence of NO 2 − . Transcription of nirK was not detected under anaerobic conditions in the absence of NO 2 − or in the presence of NO 3 − and pyruvate. Although net production of NO could not be detected from either aerobically grown or anaerobically incubated cells, exogenous NO was consumed by viable cells and concomitantly inhibited NO 2 − ‐dependent O 2 uptake in a reversible, concentration dependent manner. Both NO 2 − ‐dependent O 2 uptake and NO consumption were inhibited by 1 mM cyanide suggesting involvement of cytochrome oxidase with NO consumption. Abiotic consumption of NO was measured, yet, both the rates and kinetics of NO transformation in buffer alone, or by heat killed, or cyanide‐treated cells differed from those of viable cells. In light of this new information, a modified model is proposed to explain how NirK and NO manage electron flux in Nitrobacter .

A new snailfish, Paraliparis nigellus sp. nov. (Scorpaeniformes, Liparidae), from the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge – with notes on occurrence of Psednos in the area - Natalia V. Chernova; Peter R. Møller (Marine Biology Research, 2008)

Seismic source identification and characterisation for probabilistic seismic hazard analyses conducted in the Buller–NW Nelson Region, South Island, New Zealand - Peter J. Stafford; Jarg R. Pettinga; John B. Berrill (Journal of Seismology, 2008)

Lack of association of genetic variants in the LRP8 gene with familial and sporadic myocardial infarction - Wolfgang Lieb; Tanja Zeller; Massimo Mangino; Anika Götz; Peter Braund; Juergen J. Wenzel; Christian Horn; Carole Proust; Patrick Linsel-Nitschke; Philippe Amouyel; Petra Bruse; Dominique Arveiler; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2008)

A review of cephalopod–environment interactions in European Seas - Graham J. Pierce; Vasilis D. Valavanis; Angel Guerra; Patricia Jereb; Lydia Orsi-Relini; Jose M. Bellido; Isidora Katara; Uwe Piatkowski; João Pereira; Eduardo Balguerias; Ignacio Sobrino; Eugenia Lefkaditou; et al. (Hydrobiologia, 2008)

Mortality patterns over 3 years in a sparse population of wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in New Zealand, with an emphasis on rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) - Joerg Henning; Dirk U. Pfeiffer; Peter R. Davies; Mark A. Stevenson; Joanne Meers (European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2008)

Genetic and phenotypic characterization of a low-pathogenicity avian influenza H11N9 virus - Jinling Li; Carol J. Cardona; Zheng Xing; Peter R. Woolcock (Archives of Virology, 2008)

Pathogenicity to Potato Tubers of Fusarium spp. Isolated from Potato, Cereal and Forage Crops - Rick D. Peters; Chris MacLeod; Keith A. Seifert; Richard A. Martin; Larry R. Hale; Craig R. Grau; Shelly MacInnis (American Journal of Potato Research, 2008)

Inspiratory muscle training reduces blood lactate concentration during volitional hyperpnoea - Peter I. Brown; Graham R. Sharpe; Michael A. Johnson (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2008)

Automated quantification of dendritic spine density and spine head diameter in medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens - Haowei Shen; Susan R. Sesack; Shigenobu Toda; Peter W. Kalivas (Brain Structure and Function, 2008)

Mechanical Properties of Plant Underground Storage Organs and Implications for Dietary Models of Early Hominins - Nathaniel J. Dominy; Erin R. Vogel; Justin D. Yeakel; Paul Constantino; Peter W. Lucas (Evolutionary Biology, 2008)

Biogeographical patterns of rocky intertidal communities along the Pacific coast of North America - Carol A. Blanchette; C. Melissa Miner; Peter T. Raimondi; David Lohse; Kristen E. K. Heady; Bernardo R. Broitman (Journal of Biogeography, 2008)
Aim Our aim in this paper is to present the first broad‐scale quantification of species abundance for rocky intertidal communities along the Pacific coast of North America. Here we examine the community‐level marine biogeographical patterns in the context of formerly described biogeographical regions, and we evaluate the combined effects of geographical distance and environmental conditions on patterns of species similarity across this region. Location Pacific coast of North America. Methods Data on the percentage cover of benthic marine organisms were collected at 67 rocky intertidal sites from south‐eastern Alaska, USA, to central Baja California Sur, Mexico. Cluster analysis and non‐metric multidimensional scaling were used to evaluate the spatial patterns of species similarity among sites relative to those of previously defined biogeographical regions. Matrices of similarity in species composition among all sites were computed and analysed with respect to geographical distance and long‐term mean sea surface temperature (SST) as a measure of environmental conditions. Results We found a high degree of spatial structure in the similarity of intertidal communities along the coast. Cluster analysis identified 13 major community structure ‘groups’. Although breaks between clusters of sites generally occurred at major biogeographical boundaries, some of the larger biogeographical regions contained several clusters of sites that did not group according to spatial position or identifiable coastal features. Additionally, there were several outliers – sites that grouped alone or with sites outside their region – for which localized features may play an important role in driving community structure. Patterns of species similarity at the large scale were highly correlated with geographical distance among sites and with SST. Importantly, we found community similarity to be highly correlated with long‐term mean SST while controlling for the effects of geographical distance. Main conclusions These findings reveal a high degree of spatial structure in the similarity of rocky intertidal communities of the north‐east Pacific, and are generally consistent with those of previously described biogeographical regions, with some notable differences. Breaks in similarity among clusters are generally coincident with known biogeographical and oceanographic discontinuities. The strong correlations between species similarity and both geographical position and SST suggest that both geography and oceanographic conditions have a large influence on patterns of intertidal community structure along the Pacific coast of North America.

N2O emissions from agricultural lands: a synthesis of simulation approaches - Deli Chen; Yong Li; Peter Grace; Arvin R. Mosier (Plant and Soil, 2008)

Increased protein carbonylation in leaves of Arabidopsis and soybean in response to elevated [CO2] - Quan-Sheng Qiu; Joan L. Huber; Fitzgerald L. Booker; Vanita Jain; Andrew D. B. Leakey; Edwin L. Fiscus; Peter M. Yau; Donald R. Ort; Steven C. Huber (Photosynthesis Research, 2008)

Flux Across Microneedle-treated Skin is Increased by Increasing Charge of Naltrexone and Naltrexol In Vitro - Stan L. Banks; Raghotham R. Pinninti; Harvinder S. Gill; Peter A. Crooks; Mark R. Prausnitz; Audra L. Stinchcomb (Pharmaceutical Research, 2008)

Adrenaline potentiates insulin-stimulated PKB activation in the rat fast-twitch epitrochlearis muscle without affecting IRS-1-associated PI 3-kinase activity - Jørgen Jensen; Line M. Grønning-Wang; Einar Jebens; Jonathan P. Whitehead; Robert Zorec; Peter R. Shepherd (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2008)

Molecular dating and biogeography of the neritic krill Nyctiphanes - M. Eugenia D’Amato; Gordon W. Harkins; Tulio de Oliveira; Peter R. Teske; Mark J. Gibbons (Marine Biology, 2008)

Effects of Roll Vortices on Turbulent Fluxes in the Hurricane Boundary Layer - Jun A. Zhang; Kristina B. Katsaros; Peter G. Black; Susanne Lehner; Jeffrey R. French; William M. Drennan (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2008)

Recommendations for the classification of group A rotaviruses using all 11 genomic RNA segments - Jelle Matthijnssens; Max Ciarlet; Mustafizur Rahman; Houssam Attoui; Krisztián Bányai; Mary K. Estes; Jon R. Gentsch; Miren Iturriza-Gómara; Carl D. Kirkwood; Vito Martella; Peter P. C. Mertens; Osamu Nakagomi; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2008)

Contaminant Concentrations and Histopathological Effects in Sacramento Splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) - Ben K. Greenfield; Swee J. Teh; John R. M. Ross; Jennifer Hunt; GuoHua Zhang; Jay A. Davis; Gary Ichikawa; David Crane; Silas S. O. Hung; DongFang Deng; Foo-Ching Teh; Peter G. Green (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2008)

Coral Reef Habitats as Surrogates of Species, Ecological Functions, and Ecosystem Services - PETER J. MUMBY; KENNETH BROAD; DANIEL R. BRUMBAUGH; CRAIG, P. DAHLGREN; ALASTAIR R. HARBORNE; ALAN HASTINGS; KATHERINE E. HOLMES; CARRIE V. KAPPEL; FIORENZA MICHELI; JAMES N. SANCHIRICO (Conservation Biology, 2008)
Habitat maps are often the core spatially consistent data set on which marine reserve networks are designed, but their efficacy as surrogates for species richness and applicability to other conservation measures is poorly understood. Combining an analysis of field survey data, literature review, and expert assessment by a multidisciplinary working group, we examined the degree to which Caribbean coastal habitats provide useful planning information on 4 conservation measures: species richness, the ecological functions of fish species, ecosystem processes, and ecosystem services. Approximately one‐quarter to one‐third of benthic invertebrate species and fish species (disaggregated by life phase; hereafter fish species) occurred in a single habitat, and Montastraea ‐dominated forereefs consistently had the highest richness of all species, processes, and services. All 11 habitats were needed to represent all 277 fish species in the seascape, although reducing the conservation target to 95% of species approximately halved the number of habitats required to ensure representation. Species accumulation indices (SAIs) were used to compare the efficacy of surrogates and revealed that fish species were a more appropriate surrogate of benthic species (SAI = 71%) than benthic species were for fishes (SAI = 42%). Species of reef fishes were also distributed more widely across the seascape than invertebrates and therefore their use as a surrogate simultaneously included mangroves, sea grass, and coral reef habitats. Functional classes of fishes served as effective surrogates of fish and benthic species which, given their ease to survey, makes them a particularly useful measure for conservation planning. Ecosystem processes and services exhibited great redundancy among habitats and were ineffective as surrogates of species. Therefore, processes and services in this case were generally unsuitable for a complementarity‐based approach to reserve design. In contrast, the representation of species or functional classes ensured inclusion of all processes and services in the reserve network.

Antioxidant response of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Bright Yellow 2 cells to cadmium and nickel stress - Priscila L. Gratão; Georgia B. Pompeu; Flávia R. Capaldi; Victor A. Vitorello; Peter J. Lea; Ricardo A. Azevedo (Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2008)

Flux Across of Microneedle-treated Skin is Increased by Increasing Charge of Naltrexone and Naltrexol In Vitro - Stan L. Banks; Raghotham R. Pinninti; Harvinder S. Gill; Peter A. Crooks; Mark R. Prausnitz; Audra L. Stinchcomb (Pharmaceutical Research, 2008)

Sensory modulation of voluntary and TMS-induced activation in hand muscles - Markus Kofler; Josep Valls-Solé; Peter Fuhr; Christian Schindler; Barbara R. Zaccaria; Leopold Saltuari (Experimental Brain Research, 2008)

Senescence rates are determined by ranking on the fast–slow life‐history continuum - Owen R. Jones; Jean‐Michel Gaillard; Shripad Tuljapurkar; Jussi S. Alho; Kenneth B. Armitage; Peter H. Becker; Pierre Bize; Jon Brommer; Anne Charmantier; Marie Charpentier; Tim Clutton‐Brock; F. Stephen Dobson; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2008)
Comparative analyses of survival senescence by using life tables have identified generalizations including the observation that mammals senesce faster than similar‐sized birds. These generalizations have been challenged because of limitations of life‐table approaches and the growing appreciation that senescence is more than an increasing probability of death. Without using life tables, we examine senescence rates in annual individual fitness using 20 individual‐based data sets of terrestrial vertebrates with contrasting life histories and body size. We find that senescence is widespread in the wild and equally likely to occur in survival and reproduction. Additionally, mammals senesce faster than birds because they have a faster life history for a given body size. By allowing us to disentangle the effects of two major fitness components our methods allow an assessment of the robustness of the prevalent life‐table approach. Focusing on one aspect of life history – survival or recruitment – can provide reliable information on overall senescence.

Signal transduction underlying the control of urinary bladder smooth muscle tone by muscarinic receptors and β-adrenoceptors - Elfaridah P. Frazier; Stephan L. M. Peters; Alan S. Braverman; Michael R. Ruggieri; Martin C. Michel (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2008)

In vivo deuteration strategies for neutron scattering analysis of bacterial polyhydroxyoctanoate - Robert A. Russell; Peter J. Holden; Karyn L. Wilde; Christopher J. Garvey; Kerie M. Hammerton; L. John R. Foster (European Biophysics Journal, 2008)

Three reciprocally monophyletic mtDNA lineages elucidate the taxonomic status of Grant’s gazelles - Eline D. Lorenzen; Peter Arctander; Hans R. Siegismund (Conservation Genetics, 2008)

Transient wind‐driven coastal upwelling on a shelf with varying width and orientation - Peter C. Longdill; Terry R. Healy; Kerry P. Black (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2008)
Cross‐correlations between along‐shelf wind stress and both along‐ and cross‐shelf currents within the central Bay of Plenty, New Zealand show the circulation during spring‐summer to be highly responsive to wind events. Current meter records indicate that upwelling‐favourable wind stresses generate upwelling dynamics in both mean and fluctuating senses. Both thermistor moorings and satellite inferred temperature data record the outcropping of this cool water following upwelling‐favourable wind stresses. The upwelling circulation provides an efficient mechanism for the periodic delivery of cool (c. x ‐N >80 μ g litre ‐1 ) water to the coastal zone during spring. Historical wind forcing data suggest that the wind‐forced dynamics described were responsible for a major toxic algal bloom within the Bay of Plenty during 1992–93.

High variation and very low differentiation in wide ranging plains zebra ( Equus quagga ): insights from mtDNA and microsatellites - ELINE D. LORENZEN; PETER ARCTANDER; HANS R. SIEGISMUND (Molecular Ecology, 2008)
Patterns of genetic differentiation in the plains zebra ( Equus quagga ) were analysed using mitochondrial DNA control region variation and seven microsatellites. The six morphologically defined subspecies of plains zebra lacked the population genetic structure indicative of distinct evolutionary units. Both marker sets showed high levels of genetic variation and very low levels of differentiation. There was no geographical structuring of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the phylogenetic tree, and the plains zebra showed the lowest overall differentiation recorded in any African ungulate studied so far. Arid‐adapted African ungulates have shown significant regional genetic structuring in support of the Pleistocene refuge theory. This was not the case in the zebra, and the data are discussed in relation to the impact of Pleistocene climate change on a nonbovid member of the savannah ungulate community. The only other species showing a similar absence of genetic structuring is the African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ), but this taxon lacks the high levels of morphological variation present in the plains zebra.

Retention Sites for Xylella fastidiosa in Four Sharpshooter Vectors (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy - Eduardo Alves; Breno Leite; Rosangela C. Marucci; Sérgio F. Pascholati; João R. S. Lopes; Peter C. Andersen (Current Microbiology, 2008)

An empirical evaluation of the nutrient‐color paradigm for lakes - Katherine E. Webster; Patricia A. Soranno; Kendra Spence Cheruvelil; Mary T. Bremigan; John A. Downing; Peter D. Vaux; Timothy R. Asplund; Linda C. Bacon; Jody Connor (Limnology and Oceanography, 2008)
We analyzed a diverse set of 1,646 north‐temperate lakes to evaluate the nutrient‐color paradigm that integrates total phosphorus (TP) and colored dissolved organic carbon to define lake trophic status. Our objectives were to quantify the combined influence of TP and color (Col) on lake trophic status, to determine if TP and Col had similar relationships with hydrogeomorphic (HGM) variables, and to examine how TP and Col affected the balance of heterotrophic and autotrophic processes. For the latter we examined the Col to chlorophyll a ratio (Col : Chl a), an index of allochthonous contributions of carbon to pelagic consumers, and deviations of lake p CO 2 from atmospheric, an index of net heterotrophy. Both Col and TP had strong effects on Chl a (positive) and Secchi transparency (negative), suggesting that ignoring Col would lead to misinterpretation of these widely used trophic status indicators. Lakes with high TP and Col tended to be shallower with large catchment to lake area ratios. Negative correlations with water retention time (WRT) were stronger for Col than for TP. Both TP and Col were related to forest and wetland land cover, although the direction of the relationships were opposite. Only 29% of the lakes had relatively high allochthony according to their Col : Chl a ratios; these were predominately high color, oligotrophic or mesotrophic lakes with short WRT. Over 90% of a subset of 682 lakes were net heterotrophic, with p CO 2 exceeding atmospheric levels. The positive relationship between p CO 2 and Col : Chl a suggests that only in very heterotrophic systems was the transfer of allochthonous carbon to pelagic consumers appreciable. Our results provide strong empirical support for the nutrient‐color paradigm and highlight its importance both for management applications and for expanding our understanding of how lakes are influenced by terrestrial subsidies of carbon and nutrients.

Integrated regulation involving quorum sensing, a two‐component system, a GGDEF/EAL domain protein and a post‐transcriptional regulator controls swarming and RhlA‐dependent surfactant biosynthesis in Serratia - Neil R. Williamson; Peter C. Fineran; Wakano Ogawa; Louise R. Woodley; George P. C. Salmond (Environmental Microbiology, 2008)
Summary Serratia sp. ATCC 39006 ( Serratia 39006) is a Gram‐negative bacterium which produces the secondary metabolite antibiotics, prodigiosin and 1‐carbapen‐2‐em‐3‐carboxylic acid and secretes plant cell wall degrading enzymes. In this study we have identified mutations in the genes, pigX , rap and rsmA , which caused increased production of a previously unidentified surfactant and flagella‐dependent swarming phenotype in Serratia 39006. Analysis of both the biosynthesis and regulation of surfactant production and swarming, revealed FlhC, quorum sensing, a GGDEF/EAL domain protein (PigX), a GacAS two‐component system, an Rsm system and Rap as key regulators. In addition, surfactant biosynthesis required a protein similar to RhlA, involved in rhamnolipid synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Homologues of RhlA have not previously been identified in members of the Enterobacteriaceae . Furthermore, we provide evidence that the surfactant may be responsible for dispersal of the antimicrobial pigment, prodigiosin. This study demonstrates the complex regulatory inputs into the coordinated multicellular swarming phenotype in Serratia .

Murine CD146 is widely expressed on endothelial cells and is recognized by the monoclonal antibody ME-9F1 - Arnhild Schrage; Christoph Loddenkemper; Ulrike Erben; Uta Lauer; Gert Hausdorf; Peter R. Jungblut; Judith Johnson; Percy A. Knolle; Martin Zeitz; Alf Hamann; Katja Klugewitz (Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 2008)

Wet weather impact on trihalomethane formation potential in tributaries to drinking water reservoirs - E. Alkhatib; R. Peters (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2008)

Origins and genetic conservation of tropical trees in agroforestry systems: a case study from the Peruvian Amazon - Ian K. Dawson; Peter M. Hollingsworth; Jeff J. Doyle; Steve Kresovich; John C. Weber; Carmen Sotelo Montes; Terrence D. Pennington; R. Toby Pennington (Conservation Genetics, 2008)

Relative roles of climate sensitivity and forcing in defining the ocean circulation response to climate change - Jeffery R. Scott; Andrei P. Sokolov; Peter H. Stone; Mort D. Webster (Climate Dynamics, 2008)

EpCAM homologues exhibit epithelial-specific but different expression patterns in the kidney - Monika Trzpis; Pamela M. McLaughlin; Eliane R. Popa; Peter Terpstra; Theo G. van Kooten; Lou M. de Leij; Martin C. Harmsen (Transgenic Research, 2008)

The Scaling Behaviour of a Turbulent Kinetic Energy Closure Model for Stably Stratified Conditions - Peter Baas; Stephan R. de Roode; Geert Lenderink (Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2008)

Spatial and Temporal Trends of Mercury Concentrations in Young-of-the-Year Spottail Shiners (Notropis hudsonius) in the St. Lawrence River at Cornwall, ON - Emily S. Choy; Peter V. Hodson; Linda M. Campbell; Adrienne R. Fowlie; Jeff Ridal (Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2008)

Spring warming and carbon dioxide exchange over low Arctic tundra in central Canada - PETER M. LAFLEUR; ELYN R. HUMPHREYS (Global Change Biology, 2008)
Tundra‐atmosphere exchanges of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water vapour were measured near Daring Lake, Northwest Territories in the Canadian Low Arctic for 3 years, 2004–2006. The measurement period spanned late‐winter until the end of the growing period. Mean temperatures during the measurement period varied from about 2 °C less than historical average in 2004 and 2005 to 2 °C greater in 2006. Much of the added warmth in 2006 occurred at the beginning of the study, when snow melt occurred 3 weeks earlier than in the other years. Total precipitation in 2006 (163 mm) was more than double that of the driest year, 2004 (71 mm). The tundra was a net sink for CO 2 carbon in all years. Mid‐summer net ecosystem exchange of CO 2 (NEE) achieved maximum values of −1.3 g C m −2 day −1 (2004) to −1.8 g C m −2 day −1 (2006). Accumulated NEE values over the 109‐day period were −32,−51 and −61 g C m −2 in 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. The larger CO 2 uptake in 2006 was attributed to the early spring coupled with warmer air and soil conditions. In 2004, CO 2 uptake was limited by the shorter growing season and mid‐summer dryness, which likely reduced ecosystem productivity. Seasonal total evapotranspiration (ET) ranged from 130 mm (2004) to 181 mm (2006) and varied in accordance with the precipitation received and with the timing of snow melt. Maximum daily ET rates ranged from 2.3 to 2.7 mm day −1 , occurring in mid July. Ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE eco ) varied slightly between years, ranging from 2.2 in the driest year to 2.5 in the year with intermediate rainfall amounts. In the wettest year, increased soil evaporation may have contributed to a lower WUE eco (2.3). We speculate that most, if not all, of the modest growing season CO 2 sink measured at this site could be lost due to fall and winter respiration leading to the tundra being a net CO 2 source or CO 2 neutral on an annual basis. However, this hypothesis is untested as yet.

Multimillion year thermal history of a porphyry copper deposit: application of U–Pb, 40Ar/39Ar and (U–Th)/He chronometers, Bajo de la Alumbrera copper–gold deposit, Argentina - Anthony C. Harris; W. James Dunlap; Peter W. Reiners; Charlotte M. Allen; David R. Cooke; Noel C. White; Ian H. Campbell; Suzanne D. Golding (Mineralium Deposita, 2008)

Genotype × diet interactions in mice predisposed to mammary cancer: II. Tumors and metastasis - Ryan R. Gordon; Kent W. Hunter; Michele La Merrill; Peter Sørensen; David W. Threadgill; Daniel Pomp (Mammalian Genome, 2008)

Genotype × diet interactions in mice predisposed to mammary cancer. I. Body weight and fat - Ryan R. Gordon; Kent W. Hunter; Peter Sørensen; Daniel Pomp (Mammalian Genome, 2008)

A New Test for Selection Applied to Codon Usage in Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana - Ana Llopart; Aelén Mabillé; Jennifer R. Peters-Hall; Josep M. Comeron; Richard M. Kliman (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2008)

The role of metals in modulating metalloprotease activity in the AD brain - Gulay Filiz; Katherine A. Price; Aphrodite Caragounis; Tai Du; Peter J. Crouch; Anthony R. White (European Biophysics Journal, 2008)

Climate change projections of sea level extremes along the California coast - Daniel R. Cayan; Peter D. Bromirski; Katharine Hayhoe; Mary Tyree; Michael D. Dettinger; Reinhard E. Flick (Climatic Change, 2008)

Spatial variability of climate and land‐use effects on lakes of the northern Great Plains - Samantha V. Pham; Peter R. Leavitt; Suzanne McGowan; Pedro Peres-Neto (Limnology and Oceanography, 2008)
Evaluation of the effects of climate change and human activities on lakes requires improved understanding of how stressors interact and the degree to which individual sentinel lakes represent broad spatial patterns of ecosystem response to disturbance. We surveyed modern water chemistry (major ions, conductivity, salinity, lake volume) and sediments (algal pigments, stable isotopes) in 21 lakes that surround Humboldt Lake, Saskatchewan, site of a 2,000‐yr climate reconstruction, to quantify spatial synchrony (S, the mean among‐lake correlation coefficient) of prairie lake response to climate variability, land use, and their interactions. Whole‐lake mass balances of total dissolved substances constructed at each site revealed that evaporation of water controlled seasonal changes in salt content only in years with dry summers (2003), leading to widespread spatial coherence of ecosystems (S = 0.78). In contrast, variations in hydrologic inputs (precipitation, groundwater) and solute fluxes regulated salt balances of lakes during years with wet summers (2004, 2005) and substantially reduced lake synchrony (S = 0.13‐0.58). Furthermore, >25% of sites exhibited increased nitrogen influx (as d15N) and cyanobacterial production (as fossil pigments) between ca. 1920 and 2003, with particularly strong effects of land use recorded for northeastern sites, where evaporative forcing was greatest. Finally, principal component and canonical ordinations with redundancy analysis both explained ~50% of the variance in lake sensitivity to climate and land use and revealed that the effects of climate and land use interacted strongly, but that the unique effects of each factor remained identifiable in modern lake surveys.

Shrub encroachment in North American grasslands: shifts in growth form dominance rapidly alters control of ecosystem carbon inputs - ALAN K. KNAPP; JOHN M. BRIGGS; SCOTT L. COLLINS; STEVEN R. ARCHER; M. SYNDONIA BRET‐HARTE; BRENT E. EWERS; DEBRA P. PETERS; DONALD R. YOUNG; GAIUS R. SHAVER; ELISE PENDALL; MEAGAN B. CLEARY (Global Change Biology, 2008)
Shrub encroachment into grass‐dominated biomes is occurring globally due to a variety of anthropogenic activities, but the consequences for carbon (C) inputs, storage and cycling remain unclear. We studied eight North American graminoid‐dominated ecosystems invaded by shrubs, from arctic tundra to Atlantic coastal dunes, to quantify patterns and controls of C inputs via aboveground net primary production (ANPP). Across a fourfold range in mean annual precipitation (MAP), a key regulator of ecosystem C input at the continental scale, shrub invasion decreased ANPP in xeric sites, but dramatically increased ANPP (>1000 g m −2 ) at high MAP, where shrub patches maintained extraordinarily high leaf area. Concurrently, the relationship between MAP and ANPP shifted from being nonlinear in grasslands to linear in shrublands. Thus, relatively abrupt (

Analysis of TaALMT1 traces the transmission of aluminum resistance in cultivated common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - Harsh Raman; Peter R. Ryan; Rosy Raman; Benjamin J. Stodart; Kerong Zhang; Peter Martin; Rachel Wood; Takayuki Sasaki; Yoko Yamamoto; Michael Mackay; Diane M. Hebb; Emmanuel Delhaize (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2008)

Invertebrate 7SK snRNAs - Andreas R. Gruber; Dorota Koper-Emde; Manja Marz; Hakim Tafer; Stephan Bernhart; Gregor Obernosterer; Axel Mosig; Ivo L. Hofacker; Peter F. Stadler; Bernd-Joachim Benecke (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2008)

Vitamin E and selenium supplementation and risk of prostate cancer in the Vitamins and lifestyle (VITAL) study cohort - Ulrike Peters; Alyson J. Littman; Alan R. Kristal; Ruth E. Patterson; John D. Potter; Emily White (Cancer Causes & Control, 2008)

The cost‐effectiveness of biodiversity surveys in tropical forests - Toby A. Gardner; Jos Barlow; Ivanei S. Araujo; Teresa Cristina Ávila‐Pires; Alexandre B. Bonaldo; Joana E. Costa; Maria Cristina Esposito; Leandro V. Ferreira; Joseph Hawes; Malva I. M. Hernandez; Marinus S. Hoogmoed; Rafael N. Leite; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2008)
The identification of high‐performance indicator taxa that combine practical feasibility and ecological value requires an understanding of the costs and benefits of surveying different taxa. We present a generic and novel framework for identifying such taxa, and illustrate our approach using a large‐scale assessment of 14 different higher taxa across three forest types in the Brazilian Amazon, estimating both the standardized survey cost and the ecological and biodiversity indicator value for each taxon. Survey costs varied by three orders of magnitude, and dung beetles and birds were identified as especially suitable for evaluating and monitoring the ecological consequences of habitat change in our study region. However, an exclusive focus on such taxa occurs at the expense of understanding patterns of diversity in other groups. To improve the cost‐effectiveness of biodiversity research we encourage a combination of clearer research goals and the use of an objective evidence‐based approach to selecting study taxa.

Global diversity of crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) in freshwater - Darren C. J. Yeo; Peter K. L. Ng; Neil Cumberlidge; Célio Magalhães; Savel R. Daniels; Martha R. Campos (Hydrobiologia, 2008)

Biochemical and genetic diversity of pectolytic enterobacteria causing soft rot disease of potatoes in New Zealand - Andrew R. Pitman; Peter J. Wright; Matthew D. Galbraith; Sally A. Harrow (Australasian Plant Pathology, 2008)

Simulating the water budgets of natural Carolina bay wetlands - Peter V. Caldwell; Michael J. Vepraskas; R. Wayne Skaggs; James D. Gregory (Wetlands, 2007)

Resurrecting vintage paper seismic records - Peter R. Miles; Marc Schaming; Raúl Lovera (Marine Geophysical Research, 2007)

RECK—a newly discovered inhibitor of metastasis with prognostic significance in multiple forms of cancer - Jonathan C. M. Clark; David M. Thomas; Peter F. M. Choong; Crispin R. Dass (Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2007)

Biogeography of the world: a case study from cyphophthalmid Opiliones, a globally distributed group of arachnids - Sarah L. Boyer; Ronald M. Clouse; Ligia R. Benavides; P. Sharma; Peter J. Schwendinger; I. Karunarathna; G. Giribet (Journal of Biogeography, 2007)
Aim To test the hypothesis that continental drift drives diversification of organisms through vicariance, we selected a group of primitive arachnids which originated before the break‐up of Pangaea and currently inhabits all major landmasses with the exception of Antarctica, but lacks the ability to disperse across oceanic barriers. Location Major continental temperate to tropical landmasses (North America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Australia) and continental islands (Bioko, Borneo, Japan, Java, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra). Methods Five kb of sequence data from five gene regions for more than 100 cyphophthalmid exemplars were analysed phylogenetically using different methods, including direct optimization under parsimony and maximum likelihood under a broad set of analytical parameters. We also used geological calibration points to estimate gross phylogenetic time divergences. Results Our analyses show that all families except the Laurasian Sironidae are monophyletic and adhere to clear biogeographical patterns. Pettalidae is restricted to temperate Gondwana, Neogoveidae to tropical Gondwana, Stylocellidae to Southeast Asia, and Troglosironidae to New Caledonia. Relationships between the families inhabiting these landmasses indicate that New Caledonia is related to tropical Gondwana instead of to the Australian portion of temperate Gondwana. The results also concur with a Gondwanan origin of Florida, as supported by modern geological data. Main conclusions By studying a group of organisms with not only an ancient origin, low vagility and restricted habitats, but also a present global distribution, we have been able to test biogeographical hypotheses at a scale rarely attempted. Our results strongly support the presence of a circum‐Antarctic clade of formerly temperate Gondwanan species, a clade restricted to tropical Gondwana and a Southeast Asian clade that originated from a series of early Gondwanan terranes that rifted off northwards from the Devonian to the Triassic and accreted to tropical Laurasia. The relationships among the Laurasian species remain more obscure.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the ventral tegmental area mediate the dopamine activating and reinforcing properties of ethanol cues - Elin Löf; Peter Olausson; Andrea deBejczy; Rosita Stomberg; J. Michael McIntosh; Jane R. Taylor; Bo Söderpalm (Psychopharmacology, 2007)

Actin integrity is indispensable for CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells - Constantinos Petrovas; Yvonne M. Mueller; Guibin Yang; Susan R. Altork; Jeffrey M. Jacobson; Peter G. Pitsakis; Karam C. Mounzer; John D. Altman; Peter D. Katsikis (Apoptosis, 2007)

Some chemical factors regulating the growth of Lyngbya majuscula in Moreton Bay, Australia: importance of sewage discharges - Peter R. F. Bell; Ibrahim Elmetri (Hydrobiologia, 2007)

Improvement of tactile perception and enhancement of cortical excitability through intermittent theta burst rTMS over human primary somatosensory cortex - Patrick Ragert; Stephanie Franzkowiak; Peter Schwenkreis; Martin Tegenthoff; Hubert R. Dinse (Experimental Brain Research, 2007)

Improvement of tactile perception and enhancement of cortical excitability through intermittent theta burst rTMS over human primary somatosensory cortex - Patrick Ragert; Stephanie Franzkowiak; Peter Schwenkreis; Martin Tegenthoff; Hubert R. Dinse (Experimental Brain Research, 2007)

Using phytoremediation technologies to upgrade waste water treatment in Europe - Peter Schröder; Juan Navarro-Aviñó; Hassan Azaizeh; Avi Golan Goldhirsh; Simona DiGregorio; Tamas Komives; Günter Langergraber; Anton Lenz; Elena Maestri; Abdul R. Memon; Alfonso Ranalli; Luca Sebastiani; et al. (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2007)

Exposure to traffic emissions throughout life and risk of breast cancer: the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) study - Jing Nie; Jan Beyea; Matthew R. Bonner; Daikwon Han; John E. Vena; Peter Rogerson; Dominica Vito; Paola Muti; Maurizio Trevisan; Stephen B. Edge; Jo L. Freudenheim (Cancer Causes & Control, 2007)

Variation in the δ 13 C of foliage of Pinus sylvestris L. in relation to climate and additions of nitrogen: analysis of a 32‐year chronology - NICHOLAS R. BETSON; CHRISTIAN JOHANNISSON; MIKAELL OTTOSSON LÖFVENIUS; HARALD GRIP; ANDERS GRANSTRÖM; PETER HÖGBERG (Global Change Biology, 2007)
We report an analysis of both the long‐ and short‐term drivers of the carbon (C) isotope composition ( δ 13 C) values of current year needles of Pinus sylvestris L. linked to changing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations ( c a ) and climate using data from a uniquely long‐term nitrogen (N) fertilization experiment in the north of Sweden (consisting of three N dosage levels and a control treatment) from 1970 until 2002. N loading produced trees with less negative δ 13 C of foliage, by around 0.45‰ on average, with the difference in δ 13 C between control and N treatments not dependant upon N dosage. The average δ 13 C values decreased at a rate of around 0.03‰ yr −1 , even after accounting for the Suess effect (the decrease in the atmospheric CO 2 δ 13 C due to anthropogenic emissions of isotopically light CO 2 ). This decrease is large enough to cause a significant, progressive change in the δ 13 C down through a soil profile. Modelled values of plant intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE i ) and the ratio of leaf internal to external [CO 2 ] ( c i / c a ) showed that this was the result of c i increasing in parallel with c a (while c i / c a increased), thus causing little change in WUE i over the 32 years of study. The residuals from the relationships between year and δ 13 C were used to examine the impact of climate on the interannual variation of C isotope composition of needles. This included the use of a fire hazard index (FHI) model, which integrates climatic factors known to influence plant stomatal conductance and hence δ 13 C. The FHI produced the best fit with δ 13 C values when climate data were averaged over the whole growth season (for control plots) and for July for all the N treatments, explaining ca. 60% of the total interannual variation in δ 13 C. Further, trees from the N treatments appeared more susceptible to air‐humidity‐based climate parameters, as seen from higher correlation coefficients, than were control trees. Thus, our data suggest the possibility of increased susceptibility to drought conditions in ecosystems with moderate to high N deposition rates. Also, there is the possibility that, because there was no apparent change in WUE i of P. sylvestris in this ecosystem over the last 32 years, the rate of sequestration of C into boreal ecosystems may not increase with c a , as has been predicted.

Leukocytes in glomerular injury - Stephen R. Holdsworth; Peter G. Tipping (Seminars in Immunopathology, 2007)

A pharmacological analysis of mice with a targeted disruption of the serotonin transporter - Meredith A. Fox; Anne M. Andrews; Jens R. Wendland; Klaus-Peter Lesch; Andrew Holmes; Dennis L. Murphy (Psychopharmacology, 2007)

Inspiratory muscle training improves cycling time-trial performance and anaerobic work capacity but not critical power - Michael A. Johnson; Graham R. Sharpe; Peter I. Brown (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2007)

Using genetic markers in unpedigreed populations to detect a heritable trait - Ken G. Dodds; Peter R. Amer; Benoît Auvray (Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 2007)

Diatom–salinity relationships in wetlands: assessing the influence of salinity variability on the development of inference models - John Tibby; Peter A. Gell; Jennie Fluin; Ian R. K. Sluiter (Hydrobiologia, 2007)

Folding and regulation in myosins II and V - James R. Sellers; Peter J. Knight (Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility, 2007)

Product quality research institute evaluation of cascade impactor profiles of pharmaceutical aerosols, part 3: Final report on a statistical procedure for determining equivalence - David Christopher; Wallace Adams; Anthony Amann; Craig Bertha; Peter R. Byron; William Doub; Craig Dunbar; Walter Hauck; Svetlana Lyapustina; Jolyon Mitchell; Beth Morgan; Steve Nichols; et al. (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2007)

OCCURRENCE, COMPOSITION, AND POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF NORTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALE ( EUBALAENA GLACIALIS ) SURFACE ACTIVE GROUPS - Susan E. Parks; Moira W. Brown; Lisa A. Conger; Philip K. Hamilton; Amy R. Knowlton; Scott D. Kraus; Christopher K. Slay; Peter L. Tyack (Marine Mammal Science, 2007)
Marine mammal social interactions are poorly understood primarily because of the difficulty of observing these behaviors in the wild. Observations of copulations in North Atlantic right whale surface active groups (SAGs) have led to the hypothesis that the function of these groups is for conception. The occurrence and composition of SAGs sighted from 1992 to 2001 were investigated on the basis of age, sex, and reproductive status of individuals. A total of 918 SAG events were documented. SAGs were observed in all habitat areas and in all months in which right whales were sighted. Group compositions revealed both potentially conceptive groups and nonconceptive groups. Of right whales whose age was known, 93% were first sighted in SAGs as juveniles, and more than half of all observed groups contained at least one juvenile whale. The group composition and timing of occurrence of SAGs do not support the hypothesis that all groups serve a purely conceptive function. Their functional role is likely much broader. Other potential functions include play, mating practice, or maintenance of social bonds.

Corrigendum: 2007 highlights of advances in the pharmaceutical sciences: An American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) perspective - Marilyn N. Martinez; Peter Bonate; Robert L. Chapman; Anne De Groot; Susan D'Souza; Naushad Ghilazi; Vivian Gray; Vishal K. Gupta; Kim Huynh-Ba; Sunil Iyer; Arya Jayatilaka; Amita Joshi; et al. (The AAPS Journal, 2007)

Applications of Turbidity Monitoring to Forest Management in California - Richard R. Harris; Kathleen Sullivan; Peter H. Cafferata; John R. Munn; Kevin M. Faucher (Environmental Management, 2007)

Exogenous hormones and colorectal cancer risk in Canada: associations stratified by clinically defined familial risk of cancer - Peter T. Campbell; Polly Newcomb; Steven Gallinger; Michelle Cotterchio; John R. McLaughlin (Cancer Causes & Control, 2007)

Spatial patterns of flow and their modification within and around a giant kelp forest - Brian Gaylord; Johanna H. Rosman; Daniel C. Reed; Jeffrey R. Koseff; Jonathan Fram; Sally MacIntyre; Katie Arkema; Cameron McDonald; Mark A. Brzezinski; John L. Largier; Stephen G. Monismith; Peter T. Raimondi; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2007)
We present findings from two sets of measurements that quantified currents around and over the full extent of a giant kelp ( Macrocystis pyrifera ) forest located at Mohawk Reef, Santa Barbara, California. Velocities were damped inside this 200‐m X 300‐m forest, but not to the extent reported for larger (kilometer‐scale) kelp beds, suggesting that alongshore currents may play a greater role in exchange than has often been assumed. Secondary flow features that bear on the performance of forest organisms were observed, including a region along the forest’s outer boundary where velocities exceeded incident speeds by up to 200%. An offshore current on the order of 1 cm s −1 developed within the kelp bed, likely due to pressure gradients established across the forest coupled with topography. Wake recirculations that might have facilitated leeward retention of waterborne subsidies were not apparent. Calculations suggest that kelp beds can interact with (and thus potentially filter) substantial portions of impinging waters; in our study, 40–90% of arriving waters entered the upstream end, and 20–70% reached the center of the forest. Seasonal changes in the size and density of the forest modified the levels of flow damping and filtration. The sum of these effects suggests potential influences on organisms throughout the forest community.

A Cheminformatic Toolkit for Mining Biomedical Knowledge - Gus R. Rosania; Gordon Crippen; Peter Woolf; David States; Kerby Shedden (Pharmaceutical Research, 2007)

Poster abstracts - J. Ferrie; M. Shipley; F. Cappuccio; E. Brunner; M. Miller; M. Kumari; M. Marmot; A. Coenen; J. L. Castillo; F. Araya; G. Bustamante; L. Montecino; et al. (Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 2007)

Insulin Self-association: Effects on Lung Disposition Kinetics in the Airways of the Isolated Perfused Rat Lung (IPRL) - Yinuo Pang; Masahiro Sakagami; Peter R. Byron (Pharmaceutical Research, 2007)

Pharmacological evidence for altered src kinase regulation of I Ca,L in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation - Maura Greiser; Christian R. Halaszovich; Dirk Frechen; Peter Boknik; Ursula Ravens; Dobromir Dobrev; Andreas Lückhoff; Ulrich Schotten (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2007)

The long and winding road leading to the successful introgression of downy mildew resistance into onion - O. E. Scholten; A. W. van Heusden; L. I. Khrustaleva; K. Burger-Meijer; R. A. Mank; R. G. C. Antonise; J. L. Harrewijn; W. Van haecke; E. H. Oost; R. J. Peters; C. Kik (Euphytica, 2007)

Phylogeography, hybridization and Pleistocene refugia of the kob antelope ( Kobus kob ) - ELINE D. LORENZEN; RIKKE DE NEERGAARD; PETER ARCTANDER; HANS R. SIEGISMUND (Molecular Ecology, 2007)
Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and seven microsatellites were used to estimate the genetic structuring, evolutionary history and historic migration patterns of the kob antelope ( Kobus kob ). Ten populations were analysed, representing the three recognized K. kob subspecies: K. k. kob in west Africa, K. k. thomasi in Uganda and K. k. leucotis in Sudan and Ethiopia. Despite being classified as K. k. thomasi and being phenotypically identical to the kob in Queen Elizabeth National Park (NP), the Murchison Falls population in Uganda showed high genetic similarity with the phenotypically distinct K. k. leucotis populations in Sudan and Ethiopia. This was regardless of marker type. Pairwise comparisons and genetic distances between populations grouped Murchison with K. k. leucotis , as did the Bayesian analysis, which failed to find any genetic structuring within the group. We propose that the divergent phenotype and life‐history adaptations of K. k. leucotis reflect the isolation of kob populations in refugia in west and east Africa during the Pleistocene. Subsequent dispersal has led to secondary contact and hybridization in northern Uganda between lineages, which was supported by high levels of genetic diversity in Murchison. The reduced variability observed in Queen Elizabeth NP reflects a small founder population from west Africa and in part the decimation of Uganda's wildlife during the country's political turmoil in the 1970s. Due to similarities in phenotype and ecology, and the joint evolutionary history of their mtDNA sequences, the taxonomic status of K. k. kob and K. k. thomasi as separate subspecies is called into question.

Effects of Earthworm Invasion on Plant Species Richness in Northern Hardwood Forests - ANDREW R. HOLDSWORTH; LEE E. FRELICH; PETER B. REICH (Conservation Biology, 2007)
The invasion of non‐native earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) into a small number of intensively studied stands of northern hardwood forest has been linked to declines in plant diversity and the local extirpation of one threatened species. It is unknown, however, whether these changes have occurred across larger regions of hardwood forests, which plant species are most vulnerable, or with which earthworm species such changes are associated most closely. To address these issues we conducted a regional survey in the Chippewa and Chequamegon national forests in Minnesota and Wisconsin (U.S.A.), respectively. We sampled earthworms, soils, and vegetation, examined deer browse in 20 mature, sugar‐maple‐dominated forest stands in each national forest, and analyzed the relationship between invasive earthworms and vascular plant species richness and composition. Invasion by Lumbricus was a strong indicator of reduced plant richness in both national forests. The mass of Lumbricus juveniles was significantly and negatively related to plant‐species richness in both forests. In addition, Lumbricus was a significant factor affecting plant richness in a full model that included multiple variables. In the Chequamegon National Forest earthworm mass was associated with higher sedge cover and lower cover of sugar maple seedlings and several forb species. The trends were similar but not as pronounced in Chippewa, perhaps due to lower deer densities and different earthworm species composition. Our results provide regional evidence that invasion by Lumbricus species may be an important mechanism in reduced plant‐species richness and changes in plant communities in mature forests dominated by sugar maples.

Health behaviors of cancer survivors: data from an Australian population-based survey - Elizabeth G. Eakin; Danny R. Youlden; Peter D. Baade; Sheleigh P. Lawler; Marina M. Reeves; Jane S. Heyworth; Lin Fritschi (Cancer Causes & Control, 2007)

Leg muscle recruitment during cycling is less developed in triathletes than cyclists despite matched cycling training loads - Andrew R. Chapman; Bill Vicenzino; Peter Blanch; Paul W. Hodges (Experimental Brain Research, 2007)

Alterations in presenilin 1 processing by amyloid-β peptide in the rat retina - Helena R. Watts; Valerie Vince; Desmond T. Walsh; Laura G. Bresciani; Stephen M. Gentleman; Ling-Sun Jen; Peter J. B. Anderson (Experimental Brain Research, 2007)

Variable effects of marine‐derived nutrients on algal production in salmon nursery lakes of Alaska during the past 300 years - Curtis S. Brock; Peter R. Leavitt; Daniel E. Schindler; Paul D. Quay (Limnology and Oceanography, 2007)
We measured historical changes in sedimentary δ 15 N and fossil pigments in four lakes with anadromous semelparous salmon and two reference lakes to quantify the degree to which the flux of marine‐derived nutrients (MDNs as N isotopes) regulate algal production (as pigments). During the past 300 yr, production of the predominant algae (diatoms) was positively correlated ( r = 0.42–0.93, p 15 N in nursery lakes of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) but was inversely correlated with sedimentary δ 15 N ( r = 20.71 to 20.73, p 15 N correlation during the 20th century was strongly correlated with both mean densities of spawning sockeye salmon during 1956–2000 ( r = 0.97, p r = 0.98, p 15 N‐pigment correlation can be used to distinguish among lakes or periods of time in which algal production is regulated mainly by MDN influx (positive correlation) or other factors (negative correlation). Tests of this hypothesis revealed that the degree to which MDNs regulated algal production in nursery lakes varied greatly since 1700, with significant periods of weak control even in lakes with abundant salmon. Further, when considered at the landscape scale, the importance of MDNs to individual lakes varied substantially through time and in space, with little evidence of synchrony among sites or catchments.

Multidecadal to millennial‐scale shifts in drought conditions on the Canadian prairies over the past six millennia: implications for future drought assessment - ASTRID MICHELS; KATHLEEN R. LAIRD; SUSAN E. WILSON; DAVID THOMSON; PETER R. LEAVITT; ROBERT J. OGLESBY; BRIAN F. CUMMING (Global Change Biology, 2007)
Three high‐resolution climatic reconstructions, based on diatom analyses from lake sediment cores from the Canadian prairies, show that shifts in drought conditions have prevailed on centennial to millennial time scales for at least the past six millennia. These shifts in mean aridity exhibit broad regional synchrony, with particularly pronounced shifts at all sites between ∼1700–2000 cal. yr bp and ∼3600–3900 cal. yr bp , as well as at ∼5400–5500 cal. yr bp for the two sites which extend back to at least 6000 cal. yr bp . The two Saskatchewan lakes exhibited significant coherence in both the timing and direction of these shifts, whereas inferred changes at the westernmost site in Alberta were significantly correlated to the Saskatchewan sites, but opposite in sign, and exhibited more high‐frequency variation on the scale of centuries. The mechanisms behind these abrupt shifts in aridity are poorly understood, but may be linked to changes in oceanic–atmospheric interactions that influence the mean position of the jetstream and the associated storm tracks. Natural shifts in mean climatic conditions may accelerate with increasing carbon dioxide levels intensifying the likelihood of extreme droughts in North American prairies.

Genomic and structural analysis of Syn9, a cyanophage infecting marine Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus - Peter R. Weigele; Welkin H. Pope; Marisa L. Pedulla; Jennifer M. Houtz; Alexis L. Smith; James F. Conway; Jonathan King; Graham F. Hatfull; Jeffrey G. Lawrence; Roger W. Hendrix (Environmental Microbiology, 2007)
Summary Cyanobacteriophage Syn9 is a large, contractile‐tailed bacteriophage infecting the widespread, numerically dominant marine cyanobacteria of the genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus . Its 177 300 bp genome sequence encodes 226 putative proteins and six tRNAs. Experimental and computational analyses identified genes likely involved in virion formation, nucleotide synthesis, and DNA replication and repair. Syn9 shows significant mosaicism when compared with related cyanophages S‐PM2, P‐SSM2 and P‐SSM4, although shared genes show strong purifying selection and evidence for large population sizes relative to other phages. Related to coliphage T4 – which shares 19% of Syn9's genes – Syn9 shows evidence for different patterns of DNA replication and uses homologous proteins to assemble capsids with a different overall structure that shares topology with phage SPO1 and herpes virus. Noteworthy bacteria‐related sequences in the Syn9 genome potentially encode subunits of the photosynthetic reaction centre, electron transport proteins, three pentose pathway enzymes and two tryptophan halogenases. These genes suggest that Syn9 is well adapted to the physiology of its photosynthetic hosts and may affect the evolution of these sequences within marine cyanobacteria.