Patterns of change in the species composition of vascular plants during different succession stages and management intensity of a lowland floodplain forest - Ondřej Košulič; Tomáš Hamřík; Samuel Lvončík (Biologia, 2020)

On-Field Performance of an Instrumented Mouthguard for Detecting Head Impacts in American Football - Lee F. Gabler; Samuel H. Huddleston; Nathan Z. Dau; David J. Lessley; Kristy B. Arbogast; Xavier Thompson; Jacob E. Resch; Jeff R. Crandall (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

Life and death of Crocosphaera sp. in the Pacific Ocean: Fine scale predator–prey dynamics - Mathilde Dugenne; Fernanda Henderikx Freitas; Samuel T. Wilson; David M. Karl; Angelicque E. White (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
In the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, the daily pulse of photosynthetic carbon (C) fixation is closely balanced by losses. This concert of growth and loss is driven by a diverse assemblage of plankton, including the diazotroph Crocosphaera sp. While primary production is relatively well characterized in this ecosystem, the extent of C transfer to secondary producers is poorly constrained. Here, we use automated imaging flow cytometry and population modeling to study the coupling of C production by Crocosphaera and subsequent grazing by nanoplanktonic protists. Crocosphaera cells represent on average 30% of the nanoplankton detected by the Imaging FlowCytoBot in the surface layer of mesoscale eddies during summertime. The size spectra show a maximum in the frequency of Crocosphaera doublet cells just prior to mitotic division at midday, with an average estimated growth rate of 0.8 ± 0.5 d −1 . We also identified potential predators by fitting a Lotka–Volterra model to plankton time series observations. Significant predators include the dinoflagellates Protoperidinium and Dinophysis as well as the ciliate Strombidium , which were all imaged with Crocosphaera in food vacuoles. The estimated C demand of the main grazers fluctuated between 25% and 250% of Crocosphaera new production in an anticyclonic eddy where we observed the onset of a Crocosphaera ‐driven bloom. Heterotrophic Protoperidinium drove most of the estimated C demand, with grazing rates nearly equivalent to Crocosphaera growth rates (0.6 ± 0.4 d −1 on average), but saturating at high prey concentrations. Our novel results demonstrate tight coupling between specific protistan predators and a diazotrophic prey.

The biogeochemical variability of Arctic thermokarst ponds is reflected by stochastic and niche‐driven microbial community assembly processes - Alizée Le Moigne; Maciej Bartosiewicz; Gabriela Schaepman‐Strub; Samuel Abiven; Jakob Pernthaler (Environmental Microbiology, 2020)
Summary Shallow thermokarst ponds are a conspicuous landscape element of the Arctic Siberian tundra with high biogeochemical variability. Little is known about how microbes from the regional species pool assemble into local pond communities and how the resulting patterns affect functional properties such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) remineralization and greenhouse gas (GHG) turnover. We analysed the pelagic microbiomes of 20 ponds in north‐eastern Siberia in the context of their physico‐chemical properties. Ponds were categorized as polygonal or trough according to their geomorphological origin. The diversity of bacteria and eukaryotic microbes was assessed by ribosomal gene tag sequencing. Null model analysis revealed an important role of stochastic assembly processes within ponds of identical origin, in particular for genotypes only occurring in few systems. Nevertheless, the two pond types clearly represented distinct niches for both the bacterial and eukaryotic microbial communities. Carbon dioxide concentration, indicative of heterotrophic microbial processes, varied greatly, especially in the trough ponds. Methane concentrations were lower in polygonal ponds and were correlated with the estimated abundance of methanotrophs. Thus, the overall functional variability of Arctic ponds reflects the stochastic assembly of their microbial communities. Distinct functional subcommunities can, nevertheless, be related to GHG concentrations.

Warm temperatures increase population growth of a nonnative defoliator and inhibit demographic responses by parasitoids - Samuel F. Ward; Brian H. Aukema; Songlin Fei; Andrew M. Liebhold (Ecology, 2020)
Changes in thermal regimes that disparately affect hosts and parasitoids could release hosts from biological control. When multiple natural enemy species share a host, shifts in host–parasitoid dynamics could depend on whether natural enemies interact antagonistically vs. synergistically. We investigated how biotic and abiotic factors influence the population ecology of larch casebearer ( Coleophora laricella ), a nonnative pest, and two imported parasitoids, Agathis pumila and Chrysocharis laricinellae , by analyzing (1) temporal dynamics in defoliation from 1962 to 2018, and (2) historical, branch‐level data on densities of larch casebearer and parasitism rates by the two imported natural enemies from 1972 to 1995. Analyses of defoliation indicated that, prior to the widespread establishment of parasitoids (1962 to ~1980), larch casebearer outbreaks occurred in 2–6 yr cycles. This pattern was followed by a >15‐yr period during which populations were at low, apparently stable densities undetectable via aerial surveys, presumably under control from parasitoids. However, since the late 1990s and despite the persistence of both parasitoids, outbreaks exhibiting unstable dynamics have occurred. Analyses of branch‐level data indicated that growth of casebearer populations, A. pumila populations, and within‐casebearer densities of C. laricinellae —a generalist whose population dynamics are likely also influenced by use of alternative hosts—were inhibited by density dependence, with high intraspecific densities in one year slowing growth into the next. Casebearer population growth was also inhibited by parasitism from A. pumila , but not C. laricinellae , and increased with warmer autumnal temperatures. Growth of A. pumila populations and within‐casebearer densities of C. laricinellae increased with casebearer densities but decreased with warmer annual maximum temperatures. Moreover, parasitism by A. pumila was associated with increased growth of within‐casebearer densities of C. laricinellae without adverse effects on its own demographics, indicating a synergistic interaction between these parasitoids. Our results indicate that warming can be associated with opposing effects between trophic levels, with deleterious effects of warming on one natural enemy species potentially being exacerbated by similar impacts on another. Coupling of such parasitoid responses with positive responses of hosts to warming might have contributed to the return of casebearer outbreaks to North America.

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics - Mariana Nagy‐Reis; Júlia Emi de Faria Oshima; Claudia Zukeran Kanda; Francesca Belem Lopes Palmeira; Fabiano Rodrigues de Melo; Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato; Lilian Bonjorne; Marcelo Magioli; Caroline Leuchtenberger; Fabio Rohe; Frederico Gemesio Lemos; Felipe Martello; et al. (Ecology, 2020)
Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non‐detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non‐governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer‐reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non‐detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio‐temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large‐scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics - Clarissa Alves da Rosa; Bruno R. Ribeiro; Vanesa Bejarano; Fernando Henrique Puertas; Adriana Bocchiglieri; Adriana Loeser dos Santos Barbosa; Adriano Garcia Chiarello; Adriano Pereira Paglia; Adriele Aparecida Pereira; Adryelle Francisca de Souza Moreira; Agnis Cristiane de Souza; Aiesca Pellegrin; et al. (Ecology, 2020)
Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal‐central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus , Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. ( n = 37,782), Sus scrofa ( n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris ( n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., S yncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans ). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set ( n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata , and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation‐related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data.

Novel Insights into the Biotechnological Production of Haematococcus pluvialis-Derived Astaxanthin: Advances and Key Challenges to Allow Its Industrial Use as Novel Food Ingredient - Samuel Jannel; Yanis Caro; Marc Bermudes; Thomas Petit (Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2020)
Astaxanthin shows many biological activities. It has acquired a high economic potential and its current market is dominated by its synthetic form. However, due to the increase of the health and environmental concerns from consumers, natural forms are now preferred for human consumption. Haematococcus pluvialis is artificially cultured at an industrial scale to produce astaxanthin used as a dietary supplement. However, due to the high cost of its cultivation and its relatively low biomass and pigment productivities, the astaxanthin extracted from this microalga remains expensive and this has probably the consequence of slowing down its economic development in the lower added-value market such as food ingredient. In this review, we first aim to provide an overview of the chemical and biochemical properties of astaxanthin, as well as of its natural sources. We discuss its bioavailability, metabolism, and biological activities. We present a state-of-the-art of the biology and physiology of H. pluvialis, and highlight novel insights into the biotechnological processes which allow optimizing the biomass and astaxanthin productivities. We are trying to identify some lines of research that would improve the industrial sustainability and economic viability of this bio-production and to broaden the commercial potential of astaxanthin produced from H. pluvialis.

Soil macroarthropod community and soil biological quality index in a green manure farming system of the Brazilian semi-arid - Karla Selene Forstall-Sosa; Tancredo Augusto Feitosa de Souza; Edjane de Oliveira Lucena; Samuel Inocêncio Alves da Silva; Jean Telvio Andrade Ferreira; Thamillys do Nascimento Silva; Djail Santos; Júlia Carina Niemeyer (Biologia, 2020)

Lean on Your Land Grant: One University’s Approach to Address the Food Supply Chain Workforce during the COVID-19 Pandemic - S. Dee Jepsen; Lisa Pfeifer; Lyda G. Garcia; Zoë Plakias; Shoshanah Inwood; Joy N. Rumble; Mary T. Rodriguez; Judit E. Puskas; Samuel G. Custer (Journal of Agromedicine, 2020)

Ecological Associations of Littoraria irrorata with Spartina cynosuroides and Spartina alterniflora - Caroline Mackenzie Failon; Serina Sebilian Wittyngham; David Samuel Johnson (Wetlands, 2020)

Floating Azolla Cover Influences Evapotranspiration from Flooded Water Surfaces - Samuel Munyaka Kimani; Takamori Kanno; Keitaro Tawaraya; Weiguo Cheng (Wetlands, 2020)

Empirical analysis of dry spells during growing season with respect to maize crop in Nigeria - Nnadozie O. Nnoli; Ahmed A. Balogun; Jerome A. Omotosho; Samuel O. Agele (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2020)

4DVD visualization and delivery of the 20th century reanalysis data: methods and examples - Samuel S. P. Shen; Julien Pierret; Isaiah Dorado; Snehal Ilawe (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2020)

Ecosystem engineering by leaf-rolling mites enhances arthropod diversity - Samuel Novais; Armando Aguirre-Jaimes; Mauricio Quesada; Vicente Hernández-Ortiz (The Science of Nature, 2020)

Regional characterisation of meteorological drought and floods over west Africa - Chukwudi Samuel Ekwezuo; Christopher Uche Ezeh (Sustainable Water Resources Management, 2020)

New Distributional Record of Petal-Eyed Swimmer Crab, Vojmirophthalmus minabensis (Sakai 1961) (Portunidae: Podophthalminae) from Indian Waters - Mariasingarayan Yosuva; Chinnathambi Viswanathan; Vijay Kumar Deepak Samuel; Kanagaraj Chamundeeswari; Ramachandran Purvaja; Ramachandran Ramesh (Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences, 2020)

The effects of acute serotonin challenge on executive planning in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), their first-degree relatives, and healthy controls - Christine Lochner; Samuel R. Chamberlain; Martin Kidd; Lian Taljaard; Naomi A. Fineberg; Trevor W. Robbins; Dan J. Stein (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Anti-urease and cytotoxic activity of 1-Nitro-2-phenylethane and Nerolidol; two major compounds isolated from the seeds of Dennettia tripetala - Samuel E. Ugheighele; Kate E. Imafidon; Muhammad I. Choudhary; Ahmed Shakil; Majid Khan; Zaid A. Sherwani; Zaheer Ul-Haq (Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2020)

Effect of Methylene Blue on a Porcine Model of Amlodipine Toxicity - Jenna M. LeRoy; Sean P. Boley; Justin N. Corcoran; Kristin M. Engebretsen; Samuel J. Stellpflug (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2020)

Surface temperatures of non-incubated eggs in great tits (Parus major) are strongly associated with ambient temperature - Marcel M. Lambrechts; Aude E. Caizergues; Charles Perrier; Anne Charmantier; Samuel P. Caro (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2020)

Establishment and characterization of a cell line from Ghanaian Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) focusing on Aedes-borne flavivirus susceptibility - Michael Amoa-Bosompem; Daisuke Kobayashi; Kentaro Itokawa; Astri Nur Faizah; Ryusei Kuwata; Samuel Dadzie; Takaya Hayashi; Shoji Yamaoka; Kyoko Sawabe; Shiroh Iwanaga; Haruhiko Isawa (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 2020)

Effect of carbohydrate–protein supplementation on endurance training adaptations - Abdullah F. Alghannam; Iain Templeman; Joel E. Thomas; Dawid Jedrzejewski; Samuel Griffiths; Joseph Lemon; Thomas Byers; Sue Reeves; Javier T. Gonzalez; Dylan Thompson; James Bilzon; Kostas Tsintzas; et al. (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2020)
Purpose To examine the influence of post-exercise protein feeding upon the adaptive response to endurance exercise training. Methods In a randomised parallel group design, 25 healthy men and women completed 6 weeks of endurance exercise training by running on a treadmill for 30–60 min at 70–75% maximal oxygen uptake ( V O 2max ) 4 times/week. Participants ingested 1.6 g per kilogram of body mass (g kg BM −1 ) of carbohydrate (CHO) or an isocaloric carbohydrate–protein solution (CHO-P; 0.8 g carbohydrate kg BM −1 + 0.8 g protein kg BM −1 ) immediately and 1 h post-exercise. Expired gas, blood and muscle biopsy samples were taken at baseline and follow-up. Results Exercise training improved V O 2max in both groups ( p ≤ 0.001), but this increment was not different between groups either in absolute terms or relative to body mass (0.2 ± 0.2 L min −1 and 3.0 ± 2 mL kg −1 min −1 , respectively). No change occurred in plasma albumin concentration from baseline to follow-up with CHO-P (4.18 ± 0.18 to 4.23 ± 0.17 g dL −1 ) or CHO (4.17 ± 0.17 to 4.12 ± 0.22 g dL −1 ; interaction: p > 0.05). Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) gene expression was up-regulated in CHO-P (+ 46%; p = 0.025) relative to CHO (+ 4%) following exercise training. Conclusion Post-exercise protein supplementation up-regulated the expression of mTOR in skeletal muscle over 6 weeks of endurance exercise training. However, the magnitude of improvement in V O 2max was similar between groups.

Suspension training vs. traditional resistance training: effects on muscle mass, strength and functional performance in older adults - Samuel Domingos Soligon; Deivid Gomes da Silva; João Guilherme Almeida Bergamasco; Vitor Angleri; Ricardo Alessandro Medalha Júnior; Nathalia Fernanda Dias; Sanmy Rocha Nóbrega; Marcelo de Castro Cesar; Cleiton Augusto Libardi (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2020)

Selection of popcorn hybrids resistant to southern corn leaf blight grown in distinct N availability - Railan do Nascimento Ferreira Kurosawa; Antonio Teixeira do Amaral Júnior; Janieli Maganha Silva Vivas; Marcelo Vivas; Samuel Henrique Kamphorst; Valter Jairo de Lima; Rafael Nunes de Almeida (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2020)

Black and organic carbon fractions in fine particulate matter by sectors in the South Hemisphere emissions for decision-making on climate change and health effects - Ernesto Pino-Cortés; Samuel Carrasco; Luis A. Díaz-Robles; Francisco Cubillos; Francisco Cereceda-Balic (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020)

Historical patterns in mercury exposure for North American songbirds - Marie Perkins; Oksana P. Lane; David C. Evers; Amy Sauer; Evan M. Adams; Nelson J. O’Driscoll; Samuel T. Edmunds; Allyson K. Jackson; Julie C. Hagelin; Jeremiah Trimble; Elsie M. Sunderland (Ecotoxicology, 2020)

Moderate zooxanthellate coral growth rates in the lower photic zone - Samuel E. Kahng; Takaaki K. Watanabe; Hsun-Ming Hu; Tsuyoshi Watanabe; Chuan-Chou Shen (Coral Reefs, 2020)

A stacked sparse auto-encoder and back propagation network model for sensory event detection via a flexible ECoG - Oluwagbenga Paul Idowu; Jianping Huang; Yang Zhao; Oluwarotimi William Samuel; Mei Yu; Peng Fang; Guanglin Li (Cognitive Neurodynamics, 2020)

MLH1 intronic variants mapping to + 5 position of splice donor sites lead to deleterious effects on RNA splicing - Tamara Alejandra Piñero; Omar Soukarieh; Marion Rolain; Karin Alvarez; Francisco López-Köstner; Giovana Tardin Torrezan; Dirce Maria Carraro; Ivana Lucia De Oliveira Nascimento; Thaís Ferreira Bomfim; Taísa Manuela Bonfim Machado-Lopes; Juliana Côrtes Freitas; Maria Betânia Toralles; et al. (Familial Cancer, 2020)

Effects of terrestrial transport corridors and associated landscape context on invasion by forest plants - Samuel F. Ward; Benjamin S. Taylor; Kelly-Ann Dixon Hamil; Kurt H. Riitters; Songlin Fei (Biological Invasions, 2020)

Towards bamboo agroforestry development in Ghana: evaluation of crop performance, soil properties and economic benefit - Daniel S. Akoto; Samuel T. Partey; Manfred Denich; Michael Kwaku; Christian Borgemeister; Christine B. Schmitt (Agroforestry Systems, 2020)
In the quest to promote bamboo agroforestry in the dry semi-deciduous forest zone of Ghana, we evaluated changes in soil properties, crop productivity and the economic potential of a bamboo-based intercropping system. The intercropping system was established from 3-months old sympodial bamboo ( Bambusa balcooa ) seedlings planted at a 5 m × 5 m spacing and intercropped with maize, cassava or cowpea. Separate monocropping fields for maize, cassava, cowpea and bamboo were set up adjacent to the intercropped field. In both the intercropping and monocropping fields, plots were with fertilizer treatments and without. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with four replicates and studied over three years. Economic analysis was conducted using the financial benefit–cost ratio method. The results showed that regardless of fertilizer treatments, bamboo agroforestry and monocropped fields had comparable effects on soil properties and crop productivity within two years of establishment. In the third year, however, bamboo agroforestry had significantly (p

Efficiency of Different Treatment Regimens Combining Anti-tumor and Anti-inflammatory Liposomes for Metastatic Breast Cancer - Jingxuan Liu; Yuqing Sun; Xiao Liu; Yueying Yang; Andy Samuel Widjaya; Zhiguo Long; Yanyan Jiang (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2020)

Simple inheritance, complex regulation: Supergene‐mediated fire ant queen polymorphism - Samuel V. Arsenault; Joanie T. King; Sasha Kay; Kip D. Lacy; Kenneth G. Ross; Brendan G. Hunt (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
The fire ant Solenopsis invicta exists in two alternate social forms: monogyne nests contain a single reproductive queen and polygyne nests contain multiple reproductive queens. This colony‐level social polymorphism corresponds with individual differences in queen physiology, queen dispersal patterns and worker discrimination behaviours, all evidently regulated by an inversion‐based supergene that spans more than 13 Mb of a “social chromosome,” contains over 400 protein‐coding genes and rarely undergoes recombination. The specific mechanisms by which this supergene influences expression of the many distinctive features that characterize the alternate forms remain almost wholly unknown. To advance our understanding of these mechanisms, we explore the effects of social chromosome genotype and natal colony social form on gene expression in queens sampled as they embarked on nuptial flights, using RNA‐sequencing of brains and ovaries. We observe a large effect of natal social form, that is, of the social/developmental environment, on gene expression profiles, with similarly substantial effects of genotype, including: (a) supergene‐associated gene upregulation, (b) allele‐specific expression and (c) pronounced extra‐supergene trans ‐regulatory effects. These findings, along with observed spatial variation in differential and allele‐specific expression within the supergene region, highlight the complex gene regulatory landscape that emerged following divergence of the inversion‐mediated Sb haplotype from its homologue, which presumably largely retained the ancestral gene order. The distinctive supergene‐associated gene expression trajectories we document at the onset of a queen’s reproductive life expand the known record of relevant molecular correlates of a complex social polymorphism and point to putative genetic factors underpinning the alternate social syndromes.

Phosphonate cycling supports methane and ethylene supersaturation in the phosphate‐depleted western North Atlantic Ocean - Oscar A. Sosa; Timothy J. Burrell; Samuel T. Wilson; Rhea K. Foreman; David M. Karl; Daniel J. Repeta (Limnology and Oceanography, 2020)
In oligotrophic ocean regions, dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) plays a prominent role as a source of phosphorus (P) to microorganisms. An important bioavailable component of DOP is phosphonates, organophosphorus compounds with a carbon‐phosphorus (C‐P) bond, which are ubiquitous in high molecular weight dissolved organic matter (HMWDOM). In addition to being a source of P, the degradation of phosphonates by the bacterial C‐P lyase enzymatic pathway causes the release of trace hydrocarbon gases relevant to climate and atmospheric chemistry. In this study, we investigated the roles of phosphate and phosphonate cycling in the production of methane (CH 4 ) and ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) in the western North Atlantic Ocean, a region that features a transition in phosphate concentrations from coastal to open ocean waters. We observed an inverse relationship between phosphate and the saturation state of CH 4 and C 2 H 4 in the water column, and between phosphate and the relative abundance of the C‐P lyase marker gene phnJ . In phosphate‐depleted waters, methylphosphonate and 2‐hydroxyethylphosphonate, the C‐P lyase substrates that yield CH 4 and C 2 H 4 , respectively, were readily degraded in proportions consistent with their abundance and bioavailability in HMWDOM and with the concentrations of CH 4 and C 2 H 4 in the water column. We conclude that phosphonate degradation through the C‐P lyase pathway is an important source and a common production pathway of CH 4 and C 2 H 4 in the phosphate‐depleted surface waters of the western North Atlantic Ocean and that phosphate concentration can be an important control on the saturation state of these gases in the upper ocean.

Comparative demography of commercially important species of coral grouper, Plectropomus leopardus and P. laevis , from Australia's great barrier reef and Coral Sea marine parks - Samuel D. Payet; Jake R. Lowe; Bruce D. Mapstone; Morgan S. Pratchett; Tane H. Sinclair‐Taylor; Brett M. Taylor; Peter A. Waldie; Hugo B. Harrison (Journal of Fish Biology, 2020)
Understanding the spatial and environmental variation in demographic processes of fisheries target species, such as coral grouper (Genus: Plectropomus ), is important for establishing effective management and conservation strategies. Herein we compare the demography of Plectropomus leopardus and P. laevis between Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP), which has been subject to sustained and extensive fishing pressure, and the oceanic atolls of Australia's Coral Sea Marine Park (CSMP), where there is very limited fishing for reef fishes. Coral grouper length‐at‐age data from contemporary and historical otolith collections across 9.4 degrees of latitude showed little difference in lifetime growth between GBRMP and CSMP regions. Plectropomus laevis populations in GBRMP reefs had significantly higher rates of total mortality than populations in the CSMP. Mean maximum lengths and mean maximum ages of P. laevis were also smaller in the GBRMP than in the CSMP, even when considering populations sampled within GBRMP no‐take marine reserves (NTMRs). Plectropomus leopardus , individuals were on average smaller on fished reefs than NTMRs in the GBRMP, but all other aspects of demography were broadly similar between regions despite the negligible levels of fishing pressure in the CSMP. Similarities between regions in growth profiles and length‐at‐age comparisons of P. laevis and P. leopardus suggest that the environmental differences between the CSMP and the GBRMP may not have significant impacts on lifetime growth. Our results show that fishing may have influenced the demography of coral grouper on the GBR, particularly for the slower growing and longer lived species, P. laevis .

Effects of climate change and livelihood diversification on the gendered productivity gap in Northern Ghana - William Adzawla; Heike Baumüller; Samuel A. Donkoh; Renata Serra (Climate and Development, 2020)

On the antioxidant activity of eumelanin biopigments: a quantitative comparison between free radical scavenging and redox properties - Teresa Cecchi; Alessandro Pezzella; Eduardo Di Mauro; Samuel Cestola; David Ginsburg; Mattia Luzi; Alessandro Rigucci; Clara Santato (Natural Product Research, 2020)

In vitro fertilization: productivity of donors of different bovine breeds - Paulo Roberto Adona; Samuel Guemra; Thiago Marquez Fernandes; Marcos Barbosa Ferreira; Tiago Henrique Camara de Bem; Moysés dos Santos Miranda (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2020)

Development of a population of Boswellia elongata Balf. F. in Homhil nature sanctuary, Socotra island (Yemen) - Samuel Lvončík; Petr Vahalík; Frans Bongers; Jan Peijnenburg; Karolína Hušková; Julian Jansen van Rensburg; Salem Hamdiah; Petr Maděra (Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali, 2020)

Caveolin-1 regulates medium spiny neuron structural and functional plasticity - Katherine R. Tonn Eisinger; Andrew D. Chapp; Samuel P. Swanson; Daniel Tam; Natalie M. Lopresti; Erin B. Larson; Mark J. Thomas; Lorene M. Lanier; Paul G. Mermelstein (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Anti-Melanoma Activity of Indomethacin Incorporated into Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles - Natália Helen Ferreira; Arthur Barcelos Ribeiro; Francisco Rinaldi-Neto; Fernanda Santos Fernandes; Samuel do Nascimento; Wilson Rodrigues Braz; Eduardo José Nassar; Denise Crispim Tavares (Pharmaceutical Research, 2020)

Detection of rubber tree orchards infested by Meloidogyne exigua using vegetation indexes obtained from satellite images - Ernane M. Lemes; Túlio V. Machado; Luciana N. Gontijo; Samuel L. de Andrade; José L. R. Torres; Maria A. Santos; Lísias Coelho (New Forests, 2020)

Assessing storm surge impacts on coastal inundation due to climate change: case studies of Baltimore and Dorchester County in Maryland - Ming Li; Fan Zhang; Samuel Barnes; Xiaohong Wang (Natural Hazards, 2020)

Analysis of aeromagnetic anomalies of parts of Chad Basin, Nigeria, using high-resolution aeromagnetic data - Augustine Babatunde Arogundade; Olaide Sakiru Hammed; Musa Olufemi Awoyemi; Sesan Cornelius Falade; Ojudoo Darius Ajama; Folarin Adisa Olayode; Adebiyi Samuel Adebayo; Ayomide Oluyemi Olabode (Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2020)

Identifying Covariates to Assess the Spatial Variability of Saturated Soil Hydraulic Conductivity Using Robust Cokriging at the Watershed Scale - Mauricio Fornalski Soares; Luana Nunes Centeno; Luís Carlos Timm; Carlos Rogério Mello; Douglas Rodrigo Kaiser; Samuel Beskow (Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2020)

Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems for Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Therapy - Matthew J. Haney; Yuling Zhao; Yeon S. Jin; Samuel M. Li; Juli R. Bago; Natalia L. Klyachko; Alexander V. Kabanov; Elena V. Batrakova (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2020)

Bridelia ferruginea Inhibit Rat Heart and Liver Mitochondrial Membrane Permeability Transition Pore Opening Following Myocardial Infarction - Oluwatoyin Osinimega Ojo; Solomon Rotimi; Oluwatobi Samuel Adegbite; Tracy Ikechukwu Ozuem (International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, 2020)

Muscle pain induced by hypertonic saline in the knee extensors decreases single-limb isometric time to task failure - Samuel A. Smith; Dominic Micklewright; Samantha L. Winter; Alexis R. Mauger (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2020)
Purpose Increased nociceptive activity and the experience of exercise-induced pain (EIP) may contribute to fatigue during endurance exercise. To investigate this, a pain model that produces pain similar to EIP and decouples its relationship to exercise intensity is required. This study (1) compared the quality of pain caused by a hypertonic saline injection into the vastus lateralis in resting and exercise conditions, and (2) investigated whether this pain contributes to changes in time to task failure. Methods On separate days, 18 participants completed a time to task failure at 20% maximal voluntary torque (MVT), a resting hypertonic saline intramuscular injection, and in a further three visits a time to task failure at 10% MVT following injection of isotonic saline, hypertonic saline or a control (no injection). Results In a subset of eligible participants ( n = 12), the hypertonic saline combined with 10% MVT produced a qualitative experience of pain (assessed by the McGill Pain Questionnaire) that felt similar to EIP. 10% MVT with hypertonic saline significantly elevated pain intensity in the first 20% of the time to task failure and caused a significantly ( P < 0.05) shorter time to task failure (448 ± 240 s) compared with the isotonic saline (605 ± 285 s) and control (514 ± 197 s) conditions. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that hypertonic saline increases the intensity of pain during exercise, which results in a faster occurrence of exercise-induced fatigue. These results provide important evidence supporting pain as a limiting factor in endurance performance.

The occurrence and levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in African environments—a systematic review - Samuel Appiah Ofori; Samuel Jerry Cobbina; Dzigbodi Adzo Doke (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020)

Identification and quantification of main anthropogenic stocks and flows of potassium in Brazil - Samuel Sipert; Eduardo Cohim; Francisco Ramon Alves do Nascimento (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020)

Flavonoids against the Warburg phenotype—concepts of predictive, preventive and personalised medicine to cut the Gordian knot of cancer cell metabolism - Marek Samec; Alena Liskova; Lenka Koklesova; Samson Mathews Samuel; Kevin Zhai; Constanze Buhrmann; Elizabeth Varghese; Mariam Abotaleb; Tawar Qaradakhi; Anthony Zulli; Martin Kello; Jan Mojzis; et al. (EPMA Journal, 2020)
The Warburg effect is characterised by increased glucose uptake and lactate secretion in cancer cells resulting from metabolic transformation in tumour tissue. The corresponding molecular pathways switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, due to changes in glucose degradation mechanisms known as the ‘Warburg reprogramming’ of cancer cells. Key glycolytic enzymes, glucose transporters and transcription factors involved in the Warburg transformation are frequently dysregulated during carcinogenesis considered as promising diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as treatment targets. Flavonoids are molecules with pleiotropic activities. The metabolism-regulating anticancer effects of flavonoids are broadly demonstrated in preclinical studies. Flavonoids modulate key pathways involved in the Warburg phenotype including but not limited to PKM2, HK2, GLUT1 and HIF-1. The corresponding molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance of ‘anti-Warburg’ effects of flavonoids are discussed in this review article. The most prominent examples are provided for the potential application of targeted ‘anti-Warburg’ measures in cancer management. Individualised profiling and patient stratification are presented as powerful tools for implementing targeted ‘anti-Warburg’ measures in the context of predictive, preventive and personalised medicine.

Climate change attribution and the economic costs of extreme weather events: a study on damages from extreme rainfall and drought - David J. Frame; Suzanne M. Rosier; Ilan Noy; Luke J. Harrington; Trevor Carey-Smith; Sarah N. Sparrow; Dáithí A. Stone; Samuel M. Dean (Climatic Change, 2020)
An important and under-quantified facet of the risks associated with human-induced climate change emerges through extreme weather. In this paper, we present an initial attempt to quantify recent costs related to extreme weather due to human interference in the climate system, focusing on economic costs arising from droughts and floods in New Zealand during the decade 2007–2017. We calculate these using previously collected information about the damages and losses associated with past floods and droughts, and estimates of the “fraction of attributable risk” that characterizes each event. The estimates we obtain are not comprehensive, and almost certainly represent an underestimate of the full economic costs of climate change, notably chronic costs associated with long-term trends. However, the paper shows the potential for developing a new stream of information that is relevant to a range of stakeholders and research communities, especially those with an interest in the aggregation of the costs of climate change or the identification of specific costs associated with potential liability.

Examining breast cancer disparities in African Americans with suggestions for policy - Samuel Troy Pellom; Terrica Arnold; Mariah Williams; Vanisha Lockett Brown; A. Dexter Samuels (Cancer Causes & Control, 2020)

Optimization of aqueous two-phase micellar system for partial purification of L-asparaginase from Penicillium sp. grown in wheat bran as agro-industrial residue - Samuel L. Cardoso; Marcela M. de Freitas; Paula M. de Souza; Mauricio Homem-de-Mello; Dâmaris Silveira; Yris Maria Fonseca-Bazzo; Edivaldo X. Filho; Adalberto P. Junior; Pérola O. Magalhães (Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2020)

Genomic comparison of Clostridium chauvoei isolates from classical and visceral clinical manifestation - Rosangela Estel Ziech; Franciele Maboni Siqueira; Samuel Cibulski; Silvia De Carli; Helton Fernandes dos Santos; Rafael Almeida Fighera; Joachim Frey; Agueda Castagna de Vargas (Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2020)

Supplementation of diets with Brazil nut powder can meet dietary methionine requirement of organic broiler chickens - James C. Foutz; Marie C. Milfort; Alberta L. Fuller; Woo K. Kim; Romdhane Rekaya; Samuel E. Aggrey (Organic Agriculture, 2020)
Synthetic amino acids are not permitted in organic feeds by the National Organic Standard Board (NOSB) in the USA. However, low levels of methionine (Met) are permitted, and the NOSB recommends 0.1% synthetic Met for broilers. Inadequate level of dietary methionine poses concerns pertaining to health and welfare of broilers, as these limitations lead to possible Met deficiency. This research examined the effects of complete replacement of synthetic DL-methionine (DLM) by Brazil nut powder in a 100% organic diet. Eight hundred Ross 308 chicks were hatched and randomly divided into 4 treatments with 4 replicates of 50 chicks and raised for 56 days. Treatments included birds fed a conventional diet and raised organically (Conv_Org), NOSB diet raised organically (NOSB_Org), 100% organic diet and raised organically (Org_Org), and a conventional diet raised conventionally (Conv_Conv). Body weight at 56 days were 3960, 3995, 3981, and 3676 g for Conv_Org, NOSB_Org, Org_Org, and Conv_Conv, respectively. Body weights of the Conv_Conv group were lower ( P < 0.05) than the other treatments. The FCR (0–8 weeks) of Org_Org treatment was lower ( P < 0.05) than the NOSB diet. The birds on the NOSB diet had increased feed intake perhaps to compensate for the deficiency in Met. The NOSB diet may not sufficiently meet the requirement of broiler chickens even when raised with access to pasture. There were no differences in carcass yield and composition in any treatment. We conclude that Brazil nut powder is a viable substitute for DLM in organically raised broilers, as there were no differences in growth and carcass yield and improved FCR when compared to current NOSB recommended diet.

Development of a mitochondrial DNA marker that distinguishes domestic dogs from Washington state gray wolves - Ellen M. Reese; Misa Winters; Rebecca K. Booth; Samuel K. Wasser (Conservation Genetics Resources, 2020)

Disabled-2: a positive regulator of the early differentiation of myoblasts - Na Shang; Juliana Tsz Yan Lee; Taida Huang; Chengdong Wang; Tin Lap Lee; Samuel C. Mok; Hui Zhao; Wood Yee Chan (Cell and Tissue Research, 2020)
Dab2 is an adaptor protein and a tumor suppressor. Our previous study has found that Dab2 was expressed in early differentiating skeletal muscles in mouse embryos. In this study, we determined the role of Dab2 in the skeletal muscle differentiation using C2C12 myoblasts in vitro and Xenopus laevis embryos in vivo. The expression of Dab2 was increased in C2C12 myoblasts during the formation of myotubes in vitro. Knockdown of Dab2 expression in C2C12 myoblasts resulted in a reduction of myotube formation, whereas the myotube formation was enhanced upon overexpression of Dab2 . Re-expression of Dab2 in C2C12 myoblasts with downregulated expression of Dab2 restored their capacity to form myotubes. Microarray profiling and subsequent network analyses on the 155 differentially expressed genes after Dab2 knockdown showed that Mef2c was an important myogenic transcription factor regulated by Dab2 through the p38 MAPK pathway. It was also involved in other pathways that are associated with muscular development and functions. In Xenopus embryos developed in vivo, XDab2 was expressed in the myotome of somites where various myogenic markers were also expressed. Knockdown of XDab2 expression with antisense morpholinos downregulated the expression of myogenic markers in somites. In conclusion, this study is the first to provide solid evidence to show that Dab2 is a positive regulator of the early myoblast differentiation.

Modulatory role of genistein on placenta and maternal bone minerals composition: further insight into its influence on pregnancy and foetal development - Titilola Aderonke Samuel; Funmileyi Olubajo Awobajo; Taiwo Hafsah Akinsanya; Habeeb Shemilore Oyediran; Ikechukwu Eric Egege; Chiamaka Blessing Egede; Bukola Oluwasegun Timothy (Biologia Futura, 2020)

Phylogenomic analyses reveal a Palaeozoic radiation and support a freshwater origin for clitellate annelids - Christer Erséus; Bronwyn W. Williams; Kevin M. Horn; Kenneth M. Halanych; Scott R. Santos; Samuel W. James; Michel Creuzé des Châtelliers; Frank E. Anderson (Zoologica Scripta, 2020)
Clitellata is a major clade of Annelida comprising nearly all freshwater and terrestrial annelids as well as several marine species. We investigated clitellate phylogenetic relationships using transcriptomes sampled from 74 taxa (64 clitellates and 10 polychaetes), including multiple representatives of nearly all major clitellate higher taxa (Branchiobdellida, Capilloventridae, Crassiclitellata, Enchytraeidae, Haplotaxidae, Hirudinida, Lumbriculida, Moniligastridae, Naididae, Parvidrilidae, Phreodrilidae, Propappidae and Randiellidae). We used a number of filtered data matrices and phylogenetic analyses to examine the effects of data partitioning, missing data and compositional and branch‐length heterogeneity and used the resulting phylogenies for divergence time estimation and ancestral habitat reconstructions. All analyses and filtering methods produced a consistent, strongly supported topology in which (a) Enchytraeidae, Hirudinida, Hirudinea (here, Branchiobdellida plus Hirudinida), Lumbriculida, Lumbriculata (Lumbriculida plus Hirudinea), Phreodrilidae and Naididae are monophyletic, (b) a Parvidrilidae + Randiellidae clade is sister to the rest of Clitellata, (c) Phreodrilidae is sister to Naididae, (d) Haplotaxidae is non‐monophyletic, with some haplotaxids grouping with Crassiclitellata + Moniligastridae, (e) the Phreodrilidae + Naididae clade is sister to all other clitellates except Parvidrilidae + Randiellidae and Capilloventridae, and (f) Lumbriculata is sister to the Crassiclitellata + Moniligastridae + Haplotaxidae (in part) clade. Ancestral habitat reconstructions and divergence time analysis suggested that the most recent common ancestor of Clitellata lived in freshwater during the Devonian (419–359 million years ago) and that all major extant clitellate lineages arose over the next ~150 million years, with multiple lineages subsequently returning to marine habitats or invading land. This study provides a phylogenetic framework for further investigation of the geological, environmental and biotic forces and genomic changes that may have impacted clitellate evolution and enabled several major habitat transitions within this group.

The global abundance of tree palms - Robert Muscarella; Thaise Emilio; Oliver L. Phillips; Simon L. Lewis; Ferry Slik; William J. Baker; Thomas L. P. Couvreur; Wolf L. Eiserhardt; Jens‐Christian Svenning; Kofi Affum‐Baffoe; Shin‐Ichiro Aiba; Everton C. de Almeida; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

Growing‐season length and soil microbes influence the performance of a generalist bunchgrass beyond its current range - Clifton P. Bueno de Mesquita; Samuel A. Sartwell; Steven K. Schmidt; Katharine N. Suding (Ecology, 2020)
As organisms shift their geographic distributions in response to climate change, biotic interactions have emerged as an important factor driving the rate and success of range expansions. Plant–microbe interactions are an understudied but potentially important factor governing plant range shifts. We studied the distribution and function of microbes present in high‐elevation unvegetated soils, areas that plants are colonizing as climate warms, snow melts earlier, and the summer growing season lengthens. Using a manipulative snowpack and microbial inoculation transplant experiment, we tested the hypothesis that growing‐season length and microbial community composition interact to control plant elevational range shifts. We predicted that a lengthening growing season combined with dispersal to patches of soils with more mutualistic microbes and fewer pathogenic microbes would facilitate plant survival and growth in previously unvegetated areas. We identified negative effects on survival of the common alpine bunchgrass Deschampsia cespitosa in both short and long growing seasons, suggesting an optimal growing‐season length for plant survival in this system that balances time for growth with soil moisture levels. Importantly, growing‐season length and microbes interacted to affect plant survival and growth, such that microbial community composition increased in importance in suboptimal growing‐season lengths. Further, plants grown with microbes from unvegetated soils grew as well or better than plants grown with microbes from vegetated soils. These results suggest that the rate and spatial extent of plant colonization of unvegetated soils in mountainous areas experiencing climate change could depend on both growing‐season length and soil microbial community composition, with microbes potentially playing more important roles as growing seasons lengthen.

Perceptions of weather variability and climate change on goat producers’ choice of coping and adaptation strategies: evidence from climate-smart and non-climate-smart villages in the Jirapa and Lawra districts - Bright K. D. Tetteh; Isaac G. K. Ansah; Samuel A. Donkoh; Mark Appiah-Twumasi; Franklin K. Avornyo; Mohammed T. Shaibu; Samuel Partey; Robert B. Zougmore; Kevin Tengan; Anslem Nyuor; Eric Afosah; Naana M. Akufo (Climate and Development, 2020)

Mobilization and Translocation of Subsurface Lead by Tithonia rotundifolia - Samuel Mutiti; Megan Corley; Mutande Tembo (Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2020)

Correction to: Morphology of Drained Upland Depressions on the Des Moines Lobe of Iowa - Samuel M. McDeid; David I. S. Green; William G. Crumpton (Wetlands, 2020)

Assessment of the quality of water resources in the Upper East Region, Ghana: a review - Samuel Kojo Abanyie; Emmanuel Daanoba Sunkari; Ohene Boansi Apea; Samson Abagale; Harriet Mateko Korboe (Sustainable Water Resources Management, 2020)

Silence of the Tweets: incorporating social media activity drop-offs into crisis detection - Rachel Samuels; John E. Taylor; Neda Mohammadi (Natural Hazards, 2020)

Daily rainfall erosivity as an indicator for natural disasters: assessment in mountainous regions of southeastern Brazil - Carlos Rogério de Mello; Geovane Junqueira Alves; Samuel Beskow; Lloyd Darrell Norton (Natural Hazards, 2020)

Advances in exogenous RNA delivery techniques for RNAi-mediated pest control - Olawale Samuel Adeyinka; Saman Riaz; Nida Toufiq; Iqra Yousaf; Muhammad Umar Bhatti; Anicet Batcho; Amos Afolarin Olajide; Idrees Ahmad Nasir; Bushra Tabassum (Molecular Biology Reports, 2020)

Biological properties and genomic sequence of an isolate of cherry rasp leaf virus from tomato - Sara A. Bratsch; Samuel Grinstead; Benham Lockhart; Dimitre Mollov (Journal of Plant Pathology, 2020)

EasyDIVER: A Pipeline for Assembling and Counting High-Throughput Sequencing Data from In Vitro Evolution of Nucleic Acids or Peptides - Celia Blanco; Samuel Verbanic; Burckhard Seelig; Irene A. Chen (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2020)
In vitro evolution is a well-established technique for the discovery of functional RNA and peptides. Increasingly, these experiments are analyzed by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) for both scientific and engineering objectives, but computational analysis of HTS data, particularly for peptide selections, can present a barrier to entry for experimentalists. We introduce EasyDIVER ( Easy pre-processing and D ereplication of I n V itro E volution R eads), a simple, user-friendly pipeline for processing high-throughput sequencing data from in vitro selections and directed evolution experiments. The pipeline takes as input raw, paired-end, demultiplexed Illumina read files. For each sample provided, EasyDIVER outputs a dereplicated list of unique nucleic acid and/or peptide sequences and their count reads.

Using social and physical variables to assess vulnerability of northwestern Montana lakes to illegal fish introductions - Niall G. Clancy; Samuel L. Bourret (Hydrobiologia, 2020)
The spread of non-native fish species is a common problem in lakes and streams worldwide. Species that establish viable populations in a new environment can seriously deplete populations of native species and desired sportfishes. In some instances, extirpation of a native species has occurred. In western North America, the most common avenue by which non-native species invade new waterbodies is illegal stocking by anglers, aquaculturists, and others. Thus, preventing further illegal fish introductions is of the utmost importance for native aquatic species. Using data collected by state agency personnel from 1953 to 2015, we examined multiple social and physical variables to determine the factors that best explain which lakes in northwestern Montana had past illegal fish introductions. An equation using elevation, surrounding population, and fishing pressure was found to best fit the data. This equation was then used to calculate an index of the vulnerability of lakes within the region to future illegal fish introductions. The techniques used in this study have broad applicability that can be used in many regions with illegal fish introductions, and ultimately help to alleviate the problem.

Phylogeography of feral Monteiro pig in the Brazilian Pantanal Ecosystem - Elizabete C. Silva; Concepta McManus; Ubiratan Piovezan; Danielle A. Faria; Carla A. Souza; Alexandre R. Caetano; Samuel R. Paiva (Genetica, 2020)

Left atrial mechanics and aortic stiffness following high intensity interval training: a randomised controlled study - Navazh Jalaludeen; Samuel J. Bull; Katrina A. Taylor; Jonathan D. Wiles; Damian A. Coleman; Lucinda Howland; Omar Mukhtar; Joseph Cheriyan; Ian B. Wilkinson; Rajan Sharma; Jamie M. O’Driscoll (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2020)

Exploring the virome of Vasconcellea x heilbornii: the first step towards a sustainable production program for babaco in Ecuador - Juan F. Cornejo-Franco; Andrés Medina-Salguero; Francisco Flores; Eduardo Chica; Samuel Grinstead; Dimitre Mollov; Diego F. Quito-Avila (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2020)

Copper-induced oxidative stress and biomarkers in the postlarvae of Penaeus indicus - Samuel David Raj Thatipaka; Rupa Vani Paila; Suman Polaki (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020)

The molecular mechanisms associated with the physiological responses to inflammation and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases - Saltanat Zhazykbayeva; Steffen Pabel; Andreas Mügge; Samuel Sossalla; Nazha Hamdani (Biophysical Reviews, 2020)
The complex physiological signal transduction networks that respond to the dual challenges of inflammatory and oxidative stress are major factors that promote the development of cardiovascular pathologies. These signaling networks contribute to the development of age-related diseases, suggesting crosstalk between the development of aging and cardiovascular disease. Inhibition and/or attenuation of these signaling networks also delays the onset of disease. Therefore, a concept of targeting the signaling networks that are involved in inflammation and oxidative stress may represent a novel treatment paradigm for many types of heart disease. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms associated with the physiological responses to inflammation and oxidative stress especially in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and emphasize the nature of the crosstalk of these signaling processes as well as possible therapeutic implications for cardiovascular medicine.

Growth factor therapy for cardiac repair: an overview of recent advances and future directions - Samuel J. White; James J. H. Chong (Biophysical Reviews, 2020)

Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Trace Metals Via Bushmeat in Ghana - Francis Gbogbo; Jacinta E. Rainhill; Samuel S. Koranteng; Erasmus H. Owusu; Winfred-Peck Dorleku (Biological Trace Element Research, 2020)

A novel swine sex-linked marker and its application across different mammalian species - C. G. Lucas; A. M. Spate; M. S. Samuel; L. D. Spate; W. C. Warren; R. S. Prather; K. D. Wells (Transgenic Research, 2020)

Ichthyoplankton distribution and feeding habits of fish larvae at the inshore zone of northern Patagonia, Chile - Ainhoa Bernal; Leonardo R. Castro; Samuel Soto; Luis A. Cubillos (Marine Biodiversity, 2020)

Differential regulation of TREM2 and CSF1R in CNS macrophages in an SIV/macaque model of HIV CNS disease - Audrey C. Knight; Samuel A. Brill; Clarisse V. Solis; Morgan R. Richardson; Megan E. McCarron; Suzanne E. Queen; Charles C. Bailey; Joseph L. Mankowski (Journal of NeuroVirology, 2020)

Simultaneous fluorescence imaging of distinct nerve and blood vessel patterns in dual Thy1-YFP and Flt1-DsRed transgenic mice - Samuel M. Santosa; Kai Guo; Michael Yamakawa; Evguenia Ivakhnitskaia; Neeraj Chawla; Tara Nguyen; Kyu-Yeon Han; Masatsugu Ema; Mark I. Rosenblatt; Jin-Hong Chang; Dimitri T. Azar (Angiogenesis, 2020)

Air Injection of Subsurface Drip Irrigation Water Improves Tuber Yield and Quality of Russet Potato - Samuel YC Essah; David G. Holm (American Journal of Potato Research, 2020)

Trophic ecology and ontogenetic diet shift of the blue skate ( Dipturus cf. flossada ) - Sarah Brown‐Vuillemin; Thomas Barreau; Jean‐Marie Caraguel; Samuel P. Iglésias (Journal of Fish Biology, 2020)
Knowledge of skate ecology must be improved to ensure their effective protection. This study represents the first description of diet composition for one of the largest European rajid, the blue skate Dipturus cf. flossada . A total of 346 specimens collected in the Celtic Sea from 2012 to 2015 were analysed for their gut content, with respect to individual total length, maturity stage and sex. Overall, the blue skate diet mainly consisted of shrimps and prawns, crabs and teleost fishes. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and ANOSIM analyses revealed major ontogenetic shifts in the feeding strategy that were related to size and maturity, but not to sex. Shrimps and prawns, mostly composed of Crangon allmanni , dominated the diet of small and immature individuals, while mod‐size skate primarily preyed on crabs. The prevalence of crustaceans decreased with size and maturity, and was gradually replaced by teleost fishes in large mature individuals. A concomitant increase of the trophic level with size revealed that large blue skate become a top predator within the ecosystem. These results highlight the need to include ontogenetic changes in the diet description. As individuals grow and mature, blue skates can play a fundamental role in the structure of the Celtic Sea food web.

Biogeography of soil microbial habitats across France - Battle Karimi; Jean Villerd; Samuel Dequiedt; Sébastien Terrat; Nicolas Chemidlin‐Prévost Bouré; Christophe Djemiel; Mélanie Lelièvre; Julie Tripied; Virginie Nowak; Nicolas P. A. Saby; Antonio Bispo; Claudy Jolivet; et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Intensive studies since the beginning of the 21st century have provided vast amounts of knowledge about soil microbial diversity at local and global scales. However, microbial habitats have been poorly investigated at large scale. This study aims to characterize soil bacterial habitats across France for the first time by integrating the description of numerous environmental factors and human activities. Location We focus on the large spatial scale of mainland France using the largest spatially explicit soil sampling set available across France (2,173 soils, area = 5.5 × 10 5 km 2 ). Major taxa studied Soil bacteria and archaea were studied by a high throughput sequencing approach targeting the V3‐V4 region of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid ( rRNA ) gene directly amplified from soil DNA. Methods We applied decision tree learning and geostatistical approaches combining the abundant data on soil microbes and large‐scale environmental description in order to conduct a comprehensive analysis of soil bacterial and archaeal communities. Results We identified a complex mosaic of 16 distinct terrestrial habitats, based on soil type and management (pH, C : N ratio, land use). As for plants and animals, each habitat hosted generalist and specialist taxa and a specific interaction network directly or indirectly impacted by human activities. Main conclusions In a context of global change, our results emphasize that the policies for biodiversity and habitat conservation should now integrate soil microorganisms conceptually and technically.

Century‐long apparent decrease in intrinsic water‐use efficiency with no evidence of progressive nutrient limitation in African tropical forests - Marijn Bauters; Sofie Meeus; Matti Barthel; Piet Stoffelen; Hannes P. T. De Deurwaerder; Félicien Meunier; Travis W. Drake; Quentin Ponette; Jerôme Ebuy; Pieter Vermeir; Hans Beeckman; Francis wyffels; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Forests exhibit leaf‐ and ecosystem‐level responses to environmental changes. Specifically, rising carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels over the past century are expected to have increased the intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE) of tropical trees while the ecosystem is gradually pushed into progressive nutrient limitation. Due to the long‐term character of these changes, however, observational datasets to validate both paradigms are limited in space and time. In this study, we used a unique herbarium record to go back nearly a century and show that despite the rise in CO 2 concentrations, iWUE has decreased in central African tropical trees in the Congo Basin. Although we find evidence that points to leaf‐level adaptation to increasing CO 2 —that is, increasing photosynthesis‐related nutrients and decreasing maximum stomatal conductance, a decrease in leaf δ 13 C clearly indicates a decreasing iWUE over time. Additionally, the stoichiometric carbon to nitrogen and nitrogen to phosphorus ratios in the leaves show no sign of progressive nutrient limitation as they have remained constant since 1938, which suggests that nutrients have not increasingly limited productivity in this biome. Altogether, the data suggest that other environmental factors, such as increasing temperature, might have negatively affected net photosynthesis and consequently downregulated the iWUE. Results from this study reveal that the second largest tropical forest on Earth has responded differently to recent environmental changes than expected, highlighting the need for further on‐ground monitoring in the Congo Basin.

Sustainability at a cost: An inceptive analysis of “extended” fishing ban on the livelihoods of fishers of Tamil Nadu - John Amali Infantina; Parasuram Priya; Vijay Kumar Deepak Samuel; Kottarathil Rajendiran Abhilash; Ramchandran Purvaja; Ramachandran Ramesh (Fisheries Management and Ecology, 2020)
An emphasis on sustainable marine fish production has paved the way for the enactment of Marine Fisheries Regulation Acts and subsequent regulations in India. A closed season ban on fishing has been one of the very few successful regulatory measures since its introduction in 2001 in Tamil Nadu. Since 2017, the fishing ban period has been extended from 45 to 60 days for the east coast of India, for ecosystem‐based marine fisheries management. This study analyses the socioeconomic impacts of change in the fishing ban (closed season) across the four coastal zones of Tamil Nadu. For the past 10 years, CPUE has been stable or increased marginally. Among the four coasts, the relative change in employment and labour income loss was highest for Palk Bay (36.84%). Transaction costs of implementation of the ban caused an additional expense of Rs 496.5 million to the Government in 2017 and the overall total labour income loss has leaped from Rs 1,638.2 to 2,100.2 million due to the extension of the ban. The fishing ban has aided in the recovery of habitat and regeneration of stock through recruitment. Training and capacity building on alternative livelihood options are highly recommended to enable the workers to cope with the ban period.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms at heat shock protein 90 gene and their association with thermo-tolerance potential in selected indigenous Nigerian cattle - Gbolabo O. Onasanya; George M. Msalya; Aranganoor K. Thiruvenkadan; Chirukandoth Sreekumar; Gopalan K. Tirumurugaan; Timothy M. Sanni; John S. Decampos; Samuel A. Amusan; Olajide Olowofeso; Adeboye O. Fafiolu; Moses Okpeku; Abdulmojeed Yakubu; et al. (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2020)

Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of the Novel Non-immunosuppressive Fingolimod Derivative, OSU-2S, in Dogs and Comparisons with Data in Mice and Rats - Zhiliang Xie; Min Chen; Swagata Goswami; Rajes Mani; Dasheng Wang; Samuel K. Kulp; Chris C. Coss; Larry J. Schaaf; Fengyu Cui; John C. Byrd; Ryan N. Jennings; Karsten K. Schober; et al. (The AAPS Journal, 2020)

Chronic corticosterone shifts effort-related choice behavior in male mice - Andrew Dieterich; Karina Stech; Prachi Srivastava; Jay Lee; Aitesam Sharif; Benjamin Adam Samuels (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Theoretical and experimental approaches to understand the biosynthesis of starch granules in a physiological context - Barbara Pfister; Samuel C. Zeeman; Michael D. Rugen; Robert A. Field; Oliver Ebenhöh; Adélaïde Raguin (Photosynthesis Research, 2020)
Starch, a plant-derived insoluble carbohydrate composed of glucose polymers, is the principal carbohydrate in our diet and a valuable raw material for industry. The properties of starch depend on the arrangement of glucose units within the constituent polymers. However, key aspects of starch structure and the underlying biosynthetic processes are not well understood, limiting progress towards targeted improvement of our starch crops. In particular, the major component of starch, amylopectin, has a complex three-dimensional, branched architecture. This architecture stems from the combined actions of a multitude of enzymes, each having broad specificities that are difficult to capture experimentally. In this review, we reflect on experimental approaches and limitations to decipher the enzymes’ specificities and explore possibilities for in silico simulations of these activities. We believe that the synergy between experimentation and simulation is needed for the correct interpretation of experimental data and holds the potential to greatly advance our understanding of the overall starch biosynthetic process. We furthermore propose that the formation of glucan secondary structures, concomitant with its synthesis, is a previously overlooked factor that directly affects amylopectin architecture through its impact on enzyme function.

Molecular and phenotypic diversity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars in Togo - Essohouna Modom Banla; Daniel Kwadjo Dzidzienyo; Mouhamadou Moussa Diangar; Leander Dede Melomey; Samuel Kwame Offei; Pangirayi Tongoona; Haile Desmae (Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 2020)

Habitat amount mediates the effect of fragmentation on a pollinator’s reproductive performance, but not on its foraging behaviour - Corina Maurer; Laura Bosco; Elisabeth Klaus; Samuel A. Cushman; Raphaël Arlettaz; Alain Jacot (Oecologia, 2020)

Correction to: Rewiring of glucose metabolism defines trained immunity induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein - Samuel T. Keating; Laszlo Groh; Kathrin Thiem; Siroon Bekkering; Yang Li; Vasiliki Matzaraki; Charlotte D. C. C. van der Heijden; Jelmer H. van Puffelen; Ekta Lachmandas; Trees Jansen; Marije Oosting; L. Charlotte J. de Bree; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2020)

Acute exercise-related cognitive effects are not attributable to changes in end-tidal CO2 or cerebral blood velocity - Leena N. Shoemaker; Luke C. Wilson; Samuel J. E. Lucas; Liana Machado; James D. Cotter (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2020)

Does resistance training increase aponeurosis width? The current results and future tasks - Takashi Abe; Scott Dankel; Robert W. Spitz; Samuel L. Buckner; Vickie Wong; Ricardo B. Viana; Zachary W. Bell; Jeremy P. Loenneke (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2020)

Metagenomic applications in microbial diversity, bioremediation, pollution monitoring, enzyme and drug discovery. A review - Saptashwa Datta; K. Narayanan Rajnish; Melvin S. Samuel; Arivalagan Pugazlendhi; Ethiraj Selvarajan (Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2020)

Correction to: Extreme rainfall in Mediterranean France during the fall: added value of the CNRM‑AROME Convection‑Permitting Regional Climate Model - Quentin Fumière; Michel Déqué; Olivier Nuissier; Samuel Somot; Antoinette Alias; Cécile Caillaud; Olivier Laurantin; Yann Seity (Climate Dynamics, 2020)
Unfortunately, the article “Extreme rainfall in Mediterranean France during the fall: added value of the CNRM‑AROME Convection‑Permitting Regional Climate Model”, written by Quentin Fumière was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 24 July 2019 without open access with incorrect copyright holder as “© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019”.

Extreme rainfall in Mediterranean France during the fall: added value of the CNRM-AROME Convection-Permitting Regional Climate Model - Quentin Fumière; Michel Déqué; Olivier Nuissier; Samuel Somot; Antoinette Alias; Cécile Caillaud; Olivier Laurantin; Yann Seity (Climate Dynamics, 2020)

Distribution and genetic diversity of five invasive pests of Eucalyptus in sub-Saharan Africa - Mesfin Wondafrash; Bernard Slippers; Alphonsine Nambazimana; Isaac Kayumba; Samuel Nibouche; Simon van der Lingen; Birhane A. Asfaw; Herbert Jenya; Eston K. Mutitu; Idea A. Makowe; Donald Chungu; Peter Kiwuso; et al. (Biological Invasions, 2020)

Habitat suitability modelling to predict the spatial distribution of cold‐water coral communities affected by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill - Samuel E. Georgian; Kody Kramer; Miles Saunders; William Shedd; Harry Roberts; Christopher Lewis; Chuck Fisher; Erik Cordes (Journal of Biogeography, 2020)
Aim The Deepwater Horizon disaster resulted in the largest accidental marine oil spill in history and caused extensive injury to deep‐sea habitats, including cold‐water coral communities dominated by Paramuricea species. One of the primary difficulties in assessing the full extent of the injury to cold‐water coral ecosystems is the extreme paucity of observational data and the subsequent lack of knowledge of their distribution within the affected region. The aim of this study was to use habitat suitability modelling to estimate the number of potentially affected Paramuricea sp. corals across the northern Gulf of Mexico. Location Northern Gulf of Mexico. Taxon Cold‐water corals in the genus Paramuricea. Methods High‐resolution (12.5 m) models were built using the maximum entropy (Maxent) approach using remotely sensed data including seafloor topography, seismic reflectivity, temperature and the amount of productivity exported from the surface. Model outputs were used to estimate the number of potential coral sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico, delineated as areas with both high habitat suitability scores and the presence of hard substrate. The number of coral sites was further adjusted using a ground‐truthing procedure using autonomous underwater vehicle‐transect data. Results Across the entire study area in the northern Gulf of Mexico, there were 558 predicted coral sites, covering an area of 14.2 km 2 . Within a 2,291 km 2 region shown to have been directly affected by the spill and subsequent oil plume, there were 66 predicted coral sites covering an area of 1.2 km 2 with an average of 63 corals per site. Main Conclusions Our results indicate that the magnitude of injury stemming from the spill was likely far higher than previously known, and will help quantify the full extent of the losses incurred as well as prioritize disturbed areas for future research and restoration efforts.

African Star Apples Whole Seed Activated Carbon Powder as a Bio-adsorbent of Crystal Violet Dye Removal from Aqueous Solution - Babalola Aisosa Oni; Olukunle C. Olawole; Augustine O. Ayeni; Samuel E. Sanni (Water Conservation Science and Engineering, 2020)

Ischemic Neuroprotectant PKCε Restores Mitochondrial Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase in the Neuronal NADH Shuttle after Ischemic Injury - Jing Xu; Nathalie Khoury; Charles W. Jackson; Iris Escobar; Samuel D. Stegelmann; Kunjan R. Dave; Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon (Translational Stroke Research, 2020)

Silicon alleviates mesophyll limitations of photosynthesis on rice leaves infected by Monographella albescens - Lucas Felisberto Pereira; Samuel Cordeiro Vitor Martins; Carlos Eduardo Aucique-Pérez; Ernesto Ticiano Silva; Rodrigo Teixeira Ávila; Fábio Murilo DaMatta; Fabrício Ávila Rodrigues (Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology, 2020)

Metabolic and physiological adjustments of maize leaves in response to aluminum stress - João A. Siqueira; Jessica A. S. Barros; Maximiller Dal-Bianco; Samuel C. V. Martins; Paulo C. Magalhães; Dimas M. Ribeiro; Fábio M. DaMatta; Wagner L. Araújo; Cleberson Ribeiro (Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology, 2020)

Investigation of the Mechanical Behavior of 3D Printed Polyamide-12 Joints for Reduced Scale Models of Rock Mass - Jana Jaber; Marianne Conin; Olivier Deck; Mohamed Moumni; Olivier Godard; Samuel Kenzari (Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2020)

Regional climate downscaling over Europe: perspectives from the EURO-CORDEX community - Daniela Jacob; Claas Teichmann; Stefan Sobolowski; Eleni Katragkou; Ivonne Anders; Michal Belda; Rasmus Benestad; Fredrik Boberg; Erasmo Buonomo; Rita M. Cardoso; Ana Casanueva; Ole B. Christensen; et al. (Regional Environmental Change, 2020)
The European CORDEX (EURO-CORDEX) initiative is a large voluntary effort that seeks to advance regional climate and Earth system science in Europe. As part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) - Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX), it shares the broader goals of providing a model evaluation and climate projection framework and improving communication with both the General Circulation Model (GCM) and climate data user communities. EURO-CORDEX oversees the design and coordination of ongoing ensembles of regional climate projections of unprecedented size and resolution (0.11° EUR-11 and 0.44° EUR-44 domains). Additionally, the inclusion of empirical-statistical downscaling allows investigation of much larger multi-model ensembles. These complementary approaches provide a foundation for scientific studies within the climate research community and others. The value of the EURO-CORDEX ensemble is shown via numerous peer-reviewed studies and its use in the development of climate services. Evaluations of the EUR-44 and EUR-11 ensembles also show the benefits of higher resolution. However, significant challenges remain. To further advance scientific understanding, two flagship pilot studies (FPS) were initiated. The first investigates local-regional phenomena at convection-permitting scales over central Europe and the Mediterranean in collaboration with the Med-CORDEX community. The second investigates the impacts of land cover changes on European climate across spatial and temporal scales. Over the coming years, the EURO-CORDEX community looks forward to closer collaboration with other communities, new advances, supporting international initiatives such as the IPCC reports, and continuing to provide the basis for research on regional climate impacts and adaptation in Europe.

In Vivo Gene Silencing of Potato Virus X by Small Interference RNAs in Transgenic Potato - Imtiaz Ahmad Sajid; Bushra Tabassum; Iqra Yousaf; Anwar Khan; Olawale Samuel Adeyinka; Naila Shahid; Idrees Ahmad Nasir; Tayyab Husnain (Potato Research, 2020)

A Study on the Surface Wettability of Clastic Rocks with Potential Application for CO2 Storage Sites - Bappah Adamu Umar; Raoof Gholami; Arshad Raza; William Samuel Downey; Mohammad Sarmadivaleh; Afroz A. Shah; Prasanta Nayak (Natural Resources Research, 2020)

Monitoring land-use and land-cover changes due to extensive urbanization in the Odaw River Basin of Accra, Ghana, 1991–2030 - Edward Kofi Ackom; Kwaku Amaning Adjei; Samuel Nii Odai (Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2020)

Rewiring of glucose metabolism defines trained immunity induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein - Samuel T. Keating; Laszlo Groh; Kathrin Thiem; Siroon Bekkering; Yang Li; Vasiliki Matzaraki; Charlotte D. C. C. van der Heijden; Jelmer H. van Puffelen; Ekta Lachmandas; Trees Jansen; Marije Oosting; L. Charlotte J. de Bree; et al. (Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2020)
Stimulation of monocytes with microbial and non-microbial products, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), induces a protracted pro-inflammatory, atherogenic phenotype sustained by metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming via a process called trained immunity . We investigated the intracellular metabolic mechanisms driving oxLDL-induced trained immunity in human primary monocytes and observed concomitant upregulation of glycolytic activity and oxygen consumption. In two separate cohorts of healthy volunteers, we assessed the impact of genetic variation in glycolytic genes on the training capacity of monocytes and found that variants mapped to glycolytic enzymes PFKFB3 and PFKP influenced trained immunity by oxLDL. Subsequent functional validation with inhibitors of glycolytic metabolism revealed dose-dependent inhibition of trained immunity in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo administration of the glucose metabolism modulator metformin abrogated the ability for human monocytes to mount a trained response to oxLDL. These findings underscore the importance of cellular metabolism for oxLDL-induced trained immunity and highlight potential immunomodulatory strategies for clinical management of atherosclerosis. Key messages Brief stimulation of monocytes to oxLDL induces a prolonged inflammatory phenotype. This is due to upregulation of glycolytic metabolism. Genetic variation in glycolytic genes modulates oxLDL-induced trained immunity. Pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis prevents trained immunity.

Vegetation composition and structure determine wild bee communities in a tropical dry forest - Alessandra Silva Alvarenga; Fernando Amaral Silveira; José Eustáquio dos Santos Júnior; Samuel Matos Antunes de Novais; Mauricio Quesada; Frederico de Siqueira Neves (Journal of Insect Conservation, 2020)

Human host defense peptide LL-37 facilitates double-stranded RNA pro-inflammatory signaling through up-regulation of TLR3 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells - Sara Dahl; Samuel Cerps; Catarina Rippe; Karl Swärd; Lena Uller; Daniel Svensson; Bengt-Olof Nilsson (Inflammation Research, 2020)
Objective The importance of human host defense peptide LL-37 in vascular innate immunity is not understood. Here, we assess the impact of LL-37 on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) signaling in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Materials and methods Cellular import of LL-37 and synthetic dsRNA (poly I:C) were investigated by immunocytochemistry and fluorescence imaging. Transcript and protein expression were determined by qPCR, ELISA and Western blot. Knockdown of TLR3 was performed by siRNA. Results LL-37 was rapidly internalized, suggesting that it has intracellular actions. Co-stimulation with poly I:C and LL-37 enhanced pro-inflammatory IL-6 and MCP-1 transcripts several fold compared to treatment with poly I:C or LL-37 alone. Poly I:C increased IL-6 and MCP-1 protein production, and this effect was potentiated by LL-37. LL-37-induced stimulation of poly I:C signaling was not associated with enhanced import of poly I:C. Treatment with poly I:C and LL-37 in combination increased expression of dsRNA receptor TLR3 compared to stimulation with poly I:C or LL-37 alone. In TLR3 knockdown cells, treatment with poly I:C and LL-37 in combination had no effect on IL-6 and MCP-1 expression, showing loss of function. Conclusions LL-37 potentiates dsRNA-induced cytokine production through up-regulation of TLR3 expression representing a novel pro-inflammatory mechanism.

Correction to: CpG‑creating mutations are costly in many human viruses - Victoria R. Caudill; Sarina Qin; Ryan Winstead; Jasmeen Kaur; Kaho Tisthammer; E. Geo Pineda; Caroline Solis; Sarah Cobey; Trevor Bedford; Oana Carja; Rosalind M. Eggo; Katia Koelle; et al. (Evolutionary Ecology, 2020)

CpG-creating mutations are costly in many human viruses - Victoria R. Caudill; Sarina Qin; Ryan Winstead; Jasmeen Kaur; Kaho Tisthammer; E. Geo Pineda; Caroline Solis; Sarah Cobey; Trevor Bedford; Oana Carja; Rosalind M. Eggo; Katia Koelle; et al. (Evolutionary Ecology, 2020)
Mutations can occur throughout the virus genome and may be beneficial, neutral or deleterious. We are interested in mutations that yield a C next to a G, producing CpG sites. CpG sites are rare in eukaryotic and viral genomes. For the eukaryotes, it is thought that CpG sites are rare because they are prone to mutation when methylated. In viruses, we know less about why CpG sites are rare. A previous study in HIV suggested that CpG-creating transition mutations are more costly than similar non-CpG-creating mutations. To determine if this is the case in other viruses, we analyzed the allele frequencies of CpG-creating and non-CpG-creating mutations across various strains, subtypes, and genes of viruses using existing data obtained from Genbank, HIV Databases, and Virus Pathogen Resource. Our results suggest that CpG sites are indeed costly for most viruses. By understanding the cost of CpG sites, we can obtain further insights into the evolution and adaptation of viruses.

The origins of prescribed burning in Scandinavian forestry: the seminal role of Joel Wretlind in the management of fire-dependent forests - Sarah Cogos; Samuel Roturier; Lars Östlund (European Journal of Forest Research, 2020)
In Sweden, prescribed burning was trialed as early as the 1890s for forest regeneration purposes. However, the origins of prescribed burning in Sweden are commonly attributed to Joel Efraim Wretlind, forest manager in the State Forest district of Malå, Västerbotten County, from 1920 to 1952. To more fully understand the role he played in the development of prescribed burning and the extent of his burning, we examined historical records from the State Forest Company’s archive and Wretlind’s personal archive. The data showed that at least 11,208 ha was burned through prescribed burning between 1921 and 1970, representing 18.7% of the Malå state-owned forest area. Wretlind thus created a new forestry-driven fire regime, reaching, during peak years, extents close to historical fire regimes before the fire suppression era, and much higher than present-day burning. His use of prescribed fire to regenerate forests served as a guide for many other forest managers, spreading to all of northern Sweden during the 1950–1960s. Our analysis of Wretlind’s latest accounts also shows how he stood against the evolutions of modern forestry to defend a forestry system based on the reproduction of natural processes, such as fire.

Insight into the removal process mechanism of pharmaceutical compounds and dyes on plasma-modified biomass: the key role of adsorbate specificity - Brice Takam; Jean-Baptiste Tarkwa; Elie Acayanka; Serge Nzali; Darryle M. Chesseu; Georges Y. Kamgang; Samuel Laminsi (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020)

Parasitism, host feeding, and transgenerational effects of three insecticides on the eulophid parasitoid Tamarixia triozae when exposed in the immature stages - Sinue I. Morales; Ana M. Martínez; Elisa Viñuela; José I. Figueroa; Fernando Tamayo; Esteban Rodríguez-Leyva; Samuel Pineda (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020)

Mapping Seriphium plumosum encroachment and interaction with wildfire and environmental factors in a protected mountainous grassland - Kayode Adepoju; Samuel Adelabu; Cynthia Mokubung (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2020)

Improved soybean transformation for efficient and high throughput transgenic production - Dayakar Pareddy; Siva Chennareddy; Geny Anthony; Nagesh Sardesai; Tejinder Mall; Tatyana Minnicks; Olga Karpova; Lauren Clark; David Griffin; Brandon Bishop; Nolan Shumway; Pon Samuel; et al. (Transgenic Research, 2020)

Regulation of Nrf2 and NF-κB during lead toxicity in bovine granulosa cells - Hoda Samir Aglan; Samuel Gebremedhn; Dessie Salilew-Wondim; Christiane Neuhof; Ernst Tholen; Michael Holker; Karl Schellander; Dawit Tesfaye (Cell and Tissue Research, 2020)

Response of Two Colorado Russet Potato Cultivars to Reduced Irrigation Water Use - Samuel YC Essah; Allan A. Andales; Troy A. Bauder; David G. Holm (American Journal of Potato Research, 2020)

Effects of land tenure and urbanization on the change of land use of cacao (Theobroma cacao) agroforestry systems in southeast Mexico - Samuel Oporto-Peregrino; Mircea Gabriel Hidalgo-Mihart; Ricardo Alberto Collado-Torres; Alejandro Antonio Castro-Luna; Lilia María Gama-Campillo; Stefan Louis Arriaga-Weiss (Agroforestry Systems, 2020)

Exogenous jasmonic acid enhances oxidative protection of Lemna valdiviana subjected to arsenic - Daniel Gomes Coelho; Heloisa Monteiro de Andrade; Claudio Sergio Marinato; Samuel Coelho Araujo; Letícia Paiva de Matos; Vinicius Melo da Silva; Juraci Alves de Oliveira (Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2020)

A new section, Lactifluus section Neotropicus (Russulaceae), and two new Lactifluus species from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil - Jaime AndrÉs Duque Barbosa; Lynn Delgat; Samuel Galváo Elias; Annemieke Verbeken; Maria Alice Neves; Aníbal alves de Carvalho (Systematics and Biodiversity, 2020)

Good Practices for Species Distribution Modeling of Deep-Sea Corals and Sponges for Resource Management: Data Collection, Analysis, Validation, and Communication - Arliss J. Winship; James T. Thorson; M. Elizabeth Clarke; Heather M. Coleman; Bryan Costa; Samuel E. Georgian; David Gillett; Arnaud Grüss; Mark J. Henderson; Thomas F. Hourigan; David D. Huff; Nissa Kreidler; et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Nature and bioprospecting of haloalkaliphilics: a review - Ganapathi Uma; Mariavincent Michael Babu; Vincent Samuel Gnana Prakash; Selvaraj Jeraldin Nisha; Thavasimuthu Citarasu (World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2020)

Anticoccidial effects of Khaya senegalensis aqueous stem bark extract on broiler chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria species - Issa A. Muraina; Jurbe G. Gotep; James T. Tanko; ThankGod E. Onyiche; Oladimeji B. Aladelokun; Christiana C. Dapuliga; Gilead E. Forcados; Nonyelim Ozele; Ann L. Samuel; Olusola O. Oladipo; Olatunde B. Akanbi; Philip A. Okewole; et al. (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2020)

Tripping on nothing: placebo psychedelics and contextual factors - Jay A. Olson; Léah Suissa-Rocheleau; Michael Lifshitz; Amir Raz; Samuel P. L. Veissière (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Emergence of negative affect as motivation for drug taking in rats chronically self-administering cocaine - Samuel D. Klein; Nicholas J. Beacher; Julianna M. Kulik; David J. Estrin; Anthony P. Pawlak; Mark O. West (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Fluoxetine effects on behavior and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in female C57BL/6J mice across the estrous cycle - Christine N. Yohn; Sophie Shifman; Alexander Garino; Emma Diethorn; Leshya Bokka; Sandra A. Ashamalla; Benjamin Adam Samuels (Psychopharmacology, 2020)

Characterisation of the static offset in the travelling wave in the cochlear basal turn - Takeru Ota; Fumiaki Nin; Samuel Choi; Shogo Muramatsu; Seishiro Sawamura; Genki Ogata; Mitsuo P. Sato; Katsumi Doi; Kentaro Doi; Tetsuro Tsuji; Satoyuki Kawano; Tobias Reichenbach; et al. (Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 2020)
In mammals, audition is triggered by travelling waves that are evoked by acoustic stimuli in the cochlear partition, a structure containing sensory hair cells and a basilar membrane. When the cochlea is stimulated by a pure tone of low frequency, a static offset occurs in the vibration in the apical turn. In the high-frequency region at the cochlear base, multi-tone stimuli induce a quadratic distortion product in the vibrations that suggests the presence of an offset. However, vibrations below 100 Hz, including a static offset, have not been directly measured there. We therefore constructed an interferometer for detecting motion at low frequencies including 0 Hz. We applied the interferometer to record vibrations from the cochlear base of guinea pigs in response to pure tones. When the animals were exposed to sound at an intensity of 70 dB or higher, we recorded a static offset of the sinusoidally vibrating cochlear partition by more than 1 nm towards the scala vestibuli. The offset’s magnitude grew monotonically as the stimuli intensified. When stimulus frequency was varied, the response peaked around the best frequency, the frequency that maximised the vibration amplitude at threshold sound pressure. These characteristics are consistent with those found in the low-frequency region and are therefore likely common across the cochlea. The offset diminished markedly when the somatic motility of mechanosensitive outer hair cells, the force-generating machinery that amplifies the sinusoidal vibrations, was pharmacologically blocked. Therefore, the partition offset appears to be linked to the electromotile contraction of outer hair cells.

Costs and compensation in zooplankton pigmentation under countervailing threats of ultraviolet radiation and predation - Samuel M. Bashevkin; John H. Christy; Steven G. Morgan (Oecologia, 2020)

Acute administration of levetiracetam in tonic pain model modulates gene expression of 5HT1A and 5HT7 receptors in the thalamus of rats (Rattus norvergicus) - José Luis Cortes-Altamirano; Samuel Reyes-Long; Herlinda Bonilla-Jaime; Denise Clavijo-Cornejo; Javier Vargas; Cindy Bandala; Alfonso Alfaro-Rodriguez (Molecular Biology Reports, 2020)

Toward an automatic tool for oligoclonal band detection in cerebrospinal fluid and tears for multiple sclerosis diagnosis: lane segmentation based on a ribbon univariate open active contour - Farah Haddad; Samuel Boudet; Laurent Peyrodie; Nicolas Vandenbroucke; Patrick Hautecoeur; Gérard Forzy (Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2020)

Changes in the quadriceps spinal reflex pathway after repeated sprint cycling are not influenced by ischemic preconditioning - Paul W. Marshall; Stine Brock Rasmussen; Malene Krogh; Samuel Halley; Jason C. Siegler (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2020)

Estimating 42 pesticide sampling rates by POCIS and POCIS-MIP samplers for groundwater monitoring: a pilot-scale calibration - Catherine Berho; Samuel Robert; Charlotte Coureau; Emeline Coisy; Anne Berrehouc; Laurence Amalric; Auguste Bruchet (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020)

New insight into the causal linkage between economic expansion, FDI, coal consumption, pollutant emissions and urbanization in South Africa - Udi Joshua; Festus Victor Bekun; Samuel Asumadu Sarkodie (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020)

Examining the roles of working memory and visual attention in multiple object tracking expertise - David J. Harris; Mark R. Wilson; Emily M. Crowe; Samuel J. Vine (Cognitive Processing, 2020)
When tracking multiple moving targets among visually similar distractors, human observers are capable of distributing attention over several spatial locations. It is unclear, however, whether capacity limitations or perceptual–cognitive abilities are responsible for the development of expertise in multiple object tracking. Across two experiments, we examined the role of working memory and visual attention in tracking expertise. In Experiment 1, individuals who regularly engaged in object tracking sports (soccer and rugby) displayed improved tracking performance, relative to non-tracking sports (swimming, rowing, running) ( p = 0.02, η p 2 = 0.163), but no differences in gaze strategy ( ps > 0.31). In Experiment 2, participants trained on an adaptive object tracking task showed improved tracking performance ( p = 0.005, d = 0.817), but no changes in gaze strategy ( ps > 0.07). They did, however, show significant improvement in a working memory transfer task ( p < 0.001, d = 0.970). These findings indicate that the development of tracking expertise is more closely linked to processing capacity limits than perceptual–cognitive strategies.

Widespread army ant aversion among East African jumping spiders (Salticidae) - Ximena J. Nelson; Samuel Aguilar-Arguello; Robert R. Jackson (Journal of Ethology, 2020)
Jumping spiders (Salticidae) typically prey on a variety of arthropods of similar size to themselves, but rarely on ants. Using 28 salticid species from East Africa, we first investigated vision-based aversion to ants by recording latency to enter a transparent sealed chamber flanked by chambers containing living army ants ( Dorylus sp.) or tsetse flies ( Glossina pallidipes ) of comparable size. For all species, entry latency was significantly longer when the stimuli were ants. In another experiment, we used dead ants and tsetse flies mounted in a life-like posture as stimuli; except for Goleba puella , a species with unusual retinal ultrastructure, we again found significantly longer entry latency when the stimuli were ants. Our findings imply that these salticids express an aversion specifically to ants even when restricted to using vision alone and, except for G. puella , even when relying on solely the static appearance of the insects. Having used salticids from laboratory cultures with no prior experience with ants, our findings are consistent with vision-based aversion to army ants being innate.

Effect of socioeconomic status on the relationship between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and cardiorespiratory mortality and morbidity in a megacity: the case of Santiago de Chile - Ernesto Pino-Cortés; Luis A. Díaz-Robles; Valeria Campos; Fidel Vallejo; Francisco Cubillos; Jaime Gómez; Francisco Cereceda-Balic; Joshua Fu; Samuel Carrasco; Juan Figueroa (Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2020)

A systematic literature review of the major factors causing yield gap by affecting growth, feed conversion ratio and survival in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) - Samuel Bekele Mengistu; Han A. Mulder; John A. H. Benzie; Hans Komen (Reviews in Aquaculture, 2020)
Productivity among small‐ and medium‐scale tilapia farms varies considerably. The difference between the best performers and lower ones (yield gap), is affected by differences in growth rate and feed conversion ratio ( FCR ). FCR at the farm level is strongly influenced by survival of fish. In this study a systematic literature review of two databases ( ASFA and CAB ‐Abstracts) identified 1973 potentially relevant articles. Data from 32 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analysed using linear mixed models for the most important factors with significant contributions to growth [investigated through analysis of the thermal growth coefficient ( TGC )], survival and FCR of Nile tilapia. Increasing crude protein ( CP ), dissolved oxygen ( DO ) and pH significantly decreased FCR and increased TGC . Increasing stocking weight ( SW ) significantly improved both FCR and survival. Temperature had the largest effect on FCR followed by DO , pH and CP . DO had the largest effect on TGC followed by CP and pH . This study confirms that the optimal rearing temperature for Nile tilapia is between 27 and 32°C. Improving management to optimize DO (> 5 mg/L), stocking density (3–5 fish/m 2 ), SW (> 10 g) and CP (25 − 30%) will improve performance and survival in small‐ and medium‐scale tilapia farming. However, it is hard to influence temperature in ponds and cages while DO is largely influenced by aeration. Since many small‐ and medium‐sized farms do not have aeration, these major tilapia farming systems could benefit from genetically improved strains selected for resilience to highly fluctuating diurnal temperature and DO levels.

General DNA Methylation Patterns and Environmentally-Induced Differential Methylation in the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) - Yaamini R. Venkataraman; Alan M. Downey-Wall; Justin Ries; Isaac Westfield; Samuel J. White; Steven B. Roberts; Kathleen E. Lotterhos (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020)

Design of a Drug-Eluting Subcutaneous Implant of the Antiretroviral Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate - Solange M Simpson; Lakmini Widanapathirana; Jonathan T. Su; Samuel Sung; David Watrous; Jiang Qiu; Elizabeth Pearson; Alex Evanoff; Dipu Karunakaran; Jorge E. Chacon; Patrick F. Kiser (Pharmaceutical Research, 2020)
Purpose Sexual transmission of HIV has been clinically proven to be preventable with a once-daily oral tablet; however, missed doses dramatically increase the risk of HIV infection. Long-acting subcutaneous implants do not allow the user to miss a dose. A desirable long-acting drug-eluting implant can deliver a constant amount of drug, adjust the delivered dose, and be readily manufactured. We present a long-acting, subcutaneous implant design composed of tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate (TAF) pellets loaded in a sealed polyether urethane tube for the prevention of HIV transmission. Methods Implants were prepared with pressed drug pellets and extruded polyurethane tubing. In vitro release rate of implants using different pellet formulations, rate-controlling membranes, and geometries were measured. Results Tenofovir alafenamide release appeared to be governed by a pseudo-steady state and followed a mass transport model of release from a cylindrical drug reservoir. Implant seal integrity was tested and confirmed using mechanical testing. The inclusion of sodium chloride in the pellet increased the release rate and reduced initial lag. The release was sustained for 100 days. Conclusions The release rate of tenofovir alafenamide mechanistically varied with geometry and rate controlling membrane composition. The polyether urethane implant presented herein is modular and tunable to adjust the release rate and duration of the TAF release.

DPP-4 Inhibitor Linagliptin is Neuroprotective in Hyperglycemic Mice with Stroke via the AKT/mTOR Pathway and Anti-apoptotic Effects - Gang Zhang; Samuel Kim; Xiaohuan Gu; Shan Ping Yu; Ling Wei (Neuroscience Bulletin, 2020)

Resistance to Chilo infuscatellus (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) in transgenic lines of sugarcane expressing Bacillus thuringiensis derived Vip3A protein - Saman Riaz; Idrees Ahmad Nasir; Muhammad Umar Bhatti; Olawale Samuel Adeyinka; Nida Toufiq; Iqra Yousaf; Bushra Tabassum (Molecular Biology Reports, 2020)

Nutritional drivers of adult locomotion and asexual reproduction in a symbiont-hosting sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana - Samuel A. Bedgood; Matthew E. S. Bracken; Will H. Ryan; Samantha T. Levell; Janie Wulff (Marine Biology, 2020)

Geomorphology and geological controls of an active paraglacial rockslide in the New Zealand Southern Alps - Emma Cody; Daniel Draebing; Samuel McColl; Simon Cook; Marc-Andre Brideau (Landslides, 2020)

Articles You Might Have Missed - Justin N. Corcoran; Robert C. Pueringer; Chris N. Sweat; Samuel J. Stellpflug (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2020)

Use of a Porcine Model to Evaluate the Risks and Benefits of Vasopressors in Propranolol Poisoning - Jon B Cole; Justin N Corcoran; Kristin M Engebretsen; Samuel J Stellpflug (Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2020)

Conflicting Frames about Ownership and Land Use Drive Wildfire Ignitions in a Protected Conservation Area - Francisco Seijo; Maria Marcela Godoy; Dante Guglielmin; Cecilia Ciampoli; Samuel Ebright; Omar Picco; Guillermo Defossé (Environmental Management, 2020)

Near-bed velocity and shear stress of open-channel flow over surface roughness - Jing Li; S. Samuel Li (Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 2020)

Contested causes of flooding in poor urban areas in Accra, Ghana: an actor-oriented perspective - Emmanuel Abeka; Felix A. Asante; Wolfram Laube; Samuel N. A. Codjoe (Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2020)

Effect of Drought-Induced Salinization on Wetland Methane Emissions, Gross Ecosystem Productivity, and Their Interactions - Samuel D. Chamberlain; Kyle S. Hemes; Elke Eichelmann; Daphne J. Szutu; Joseph G. Verfaillie; Dennis D. Baldocchi (Ecosystems, 2020)

The nervous system component of the mesentery of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima in normal and regenerating animals - Christian Nieves-Ríos; Samuel Alvarez-Falcón; Sonya Malavez; Jannette Rodriguez-Otero; José E. García-Arrarás (Cell and Tissue Research, 2020)

Loss of BIM in T cells results in BCL-2 family BH3-member compensation but incomplete cell death sensitivity normalization - Lindsey M. Ludwig; Lauren E. Roach; Samuel G. Katz; James L. LaBelle (Apoptosis, 2020)

Trileucine and Pullulan Improve Anti-Campylobacter Bacteriophage Stability in Engineered Spray-Dried Microparticles - Nicholas B. Carrigy; Lu Liang; Hui Wang; Samuel Kariuki; Tobi E. Nagel; Ian F. Connerton; Reinhard Vehring (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

Toward sustainable land resources management with agroforestry: empirical evidence from the Sunyani west district of Ghana - George Ashiagbor; William Oduro; Lucy Gyiele; Daniel Siaw; Victor Rex Barnes; Olivia Agbenyega; Kwame Twum-Ampofo; Samuel Partey; Naresh Thevathasan; Andrew Gordon; Rick Gray; Helen Hambly Odame (Agroforestry Systems, 2020)

Pawpaw leaf and seed meals composite mix dietary supplementation: effects on broiler chicken’s performance, caecum microflora and blood analysis - Olugbenga D. Oloruntola; Simeon O. Ayodele; Samuel A. Adeyeye; Abubakar O. Jimoh; Deborah A. Oloruntola; Idowu S. Omoniyi (Agroforestry Systems, 2020)

Food Protein-Based Nanodelivery Systems for Hydrophobic and Poorly Soluble Compounds - Mily Bazezy Joelle Maviah; Muhammad Asim Farooq; Rukhshona Mavlyanova; Hanitrarimalala Veroniaina; Mensura Sied Filli; Md Aquib; Samuel Kesse; Kofi Oti Boakye-Yiadom; Bo Wang (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2020)

The physiology of rapid ecological specialization: A look at the Midas cichlids - Michelle R. Gaither; Samuel Greaves; Pavithiran Amirthalingam (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
Understanding the process of speciation is a primary goal of evolutionary biology, yet the question of whether speciation can reach completion in the presence of gene flow remains controversial. For more than 50 years, the cichlids of Africa, and more recently those in South and Central America, have served as model systems for the study of speciation in nature. Cichlids are distinguished by their enormous species richness, their diversity of behavioural and trophic adaptations, and their rapid rate of divergence. In both Africa and South and Central America, the repeated interaction of geology, new founder events and adaptive evolution has created a series of natural experiments with speciation occurring both within and between waterbodies of differing ages. In the “From the Cover” paper in this issue of the Journal of Molecular Ecology , Raffini, Schneider, Franchini, Kautt and Meyer move beyond the question of which mechanisms drive speciation, and instead show that divergent morphologies and physiologies translate into adaptive traits. They investigate differences in physiology and gene expression profiles in a benthic/limnetic species pair of Midas cichlidsin a 24,000‐year‐old Nicaraguan crater lake. While recently diverged, these two species demonstrate significant ecological, but limited genetic differentiation. The authors find that the distinct morphotypes translate into relevant differences in swimming performance and metabolic rates that correspond to differential gene expression profiles. Hence, the authors take an integrative approach examining the impacts of morphological differences on performance and niche partitioning: an approach that can advance our understanding of the drivers of morphological and physiological divergence during speciation.

Evolutionary temperature compensation of carbon fixation in marine phytoplankton - Samuel Barton; James Jenkins; Angus Buckling; C.-Elisa Schaum; Nicholas Smirnoff; John A. Raven; Gabriel Yvon‐Durocher (Ecology Letters, 2020)
The efficiency of carbon sequestration by the biological pump could decline in the coming decades because respiration tends to increase more with temperature than photosynthesis. Despite these differences in the short‐term temperature sensitivities of photosynthesis and respiration, it remains unknown whether the long‐term impacts of global warming on metabolic rates of phytoplankton can be modulated by evolutionary adaptation. We found that respiration was consistently more temperature dependent than photosynthesis across 18 diverse marine phytoplankton, resulting in universal declines in the rate of carbon fixation with short‐term increases in temperature. Long‐term experimental evolution under high temperature reversed the short‐term stimulation of metabolic rates, resulting in increased rates of carbon fixation. Our findings suggest that thermal adaptation may therefore have an ameliorating impact on the efficiency of phytoplankton as primary mediators of the biological carbon pump.

Indigenous African fermented dairy products: Processing technology, microbiology and health benefits - Dominic Agyei; James Owusu-Kwarteng; Fortune Akabanda; Samuel Akomea-Frempong (Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2020)

Aflatoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in food: a review - Samuel Ayofemi Olalekan Adeyeye (Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2020)

Are We Done Yet? An Empirical Estimator for Level of Effort for Seafloor Surveys - Including an Estimate for the Full Survey of U.S. Waters - Samuel F. Greenaway; Amber Batts; Jack Riley (Marine Geodesy, 2020)

Spatial and temporal changes in buccal pressure during prey-capture in the trumpetfish (Aulostomus maculatus) - Samuel Tegge; Jason Hall; Steve Huskey (Zoomorphology, 2020)

Optimizing green design using ant colony-based approach - C. Y. Ng; S. S. Lam; Samuel P. M. Choi; Kris M. Y. Law (The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2020)

Populations of Populus angustifolia have evolved distinct metabolic profiles that influence their surrounding soil - Liam O. Mueller; Samuel R. Borstein; Eric D. Tague; Stephen P. Dearth; Hector F. Castro; Shawn R. Campagna; Joseph K. Bailey; Jennifer A. Schweitzer (Plant and Soil, 2020)

Quantification of radiation and imaging isocenter coincidence of a multi-room PBS proton therapy system - Suresh Rana; Jaafar Bennouna; E. James Jebaseelan Samuel; Alonso N. Gutierrez (Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 2020)

Using Orthoptera and Hymenoptera indicator groups as evidence of degradation in a mining concession (Tarkwa gold mine) in Ghana - Rosina Kyerematen; Samuel Adu-Acheampong; Daniel Acquah-Lamptey; Roger Sigismund Anderson (International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 2020)

Performance enhancement and emission reduction by using pine oil blends in a diesel engine influenced by 1, 4-dioxane - P. Mebin Samuel; G. Devaradjane; V. Gnanamoorthi (International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2020)

Biological variation of arginine vasopressin - Kurt J. Sollanek; Jeffery S. Staab; Robert W. Kenefick; Samuel N. Cheuvront (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2020)

Evaluation of U.S. inbred lines with expired plant variety protection for mid-altitude tropical maize breeding - Mateus Cupertino-Rodrigues; Thanda Dhliwayo; Samuel Trachsel; Rui Guo; Felix San Vicente (Euphytica, 2020)

Identification of QTL for early vigor and leaf senescence across two tropical maize doubled haploid populations under nitrogen deficient conditions - Xia Liu; Yibing Yuan; Carlos Martinez; Raman Babu; Edgar Antonio Suarez; Xuecai Zhang; Nicolás Neiff; Samuel Trachsel (Euphytica, 2020)

Performance comparison of commercial TiO2: separation and reuse for bacterial photo-inactivation and emerging pollutants photo-degradation - Samuel Moles; Pilar Valero; Silvia Escuadra; Rosa Mosteo; Jairo Gómez; María P. Ormad (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020)

Sustainability-oriented learning: evidence from Eyre Peninsula’s fishing industry in Australia - Samuel Howard Quartey; Sam Wells (Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2020)

Is arsenite more toxic than arsenate in plants? - Daniel Gomes Coelho; Claudio Sérgio Marinato; Letícia Paiva de Matos; Heloísa Monteiro de Andrade; Vinicius Melo da Silva; Pedro Henrique Santos-Neves; Samuel Coelho Araújo; Juraci Alves Oliveira (Ecotoxicology, 2020)

Effect of Additives to Improve Calcium-Based Sorbents in Semi-Dry Flue Gas Desulphurization - Ítalo W. L. França; Samuel J. M. Cartaxo; Moises Bastos-Neto; Luciana R. B. Gonçalves; Fabiano A. N. Fernandes (Emission Control Science and Technology, 2020)

Large discrepancies in summer climate change over Europe as projected by global and regional climate models: causes and consequences - Julien Boé; Samuel Somot; Lola Corre; Pierre Nabat (Climate Dynamics, 2020)

Clinicopathological characteristics and papillomavirus types in cutaneous warts in bovine - Angélica C. Bertagnolli; André V. A. Bezerra; Raíssa N. Santos; Lissandra S. Cavalli; Ana Paula M. Varela; Emily M. Reis; Samuel Paulo Cibulsky; Paulo M. Roehe; Fabiana Q. Mayer (Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2020)

Evaluating core competencies and learning outcomes for training the next generation of sustainability researchers - Samuel G. Roy; Simone Pereira de Souza; Bridie McGreavy; Caroline Gottschalk Druschke; David D. Hart; Kevin Gardner (Sustainability Science, 2020)

Identification of Semiochemicals from Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, for Low-input Management of the Legume Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata - Jonathan Osei-Owusu; József Vuts; John C. Caulfield; Christine M. Woodcock; David M. Withall; Antony M. Hooper; Samuel Osafo-Acquaah; Michael A. Birkett (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2020)
Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. (Fabaceae), is one of the most important food legumes grown on the African continent, as it provides an affordable source of dietary protein. Yields of cowpea are significantly reduced through damage by legume pod-borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) , caterpillars to flowers, tender leaves and pods. Semiochemical-based strategies are considered as environmentally benign and affordable for pest management, particularly on smallholder farms. In this study, we investigated the importance of cowpea flower volatiles as host location cues for egg-laying M. vitrata , and herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) as M. vitrata repellents and natural enemy ( Apanteles taragamae and Phanerotoma syleptae parasitoid) attractants. In oviposition choice assays, M. vitrata laid more eggs on flowering cowpea plants than non-flowering plants. Coupled gas chromatography-electrophysiology (GC-EAG) analysis using the antennae of female M. vitrata and an extract of flower volatiles collected by dynamic headspace collection revealed the presence of five EAG-active components that were identified by coupled GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis as benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, a vinylbenzaldehyde isomer and ( E )-cinnamaldehyde. A synthetic blend of the identified compounds, prepared using 3-vinylbenzaldehyde, induced M. vitrata to lay as many eggs on non-flowering cowpea as on flowering plants. The moths also preferred laying eggs on intact plants compared to M. vitrata -infested plants. As the emission of EAG-active floral compounds was determined to be lower in the headspace of infested cowpea flowers, the role of HIPVs emitted by M. vitrata -damaged leaves was also investigated. Of the compounds induced by larval damage, ( E )-DMNT, indole, n-hexyl acetate, 1-octen-3-ol and linalool were shown by GC-EAG to possess electrophysiological activity. A synthetic blend of the EAG-active compounds, using racemic 1-octen-3-ol and linalool, significantly reduced egg numbers on flowering cowpea. Larval and egg parasitoids, i.e. A. taragamae and Ph. syleptae, respectively, of M. vitrata both preferred the Y-tube olfactometer arm treated with synthetic ( E )-DMNT, whereas preference for racemic linalool and ( E )-nerolidol was dose-dependent in A. taragamae . Our results provide the platform for the development of future semiochemical-based pest management strategies against M. vitrata on smallholder farms in West Africa.

Using aerial surveys and citizen science to create species distribution models for an imperiled grouse - Ashley M. Tanner; Evan P. Tanner; Monica Papeş; Samuel D. Fuhlendorf; R. Dwayne Elmore; Craig A. Davis (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2020)

Water temperature interacts with the insecticide imidacloprid to alter acute lethal and sublethal toxicity to mayfly larvae - Samuel J. Macaulay; David B. Buchwalter; Christoph D. Matthaei (New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2020)
Increased temperatures and exposure to agricultural insecticides are increasingly threatening freshwater ecosystems worldwide. However, their combined effects are still poorly understood. We investigated the individual and interactive effects of water temperature and imidacloprid, the most widely used neonicotinoid insecticide, on larvae of two New Zealand mayflies, Deleatidium spp. and Coloburiscus humeralis . Ninety‐six‐hour bioassays with imidacloprid were performed at 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24°C, in a full‐factorial design. Mayfly survivorship and sub‐lethal responses of impairment and moulting were recorded. We documented synergistically increased mayfly mortality and immobility with exposure to imidacloprid at higher temperatures, implying temperature‐enhanced toxicity of imidacloprid. Survivorship of both mayflies was synergistically reduced by the combination of imidacloprid exposure and increasing temperatures. The same interaction also affected mobility of C. humeralis and moulting frequency of Deleatidium . Our findings suggest that developing a more thorough understanding of temperature‐contaminant interactions may be important to allow better protection of aquatic ecosystems.

Mixed ancestry from wild and domestic lineages contributes to the rapid expansion of invasive feral swine - Timothy J. Smyser; Michael A. Tabak; Chris Slootmaker; Michael S. Robeson; Ryan S. Miller; Mirte Bosse; Hendrik‐Jan Megens; Martien A. M. Groenen; Samuel Rezende Paiva; Danielle Assis de Faria; Harvey D. Blackburn; Brandon S. Schmit; et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2020)
Invasive alien species are a significant threat to both economic and ecological systems. Identifying the processes that give rise to invasive populations is essential for implementing effective control strategies. We conducted an ancestry analysis of invasive feral swine ( Sus scrofa , Linnaeus, 1758), a highly destructive ungulate that is widely distributed throughout the contiguous United States, to describe introduction pathways, sources of newly emergent populations and processes contributing to an ongoing invasion. Comparisons of high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes for 6,566 invasive feral swine to a comprehensive reference set of S. scrofa revealed that the vast majority of feral swine were of mixed ancestry, with dominant genetic associations to Western heritage breeds of domestic pig and European populations of wild boar. Further, the rapid expansion of invasive feral swine over the past 30 years was attributable to secondary introductions from established populations of admixed ancestry as opposed to direct introductions of domestic breeds or wild boar. Spatially widespread genetic associations of invasive feral swine to European wild boar deviated strongly from historical S. scrofa introduction pressure, which was largely restricted to domestic pigs with infrequent, localized wild boar releases. The deviation between historical introduction pressure and contemporary genetic ancestry suggests wild boar‐hybridization may contribute to differential fitness in the environment and heightened invasive potential for individuals of admixed domestic pig–wild boar ancestry.

Cooler temperatures slow the repair of DNA damage in tadpoles exposed to ultraviolet radiation: Implications for amphibian declines at high altitude - Samuel A. Morison; Rebecca L. Cramp; Lesley A. Alton; Craig E. Franklin (Global Change Biology, 2020)
Ultraviolet B radiation (UVBR) damages the DNA of exposed cells, causing dimers to form between adjacent pyrimidine nucleotides. These dimers block DNA replication, causing mutations and apoptosis. Most organisms utilize biochemical or biophysical DNA repair strategies to restore DNA structure; however, as with most biological reactions, these processes are likely to be thermally sensitive. Tadpoles exposed to elevated UVBR at low environmental temperatures have significantly higher rates of mortality and developmental deformities compared with tadpoles exposed to the same levels of UVBR at higher environmental temperatures. We hypothesized that low environmental temperatures impair the primary enzymatic (photolyase) DNA repair pathway in amphibians, leading to the accumulation of DNA damage. To test this hypothesis, we compared DNA repair rates and photolyase gene expression patterns in Limnodynastes peronii . Tadpoles were acutely exposed to UVBR for 1 hr at either 20 or 30°C, and we measured DNA damage and photolyase expression levels at intervals following this exposure. Temperature had a significant effect on the rate of DNA repair, with repair at 30°C occurring twice as fast as repair at 20°C. Photolyase gene expression (6‐4 PP and CPD) was significantly upregulated by UVBR exposure, with expression levels increasing within 6 hr of UVBR exposure. CPD expression levels were not significantly affected by temperature, but 6‐4 PP expression was significantly higher in tadpoles in the 30°C treatment within 12 hr of UVBR exposure. These data support the hypothesis that DNA repair rates are thermally sensitive in tadpoles and may explain why enigmatic amphibian declines are higher in montane regions where UVBR levels are naturally elevated and environmental temperatures are lower.

Abrupt declines in marine phytoplankton production driven by warming and biodiversity loss in a microcosm experiment - Elvire Bestion; Samuel Barton; Francisca C. García; Ruth Warfield; Gabriel Yvon‐Durocher (Ecology Letters, 2020)
Rising sea surface temperatures are expected to lead to the loss of phytoplankton biodiversity. However, we currently understand very little about the interactions between warming, loss of phytoplankton diversity and its impact on the oceans' primary production. We experimentally manipulated the species richness of marine phytoplankton communities under a range of warming scenarios, and found that ecosystem production declined more abruptly with species loss in communities exposed to higher temperatures. Species contributing positively to ecosystem production in the warmed treatments were those that had the highest optimal temperatures for photosynthesis, implying that the synergistic impacts of warming and biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning were mediated by thermal trait variability. As species were lost from the communities, the probability of taxa remaining that could tolerate warming diminished, resulting in abrupt declines in ecosystem production. Our results highlight the potential for synergistic effects of warming and biodiversity loss on marine primary production.

Starch accumulation does not lead to feedback photosynthetic downregulation in girdled coffee branches under varying source-to-sink ratios - Rodrigo T. Avila; Samuel C. V. Martins; Lílian M. V. P. Sanglard; Martielly S. dos Santos; Paulo E. Menezes-Silva; Kelly C. Detman; Matheus L. Sanglard; Amanda A. Cardoso; Leandro E. Morais; Camilo E. Vital; Wagner L. Araújo; Adriano Nunes-Nesi; et al. (Trees, 2020)

The Sensitivity of Estimates of Multiphase Fluid and Solid Properties of Porous Rocks to Image Processing - Gaetano Garfi; Cédric M. John; Steffen Berg; Samuel Krevor (Transport in Porous Media, 2020)
X-ray microcomputed tomography (X-ray μ -CT) is a rapidly advancing technology that has been successfully employed to study flow phenomena in porous media. It offers an alternative approach to core scale experiments for the estimation of traditional petrophysical properties such as porosity and single-phase flow permeability. It can also be used to investigate properties that control multiphase flow such as rock wettability or mineral topology. In most applications, analyses are performed on segmented images obtained employing a specific processing pipeline on the greyscale images. The workflow leading to a segmented image is not straightforward or unique and, for most of the properties of interest, a ground truth is not available. For this reason, it is crucial to understand how image processing choices control properties estimation. In this work, we assess the sensitivity of porosity, permeability, specific surface area, in situ contact angle measurements, fluid–fluid interfacial curvature measurements and mineral composition to processing choices. We compare the results obtained upon the employment of two processing pipelines: non-local means filtering followed by watershed segmentation; segmentation by a manually trained random forest classifier. Single-phase flow permeability, in situ contact angle measurements and mineral-to-pore total surface area are the most sensitive properties, as a result of the sensitivity to processing of the phase boundary identification task. Porosity, interfacial fluid–fluid curvature and specific mineral descriptors are robust to processing. The sensitivity of the property estimates increases with the complexity of its definition and its relationship to boundary shape.

Spatial Variability of Soil Physicochemical Properties in Agricultural Fields Cultivated with Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in Southeastern Mexico - Sergio Salgado-Velázquez; Sergio Salgado-García; Joaquín Alberto Rincón-Ramírez; Francelino Augusto Rodrigues; David Jesús Palma-López; Samuel Córdova-Sánchez; Antonio López-Castañeda (Sugar Tech, 2020)

Synthesis and process optimization of symmetric and unsymmetric barbiturates C5-coupled with 2,1-benzisoxazoles - João L. Serrano; Pedro F. Soeiro; Melani A. Reis; Renato E. F. Boto; Samuel Silvestre; Paulo Almeida (Molecular Diversity, 2020)

Current molecular aspects in the development and treatment of diabetes - Samuel Álvarez-Almazán; Jessica Georgina Filisola-Villaseñor; Diana Alemán-González-Duhart; Feliciano Tamay-Cach; Jessica Elena Mendieta-Wejebe (Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2020)

To have and to hold: embodied ownership is established in early childhood - Ada Kritikos; Jessica Lister; Samuel Sparks; Kate Sofronoff; Andrew Bayliss; Virginia Slaughter (Experimental Brain Research, 2020)

Radiological and toxicity risk exposures of oil based mud: health implication on drilling crew in Niger Delta - Emmanuel Emeka Okoro; Chidiebere Ochonma; Maxwell Omeje; Samuel E. Sanni; Moses E. Emetere; Kale B. Orodu; Kevin C. Igwilo (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020)

Projected changes in ENSO-driven regional tropical cyclone tracks - Samuel S. Bell; Savin S. Chand; Christopher Turville (Climate Dynamics, 2020)

Consistent scale-dependency of future increases in hourly extreme precipitation in two convection-permitting climate models - Samuel Helsen; Nicole P. M. van Lipzig; Matthias Demuzere; Sam Vanden Broucke; Steven Caluwaerts; Lesley De Cruz; Rozemien De Troch; Rafiq Hamdi; Piet Termonia; Bert Van Schaeybroeck; Hendrik Wouters (Climate Dynamics, 2020)

A strong east–west Mediterranean divergence supports a new phylogeographic history of the carob tree ( Ceratonia siliqua , Leguminosae) and multiple domestications from native populations - Juan Viruel; Nicolas Le Galliot; Samuel Pironon; Gonzalo Nieto Feliner; Jean‐Pierre Suc; Fatma Lakhal‐Mirleau; Marianick Juin; Marjorie Selva; Magda Bou Dagher Kharrat; Lahcen Ouahmane; Stefano La Malfa; Katia Diadema; et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2020)
Aim Phylogeography of fruit trees is challenging due to recurrent exchanges between domesticated and wild populations. Here we tested the eastern refugium hypothesis (ERH) for the carob tree, Ceratonia siliqua , which supports its natural and domestication origins in the eastern Mediterranean and a feral origin in the west. Location Mediterranean basin. Taxon Ceratonia siliqua L., Leguminosae . Methods A phylogenetic reconstruction based on two nuclear and one plastid sequences was performed to estimate the divergence time between the carob tree and its sister species, Ceratonia oreothauma . Variation from four plastid regions and 17 nuclear microsatellite loci were used to decipher genetic structure in the carob tree and to test coalescent‐based models by an Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) approach. We assessed our hypotheses by examining palaeobotanical records and hindcasting the past distribution of the carob tree at Mid‐Holocene, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Last Interglacial (LIG) using species distribution modelling. Results The split between C . oreothauma and C . siliqua was estimated at 6.4 Ma, and a first divergence within C . siliqua at 1.3 Ma. After a continuous presence since the Oligocene, Ceratonia was rarely found in the fossil record during the Pleistocene but present in the western and the eastern Mediterranean. Plastid and nuclear markers, characterized by low allelic richness, revealed a strong west‐east genetic structuring. ABC analyses rejected the ERH. Main conclusions Our study supports a severe population decline during LIG. The strong west–east divergence and the occurrence of four lineages within C . siliqua provided support for a new hypothesis of multiple domestications of the carob tree from native populations throughout the Mediterranean basin.

Wandering woodpeckers: foray behavior in a social bird - Sahas Barve; Natasha D. G. Hagemeyer; Russell E. Winter; Samuel D. Chamberlain; Walter D. Koenig; David W. Winkler; Eric L. Walters (Ecology, 2020)
In many cooperatively breeding taxa, nonbreeding subordinates, or helpers, use extra‐territorial forays to discover dispersal opportunities. Such forays are considered energetically costly and foraying birds face aggression from conspecific members of the territories they visit. In contrast, breeders in cooperatively breeding taxa are expected to foray seldomly. We used novel tracking technologies to follow 62 acorn woodpeckers ( Melanerpes formicivorus ), a cooperatively breeding bird, to study extra‐territorial foray behavior. Both helpers and breeders engaged in extra‐territorial forays routinely and often several times per day. Helpers forayed earlier in the day and invested more time when foraying to high‐quality territories. Unexpectedly, breeders forayed as often and as far as helpers. Breeders from high‐quality territories forayed closer to their home territories than breeders from low‐quality territories, reflecting a potential trade‐off between foraying and territory defense. Such a routine pattern of extra‐territorial forays in both helpers and breeders suggests that the motives behind forays differ by sex and social status and involve more than simply searching for dispersal opportunities.