Optimizing Predictive Performance of Bayesian Forecasting for Vancomycin Concentration in Intensive Care Patients - Tingjie Guo; Reinier M. van Hest; Laura B. Zwep; Luca F. Roggeveen; Lucas M. Fleuren; Rob J. Bosman; Peter H. J. van der Voort; Armand R. J. Girbes; Ron A. A. Mathot; Paul W. G. Elbers; Johan G. C. van Hasselt (Pharmaceutical Research, 2020)
Purpose Bayesian forecasting is crucial for model-based dose optimization based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) data of vancomycin in intensive care (ICU) patients. We aimed to evaluate the performance of Bayesian forecasting using maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation for model-based TDM. Methods We used a vancomycin TDM data set ( n = 408 patients). We compared standard MAP-based Bayesian forecasting with two alternative approaches: (i) adaptive MAP which handles data over multiple iterations, and (ii) weighted MAP which weights the likelihood contribution of data. We evaluated the percentage error (PE) for seven scenarios including historical TDM data from the preceding day up to seven days. Results The mean of median PEs of all scenarios for the standard MAP, adaptive MAP and weighted MAP method were − 7.7%, −4.5% and − 6.7%. The adaptive MAP also showed the narrowest inter-quartile range of PE. In addition, regardless of MAP method, including historical TDM data further in the past will increase prediction errors. Conclusions The proposed adaptive MAP method outperforms standard MAP in predictive performance and may be considered for improvement of model-based dose optimization. The inclusion of historical data beyond either one day (standard MAP and weighted MAP) or two days (adaptive MAP) reduces predictive performance.

Comment on the letter of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP) dated April 21, 2020 regarding “Fossils from conflict zones and reproducibility of fossil-based scientific data”: the importance of private collections - Carolin Haug; Jelle W. F. Reumer; Joachim T. Haug; Antonio Arillo; Denis Audo; Dany Azar; Viktor Baranov; Rolf Beutel; Sylvain Charbonnier; Rodney Feldmann; Christian Foth; René H. B. Fraaije; et al. (PalZ, 2020)

The Natural History, Pathobiology, and Clinical Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infections - Jatin Machhi; Jonathan Herskovitz; Ahmed M. Senan; Debashis Dutta; Barnali Nath; Maxim D. Oleynikov; Wilson R. Blomberg; Douglas D. Meigs; Mahmudul Hasan; Milankumar Patel; Peter Kline; Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang; et al. (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2020)

Flavonoids against the Warburg phenotype—concepts of predictive, preventive and personalised medicine to cut the Gordian knot of cancer cell metabolism - Marek Samec; Alena Liskova; Lenka Koklesova; Samson Mathews Samuel; Kevin Zhai; Constanze Buhrmann; Elizabeth Varghese; Mariam Abotaleb; Tawar Qaradakhi; Anthony Zulli; Martin Kello; Jan Mojzis; et al. (EPMA Journal, 2020)
The Warburg effect is characterised by increased glucose uptake and lactate secretion in cancer cells resulting from metabolic transformation in tumour tissue. The corresponding molecular pathways switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, due to changes in glucose degradation mechanisms known as the ‘Warburg reprogramming’ of cancer cells. Key glycolytic enzymes, glucose transporters and transcription factors involved in the Warburg transformation are frequently dysregulated during carcinogenesis considered as promising diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as treatment targets. Flavonoids are molecules with pleiotropic activities. The metabolism-regulating anticancer effects of flavonoids are broadly demonstrated in preclinical studies. Flavonoids modulate key pathways involved in the Warburg phenotype including but not limited to PKM2, HK2, GLUT1 and HIF-1. The corresponding molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance of ‘anti-Warburg’ effects of flavonoids are discussed in this review article. The most prominent examples are provided for the potential application of targeted ‘anti-Warburg’ measures in cancer management. Individualised profiling and patient stratification are presented as powerful tools for implementing targeted ‘anti-Warburg’ measures in the context of predictive, preventive and personalised medicine.

The global abundance of tree palms - Robert Muscarella; Thaise Emilio; Oliver L. Phillips; Simon L. Lewis; Ferry Slik; William J. Baker; Thomas L. P. Couvreur; Wolf L. Eiserhardt; Jens‐Christian Svenning; Kofi Affum‐Baffoe; Shin‐Ichiro Aiba; Everton C. de Almeida; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

Seagrass Restoration Is Possible: Insights and Lessons From Australia and New Zealand - Yi Mei Tan; Oliver Dalby; Gary A. Kendrick; John Statton; Elizabeth A. Sinclair; Matthew W. Fraser; Peter I. Macreadie; Chris L. Gillies; Rhys A. Coleman; Michelle Waycott; Kor-jent van Dijk; Adriana Vergés; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Edge effects and human disturbance influence soil physical and chemical properties in Sacred Church Forests in Ethiopia - Catherine L. Cardelús; Amare Bitew Mekonnen; Kelsey H. Jensen; Carrie L. Woods; Mabel C. Baez; Martha Montufar; Kathryn Bazany; Berhanu Abraha Tsegay; Peter R. Scull; William H. Peck (Plant and Soil, 2020)
Aims Tropical forests are increasingly threatened by edge effects as forest degradation and deforestation continues, compromising soil integrity, seedling regeneration capacity, and ecosystem services. Ninety-three percent of the last remaining forests of northern Ethiopia, which number 1022 in the South Gondar region of our study, are <16 ha and are protected because they have a Tewahido Orthodox Christian church at their center. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of human disturbance, forest size, distance from population center and other factors on the soil properties and nutrient status of sacred church forests. We also compared forest soil physical and chemical properties across land cover types in these forests. Methods We assessed the soil physical (water content and bulk density) and chemical (total carbon and nitrogen, available phosphorus, ammonium) properties of 40 sacred church forests across three spatial scales: within individual forests; among forests; and across land cover type (forest, forest edge-exterior, Eucalyptus plantation). We used distance from the edge within each forest to examine edge effects on soil nutrients. Results We found that nutrients and carbon decreased significantly from the interior to the outer edge of these forests and with forest size. Further, the soil of Eucalyptus plantations and areas outside of the forest were largely indistinguishable; both had significantly lower nutrient concentrations than sacred church forest soil. Conclusion Our research highlights the insidious impacts of edge effects and human disturbance on forest soils and the need for an integrated soil management program in the region that balances local needs with forest conservation. The conservation of these sacred church forests is important for maintaining regional soil nutrient status relative to agricultural lands and Eucalyptus plantations.

Cellular signalling pathways mediating the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases: an update - Meenu Mehta; Daljeet S. Dhanjal; Keshav R. Paudel; Bhupender Singh; Gaurav Gupta; S. Rajeshkumar; Lakshmi Thangavelu; Murtaza M. Tambuwala; Hamid A. Bakshi; Dinesh K. Chellappan; Parijat Pandey; Harish Dureja; et al. (Inflammopharmacology, 2020)

Bacterial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent hospitalized patients and appropriateness of empirical treatment recommendations: an international point-prevalence study - Manuela Carugati; S. Aliberti; G. Sotgiu; F. Blasi; A. Gori; R. Menendez; M. Encheva; M. Gallego; P. Leuschner; S. Ruiz-Buitrago; S. Battaglia; R. Fantini; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2020)

10th Anniversary of the European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine - EPMA World Congress Supplement 2020 - Olga Golubnitschaja; Ondrej Topolcan; Radek Kucera; Vincenzo Costigliola; M. Akopyan; S. N. Akulov; O Alexandrova; Angel Alonso; Russell J. Andrews; A Assuane Duarte; O. Azarova; Maximilian Babel; et al. (EPMA Journal, 2020)
In 2019, the EPMA celebrated its 10th anniversary at the 5th World Congress in Pilsen, Czech Republic. The history of the International Professional Network dedicated to Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine (PPPM / 3PM) is rich in achievements. Facing the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic it is getting evident globally that the predictive approach, targeted prevention and personalisation of medical services is the optimal paradigm in healthcare demonstrating the high potential to save lives and to benefit the society as a whole. The EPMA World Congress Supplement 2020 highlights advances in 3P medicine.

Hawaiian hawksbills: a distinct and isolated nesting colony in the Central North Pacific Ocean revealed by mitochondrial DNA - Alexander R. Gaos; Erin L. LaCasella; Lauren Kurpita; George Balazs; Stacy Hargrove; Cheryl King; Hannah Bernard; T. Todd Jones; Peter H. Dutton (Conservation Genetics, 2020)

Habitat maps to enhance monitoring and management of the Great Barrier Reef - Chris M. Roelfsema; Eva M. Kovacs; Juan Carlos Ortiz; David P. Callaghan; Karlo Hock; Mathieu Mongin; Kasper Johansen; Peter J. Mumby; Magnus Wettle; Mike Ronan; Petra Lundgren; Emma V. Kennedy; et al. (Coral Reefs, 2020)

Refuge-dependent herbivory controls a key macroalga on coral reefs - Laura D. Puk; Alyssa Marshell; John Dwyer; Nicolas R. Evensen; Peter J. Mumby (Coral Reefs, 2020)

Multiple late‐Pleistocene colonisation events of the Antarctic pearlwort Colobanthus quitensis (Caryophyllaceae) reveal the recent arrival of native Antarctic vascular flora - Elisabeth M. Biersma; Cristian Torres‐Díaz; Marco A. Molina‐Montenegro; Kevin. K. Newsham; Marcela A. Vidal; Gonzalo A. Collado; Ian S. Acuña‐Rodríguez; Gabriel I. Ballesteros; Christian C. Figueroa; William P. Goodall‐Copestake; Marcelo A. Leppe; Marely Cuba‐Díaz; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Antarctica's remote and extreme terrestrial environments are inhabited by only two species of native vascular plants. We assessed genetic connectivity amongst Antarctic and South American populations of one of these species, Colobanthus quitensis , to determine its origin and age in Antarctica. Location Maritime Antarctic, sub‐Antarctic islands, South America. Taxon Antarctic pearlwort Colobanthus quitensis (Caryophyllaceae). Methods Four chloroplast markers and one nuclear marker were sequenced from 270 samples from a latitudinal transect spanning 21–68° S. Phylogeographic, population genetic and molecular dating analyses were used to assess the demographic history of C. quitensis and the age of the species in Antarctica. Results Maritime Antarctic populations consisted of two different haplotype clusters, occupying the northern and southern Maritime Antarctic. Molecular dating analyses suggested C. quitensis to be a young ( Main conclusions. The Maritime Antarctic populations likely derived from two independent, late‐Pleistocene dispersal events. Both clusters shared haplotypes with sub‐Antarctic South Georgia, suggesting higher connectivity across the Southern Ocean than previously thought. The overall findings of multiple colonization events by a vascular plant species to Antarctica, and the recent timing of these events, are of significance with respect to future colonizations of the Antarctic Peninsula by vascular plants, particularly with predicted increases in ice‐free land in this area. This study fills a significant gap in our knowledge of the age of the contemporary Antarctic terrestrial biota. Adding to previous inferences on the other Antarctic vascular plant species (the grass Deschampsia antarctica ), we suggest that both angiosperm species are likely to have arrived on a recent (late‐Pleistocene) time‐scale. While most major groups of Antarctic terrestrial biota include examples of much longer‐term Antarctic persistence, the vascular flora stands out as the first identified terrestrial group that appears to be of recent origin.

Ecological and genomic analyses of candidate phylum WPS ‐2 bacteria in an unvegetated soil - Andriy Sheremet; Gareth M. Jones; Jessica Jarett; Robert M. Bowers; Isaac Bedard; Cassandra Culham; Emiley A. Eloe‐Fadrosh; Natalia Ivanova; Rex R. Malmstrom; Stephen E. Grasby; Tanja Woyke; Peter F. Dunfield (Environmental Microbiology, 2020)
Summary Members of the bacterial candidate phylum WPS‐2 (or Eremiobacterota) are abundant in several dry, bare soil environments. In a bare soil deposited by an extinct iron–sulfur spring, we found that WPS‐2 comprised up to 24% of the bacterial community and up to 10 8 cells per g of soil based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantification. A single genus‐level cluster ( Ca. Rubrimentiphilum) predominated in bare soils but was less abundant in adjacent forest. Nearly complete genomes of Ca. Rubrimentiphilum were recovered as single amplified genomes (SAGs) and metagenome‐assembled genomes (MAGs). Surprisingly, given the abundance of WPS‐2 in bare soils, the genomes did not indicate any capacity for autotrophy, phototrophy, or trace gas metabolism. Instead, they suggest a predominantly aerobic organoheterotrophic lifestyle, perhaps based on scavenging amino acids, nucleotides, and complex oligopeptides, along with lithotrophic capacity on thiosulfate. Network analyses of the entire community showed that some species of Chloroflexi , Actinobacteria , and candidate phylum AD3 (or Dormibacterota) co‐occurred with Ca. Rubrimentiphilum and may represent ecological or metabolic partners. We propose that Ca. Rubrimentiphilum act as efficient heterotrophic scavengers. Combined with previous studies, these data suggest that the phylum WPS‐2 includes bacteria with diverse metabolic capabilities.

Landscape simplification shapes pathogen prevalence in plant‐pollinator networks - Laura L. Figueroa; Heather Grab; Wee Hao Ng; Christopher R. Myers; Peter Graystock; Quinn S. McFrederick; Scott H. McArt (Ecology Letters, 2020)
Species interaction networks, which play an important role in determining pathogen transmission and spread in ecological communities, can shift in response to agricultural landscape simplification. However, we know surprisingly little about how landscape simplification‐driven changes in network structure impact epidemiological patterns. Here, we combine mathematical modelling and data from eleven bipartite plant‐pollinator networks observed along a landscape simplification gradient to elucidate how changes in network structure shape disease dynamics. Our empirical data show that landscape simplification reduces pathogen prevalence in bee communities via increased diet breadth of the dominant species. Furthermore, our empirical data and theoretical model indicate that increased connectance reduces the likelihood of a disease outbreak and decreases variance in prevalence among bee species in the community, resulting in a dilution effect. Because infectious diseases are implicated in pollinator declines worldwide, a better understanding of how land use change impacts species interactions is therefore critical for conserving pollinator health.

Effects of body size on estimation of mammalian area requirements - Michael J. Noonan; Christen H. Fleming; Marlee A. Tucker; Roland Kays; Autumn‐Lynn Harrison; Margaret C. Crofoot; Briana Abrahms; Susan C. Alberts; Abdullahi H. Ali; Jeanne Altmann; Pamela Castro Antunes; Nina Attias; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2020)
Accurately quantifying species’ area requirements is a prerequisite for effective area‐based conservation. This typically involves collecting tracking data on species of interest and then conducting home‐range analyses. Problematically, autocorrelation in tracking data can result in space needs being severely underestimated. Based on the previous work, we hypothesized the magnitude of underestimation varies with body mass, a relationship that could have serious conservation implications. To evaluate this hypothesis for terrestrial mammals, we estimated home‐range areas with global positioning system (GPS) locations from 757 individuals across 61 globally distributed mammalian species with body masses ranging from 0.4 to 4000 kg. We then applied block cross‐validation to quantify bias in empirical home‐range estimates. Area requirements of mammals 1, meaning the scaling of the relationship changed substantially at the upper end of the mass spectrum.

A First Global Oceanic Compilation of Observational Dissolved Aluminum Data With Regional Statistical Data Treatment - Jan-Lukas Menzel Barraqueta; Saumik Samanta; Eric P. Achterberg; Andrew R. Bowie; Peter Croot; Ryan Cloete; Tara De Jongh; Maria D. Gelado-Caballero; Jessica K. Klar; Rob Middag; Jean C. Loock; Tomas A. Remenyi; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Playing to the Positives: Using Synergies to Enhance Kelp Forest Restoration - Aaron M. Eger; Ezequiel Marzinelli; Paul Gribben; Craig R. Johnson; Cayne Layton; Peter D. Steinberg; Georgina Wood; Brian R. Silliman; Adriana Vergés (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Ceftriaxone and mGlu2/3 interactions in the nucleus accumbens core affect the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in male and female rats - Carly N. Logan; Allison R. Bechard; Peter U. Hamor; Lizhen Wu; Marek Schwendt; Lori A. Knackstedt (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Field-scale management and environmental drivers of N2O emissions from pasture-based dairy systems - Daniele De Rosa; David W. Rowlings; Bill Fulkerson; Clemens Scheer; Johannes Friedl; Martin Labadz; Peter R. Grace (Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2020)

Intentional Hydroxychloroquine Overdose Treated with High-Dose Diazepam: an Increasing Concern in the COVID-19 Pandemic - Peter R. Chai; E. G. Ferro; J. M. Kirshenbaum; B. D. Hayes; S. E. Culbreth; E. W. Boyer; T. B. Erickson (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2020)

Medical Toxicology and COVID-19: Our Role in a Pandemic - Natalie R. Neumann; Peter R. Chai; David M. Wood; Howard A. Greller; Mark B. Mycyk (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2020)

Buprenorphine Initiation in the Emergency Department: a Thematic Content Analysis of a #firesidetox Tweetchat - Megan Chenworth; Jeanmarie Perrone; Jennifer S. Love; Howard A. Greller; Abeed Sarker; Peter R. Chai (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2020)

Age distribution and longevity in a breeding population of Swainson’s Hawks, Buteo swainsoni - Sarah A. Kane; Christopher R. Vennum; Brian Woodbridge; Michael W. Collopy; Peter H. Bloom; Christopher W. Briggs (Journal of Ornithology, 2020)

Direct and indirect community effects of the invasive plant pathogen Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) in eastern Australian rainforests - Laura Fernandez-Winzer; Katherine A. Berthon; Peter Entwistle; Anthony Manea; Nélida Winzer; Geoff S. Pegg; Angus J. Carnegie; Michelle R. Leishman (Biological Invasions, 2020)

MUCO-DIS: a New AFM-Based Nanoscale Dissolution Technique - Muhammad Usman Ghori; Jorabar Singh Nirwan; Taimoor Asim; Younes Chahid; Samia Farhaj; Zara Khizer; Peter Timmins; Barbara R. Conway (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2020)
Mucoadhesion-based drug delivery systems have recently gained interest because of their bio-adhesion capability, which results in enhanced residence time leading to prolonged duration of action with the mucosal surface, potentially improving compliance and convenience. Mucoadhesion testing of these formulations is widely reported; however, this is technically challenging due to the absence of any standard methods and difficulty in conducting mucoadhesion, formulation-mucosal surface interaction, mucosal surface topography and drug release in a single experiment. As these measurements are currently conducted separately, on replicate formulations, results can often be subjective and difficult to correlate. Hence, the aim of the present study was to develop a new AFM-based single-entity ex vivo muco-dissolution (MUCO-DIS) technique to simultaneously evaluate mucoadhesion force, 3D surface topography, polymer dissolution and drug release characteristics. To demonstrate the potential of the current technique, the interactions between model pectin microparticles containing metformin HCl and a range of gastrointestinal mucosal surfaces (gastric, small intestine, large intestine and buccal) were studied. This novel system has not only successfully determined the mucoadhesion force, polymer dissolution and drug release information but has also highlighted the difference in microparticle performance with different mucosal targets. The current work has highlighted the potential of this newly developed MUCO-DIS system and we believe this will be a valuable tool for characterising these popular pharmaceutical formulations. This technique could also provide an opportunity to other scientific fields to evaluate materials, substrate behaviour and their interactions in their hydrated state at nanoscale with real-time chemical and surface mapping.

Climate and local environment structure asynchrony and the stability of primary production in grasslands - Benjamin Gilbert; Andrew S. MacDougall; Taku Kadoya; Munemitsu Akasaka; Joseph R. Bennett; Eric M. Lind; Habacuc Flores‐Moreno; Jennifer Firn; Yann Hautier; Elizabeth T. Borer; Eric W. Seabloom; Peter B. Adler; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Climate variability threatens to destabilize production in many ecosystems. Asynchronous species dynamics may buffer against such variability when a decrease in performance by some species is offset by an increase in performance of others. However, high climatic variability can eliminate species through stochastic extinctions or cause similar stress responses among species that reduce buffering. Local conditions, such as soil nutrients, can also alter production stability directly or by influencing asynchrony. We test these hypotheses using a globally distributed sampling experiment. Location Grasslands in North America, Europe and Australia. Time period Annual surveys over 5 year intervals occurring between 2007 and 2014. Major taxa studied Herbaceous plants. Methods We sampled annually the per species cover and aboveground community biomass [net primary productivity (NPP)], plus soil chemical properties, in 29 grasslands. We tested how soil conditions, combined with variability in precipitation and temperature, affect species richness, asynchrony and temporal stability of primary productivity. We used bivariate relationships and structural equation modelling to examine proximate and ultimate relationships. Results Climate variability strongly predicted asynchrony, whereas NPP stability was more related to soil conditions. Species richness was structured by both climate variability and soils and, in turn, increased asynchrony. Variability in temperature and precipitation caused a unimodal asynchrony response, with asynchrony being lowest at low and high climate variability. Climate impacted stability indirectly, through its effect on asynchrony, with stability increasing at higher asynchrony owing to lower inter‐annual variability in NPP. Soil conditions had no detectable effect on asynchrony but increased stability by increasing the mean NPP, especially when soil organic matter was high. Main conclusions We found globally consistent evidence that climate modulates species asynchrony but that the direct effect on stability is low relative to local soil conditions. Nonetheless, our observed unimodal responses to variability in temperature and precipitation suggest asynchrony thresholds, beyond which there are detectable destabilizing impacts of climate on primary productivity.

Something old, something new: Historical perspectives provide lessons for blue growth agendas - Bryony A. Caswell; Emily S. Klein; Heidi K. Alleway; Johnathan E. Ball; Julián Botero; Massimiliano Cardinale; Margit Eero; Georg H. Engelhard; Tomaso Fortibuoni; Ana‐Judith Giraldo; Jonas Hentati‐Sundberg; Peter Jones; et al. (Fish and Fisheries, 2020)
The concept of “blue growth,” which aims to promote the growth of ocean economies while holistically managing marine socioecological systems, is emerging within national and international marine policy. The concept is often promoted as being novel; however, we show that historical analogies exist that can provide insights for contemporary planning and implementation of blue growth. Using a case‐study approach based on expert knowledge, we identified 20 historical fisheries or aquaculture examples from 13 countries, spanning the last 40–800 years, that we contend embody blue growth concepts. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that blue growth has been investigated across such broad spatial and temporal scales. The past societies managed to balance exploitation with equitable access, ecological integrity and/or economic growth for varying periods of time. Four main trajectories existed that led to the success or failure of blue growth. Success was linked to equitable rather than open access, innovation and management that was responsive, holistic and based on scientific knowledge and monitoring. The inability to achieve or maintain blue growth resulted from failures to address limits to industry growth and/or anticipate the impacts of adverse extrinsic events and drivers (e.g. changes in international markets, war), the prioritization of short‐term gains over long‐term sustainability, and loss of supporting systems. Fourteen cross‐cutting lessons and 10 recommendations were derived that can improve understanding and implementation of blue growth. Despite the contemporary literature broadly supporting our findings, these recommendations are not adequately addressed by agendas seeking to realize blue growth.

Shifts in Phytoplankton Community Structure Across an Anticyclonic Eddy Revealed From High Spectral Resolution Lidar Scattering Measurements - Jennifer A. Schulien; Alice Della Penna; Peter Gaube; Alison P. Chase; Nils Haëntjens; Jason R. Graff; Johnathan W. Hair; Chris A. Hostetler; Amy Jo Scarino; Emmanuel S. Boss; Lee Karp-Boss; Michael J. Behrenfeld (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Evaluating Mooring Line Test Procedures through the Application of a Round Robin Test Approach - Faryal Khalid; Peter Davies; Peter Halswell; Nicolas Lacotte; Philipp R. Thies; Lars Johanning (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2020)
Innovation in materials and test protocols, as well as physical and numerical investigations, is required to address the technical challenges arising due to the novel application of components from conventional industries to the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry. Synthetic fibre ropes, widely used for offshore station-keeping, have potential application in the MRE industry to reduce peak mooring line loads. This paper presents the results of a physical characterisation study of a novel hybrid polyester-polyolefin rope for MRE mooring applications through a round robin testing (RRT) approach at two test facilities. The RRT was performed using standard guidelines for offshore mooring lines and the results are verified through the numerical modelling of the rope tensile behaviour. The physical testing provides quantifiable margins for the strength and stiffness properties of the hybrid rope, increases confidence in the test protocols and assesses facility-specific influences on test outcomes. The results indicate that the adopted guidance is suitable for rope testing in mooring applications and there is good agreement between stiffness characterisation at both facilities. Additionally, the numerical model provides a satisfactory prediction of the rope tensile behaviour and it can be used for further parametric studies.

Chemometric Differentiation of Oil Families and Their Potential Source Rocks in the Gulf of Suez - W. Sh. El Diasty; S. Y. El Beialy; A. R. Mostafa; A. A. Abo Ghonaim; K. E. Peters (Natural Resources Research, 2020)

Updated Characterization of Dorowa Phosphate Rock Mined in Zimbabwe - Akinson Tumbure; Mike R. Bretherton; Peter Bishop; Mike J. Hedley (Natural Resources Research, 2020)

Survey of the Arc Epigenetic Landscape in Normal Cognitive Aging - Craig Myrum; Joshua Kittleson; Supriyo De; Bonnie R. Fletcher; James Castellano; Gautam Kundu; Kevin G. Becker; Peter R. Rapp (Molecular Neurobiology, 2020)

Navigating structural barriers to the implementation of agriculture-nutrition programs in Nepal - Elena T. Broaddus-Shea; Bibhu Thapaliya Shrestha; Pooja Pandey Rana; Peter J. Winch; Carol R. Underwood (Food Security, 2020)

Genoprotective activities of plant natural substances in cancer and chemopreventive strategies in the context of 3P medicine - Lenka Koklesova; Alena Liskova; Marek Samec; Tawar Qaradakhi; Anthony Zulli; Karel Smejkal; Karol Kajo; Jana Jakubikova; Payam Behzadi; Martin Pec; Pavol Zubor; Kamil Biringer; et al. (EPMA Journal, 2020)
Severe durable changes may occur to the DNA structure caused by exogenous and endogenous risk factors initiating the process of carcinogenesis. By evidence, a large portion of malignancies have been demonstrated as being preventable. Moreover, the targeted prevention of cancer onset is possible, due to unique properties of plant bioactive compounds. Although genoprotective effects of phytochemicals have been well documented, there is an evident lack of articles which would systematically present the spectrum of anticancer effects by phytochemicals, plant extracts, and plant-derived diet applicable to stratified patient groups at the level of targeted primary (cancer development) and secondary (cancer progression and metastatic disease) prevention. Consequently, clinical implementation of knowledge accumulated in the area is still highly restricted. To stimulate coherent co-development of the dedicated plant bioactive compound investigation on one hand and comprehensive cancer preventive strategies on the other hand, the current paper highlights and deeply analyses relevant evidence available in the area. Key molecular mechanisms are presented to detail genoprotective and anticancer activities of plants and phytochemicals. Clinical implementation is discussed. Based on the presented evidence, advanced chemopreventive strategies in the context of 3P medicine are considered.

Bottom-Up Forces Drive Increases in the Abundance of Large Daphnids in Four Small Lakes Stocked with Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Interior British Columbia, Canada - Graham R. Mushet; Kathleen R. Laird; Peter R. Leavitt; Stephen Maricle; Andrew Klassen; Brian F. Cumming (Ecosystems, 2020)
The introduction of salmonids into lakes of western North America for sport fishing is a widespread phenomenon. While numerous investigations have documented cascading trophic interactions upon the introduction of fish into naturally fishless systems, little research has been done to investigate the importance of natural fish status (fishless vs. fish bearing) in modulating historical food web response to dual forcing by bottom-up (resource regulation from nutrients) and top-down (planktivory from stocked fish) processes. We used the paleolimnological record to reconstruct food web changes in four lakes in interior British Columbia that have been stocked with rainbow trout since the early to mid-1900s. Analysis of pigments, diatoms, and Cladocera was undertaken in cores from all lakes. We predicted that if fish were important in structuring cladoceran abundance and composition, we would document a decline in the abundance of large daphnids post-stocking in our two naturally fishless lakes, and little change in the two fish-bearing lakes. Instead, we documented increased abundance of large daphnids after stocking in all lakes in the early to mid-1900s, a finding inconsistent with size-selective predation from planktivorous fish. Further, our data suggest that deep, low-oxygen refugia may be important in sustaining populations of large Daphnia , a process which was enhanced by increased nutrients and lake production according to sub-fossil diatom and pigment analyses. This study shows that fish stocking does not invariably result in a decrease in large-bodied Cladocera and that nutrients and lake type can modulate the response of invertebrate planktivores.

Antenatal maternal anxiety modulates the BOLD response in 20-year-old men during endogenous cognitive control - Maarten Mennes; Peter Stiers; Lieven Lagae; Bea R. H. Van den Bergh (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2020)

Beta-amyloid (Aβ) uptake by PET imaging in older HIV+ and HIV- individuals - Mona Mohamed; Richard L. Skolasky; Yun Zhou; Weiguo Ye; James R. Brasic; Amanda Brown; Carlos A. Pardo; Peter B. Barker; Dean F. Wong; Ned Sacktor (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2020)

Loops und Tunnel: unterschätzte Elemente in Enzymen - Peter M. Heinemann; Lea R. Rapp; Bernhard Hauer (BIOspektrum, 2020)
In enzymes, the active site is the location where substrates are chemically converted. If this site is deeply buried within the protein, substrates must pass not only through the body of the protein via a tunnel, but also flexible, site-decorating loops to access the active site. These elements can act as filters that influence on both substrate specificity and activity. Identifying and understanding how they exert such control has been of growing interest over the past several years.

Unraveling hierarchical genetic structure in a marine metapopulation: A comparison of three high‐throughput genotyping approaches - Cassidy C. D’Aloia; Jose A. Andrés; Steven M. Bogdanowicz; Amy R. McCune; Richard G. Harrison; Peter M. Buston (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
Marine metapopulations often exhibit subtle population structure that can be difficult to detect. Given recent advances in high‐throughput sequencing, an emerging question is whether various genotyping approaches, in concert with improved sampling designs, will substantially improve our understanding of genetic structure in the sea. To address this question, we explored hierarchical patterns of structure in the coral reef fish Elacatinus lori using a high‐resolution approach with respect to both genetic and geographic sampling. Previously, we identified three putative E. lori populations within Belize using traditional genetic markers and sparse geographic sampling: barrier reef and Turneffe Atoll; Glover's Atoll; and Lighthouse Atoll. Here, we systematically sampled individuals at ~10 km intervals throughout these reefs (1,129 individuals from 35 sites) and sequenced all individuals at three sets of markers: 2,418 SNPs; 89 microsatellites; and 57 nonrepetitive nuclear loci. At broad spatial scales, the markers were consistent with each other and with previous findings. At finer spatial scales, there was new evidence of genetic substructure, but our three marker sets differed slightly in their ability to detect these patterns. Specifically, we found subtle structure between the barrier reef and Turneffe Atoll, with SNPs resolving this pattern most effectively. We also documented isolation by distance within the barrier reef. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the number of loci (and alleles) had a strong effect on the detection of structure for all three marker sets, particularly at small spatial scales. Taken together, these results illustrate empirically that high‐throughput genotyping data can elucidate subtle genetic structure at previously‐undetected scales in a dispersive marine fish.

Adjustments in fatty acid composition is a mechanism that can explain resilience to marine heatwaves and future ocean conditions in the habitat‐forming seaweed Phyllospora comosa (Labillardière) C.Agardh - Damon Britton; Matthias Schmid; Fanny Noisette; Jonathan N. Havenhand; Ellie R. Paine; Christina M. McGraw; Andrew T. Revill; Patti Virtue; Peter D. Nichols; Craig N. Mundy; Catriona L. Hurd (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Marine heatwaves are extreme events that can have profound and lasting impacts on marine species. Field observations have shown seaweeds to be highly susceptible to marine heatwaves, but the physiological drivers of this susceptibility are poorly understood. Furthermore, the effects of marine heatwaves in conjunction with ocean warming and acidification are yet to be investigated. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a laboratory culture experiment in which we tested the growth and physiological responses of Phyllospora comosa juveniles from the southern extent of its range (43–31°S) to marine heatwaves, ocean warming and acidification. We used a ‘collapsed factorial design’ in which marine heatwaves were superimposed on current (today's pH and temperature) and future (pH and temperature projected by 2100) ocean conditions. Responses were tested both during the heatwaves, and after a 7‐day recovery period. Heatwaves reduced net photosynthetic rates in both current and future conditions, while respiration rates were elevated under heatwaves in the current conditions only. Following the recovery period, there was little evidence of heatwaves having lasting negative effects on growth, photosynthesis or respiration. Exposure to heatwaves, future ocean conditions or both caused an increase in the degree of saturation of fatty acids. This adjustment may have counteracted negative effects of elevated temperatures by decreasing membrane fluidity, which increases at higher temperatures. Furthermore, P. comosa appeared to down‐regulate the energetically expensive carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism in the future conditions with a reduction in δ 13 C values detected in these treatments. Any saved energy arising from this down‐regulation was not invested in growth and was likely invested in the adjustment of fatty acid composition. This adjustment is a mechanism by which P. comosa and other seaweeds may tolerate the negative effects of ocean warming and marine heatwaves through benefits arising from ocean acidification.

Increased yield and CO 2 sequestration potential with the C 4 cereal Sorghum bicolor cultivated in basaltic rock dust‐amended agricultural soil - Mike E. Kelland; Peter W. Wade; Amy L. Lewis; Lyla L. Taylor; Binoy Sarkar; M. Grace Andrews; Mark R. Lomas; T. E. Anne Cotton; Simon J. Kemp; Rachael H. James; Christopher R. Pearce; Sue E. Hartley; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Land‐based enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a biogeochemical carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy aiming to accelerate natural geological processes of carbon sequestration through application of crushed silicate rocks, such as basalt, to croplands and forested landscapes. However, the efficacy of the approach when undertaken with basalt, and its potential co‐benefits for agriculture, require experimental and field evaluation. Here we report that amending a UK clay‐loam agricultural soil with a high loading (10 kg/m 2 ) of relatively coarse‐grained crushed basalt significantly increased the yield (21 ± 9.4%, SE ) of the important C 4 cereal Sorghum bicolor under controlled environmental conditions, without accumulation of potentially toxic trace elements in the seeds. Yield increases resulted from the basalt treatment after 120 days without P‐ and K‐fertilizer addition. Shoot silicon concentrations also increased significantly (26 ± 5.4%, SE ), with potential benefits for crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Elemental budgets indicate substantial release of base cations important for inorganic carbon removal and their accumulation mainly in the soil exchangeable pools. Geochemical reactive transport modelling, constrained by elemental budgets, indicated CO 2 sequestration rates of 2–4 t CO 2 /ha, 1–5 years after a single application of basaltic rock dust, including via newly formed soil carbonate minerals whose long‐term fate requires assessment through field trials. This represents an approximately fourfold increase in carbon capture compared to control plant–soil systems without basalt. Our results build support for ERW deployment as a CDR technique compatible with spreading basalt powder on acidic loamy soils common across millions of hectares of western European and North American agriculture.

The importance of naturally attenuated SARS‐CoV ‐2 in the fight against COVID ‐19 - Jean Armengaud; Agnès Delaunay‐Moisan; Jean‐Yves Thuret; Eelco van Anken; Diego Acosta‐Alvear; Tomás Aragón; Carolina Arias; Marc Blondel; Ineke Braakman; Jean‐François Collet; René Courcol; Antoine Danchin; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2020)
The current SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic is wreaking havoc throughout the world and has rapidly become a global health emergency. A central question concerning COVID‐19 is why some individuals become sick and others not. Many have pointed already at variation in risk factors between individuals. However, the variable outcome of SARS‐CoV‐2 infections may, at least in part, be due also to differences between the viral subspecies with which individuals are infected. A more pertinent question is how we are to overcome the current pandemic. A vaccine against SARS‐CoV‐2 would offer significant relief, although vaccine developers have warned that design, testing and production of vaccines may take a year if not longer. Vaccines are based on a handful of different designs (i), but the earliest vaccines were based on the live, attenuated virus. As has been the case for other viruses during earlier pandemics, SARS‐CoV‐2 will mutate and may naturally attenuate over time (ii). What makes the current pandemic unique is that, thanks to state‐of‐the‐art nucleic acid sequencing technologies, we can follow in detail how SARS‐CoV‐2 evolves while it spreads. We argue that knowledge of naturally emerging attenuated SARS‐CoV‐2 variants across the globe should be of key interest in our fight against the pandemic.

Reconstructing past forest composition and abundance by using archived Landsat and national forest inventory data - Bina Thapa; Peter T. Wolter; Brian R. Sturtevant; Philip A. Townsend (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2020)

Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) from Zingiber zerumbet rhizomes with inhibitory effect on Pythium myriotylum secretory proteases and zoospore viability - Sharmila Raj; R. Aswati Nair; Princy Peter (World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2020)

Correction to: Review of GPS collar deployments and performance on nonhuman primates - Kerry M. Dore; Malene F. Hansen; Amy R. Klegarth; Claudia Fichtel; Flávia Koch; Andrea Springer; Peter Kappeler; Joyce A. Parga; Tatyana Humle; Christelle Colin; Estelle Raballand; Zhi-Pang Huang; et al. (Primates, 2020)

Review of GPS collar deployments and performance on nonhuman primates - Kerry M. Dore; Malene F. Hansen; Amy R. Klegarth; Claudia Fichtel; Flávia Koch; Andrea Springer; Peter Kappeler; Joyce A. Parga; Tatyana Humle; Christelle Colin; Estelle Raballand; Zhi-Pang Huang; et al. (Primates, 2020)

Intramolecular vibrations enhance the quantum efficiency of excitonic energy transfer - Hong-Guang Duan; Peter Nalbach; R. J. Dwayne Miller; Michael Thorwart (Photosynthesis Research, 2020)
We study the impact of underdamped intramolecular vibrational modes on the efficiency of the excitation energy transfer in a dimer in which each state is coupled to its own underdamped vibrational mode and, in addition, to a continuous background of environmental modes. For this, we use the numerically exact hierarchy equation of motion approach. We determine the quantum yield and the transfer time in dependence of the vibronic coupling strength, and in dependence of the damping of the incoherent background. Moreover, we tune the vibrational frequencies out of resonance with the excitonic energy gap. We show that the quantum yield is enhanced by up to 10% when the vibrational frequency of the donor is larger than at the acceptor. The vibronic energy eigenstates of the acceptor acquire then an increased density of states, which leads to a higher occupation probability of the acceptor in thermal equilibrium. We can conclude that an underdamped vibrational mode which is weakly coupled to the dimer fuels a faster transfer of excitation energy, illustrating that long-lived vibrations can, in principle, enhance energy transfer, without involving long-lived electronic coherence.

A study of the outward background current conductance gK1, the pacemaker current conductance gf, and the gap junction conductance gj as determinants of biological pacing in single cells and in a two-cell syncytium using the dynamic clamp - Virginijus Valiunas; Ira S. Cohen; Peter R. Brink; Chris Clausen (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2020)

Population genomic and phenotype diversity of invasive Drosophila suzukii in Hawai‘i - Jonathan B. Koch; Julian R. Dupuis; Marcel-Kate Jardeleza; Nadiatou Ouedraogo; Scott M. Geib; Peter A. Follett; Donald K. Price (Biological Invasions, 2020)

Correction to: Binomial nomenclature for virus species: a consultation - Stuart G. Siddell; Peter J. Walker; Elliot J. Lefkowitz; Arcady R. Mushegian; Bas E. Dutilh; Balázs Harrach; Robert L. Harrison; Sandra Junglen; Nick J. Knowles; Andrew M. Kropinski; Mart Krupovic; Jens H. Kuhn; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2020)
The article Binomial nomenclature for virus species: a consultation, written by Stuart G. Siddell, Peter J. Walker, Elliot J. Lefkowitz, Arcady R. Mushegian, Bas E. Dutilh.

Time- and temperature-dependent postmortem concentration changes of the (synthetic) cannabinoids JWH-210, RCS-4, as well as ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol following pulmonary administration to pigs - Nadine Schaefer; Ann-Katrin Kröll; Christina Körbel; Matthias W. Laschke; Michael D. Menger; Hans H. Maurer; Markus R. Meyer; Peter H. Schmidt (Archives of Toxicology, 2020)
In forensic toxicology, interpretation of postmortem (PM) drug concentrations might be complicated due to the lack of data concerning drug stability or PM redistribution (PMR). Regarding synthetic cannabinoids (SC), only sparse data are available, which derived from single case reports without any knowledge of dose and time of consumption. Thus, a controlled pig toxicokinetic study allowing for examination of PMR of SC was performed. Twelve pigs received a pulmonary dose of 200 µg/kg BW each of 4-ethylnaphthalene-1-yl-(1-pentylindole-3-yl)methanone (JWH-210), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1-pentyl-indole-3-yl)methanone (RCS-4), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol via an ultrasonic nebulizer. Eight hours after, the pigs were put to death with T61 and specimens of relevant tissues and body fluids were collected. Subsequently, the animals were stored at room temperature ( n = 6) or 4 °C ( n = 6) and further samples were collected after 24, 48, and 72 h each. Concentrations were determined following enzymatic cleavage and solid-phase extraction by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry applying the standard addition approach. High concentrations of the parent compounds were observed in lung, liver, kidney and bile fluid/duodenum content as well as brain. HO-RCS-4 was the most prevalent metabolite detected in PM specimens. In general, changes of PM concentrations were found in every tissue and body fluid depending on the PM interval as well as storage temperature.

Storm impacts on phytoplankton community dynamics in lakes - Jason D. Stockwell; Jonathan P. Doubek; Rita Adrian; Orlane Anneville; Cayelan C. Carey; Laurence Carvalho; Lisette N. De Senerpont Domis; Gaël Dur; Marieke A. Frassl; Hans‐Peter Grossart; Bas W. Ibelings; Marc J. Lajeunesse; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
In many regions across the globe, extreme weather events such as storms have increased in frequency, intensity, and duration due to climate change. Ecological theory predicts that such extreme events should have large impacts on ecosystem structure and function. High winds and precipitation associated with storms can affect lakes via short‐term runoff events from watersheds and physical mixing of the water column. In addition, lakes connected to rivers and streams will also experience flushing due to high flow rates. Although we have a well‐developed understanding of how wind and precipitation events can alter lake physical processes and some aspects of biogeochemical cycling, our mechanistic understanding of the emergent responses of phytoplankton communities is poor. Here we provide a comprehensive synthesis that identifies how storms interact with lake and watershed attributes and their antecedent conditions to generate changes in lake physical and chemical environments. Such changes can restructure phytoplankton communities and their dynamics, as well as result in altered ecological function (e.g., carbon, nutrient and energy cycling) in the short‐ and long‐term. We summarize the current understanding of storm‐induced phytoplankton dynamics, identify knowledge gaps with a systematic review of the literature, and suggest future research directions across a gradient of lake types and environmental conditions.

Enhancing the Scientific Value of Industry Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) in Our Oceans - Dianne L. McLean; Miles J. G. Parsons; Andrew R. Gates; Mark C. Benfield; Todd Bond; David J. Booth; Michael Bunce; Ashley M. Fowler; Euan S. Harvey; Peter I. Macreadie; Charitha B. Pattiaratchi; Sally Rouse; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Tilorone: a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Invented in the USA and Commercialized in Russia and beyond - Sean Ekins; Thomas R. Lane; Peter B. Madrid (Pharmaceutical Research, 2020)

Tweetchats, Disseminating Information, and Sparking Further Scientific Discussion with Social Media - Michael A. Chary; Peter R. Chai (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2020)

Rapid Assessment of Opioid Exposure and Treatment in Cities Through Robotic Collection and Chemical Analysis of Wastewater - Norkio Endo; Newsha Ghaeli; Claire Duvallet; Katelyn Foppe; Timothy B Erickson; Mariana Matus; Peter R Chai (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2020)

Two novel cases further expand the phenotype of TOR1AIP1-associated nuclear envelopathies - Ivana Lessel; Mei-Jan Chen; Sabine Lüttgen; Florian Arndt; Sigrid Fuchs; Stefanie Meien; Holger Thiele; Julie R. Jones; Brandon R. Shaw; David K. Crossman; Peter Nürnberg; Bruce R. Korf; et al. (Human Genetics, 2020)
Biallelic variants in TOR1AIP1 , encoding the integral nuclear membrane protein LAP1 (lamina-associated polypeptide 1) with two functional isoforms LAP1B and LAP1C, have initially been linked to muscular dystrophies with variable cardiac and neurological impairment. Furthermore, a recurrent homozygous nonsense alteration, resulting in loss of both LAP1 isoforms, was identified in seven likely related individuals affected by multisystem anomalies with progeroid-like appearance and lethality within the 1st decade of life. Here, we have identified compound heterozygosity in TOR1AIP1 affecting both LAP1 isoforms in two unrelated individuals affected by congenital bilateral hearing loss, ventricular septal defect, bilateral cataracts, mild to moderate developmental delay, microcephaly, mandibular hypoplasia, short stature, progressive muscular atrophy, joint contractures and severe chronic heart failure, with much longer survival. Cellular characterization of primary fibroblasts of one affected individual revealed absence of both LAP1B and LAP1C, constitutively low lamin A/C levels, aberrant nuclear morphology including nuclear cytoplasmic channels, and premature senescence, comparable to findings in other progeroid forms of nuclear envelopathies. We additionally observed an abnormal activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2). Ectopic expression of wild-type TOR1AIP1 mitigated these cellular phenotypes, providing further evidence for the causal role of identified genetic variants. Altogether, we thus further expand the TOR1AIP1 -associated phenotype by identifying individuals with biallelic loss-of-function variants who survived beyond the 1st decade of life and reveal novel molecular consequences underlying the TOR1AIP1 -associated disorders.

Effect of hydraulic loading rate on the growth of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi.) and Gotukola (Centella asiatica (L.)) using phytoremediated aquaculture wastewater in aquaponics - K. K. T. Nuwansi; A. K. Verma; G. Rathore; M. H. Chandrakant; G. P. W. A. Prabhath; R. M. Peter (Aquaculture International, 2020)

Role of trait combinations, habitat matrix, and network topology in metapopulation recovery from regional extinction - Luis Giménez; Peter Robins; Stuart R. Jenkins (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
We studied the role of oceanographic conditions and life history strategies on recovery after extinction in a metapopulation of marine organisms dispersing as pelagic larvae. We combined an age‐structured model with scenarios defined by realistic oceanographic conditions and species distribution along the Irish Sea coast (North Europe). Species life history strategies were modeled combining the dispersal behaviors with two levels of fecundity. Recovery times were quantified after simulating extinction in four regions. Two alternative strategies (high fecundity or larval tidal transport) led to short recovery times, irrespective of the effects of other drivers. Other strategies and low larval survival exacerbated the effects of oceanographic conditions on recovery times: longer times were associated with for example the presence of frontal zones isolating regions of extinction. Recovery times were well explained by the connectivity of each focal population with those located outside the area of extinction (which was higher in the so‐called small world topologies), but not by subsidies (direct connections with populations located nearby). Our work highlights the complexities involved in population recovery: specific trait combinations may blur the effects of the habitat matrix on recovery times; K‐strategists (i.e., with low fecundities) may achieve quick recovery if they possess the appropriate dispersal traits. High larval mortality can exacerbate the effect of oceanographic conditions and lead to heterogeneity in recovery times. Overall, processes driving whole network topologies rather than conditions surrounding local populations are the key to understand patterns of recovery.

The commercially important shoemaker spinefoot, Siganus sutor , connects coral reefs to neighbouring seagrass meadows - Ameer Ebrahim; Jude P. Bijoux; Peter J. Mumby; Ian R. Tibbetts (Journal of Fish Biology, 2020)
Spatial management of fish populations can potentially be optimized by determining the area of influence of a particular species. We performed an acoustic tagging study implemented on Denis Island in the Seychelles to assess the area of influence of the heavily targeted shoemaker spinefoot, Siganus sutor . We investigated whether this species acts as a mobile link between coral patches and seagrass meadows, and whether their movements differed between day and night. The study incorporated an array of 22 acoustic stations deployed within dense coral patches, seagrass meadows and mixed habitats of both seagrass and coral. Fifteen S. sutor carrying internal acoustic tags were monitored from November 2016 until May 2017. Detection patterns revealed them to be diurnal herbivores, with only rare nocturnal movements. Home‐range estimates showed that individuals differed in their spatial range extents and habitats used, covering ~15% of the total shallow subtidal coastline of the island. However, they displayed very small daily movements (

Nutrient availability controls the impact of mammalian herbivores on soil carbon and nitrogen pools in grasslands - Judith Sitters; E. R. Jasper Wubs; Elisabeth S. Bakker; Thomas W. Crowther; Peter B. Adler; Sumanta Bagchi; Jonathan D. Bakker; Lori Biederman; Elizabeth T. Borer; Elsa E. Cleland; Nico Eisenhauer; Jennifer Firn; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Grasslands are subject to considerable alteration due to human activities globally, including widespread changes in populations and composition of large mammalian herbivores and elevated supply of nutrients. Grassland soils remain important reservoirs of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Herbivores may affect both C and N pools and these changes likely interact with increases in soil nutrient availability. Given the scale of grassland soil fluxes, such changes can have striking consequences for atmospheric C concentrations and the climate. Here, we use the Nutrient Network experiment to examine the responses of soil C and N pools to mammalian herbivore exclusion across 22 grasslands, under ambient and elevated nutrient availabilities (fertilized with NPK + micronutrients). We show that the impact of herbivore exclusion on soil C and N pools depends on fertilization. Under ambient nutrient conditions, we observed no effect of herbivore exclusion, but under elevated nutrient supply, pools are smaller upon herbivore exclusion. The highest mean soil C and N pools were found in grazed and fertilized plots. The decrease in soil C and N upon herbivore exclusion in combination with fertilization correlated with a decrease in aboveground plant biomass and microbial activity, indicating a reduced storage of organic matter and microbial residues as soil C and N. The response of soil C and N pools to herbivore exclusion was contingent on temperature – herbivores likely cause losses of C and N in colder sites and increases in warmer sites. Additionally, grasslands that contain mammalian herbivores have the potential to sequester more N under increased temperature variability and nutrient enrichment than ungrazed grasslands. Our study highlights the importance of conserving mammalian herbivore populations in grasslands worldwide. We need to incorporate local‐scale herbivory, and its interaction with nutrient enrichment and climate, within global‐scale models to better predict land–atmosphere interactions under future climate change.

Higher than expected CO 2 fertilization inferred from leaf to global observations - Vanessa Haverd; Benjamin Smith; Josep G. Canadell; Matthias Cuntz; Sara Mikaloff‐Fletcher; Graham Farquhar; William Woodgate; Peter R. Briggs; Cathy M. Trudinger (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Several lines of evidence point to an increase in the activity of the terrestrial biosphere over recent decades, impacting the global net land carbon sink (NLS) and its control on the growth of atmospheric carbon dioxide ( c a ). Global terrestrial gross primary production (GPP)—the rate of carbon fixation by photosynthesis—is estimated to have risen by (31 ± 5)% since 1900, but the relative contributions of different putative drivers to this increase are not well known. Here we identify the rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration as the dominant driver. We reconcile leaf‐level and global atmospheric constraints on trends in modeled biospheric activity to reveal a global CO 2 fertilization effect on photosynthesis of 30% since 1900, or 47% for a doubling of c a above the pre‐industrial level. Our historic value is nearly twice as high as current estimates (17 ± 4)% that do not use the full range of available constraints. Consequently, under a future low‐emission scenario, we project a land carbon sink (174 PgC, 2006–2099) that is 57 PgC larger than if a lower CO 2 fertilization effect comparable with current estimates is assumed. These findings suggest a larger beneficial role of the land carbon sink in modulating future excess anthropogenic CO 2 consistent with the target of the Paris Agreement to stay below 2°C warming, and underscore the importance of preserving terrestrial carbon sinks.

Preparing for a changing future in recreational fisheries: 100 research questions for global consideration emerging from a horizon scan - Peter E. Holder; Amanda L. Jeanson; Robert J. Lennox; Jacob W. Brownscombe; Robert Arlinghaus; Andy J. Danylchuk; Shannon D. Bower; Kieran Hyder; Len M. Hunt; Eli P. Fenichel; Paul A. Venturelli; Eva B. Thorstad; et al. (Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2020)

Retraction Note: Aluminum in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disease - Donald R. C. McLachlan; Catherine Bergeron; Peter N. Alexandrov; William J. Walsh; Aileen I. Pogue; Maire E. Percy; Theodore P. A. Kruck; Zhide Fang; Nathan M. Sharfman; Vivian Jaber; Yuhai Zhao; Wenhong Li; et al. (Molecular Neurobiology, 2020)

Landslide response to the 27 October 2012 earthquake (MW 7.8), southern Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, Canada - Sophia Barth; Marten Geertsema; Alexandre R. Bevington; Alison L. Bird; John J. Clague; Tom Millard; Peter T. Bobrowsky; Andreas Hasler; Hongjiang Liu (Landslides, 2020)
In this paper, we examine the influence of the 27 October 2012, M w 7.8 earthquake on landslide occurrence in the southern half of Haida Gwaii (formerly Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia, Canada. Our 1350 km 2 study area is undisturbed, primarily forested terrain that has not experienced road building or timber harvesting. Our inventory of landslide polygons is based on optical airborne and spaceborne images acquired between 2007 and 2018, from which we extracted and mapped 446 individual landslides (an average of 33 landslides per 100 km 2 ). The landslide rate in years without major earthquakes averages 19.4 per year, or 1.4/100 km 2 /year, and the annual average area covered by non-seismically triggered landslides is 35 ha/year. The number of landslides identified in imagery closely following the 2012 earthquake, and probably triggered by it, is 244 or an average of about 18 landslides per 100 km 2 . These landslides cover a total area of 461 ha. In the following years—2013–2016 and 2016–2018—the number of landslides fell, respectively, to 26 and 13.5 landslides per year. In non-earthquake years, most landslides happen on south-facing slopes, facing the prevailing winds. In contrast, during or immediately after the earthquake, up to 32% of the landslides occurred on north and northwest-facing slopes. Although we could not find imagery from the day after the earthquake, overview reconnaissance flights 10 and 16 days later showed that most of the landslides were recent, suggesting they were co-seismic.

Paleo-environmental evidence of ecosystem change in Lake St. Clair region of Laurentian Great Lakes basin: contrasting responses to land-use change and invasive mussels - Melissa M. Baustian; Yolanda M. Brooks; Mark Baskaran; Peter R. Leavitt; Bo Liu; Nathaniel Ostrom; R. Jan Stevenson; Joan B. Rose (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2020)
The Laurentian Great Lakes have been subject to substantial modification from diverse anthropogenic stressors, including nutrient enrichment, climate change, chemical and biological pollutants, and invasive species, yet little is known of the relative historical influence of these factors. Here we analyze diverse fossil metrics from vibracores at two sites, a bay area (Anchor Bay) and a tributary (Clinton River) in the Lake St. Clair ecosystem to determine the ecological responses from land-use practices and invasive mussel invasions. Sediment cores spanning over 100 years indicated that the expansion of non-native Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena rostriformis (dreissenid mussels) into Anchor Bay site after the mid-1990s was associated with ~ 60 to 95% reduction in algal and cyanobacterial abundances and twofold increase in sedimentary organic matter (SOM) and bioavailable phosphorus. These increases in SOM and bioavailable phosphorus are relatively similar to increases inferred from the late nineteenth century when large portions of the watershed were cleared and drained for agriculture. In contrast, the Clinton River site experienced a continuous increase in the influx of nutrients, organic matter, and elevated sedimentary phototrophic pigments during the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century. Site comparisons suggest different mechanisms inducing changes in primary production varied, where Anchor Bay was mainly affected by the comparatively recent (since ca. mid-1990s) endogenous influence of invasive species, while the Clinton River site was primarily influenced by the input of exogenous anthropogenic nutrients over the past 100 years. These new findings illustrate that watershed management and policies within large lakes with multi-jurisdictional (national) Area of Concerns should consider site-specific regulatory mechanisms.

The Ancient Operational Code is Embedded in the Amino Acid Substitution Matrix and aaRS Phylogenies - Julia A. Shore; Barbara R. Holland; Jeremy G. Sumner; Kay Nieselt; Peter R. Wills (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2020)

Unraveling Deep Branches of the Sigmodontinae Tree (Rodentia: Cricetidae) in Eastern South America - Pablo R. Gonçalves; Alexandre U. Christoff; Leonardo F. Machado; Cibele R. Bonvicino; Felipe B. Peters; Alexandre R. Percequillo (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2020)

Linear mixed modeling and artificial neural network techniques for predicting wind drift and evaporation losses under moving sprinkler irrigation systems - Abid Sarwar; R. Troy Peters; Abdelmoneim Zakaria Mohamed (Irrigation Science, 2020)

Patient- and area-level predictors of prostate cancer among South Carolina veterans: a spatial analysis - Peter Georgantopoulos; Jan M. Eberth; Bo Cai; Christopher Emrich; Gowtham Rao; Charles L. Bennett; Kathlyn S. Haddock; James R. Hébert (Cancer Causes & Control, 2020)

A biological and ecological review of the endemic New Zealand genus Alseuosmia (toropapa; Alseuosmiaceae) - Lara D. Shepherd; Peter J. de Lange; Andrew Townsend; Leon R. Perrie (New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2020)
We review the biology and ecology of the endemic New Zealand genus Alseuosmia A. Cunn. The taxonomy of the genus has a complicated history with considerable debate about both its relationship to other genera and the number of species recognised within it. Alseuosmia is now considered to belong to the small Southern Hemisphere family Alseuosmiaceae. Five species are currently accepted within Alseuosmia ( A. macrophylla A. Cunn, A. turneri R. O. Gardner, A. pusilla Colenso, A. quercifolia A. Cunn and A. banksii A. Cunn). However, A. banksii is extremely morphologically variable and some forms that do not fit in to the existing taxonomy may warrant recognition at the species level. Unusual features of the genus include rayless wood and the apparent mimicry by some Alseuosmia species of unrelated plants.

Combining correlative and mechanistic niche models with human activity data to elucidate the invasive potential of a sub‐Antarctic insect - Luis R. Pertierra; Jesamine C. Bartlett; Grant A. Duffy; Greta C. Vega; Kevin A. Hughes; Scott A. L. Hayward; Peter Convey; Miguel A. Olalla‐Tarraga; P. Aragón (Journal of Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Correlative species distribution models (SDMs) are subject to substantial spatio‐temporal limitations when historical occurrence records of data‐poor species provide incomplete and outdated information for niche modelling. Complementary mechanistic modelling techniques can, therefore, offer a valuable contribution to underpin more physiologically informed predictions of biological invasions, the risk of which is often exacerbated by climate change. In this study we integrate physiological and human pressure data to address the uncertainties and limitations of correlative SDMs and to better understand, predict and manage biological invasions. Location Western archipelagos of the Southern Ocean and martime Antarctica. Taxon Eretmoptera murphyi (Chironomidae), invertebrates. Methods Mahalanobis Distances were used for correlative SDM construction for a species with few records. A mechanistic SDM was built around different fitness components (larval survival and life stage progression) as a function of temperature. SDM predictions were combined with human activity levels in Antarctica to generate a site vulnerability index to the assess colonization risk of E. murphyi . Future scenarios of ecophysiological suitability were built around the warming trends in the region. Results Both SDMs converge to predict high environmental suitability in the species' native and introduced ranges. However, the mechanistic model indicates a slightly larger invasive potential based on larval performance at different temperatures. Human activity levels across the Antarctic Peninsula play a key role in discerning site vulnerabilities. Niche suitability in Antarctica grows considerably under long‐term climate scenarios, leading to a substantially higher invasive threat to the Antarctic ecosystems. In turn changing conditions result in growing physiological mismatches with the environment in the native range in South Georgia. Main conclusions Long‐term studies of invasion potential under climate benefit from integrating correlative predictions with physiological experiments, as the invasion potential varies depending on the area and the timescale examined. This study also highlights a conservation paradox whereby the accidental introduction of an insect represents a threat to the Antarctic ecoystems that contrasts with its endangered status at the native range.

Colonies of the fungus Aspergillus niger are highly differentiated to adapt to local carbon source variation - Paul Daly; Mao Peng; Hugh D. Mitchell; Young‐Mo Kim; Charles Ansong; Heather Brewer; Peter de Gijsel; Mary S. Lipton; Lye Meng Markillie; Carrie D. Nicora; Galya Orr; Ad Wiebenga; et al. (Environmental Microbiology, 2020)
Summary Saprobic fungi, such as Aspergillus niger , grow as colonies consisting of a network of branching and fusing hyphae that are often considered to be relatively uniform entities in which nutrients can freely move through the hyphae. In nature, different parts of a colony are often exposed to different nutrients. We have investigated, using a multi‐omics approach, adaptation of A. niger colonies to spatially separated and compositionally different plant biomass substrates. This demonstrated a high level of intra‐colony differentiation, which closely matched the locally available substrate. The part of the colony exposed to pectin‐rich sugar beet pulp and to xylan‐rich wheat bran showed high pectinolytic and high xylanolytic transcript and protein levels respectively. This study therefore exemplifies the high ability of fungal colonies to differentiate and adapt to local conditions, ensuring efficient use of the available nutrients, rather than maintaining a uniform physiology throughout the colony.

Kelp Forest Restoration in Australia - Cayne Layton; Melinda A. Coleman; Ezequiel M. Marzinelli; Peter D. Steinberg; Stephen E. Swearer; Adriana Vergés; Thomas Wernberg; Craig R. Johnson (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Sialic Acid-Engineered IL4–10 Fusion Protein is Bioactive and Rapidly Cleared from the Circulation - Cristine Steen-Louws; Peter Boross; Judith Prado; Jan Meeldijk; Jurgen B. Langenhorst; Alwin D. R. Huitema; Marcel T. den Hartog; Louis Boon; Floris P. J. G. Lafeber; C. Erik Hack; Niels Eijkelkamp; Jelena Popov-Celeketic (Pharmaceutical Research, 2020)
Purpose Modulating sialylation of therapeutic glycoproteins may be used to influence their clearance and systemic exposure. We studied the effect of low and high sialylated IL4–10 fusion protein (IL4–10 FP) on in vitro and in vivo bioactivity and evaluated the effect of differential sialylation on pharmacokinetic parameters. Methods CHO cell lines producing low (IL4–10 FP lowSA) and high sialylated (IL4–10 FP highSA) fusion protein were generated. Bioactivity of the proteins was evaluated in an LPS-stimulated whole blood assay. Pharmacokinetics were studied in rats, analyzing plasma levels of IL4–10 FP upon intravenous injection. In vivo activity was assessed in an inflammatory pain mice model upon intrathecal injection. Results IL4–10 FP lowSA and IL4–10 FP highSA had similar potency in vitro . The pharmacokinetics study showed a 4-fold higher initial systemic clearance of IL4–10 FP lowSA, whereas the calculated half-life of both IL4–10 FP lowSA and IL4–10 FP highSA was 20.7 min. Finally, both IL4–10 FP glycoforms inhibited persistent inflammatory pain in mice to the same extent. Conclusions Differential sialylation of IL4–10 fusion protein does not affect the in vitro and in vivo activity, but clearly results in a difference in systemic exposure. The rapid systemic clearance of low sialylated IL4–10 FP could be a favorable characteristic to minimize systemic exposure after administration in a local compartment.

Water Availability Impacts Habitat Use by Red-Fronted Lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons): An Experimental and Observational Study - Caroline R. Amoroso; Peter M. Kappeler; Claudia Fichtel; Charles L. Nunn (International Journal of Primatology, 2020)

Tissue toxicants and prespawn mortality in Willamette River Chinook salmon - Matthew L. Keefer; George P. Naughton; Tami S. Clabough; Matthew J. Knoff; Timothy J. Blubaugh; Mark R. Morasch; Peter G. Green; Christopher C. Caudill (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2020)

Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty Using a Non-Occlusive Balloon Catheter: First Animal Experience - Hellmuth S. V. H. Weich; Peter C. Marwick; Kenneth S. Park; Matthew R. Proxenos; Markus Lehmann; Hendrik W. Snyman; Andrew I. Levin; Anton F. Doubell (Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology, 2020)

Limits to alien black rats (Rattus rattus) acting as equivalent pollinators to extinct native small mammals: the influence of stem width on mammal activity at native Banksia ericifolia inflorescences - Rebecca L. O’Rourke; Jennifer R. Anson; Amelia M. Saul; Peter B. Banks (Biological Invasions, 2020)

Binomial nomenclature for virus species: a consultation - Stuart G. Siddell; Peter J. Walker; Elliot J. Lefkowitz; Arcady R. Mushegian; Bas E. Dutilh; Balázs Harrach; Robert L. Harrison; Sandra Junglen; Nick J. Knowles; Andrew M. Kropinski; Mart Krupovic; Jens H. Kuhn; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2020)
The Executive Committee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) recognizes the need for a standardized nomenclature for virus species. This article sets out the case for establishing a binomial nomenclature and presents the advantages and disadvantages of different naming formats. The Executive Committee understands that adopting a binomial system would have major practical consequences, and invites comments from the virology community before making any decisions to change the existing nomenclature. The Executive Committee will take account of these comments in deciding whether to approve a standardized binomial system at its next meeting in October 2020. Note that this system would relate only to the formal names of virus species and not to the names of viruses.

Nitrogen assimilation in picocyanobacteria inhabiting the oxygen‐deficient waters of the eastern tropical North and South Pacific - Montserrat Aldunate; Carlos Henríquez‐Castillo; Qixing Ji; Jessica Lueders‐Dumont; Margaret R. Mulholland; Bess B. Ward; Peter von Dassow; Osvaldo Ulloa (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are the most abundant free‐living photosynthetic microorganisms in the ocean. Uncultivated lineages of these picocyanobacteria also thrive in the dimly illuminated upper part of oxygen‐deficient zones (ODZs), where an important portion of ocean nitrogen (N) loss takes place via denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation. Recent metagenomic studies revealed that ODZ Prochlorococcus have the genetic potential for using different N forms, including nitrate and nitrite, uncommon N sources for Prochlorococcus , but common for Synechococcus . To determine which N sources ODZ picocyanobacteria are actually using in nature, the cellular 15 N natural abundance (δ 15 N) and assimilation rates of different N compounds were determined using cell sorting by flow cytometry and mass spectrometry. The natural δ 15 N of the ODZ Prochlorococcus varied from −4.0‰ to 13.0‰ ( n = 9), with 50% of the values in the range of −2.1–2.6‰. While the highest values suggest nitrate use, most observations indicate the use of nitrite, ammonium, or a mixture of N sources. Meanwhile, incubation experiments revealed potential assimilation rates of ammonium and urea in the same order of magnitude as that expected for total N in several environments including ODZs, whereas rates of nitrite and nitrate assimilation were very low. Our results thus indicate that reduced forms of N and nitrite are the dominant sources for ODZ picocyanobacteria, although nitrate might be important on some occasions. ODZ picocyanobacteria might thus represent potential competitors with anammox bacteria for ammonium and nitrite, with ammonia‐oxidizing archaea for ammonium, and with nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria for nitrite.

Similar factors underlie tree abundance in forests in native and alien ranges - Masha T. van der Sande; Helge Bruelheide; Wayne Dawson; Jürgen Dengler; Franz Essl; Richard Field; Sylvia Haider; Mark van Kleunen; Holger Kreft; Joern Pagel; Jan Pergl; Oliver Purschke; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Alien plant species can cause severe ecological and economic problems, and therefore attract a lot of research interest in biogeography and related fields. To identify potential future invasive species, we need to better understand the mechanisms underlying the abundances of invasive tree species in their new ranges, and whether these mechanisms differ between their native and alien ranges. Here, we test two hypotheses: that greater relative abundance is promoted by (a) functional difference from locally co‐occurring trees, and (b) higher values than locally co‐occurring trees for traits linked to competitive ability. Location Global. Time period Recent. Major taxa studied Trees. Methods We combined three global plant databases: sPlot vegetation‐plot database, TRY plant trait database and Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database. We used a hierarchical Bayesian linear regression model to assess the factors associated with variation in local abundance, and how these relationships vary between native and alien ranges and depend on species’ traits. Results In both ranges, species reach highest abundance if they are functionally similar to co‐occurring species, yet are taller and have higher seed mass and wood density than co‐occurring species. Main conclusions Our results suggest that light limitation leads to strong environmental and biotic filtering, and that it is advantageous to be taller and have denser wood. The striking similarities in abundance between native and alien ranges imply that information from tree species’ native ranges can be used to predict in which habitats introduced species may become dominant.

Accurate forest projections require long‐term wood decay experiments because plant trait effects change through time - Brad Oberle; Marissa R. Lee; Jonathan A. Myers; Oyomoare L. Osazuwa‐Peters; Marko J. Spasojevic; Maranda L. Walton; Darcy F. Young; Amy E. Zanne (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Whether global change will drive changing forests from net carbon (C) sinks to sources relates to how quickly deadwood decomposes. Because complete wood mineralization takes years, most experiments focus on how traits, environments and decomposer communities interact as wood decay begins. Few experiments last long enough to test whether drivers change with decay rates through time, with unknown consequences for scaling short‐term results up to long‐term forest ecosystem projections. Using a 7 year experiment that captured complete mineralization among 21 temperate tree species, we demonstrate that trait effects fade with advancing decay. However, wood density and vessel diameter, which may influence permeability, control how decay rates change through time. Denser wood loses mass more slowly at first but more quickly with advancing decay, which resolves ambiguity about the after‐life consequences of this key plant functional trait by demonstrating that its effect on decay depends on experiment duration and sampling frequency. Only long‐term data and a time‐varying model yielded accurate predictions of both mass loss in a concurrent experiment and naturally recruited deadwood structure in a 32‐year‐old forest plot. Given the importance of forests in the carbon cycle, and the pivotal role for wood decay, accurate ecosystem projections are critical and they require experiments that go beyond enumerating potential mechanisms by identifying the temporal scale for their effects.

Finding Crush: Environmental DNA Analysis as a Tool for Tracking the Green Sea Turtle Chelonia mydas in a Marine Estuary - Kirsten J. Harper; Kelly D. Goodwin; Lynsey R. Harper; Erin L. LaCasella; Amy Frey; Peter H. Dutton (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Nitrogen use efficiency of 15N urea applied to wheat based on fertiliser timing and use of inhibitors - Ashley J. Wallace; Roger D. Armstrong; Peter R. Grace; Clemens Scheer; Debra L. Partington (Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2020)
Improving fertiliser nitrogen (N) use efficiency is essential to increase productivity and avoid environmental damage. Using a 15 N mass balance approach, we investigated the effects of five N fertiliser management strategies to test the hypothesis that increasing uptake of applied N by wheat improves productivity and reduces loss of N in a semi-arid environment. Three experiments were conducted between 2012 and 2014. Treatments included urea application (50 kg N/ha) at sowing with and without nitrification inhibitor (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, DMPP) and surface broadcast with and without urease inhibitor ( n -butyl thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT) at the end of tillering plus an unfertilised control. It was found that deferring fertiliser application until the end of tillering decreased losses of fertiliser N (35–52%) through increasing uptake by the crop and or recovery in the soil at harvest, while maintaining yield except when rainfall following application was low. In this case, deferring application reduced fertiliser uptake (− 71%) and grain yield (− 18%) and increased recovery of N in the soil (+ 121%). Use of DMPP or NBPT reduced N loss where seasonal conditions were conducive to denitrification during winter (DMPP) and volatilisation or denitrification later in the season (NBPT). Their effect on grain yield was less significant; DMPP increased yield (+ 3–31%) in all years and NBPT increased yield (+ 7–11%) in 2 of 3 years compared to unamended urea. The majority of crop N uptake was supplied from soil reserves and as a result, crop recovery of applied N was not strongly related to grain yield response.

Collective influence of household and community capitals on agricultural employment as a measure of rural poverty in the Mahanadi Delta, India - Tristan Berchoux; Gary R. Watmough; Fiifi Amoako Johnson; Craig W. Hutton; Peter M. Atkinson (Ambio, 2020)

A survey of the oral cavity microbiome of New Zealand fur seal pups ( Arctocephalus forsteri ) - Arsalan Emami‐Khoyi; Isma Benmazouz; James G. Ross; Laura J. Boren; Elaine C. Murphy; Bettine Jansen van Vuuren; Peter R. Teske; Adrian M. Paterson (Marine Mammal Science, 2020)

The global Microcystis interactome - Katherine V. Cook; Chuang Li; Haiyuan Cai; Lee R. Krumholz; K. David Hambright; Hans W. Paerl; Morgan M. Steffen; Alan E. Wilson; Michele A. Burford; Hans‐Peter Grossart; David P. Hamilton; Helong Jiang; et al. (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
Bacteria play key roles in the function and diversity of aquatic systems, but aside from study of specific bloom systems, little is known about the diversity or biogeography of bacteria associated with harmful cyanobacterial blooms (cyanoHABs). CyanoHAB species are known to shape bacterial community composition and to rely on functions provided by the associated bacteria, leading to the hypothesized cyanoHAB interactome, a coevolved community of synergistic and interacting bacteria species, each necessary for the success of the others. Here, we surveyed the microbiome associated with Microcystis aeruginosa during blooms in 12 lakes spanning four continents as an initial test of the hypothesized Microcystis interactome. We predicted that microbiome composition and functional potential would be similar across blooms globally. Our results, as revealed by 16S rRNA sequence similarity, indicate that M. aeruginosa is cosmopolitan in lakes across a 280° longitudinal and 90° latitudinal gradient. The microbiome communities were represented by a wide range of operational taxonomic units and relative abundances. Highly abundant taxa were more related and shared across most sites and did not vary with geographic distance, thus, like Microcystis , revealing no evidence for dispersal limitation. High phylogenetic relatedness, both within and across lakes, indicates that microbiome bacteria with similar functional potential were associated with all blooms. While Microcystis and the microbiome bacteria shared many genes, whole‐community metagenomic analysis revealed a suite of biochemical pathways that could be considered complementary. Our results demonstrate a high degree of similarity across global Microcystis blooms, thereby providing initial support for the hypothesized Microcystis interactome.

Malignant melanoma of brown bullhead ( Ameiurus nebulosus ) in Lake Memphremagog, Vermont/Quebec - Vicki S. Blazer; Cassidy H. Shaw; Cheyenne R. Smith; Peter Emerson; Thomas Jones (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2020)
In 2012, brown bullhead ( Ameiurus nebulosus ) with large, raised, black growths were first reported from multiple areas within the Vermont portion of Lake Memphremagog. Subsequent surveys conducted from 2014 to 2017 at two sites within the lake indicated a prevalence of 30% in adult brown bullhead 200 mm and above total length. These lesions ranged from slightly raised smooth black areas to large nodular areas on the body surface and fins and within the oral cavity. Microscopically, these lesions were determined to be malignant melanoma with invasion into surrounding hypodermis, skeletal muscle and bone as well as metastases to gill, ovary and intestine. Liver neoplasms were also observed in 8% of the bullhead collected from Lake Memphremagog in 2015. Neither skin nor liver neoplasms were noted in Ticklenaked Pond, a site used for comparison.

Global fern and lycophyte richness explained: How regional and local factors shape plot richness - Anna Weigand; Stefan Abrahamczyk; Isabelle Aubin; Claudia Bita‐Nicolae; Helge Bruelheide; Cesar I. Carvajal‐Hernández; Daniele Cicuzza; Lucas Erickson Nascimento da Costa; János Csiky; Jürgen Dengler; André Luís de Gasper; Greg R. Guerin; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2020)
Aim To disentangle the influence of environmental factors at different spatial grains (regional and local) on fern and lycophyte species richness and to ask how regional and plot‐level richness are related to each other. Location Global. Taxon Ferns and lycophytes. Methods We explored fern and lycophyte species richness at two spatial grains, regional (hexagonal grid cells of 7,666 km 2 ) and plot level (300–500 m 2 ), in relation to environmental data at regional and local grains (the 7,666 km 2 hexagonal grid cells and 4 km 2 square grid cells, respectively). For the regional grain, we obtained species richness data for 1,243 spatial units and used them together with climatic and topographical predictors to model global fern richness. For the plot‐level grain, we collated a global dataset of nearly 83,000 vegetation plots with a surface area in the range 300–500 m 2 in which all fern and lycophyte species had been counted. We used structural equation modelling to identify which regional and local factors have the biggest effect on plot‐level fern and lycophyte species richness worldwide. We investigate how plot‐level richness is related to modelled regional richness at the plot's location. Results Plot‐level fern and lycophyte species richness were best explained by models allowing a link between regional environment and plot‐level richness. A link between regional richness and plot‐level richness was essential, as models without it were rejected, while models without the regional environment‐plot‐level richness link were still valid but had a worse goodness‐of‐fit value. Plot‐level richness showed a hump‐shaped relationship with regional richness. Main conclusions Regional environment and regional fern and lycophyte species richness each are important determinants of plot‐level richness, and the inclusion of one does not substitute the inclusion of the other. Plot‐level richness increases with regional richness until a saturation point is reached, after which plot‐level richness decreases despite increasing regional richness, possibly reflecting species interactions.

Multi‐century trends to wetter winters and drier summers in the England and Wales precipitation series explained by observational and sampling bias in early records - Conor Murphy; Robert L. Wilby; Tom K. R. Matthews; Peter Thorne; Ciaran Broderick; Rowan Fealy; Julia Hall; Shaun Harrigan; Phil Jones; Gerard McCarthy; Neil MacDonald; Simon Noone; et al. (International Journal of Climatology, 2020)
Globally, few precipitation records extend to the 18th century. The England Wales Precipitation (EWP) series is a notable exception with continuous monthly records from 1766. EWP has found widespread use across diverse fields of research including trend detection, evaluation of climate model simulations, as a proxy for mid‐latitude atmospheric circulation, a predictor in long‐term European gridded precipitation data sets, the assessment of drought and extremes, tree‐ring reconstructions and as a benchmark for other regional series. A key finding from EWP has been the multi‐centennial trends towards wetter winters and drier summers. We statistically reconstruct seasonal EWP using independent, quality‐assured temperature, pressure and circulation indices. Using a sleet and snow series for the UK derived by Profs. Gordon Manley and Elizabeth Shaw to examine winter reconstructions, we show that precipitation totals for pre‐1870 winters are likely biased low due to gauge under‐catch of snowfall and a higher incidence of snowfall during this period. When these factors are accounted for in our reconstructions, the observed trend to wetter winters in EWP is no longer evident. For summer, we find that pre‐1820 precipitation totals are too high, likely due to decreasing network density and less certain data at key stations. A significant trend to drier summers is not robustly present in our reconstructions of the EWP series. While our findings are more certain for winter than summer, we highlight (a) that extreme caution should be exercised when using EWP to make inferences about multi‐centennial trends, and; (b) that assessments of 18th and 19th Century winter precipitation should be aware of potential snow biases in early records. Our findings underline the importance of continual re‐appraisal of established long‐term climate data sets as new evidence becomes available. It is also likely that the identified biases in winter EWP have distorted many other long‐term European precipitation series.

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access - Jens Kattge; Gerhard Bönisch; Sandra Díaz; Sandra Lavorel; Iain Colin Prentice; Paul Leadley; Susanne Tautenhahn; Gijsbert D. A. Werner; Tuomas Aakala; Mehdi Abedi; Alicia T. R. Acosta; George C. Adamidis; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.

Effect of Characteristic Time on Scaling of Breakthrough Time Distribution for Two-Phase Displacement in Percolation Porous Media - Sara Shokrollahzadeh Behbahani; Mohsen Masihi; Mohammad Hossein Ghazanfari; Peter R. King (Transport in Porous Media, 2019)

Assembly and characterisation of a unique onion diversity set identifies resistance to Fusarium basal rot and improved seedling vigour - Andrew Taylor; Graham R. Teakle; Peter G. Walley; William E. Finch-Savage; Alison C. Jackson; Julie E. Jones; Paul Hand; Brian Thomas; Michael J. Havey; David A. C. Pink; John P. Clarkson (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2019)
Key message A unique, global onion diversity set was assembled, genotyped and phenotyped for beneficial traits. Accessions with strong basal rot resistance and increased seedling vigour were identified along with associated markers. Abstract Conserving biodiversity is critical for safeguarding future crop production. Onion ( Allium cepa L.) is a globally important crop with a very large (16 Gb per 1C) genome which has not been sequenced. While onions are self-fertile, they suffer from severe inbreeding depression and as such are highly heterozygous as a result of out-crossing. Bulb formation is driven by daylength, and accessions are adapted to the local photoperiod. Onion seed is often directly sown in the field, and hence seedling establishment is a critical trait for production. Furthermore, onion yield losses regularly occur worldwide due to Fusarium basal rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae . A globally relevant onion diversity set, consisting of 10 half-sib families for each of 95 accessions, was assembled and genotyping carried out using 892 SNP markers. A moderate level of heterozygosity (30–35%) was observed, reflecting the outbreeding nature of the crop. Using inferred phylogenies, population structure and principal component analyses, most accessions grouped according to local daylength. A high level of intra-accession diversity was observed, but this was less than inter-accession diversity. Accessions with strong basal rot resistance and increased seedling vigour were identified along with associated markers, confirming the utility of the diversity set for discovering beneficial traits. The onion diversity set and associated trait data therefore provide a valuable resource for future germplasm selection and onion breeding.

Stress and Deformation in Plastic Mudrocks Overturning in Front of Advancing Salt Sheets; Implications for System Kinematics and Drilling - Maria A. Nikolinakou; Mahdi Heidari; Michael R. Hudec; Peter B. Flemings (Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2019)

A Dental Microwear Texture Analysis of the Early Pliocene African Ursid Agriotherium africanum (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae) - Deano D. Stynder; Larisa R. G. DeSantis; Shelly L. Donohue; Blaine W. Schubert; Peter S. Ungar (Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2019)

Origin, development and prospects of sand islands off the north coast of Viti Levu Island, Fiji, Southwest Pacific - Patrick D. Nunn; Michelle McKeown; Adrian McCallum; Peter Davies; Eleanor John; Reemal Chandra; Frank R. Thomas; Sharon N. Raj (Journal of Coastal Conservation, 2019)

Differential effects of various genetic mouse models of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex I inhibition on heart failure - Dao-Fu Dai; Yonggang Liu; Nathan Basisty; Pabalu Karunadharma; Somasish G. Dastidar; Ying Ann Chiao; Tony Chen; Richard P. Beyer; Michael T. Chin; Michael Maccoss; Albert R. La Spada; Peter S. Rabinovitch (GeroScience, 2019)

Evaluation of the fate of carcasses and dummies deployed in the nearshore and offshore waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico - Nadia Martin; Veronica W. Varela; F. James Dwyer; Peter Tuttle; R. Glenn Ford; Janet Casey (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2019)
In response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, federal and state agencies conducted field studies to develop inputs for a shoreline deposition model used to estimate nearshore avian mortality resulting from the spill. A 2011 carcass drift study was designed to generate data on the likelihood that birds that died on the water would deposit along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast (rather than becoming lost at sea). In the case of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, carcass losses at sea accounted for a significant portion of nearshore avian mortality. We evaluate the data collected during the Deepwater Horizon carcass drift study and compare the results obtained from the use of avian carcasses versus dummy carcasses (dummies) and the differences between those deployed nearshore versus further offshore. We conclude that, although the use of dummies provided valuable confirmation on the drift patterns of dead birds, dummies drifted greater distances, for longer periods of time, and were more likely to be observed beached compared to avian carcasses, with 64.6% of dummies beaching compared to 17.2% of carcasses. In response to future spills, researchers should account for these potential biases when incorporating dummy drift data into estimates of avian carcass loss. Further, none of the avian carcasses and dummies released more than 40 km from the shoreline made it to shore. In the northern Gulf of Mexico, carcasses that die on the waters farther offshore are unlikely to make it to shore to be captured in a deposition model; therefore, it may be appropriate to utilize a separate methodology to estimate offshore mortality. The applicability of these results to other spill events should be evaluated in the context of the specific spill characteristics.

Temporal and spatial variability of instream indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli) and implications for water quality monitoring - Sarah C. Crosby; Nicole C. Spiller; Kasey E. Tietz; Joshua R. Cooper; Peter J. Fraboni (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2019)

Respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms associated with pesticide management practices among farmers in Ghana’s most important vegetable hub - Reginald Quansah; John R. Bend; Frederick Ato Armah; Felix Bonney; Joshua Aseidu; David Oscar Yawson; Michael Osei Adu; Isaac Luginaah; David Kofi Essumang; Abukari Abdul-Rahaman; Samuel Cobbina; Samuel Iddi; et al. (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2019)

Artificial intelligence supported patient self-care in chronic heart failure: a paradigm shift from reactive to predictive, preventive and personalised care - Matthew Barrett; Josiane Boyne; Julia Brandts; Hans-Peter Brunner-La Rocca; Lieven De Maesschalck; Kurt De Wit; Lana Dixon; Casper Eurlings; Donna Fitzsimons; Olga Golubnitschaja; Arjan Hageman; Frank Heemskerk; et al. (EPMA Journal, 2019)
Heart failure (HF) is one of the most complex chronic disorders with high prevalence, mainly due to the ageing population and better treatment of underlying diseases. Prevalence will continue to rise and is estimated to reach 3% of the population in Western countries by 2025. It is the most important cause of hospitalisation in subjects aged 65 years or more, resulting in high costs and major social impact. The current “one-size-fits-all” approach in the treatment of HF does not result in best outcome for all patients. These facts are an imminent threat to good quality management of patients with HF. An unorthodox approach from a new vision on care is required. We propose a novel predictive, preventive and personalised medicine approach where patients are truly leading their management, supported by an easily accessible online application that takes advantage of artificial intelligence. This strategy paper describes the needs in HF care, the needed paradigm shift and the elements that are required to achieve this shift. Through the inspiring collaboration of clinical and high-tech partners from North-West Europe combining state of the art HF care, artificial intelligence, serious gaming and patient coaching, a virtual doctor is being created. The results are expected to advance and personalise self-care, where standard care tasks are performed by the patients themselves, in principle without involvement of healthcare professionals, the latter being able to focus on complex conditions. This new vision on care will significantly reduce costs per patient while improving outcomes to enable long-term sustainability of top-level HF care.

A conceptual framework for the identification and characterization of lacustrine spawning habitats for native lake charr Salvelinus namaycush - Stephen C. Riley; J. Ellen Marsden; Mark S. Ridgway; Christopher P. Konrad; Steven A. Farha; Thomas R. Binder; Trevor A. Middel; Peter C. Esselman; Charles C. Krueger (Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2019)

Assessing circovirus gene flow in multiple spill-over events - Shubhagata Das; Kate Smith; Subir Sarker; Andrew Peters; Katherine Adriaanse; Paul Eden; Seyed A. Ghorashi; Jade K. Forwood; Shane R. Raidal (Virus Genes, 2019)

Links between muscle phenotype and life history: differentiation of myosin heavy chain composition and muscle biochemistry in precocial and altricial pinniped pups - Michelle R. Shero; Peter J. Reiser; Lauren Simonitis; Jennifer M. Burns (Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2019)

Mesohabitat current velocity effects on Didymosphenia geminata and macroinvertebrates in a SE USA hypolimnetic tailwater - Matthew W. Green; Peter W. Blum; Stephanie C. Sellers; Michael M. Gangloff; Luke M. Jacobus; Shea R. Tuberty (Aquatic Ecology, 2019)

Active botanical biofiltration of air pollutants using Australian native plants - Naomi J. Paull; Peter J. Irga; Fraser R. Torpy (Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2019)

Environmental filtering structures fungal endophyte communities in tree bark - Peter T. Pellitier; Donald R. Zak; Sydney O. Salley (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
The factors that control the assembly and composition of endophyte communities across plant hosts remains poorly understood. This is especially true for endophyte communities inhabiting inner tree bark, one of the least studied components of the plant microbiome. Here, we test the hypothesis that bark of different tree species acts as an environmental filter structuring endophyte communities, as well as the alternative hypothesis, that bark acts as a passive reservoir that accumulates a diverse assemblage of spores and latent fungal life stages. We develop a means of extracting high‐quality DNA from surface sterilized tree bark to compile the first culture‐independent study of inner bark fungal communities. We sampled a total of 120 trees, spanning five dominant overstorey species across multiple sites in a mixed temperate hardwood forest. We find that each of the five tree species harbour unique assemblages of inner bark fungi and that angiosperm and gymnosperm hosts harbour significantly different fungal communities. Chemical components of tree bark (pH, total phenolic content) structure some of the differences detected among fungal communities residing in particular tree species. Inner bark fungal communities were highly diverse (mean of 117–171 operational taxonomic units per tree) and dominated by a range of Ascomycete fungi living asymptomatically as putative endophytes. Together, our evidence supports the hypothesis that tree bark acts as an environmental filter structuring inner bark fungal communities. The role of these potentially ubiquitous and plant‐specific fungal communities remains uncertain and merits further study.

Effects of the Bioturbating Marine Yabby Trypaea australiensis on Sediment Properties in Sandy Sediments Receiving Mangrove Leaf Litter - Ryan J. K. Dunn; David T. Welsh; Peter R. Teasdale; Franck Gilbert; Jean-Christophe Poggiale; Nathan J. Waltham (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2019)
Laboratory mesocosm incubations were undertaken to investigate the influence of burrowing shrimp Trypaea australiensis (marine yabby) on sediment reworking, physical and chemical sediment characteristics and nutrients in sandy sediments receiving mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaf litter. Mesocosms of sieved, natural T. australiensis inhabited sands, were continually flushed with fresh seawater and pre-incubated for 17 days prior to triplicates being assigned to one of four treatments; sandy sediment (S), sediment + yabbies (S+Y), sediment + leaf litter (organic matter; S+OM) and sediment + yabbies + leaf litter (S+Y+OM) and maintained for 55 days. Mangrove leaf litter was added daily to treatments S+OM and S+Y+OM. Luminophores were added to mesocosms to quantify sediment reworking. Sediment samples were collected after the pre-incubation period from a set of triplicate mesocosms to establish initial conditions prior to the imposition of the treatments and from the treatment mesocosms at the conclusion of the 55-day incubation period. Yabbies demonstrated a clear effect on sediment topography and leaf litter burial through burrow creation and maintenance, creating mounds on the sediment surface ranging in diameter from 3.4 to 12 cm. Within S+Y+OM sediments leaf litter was consistently removed from the surface to sub-surface layers with only 7.5% ± 3.6% of the total mass of leaf detritus added to the mesocosms remaining at the surface at the end of the 55-day incubation period. Yabbies significantly decreased sediment wet-bulk density and increased porosity. Additionally, T. australiensis significantly reduced sediment bio-available ammonium (NH4+bio) concentrations and altered the shape of the concentration depth profile in comparison to the non-bioturbated mesocosms, indicating influences on nutrient cycling and sediment-water fluxes. No significant changes for mean apparent biodiffusion coefficients (Db) and mean biotransport coefficients (r), were found between the bioturbated S+Y and S+Y+OM mesocosms. The findings of this study provide further evidence that T. australiensis is a key-species in shallow intertidal systems playing an important role as an ‘ecosystem engineer’ in soft-bottom habitats by significantly altering physical and chemical structures and biogeochemical function.

Microplastics in the Digestive Tracts of Four Fish Species from the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta Estuary in Colombia - Ernesto A. Calderon; Peter Hansen; Adriana Rodríguez; Martin C. M. Blettler; Kristian Syberg; Farhan R. Khan (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2019)

Biphasic effects of 5-HT1A agonism on impulsive responding are dissociable from effects on anxiety in the variable consecutive number task - Miranda L. Groft; Marigny C. Normann; Paige R. Nicklas; Julia E. Jagielo-Miller; Peter J. McLaughlin (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2019)

Molecular Mechanisms by Which Selenoprotein K Regulates Immunity and Cancer - Michael P. Marciel; Peter R. Hoffmann (Biological Trace Element Research, 2019)

Fecal contamination, parasite risk, and waterhole use by wild animals in a dry deciduous forest - Caroline R. Amoroso; Peter M. Kappeler; Claudia Fichtel; Charles L. Nunn (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2019)

Penguin megrivirus, a novel picornavirus from an Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) - C. K. Yinda; J. Esefeld; H. U. Peter; J. Matthijnssens; R. Zell (Archives of Virology, 2019)

Forecasting species range dynamics with process‐explicit models: matching methods to applications - Natalie J. Briscoe; Jane Elith; Roberto Salguero‐Gómez; José J. Lahoz‐Monfort; James S. Camac; Katherine M. Giljohann; Matthew H. Holden; Bronwyn A. Hradsky; Michael R. Kearney; Sean M. McMahon; Ben L. Phillips; Tracey J. Regan; et al. (Ecology Letters, 2019)
Knowing where species occur is fundamental to many ecological and environmental applications. Species distribution models (SDMs) are typically based on correlations between species occurrence data and environmental predictors, with ecological processes captured only implicitly. However, there is a growing interest in approaches that explicitly model processes such as physiology, dispersal, demography and biotic interactions. These models are believed to offer more robust predictions, particularly when extrapolating to novel conditions. Many process–explicit approaches are now available, but it is not clear how we can best draw on this expanded modelling toolbox to address ecological problems and inform management decisions. Here, we review a range of process–explicit models to determine their strengths and limitations, as well as their current use. Focusing on four common applications of SDMs – regulatory planning, extinction risk, climate refugia and invasive species – we then explore which models best meet management needs. We identify barriers to more widespread and effective use of process‐explicit models and outline how these might be overcome. As well as technical and data challenges, there is a pressing need for more thorough evaluation of model predictions to guide investment in method development and ensure the promise of these new approaches is fully realised.

Measuring continuous compositional change using decline and decay in zeta diversity - Melodie A. McGeoch; Guillaume Latombe; Nigel R. Andrew; Shinichi Nakagawa; David A. Nipperess; Mariona Roigé; Ezequiel M. Marzinelli; Alexandra H. Campbell; Adriana Vergés; Torsten Thomas; Peter D. Steinberg; Katherine E. Selwood; et al. (Ecology, 2019)
Incidence, or compositional, matrices are generated for a broad range of research applications in biology. Zeta diversity provides a common currency and conceptual framework that links incidence‐based metrics with multiple patterns of interest in biology, ecology, and biodiversity science. It quantifies the variation in species (or OTU ) composition of multiple assemblages (or cases) in space or time, to capture the contribution of the full suite of narrow, intermediate, and wide‐ranging species to biotic heterogeneity. Here we provide a conceptual framework for the application and interpretation of patterns of continuous change in compositional diversity using zeta diversity. This includes consideration of the survey design context, and the multiple ways in which zeta diversity decline and decay can be used to examine and test turnover in the identity of elements across space and time. We introduce the zeta ratio–based retention rate curve to quantify rates of compositional change. We illustrate these applications using 11 empirical data sets from a broad range of taxa, scales, and levels of biological organization—from DNA molecules and microbes to communities and interaction networks—including one of the original data sets used to express compositional change and distance decay in ecology. We show (1) how different sample selection schemes used during the calculation of compositional change are appropriate for different data types and questions, (2) how higher orders of zeta may in some cases better detect shifts and transitions, and (3) the relative roles of rare vs. common species in driving patterns of compositional change. By exploring the application of zeta diversity decline and decay, including the retention rate, across this broad range of contexts, we demonstrate its application for understanding continuous turnover in biological systems.

Age-Related Decrease in Tyrosine Hydroxylase Immunoreactivity in the Substantia Nigra and Region-Specific Changes in Microglia Morphology in HIV-1 Tg Rats - David R. Goulding; Andrew Kraft; Peter R. Mouton; Christopher A. McPherson; Valeria Avdoshina; Italo Mocchetti; G. Jean Harry (Neurotoxicity Research, 2019)

A Bioluminescence Reporter Assay for Retinoic Acid Control of Translation of the GluR1 Subunit of the AMPA Glutamate Receptor - Thabat Khatib; Andrew Whiting; David R. Chisholm; Christopher Redfern; Berndt Müller; Peter McCaffery (Molecular Neurobiology, 2019)

Serological diagnostics of Lyme borreliosis: comparison of assays in twelve clinical laboratories in Northern Europe - Malin Lager; Ram B. Dessau; Peter Wilhelmsson; Dag Nyman; Guro F. Jensen; Andreas Matussek; Per-Eric Lindgren; Anna J. Henningsson; Haitham Baqir; Lena Serrander; Marcus Johansson; Ivar Tjernberg; et al. (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2019)

Measuring sperm swimming performance in birds: effects of dilution, suspension medium, mechanical agitation, and sperm number - Emily R. A. Cramer; Melissah Rowe; Fabrice Eroukhmanoff; Jan T. Lifjeld; Glenn-Peter Sætre; Arild Johnsen (Journal of Ornithology, 2019)

Genomics detects population structure within and between ocean basins in a circumpolar seabird: The white‐chinned petrel - Kalinka Rexer‐Huber; Andrew J. Veale; Paulo Catry; Yves Cherel; Ludovic Dutoit; Yasmin Foster; John C. McEwan; Graham C. Parker; Richard A. Phillips; Peter G. Ryan; Andrew J. Stanworth; Tracey van Stijn; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
The Southern Ocean represents a continuous stretch of circumpolar marine habitat, but the potential physical and ecological drivers of evolutionary genetic differentiation across this vast ecosystem remain unclear. We tested for genetic structure across the full circumpolar range of the white‐chinned petrel ( Procellaria aequinoctialis ) to unravel the potential drivers of population differentiation and test alternative population differentiation hypotheses. Following range‐wide comprehensive sampling, we applied genomic (genotyping‐by‐sequencing or GBS; 60,709 loci) and standard mitochondrial‐marker approaches (cytochrome b and first domain of control region) to quantify genetic diversity within and among island populations, test for isolation by distance, and quantify the number of genetic clusters using neutral and outlier (non‐neutral) loci. Our results supported the multi‐region hypothesis, with a range of analyses showing clear three‐region genetic population structure, split by ocean basin, within two evolutionary units. The most significant differentiation between these regions confirmed previous work distinguishing New Zealand and nominate subspecies. Although there was little evidence of structure within the island groups of the Indian or Atlantic oceans, a small set of highly‐discriminatory outlier loci could assign petrels to ocean basin and potentially to island group, though the latter needs further verification. Genomic data hold the key to revealing substantial regional genetic structure within wide‐ranging circumpolar species previously assumed to be panmictic.

A comparison of image and observer based aerial surveys of narwhal - Koen C. A. Bröker; Rikke G. Hansen; Kathleen E. Leonard; William R. Koski; Mads Peter Heide‐Jørgensen (Marine Mammal Science, 2019)
From 25 to 30 August 2014 a double‐observer line‐transect survey was conducted over Melville Bay, home to one of two summering populations of narwhal ( Monodon monoceros ) off West Greenland. A total of 1,932 linear kilometers was surveyed along 33 transects. In addition to using observers, the aircraft was equipped with two oblique cameras to capture a comparable data set. Analysts reviewed the images for narwhal sightings, which were then matched to the observer sightings. The objectives of the study were to determine advantages and disadvantages of the detection capabilities of both methodologies, and to conduct a comparative analysis of population abundance estimates. Correcting for the truncated detection distance of the images (500 m), the image analysts recorded more sightings (62) and a lower mean group size (2.2) compared to aerial observers (36 and 3.5, respectively), resulting in comparable numbers of individuals detected by both platforms (135 vs . 126). The abundance estimate based on the image sightings was 2,536 (CV = 0.51, 95% CI: 1,003–6,406), which was not significantly different from the aerial observers estimate of 2,596 individuals (CV = 0.51; 95% CI: 961–7,008). This study supports the potential of using UAS for marine mammal abundance studies.

Shelf Inputs and Lateral Transport of Mn, Co, and Ce in the Western North Pacific Ocean - Peter L. Morton; William M. Landing; Alan M. Shiller; Amy Moody; Thomas D. Kelly; Michael Bizimis; John R. Donat; Eric H. De Carlo; Joseph Shacat (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

The Importance of Mesozooplankton Diel Vertical Migration for Sustaining a Mesopelagic Food Web - Thomas B. Kelly; Peter C. Davison; Ralf Goericke; Michael R. Landry; Mark D. Ohman; Michael R. Stukel (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Effects of nitrogen split application on seasonal N2O emissions in southeast Norway - Aina Lundon Russenes; Audun Korsaeth; Lars R. Bakken; Peter Dörsch (Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2019)

Abundance and Distribution of the Non-indigenous Acentrogobius pflaumii and Native Gobiids in a Temperate Australian Estuary - Keyley Hogan-West; James R. Tweedley; Peter G. Coulson; Brian Poh; Neil R. Loneragan (Estuaries and Coasts, 2019)

KISS1 in breast cancer progression and autophagy - Ilya V. Ulasov; Anton V. Borovjagin; Peter Timashev; Massimo Cristofanili; Danny R. Welch (Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2019)

Changes to virus taxonomy and the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2019) - Peter J. Walker; Stuart G. Siddell; Elliot J. Lefkowitz; Arcady R. Mushegian; Donald M. Dempsey; Bas E. Dutilh; Balázs Harrach; Robert L. Harrison; R. Curtis Hendrickson; Sandra Junglen; Nick J. Knowles; Andrew M. Kropinski; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2019)

Old stones’ song—second verse: use-wear analysis of rhyolite and fenetized andesite artifacts from the Oldowan lithic industry of Kanjera South, Kenya - Cristina Lemorini; Laura C. Bishop; Thomas W. Plummer; David R. Braun; Peter W. Ditchfield; James S. Oliver (Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2019)

Low rates of dinitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical South Pacific - Bonnie X. Chang; Amal Jayakumar; Brittany Widner; Peter Bernhardt; Calvin W. Mordy; Margaret R. Mulholland; Bess B. Ward (Limnology and Oceanography, 2019)
Recent work has suggested that the oxygen deficient zone (ODZ) and overlying surface waters of the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP) is a potential niche for dinitrogen (N 2 ) fixation. Rates of dinitrogen fixation were measured in the ETSP above and within the ODZ in July 2013 using a modified 15 N 2 bubble addition method, wherein a bubble was added, mixed, and then removed, and the isotopic enrichment of the dissolved N 2 was measured directly for each incubation. N 2 fixation rates in the euphotic zone ranged from below detection to 3.9 nmol L −1 d −1 and were below detection at all depths surveyed within the ODZ. Depth‐integrated rates ranged from below detection to 289.7 μ mol m −2 d −1 . DNA and RNA of diverse nifH genes were detected at both surface waters and in the ODZ. However, the results of this study suggest that N 2 fixation rates were low and contribute little to N cycling in the ETSP.

Covariations between plant functional traits emerge from constraining parameterization of a terrestrial biosphere model - Marc Peaucelle; Cédric Bacour; Philippe Ciais; Nicolas Vuichard; Sylvain Kuppel; Josep Peñuelas; Luca Belelli Marchesini; Peter D. Blanken; Nina Buchmann; Jiquan Chen; Nicolas Delpierre; Ankur R. Desai; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2019)
Aim The mechanisms of plant trait adaptation and acclimation are still poorly understood and, consequently, lack a consistent representation in terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs). Despite the increasing availability of geo‐referenced trait observations, current databases are still insufficient to cover all vegetation types and environmental conditions. In parallel, the growing number of continuous eddy‐covariance observations of energy and CO 2 fluxes has enabled modellers to optimize TBMs with these data. Past attempts to optimize TBM parameters mostly focused on model performance, overlooking the ecological properties of ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess the ecological consistency of optimized trait‐related parameters while improving the model performances for gross primary productivity (GPP) at sites. Location Worldwide. Time period 1992–2012. Major taxa studied Trees and C 3 grasses. Methods We optimized parameters of the ORCHIDEE model against 371 site‐years of GPP estimates from the FLUXNET network, and we looked at global covariation among parameters and with climate. Results The optimized parameter values were shown to be consistent with leaf‐scale traits, in particular, with well‐known trade‐offs observed at the leaf level, echoing the leaf economic spectrum theory. Results showed a marked sensitivity of trait‐related parameters to local bioclimatic variables and reproduced the observed relationships between traits and climate. Main conclusions Our approach validates some biological processes implemented in the model and enables us to study ecological properties of vegetation at the canopy level, in addition to some traits that are difficult to observe experimentally. This study stresses the need for: (a) implementing explicit trade‐offs and acclimation processes in TBMs; (b) improving the representation of processes to avoid model‐specific parameterization; and (c) performing systematic measurements of traits at FLUXNET sites in order to gather information on plant ecophysiology and plant diversity, together with micro‐meteorological conditions.

Climate and fishing drive regime shifts in consumer‐mediated nutrient cycling in kelp forests - Joseph R. Peters; Daniel C. Reed; Deron E. Burkepile (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Globally, anthropogenic pressures are reducing the abundances of marine species and altering ecosystems through modification of trophic interactions. Yet, consumer declines also disrupt important bottom‐up processes, like nutrient recycling, which are critical for ecosystem functioning. Consumer‐mediated nutrient dynamics (CND) is now considered a major biogeochemical component of most ecosystems, but lacking long‐term studies, it is difficult to predict how CND will respond to accelerating disturbances in the wake of global change. To aid such predictions, we coupled empirical ammonium excretion rates with an 18‐year time series of the standing biomass of common benthic macroinvertebrates in southern California kelp forests. This time series of excretion rates encompassed an extended period of extreme ocean warming, disease outbreaks, and the abolishment of fishing at two of our study sites, allowing us to assess kelp forest CND across a wide range of environmental conditions. At their peak, reef invertebrates supplied an average of 18.3 ± 3.0 µmol NH 4 + m −2 hr −1 to kelp forests when sea stars were regionally abundant, but dropped to 3.5 ± 1.0 µmol NH 4 + m −2 hr −1 following their mass mortality due to disease during a prolonged period of extreme warming. However, a coincident increase in the abundance of the California spiny lobster, Palinurus interupptus (Randall, 1840), likely in response to both reduced fishing and a warmer ocean, compensated for much of the recycled ammonium lost to sea star mortality. Both lobsters and sea stars are widely recognized as key predators that can profoundly influence community structure in benthic marine systems. Our study is the first to demonstrate their importance in nutrient cycling, thus expanding their roles in the ecosystem. Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of warming events, and rising human populations are intensifying fishing pressure in coastal ecosystems worldwide. Our study documents how these projected global changes can drive regime shifts in CND and fundamentally alter a critical ecosystem function.

Global in situ Observations of Essential Climate and Ocean Variables at the Air–Sea Interface - Luca R. Centurioni; Jon Turton; Rick Lumpkin; Lancelot Braasch; Gary Brassington; Yi Chao; Etienne Charpentier; Zhaohui Chen; Gary Corlett; Kathleen Dohan; Craig Donlon; Champika Gallage; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

The impact of a new high-resolution ocean model on the Met Office North-West European Shelf forecasting system - Marina Tonani; Peter Sykes; Robert R. King; Niall McConnell; Anne-Christine Péquignet; Enda O'Dea; Jennifer A. Graham; Jeff Polton; John Siddorn (Ocean Science, 2019)
The North-West European Shelf ocean forecasting system has been providing oceanographic products for the European continental shelf seas for more than 15 years. In that time, several different configurations have been implemented, updating the model and the data assimilation components. The latest configuration to be put in operation, an eddy-resolving model at 1.5 km (AMM15), replaces the 7 km model (AMM7) that has been used for 8 years to deliver forecast products to the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service and its precursor projects. This has improved the ability to resolve the mesoscale variability in this area. An overview of this new system and its initial validation is provided in this paper, highlighting the differences with the previous version. Validation of the model with data assimilation is based on the results of 2 years (2016–2017) of trial experiments run with the low- and high-resolution systems in their operational configuration. The 1.5 km system has been validated against observations and the low-resolution system, trying to understand the impact of the high resolution on the quality of the products delivered to the users. Although the number of observations is a limiting factor, especially for the assessment of model variables like currents and salinity, the new system has been proven to be an improvement in resolving fine-scale structures and variability and provides more accurate information on the major physical variables, like temperature, salinity, and horizontal currents. AMM15 improvements are evident from the validation against high-resolution observations, available in some selected areas of the model domain. However, validation at the basin scale and using daily means penalized the high-resolution system and does not reflect its superior performance. This increment in resolution also improves the capabilities to provide marine information closer to the coast even if the coastal processes are not fully resolved by the model.

Global Perspectives on Observing Ocean Boundary Current Systems - Robert E. Todd; Francisco P. Chavez; Sophie Clayton; Sophie Cravatte; Marlos Goes; Michelle Graco; Xiaopei Lin; Janet Sprintall; Nathalie V. Zilberman; Matthew Archer; Javier Arístegui; Magdalena Balmaseda; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Antisense Transcription in Loci Associated to Hereditary Neurodegenerative Diseases - Silvia Zucchelli; Stefania Fedele; Paolo Vatta; Raffaella Calligaris; Peter Heutink; Patrizia Rizzu; Masayoshi Itoh; Francesca Persichetti; Claudio Santoro; Hideya Kawaji; Timo Lassmann; Yoshihide Hayashizaki; et al. (Molecular Neurobiology, 2019)

Differential selection pressures result in a rapid divergence of donor and refuge populations of a high conservation value freshwater fish Coregonus lavaretus (L.) - J. Peter Koene; Marco Crotti; Kathryn R. Elmer; Colin E. Adams (Evolutionary Ecology, 2019)

Correction to: Mass coral bleaching of P. versipora in Sydney Harbour driven by the 2015–2016 heatwave - Samantha Goyen; Emma F. Camp; Lisa Fujise; Alicia Lloyd; Matthew R. Nitschke; Todd C. LaJeunesse; Tim Kahlke; Peter J. Ralph; David Suggett (Coral Reefs, 2019)

Mass coral bleaching of P. versipora in Sydney Harbour driven by the 2015–2016 heatwave - Samantha Goyen; Emma F. Camp; Lisa Fujise; Alicia Lloyd; Matthew R. Nitschke; Todd LaJeunensse; Tim Kahlke; Peter J. Ralph; David Suggett (Coral Reefs, 2019)

The state of Western Australia’s coral reefs - James P. Gilmour; Kylie L. Cook; Nicole M. Ryan; Marjetta L. Puotinen; Rebecca H. Green; George Shedrawi; Jean-Paul A. Hobbs; Damian P. Thomson; Russell C. Babcock; Joanna Buckee; Taryn Foster; Zoe T. Richards; et al. (Coral Reefs, 2019)

Proceedings of the fourth international molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) meeting - Peter T. Campbell; Christine B. Ambrosone; Reiko Nishihara; Hugo J. W. L. Aerts; Melissa Bondy; Nilanjan Chatterjee; Montserrat Garcia-Closas; Marios Giannakis; Jeffrey A. Golden; Yujing J. Heng; N. Sertac Kip; Jill Koshiol; et al. (Cancer Causes & Control, 2019)

Distribution of the (synthetic) cannabinoids JWH-210, RCS-4, as well as ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol following pulmonary administration to pigs - Nadine Schaefer; Ann-Katrin Kröll; Christina Körbel; Matthias W. Laschke; Michael D. Menger; Hans H. Maurer; Markus R. Meyer; Peter H. Schmidt (Archives of Toxicology, 2019)

Deconstructing compassionate conservation - Matt W. Hayward; Alex Callen; Benjamin L. Allen; Guy Ballard; Femke Broekhuis; Cassandra Bugir; Rohan H. Clarke; John Clulow; Simon Clulow; Jennifer C. Daltry; Harriet T. Davies‐Mostert; Peter J. S. Fleming; et al. (Conservation Biology, 2019)
Compassionate conservation focuses on 4 tenets: first, do no harm; individuals matter; inclusivity of individual animals; and peaceful coexistence between humans and animals. Recently, compassionate conservation has been promoted as an alternative to conventional conservation philosophy. We believe examples presented by compassionate conservationists are deliberately or arbitrarily chosen to focus on mammals; inherently not compassionate; and offer ineffective conservation solutions. Compassionate conservation arbitrarily focuses on charismatic species, notably large predators and megaherbivores. The philosophy is not compassionate when it leaves invasive predators in the environment to cause harm to vastly more individuals of native species or uses the fear of harm by apex predators to terrorize mesopredators. Hindering the control of exotic species (megafauna, predators) in situ will not improve the conservation condition of the majority of biodiversity. The positions taken by so‐called compassionate conservationists on particular species and on conservation actions could be extended to hinder other forms of conservation, including translocations, conservation fencing, and fertility control. Animal welfare is incredibly important to conservation, but ironically compassionate conservation does not offer the best welfare outcomes to animals and is often ineffective in achieving conservation goals. Consequently, compassionate conservation may threaten public and governmental support for conservation because of the limited understanding of conservation problems by the general public.

Ocean Reanalyses: Recent Advances and Unsolved Challenges - Andrea Storto; Aida Alvera-Azcárate; Magdalena A. Balmaseda; Alexander Barth; Matthieu Chevallier; Francois Counillon; Catia M. Domingues; Marie Drevillon; Yann Drillet; Gaël Forget; Gilles Garric; Keith Haines; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) – a community perspective - Günter Blöschl; Marc F.P. Bierkens; Antonio Chambel; Christophe Cudennec; Georgia Destouni; Aldo Fiori; James W. Kirchner; Jeffrey J. McDonnell; Hubert H.G. Savenije; Murugesu Sivapalan; Christine Stumpp; Elena Toth; et al. (Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2019)

Integrated Observations of Global Surface Winds, Currents, and Waves: Requirements and Challenges for the Next Decade - Ana B. Villas Bôas; Fabrice Ardhuin; Alex Ayet; Mark A. Bourassa; Peter Brandt; Betrand Chapron; Bruce D. Cornuelle; J. T. Farrar; Melanie R. Fewings; Baylor Fox-Kemper; Sarah T. Gille; Christine Gommenginger; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

The European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet): Visions and Roles of the Gateway to Marine Data in Europe - Belén Martín Míguez; Antonio Novellino; Matteo Vinci; Simon Claus; Jan-Bart Calewaert; Henry Vallius; Thierry Schmitt; Alessandro Pititto; Alessandra Giorgetti; Natalie Askew; Sissy Iona; Dick Schaap; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Waves and Swells in High Wind and Extreme Fetches, Measurements in the Southern Ocean - Alexander V. Babanin; W. Erick Rogers; Ricardo de Camargo; Martin Doble; Tom Durrant; Kirill Filchuk; Kevin Ewans; Mark Hemer; Tim Janssen; Boris Kelly-Gerreyn; Keith Machutchon; Peter McComb; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Farmer-preferred traits in smallholder dairy farming systems in Tanzania - A. R. Chawala; G. Banos; A. Peters; M. G. G. Chagunda (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2019)

Correction to: Genetic variant predictors of gene expression provide new insight into risk of colorectal cancer - Stephanie A. Bien; Yu-Ru Su; David V. Conti; Tabitha A. Harrison; Conghui Qu; Xingyi Guo; Yingchang Lu; Demetrius Albanes; Paul L. Auer; Barbara L. Banbury; Sonja I. Berndt; Stéphane Bézieau; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

Iron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review - Marc Sim; Laura A. Garvican-Lewis; Gregory R. Cox; Andrew Govus; Alannah K. A. McKay; Trent Stellingwerff; Peter Peeling (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2019)

The effects of weather, group size and type of nest on the timing of egg-laying in the Southern Ground-hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri - Kate F. Carstens; Reshma Kassanjee; Rob M. Little; Peter G. Ryan; Phillip A. R. Hockey (Journal of Ornithology, 2019)

Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2019 - Gaya K. Amarasinghe; María A. Ayllón; Yīmíng Bào; Christopher F. Basler; Sina Bavari; Kim R. Blasdell; Thomas Briese; Paul A. Brown; Alexander Bukreyev; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Ursula J. Buchholz; Camila Chabi-Jesus; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2019)

Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: update 2019 - Abulikemu Abudurexiti; Scott Adkins; Daniela Alioto; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; Matthew J. Ballinger; Dennis A. Bente; Martin Beer; Éric Bergeron; Carol D. Blair; Thomas Briese; Michael J. Buchmeier; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2019)

High indirect fitness benefits for helpers across the nesting cycle in the tropical paper wasp Polistes canadensis - Robin J. Southon; Emily F. Bell; Peter Graystock; Christopher D. R. Wyatt; Andrew N. Radford; Seirian Sumner (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
Explaining the evolution of helping behaviour in the eusocial insects where nonreproductive (“worker”) individuals help raise the offspring of other individuals (“queens”) remains one of the most perplexing phenomena in the natural world. Polistes paper wasps are popular study models, as workers retain the ability to reproduce: such totipotency is likely representative of the early stages of social evolution. Polistes is thought to have originated in the tropics, where seasonal constraints on reproductive options are weak and social groups are effectively perennial. Yet, most Polistes research has focused on nontropical species, where seasonality causes family groups to disperse; cofoundresses forming new nests the following spring are often unrelated, leading to the suggestion that direct fitness through nest inheritance is key in the evolution of helping behaviour. Here, we present the first comprehensive genetic study of social structure across the perennial nesting cycle of a tropical Polistes — Polistes canadensis . Using both microsatellites and newly developed single nucleotide polymorphism markers, we show that adult cofoundresses are highly related and that brood production is monopolized by a single female across the nesting cycle. Nonreproductive cofoundresses in tropical Polistes therefore have the potential to gain high indirect fitness benefits as helpers from the outset of group formation, and these benefits persist through the nesting cycle. Direct fitness may have been less important in the origin of Polistes sociality than previously suggested. These findings stress the importance of studying a range of species with diverse life history and ecologies when considering the evolution of reproductive strategies.

Survival under conditions of variable food availability: Resource utilization and storage in the cold‐water coral Lophelia pertusa - Sandra R. Maier; Tina Kutti; Raymond John Bannister; Peter van Breugel; Pieter van Rijswijk; Dick van Oevelen (Limnology and Oceanography, 2019)
Cold‐water coral (CWC) reefs are hotspots of biodiversity and productivity in the deep sea, but their distribution is limited by the availability of food, which undergoes complex local and temporal variability. We studied the resource utilization, metabolism, and tissue storage of CWC Lophelia pertusa during an experimentally simulated 3‐day food pulse, of 13 C 15 N‐enriched phytodetritus, followed by a 4‐week food deprivation. Oxygen consumption (0.145 μ mol O 2 [mmol organic carbon OC] −1 h −1 ), release of particulate organic matter (0.029 μ mol particulate organic carbon [POC] [mmol OC] −1 h −1 and 0.005 μ mol particulate organic nitrogen [mmol OC] −1 h −1 ), ammonium excretion (0.004 μ mol NH 4 + [mmol OC] −1 h −1 ), tissue C and N content, and fatty acid (FA) and amino acid composition did not change significantly during the experiment. Metabolization of the labeled phytodetritus, however, underwent distinct temporal dynamics. Initially, L. pertusa preferentially used phytodetritus‐derived C for respiration (2.2 ± 0.36 nmol C [mmol OC] −1 h −1 ) and mucus production (0.94 ± 0.52 nmol C [mmol OC] −1 h −1 ), but those tracer fluxes declined exponentially to 13 C in individual FAs revealed a mismatch between the FAs incorporated from phytodetritus and the FA requirements of the coral. We suggest that feeding on other resources, such as lipid‐rich zooplankton, could fill this deficiency. A release of 10% of their total OC as respired C and POC during the 4‐week food deprivation underlines the importance of regular food pulses for CWC reefs.

Vertebral fusions in farmed Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in New Zealand - Peter S. Davie; Seamus P. Walker; Matthew R. Perrott; Jane E. Symonds; Mark Preece; Bailey A. Lovett; John S. Munday (Journal of Fish Diseases, 2019)
Vertebral fusions are an established economic concern in farmed Atlantic salmon, but have not been studied in detail in farmed Chinook salmon. Two radiographic studies of vertebral fusions were performed in farmed Chinook salmon. Sixteen of 1,301 (1.2%) smolt and 201 of 2,636 (7.6%) harvest fish had fusions. There were no significant differences in the number of fused vertebrae/fusion in smolt compared with harvest fish. Secondly, tagged fish were repeatedly radiographed to determine the progression of the fusions. Nineteen (4.4%), 23 (5.3%) and 39 (9.0%) fish had fusions as smolt, after 129 days in sea water, and at harvest, respectively. There were no significant differences in the average number of vertebra/fusion between the three time points. Of the fusions that were observed in smolt, additional vertebra did not become fused in 81% of the lesions. Within the rare fusions that did progress due to the involvement of adjacent vertebra, an average of 1.6 vertebrae were added per year. Fish with fusions were significantly lighter than non‐affected fish at harvest. Fusions are common in farmed Chinook salmon; however, they are typically stable after development. As fish with fusions were lighter at harvest, reducing fusions may have an economic benefit.

Historical biogeography of herbivorous coral reef fishes: The formation of an Atlantic fauna - Alexandre C. Siqueira; David R. Bellwood; Peter F. Cowman (Journal of Biogeography, 2019)
Aim To describe the global biogeography of key herbivorous coral reef fish groups since their presumed origins, using data from both fossil and extant species. Location Global Cenozoic reefs. Taxon Acanthuridae (surgeonfishes), Siganidae (rabbitfishes) and Scarini (parrotfishes). Methods We applied the fossilized birth–death model to build chronograms including a comprehensive sampling of extant species and all the fossil occurrences described for each group. With the resulting chronograms, we built biogeographical models considering the geological changes in reef habitat availability since the ancient Tethys Sea. Finally, we used biogeographical stochastic mappings to trace the routes of colonization of the Atlantic Ocean by lineages in our focal taxa. Results We found that the Palaeocene–Eocene was a period of significant lineage origination for surgeonfishes and rabbitfishes in the central Tethys Sea with the appearance of ancient genera. Most of these genera were probably extinct by the Eocene–Oligocene boundary as they do not correspond with modern taxa. Parrotfishes, however, originated in the early Oligocene, an epoch that corresponds with the geographical transition of the marine biodiversity hotspot. In all groups, extant genera had similar origin times and all expanded in the Miocene, mainly in the Indo‐Pacific. In the Atlantic, only one parrotfish lineage with Tethyan ancestry appears to have survived. It subsequently gave rise to extant endemic genera ( Sparisoma and Cryptotomus ). The other extant lineages in the Atlantic all have Indo‐Pacific origins and colonized more recently using different dispersal pathways. Main conclusions The Indo‐Pacific herbivorous fish fauna is the result of ongoing lineage expansion that started in the central Tethys. The Atlantic is a composite fauna with just one endemic lineage and at least four colonization events from the Indo‐Pacific.

The molecular biogeography of the Indo‐Pacific: Testing hypotheses with multispecies genetic patterns - Eric D. Crandall; Cynthia Riginos; Chris E. Bird; Libby Liggins; Eric Treml; Maria Beger; Paul H. Barber; Sean R. Connolly; Peter F. Cowman; Joseph D. DiBattista; Jeff A. Eble; Sharon F. Magnuson; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2019)
Aim To test hypothesized biogeographic partitions of the tropical Indo‐Pacific Ocean with phylogeographic data from 56 taxa, and to evaluate the strength and nature of barriers emerging from this test. Location The Indo‐Pacific Ocean. Time period Pliocene through the Holocene. Major taxa studied Fifty‐six marine species. Methods We tested eight biogeographic hypotheses for partitioning of the Indo‐Pacific using a novel modification to analysis of molecular variance. Putative barriers to gene flow emerging from this analysis were evaluated for pairwise Φ ST , and these Φ ST distributions were compared to distributions from randomized datasets and simple coalescent simulations of vicariance arising from the Last Glacial Maximum. We then weighed the relative contribution of distance versus environmental or geographic barriers to pairwise Φ ST with a distance‐based redundancy analysis (dbRDA). Results We observed a diversity of outcomes, although the majority of species fit a few broad biogeographic regions. Repeated coalescent simulation of a simple vicariance model yielded a wide distribution of pairwise Φ ST that was very similar to empirical distributions observed across five putative barriers to gene flow. Three of these barriers had median Φ ST that were significantly larger than random expectation. Only 21 of 52 species analysed with dbRDA rejected the null model. Among these, 15 had overwater distance as a significant predictor of pairwise Φ ST , while 11 were significant for geographic or environmental barriers other than distance. Main conclusions Although there is support for three previously described barriers, phylogeographic discordance in the Indo‐Pacific Ocean indicates incongruity between processes shaping the distributions of diversity at the species and population levels. Among the many possible causes of this incongruity, genetic drift provides the most compelling explanation: given massive effective population sizes of Indo‐Pacific species, even hard vicariance for tens of thousands of years can yield Φ ST values that range from 0 to nearly 0.5.

Breeding and wintering bird distributions in Britain and Ireland from citizen science bird atlases - Simon Gillings; Dawn E. Balmer; Brian J. Caffrey; Iain S. Downie; David W. Gibbons; Peter C. Lack; James B. Reid; J. Tim R. Sharrock; Robert L. Swann; Robert J. Fuller (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2019)
Motivation We undertook large citizen science surveys of bird distributions (atlases) in Britain and Ireland, aimed at quantifying breeding bird distributions on a 20‐year cycle and wintering bird distributions on a c . 30‐year cycle. We use these to generate spatially referenced information on apparent changes in bird distributions over c . 40 years. Main type of variable contained Detection of breeding and wintering bird species in grid squares during five periods, and changes in detection between periods. The combined distribution dataset contains 1,410,938 records detailing detections of 465 bird species in 3,880 grid cells in different periods. The combined distribution change dataset contains 1,297,791 records describing stability, apparent colonization or apparent extinction of individual species in grid squares between pairs of atlases spanning up to c. 40 years. Spatial location and grain Grid squares (10 km × 10 km) containing land throughout Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The majority of data are at 10‐km resolution, but data for rare species are summarized at 20‐ or 50‐km resolution to protect sensitive locations. Time period The data represent summarized detection information derived from fieldwork during five periods: the breeding seasons 1968–1972, 1988–1991 and 2008–2011, and the winters 1981/1982–1983/1984 and 2007/2008–2010/2011. Major taxa studied and level of measurement Birds; their distribution derived from citizen science surveys. Software format Data are supplied as comma‐separated text files.

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics - Paloma Marques Santos; Adriana Bocchiglieri; Adriano Garcia Chiarello; Adriano Pereira Paglia; Adryelle Moreira; Agnis Cristiane de Souza; Agustin Manuel Abba; Agustin Paviolo; Ailin Gatica; Akyllan Zoppi Medeiro; Alan Nilo Costa; Alberto Gonzalez Gallina; et al. (Ecology, 2019)
Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records ( n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest ( n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus ( n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus ( n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records ( n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest ( n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data.

Can wave coupling improve operational regional ocean forecasts for the north-west European Shelf? - Huw W. Lewis; Juan Manuel Castillo Sanchez; John Siddorn; Robert R. King; Marina Tonani; Andrew Saulter; Peter Sykes; Anne-Christine Pequignet; Graham P. Weedon; Tamzin Palmer; Joanna Staneva; Lucy Bricheno (Ocean Science, 2019)
Operational ocean forecasts are typically produced by modelling systems run using a forced mode approach. The evolution of the ocean state is not directly influenced by surface waves, and the ocean dynamics are driven by an external source of meteorological data which are independent of the ocean state. Model coupling provides one approach to increase the extent to which ocean forecast systems can represent the interactions and feedbacks between ocean, waves, and the atmosphere seen in nature. This paper demonstrates the impact of improving how the effect of waves on the momentum exchange across the ocean–atmosphere interface is represented through ocean–wave coupling on the performance of an operational regional ocean prediction system. This study focuses on the eddy-resolving (1.5 km resolution) Atlantic Margin Model (AMM15) ocean model configuration for the north-west European Shelf (NWS) region. A series of 2-year duration forecast trials of the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) north-west European Shelf regional ocean prediction system are analysed. The impact of including ocean–wave feedbacks via dynamic coupling on the simulated ocean is discussed. The main interactions included are the modification of surface stress by wave growth and dissipation, Stokes–Coriolis forcing, and wave-height-dependent ocean surface roughness. Given the relevance to operational forecasting, trials with and without ocean data assimilation are considered. Summary forecast metrics demonstrate that the ocean–wave coupled system is a viable evolution for future operational implementation. When results are considered in more depth, wave coupling was found to result in an annual cycle of relatively warmer winter and cooler summer sea surface temperatures for seasonally stratified regions of the NWS. This is driven by enhanced mixing due to waves, and a deepening of the ocean mixed layer during summer. The impact of wave coupling is shown to be reduced within the mixed layer with assimilation of ocean observations. Evaluation of salinity and ocean currents against profile measurements in the German Bight demonstrates improved simulation with wave coupling relative to control simulations. Further, evidence is provided of improvement to simulation of extremes of sea surface height anomalies relative to coastal tide gauges.

Genetic analysis of threshability and other spike traits in the evolution of cultivated emmer to fully domesticated durum wheat - Jyoti S. Sharma; Katherine L. D. Running; Steven S. Xu; Qijun Zhang; Amanda R. Peters Haugrud; Sapna Sharma; Phillip E. McClean; Justin D. Faris (Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2019)

Stage-specific effects of Lobophora on the recruitment success of a reef-building coral - Nicolas R. Evensen; Christopher Doropoulos; Kelly J. Wong; Peter J. Mumby (Coral Reefs, 2019)

Self-initiated continuation of and adherence to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) after PrEP demonstration project roll-off in men who have sex with men: associations with risky decision making, impulsivity/disinhibition, and sensation seeking - Martin Hoenigl; Erin Morgan; Donald Franklin; Peter L. Anderson; Elizabeth Pasipanodya; Matthew Dawson; Marvin Hanashiro; Eric E. Ellorin; Jill Blumenthal; Robert Heaton; David J. Moore; Sheldon R. Morris (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2019)

Establishment and seasonal activity in New Zealand of Mastrus ridens, a gregarious ectoparasitoid of codling moth Cydia pomonella - John G. Charles; W. R. Manoharie Sandanayaka; James T. S. Walker; Peter W. Shaw; Asha Chhagan; Lyn M. Cole; Kate Colhoun; Vicky A. Davis; D. Roger Wallis (BioControl, 2019)

Conventional land‐use intensification reduces species richness and increases production: A global meta‐analysis - Michael Beckmann; Katharina Gerstner; Morodoluwa Akin‐Fajiye; Silvia Ceaușu; Stephan Kambach; Nicole L. Kinlock; Helen R. P. Phillips; Willem Verhagen; Jessica Gurevitch; Stefan Klotz; Tim Newbold; Peter H. Verburg; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Most current research on land‐use intensification addresses its potential to either threaten biodiversity or to boost agricultural production. However, little is known about the simultaneous effects of intensification on biodiversity and yield. To determine the responses of species richness and yield to conventional intensification, we conducted a global meta‐analysis synthesizing 115 studies which collected data for both variables at the same locations. We extracted 449 cases that cover a variety of areas used for agricultural (crops, fodder) and silvicultural (wood) production. We found that, across all production systems and species groups, conventional intensification is successful in increasing yield (grand mean + 20.3%), but it also results in a loss of species richness (−8.9%). However, analysis of sub‐groups revealed inconsistent results. For example, small intensification steps within low intensity systems did not affect yield or species richness. Within high‐intensity systems species losses were non‐significant but yield gains were substantial (+15.2%). Conventional intensification within medium intensity systems revealed the highest yield increase (+84.9%) and showed the largest loss in species richness (−22.9%). Production systems differed in their magnitude of richness response, with insignificant changes in silvicultural systems and substantial losses in crop systems (−21.2%). In addition, this meta‐analysis identifies a lack of studies that collect robust biodiversity (i.e. beyond species richness) and yield data at the same sites and that provide quantitative information on land‐use intensity. Our findings suggest that, in many cases, conventional land‐use intensification drives a trade‐off between species richness and production. However, species richness losses were often not significantly different from zero, suggesting even conventional intensification can result in yield increases without coming at the expense of biodiversity loss. These results should guide future research to close existing research gaps and to understand the circumstances required to achieve such win‐win or win‐no‐harm situations in conventional agriculture.

Spatial and habitat variation in aphid, butterfly, moth and bird phenologies over the last half century - James R. Bell; Marc S. Botham; Peter A. Henrys; David I. Leech; James W. Pearce‐Higgins; Chris R. Shortall; Tom M. Brereton; Jon Pickup; Stephen J. Thackeray (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Global warming has advanced the timing of biological events, potentially leading to disruption across trophic levels. The potential importance of phenological change as a driver of population trends has been suggested. To fully understand the possible impacts, there is a need to quantify the scale of these changes spatially and according to habitat type. We studied the relationship between phenological trends, space and habitat type between 1965 and 2012 using an extensive UK dataset comprising 269 aphid, bird, butterfly and moth species. We modelled phenologies using generalized additive mixed models that included covariates for geographical (latitude, longitude, altitude), temporal (year, season) and habitat terms (woodland, scrub, grassland). Model selection showed that a baseline model with geographical and temporal components explained the variation in phenologies better than either a model in which space and time interacted or a habitat model without spatial terms. This baseline model showed strongly that phenologies shifted progressively earlier over time, that increasing altitude produced later phenologies and that a strong spatial component determined phenological timings, particularly latitude. The seasonal timing of a phenological event, in terms of whether it fell in the first or second half of the year, did not result in substantially different trends for butterflies. For moths, early season phenologies advanced more rapidly than those recorded later. Whilst temporal trends across all habitats resulted in earlier phenologies over time, agricultural habitats produced significantly later phenologies than most other habitats studied, probably because of nonclimatic drivers. A model with a significant habitat‐time interaction was the best‐fitting model for birds, moths and butterflies, emphasizing that the rates of phenological advance also differ among habitats for these groups. Our results suggest the presence of strong spatial gradients in mean seasonal timing and nonlinear trends towards earlier seasonal timing that varies in form and rate among habitat types.

Global patterns in fine root decomposition: climate, chemistry, mycorrhizal association and woodiness - Craig R. See; Michael Luke McCormack; Sarah E. Hobbie; Habacuc Flores‐Moreno; Whendee L. Silver; Peter G. Kennedy (Ecology Letters, 2019)
Fine root decomposition constitutes a critical yet poorly understood flux of carbon and nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we present the first large‐scale synthesis of species trait effects on the early stages of fine root decomposition at both global and local scales. Based on decomposition rates for 279 plant species across 105 studies and 176 sites, we found that mycorrhizal association and woodiness are the best categorical traits for predicting rates of fine root decomposition. Consistent positive effects of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and negative effects of lignin concentration emerged on decomposition rates within sites. Similar relationships were present across sites, along with positive effects of temperature and moisture. Calcium was not consistently related to decomposition rate at either scale. While the chemical drivers of fine root decomposition parallel those of leaf decomposition, our results indicate that the best plant functional groups for predicting fine root decomposition differ from those predicting leaf decomposition.

Effects of pesticides on exposure and susceptibility to parasites can be generalised to pesticide class and type in aquatic communities - Samantha L. Rumschlag; Neal T. Halstead; Jason T. Hoverman; Thomas R. Raffel; Hunter J. Carrick; Peter J. Hudson; Jason R. Rohr (Ecology Letters, 2019)
Pesticide pollution can alter parasite transmission, but scientists are unaware if effects of pesticides on parasite exposure and host susceptibility (i.e. infection risk given exposure) can be generalised within a community context. Using replicated temperate pond communities, we evaluate effects of 12 pesticides, nested in four pesticide classes (chloroacetanilides, triazines, carbamates organophosphates) and two pesticide types (herbicides, insecticides) applied at standardised environmental concentrations on larval amphibian exposure and susceptibility to trematode parasites. Most of the variation in exposure and susceptibility occurred at the level of pesticide class and type, not individual compounds. The organophosphate class of insecticides increased snail abundance (first intermediate host) and thus trematode exposure by increasing mortality of snail predators (top–down mechanism). While a similar pattern in snail abundance and trematode exposure was observed with triazine herbicides, this effect was driven by increases in snail resources (periphytic algae, bottom–up mechanism). Additionally, herbicides indirectly increased host susceptibility and trematode infections by (1) increasing time spent in susceptible early developmental stages and (2) suppressing tadpole immunity. Understanding generalisable effects associated with contaminant class and type on transmission is critical in reducing complexities in predicting disease dynamics in at‐risk host populations.

Global Observing Needs in the Deep Ocean - Lisa A. Levin; Brian J. Bett; Andrew R. Gates; Patrick Heimbach; Bruce M. Howe; Felix Janssen; Andrea McCurdy; Henry A. Ruhl; Paul Snelgrove; Karen I. Stocks; David Bailey; Simone Baumann-Pickering; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Constraints to the capacity of smallholder farming households to adapt to climate change in South and Southeast Asia - Peter R. Brown; Sharmin Afroz; Lytoua Chialue; T. Chiranjeevi; Sotheary El; Clemens M. Grünbühel; Iqbal Khan; Cathy Pitkin; V. Ratna Reddy; Christian H. Roth; Silinthone Sacklokham; Liana J. Williams (Climate and Development, 2019)

Fingerprinting Blue Carbon: Rationale and Tools to Determine the Source of Organic Carbon in Marine Depositional Environments - Nathan R. Geraldi; Alejandra Ortega; Oscar Serrano; Peter I. Macreadie; Catherine E. Lovelock; Dorte Krause-Jensen; Hilary Kennedy; Paul S. Lavery; Michael L. Pace; Joeri Kaal; Carlos M. Duarte (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Citizen-Science for the Future: Advisory Case Studies From Around the Globe - Christina Simoniello; Jennifer Jencks; Federico M. Lauro; Jon Derek Loftis; Jan Marcin Weslawski; Kajetan Deja; David R. Forrest; Sarah Gossett; Thomas C. Jeffries; Rachelle M. Jensen; Shinichi Kobara; Lindsey Nolan; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

Impaired Spatial Cognition in Adult Rats Treated with Multiple Intracerebroventricular (ICV) Infusions of the Enteric Bacterial Metabolite, Propionic Acid, and Return to Baseline After 1 Week of No Treatment: Contribution to a Rodent Model of ASD - Jennifer R. Mepham; Francis H. Boon; Kelly A. Foley; Donald P. Cain; Derrick F. MacFabe; Klaus-Peter Ossenkopp (Neurotoxicity Research, 2019)

Does plant species selection in functional active green walls influence VOC phytoremediation efficiency? - Peter J. Irga; Thomas Pettit; Robert F. Irga; Naomi J. Paull; Ashley N. J. Douglas; Fraser R. Torpy (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019)

Labelling halophilic Archaea using 13C and 15N stable isotopes: a potential tool to investigate haloarchaea consumption by metazoans - R. M. A. Lopes-dos-Santos; Marleen De Troch; Peter Bossier; Gilbert Van Stappen (Extremophiles, 2019)

Angiogenic desmoplastic histopathological growth pattern as a prognostic marker of good outcome in patients with colorectal liver metastases - Boris Galjart; Pieter M. H. Nierop; Eric P. van der Stok; Robert R. J. Coebergh van den Braak; Diederik J. Höppener; Sofie Daelemans; Luc Y. Dirix; Cornelis Verhoef; Peter B. Vermeulen; Dirk J. Grünhagen (Angiogenesis, 2019)

A process of convergent amplification and tissue‐specific expression dominates the evolution of toxin and toxin‐like genes in sea anemones - Joachim M. Surm; Hayden L. Smith; Bruno Madio; Eivind A.B. Undheim; Glenn F. King; Brett R. Hamilton; Chloé A. van der Burg; Ana Pavasovic; Peter J. Prentis (Molecular Ecology, 2019)
Members of phylum Cnidaria are an ancient group of venomous animals and rely on a number of specialized tissues to produce toxins in order to fulfil a range of ecological roles including prey capture, defence against predators, digestion and aggressive encounters. However, limited comprehensive analyses of the evolution and expression of toxin genes currently exist for cnidarian species. In this study, we use genomic and transcriptomic sequencing data to examine gene copy number variation and selective pressure on toxin gene families in phylum Cnidaria. Additionally, we use quantitative RNA‐seq and mass spectrometry imaging to understand expression patterns and tissue localization of toxin production in sea anemones. Using genomic data, we demonstrate that the first large‐scale expansion and diversification of known toxin genes occurs in phylum Cnidaria, a process we also observe in other venomous lineages, which we refer to as convergent amplification. Our analyses of selective pressure on sea anemone toxin gene families reveal that purifying selection is the dominant mode of evolution for these genes and that phylogenetic inertia is an important determinant of toxin gene complement in this group. The gene expression and tissue localization data revealed that specific genes and proteins from toxin gene families show strong patterns of tissue and developmental‐phase specificity in sea anemones. Overall, convergent amplification and phylogenetic inertia have strongly influenced the distribution and evolution of the toxin complement observed in sea anemones, while the production of venoms with different compositions across tissues is related to the functional and ecological roles undertaken by each tissue type.

Large birds travel farther in homogeneous environments - Marlee A. Tucker; Olga Alexandrou; Richard O. Bierregaard; Keith L. Bildstein; Katrin Böhning‐Gaese; Chloe Bracis; John N. Brzorad; Evan R. Buechley; David Cabot; Justin M. Calabrese; Carlos Carrapato; Andre Chiaradia; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2019)
Aim Animal movement is an important determinant of individual survival, population dynamics and ecosystem structure and function. Nonetheless, it is still unclear how local movements are related to resource availability and the spatial arrangement of resources. Using resident bird species and migratory bird species outside the migratory period, we examined how the distribution of resources affects the movement patterns of both large terrestrial birds (e.g., raptors, bustards and hornbills) and waterbirds (e.g., cranes, storks, ducks, geese and flamingos). Location Global. Time period 2003–2015. Major taxa studied Birds. Methods We compiled GPS tracking data for 386 individuals across 36 bird species. We calculated the straight‐line distance between GPS locations of each individual at the 1‐hr and 10‐day time‐scales. For each individual and time‐scale, we calculated the median and 0.95 quantile of displacement. We used linear mixed‐effects models to examine the effect of the spatial arrangement of resources, measured as enhanced vegetation index homogeneity, on avian movements, while accounting for mean resource availability, body mass, diet, flight type, migratory status and taxonomy and spatial autocorrelation. Results We found a significant effect of resource spatial arrangement at the 1‐hr and 10‐day time‐scales. On average, individual movements were seven times longer in environments with homogeneously distributed resources compared with areas of low resource homogeneity. Contrary to previous work, we found no significant effect of resource availability, diet, flight type, migratory status or body mass on the non‐migratory movements of birds. Main conclusions We suggest that longer movements in homogeneous environments might reflect the need for different habitat types associated with foraging and reproduction. This highlights the importance of landscape complementarity, where habitat patches within a landscape include a range of different, yet complementary resources. As habitat homogenization increases, it might force birds to travel increasingly longer distances to meet their diverse needs.

Simulating rewetting events in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams: A global analysis of leached nutrients and organic matter - Oleksandra Shumilova; Dominik Zak; Thibault Datry; Daniel von Schiller; Roland Corti; Arnaud Foulquier; Biel Obrador; Klement Tockner; Daniel C. Allan; Florian Altermatt; María Isabel Arce; Shai Arnon; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Climate change and human pressures are changing the global distribution and the extent of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which comprise half of the global river network area. IRES are characterized by periods of flow cessation, during which channel substrates accumulate and undergo physico‐chemical changes (preconditioning), and periods of flow resumption, when these substrates are rewetted and release pulses of dissolved nutrients and organic matter (OM). However, there are no estimates of the amounts and quality of leached substances, nor is there information on the underlying environmental constraints operating at the global scale. We experimentally simulated, under standard laboratory conditions, rewetting of leaves, riverbed sediments, and epilithic biofilms collected during the dry phase across 205 IRES from five major climate zones. We determined the amounts and qualitative characteristics of the leached nutrients and OM, and estimated their areal fluxes from riverbeds. In addition, we evaluated the variance in leachate characteristics in relation to selected environmental variables and substrate characteristics. We found that sediments, due to their large quantities within riverbeds, contribute most to the overall flux of dissolved substances during rewetting events (56%–98%), and that flux rates distinctly differ among climate zones. Dissolved organic carbon, phenolics, and nitrate contributed most to the areal fluxes. The largest amounts of leached substances were found in the continental climate zone, coinciding with the lowest potential bioavailability of the leached OM. The opposite pattern was found in the arid zone. Environmental variables expected to be modified under climate change (i.e. potential evapotranspiration, aridity, dry period duration, land use) were correlated with the amount of leached substances, with the strongest relationship found for sediments. These results show that the role of IRES should be accounted for in global biogeochemical cycles, especially because prevalence of IRES will increase due to increasing severity of drying events.

Habitat explains patterns of population decline for an invasive crayfish - Eric R. Larson; Timothy A. Kreps; Brett Peters; Jody A. Peters; David M. Lodge (Ecology, 2019)
Invasive nonindigenous species are defined by their impacts: they substantially change native communities or ecosystems. Accordingly, invasive species might transform their habitats in ways that eventually become unfavorable to them, causing population declines or even extirpations. Here we use over 40 yr of systematically collected data on the abundance of the invasive rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus from 17 lakes in northern Wisconsin, USA to explore whether population declines of this invader are related to the prevalence of rocky habitat, which shelters crayfish from predators and is unchanged by crayfish. We predicted that lakes with rock‐dominated substrates would be resistant to F. rusticus population declines, whereas lakes lacking rock‐dominated substrates would experience F. rusticus declines due to crayfish destruction of shelter‐providing macrophytes. We found that in nearly one‐half (47%) of the study lakes, F. rusticus experienced population declines over the study time period, and these lakes had significantly lower proportions of rock substrate than lakes that did not experience population declines. We recommend that more studies should investigate the potential for invasive species‐mediated community or ecosystem feedbacks to eventually contribute to their own population declines.

Color change and pigmentation in a color polymorphic cichlid fish - Shana E. Border; Taylor J. Piefke; Robert J. Fialkowski; Matthew R. Tryc; Tyler R. Funnell; Gabriela M. DeOliveira; Peter D. Dijkstra (Hydrobiologia, 2019)

The metabolic network coherence of human transcriptomes is associated with genetic variation at the cadherin 18 locus - Kristina Schlicht; Piotr Nyczka; Amke Caliebe; Sandra Freitag-Wolf; Annique Claringbould; Lude Franke; Urmo Võsa; Sharon L. R. Kardia; Jennifer A. Smith; Wei Zhao; Christian Gieger; Annette Peters; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

Genetic variant predictors of gene expression provide new insight into risk of colorectal cancer - Stephanie A. Bien; Yu-Ru Su; David V. Conti; Tabitha A. Harrison; Conghui Qu; Xingyi Guo; Yingchang Lu; Demetrius Albanes; Paul L. Auer; Barbara L. Banbury; Sonja I. Berndt; Stéphane Bézieau; et al. (Human Genetics, 2019)

Quantifying the agreement between observed and simulated extratropical modes of interannual variability - Jiwoo Lee; Kenneth R. Sperber; Peter J. Gleckler; Céline J. W. Bonfils; Karl E. Taylor (Climate Dynamics, 2019)

Salvage treatment for recurrences after first resection of colorectal liver metastases: the impact of histopathological growth patterns - Pieter M. H. Nierop; Boris Galjart; Diederik J. Höppener; Eric P. van der Stok; Robert R. J. Coebergh van den Braak; Peter B. Vermeulen; Dirk J. Grünhagen; Cornelis Verhoef (Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2019)

Frontal lobe functioning during a simple response conflict task in first-episode psychosis and its relationship to treatment response - Keith M. Shafritz; Toshikazu Ikuta; Allison Greene; Delbert G. Robinson; Juan Gallego; Todd Lencz; Pamela DeRosse; Peter B. Kingsley; Philip R. Szeszko (Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2019)

Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) modifies microenvironment to promote nonnative plant communities - David R. Carter; Robert A. Slesak; Timothy B. Harrington; David H. Peter; Anthony W. D’Amato (Biological Invasions, 2019)

Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: second update 2018 - Piet Maes; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; María A. Ayllón; Christopher F. Basler; Sina Bavari; Kim R. Blasdell; Thomas Briese; Paul A. Brown; Alexander Bukreyev; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Ursula J. Buchholz; Kartik Chandran; et al. (Archives of Virology, 2019)

Hydrological fluctuations modulate phototrophic responses to nutrient fertilization in a large and shallow lake of Southwest China - Kui Hu; Guangjie Chen; Irene Gregory-Eaves; Linpei Huang; Xiaolin Chen; Yuanyuan Liu; Peter R. Leavitt (Aquatic Sciences, 2019)

Selection Procedures for the Largest Lyapunov Exponent in Gait Biomechanics - Peter C. Raffalt; Jenny A. Kent; Shane R. Wurdeman; Nicholas Stergiou (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2019)

MEMORIES - Frances M. D. Gulland; Peter O. Thomas; Ian Stirling; Douglas P. DeMaster; Randall R. Reeves; Kathy Frost (Marine Mammal Science, 2019)

From the tropics to the pole and back again: Radiation in the flathead fishes (Platycephalidae) across Australia and the Indo‐West Pacific - Melody Puckridge; Peter R. Last; Daniel C. Gledhill; Nikos Andreakis (Journal of Biogeography, 2019)
Aim To develop a comparative phylogeographic framework to understand the origins, evolution, taxonomic richness, and distribution of Australian demersal fish endemics in the context of the Indo‐West Pacific ( IWP ). Location Southern Australia and the IWP . Taxon Platycephalidae (flathead fishes). Methods Nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies of flathead fishes were inferred from 46 of 85 nominal species, and 14 additional cryptic species‐level lineages, representing 17 of the 18 genera. Molecular clocks and habitat trait reconstructions were used to infer the palaeoclimatic and geological events responsible for shaping the evolution and diversification of the group. Results The family Platycephalidae comprises two sister subfamilies; Platycephalinae and Onigociinae, which diverged in the Eocene into predominantly temperate and tropical assemblages respectively. The basal platycephalin taxa are confined to southern Australia with the most derived groups in the tropics, following a high‐ to low‐latitudinal evolutionary trajectory. In contrast, the onigociins are predominantly associated with the tropics, and have diversified across the region since the early Miocene with very few introductions into temperate Australia. Main conclusions Platycephalinae and Onigociinae show contrasting evolutionary scenarios. Platycephalins have a temperate to tropical evolutionary trajectory consistent with their arrival into the region via tectonic rafting and subsequent dispersal. This dispersal was likely facilitated by formation of shallow‐water environments along the Sunda Arc margin following collision of the Australian and Eurasian Plates. In contrast, the Onigociinae has likely maintained a tropical presence across the IWP since the Eocene and has experienced higher diversification rates leading to circa three times the species diversity found in the Platycephalinae. Rounds of dispersal and allopatric speciation have subsequently played out across both low and high latitudes with both subfamilies harbouring cryptic species‐level lineages. This work provides an explicit working hypothesis for exploring origins and diversification in other demersal fishes endemic to the Australian continent.

Global wheat production with 1.5 and 2.0°C above pre‐industrial warming - Bing Liu; Pierre Martre; Frank Ewert; John R. Porter; Andy J. Challinor; Christoph Müller; Alex C. Ruane; Katharina Waha; Peter J. Thorburn; Pramod K. Aggarwal; Mukhtar Ahmed; Juraj Balkovič; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2019)
Efforts to limit global warming to below 2°C in relation to the pre‐industrial level are under way, in accordance with the 2015 Paris Agreement. However, most impact research on agriculture to date has focused on impacts of warming >2°C on mean crop yields, and many previous studies did not focus sufficiently on extreme events and yield interannual variability. Here, with the latest climate scenarios from the Half a degree Additional warming, Prognosis and Projected Impacts (HAPPI) project, we evaluated the impacts of the 2015 Paris Agreement range of global warming (1.5 and 2.0°C warming above the pre‐industrial period) on global wheat production and local yield variability. A multi‐crop and multi‐climate model ensemble over a global network of sites developed by the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) for Wheat was used to represent major rainfed and irrigated wheat cropping systems. Results show that projected global wheat production will change by −2.3% to 7.0% under the 1.5°C scenario and −2.4% to 10.5% under the 2.0°C scenario, compared to a baseline of 1980–2010, when considering changes in local temperature, rainfall, and global atmospheric CO 2 concentration, but no changes in management or wheat cultivars. The projected impact on wheat production varies spatially; a larger increase is projected for temperate high rainfall regions than for moderate hot low rainfall and irrigated regions. Grain yields in warmer regions are more likely to be reduced than in cooler regions. Despite mostly positive impacts on global average grain yields, the frequency of extremely low yields (bottom 5 percentile of baseline distribution) and yield inter‐annual variability will increase under both warming scenarios for some of the hot growing locations, including locations from the second largest global wheat producer—India, which supplies more than 14% of global wheat. The projected global impact of warming

Developing an Integrated Ocean Observing System for New Zealand - Joanne O’Callaghan; Craig Stevens; Moninya Roughan; Chris Cornelisen; Philip Sutton; Sally Garrett; Giacomo Giorli; Robert O. Smith; Kim I. Currie; Sutara H. Suanda; Michael Williams; Melissa Bowen; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)

The effects of training population design on genomic prediction accuracy in wheat - Stefan McKinnon Edwards; Jaap B. Buntjer; Robert Jackson; Alison R. Bentley; Jacob Lage; Ed Byrne; Chris Burt; Peter Jack; Simon Berry; Edward Flatman; Bruno Poupard; Stephen Smith; et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2019)

Future Directions in Conservation Research on Petrels and Shearwaters - Airam Rodríguez; José M. Arcos; Vincent Bretagnolle; Maria P. Dias; Nick D. Holmes; Maite Louzao; Jennifer Provencher; André F. Raine; Francisco Ramírez; Beneharo Rodríguez; Robert A. Ronconi; Rebecca S. Taylor; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019)