Correction to: Genetic structure and geneflow of crowned bullfrogs (Hoplobatrachus occipitalis) across ecological zones in Southwestern Nigeria - Oluwakayode Michael Coker; Isaac Overcast; Rayna C. Bell (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Extremely low genetic diversity and small Ne in the Critically Endangered Nangur Spiny Skink (Nangura spinosa) of eastern Australia - Nicholas J. Bail; Megan Higgie; Daniel J. Ferguson; Conrad J. Hoskin (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Globally, many species have small, fragmented populations and hence genetic factors become a primary threat to their persistence. The Critically Endangered Nangur Spiny Skink ( Nangura spinosa ) inhabits vine thicket in Nangur and Oakview National Parks in south-east Queensland, Australia. The two populations are naturally isolated and are now very small, with census estimates of obs = 0.139; H exp = 0.142; mean individual F = 0.116) and contained 72% of the SNPs. The Nangur population had very low heterozygosity (H obs = 0.114; H exp = 0.112; mean individual F = 0.289). N e estimates for the populations were very small: ~16–43 for Nangur and ~ 66–179 for Oakview. Genetic health metrics for the Oakview population are comparable to other Critically Endangered Australian skinks, but are much worse for Nangur. The results for the Nangur population indicate high levels of inbreeding, high relatedness, and very low individual heterozygosity. Poor genetic health is likely already contributing to fitness loss and declines, especially for the Nangur population. We recommend within-population translocations and/or managed breeding in captivity to slow genetic erosion. Additionally, genetic rescue is urgently required, via crosses between the populations. This study is a clear example of how genetic data can assist species recovery.

Human-mediated domestic translocation disrupts regional phylogeographic structure of the Genji firefly (Nipponoluciola cruciata) in urban Tokyo - Hirobumi Suzuki; Sakutaro Yamagishi; Takehiko Kamito; Dai-ichiro Kato; Yukio Nagano; Aki Yanagawa (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Genetic structure and geneflow of crowned bullfrogs (Hoplobatrachus occipitalis) across ecological zones in Southwestern Nigeria - Oluwakayode Michael Coker; Isaac Overcast; Rayna C. Bell (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Between- and within-population genetic dynamics reveal conservation challenges for the rare plant Ribes echinellum - Zoe Diaz-Martin; Phoenix King; Joseph Stockert; Lauren Eserman; Emily E.D. Coffey; Xingwen Loy (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Ex situ breeding programs as a conservation management tool for the European ground squirrel in the Czech Republic - Vojtěch Kovařík; Masoud Nazarizadeh; Hana Konvičková; Jan Matějů; Jitka Matoušová; Irena Schneiderová; Oldřich Říčan; Štěpánka Říčanová (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Habitat loss and fragmentation expose small, isolated populations to genetic drift, inbreeding, and loss of adaptive potential. Ex situ breeding and reinforcement are increasingly used to mitigate these risks, yet their genetic outcomes often remain insufficiently evaluated. Here, we assessed the genetic status and conservation value of ex situ breeding populations of the endangered European ground squirrel ( Spermophilus citellus ) in the Czech Republic. We genotyped 198 individuals from eight populations, including four ex situ breeding colonies and four free-living or reinforced populations, using 12 microsatellite loci. Ex situ populations retained moderate to high levels of genetic diversity and showed no evidence of elevated inbreeding; the highest allelic richness and heterozygosity were observed in Zoo Brno, whereas the lowest diversity occurred in the free-living population Radouč. Bottleneck analyses revealed contrasting demographic histories, with the strongest recent signal detected in the Rescue Centre Rozovy and evidence of an older reduction in Zoo Praha. Bayesian clustering, PCoA, DAPC, pairwise differentiation, relatedness estimates, and AMOVA consistently showed that genetic structure was shaped primarily by locality, founder origin, and reinforcement history rather than by management category alone. In particular, RC Rozovy and Písečný vrch formed a distinct genetic cluster, while Hluboká and Karlovy Vary showed close genetic affinity consistent with documented reinforcement history. These findings indicate that well-managed ex situ populations can preserve valuable genetic variation for future conservation translocations. However, reinforcement and reintroduction should be guided by population-specific genetic information and integrated with long-term habitat management to support the viability of S. citellus populations in fragmented landscapes.

Genetic structure among populations of Darlingtonia californica - Cody Rice; William Hemstrom; Kristina Schierenbeck (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Population genetic structure of Japanese endemic ungulate Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) based on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses - Asuka Yamashiro; Takahiro Miura; Kaneaki Edo; Takaki Yamada; Kunihiko Tokida; Shin Nishida; Tadashi Yamashiro (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Historical bottlenecks and restricted gene flow in one of the last remaining stronghold populations of the southern black-throated finch (Poephila cincta cincta) - Skye Davis; Adam J. Stow; Jemma McCrossin; Wilbur Ashley; John M. van Osta; Brad Dreis; Simon C. Griffith (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Habitat fragmentation is a key driver of reduced genetic connectivity and loss of genetic variation among populations, elevating the risk of inbreeding depression and reduced adaptive potential. The black-throated finch ( Poephila cincta ) is an endemic Australian finch with two recognised subspecies, a northern ( P. c. atropygialis ) and southern form ( P. c. cincta ) separated by a biogeographic barrier in northern Australia. The southern subspecies is nationally endangered and has experienced severe range contractions since the rise of pastoralism, with only two stronghold populations remaining (Townsville Coastal Plain and Desert Uplands Bioregion). Using a panel of more than 14,000 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms for 107 individuals, we characterised spatial genetic structure for the Desert Uplands population. We mapped effective migration surfaces and tested for isolation by resistance to identify potential barriers to gene flow, estimated contemporary effective population sizes and reconstructed the demographic history of this population. We found evidence of restricted gene flow between localities only 16 km apart and strong isolation by geographic distance. Landscape resistance modelling identified areas of suitable woodland habitat that facilitated effective dispersal. More restricted gene flow in the southern range of this population is likely influenced by the fragmentation of suitable vegetation communities. Contemporary effective population sizes were near or below 1000, and we detected two historical population bottlenecks (> 50% decline) occurring around 60–100 and 700 years ago. Given recent evidence that the Desert Uplands population is genetically isolated from the only other stronghold population in Townsville, the results of this study suggest future losses of genetic diversity and adaptive potential may continue without effective management. To improve the long-term persistence of southern-black throated finch across their range, prioritising the conservation and restoration of habitat that promotes genetic connectivity is essential.

Postglacial climate and urban fragmentation shape genetic differentiation of Oreocharis guileana, a rare cliff herb endemic to Hong Kong–Shenzhen coastal mountains - Wenhua Li; Jing Luo; Huijuan Jing; Xiaowei Yi; Jinlong Zhang; Qiang Fan; Stephan W. Gale; Sufang Chen (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Displacement of native Austropotamobius pallipes by Austropotamobius fulcisianus via hybridization and unidirectional introgression in the white-clawed species complex - Frédéric Grandjean; N. Gouin; C. Delaunay; T. Bergès; M. Jelić; P. Huchet; A. Demene; I. Paz-Vinas (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Developing a GTseq panel for individual identification and evaluating application for native and transplanted Sitka black-tailed deer populations - Elise M. Stacy; Jennifer R. Adams; Tessa Hasbrouck; Stacey A. Nerkowski; Nathan R. Campbell; Anthony Crupi; Lisette P. Waits (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Population size estimation is critical for determining sustainable harvest levels of hunted species. Spatial capture-recapture via non-invasive genetic sampling is one method employed to estimate population size and is especially useful in habitats where aerial surveys are not possible. Developments in DNA sequencing technologies have led to the application of amplicon-based genotyping-in-thousands by sequencing (GTseq) for genotyping tissue and non-invasive genetic samples. Here we developed and assessed the power of a GTseq single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel for individual identification. We performed population structure and diversity analysis of Sitka black-tailed deer ( Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis ) tissue samples from native and transplanted populations in Alaska and British Columbia. We then demonstrated that we could perform individual matching on fecal pellet samples from central Southeast Alaska (CSEAK). Our panel contains 248 SNPs and has enough power for individual identification with as few as 30 loci across all sampled populations. We identified population structure aligned with island geography and translocation histories. To select panel SNPs, we sampled our initial genomic data from one island in CSEAK, resulting in ascertainment bias when applying the panel outside of CSEAK. We highlight that this ascertainment bias led to lower locus variability in populations other than CSEAK. For individual identification outside of CSEAK, we recommend subsetting the panel to only use loci that are variable for the population being studied. If intending to estimate patterns of diversity and differentiation across populations outside of CSEAK, we recommend re-designing the panel with additional range wide genomic data.

Genomic structure of relict Platycladus orientalis in Korea reveals isolated lineages and a limestone-corridor diversity hotspot - Ji Sun Jung; Ji Won Son; Jin Ho Shin; Gwang Gyu Lee (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Relict and peripheral tree populations may combine reduced within-population variation with strong among-population divergence, complicating conservation decisions. We combined a de novo draft genome assembly of Platycladus orientalis (~ 8.73 Gbp; N50 = 248,484 bp) with genotyping-by-sequencing data comprising 38,820 single-nucleotide polymorphisms from 95 individuals in seven Korean stands. Nucleotide diversity was higher in the Danyang–Jecheon limestone corridor (π = 0.245–0.274) than in the isolated Andong, Yeongyang, and Daegu populations (π = 0.156–0.216). The isolated populations were strongly differentiated from one another (pairwise FST = 0.396–0.431), whereas differentiation within the corridor was lower but heterogeneous (FST = 0.117–0.223). Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance attributed 29.26% of variation to differences among populations (ΦST = 0.293). No repeated or near-identical multilocus genotypes were detected. Rarefied private allelic richness among common variants was greater at the corridor-group level than in the isolated group (0.1214 vs. 0.0415 per locus), although rare variants were underestimated. FIS declined strongly under stricter depth and missing-data filters, indicating a substantial technical component in baseline heterozygote deficits. Contemporary effective population size estimates were highly heterogeneous and imprecise, ranging from 2.0 in Danyang Seokmun to 202.8 in Daegu, while Danyang Hasi-ri was unbounded. Exploratory Mantel tests suggested nominal geographic and climatic associations, but none remained significant after multiple-test correction. Adult–seedling FST values were ≤ 0.035 in three focal stands. These results support treating the isolated stands as candidate conservation units and the limestone corridor as a management-relevant diversity reservoir, while gene flow or seed transfer should be evaluated through a risk-assessed framework.

Oblong turtles hybridise with an introduced congener and display a size-heterozygosity relationship - Brenton von Takach; Anthony Santoro; April L. Sturm; Kailah M. Thorn; Stephen J. Beatty (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Freshwater turtles are among the most imperilled vertebrate groups globally, facing compounding threats from habitat loss, climate change, and invasive species. We conducted the first comprehensive range-wide genomic assessment of the oblong turtle ( Chelodina oblonga ; Indigenous Noongar: Yaakan and Booyi), a species endemic to the rapidly drying biodiversity hotspot of southwestern Australia. To evaluate individual and population genomic structure and diversity, we used reduced representation sequencing to genotype 466 individuals from 60 sites across the species’ distribution. Our results reveal the first evidence of hybridisation in the wild between C. oblonga and the introduced eastern snake-necked turtle ( C. longicollis ). The detection of putative backcrossed individuals implies that introgression may be actively occurring. Population structure analyses of C. oblonga identified a distinct latitudinal gradient with hierarchical substructure, while genomic diversity was lowest at the northern and southeastern range extremities, consistent with range-edge effects. We also identified a significant positive relationship between linear carapace length and individual heterozygosity. Larger individuals exhibited higher diversity than smaller individuals, suggestive of a heterozygosity-fitness correlation. These findings provide critical genomic data for the oblong turtle as well as highlight a need to monitor the impacts of invasive species in increasingly modified aquatic ecosystems.

Genomic survey of the ex situ Palm Cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus) population identifies an undiscovered species-level lineage endemic to Yapen Island - Henri Truchassout; Hélène Bussière; Baptiste Mulot; Laetitia Latorre; Eric Pasquet; Jérôme Fuchs (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Birds benefit from many ex situ research and conservation programs that are essential to integrated conservation strategies. The Palm Cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus (IUCN Near-threatened) is a species with an ex situ breeding program led by the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. Its natural distribution is New Guinea and surrounding islands as well as the northern part of the Cape York Peninsula in Australia. A study based on partial mitochondrial sequences highlighted the existence of two distinct mitochondrial lineages ( P. a. aterrimus and P. a. goliath ) putatively delimited by the Weyland mountain range (western New Guinea). Implementing efficient ex situ conservation programs requires good knowledge of phylogeographic structure in order to preserve the genetic integrity of different lineages. We gathered genome re-sequencing data from 50 individuals that are part of the ex situ conservation program in order to assess the genome-wide differentiation and identify individuals that could be used to preserve the genetic diversity of the ex situ population. Our analyses confirmed the mitochondrial distinctiveness of the two lineages but also highlighted the presence of existing, yet limited, gene flow between P. a. goliath and P. a. aterrimus . We also discovered the existence of a new species-level lineage that is likely endemic to Yapen Island. The conservation status of this new species-level lineage is critical as the number of individuals held in the ex situ program (nine) suggests high in natura harvesting.

Correction to: Genetic structure in a previously extirpated population of gray wolves following reintroduction and natural recolonization - Heather R. Clendenin; David E. Ausband; Jennifer R. Adams; Paul A. Hohenlohe; Lisette P. Waits (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Correction: Genomic analyses of hybridisation and clonality reveal uncertain species boundaries in two endangered narrow-range endemic Callistemon from Far East Gippsland, Australia - Mark Clifton; Bryce D. Watts-Parker; Susan E. Hoebee (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Genetic diversity and differentiation of two narrowly endemic Origanum species in Morocco: implications for conservation - Kaoutar Aboukhalid; Nathalie Machon; Josie Lambourdière; Mohamed Bakha; Mounsef Neffa; Grażyna Korbecka-Glinka; Abdelkarim Khiraoui; Ravish Choudhary; Abdeslam Lamiri; Chaouki Al Faiz (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Population genomics of Iberian Arnica montana unveils singular genetic diversity and signatures of adaptive variation - Fernando Cabana; Adrián Casanova; Manuel A. Rodríguez-Guitian; Andrés Blanco; Carlos Real; Rosa Romero; Carmen Bouza; Manuel Vera (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Non-invasive genetic sampling as an effective tool to reveal population fragmentation in the endangered hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) - Paige A. Byerly; Tobias Beez; Berardino Cocchiararo; Karsten Horn; Doris Jensch; Carsten Nowak (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
The hazel dormouse ( Muscardinus avellanarius ) is a locally endangered European glirid species with limited dispersal abilities. Genetic methods have been increasingly applied to measure the effects of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of hazel dormouse populations; however, standard collection methods require intensive sampling effort. Here, we present the results of a pilot study testing the feasibility of non-invasive hair and scat collection from nest tubes for dormouse genetic monitoring. In 2022, we collected samples at 73 sites distributed across an approximately 800 km 2 area in a region of southern Germany comprising several isolated forest patches surrounded by agricultural land. Mitochondrial haplotype sequencing and microsatellite analysis resulted in 223 confirmed hazel dormouse detections from a total of 411 collected samples, with samples genetically assigned to 107 different individuals. Statistical testing for population structure was indicative of up to four genetically-differentiated populations corresponding to the main forest patches, suggesting inhibited dispersal between population clusters. The Aisch River valley was also found to be a major barrier to dispersal due to intense agricultural use and the existence of human settlements and traffic infrastructure. Our findings of strong population structuring and lower genetic diversity in isolated habitat patches highlights the greater risk of extirpation for isolated clusters of hazel dormice in Middle Franconia. Non-invasive genetic sampling is an effective tool for studying fragmentation effects on the hazel dormouse and other small mammals, and we provide recommendations for developing optimized sampling strategies that maximize efficiency while reducing researcher effort.

Genetic and ecological evidence for cryptic divergence within a species complex of rockfish in the Eastern Pacific - Anita Wray; R. N. Lou; G. Longo; W. Larson; P. H. Sudmant; J. Benante; J. H. Harms; J. R. Hyde; K. M. Nichols (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Genomic connectivity and future climate suitability of the Caribbean king crab (Maguimithrax spinosissimus) highlight its potential for coral reef restoration - Pedro A. Peres; Natalie A. Whitaker-Allen; Mark J. Butler; Heather D. Bracken-Grissom (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Exploring contemporary and historic effective population sizes in Atlantic Beluga whale populations - Claudio Müller; Evelien de Greef; Cortney A. Watt; Steven H. Ferguson; Veronique Lesage; Geneviève J. Parent; Colin J. Garroway (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Unique genetic diversity and differential demographics revealed in peripheral populations of a North American minnow, the Ironcolor Shiner (Alburnops chalybaeus) - Joel B. Corush; Roberto V. Cucalón; Haruma Kurita; Brian A. Metzke; Milton Tan; Mark A. Davis (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Peripheral and disjunct populations are often the result of historic geological changes in the landscape and because of the long temporal span of colonization or vicariance, they are often genetically distinct and, when occupying small areas, vulnerable to population declines. In freshwater fishes, such populations are very susceptible to habitat destruction and environmental changes that could hasten extirpation. Because these populations are both geographically disjunct and genetically distinct from other populations, natural recolonization may be unlikely, and, because of the potential differences in the environment, human-mediated reintroductions may subsequently fail. Understanding the metapopulation genetic variation of those populations is critical for management efforts. Here, we assess the genomic variation and demographic history of the Ironcolor Shiner ( Alburnops chalybaeus ) with emphasis on the peripheral and disjunct populations. We find that the phylogeny of the species supports the hypothesis of an ancestral range in the southeast, while two independent lineages subsequently dispersed along the Atlantic coastal drainages and the Mississippi basin. We also inferred that genetically isolated, peripheral populations in Illinois and New Jersey have experienced geologically recent post-glacial population declines following glaciation consistent with their recent isolation. These findings imply the need for separate management of potential evolutionary significant units across the range of Ironcolor Shiner, as this broadly distributed species represents a series of isolated, disjunct populations. While many species may not be federally listed, extirpation of their peripheral populations is a key conservation issues requiring further attention.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Florida’s threatened Bletia purpurea (Orchidaceae): Insights from target capture sequencing and implications for conservation - Bethany A. Simpson; Lauren A. Eserman; Amanda Carmichael; John D. Baldwin (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Extensive hybridisation and introgression between two European white oaks at the western limit of their range - Samuel Belton; Erica Fox; Bernd Degen; Colin T. Kelleher (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Traces in the water: eDNA reveals the return of the Eurasian otter Lutra lutra to central Italy - Mariella Baratti; Massimo Genovese; Leonardo Ancillotto; Alessandro Lagrotteria; Andrea Viviano; Carlo Pretti; Massimo Gori; Emiliano Mori (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Genomic analyses of hybridisation and clonality reveal uncertain species boundaries in two endangered narrow-range endemic Callistemon from Far East Gippsland, Australia - Mark D. Clifton; Bryce D. Watts-Parker; Susan E. Hoebee (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Narrow-range endemic species are often at the forefront of conservation efforts; however, a hybrid origin can significantly influence how they are classified and subsequently affect their conservation listings. The endangered narrow-range endemics, Callistemon forresterae and Callistemon nyallingensis from East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia, are both suspected to have arisen through hybridisation, and to reproduce clonally. We used 13,635 SNPs from DArTseq to assess their proposed hybrid origin and to quantify clonality and their genetic diversity. Collectively, principal coordinates analysis, STRUCTURE and NEWHYBRIDS provided strong support for the hybrid origin of C. forresterae . Varying levels of hybridisation were observed amongst all C. forresterae genotypes and are considered suggestive of a hybrid swarm. Conversely, no evidence of hybridisation was observed in C. nyallingensis , instead a strong genomic association with Callistemon subulatus was revealed. Pairwise relatedness estimates obtained using COANCESTRY revealed that C. forresterae and C. nyallingensis primarily reproduce asexually, with extreme clonality observed in all sampled populations of both taxa. From the three C. forresterae sub-populations (86 sampled stems) only nine genotypes were observed, and large genets comprised of many stems were found in each population. Only a single genotype was found amongst the C. nyallingensis population. Genetic diversity estimates were restricted by monoclonality in C. nyallingensis , while two of three C. forresterae populations exhibited heterozygote excess. The genomic data for C. forresterae and C. nyallingensis indicates that taxonomic revision may be necessary, however this would need to be underpinned by additional morphological studies supplemented with assessment of reproductive isolation and ploidy.

Genomic population structure of the Sunda Pangolin (Manis javanica) in Thailand: implications for conservation and wildlife forensics - Nattapong Banterng; Kyle Ewart; Rob Ogden (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Pangolins are the most heavily trafficked mammal globally, yet the population structure and genetic diversity remain poorly understood for many of the eight species. In Thailand, the Sunda pangolin ( Manis javanica ) is subject to illegal hunting and has a fragmented distribution among protected areas; however, relatively little is known about its genetic variation, due in part to the elusive nature of the species, which presents significant challenges for sampling and population genetic research. This study analyses whole genome sequences from 30 georeferenced samples across Thailand to examine population structure and genetic diversity, in order to inform conservation management and underpin the development of wildlife forensic tools. We identified four distinct genetic populations within Thailand, corresponding to the Western, Khao Yai, Mid-south, and Southernmost regions, with moderate genetic differentiation ( F ST = 0.06–0.14) between populations. The Western population showed elevated inbreeding levels ( F ROH = 18.50%) compared to other populations ( F ROH < 12.5%), while the Southernmost population maintained the highest genetic diversity. Geographic barriers, including the Chao Phraya River and Nakhon Si Thammarat Mountain range, coincided with strong population structure. Our findings establish a foundational genomic baseline for Sunda pangolin conservation in Thailand, identifying distinct genetic management units. The population-specific genetic signatures provide a framework for developing wildlife forensic tools to trace the geographic origin of confiscated pangolins within Thailand. These insights are crucial for implementing targeted conservation strategies and combating illegal wildlife trade of this Critically Endangered species.

Correction: Beyond the Core: Exploring Genetic Connectivity in Periphery Jaguar Populations from South America - Facundo Robino; Agustin Paviolo; Daniela Font; Jesica Aquino; Laura I. Wolfenson; María Jimena Gómez-Fernández; María Daniela Pereyra; Soledad de Bustos; Verónica A. Quiroga; Gustavo P. Lorenzana; Ana Carolina Srbek-Araujo; Caroline Charão Sartor; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

“Ich bin ein Berliner” – Genetic identity and admixture of alien grass snakes (Natrix natrix) in Berlin, Germany - Frederic Griesbaum; Korbinian Pacher; Emma Ehmke; Hedi Schloddarick; David Beckenbauer; Martin Schütz; Uwe Fritz; Andrea Criado-Flórez (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Hybridization of native species with introduced closely related taxa is of concern for nature conservation due to the risk of outbreeding depression and genetic swamping. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences and 13 microsatellite loci, we provide first genetic evidence that native grass snake ( Natrix natrix natrix ) populations in Berlin have been compromised by the introduction of at least one foreign subspecies ( N. n. moreotica ), originating from the southern Balkans and western Asia Minor. Genetic signatures of a third subspecies ( N. n. vulgaris ) in the same populations could result either from additional introductions or natural range expansion from the south. Dorsal stripes, absent in N. n. natrix but characteristic of the other two subspecies, have been documented in at least seven independent populations across Berlin, even where the genetic signal detected by the applied markers has been lost through backcrossing with native snakes. It remains unclear whether these hybrid populations will experience reduced fitness in the long term. We therefore recommend close monitoring of these populations and, wherever feasible, containing the dispersal of hybrid snakes.

Historical and contemporary genetic structure reveals recent fragmentation without loss of diversity in Mediterranean House Sparrow populations - Javier Quesada; Marta Martín-Huete; Javier Oliver; Joan Calderón-Llobera; Jorge R. López-Rey; Owen S. Wangensteen; Sepand Riyahi; Rocío Pérez-Portela (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

DNA barcoding reveals the species composition of chondrichthyan-based pet food products in the Taiwanese market - Yu-Chen Wei; Yu-Chun Wang; Ying-Xuan Li; Shih-Hui Liu; Chih-Wei Chang; Chia-Hao Chang (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Correction: Rangewide population genetic analysis of the Wood Turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) - Andrew R Whiteley; Dana Weigel-Sheedy; Thomas S.B. Akre; Donald J. Brown; Deahn M. Donner; Charlie Eichelberger; Lori Erb; Katharine D. Gipe; Ellery Lassiter; Michael N. Marchand; Tricia Markle; Donald F. McAlpine; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Phylogeography and population genetics of Hynobius unisacculus: insights from fine-scale sampling across a narrow distribution range - Daecheol Jeong; Ho Young Suk; Jae-Young Song; Hang Lee; Je-Yoel Cho; Mi-Sook Min (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

The impact of serial translocation bottlenecks on the genetic diversity of Anegada Rock Iguanas (Cyclura pinguis) in the British Virgin Islands - Giuliano Colosimo; Zachary Dykema; Mark E. Welch; Gad Perry; Zachary Harlow; Heidi Davis; Kelly A. Bradley; Gabriele Gentile; Glenn P. Gerber (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Population genomics for biodiversity conservation: Insights from the Swiss pilot study for monitoring genetic diversity - Martin C. Fischer; Oliver Reutimann; Niklaus Zemp; Alessia Guggisberg; Felix Gugerli; Rolf Holderegger; Alex Widmer (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Genetic diversity is the raw material of evolution and is essential for adaptation and survival. Concerted efforts have been made under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) to incorporate intraspecific genetic diversity into national monitoring efforts. Much emphasis has been put on non-genetic proxies of genetic diversity, due to the limited amount of genetic data currently available on species and their populations globally. Genomic data, however, provide a much more detailed perspective on intraspecific genetic diversity, revealing the demographic history, genetic structure and vulnerability of populations. To build capacity, knowledge and experience on the use of genomic data in biodiversity monitoring, we conducted a population genomic pilot study in Switzerland. We assessed five animal and plant species that are associated with habitats of national importance and anthropogenically modified landscapes. To achieve a representative, unbiased sampling of populations, we developed a proportional stratified random sampling strategy. We de novo assembled the reference genome of each species and re-sequenced 1,200 individuals. For two species, we also sequenced 400 historical samples to retrospectively assess temporal changes in genetic diversity. The genomic data allowed for detailed inference on the extent and spatial distribution of genetic diversity, connectivity and adaptive genetic variation. Changes in population inbreeding and effective population size ( N e ) were inferred back in time for 100 generations, providing insights that would otherwise require long-term monitoring. The results were summarised into five intuitive population genomic diversity variables and indicators for reporting to national authorities and stakeholders. We discuss the feasibility, strengths and potential limitations of our population genomic monitoring approach and conclude that a national monitoring of genetic diversity using whole-genome re-sequencing is nowadays technically and bioinformatically achievable, especially in the Global North. The knowledge gained has high potential to contribute to conservation actions that support the GBF key action of maintaining within-species genetic diversity to safeguard the adaptive potential of species.

Sequencing of historic specimens helps to clarify the long uncertain species distinction of a rare plant, Adenanthos eyrei E.C.Nelson (Proteaceae) - Benjamin M. Anderson; Emma D. Adams; Brendan J. Lepschi; Katherine M. Taylor; Rachel M. Binks (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Colonization of southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) to urban Nebraska: Range expansion or human assisted translocation? - Jennifer Wettschreck; James A. Wilson; Robert E. Wilson; Abby May; Megan Cary; Jeffrey Huebschman; Sarah A. Sonsthagen (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Southern flying squirrels ( Glaucomys volans; Linnaeus 1758) were first observed in Lincoln, Nebraska, in 2018, 80 km north of their described range. Given that southern flying squirrels are a species of concern within Nebraska, determining the origin of this new population (natural expansion or pet-trade) garnered interest from state biologists. Further, the recent colonization of Lincoln by southern flying squirrels presents a unique opportunity to investigate the genetic implications of a founding event on a small arboreal mammal. The Lincoln population had genetic characteristics suggestive of a single-event colonization with fewer rare alleles and lower genetic diversity than potential source populations and a high genetic variation between populations. Sample size and absence of other geographically close populations in our data set make it difficult to ascertain the origin of the Lincoln population. Based on shared co-ancestry and membership assignment clustering algorithms, the Lincoln population had greater genetic associations with an individual sampled from the native south-eastern Nebraska population relative to other studied locations, suggesting that Lincoln was colonized by a native population.

High gene flow in Asiatic black bears and Leopards indicates effective movement through human-dominated landscapes of the Western Himalaya - Shahid Ahmad Dar; Vinaya Kumar Singh; Avijit Ghosh; Vineet Kumar; Hemant Singh; Amar Paul Singh; Amira Sharief; Ritam Dutta; Bheem Dutt Joshi; Mukesh Thakur; Dhriti Banerjee; Lalit Kumar Sharma (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Genome-wide SNPs reveal adaptation and population structure in Syagrus romanzoffiana (Arecaceae) from southern South America - Kauanne Karolline Moreno Martins; Matheus Scaketti; Ana Flávia Francisconi; Igor Araújo Santos de Carvalho; Caroline Bertocco Garcia; Thiago Deomar Ludwig; Enéas Ricardo Konzen; Maria Imaculada Zucchi (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Palms play crucial ecological and economic roles, and Syagrus romanzoffiana is a widely distributed species in South America. Despite its ecological importance and economic potential, population-level genetic studies of this palm remain limited. Here, we assessed genetic diversity, population structure, and signatures of local adaptation across distinct vegetation types in Brazil and Paraguay using 24,859 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). We analyzed 91 individuals from 8 populations, revealing high genetic diversity within populations and moderate differentiation among them. Observed heterozygosity was generally high, with some populations showing an excess of heterozygotes, consistent with outcrossing and gene flow. Pairwise F ST and AMOVA confirmed that most variation is maintained within populations, while genetic structure analyses highlighted the influence of vegetation type on differentiation, with restinga populations displaying distinct genetic signatures. Despite geographic proximity, some populations exhibited greater divergence associated with local environmental conditions, supporting isolation by environment. Environmental association analyses (LFMM and RDA) identified SNPs associated with temperature and precipitation, indicating adaptive genomic differentiation across contrasting habitats. Together, these findings demonstrate how habitat type and climate jointly shape neutral and adaptive genetic variation in Syagrus romanzoffiana , providing a genomic baseline relevant for conservation, restoration, and seed sourcing strategies under ongoing habitat fragmentation and climate change.

Beyond the Core: Exploring Genetic Connectivity in Periphery Jaguar Populations from South America - Facundo Robino; Agustin Paviolo; Daniela Font; Jesica Aquino; Laura I. Wolfenson; María Jimena Gómez-Fernández; María Daniela Pereyra; Soledad de Bustos; Verónica A. Quiroga; Gustavo P. Lorenzana; Ana Carolina Srbek-Araujo; Caroline Charão Sartor; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Population genetics and lineage structure of the endangered Bolivian chinchilla rat Abrocoma boliviensis - Daniela Arenas-Viveros; Teresa Tarifa; Marisol Hidalgo-Cossio; Omar F. Osco; Ximena Velez-Liendo; Jorge Salazar-Bravo (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Studies on conservation genetics of endangered species can identify which populations should be the focus of management plans. The endangered Bolivian chinchilla rat, Abrocoma boliviensis , is currently threatened by its rarity and anthropogenically driven transformation of the landscape it inhabits. Given its conservation status, restricted geographic range and limited information about its natural history, understanding how its genetic diversity is apportioned is crucial to inform any potential conservation efforts for A. boliviensis . In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of A. boliviensis as a first approximation to a comprehensive evaluation of the species. Mitochondrial data from 12 individuals revealed high levels of genetic distance, nucleotide diversity and polymorphisms, all of which indicate the existence of three separate clades. This was further supported by reduced-representation genomic data, which showed little to no admixture between these clades. This lack of gene flow suggests that the lineages have followed separate evolutionary trajectories and should be recognized, at minimum, as distinct evolutionarily significant units. Our contribution highlights the urgency with which survey efforts must become the first order of action. The generation of new population-level data will be essential to refine our understanding of the species, clarify the evolutionary trajectories of its lineages, and inform effective conservation strategies.

Whole genome resequencing data provide high-resolution conservation insights into population structure and life history - Natalie M. Allen; Andrew J. Mularo; Jong Yoon Jeon; Alvaro G. Hernandez; Ethan S. Streckfuss; Wade A. Ryberg; Toby J. Hibbitts; Brandon C. Bowers; Paul Crump; J. Andrew DeWoody (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Whole genome resequencing can be a powerful tool for uncovering biological insights and quantifying population genomic metrics relevant to conservation. These insights have the potential to be most profound in secretive or elusive species that are understudied but whose populations may be waning. The western chicken turtle ( Deirochelys reticularia miaria ) is one such example where conservationists are concerned about reported population declines. Here, we report results from analyses of genome sequence data from western chicken turtles and how the associated inferences could be used to inform management decisions. We sequenced and assembled a novel reference genome, then conducted a population genomics resequencing survey across much of Texas that represents one of the first in any freshwater turtle. We uncovered fine-scale population structure indicative of natal philopatry. Absolute values of fixation indices were relatively small (all pairwise F ST $$\:\le\:$$ 0.03), but principal component analyses of the resequencing data readily separated individuals into clusters that correspond to their geographic sampling sites (i.e., wetland mosaic) and phylogenomic analyses revealed monophyletic groupings that also correspond to wetland mosaic geography. Estimates of individual genome-wide heterozygosity ( H ) were similar to those observed for threatened or endangered turtle species. Collectively, our data suggest that western chicken turtle populations are spatially differentiated due to natal philopatry and limited gene flow. We discuss the relevance of these insights as they pertain to turtle biology, including the conservation implications of philopatry in a species of concern.

Population genomics of invasive fallow deer supports feasibility of island eradication and ecosystem restoration - Brock T. Burgess; Becky Miller; Michael Janssen; Michael A. Russello (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Six genetically distinct endangered cricket frog (Acris crepitans) populations in New York: implications for reintroduction efforts and management - Elise M. Edwards; Maria Akopyan; Brittany A. Mosher; Nina Overgaard Therkildsen; Patrick Sullivan (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Population structure and genetic stock identification in southeastern United States loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) using genome-wide SNPs - Ian Silver-Gorges; Lisa M. Komoroske; Jamie Adkins; John D. Swenson; David S. Addison; Derek A. Burkholder; Dean A. Bagley; Glenn D. Goodwin; Kristen M. Hart; Joseph B. Pfaller; Brian M. Shamblin; Mariana M. P. B. Fuentes (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Characterizing the genetic structure and connectivity between populations of endangered species can be used to inform management actions. In vagile species with high gene flow or recently established populations, such characterizations can be difficult to undertake using traditional genetic markers, and genetic stock identification (GSI) may be confounded by allele-sharing between populations. Loggerhead sea turtles ( Caretta caretta ) in the southeastern United States comprise seven management units (MUs) based on female philopatry inferred via mitochondrial DNA sequences, yet nuclear microsatellite data do not reflect divergence. Further, loci for accurate GSI are not currently known. To address this, we generated genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from 146 females nesting at individual sites representative of each southeastern United States MU. We found weak (F ST =0.001–0.003) but significant divergence among all MUs, with more notable divergence between the Gulf Coast and Atlantic Ocean MUs, and amongst the Atlantic Ocean MUs. We then used an iterative leave-one-out approach to identify candidate loci for GSI. This approach identified loci that could assign individuals to natal ocean basins (i.e., to the Gulf Coast or to the Atlantic Ocean), and to individual MUs within the Atlantic Ocean, with high (≥90%) success and accuracy. Analyses of genome-wide SNPs refined our understanding of the magnitude and scale of population connectivity in loggerhead turtles in the southeastern United States, and provided a foundation for the development of SNP panels for accurate, fine-scale GSI in sea turtles.

Insights into a native oyster restoration seascape: Genetic divergence between wild, foreign, and cultured Ostrea edulis populations - Sophie Valk; Hendrik-Jan Megens; Pauline Kamermans; Linda Tonk (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Population genomic structure of Kichulchoia multifasciata (Cobitidae) and implications for its conservation management - Jeonghun Kim; Hyung-Bae Jeon; Rawon Jeong; Ho Young Suk (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Rangewide population genetic analysis of the Wood Turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) - Andrew R. Whiteley; Dana Weigel-Sheedy; Thomas S.B. Akre; Donald J. Brown; Deahn M. Donner; Charlie Eichelberger; Lori Erb; Katharine D. Gipe; Ellery Lassiter; Michael N. Marchand; Tricia Markle; Donald F. McAlpine; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Isolated island endemic crabs: Fine-scale genetic population structure of an endangered freshwater crab, Geothelphusa miyakoensis - Takefumi Yorisue; Akira Iguchi; Miyuki Nishijima; Kodai Gibu; Saki Higa; Nina Yasuda; Kenji Takata; Kohei Hamamoto; Yoshihisa Fujita (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Museomics reveals genetic swamping over 200 years of a marginal native population of the northern forest tree Acer campestre by non-native genotypes introduced as ornamentals - Eric Wahlsteen; Nils Cronberg; Torbjörn Tyler; Mikael Hedrén; Halina Sobolewska (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

The past is prologue: contemporary and historical genetic variation in a bighorn sheep metapopulation - E. Frances Cassirer; Soraia Barbosa; Kimberly R. Andrews; Nathan Borg; Jennifer R. Adams; Hollie Miyasaki; Michael S. Mitchell; Lisette P. Waits (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Genomic differentiation of endangered polyploid Braya (Brassicaceae) populations in the limestone barrens ecosystem at risk support separate management units - Nathan MacNeil; Maria Esther Nieto-Blazquez; Lourdes Peña-Castillo; Luise Hermanutz; Julissa Roncal (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Evidence for a Commidendrum-Melanodendron (Asteraceae, Astereae) syngameon in the endangered St Helena island flora - M. P. T. Paajanen; D. M. Percy; Q. C. B. Cronk (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Stochastic processes govern keystone species of low-abundance soil bacteria in boreal forests located in North Central China - Yu Feng; Huayong Zhang; Zhongyu Wang; Yonglan Tian; Wang Tian; Zhao Liu (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Widespread genetic similarity between Northwest Atlantic populations of the horse mussel, Modiolus modiolus - M Van Wyngaarden; N W Jeffery; J A Sameoto; E Cronmiller; M C McBride; B R Wilson; J Raper; O Trela; R R E Stanley; T Kess; K K S Layton; I R Bradbury; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Effective conservation planning relies on understanding population connectivity which can be characterized with genomic data. This is particularly important for sessile species like the horse mussel ( Modiolus modiolus ), a key habitat-forming species and conservation priority in Atlantic Canada, which rely on larval dispersal for connectivity and may exhibit different patterns than motile taxa. Little genomic information is available to describe horse mussel connectivity patterns, so we used more than 8000 restriction-site associated DNA sequencing-derived single nucleotide polymorphisms and a panel of seven microsatellites to examine genomic connectivity among horse mussels along the east coast of Canada. Despite phenotypic differences between sampling locations, we found a lack of genetic diversity and population structure in horse mussels in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and only weak association between collection site and the environment. Principal component analysis, Admixture analysis, pairwise F ST calculations, and analysis of loci potentially under selection showed no independent genomic clusters within the data. Analysis of molecular variance showed that less than 1% of the variation within the SNP dataset was found between sampling locations. Our results show no evidence of genome-wide genetic population structure in horse mussels from the Bay of Fundy to Newfoundland, a distance of over 1500 km, revealing that connectivity is high among horse mussel populations in the northwest Atlantic. Coupled with large effective population sizes, this has resulted in minimal genomic divergence across the region. These results can inform conservation design in the Bay of Fundy and support further integration into the broader regional conservation network.

Lack of spatial genetic structure in shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) and porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus) in the Chilean Exclusive Economic Zone - Pablo Dufflocq; Noemi Rojas-Hernández; Ilia Cari; Patricia Zárate; Cristian B. Canales-Aguirre; David Véliz; María Angélica Larraín; Cristian Araneda (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Urbanization drives genetic erosion and population structure in a historically connected carnivore population - Laurel E. K. Serieys; Megan Jackson; Shaelynn Sleater-Squires; Gabriella R. M. Leighton; Marine Drouilly; Storme Viljoen; Bogdan Cristescu; Kristine J. Teichman; Deborah J. Winterton; Robert K. Wayne; Jacqueline M. Bishop (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Urbanization is a dominant driver of habitat fragmentation globally, creating small, isolated wildlife populations vulnerable to accelerated genetic drift, reduced genetic diversity, and increased population differentiation. We investigated how urban development affects the genetic structure of caracals ( Caracal caracal ) in Cape Town, South Africa using microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Sampling across four geographically distinct urban and rural populations revealed contrasting temporal patterns: mitochondrial markers indicate broader historical genetic connectivity among the sampled populations, while microsatellite data demonstrate recent genetic structuring driven primarily by urbanization. Caracals isolated by Cape Town’s metropole showed reduced allelic richness and pronounced genetic differentiation, reflecting the established role of urbanization as a strong barrier to gene flow for many taxa. A test of isolation by distance showed that distance contributed only 12% of the genetic variation among populations. We also found no association between relatedness and the degree of home range overlap amongst GPS-collared individuals. Our findings reveal that urbanization has rapidly disrupted gene flow in this otherwise geographically widespread and adaptable carnivore, imposing a sufficient barrier to generate detectable genetic consequences within contemporary timeframes. The contrasting signals from historical versus contemporary molecular markers highlight urbanization’s role in fragmenting previously connected populations and demonstrates the value of multi-marker approaches for detecting anthropogenic impacts on wildlife populations. These results underscore urbanization’s capacity to rapidly alter population genetic dynamics, even in a highly mobile and adaptable carnivore.

Ghosts of Giants: high levels of clonality may represent massive remnant clones in European aspen (Populus tremula) - Jim Provan; James A. Brown; Gemma E. Beatty; Niall J. McKeown; Sally S. J. Montgomery; W. Ian Montgomery (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Clonal reproduction is an important strategy for the establishment, expansion and persistence of many plant species. It is well-documented in Populus spp. Populus tremula (European Aspen) is a native species in Ireland, a pioneer which has persisted from the early Holocene to the present. Our main aim was to determine whether clonal and genetic diversity across Irish populations of P. tremula , are lower compared to populations from Britain and continental Europe. Twenty geographically discrete populations of P. tremula from Ireland, and 14 populations from mainland Britain, Sweden and Italy, were genotyped for eight nuclear microsatellites and five chloroplast microsatellites. Levels of genetic diversity were extremely low in Ireland compared to those from Britain, Sweden and Italy. While such low levels of variation can be linked to founder effects during postglacial colonisation, all but two of the Irish sites were monoclonal with extensive fragmentation of the Irish clones across large areas. Collectively, these results suggest that the present-day distribution of P. tremula in Ireland comprises remnants of once massive clones that have persisted by asexual reproduction. This is consistent with Baker’s Law that self-compatible organisms are more likely to colonize the extremities of a species range than self-incompatible organisms. Clonality in P. tremula across the Irish landscape may be an adaptation enabling establishment and persistence of isolated populations during climate change associated with glacial advances and retreat. Extreme clonality, however, is also associated with loss of genetic diversity which may increase vulnerability to recent, more rapid, anthropogenic climate change, novel plant pathogens and hybridisation.

Population genetic structure and patterns of hybridization of the rare Lupinus tidestromii and its congener L. chamissonis (Fabaceae) inform seed sourcing strategies for population augmentation and reintroduction - Aspen Workman; Eleanor A. Pardini; Lorraine S. Parsons; Stefan G. Michalski; Tiffany M. Knight; Walter Durka (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Human activities can impact the genetic diversity of populations, making them more vulnerable to extinction. Rare species are at an increased risk of negative genetic consequences of human activities, but understanding genetic diversity in rare species requires comparison to more common congeners. Hybridization, a common phenomenon in plants, can provide genetic rescue of genetically depauperate populations or put rare species at risk of being “swamped” out of the population. Human-mediated dispersal can create novel sympatry between previously allopatric species, fostering hybridization. The endangered Tideström’s lupine ( Lupinus tidestromii Greene ), endemic to the coastal dune ecosystem of California, co-occurs and hybridizes with the more common dune bush lupine ( L. chamissonis Eschsch .). We characterized 532 individuals from sympatric and non-sympatric sites across both species’ entire geographic ranges using genotyping-by-sequencing technology to identify 1,377 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We analyzed population structure, genetic diversity within and among populations, and hybridization between L. tidestromii and L. chamissonis . Genetic diversity was lower in L. tidestromii than in the more common L. chamissonis . Both species showed strong population structure which coincided with a deep intraspecific split between populations north and south of San Francisco. Hybridization was confirmed at all sites of co-occurrence. Evidence of hybridization at multiple non-sympatric sites indicated former co-occurrence and recent local extirpations. From these results, we make specific management recommendations for L. tidestromii . Seeds from large populations in the north can be used to augment the smaller populations in this region and to reintroduce this endangered species back to extirpated sites. Our results highlight how studies considering spatial patterns of genetic diversity, hybridization and private alleles can be used to make clear recommendations for conservation actions.

Genomic signatures of adaptive divergence among lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) ecomorphotypes - Seth R. Smith; Gordon Luikart; Andrew M. Muir; Kim T. Scribner (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Genetic diversity and hybridization in New Zealand’s endemic Lophomyrtus bullata (Myrtaceae): implications for conservation under myrtle rust threat - Amy L. Macdonald; V. Vaughan Symonds (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
The conservation of threatened endemic species is vital to preserving regional biodiversity. Lophomyrtus bullata (Myrtaceae), also known as ramarama, is an endemic woody shrub or small tree species threatened by the arrival of the pathogenic fungus Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) in New Zealand. The high susceptibility of L. bullata to myrtle rust has resulted in populations declining at an alarming rate, likely reducing genetic diversity and potentially increasing its extinction risk. To assess the current levels and distribution of genetic variation in L. bullata , twelve microsatellite markers were developed and screened across 18 locations. In addition, one site of the congener, L. obcordata (rōhutu), and two putative L. bullata x L. obcordata hybrid populations were also included in the analysis. Across populations of L. bullata , a total of 97 alleles were detected, with few private alleles. A moderately low expected heterozygosity (He = 0.44) and low genetic differentiation among locations (F ST = 0.14) were additionally observed. Individuals were found to best cluster into five distinct genetic groups, largely corresponding to geographic regions. Among the strongest patterns observed was a north-south grade that coincides with a biogeographic pattern known as the Taupō line. In addition to providing insights into the evolutionary history of ramarama, these results also provide a practical guide for seed bank collections, population management, and re-vegetation projects, all of which will help contribute to the long-term conservation of L. bullata .

Back Home: first successful geographical assignment of rehabilitated leopard tortoises Stigmochelys pardalis using a conservation genetic database - Adrian J. Armstrong; Anna S. Kropff; Antoinette Kotze; Wade Whitehead; Elishia Goosen; Flora Ihlow; Ara Monadjem; Sara Padidar; Melita Vamberger (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Illegal trade in leopard tortoises Stigmochelys pardalis is widespread, yet the origins of confiscated S. pardalis are often unknown. Accurate assignment to source populations is essential for informed conservation management and release. We expanded and tested a genetic reference database for assigning S. pardalis to their original wild populations in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, and Eswatini. We added 50 newly genotyped wild S. pardalis sampled across these regions to the database and then evaluated the updated database by sampling and assessing 50 S. pardalis of unknown geographic origin held at a rehabilitation centre in KwaZulu-Natal. Genetic assignment indicated that only a single S. pardalis at the rehabilitation-centre may have originated from KwaZulu-Natal, highlighting the extent of illegal trade, translocation, and possession of S. pardalis . Individuals of verified regional origin were subsequently rehabilitated and translocated for soft release at appropriate sites.

The use of genetic diversity to inform in situ conservation of crop wild relatives: a case study from the lizard peninsula, Cornwall, UK - Hannah Fielder; Jade Phillips; Ben Le Bas; Peter Brotherton; Julian Hosking; Brian Ford-Lloyd; Nigel Maxted (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Crop wild relatives (CWR) contain an important reservoir of genetic material for use in plant breeding and can provide increased resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, contributing to improved food security. Systematic in situ conservation of CWR is limited by the lack of population-level genetic diversity studies and the development of management and monitoring strategies from their results. We present the first systematic genetic analysis of multiple CWR for in situ conservation planning by investigating the suitability of The Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, UK (‘The Lizard’) as a location for the first of a complementary network of UK CWR genetic reserves. It also provides a baseline of genetic data for future monitoring and management recommendations resulting from the genetic analysis. AFLPs were used to perform a genetic diversity study on eight CWR on The Lizard, Cornwall and across the southwest of the UK. CWR on The Lizard held as much genetic diversity as populations from other southwest UK sites. Further, this diversity was largely distinct from southwest populations, indicating The Lizard as a suitable location for in situ conservation of UK CWR diversity, while also revealing that The Lizard is not, on its own, sufficient to conserve the genetic diversity of all CWR in the southwest. This highlights the need for a network of complementary UK genetic reserves with targeted, long-term management informed by genetic diversity data, and represents a model that can be applied globally.

Genomic evidence for species distinctiveness and units of conservation in the Hardin Crayfish (Faxonius wrighti) - Miranda Gaupp; Parker Hildreth; Lydia Burton; Brooke Grubb; Carla Hurt (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Patterns of genetic admixture in a naturally recolonizing American black bear population in Mississippi reveal changing connectivity in the lower Mississippi alluvial Valley, USA - Lacy A. Dolan Todt; Emily E. Puckett; Don White; Richard Rummel; R. John Hanks; Lisette P. Waits; Dana J. Morin (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Spatial genetic structure and connectivity in established colonies of red-tailed tropicbirds across a tropical longitudinal axis - Dominique A. Potvin; Caitlin Ivey; Rohan H. Clarke; Zerra Egerton; Kathy A. Townsend; David A. Stewart; Katharine Robertson; Christine L. Dudgeon (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Like most seabirds, red-tailed tropicbirds ( Phaethon rubricauda ) spend most of their lives at sea, returning to islands only to breed. Despite their well-known capacity for long-distance movement, little is known about how new colonies are established or how genetic diversity is maintained across isolated, highly philopatric breeding populations. Here, we investigate patterns of genetic diversity using SNP genotyping across three breeding colonies forming a triangular spatial configuration between the Great Barrier Reef and Ashmore Reef in the eastern Indo-Pacific. We focus first on Lady Elliot Island, the most recently colonised site in the region, and compare it to Raine Island (the only other Great Barrier Reef colony), and Ashmore Reef off north-western Australia. Red-tailed tropicbirds were first recorded nesting on Lady Elliot Island in the 1980s, following revegetation efforts after historical guano mining. Raine Island lies approximately equidistant from Lady Elliot Island (1965 km south) and Ashmore Reef (2280 km west). Despite its smaller size, the Lady Elliot Island colony exhibited genetic diversity that was greater than the larger Raine Island colony and comparable to the larger Ashmore Reef colony. Weak genetic population structuring was observed between the three colonies, with Raine Island positioned between the other two in a pattern consistent with their geographic layout. These findings suggest well-established connectivity among colonies, with Lady Elliot and Ashmore Reef populations likely drawing from a broader genetic pool. Further sampling across the Indian and Pacific Oceans may reveal additional drivers of genetic structure.

Correction to: Genetic diversity of aquatic macrophytes in Aquitaine lakes - Estelle-Marie Debailleul; Aurélien Jamoneau; Olivier Lepais (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

A first approximation of genetic diversity and population structure to identify management units for Western North Carolina timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) - Hudson Koch; Alex O’Neill; Matt C. Estep (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
The Timber Rattlesnake ( Crotalus horridus ) is the primary rattlesnake species inhabiting the temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America and faces conservation challenges across its range. In North Carolina, the Timber Rattlesnake is listed as a Species of Special Concern, with habitat loss and fragmentation from human encroachment as its primary threat. To effectively manage and conserve Timber Rattlesnake populations, land managers must first understand their genetic diversity and population structure. We use 19 microsatellite markers to estimate genetic diversity parameters from 125 individuals sampled opportunistically across a broad geographic area in Western North Carolina. Our findings reveal robust genetic diversity and three management units, which will assist land managers in formulating effective conservation action plans.

Population genetic and phylogenetic analysis of pupfish (Cyprinodon, Cyprinodontidae) in the Rio Conchos and adjacent rivers reveals hidden diversity - Casey Ernest; Michael Tobler; Ma. Lourdes De Lozano-Vilano; Mauricio De La Maza-Benignos; Tracy A. Diver; Wade D. Wilson; Thomas F. Turner; Evan W. Carson (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

The critically endangered Dipterocarpus cinereus is undergoing a genetic bottleneck: evidence from MIG-seq analysis - Iyan Robiansyah; Yayan Wahyu Candra Kusuma; Muhammad Imam Surya; Kusumadewi Sri Yulita; Siti Kurniawati; Kazuki Kurita; Enny Sudarmonowati; Yoshihisa Suyama; Yuji Isagi (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Four species but only three apomictic evolutionary significant units in the Limonium confusum aggregate (Viridiplantae, Plumbaginaceae) - Cyllène Chatellier; Christine Tollon; Alex Baumel; James Molina; Bouchaib Khadari (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Range-wide phylogeography of Chamberlain’s dwarf salamander (Eurycea chamberlaini) - Todd W. Pierson; Stacey L. Lance; Padraic S. Robinson; E. Tucker Stonecypher; David A. Beamer (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Genetic structure in a previously extirpated population of gray wolves following reintroduction and natural recolonization - Heather R. Clendenin; David E. Ausband; Jennifer R. Adams; Paul A. Hohenlohe; Lisette P. Waits (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Genetic structuring in wildlife populations is driven by barriers that restrict gene flow as well as the history of population demography. Mechanisms driving genetic structuring can be nuanced in group-living species, such as gray wolves ( Canis lupus ). Behavioral factors, such as social affiliation and resistance, natal habitat imprinting, and trade-offs between dispersal from natal packs and territorial biding, affect habitat selection of wolves despite landscape barriers providing little resistance to their extensive dispersal capabilities. Wolves were previously extirpated from Idaho, USA, and current populations are the result of both reintroductions in 1995 and 1996 and natural dispersal from Canada. In this context we examined genetic structure of wolves in Idaho using 101 individuals genotyped at 18 nuclear DNA microsatellite loci and a subset of 38 individuals genotyped at 1019 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. We hypothesized panmictic (i.e., random mating) genetic structure in Idaho due to the long-distance dispersal abilities of gray wolves. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found three genetic clusters of gray wolves in Idaho, primarily supported by SNP markers. Microsatellite data suggested similar patterns, but permutation tests indicated these differences were not statistically significant. The extent of differentiation and evidence of gene flow, however, suggests that the three genetic clusters are not wholly isolated from one another. The distinctions between clusters spatially align with areas of reintroduction into central Idaho and Yellowstone National Park, as well ongoing natural recolonization from adjacent populations in Canada and Montana. Wolves at the periphery of analysis areas showed more admixture than those in the core, consistent with territoriality and mating behaviors contributing to genetic structuring. We demonstrate how management history, including reintroduction efforts, and animal behavior may interact and contribute to patterns of genetic structure in wild populations.

Genetic diversity and genetic structure near the range periphery of a reintroduced endemic grassland ungulate - Jeff W. Rue; Jennifer R. Adams; Jon P. Beckmann; Lisette P. Waits (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

High-contiguity temperate coral genome reveals thematic gene enrichment and assembly quality effects in comparative genomics - Sam Edward N. Manalili; Takuma Mezaki; Takahiro Taguchi; Satoshi Kubota (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Using genomic tools to evaluate assumptions in a conservation breeding program for endangered red siskins (Spinus cucullatus) - Karen M. Holm; Kathryn M. Rodriguez-Clark; Brian J. Coyle; Rebecca M. Gooley; Erica Royer; Emperatriz Gamero García; Haw Chuan Lim (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Ex situ conservation breeding programs can provide essential support for recovering endangered species. However, breeding recommendations and strategies may be suboptimal due to untested or incorrect assumptions about conservation units, hybrid ancestry, inbreeding history and family relationships. While genomic approaches have been used to address specific questions in ex situ programs, they are not yet routinely used to test and adjust assumptions, often due to limitations in sample availability and quality particularly at the start of a new program. Using a new conservation breeding program for the endangered red siskin ( Spinus cucullatus ) as an example, we demonstrate how genomic data from a relatively small number of samples, of uneven quality, may be employed to critically examine fundamental assumptions. Using genetic data from 72 individuals, we confirmed strong differentiation between birds from Venezuela and Guyana, supporting an assumption that they should not be mixed in a conservation breeding program. Molecular estimates of genetic diversity and inbreeding also aligned with assumptions that widespread historical illegal trade had introduced the species’ Venezuelan wild diversity into U.S. avicultural flocks. We found no evidence of hybrid ancestry with canaries, which would have resulted from intentional crosses to produce red-colored canaries. Finally, while observational pedigree data were generally reliable, molecular relationship assignments and kinship estimates had high accuracy only for first-degree relatives, limiting our ability to evaluate assumptions about relatedness. Our results highlight the utility of constrained but informative datasets for developing conservation breeding programs, supporting effective management for the long-term survival of endangered species.

Low genetic diversity and regional isolation of South Africa’s inshore Bryde’s whales - Dominique Paynee; Els Vermeulen; Gwenith Penry; Simon Elwen; Conrad Matthee; Sara Andreotti; Paulette Bloomer (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Genomic diversity of cougars across Utah: evidence for latitudinal differentiation in a continuous population - Meggan A. Alston; Kristin N. Engebretsen; Kyle D. Gustafson; Darren DeBloois; Julie K. Young (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Genetic data on wide-ranging wildlife species can inform population structure, management decisions, and landscape connectivity. The genetic structure of a population can change over time, alongside changes to population size and connectivity. We analyzed the population structure and genetic diversity of 316 cougars ( Puma concolor ) from Utah and southeastern Idaho using 24,597 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated from double digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing. We found linear trends in population structure across a latitudinal gradient but no support for distinct genetic populations. Similar to the findings of previous genetic studies, the cougar population in Utah remains well-connected despite increased habitat fragmentation and urbanization over the last 30 years. Our results suggest a mismatch between the scale of the functional landscape for cougars and the wildlife management units used for cougar management. Our findings highlight the need to increase collaborative management over jurisdictional boundaries for wide-ranging species, such as the cougar.

Long-term genetic mark and recapture in Astyanax mexicanus cave populations: demographic inferences and conservation issues - Laurent Legendre; Julie Rode; Isabelle Germon; Marie Pavie; Stéphane Père; Julien Fumey; Maxime Policarpo; Luis Espinasa; Didier Casane; Sylvie Rétaux (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
The cave populations of Astyanax mexicanus in northeastern Mexico are the subject of intensive study as a model for investigating evolutionary processes in subterranean environments. Investigating key evolutionary questions alongside conservation challenges requires a well-defined demographic framework. However, few estimates of population sizes have been obtained. In this study, we used genetic identification of cavefish individuals captured at various time intervals, ranging from a few days to several years, and in multiple caves, to gain insights into population size dynamics, population structure, and connectivity. We used 18 to 24 microsatellite markers to genotype and identify unambiguously 702 fish from six caves and several surface locations. The genetic distance between sampled fish, as well as short-term and long-term recaptures of cavefish, demonstrate that the most studied and sampled population, La Cueva de El Pachón, is small (comprising a few hundred individuals) and isolated. In contrast, populations in La Cueva de Los Sabinos and in El Sótano de Las Piedras, which we demonstrate belong to a well-connected cave cluster, could be larger, numbering in the thousands. At a larger geographical scale, our data suggest that the distribution of A. mexicanus cave populations in groundwater can be best described as a poorly connected network of oases within a karst desert.

The influence of aquaculture translocations and escapees on the genetics of wild stocks of Lates calcarifer in Taiwan and Sri Lanka - Matthew A. Campbell; Matthew C. Hale; Nirooparaj Balachandran; Wei-Jen Chen; Joy A. Becker (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Advances in aquaculture have significantly enhanced food production and contributed to global food security. However, the selective pressures for aquaculture are strong and divergent compared to those occurring in natural systems, and displacement of standing genetic backgrounds by aquaculture backgrounds is a conservation concern across various species. The Asian sea bass or barramundi ( Lates calcarifer ) is a widely propagated species that has undergone intensive selective breeding and extensive translocations. There are uncertain impacts, if any, on wild stocks throughout the tropical Indo-West Pacific region as a result. Using whole-genome sequencing data, we characterize the genetic background of wild-caught fish from two previously unrepresented regions – Taiwan and Sri Lanka. In Taiwan, Asian sea bass aquaculture has been ongoing for decades, largely relying on broodstock from Thailand. Aquaculture of this taxon in Sri Lanka is more recent and less understood. We also sequenced two aquaculture strains from Australia and Sri Lanka, for a total of four aquaculture strains to better characterize aquaculture strains of Asian sea bass. Our results show that Taiwanese wild-caught fish exhibit admixture with aquaculture origin, alongside introgression of Indian Ocean mitochondrial haplotypes. Conversely, Sri Lankan wild-caught fish are not admixed with the local aquaculture strain and are similar to other Indian Ocean fish. Our findings indicate that mixture of distinctive genetic backgrounds of Asian sea bass is widespread in both culture and naturally recruiting populations. This underscores the urgent need for improved hatchery management and conservation measures to safeguard the long-term sustainability and genetic integrity of wild stocks.

Genetic structure of the Eastern and Western captive populations of the critically endangered European mink: implications for conservation breeding programmes - Grete Nummert-Meister; Kristel Nemvalts; Madis Põdra; María Díez-León; Tiit Maran (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Unfolding admixed ancestry and genomic diversity in zoo giraffes - Mischa F. Fraser; Rasmus Heller; Laura D. Bertola; Christina Hvilsom; Renzo F. Balboa; Xiaodong Liu; Anna Brüniche-Olsen (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
A giraffe nicknamed Marius attracted international media attention and world-wide notoriety when euthanized by Copenhagen Zoo in 2014, deemed surplus to the European breeding program. This incident highlights the challenges of managing zoo populations to best contribute to species conservation amid limited resources. Here, we investigated the degree of admixture, genetic diversity and inbreeding in ex situ giraffes using whole genome sequencing data from Marius and 12 other zoo giraffes, leveraging a reference data set from 71 wild giraffes. We found that most zoo giraffes show admixed ancestries. Marius, and zoo individuals assigned to Reticulated giraffes, exhibits mosaic ancestry with 85% Reticulated and 15% Nubian origin. We further detected recent inbreeding in some of the zoo individuals, consistent with their studbook data. Runs of homozygosity revealed that Marius and three other zoo giraffes were more inbred than their wild counterparts, although their admixed ancestry compensates for the reduction in genetic diversity caused by inbreeding. Our findings highlight the dual challenges of admixture and inbreeding in ex situ populations of giraffe, emphasizing the need for balanced genetic management to mitigate inbreeding and outbreeding depression while preserving diversity reflective of wild populations. This study also reinforces the importance of studbooks and genomic tools in guiding ex situ conservation strategies.

Genetic diversity of aquatic macrophytes in Aquitaine lakes - Estelle-Marie Debailleul; Aurélien Jamoneau; Olivier Lepais (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Integrating morphological and phylogenomic data to unravel the over-splitting of intraspecific taxa: A case study of the Dove tree (Davidia; Nyssaceae) - Shuaishuai Song; Hui Liu; Jianghao Pang; Zhiqiang Xiao; Linyu Lyu; Teng Yang; Hao Wu; Xinzeng Wei; Mingxi Jiang (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Legacy of historical disturbance shapes modern genetic diversity in a high-elevation salamander - Bryce S. Wade; John A. Crawford; William E. Peterman (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Genomic data suggest no inbreeding and isolation by environment in an endangered bird - Juan Camilo Ramírez-Guarín; Hector Fabio Rivera-Gutierrez; Juan Luis Parra; Narmer Galeano; Marcela Orjuela-Rodríguez; Catalina González-Quevedo (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Range-wide genetic erosion signal and deep population divergence in the declining mud shrimp Upogebia pugettensis - Emily R. Curcio; Madeleine Horan; Kelly R. Martin; Andy D. Y. Tan; Leanne E. Elder; John W. Chapman; Jingchun Li (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
The Blue Mud Shrimp, Upogebia pugettensis , is an ecosystem engineer of western North American estuaries and strongly influences estuarine biogeochemical cycling, surface area, biodiversity, and trophic dynamics. In recent decades, U. pugettensis populations have declined or been extirpated over the species’ range due to infestations by the introduced Asian isopod parasite Orthione griffenis . These widespread losses highlight a need for a conservation strategy. The genetic structure of U. pugettensis populations is a critical metric for such conservation efforts but had not been previously characterized. We therefore surveyed U. pugettensis populations from California to Alaska to assess patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation, including isolation by distance and potential barriers to gene flow using the RADseq approach. We found moderate overall genetic diversity but extremely low observed heterozygosity and consistently high inbreeding coefficients across populations, especially in Alaska. Pairwise F ST values, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), TESS ancestry models, and AMOVA analysis revealed a pronounced north-south genetic break, with additional substructure among southern populations. The widespread heterozygote deficit is likely to have resulted from recent demographic bottlenecks that, in turn, may have been driven by O. griffenis induced host castration and reproductive collapses. Given the severity of infestations, the presence of the resistant congener Upogebia major , and limited prospects for natural recovery, we recommend urgent conservation actions for the most impacted U . pugettensis populations. Our findings highlight the vulnerability of estuarine invertebrates to compounding anthropogenic threats and emphasize the need for proactive management in the face of accelerating environmental change.

Genetic diversity and differentiation of Ternstroemia huasteca (Pentaphylacaceae) in Eastern Mexico: insights for its conservation - Hernán Alvarado-Sizzo; Edna Arévalo-Marín; Othón Alcántara-Ayala; Gerardo Rivas; Isolda Luna-Vega (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Ternstroemia huasteca is an endangered tree species endemic to the southern Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico, primarily confined to tropical montane cloud forests. Two population groups of this species are known: one in the Sierra Gorda region, spanning Querétaro and the northern part of Hidalgo, and another occurs in the Zacualtipán region of Hidalgo, extending into the Huayacocotla region of Veracruz. The conservation status of these populations and their degree of genetic diversity remain unknown. Given that habitat conservation forecasts are not optimistic and T. huasteca is already threatened, it is urgent to generate information about the conservation status, specifically regarding the genetic diversity of montane tree species. We genetically evaluated T. huasteca across its distribution range using a robust set of 16 microsatellite markers. Our results reveal relatively high genetic diversity (mean H O = 0.64; mean H E = 0.64) and moderate genetic differentiation ( F ST = 0.142). Genetic clustering revealed a clear separation between the Sierra Gorda and Zacualtipán populations, with substructure within the Zacualtipán group. We also detected a significant isolation-by-distance pattern, suggesting that gene flow decreases with increasing geographic distance. We found evidence of inbreeding and low genetic diversity in one population under silvicultural management. Our findings highlight the urgent need for conservation strategies that enhance connectivity and genetic diversity to ensure the long-term viability of montane forest species, given the ongoing anthropogenic pressures and climate change.

Correction: Genetic monitoring reveals loss of genetic variation and increased isolation in an endangered pond-breeding amphibian - José F. Meléndez Cal-y-Mayor; W. Chris Funk; Petra Ramseier; Benedikt R. Schmidt (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Genomic analysis reveals population structure and guides conservation actions of the endangered plant, Pedicularis furbishiae (Orobanchaceae) - Dawson M. White; Eric Normandeau; Manuel Lamothe; Peter R. Nelson; Richard H. Ree; Martin Williams (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Pedicularis furbishiae is a globally rare, hemiparasitic perennial restricted to dynamic riverbank habitats along the Wolastoq (Saint John) River in Maine, USA, and New Brunswick, Canada. The species now faces severe threats from habitat fragmentation, altered hydrology, and demographic collapse—particularly in New Brunswick, where several subpopulations have been recently extirpated and where recovery activities are being undertaken to protect the species from further decline. In this study, we assembled the first reference genome for P. furbishiae and conducted reduced-representation genotyping by sequencing (GBS) across 69 individuals sampled from all major subpopulations. Despite recovering a modest number of SNPs (152), we identified four genetically distinct populations: one in Maine with some subpopulation structure and three isolated subpopulations in New Brunswick. Genetic diversity was low overall, with elevated inbreeding coefficients in Grand Falls and Medford populations. All subpopulations contain private alleles, indicating the importance of conserving even the most demographically vulnerable sites. These findings support an integrated conservation strategy combining seed banking, ex situ propagation, and genetic rescue through controlled outcrossing among subpopulations, and provide a critical genomic baseline to inform the recovery of this imperiled species through population reinforcement and reintroduction across its range.

Conservation genomics of the critically endangered sea lavender Limonium estevei: a recent bottleneck and low introgression from a widespread congener - Rosanna García-Rodríguez; Clara de Vega; Hedwig Schwarzer; Encarnación Rubio-Pérez; Sara Martín-Hernanz; Mario Fernández-Mazuecos; José Luis Blanco-Pastor; Abelardo Aparicio; Rafael G. Albaladejo (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Genomic evidence of local adaptation in Scottish freshwater pearl mussels - Victoria H. Gillman; Peter Cosgrove; Lesley T. Lancaster; Barbara J. Morrissey; Victoria L. Pritchard; Kara K.S. Layton (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Climate change is a global threat that is already impacting populations and species across diverse ecosystems. Local adaptation of populations, identified through genotype-environment association, can be used to guide conservation management. The critically endangered freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera has a widespread Holarctic distribution across a range of habitats. Here, we used 156 samples from 18 populations of M. margaritifera across Scotland to characterize neutral population structure and identify signals of environment-associated adaptation in this endangered mussel. This study revealed a complex pattern of population structure, indicated by high genetic diversity, high genetic clustering and high inbreeding, although neutral structure was not shaped by distances or environments. Controlling for host species, freshwater pearl mussels show significant patterns of local adaptation to abiotic habitat variables, including in response to elevational range of their sub-catchment, their specific altitude, and bioclimatic factors such as isothermality. Locally adapted and generalist populations were identified which could guide genetic rescue and restocking conservation efforts, while a subset of 302 genetic variants putatively under environmental selection were identified for further adaptation investigation.

Is A critically endangered Vatica bantamensis Burck (Dipterocarpaceae) endemic to West Java, Indonesia experiencing a genetic bottleneck? - Kusumadewi Sri Yulita; Iyan Robiansyah; Enny Sudarmonowati; Yayan Wahyu Candra Kusuma; Muhammad Imam Surya; Siti Kurniawati; Didi Usmadi; Kazuki Kurita; Ayumi Matsuo; Yuji Isagi; Yoshihisa Suyama (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Evaluating genetic diversity, population structure, and introgression in insurance populations of one of Australia’s most threatened species: the freshwater fish Galaxias pedderensis - Kayleigh Horner; Charlotte Jense; Elize Y. X. Ng; Rob Freeman; Bruce Deagle; Christopher P. Burridge (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Conservation genomics of the imperiled Leon springs pupfish, Cyprinodon bovinus, across temporal and spatial scales - Robert J. Bretzing-Tungate; Kevin W. Conway; Megan G. Bean; Ryan K. Smith; Christopher M. Hollenbeck; Andrew T. Fields; Elizabeth P. Dolan; Steven M. Mussmann; David S. Portnoy (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
The Leon Springs pupfish, Cyprinodon bovinus , is federally listed as endangered and currently confined to spring-fed pools on the Diamond Y Spring Preserve in Pecos County, Texas, USA. A refuge population is maintained by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Dexter, New Mexico, USA because of ongoing threats from hybridization with the introduced congener, the sheepshead minnow, C. variegatus. To inform continued conservation and management planning for this species, a comprehensive conservation genomics study using double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing was performed. No evidence of contemporary hybridization or recent introgression between C. bovinus and C. variegatus was found. The refuge population was significantly differentiated from wild samples collected at two locations, and the two wild populations (less than 1 km apart) also exhibited significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies. Estimates of within population diversity were smaller for wild locations than the refuge population. Correspondingly, the wild populations’ contemporary effective population size estimates were smaller than the refuge’s effective population size estimates (145–262 versus 679). Temporal analyses, involving genetic data collected from samples obtained in 2013, suggest an increased magnitude of drift acting on the wild populations relative to the reserve population. Based on the results of this study, it appears that steps taken in the early 2000s to eradicate genetically admixed individuals from the wild populations were successful. However, habitat fragmentation and small effective population sizes of the wild populations have led to accelerated drift and decreasing levels of within population genetic diversity. This may jeopardize the long-term persistence of C. bovinus .

Fine-scale genomic differentiation remains despite massive demographic decline in an endangered Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population - I. R. Bradbury; T. Kess; B. Langille; S. Duffy; S. J. Lehnert; M Van Wyngaarden; Beth Watson; R. Hinks; T. Van Leeuwen; J. B. Dempson (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Phylogenomics of endangered troglobiotic rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from central Texas karst regions - Perry L. Wood; Donald S. Chandler; Nicholas S. Gladstone; Anna Mitelberg; Julia G. Smith; Kemble White; Jenny Wilson; Amy G. Vandergast (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
The karst habitats of central Texas, USA, are home to an array of endemic subterranean-obligate (troglobiotic) invertebrates. This includes several species of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Here we developed a molecular dataset using sequence capture of Ultra-Conserved Elements (UCEs) from the Coleoptera-UCE-1.1 K v1 baits kit. These data were used to assess species relationships and patterns of diversification in this group, specifically among species within the genera Batrisodes Reitter 1882 and Texamaurops Barr and Steeves 1963; with a specific focus on the relationships of the federally listed as endangered B. texanus Chandler 1992 and B.cryptotexanus Chandler and Reddell 2001. Our final datasets consisted of 69 individuals (two genera, Batrisodes [five species] and Texamaurops [one species], from 34 localities), and a molecular dataset of 658,560 aligned base pairs across 672 UCE loci. Concatenated and species-tree phylogenetic analyses resolved all troglobiotic taxa as a monophyletic group. Within the Travis and Williamson County troglobionts, we recovered four well-supported clades that generally follow hypothesized geologic barriers to dispersal formalized as karst fauna regions (KFRs). A northward pattern of diversification was observed among these groups: (A) Texamaurops reddelli Barr and Steeves 1963 (Jollyville Plateau KFR); (B) Batrisodes reyesi Chandler 1997 (West Cedar Park and Post Oak Ridge KFRs); (C) B. reyesi (McNeil-Round Rock KFR); (D) B. cryptotexanus + B. texanus (Georgetown and North Williamson KFRs). The morphologically defined Batrisodes texanus and B. cryptotexanus were not reciprocally monophyletic, nor clustered into two unique groups in clustering analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Rather, we found support for five major subclades and five to seven genetic clusters. These results suggest that diversification and subsequent isolation of clades may have occurred with the progressive availability of karst habitats over time in the North Williamson and Georgetown KFRs resulting from the interactions of faulting, geologic structure, and drainage basin evolution. Comparison with recent U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service cave habitat resiliency assessments indicated that four genetic clusters occur within at least partially resilient habitat, whereas three are confined to caves with low or impaired resiliency. Integrating genetic results presented here along with results of other molecular studies of co-occurring troglobiotic invertebrates supports considering additional geological substructure within the North Williamson KFR in conservation efforts for these rare and unique lineages and systems.

Population genetics of the endangered narrowly endemic Island Marble butterfly (Euchloe ausonides insulanus) - Kara S. Jones; Aaron W. Aunins; Colleen C. Young; Robin L. Johnson; Cheryl L. Morrison (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Conservation genomics of an isolated southern greater glider (Petauroides volans) population at Seven Mile Beach National Park, New South Wales, Australia - Jordyn Clough; Meg Emery; Katarina M. Mikac (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Saving what’s left: conservation genomics of Plethobasus, a critically endangered genus of freshwater mussel - Steven R. Hein; McKenna P. A. Burns; Ashley D. Walters; David J. Berg (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Freshwater mussels (Order Unionida) are diverse, yet highly imperiled, bivalves. In the United States, about 10% of approximately 300 native species are extinct and around 60% of the remaining species are imperiled. Conservation practitioners are engaged in recovery efforts, but without genetic oversight these activities can be counterproductive. The freshwater mussel genus Plethobasus consists of three federally endangered species. We quantified and compared genetic diversity of two species, P. cooperianus and P. cyphyus , and sought to genetically confirm a putative sample of the extremely rare species P. cicatricosus . We found a single panmictic P. cooperianus population distributed across the species’ extant range, but two distinct P. cyphyus populations. Genetic diversity was similar for both species and effective population sizes ( N e ) were higher than in other species of freshwater mussels, potentially resulting from unsampled populations and/or long generation times. While our results do not support the identification of the putative P. cicatricosus sample genetically, they also do not call into question the validity of P. cicatricosus as a species. We suggest that further sampling efforts are required to determine whether viable populations of this species are extant. Our study provides essential information for guiding conservation activities for this critically imperiled genus.

Genetic marker type impacts ex situ conservation minimum sample size estimates and their variance - Austin C. Koontz; Gavin D. Salas; Sean M. Hoban (Conservation Genetics, 2026)

Extent of stream habitat and hybridization influence levels of genetic diversity in Redband Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri) populations - Adam D. Zambie; Janet L. Loxterman; Tyler M. Breech; Shawn R. Narum; Ernest R. Keeley (Conservation Genetics, 2026)
Habitat loss and fragmentation has isolated many species into small geographic areas. This is especially true of stream fishes, where alteration of waterways has restricted many species to headwater tributaries, leading to low abundances and threatening loss of genetic diversity. In addition, hybridization and introgression with introduced game fishes can impact the distribution of genetic variation among native populations. To assess the effects of habitat extent and hybridization on genetic diversity in a stream dwelling fish, we conducted a study of Redband Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri ) populations within the southernmost drainages of the Snake River basin. Introgression between Redband Trout and hatchery strains of coastal Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus ) was found in nearly half of the populations assessed, where high levels of admixture corresponded to increased heterozygosity. Independent of hybridization, the level of genetic diversity was found to be positively related to habitat extent, with populations occupying over 10 km of stream exhibiting higher heterozygosity than those in under 5 km of stream. While high levels of genetic diversity in nonhybridized populations may correspond to elevated adaptive potential, increased genetic diversity due to introgression represents a potential concern to fitness due to the effects of outbreeding depression.

Population genetic structure of the American oystercatcher in Northwestern Mexico - Jaime Emmanuel Avila-Cárdenas; Raúl Llera-Herrera; José Alfredo Castillo-Guerrero; Eduardo Palacios; Guillermo Fernández (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Assessments of genetic diversity and population structure are essential for defining management units to prioritize conservation and management efforts. A susbspecies of the American oystercatcher ( Haematopus palliatus frazari ) breeds in northwestern Mexico and is endangered due to its small population size, restricted distribution, and high vulnerability to anthropogenic activities. This study analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of the American oystercatcher in six areas in northwestern Mexico. We used two molecular markers, the mtDNA control region and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), to calculate genetic diversity, population structure, the kinship coefficient, and migration rates among these geographic areas. Genetic diversity was high when calculated using mtDNA (h = 0.689) and relatively high for SNPs (h = 0.222). We identified genetic structure across geographic areas based on 1,889 SNPs. Individuals from the Baja California peninsula were genetically differentiated from those of the Sonora and Sinaloa populations. Indeed, the population of the Baja California peninsula can be considered a distinct demographic unit. This may be explained by high philopatry (low dispersal and recruitment of breeders) and regional habitat discontinuity (Sonora and Sinaloa were similar but different from the Baja California peninsula). Of note, the Bahia Santa María (Sinaloa) population serves as a source of individuals to other populations in the region. We recommend that conservation efforts prioritize major concentration sites, such as Bahia Santa María (Sinaloa), while also protecting smaller, isolated demographic units, such as the populations of Bahia de la Paz (Baja California Sur) and Bahia de Ceuta (Sinaloa).

Genetic monitoring reveals loss of genetic variation and increased isolation in an endangered pond-breeding amphibian - José F. Meléndez-Cal-y-Mayor; W. Chris Funk; Petra Ramseier; Benedikt R. Schmidt (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Empirical knowledge on how genetic diversity changes through time in populations in the wild is extremely limited. This study aims to contribute toward a better understanding of the dynamics of genetic diversity over time in an amphibian species Red-Listed as endangered in Switzerland, the natterjack toad, Epidalea calamita , which lives along the Swiss Reuss valley, an area Dominated by human activity. We collected samples in 1998 and 2020 from the same area and, when possible, from the same sites (i.e., populations). Observed and expected heterozygosity, and allelic richness (H o , H e , and A r , respectively) were significantly higher in 1998 than in 2020, while the fixation index (F st ) was significantly higher in 2020 than in 1998. The inbreeding coefficient and the effective population size (F is and N e , respectively) did not differ between 1998 and 2020. Bottleneck events were detected in two populations in 1998 and in five populations in 2020. Spatial genetic differentiation among the four populations which could be sampled in both 1998 and 2020 was greater in 2020 than in 1998. In conclusion, genetic monitoring revealed that populations of an endangered amphibian lost genetic diversity and became more isolated over a period of 22 years, corresponding roughly to seven generations. Future research should investigate the causes and consequences of this loss of genetic diversity for individual fitness and population viability and to develop conservation strategies to mitigate further losses of genetic diversity.

Genomic analysis of Vanessa tameamea, the threatened Hawaiian endemic butterfly, reveals population genetic structure relevant to conservation efforts - Haley E. Arnold; Julian R. Dupuis; Daniel Rubinoff; William P. Haines; Michael San Jose; Renee L. Corpuz; Angela N. Kauwe; Tyler J. Simmonds; Scott M. Geib; Sheina B. Sim (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Patterns of divergence and speciation on islands have long been of interest in the broader study of evolution. Hawaiʻi’s endemic Kamehameha butterfly ( Vanessa tameamea ) is experiencing population decline, but because of its high vagility and assumed genetic homogeneity as a species, its population structure has not been investigated. To evaluate V. tameamea genetic variation across the Hawaiian Islands, we assembled a reference quality genome assembly for the species using HiFi and HiC reads and performed range-wide population genetic analyses using ddRAD sequencing data. A discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) revealed that, contrary to prior assumptions, V. tameamea populations appear to be diverging based on geography, in a pattern similar to other native Hawaiian terrestrial arthropods. Specifically, through demographic history analyses, we find that the distinct population on Kauaʻi is likely to be ancestral, the central islands of Maui, Molokaʻi, and Oʻahu comprise another population, and Hawaiʻi Island forms a third population, with likely more gene exchange with the central islands. Finally, we investigate the SNPs driving differences between groups and find that many are associated with genes that may be relevant to local adaptation to environmental chemicals such as host plant defenses or chemicals introduced by human activity, notably to do with metabolism and detoxification. While much field work remains to investigate any cryptic or phenotypic patterns as well as quantify effective migration, we hope that this work will inform refinement of conservation plans for one of Hawaiʻi’s two native butterflies.

Beyond dispersal limitation: drivers of fine-scale population structure in two common solitary wild bees - Maxi Tomowski; Tiemo von Steimker; Valentine Mewis; Anja Ernst; Sissi Lozada-Gobilard; Jasmin Joshi; Florian Jeltsch; Ralph Tiedemann (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Temporal analysis reveals loss of genetic diversity and increasing differentiation in South-west German red deer populations - Fritz Brockhaus; Lorenz Reisel; Cornelia Ebert; Max Kröschel; Tobias Kirchenbaur; Dominik Fechter; Frank E. Zachos; Niko Balkenhol (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
In the German federal state Baden-Wuerttemberg, the distribution of red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) is restricted by law to five spatially separated management units, and it is mandatory to harvest deer moving outside of these units. This practice could severely reduce gene flow among management units, which occur in a landscape that is already highly fragmented by anthropogenic infrastructure. We here use 27 microsatellite loci to analyse 579 red deer samples collected between 2018 and 2022 from all five management units in the state, as well as eight sites in adjacent states and countries. Furthermore, we compare our estimates of genetic variation within the state to results of a previous study that included samples collected from 2004 to 2007. Compared to adjacent sampling areas, management units in Baden-Wuerttemberg show lower levels of genetic diversity, gene flow and genetic effective population size ( N e ), as well as higher levels of genetic differentiation and inbreeding. Furthermore, our temporal comparison reveals notable changes in genetic variation over time. Specifically, during approximately 15 years (i.e., less than three red deer generations), allelic richness declined by ca. 16.7%, genetic differentiation (measured via fixation index F ST ) increased by ca. 17.2%, and N e dropped by ca. 19.8% on average across management units in the state. Current N e values are below recommended thresholds to prevent further genetic erosion, indicating that the situation will likely worsen without intervention. Evidence-based management concepts, involving all stakeholders, are needed to increase genetic connectivity of red deer management units in Baden-Wuerttemberg.

DNA metabarcoding reveals the influence of crops on the diet of a large group-living Neotropical ungulate - Silvia Britto Barreto; Luanne Helena Augusto Lima; Christian Niel Berlinck; Carla Cristina Gestich; Priscilla Marqui Schmidt Villela; Marcelo Magioli; Bruno Henrique Saranholi (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Atlantic-wide connectivity of Ascension Island green turtles revealed by finer-scale mitochondrial DNA markers - Sophia A. Coveney; Eva Jiménez-Guri; Samantha Ball; Nathalie Mianseko; Annette C. Broderick; Brendan J. Godley; Joana M. Hancock; Welton Quirino Pereira; Aissa Regalla; Rita Gomes Rocha; Cheibani Senhoury; Benoit de Thoisy; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Marine turtles undertake long migrations across different geographies and habitats, exposing them to a wide range of threats throughout their lifespan. Analysing population structure and connectivity is key to informing effective conservation management. We expand knowledge of Atlantic-wide connectivity of green turtles ( Chelonia mydas ) by characterising the genetic structure of the Ascension Island nesting population, one of the largest in the Atlantic Ocean, and carrying out Atlantic population structure and mixed stock analyses using high-resolution genetic markers. We amplified a ~ 738 bp fragment (extended D-loop) and a highly polymorphic mitochondrial short tandem repeat (mtSTR) fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region, designating haplotypes based on (1) extended D-loop and (2) the extended D-loop and mtSTR combined. Overall, 11 extended D-loop and 33 combined haplotypes were found, the dominant haplotypes being CM-A8.1 and CM-A8.1/7-12-4-4. Population structure analysis found three main genetic groups: Northwest Atlantic, Northern South America, and South and East Atlantic. Mixed stock analyses indicate Ascension Island as a major source for juvenile foraging aggregations in the Southwest Atlantic (34–55%) and Central Africa (18–78%), with some contribution to West Africa (3–20%). Green turtles are vulnerable to fishery bycatch in the coastal waters of the South and East Atlantic. Our study underlines how improving sample sizes of Atlantic mtSTR haplotypes could further elucidate green turtle connectivity across threatened regions. We urge international collaboration to minimise mtSTR data gaps, in order to enhance connectivity assessments and improve conservation measures between countries that share populations.

Genomic evidence for a hybrid origin of the critically endangered shrub Callistemon kenmorrisonii (Myrtaceae) and persistence involving extreme clonality - Mark D. Clifton; Tamandra H. D’Ombrain; Bryce D. Watts-Parker; Abigail R. Wills; Susan E. Hoebee (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Narrow range endemic species are often threatened by stochastic events due to their localised distribution. Many of these species also have small population sizes where demographic and genetic threats are problematic. The critically endangered Callistemon kenmorrisonii (Myrtaceae) is a narrow range endemic from East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia, with stochastic events (fire and flooding) and genetic factors being of concern. A DArTseq approach was undertaken to determine the genotypic and genetic diversity of each of the two known populations, as well as address uncertainties regarding a hybrid origin for C. kenmorrisonii . The analyses used 6,326 filtered Callistemon single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to reveal unexpectedly low genotypic diversity (using co-ancestry and pairwise genetic distance approaches) with only six genotypes identified out of 83 C. kenmorrisonii samples. Large genets were observed in both populations, and one population was found to be monoclonal. Additionally, ex situ seed grown progeny were found to predominately share a single maternal genotype, suggesting possible apomictic reproduction in the taxon. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), STRUCTURE and NEWHYBRIDS provided three lines of evidence supporting a C. subulatus x C. citrinus hybrid origin for C. kenmorrisonii. The combined results support C. kenmorrisonii as a potential microspecies arising through hybridisation of two common, widespread species. Combined with small populations and localised occurrences, the relative lack of diversity within and among populations is of conservation concern. It is proposed that further studies seek to confirm the species’ mode of reproduction.

Genetic analysis of juvenile survival in the captive population of Mhorr gazelle (Nanger dama mhorr) and the effect of inbreeding - Sonia Domínguez; Juan Pablo Gutiérrez; Eulalia Moreno; Isabel Cervantes (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Minimizing the effects of inbreeding is one of the main challenges facing conservation managers of small populations. When inbreeding negatively affects the offspring survival, the short- and long-term viability of the species can be severely compromised. In the present study, we evaluated the genetic parameters affecting calf survival during the perinatal period (PS) and between the perinatal period and weaning (WS) in the captive population of the critically endangered mhorr gazelle ( Nanger dama mhorr ). The dataset analysed included 2185 calf records from a total pedigree of 2739 animals born between 1971 and 2021. The models with the best predictive value showed heritabilities of the direct genetic effect of 0.259 (SD = 0.052) for the PS and 0.123 (SD = 0.047) for the WS. Only the WS was affected by maternal permanent environmental effect ( c 2 = 0.035, SD = 0.026). No genetic correlation was observed between the direct genetic effects of both traits. The maximum inbreeding coefficient of the calf was shown to reduce the PS almost 30% points and the inbreeding coefficient of the dam, around 15% points of the WS. Despite this, the genetic and phenotypic trends over the years of both traits were positive, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the mating strategy applied and the effect of no artificial selection that has occurred in this captive population.

Correction: Genetic diversity and structure of the commercially important sea cucumber Athyonidium chilensis along the coast of Chile - F. Silva Ramírez; A. Brante; M. Hepp; C. Aguirre (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Weak fine-scale genetic structure and considerable life-history diversity in a near-pristine subarctic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) river - María I. Cádiz; Marion Sinclair-Waters; Jaakko Erkinaro; Panu Orell; Ana S. Lindeza; Morgane Frapin; Amaïa Lamarins; Victoria L. Pritchard; Craig R. Primmer (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
The Näätämö River, in the far north of Europe, hosts a large Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) stock with high socio-economic value. The catchment has near-pristine environmental conditions, although there are recent signs of stock declines. It nevertheless offers a good opportunity to monitor the status of a near pristine wild salmon system. This study aimed to characterize the fine-scale genetic structure of Atlantic salmon in the Näätämö River and evaluated the possibility to assign individuals to their population of origin. We genotyped juveniles sampled from eight locations using a 60 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel to characterize within-river genetic diversity and structure. We also tested the performance of a previously designed 180 SNP panel to assign individuals to their population of origin. The genetic structure of the Näätämö River salmon population appears weak (F ST ranging from 0.001–0.035), possibly due to natural straying. The performance of the predesigned panel in assigning individuals to their population of origin was moderate to high (82–85%), but customization could further enhance its accuracy. Additionally, we described the life-history diversity of salmon within the river using a long-term scale archive of c. 22,000 individuals collected over 48 years, identifying 59 unique life-history strategies. We suggest that to protect the self-sustaining salmon population in the Näätämö River, it would be important to manage the salmon fishery and conserve the population by incorporating up-to-date knowledge of stock status, considering their genetic structure, substantial gene flow and diverse life history.

Genetic effects of landscape change on three sympatric turtle species in southern Ontario, Canada - Niamh M. Wall; Christina M. Davy; Marie-Josée Fortin; Patrick M. A. James (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Population genomics of rainforest mountain frogs (Anura: Limnodynastidae: Philoria) severely impacted by the Australian megafires - Shengyao Lin; David Newell; Nicola J. Mitchell; Stephen C. Donnellan; Michael Mahony; Liam J. Bolitho; Renee A. Catullo (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
The 2019/20 Australian megafires impacted numerous species, including six of the seven montane frog species from the genus Philoria , which are restricted to the top of mountain habitats across eastern Australian Gondwana Rainforest. Using single nucleotide polymorphisms, we examined the population structure and genetic diversity of the six Philoria species to inform conservation management and assess their capacity for post-fire recovery. Narrow-range species were confirmed as a single population for management purposes, while P. kundagungan , P. loveridgei , and P. sphagnicolus exhibit marked genetic differentiation between populations, indicating strong allopatric differentiation among populations isolated on separate mountaintops, suggesting limited natural dispersal ability. We further identify high-value genetic populations in these structured species. Populations that were heavily impacted by the fires, such as P. pughi and P. knowlesi , may face longer-term threats due to potential declines in adaptive capacity. We recommend prioritising in situ management, genetic rescue, and translocation efforts to bolster resilience in isolated populations. Updated conservation planning and targeted fire buffer management are crucial for the survival of these ancient, regionally endemic frogs in a rapidly changing climate.

Ongoing trade of fins from critically endangered rays (wedgefish and giant guitarfish) despite international regulations and a novel PCR test to detect rays among ‘shark’ fins - Demian D. Chapman; Diego Cardeñosa; Kwok Ho Shea; Elizabeth A. Babcock; Rima W. Jabado; Huarong Zhang; Stephan W. Gale; Kevin A. Feldheim (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Conservation genetics of the wild cotton Gossypium turneri: a species threatened by tourism-driven coastal development in Sonora, Mexico - Karla Fabiola Yescas-Romo; Fernando Razo-Mendivil; Corina Hayano-Kanashiro; Francisco Molina-Freaner (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Crop wild relatives (CWR) are an important class of endangered wild species that are increasingly declining due to human-induced factors that also threaten other wild plants. This class of species has not received sufficient attention in conservation strategies and remains poorly studied. This holds true for the endangered wild cotton Gossypium turneri , which is endemic to the state of Sonora, Mexico. This species faces threats from disturbance associated with tourism-driven coastal development and requires urgent conservation actions. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of G. turneri using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to offer insights into its conservation. Clustering and genetic structure analysis revealed three distinct genetic groups and potential populations. Observed (H O ) and expected (H E ) heterozygosity, along with genetic differentiation (F ST ) values, indicated moderate genetic diversity and differentiation. Effective population sizes (N e ) varied from 18 to 32, whereas census population sizes (N c ) ranged from 62 to 883 adult plants. Among the three inferred populations, the southernmost population exhibited the highest number of private alleles and allelic differences, making it a conservation priority due to its potential reservoir of genetic variation. Recommendations include seed collection for ex-situ conservation in Botanical Gardens for the three populations. For in-situ conservation, different measures should be implemented according to the level of human disturbance affecting each population. These include restricting further coastal development in less disturbed areas and promoting G. turneri as an ornamental plant in the most impacted population to enhance its survival.

Mixed stock analysis of major markets and trade records reveals illegal trade of oceanic whitetip shark fins from the Atlantic ocean - Candace Y. A. Fields; Diego Cardeñosa; Andrea Bernard; Kevin A. Feldheim; Stephan W. Gale; Yannis P. Papastamatiou; Kwok Ho Shea; Mahmood S. Shivji; Huarong Zhang; Demian D. Chapman (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Population genomic investigation of the Oregon Slender Salamander (Batrachoseps wrighti) reveals suburban populations are remnants, not recent introductions - Clare Yang; Laura Guderyahn; Charlotte Corkran; Steven Wagner; Lauren M. Chan (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

The discovery of a genetically distinct subpopulation of Haast tokoeka (Southern brown kiwi, Apteryx australis ‘Haast’) - Talia Brav-Cubitt; Heath M. Sinclair; Hugh A. Robertson; Andrew J. Veale (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
The Haast tokoeka ( Apteryx australis ‘Haast’) is a threatened evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of tokoeka or southern brown kiwi in Aotearoa New Zealand. In this study, we investigated the genetic relationships of a small newly discovered population of tokoeka located at Junction Hill near Haast, which is geographically isolated from other tokoeka populations. Using pin feathers collected from five individuals at Junction Hill, we analysed 15 microsatellite loci and 1283 base pairs from two mitochondrial DNA loci (control region and cytochrome b ( Cytb )) to compare our results with those previously generated for Haast ( n = 49), northern Fiordland ( n = 7), southern Fiordland ( n = 4), and Rakiura ( n = 12) tokoeka. Our results show that the Junction Hill individuals are Haast tokoeka, but display genetic differentiation in Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and genetic assignment plots from the nearest Haast tokoeka population 18 km away in the Upper Arawhata Valley. The five Junction Hill individuals all possess a unique mitochondrial DNA haplotype that has not been observed previously. The mean allelic richness of the Junction Hill population (1.82) was slightly lower compared to the main Haast population (2.13). The presence of the Junction Hill population provides both numerical and range increases for the Haast tokoeka, and potentially contributes valuable new genetic diversity to the taxon. Further monitoring and conservation actions, such as increased pest control and translocations, may be necessary to ensure the preservation of this population and its unique genetic traits.

Genomic diversity in felids correlates with range and density, not census size - Michaël P. Meeus; Jonas Lescroart; Hannes Svardal (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Habitat fragmentation influences the population genetics of a Florida endemic: implications for recovery of a critically endangered plant - Christin L. Pruett; Joseph Stroupe; Cheryl L. Peterson (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Conservation genetics of the threatened wetland plant Eriocaulon nudicuspe: application of GRAS-Di sequencing technology and implications for restoration - Ikuyo Saeki; Akira S. Hirao (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Eriocaulon nudicuspe is a threatened plant species distributed at discrete seepage wetlands in Central Honshu, Japan. These wetlands have been present over a million years and functioned as refugia during the glacial periods. The species is an endemic of the wetland ecosystems, but its natural habitats are fragmented by land development. We aimed to identify the genetic structure and diversity of E. nudicuspe and to assess the implications for conservation. We performed Genotyping by Random Amplicon Sequencing-Direct (GRAS-Di) and selected 2349 SNPs that were genotyped in 102 individuals from 14 natural and 2 human-established populations. Genetic population structure analyses identified four genetic groups: eastern, northern central, southern central, and western. Demographic modelling suggested that first three groups (eastern, central, and western) simultaneously diverged in prehistoric times, followed by the central group diverging into northern and southern groups. Observed heterozygosity was lower in the populations at the edge of the species’ distribution than in the others, probably due to foundation effects associated with the limitation of suitable habitats. The human-established populations had similar genetic diversity and composition to those of the geographically closest natural populations, indicating a low risk of outbreeding depression or genetic bottleneck. We propose four major conservation units, which can be useful for the development of strategies for ex-situ conservation and genetic management of restoration. Although conservation of remnant natural populations should be prioritized, establishing new populations with adequate genetic management seems an effective option to restore connectivity between wetlands isolated by urbanization.

Organic farming fosters arthropod diversity of specific insect guilds – evidence from metabarcoding - Jan Christian Habel; Werner Ulrich; Andreas H. Segerer; Thomas Greifenstein; Johannes Knubben; Jerôme Morinière; Armin Günter; Thomas Schmitt; Axel Hausmann (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
During the past decades, insect diversity, abundance and biomass has decreased throughout Central Europe, mainly due to agricultural intensification. Organic field management aims to counteract this negative trend. In order to investigate the effects of farming intensity on insect diversity, abundance, and biomass, we sampled insects from 2021 to 2023 on three organically and three conventionally managed meadows in southern Germany using Malaise traps. All individuals collected were subsequently analysed using metabarcoding, and BINs were determined. All identified taxa were then classified according to their characteristics and performance during the developmental and adult stage. All bulk samples were dried and weighted for the determination of biomass. BIN diversity of flying insects was 11% and biomass 75% higher on organically managed meadows compared to conventional ones. Although all functional guilds were more diverse on organic meadows, species overlap between management types was moderate and ranged from 60 to 76%, indicating that both, conventional and organic meadows harbour specific and species rich insect communities. Our trait-analyses showed that both habitat structure as well as resource availability strongly impacted the occurrence of species and diversity. The observed differences in diversity mainly result from the higher mowing frequency applied to conventionally managed meadows. Our study highlights that organic and conventional farming both have potential to maintain a high insect diversity and biomass in agricultural landscapes if some basic prerequisites for population survival are fulfilled.

Conservation and management strategies of Rhododendron sohayakiense var. koreanum using genetic diversity and structure - Hyun-Kyeong Nam; Joon-Hyeok Kim; Kwan-Soo Woo (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Genomic evidence reveals a lack of evolutionary differentiation among grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) subspecies - Céline M. Carneiro; W. Alice Boyle; James A. Cox; Juan C. Oteyza; Janet M. Ruth; Edward L. Braun; Jerald D. Noble; James D. Austin (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Conservation genetics of two rare and endemic Myrceugenia species (Myrtaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest - Ana Flávia Augustin; Duane Fernandes Lima; Fábio Cristiano Speck Vieira; Valdir M. Stefenon; Roberta Gargiulo; Mayara Krasinski Caddah (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Genetic diversity is essential to the survival and resilience of all species, yet very few studies characterizing the intraspecific genetic diversity of rare species have been carried out. In this study, we assessed and described the genetic diversity and structure of two rare and endemic Myrceugenia species (Myrtaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest using microsatellite markers developed specifically for each species. We also followed the IUCN guidelines to assess their conservation status and discussed conservation strategies for these species. Our results suggested a moderate level of genetic diversity for both species. Myrceugenia basicordata , distributed at lower altitudes, is the species with the lowest genetic diversity, although with low differentiation among populations. Myrceugenia joinvillensis presented higher genetic diversity and a more distinct genetic structure, possibly because of its exclusive occurrence at higher altitudes. Both species require conservation efforts to avoid future declines in population size and distribution range. The main threat to these species is habitat loss or fragmentation due to urban expansion. Considering this, our practical recommendations for conserving these species include immediate actions, such as including the species in official red lists, and long-term actions, such as ex situ cultivation for future reintroduction. This study represents the first conservation effort focused on Myrceugenia species from the Atlantic Forest, marking an important initial step towards understanding these and other rare species from this biome.

An east–west distribution of genetic diversity in Nordic populations of caraway (Carum carvi L.) and its consequences for conservation prioritisation - Bernardo de Haro Reyes; Anna Palmé; Heli Fitzgerald; Magnus Göransson; Virva Lyytikäinen; Bjarke Madsen; Signe Normand; Hjörtur Thorbjörnsson; Urs Albert Treier; Jenny Hagenblad (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
The current global crisis of biodiversity loss calls for urgent conservation actions for many species, not the least wild species related to crop plants. These crop wild relatives are considered harbouring genetic diversity of major importance for future crop plant improvement, e.g. adaptation to climate change. Hence, their conservation needs to be a priority. To ensure the long-term conservation and to maximize the utility value of these species, it is important that as much of their genetic diversity as possible is conserved. Thus, the distribution of intraspecific diversity must be taken into consideration when planning conservation efforts. Caraway, Carum carvi L., has been cultivated since medieval times and is today one of the most important spice crops worldwide. In order to identify populations that would be of particular interest for in situ and ex situ conservation and for use in plant breeding we evaluated the geographic distribution of intraspecific diversity in populations of Carum carvi in the Nordic region (Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland). Using a genotyping by sequencing approach, we genotyped 198 individuals from 16 Nordic populations. The amount of intrapopulation genetic diversity was similar among populations (mean H e = 0.29), and the diversity was structured in an east–westerly manner, probably reflecting colonisation patterns associated with different glacial refugia. In addition, some populations likely have a history shaped by human interventions. The results have important conservation implications and based on the outcome of this study, populations of conservation priority are suggested.

Conservation genetics of Mahogany Gliders and their complex evolutionary relationship with Squirrel Gliders - Yiyin Chang; Lorenzo V. Bertola; Kyall R. Zenger; Conrad J. Hoskin (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Squirrel Gliders ( Petaurus norfolcensis ) are widely distributed throughout the woodlands of eastern Australia, while the similar but larger Mahogany Glider ( Petaurus gracilis ) inhabits the coastal woodlands of the Wet Tropics in northeastern Queensland. The Mahogany Glider is an Endangered species due to habitat loss and fragmentation. This study used single nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNPs) from field and museum-derived samples to investigate genetic relationships within the Squirrel/Mahogany Glider complex and conduct a conservation genetics assessment for the Mahogany Glider. Analyses of genetic structure, phylogenomics, and outlier loci identified four genetic groups: Mahogany Glider and three distinct groups in Squirrel Gliders (North Queensland, Cape Cleveland, and mid-eastern/south-eastern Queensland). We found genetic admixture between these groups, but whether the admixture is historic or current remains unclear. Squirrel Gliders from North Queensland were genetically more similar to Mahogany Gliders in some analyses than to the other two Squirrel Glider groups. Morphological analysis confirmed that Mahogany Gliders are distinguishable from other gliders primarily by their larger body size but did not provide clear differences for the other three genetic groups. We hypothesize that the four genetic groups represent four subspecies of Squirrel Glider, of which the Mahogany Glider is one. This hypothesis can be tested with further field sampling of genetics and morphology, particularly in identified areas of potential contact. When assessing Mahogany Gliders alone, we found a clear north–south split in genetic structuring, with the southern cluster being more structured than the northern cluster. Genetic diversity within Mahogany Gliders was generally comparable to that of Squirrel Gliders, but some sampling localities indicated loss of genetic diversity and low effective population size. Regardless of whether Mahogany Gliders are classified as a species or subspecies, their Endangered status underscores the need for targeted conservation efforts. The genetic findings offer practical pathways for on-ground management to enhance population recovery and connectivity.

Assessing shifting technology in genetic monitoring of the North American plains bison Federal conservation herds - Shawna J. Zimmerman; Rachael Giglio; Chris Geremia; Lee Jones; Blake McCann; Timothy J. Smyser; Brendan J. Moynahan; Sara J. Oyler-McCance (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Human expansion is a major driver of both declining wildlife abundance and the contraction of species’ distributions, increasing the risk of genetic erosion and the need for genetic monitoring. Rapidly advancing technology has expanded the types of genetic data that are available for wildlife conservation. However, inferences from different genetic markers could result in different management decisions and, thus, must be considered carefully. Rebounding from near extinction in the early 1900s, the majority of North American plains bison ( Bison bison bison ) are managed as small and isolated herds. Microsatellite-based analyses have been used to inform management of the US Federal bison conservation herds since the early 2000s. Transitioning from monitoring with tens of multiallelic loci (e.g., microsatellite loci) to thousands of biallelic loci (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) could increase genotyping efficiency and improve the precision of population genetic inference but would require an understanding of the inferential differences between genetic marker types. We compared microsatellite-based measures of genetic diversity, differentiation, and population structure for 20 bison conservation herds (17 Federal, 1 Tribal, 2 Canadian) to inference from SNP-based analyses for the Tribal herd and 15 of the Federal herds. Data from both genetic marker types found that all herds have remarkably high genetic diversity given the severity of the bottleneck from which these populations recovered, and that population structure was consistent with founding histories. Importantly, SNPs had greater power to describe differences in genetic diversity and groups of related herds, but only if analyses are based on 250 or more loci. Overall, we found that microsatellite and SNP data can provide comparable conservation insight, but SNPs must be carefully selected to ensure continuity in genetic monitoring and to achieve the increased precision in genetic diversity and differentiation among herds that we observed in this study.

Cold, creeping things: deep phylogeographic structure in a naturally fragmented cool-adapted skink (Scincidae; Anepischetosia) from south-eastern Australia - Rhiannon Schembri; Renee A. Catullo; Glenn M. Shea; Paul M. Oliver (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
The temperate forests of eastern Australia have been extensively fragmented over the last 200 years and are now increasingly threatened by fire and climate change. To understand and manage the impacts of these threats, there is a need to understand patterns of endemism and diversity across an array of ecologically divergent taxa. Anepischetosia is a monotypic genus of scincid lizards that is adapted to cool, wet forest habitats in far south-eastern mainland Australia. Here we use reduced representation genomic data and sequencing of the mitochondrial ND4 locus from museum tissue samples to characterise phylogeographic structure and population-level genetic diversity in this taxon. These data reveal novel patterns of deep and geographically localised genetic structuring, including at least six ESUs spanning several candidate species. Many divergent lineages are associated with localised patches of mesic habitat, especially in the north of the range, suggesting long histories of persistence through major environmental change across the Plio-Pleistocene, similar to that observed in some mesic and temperate taxa from non-glaciated landscapes in the northern hemisphere. Two putative ESUs, whose ranges overlap areas impacted by recent high-intensity bushfires, have low genetic diversity and may be of conservation concern. Additional seemingly isolated and divergent populations in western Victoria remain poorly sampled and may comprise yet further ESUs or candidate species. These results highlight how genomic analyses can reveal overlooked patterns of diversity and populations of conservation concern by leveraging museum collections – as long as these are well-sampled and accessible – even in landscapes that are considered comparatively “well known”.

Exploring genetic admixture in putative hybrid zones of Pinus mugo Turra and P. sylvestris L. in Slovakia - Miroslav Klobučník; Cock van Oosterhout; Martin Galgóci; Andrej Kormuťák (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
The Pinus mugo complex ( P. mugo Turra s. l. or P. mugo aggregate) is an important fragment of European dendroflora, which is characterized by high variability, reticulate evolution, and several hybrid zone populations in different parts of Europe. Here we tried to explore the admixture structure of four putative hybrid zones between P. mugo Turra (s. str.) and P. sylvestris L. in Slovakia, using Bayesian ancestry inference with microsatellites. Unexpectedly, compared to nine reference populations, the results showed no elevated allelic diversity in our four locations. However, there was a high marker information content for ancestry based on the reference samples ( δ C or D K = 0.451). The individual admixture proportions of P. sylvestris averaged at 0.529, 0.419, and 0.292 in the three locations, with the distribution ranging from unimodality to bimodality. These data support the presence of hybrid zones, but only in association with peatland habitats. In a typical calcicolous pine relict examined, no hybrids were detected, which contrasts earlier reports. The unexpected absence of elevated diversity, including the differences in hybrid zones’ modality within the same habitat, might be explained by population bottlenecks due to anthropogenic peatland degradation during the 1960s to 1980s, when intensive drainage in the region occurred. The study highlights the evolutionary, ecological and conservation value of the studied bog populations.

Early signals of fragmentation of flat-tailed horned lizards in the Yuma Desert - Natalie Payne; Anthony J. Pawlicki; Eldridge Wisely; Karla L. Vargas; John A. Erwin; Melanie Culver; Matt Goode (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Population structure of endemic Atlantic forest spiny rats Trinomys dimidiatus and Trinomys iheringi (Echimyidae) - Marcelo de Assis Passos Oliveira; Anderson Vilasboa; Marcione Brito de Oliveira; Cibele Rodrigues Bonvicino (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Landscape connectivity and genetic structure of animal populations in urban ponds - Yeserin Yildirim; Chaz Hyseni; Jani Heino; Luis Mauricio Bini; Jacob Höglund; Frank Johansson (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Animal populations in urban landscapes tend to have lower genetic diversity and higher genetic differentiation than those in rural landscapes. The extent of these effects can be influenced by the dispersal rates of the organisms and the connectivity of the landscape. Here, we explore associations of landscape connectivity with genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in urban ponds in the City of Stockholm, Sweden. Our focus is on three invertebrate species and one vertebrate species, each with different dispersal rates and life-history traits. We sampled 30 ponds and collected genetic data by using double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq). Our results showed moderate differences in genetic diversity among populations for all species. Additionally, all populations showed a heterozygote deficiency, suggesting inbreeding. We found significant genetic structure among populations for the three species categorized as low to intermediate dispersers: Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda), Planorbis planorbis (Gastropoda) and, Rana temporaria (Amphibia). In contrast, the species with presumably the highest relative dispersal capacity, Haliplus ruficollis (Coleoptera), exhibited no significant population structure. Furthermore, genetic differentiation in A. aquaticus and P. planorbis was significantly correlated with geographic distance. For A. aquaticus , genetic differentiation was also significantly correlated with landscape connectivity across both aquatic (blue) and terrestrial (green) environmental features. Our results highlight the role of landscape connectivity and dispersal ability of species in shaping genetic structure among urban ponds.

Murky mysteries: population structure and gene flow of the estuarine darter goby (Ctenogobius boleosoma) - D. Cooper Campbell; Luke Tornabene; Frank Pezold; Henry Bart (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
The darter goby ( Ctenogobius boleosoma ) is a small species of fish that is part of the order Gobiiformes, whose taxonomy and description are regularly the subject of debate. Ctenogobius boleosoma is a euryhaline species with a large estuarine distribution within the western Atlantic Ocean, spanning from southern Brazil to as far as New Jersey, USA, in the Northwestern Atlantic. Members of the genus Ctenogobius as a whole are understudied, with some members considered imperiled or threatened. Despite their wide range, lack of data, and potential interest to conservation, no population genetic study has focused on any member of Ctenogobius . With this in mind, we collected 55 C. boleosoma from across their range and sequenced 1333 single nucleotide polymorphisms to study patterns of potential population structure within the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic Ocean. Because they lay demersal eggs and are distributed across multiple river outflows, we expected high levels of population structure within the Gulf of Mexico. Instead, we found that structure was very clear at a large scale in the Atlantic Ocean, but admixed at a smaller scale, like within the Gulf of Mexico. Using discriminant analysis of principal components, ADMIXTURE, and measures of fixation index, we found evidence of population structure between the samples we collected between the Northwestern Atlantic samples and those we included from the Caribbean and Southern Atlantic.

Traditional agro-livestock areas support functional landscape connectivity for syntopic pond-breeding amphibians in Mediterranean ecosystems - Luis Albero; Íñigo Martínez-Solano; Pedro Tarroso; Eloy Bécares (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Isolation has led to reduced genetic diversity among populations of an endangered mountain specialist - Michael D. Amor; Zak Atkins; Nick Clemann (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Low genetic polymorphism and no population genetic structure detected during the natural recolonization of a large carnivore to its previous range - Heather Hemmingmoore; Göran Spong; Malin Aronsson; Jens Persson; Henrik Andrén; Mikael Åkesson (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
In the face of ongoing habitat loss and fragmentation, examining the genetic effects of range expansion can provide insight into the resilience and adaptability of large carnivore populations returning to parts of their former range. This study investigates the genetic structure of the Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx ) population during its natural range expansion into southern Sweden, an area from which it had been extirpated for over a century. We utilized genomic data from 600 individual lynx collected throughout the recolonization period to assess heterozygosity, inbreeding, and genetic differentiation. Our results indicate no significant genetic structure or barriers to gene flow during this recolonization event, despite potential physical barriers such as lakes, farmland, and human infrastructure. Observed and expected heterozygosity, as well as the inbreeding coefficient did not show significant variation over time or across latitude, suggesting that connectivity with the source population was maintained. Spatial principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis of principal components further supported these findings, showing little spatial or temporal structure. This lack of genetic structure contrasts with the experience of smaller and more isolated lynx populations, which have become inbred. Our study, thus, provides valuable insights into the natural range expansion of a large carnivore in human-dominated landscapes and underscores the importance of ensuring genetic connectivity for successful recolonization and conservation efforts.

Genome-wide association for precocial maturation in juvenile male Spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) - Nick F. Hoffman; Stuart C. Willis; Hayley M. Nuetzel; Andrew L. Pierce; James J. Nagler; Shawn R. Narum (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Fish conservation through hatchery supplementation involves maintaining population structure similar to natural populations. High proportions of precociously mature two-year-old male Chinook salmon (i.e. minijacks) observed in hatchery populations reduces the number of anadromous males in the population. Understanding the genetic architecture of this trait could be used to adjust hatchery practices to reduce precocious maturation. The genetic control of this trait was examined in a hatchery population of Columbia River Spring Chinook salmon over two replicate year classes (brood years BY2018 and BY2019). Genome wide allele frequencies from millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were compared between immature males and minijacks identified by plasma 11-ketotestosterone levels. Genome scans identified 1,917 SNPs within and between brood years. Within brood years, there were two and four notable peaks of significance in BY2018 and BY2019, respectively. Combining the same phenotypes between brood years resulted in candidate regions on multiple chromosomes associated with precocial maturation as a minijack. The strongest signals from the combined year analysis were on chromosomes 15 (617 SNPs, five genes) and 18 (922 SNPs, nine genes). Individuals representing the extreme ends of the phenotypic distributions had notable signals on chromosomes 17 and 18, which have been previously identified as age-of-maturity candidates in this species. These analyses indicated that genetic control of minijack maturation is influenced by many regions of small effect including markers that may be sex-linked on chromosomes 17 and 18. The regions identified in this study will aid in conservation and broodstock monitoring relating to abundances of minijacks in hatchery origin populations.

Clonal reproduction and hydrochory drive colony and population structure in a narrowly endemic and endangered emergent aquatic plant (Sagittaria fasciculata; Alismataceae) - Skyler J. Fox; Ashley B. Morris (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
In plants, dependence on clonal reproduction via rhizomes or other vegetative means has a significant influence on population genetic structure. This is further complicated in aquatic systems in which hydrochory may play a role in dispersal both within and among populations. Data suggests that in these instances, upstream populations may be genetically eroded as downstream populations become more genetically diverse. In the present study, we test this hypothesis in the case of an endangered emergent aquatic plant ( Sagittaria fasciculata ; Alismataceae) that is thought to be dependent on clonality and hydrochory. We developed 35 nuclear microsatellite loci for genotype-by-sequencing of 282 individuals across 15 colonies spanning the species range. All ramets were mapped and clonal assignment was overlaid to determine extent and distribution of clones. Our results indicate that S. fasciculata is highly dependent on clonal reproduction, with three sites exhibiting only a single multi-locus genotype or clone. The greatest genetic variation was observed among three sites occurring in close proximity (< 100 m), and here we observed evidence of low genetic diversity upstream relative to downstream, supporting the hypothesis of unidirectional gene flow as a result of hydrochory. In the context of species recovery, our data reiterate that stem counts are not an appropriate metric to assess population size or vigor. Additionally, the combined impacts of clonal reproduction and hydrochory of propagules means that greater attention should be given to recovery of colonies within relatively close proximity to each other to support the development of a robust and genetically diverse population.

Dynamics of genetic diversity and population structure of Eucalyptus urophylla from Indonesian Islands using SNP data - Dandara Yasmim Bonfim Oliveira de Silva; João Ricardo Bachega Feijó Rosa; Izabel Christina Gava de Souza; Maria Paula Barion Alves Nunes; Thiago Romanos Benatti; Aline Cristina Miranda Fernandes; Jose Wilacildo de Matos; Shinitiro Oda; Peter Beerli; Evandro Vagner Tambarussi (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Multimarker genetic analyses of Gonimbrasia belina, the most harvested wild edible insect of mopane woodlands in Southern Africa, supports concerns over the sustainability of the species - Zwannda Nethavhani; Ruan Veldtman; Casper Nyamukondiwa; William Versfeld; Barbara van Asch (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
The caterpillars of Gonimbrasia belina , commonly known as mopane worms, are intensively harvested for human consumption in southern Africa. Concerns over the sustainability of the species have been raised for the last two decades due to increasing demand, habitat erosion, and climate change. Despite its cultural, economic, and nutritional significance, genetic data for G. belina was largely unavailable. We used a multi-marker approach including mitochondrial sequences and nuclear ddRADseq data to assess the genetic diversity, phylogeographical structure and demographic history of G. belina in Namibia and the Limpopo River Basin (South Africa and Botswana). Mitochondrial sequences revealed strong phylogeographical structure at the broad scale separating Namibia and Limpopo River Basin populations. Within the Limpopo River Basin, populations are separated by the Limpopo River, with haplotype sharing only at the border between South Africa and Botswana. Mitochondrial genetic diversity varies between sampling areas but overall is highest in South Africa and lowest in Botswana, while historical demography points to population expansion in Namibia but not in South Africa and Botswana. Nuclear data in the Limpopo River Basin revealed some connectivity among populations albeit with significant genetic differentiation and unique gene pools in some sampling areas. All sampling areas show low genetic diversity, alarmingly small effective population size, and signs of recent bottlenecks. We generated the first baseline data for the genetic monitoring of G. belina populations and conclude that concerns over the sustainability of the species are presently justified in Botswana and South Africa.

Genomic repercussions of landscape modification on three lizard species - Dylan M. Westaway; Dale G. Nimmo; Chris J. Jolly; Damian R. Michael; David M. Watson; Brenton von Takach (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Habitat destruction is the most pervasive threat to global biodiversity, leading to widespread population declines and range reductions. Land clearing can leave small, isolated populations persisting in remnant habitat, where demographic factors may erode genomic diversity and diminish adaptive potential. We compared the genomic structure, diversity, inbreeding and effective population sizes of fragmented populations on farms to nearby populations in large, continuous tracts of vegetation (national park) for three terrestrial lizard species in south-eastern Australia. Due to the small spatial scale of the study, observed levels of genomic differentiation among sampling locations were typically very low ( F ST < 0.1). The farm locality of one species, the painted dragon ( Ctenophorus pictus ), showed substantially more differentiation to national park localities ( F ST > 0.05) than the national park localities showed to one another ( F ST < 0.01), suggestive of genetic isolation due to the agricultural matrix. Genomic diversity and effective population sizes were lower in farm populations compared to national parks for two of the three species, the exception being shrubland morethia ( Morethia obscura ), where genomic diversity was similar across site types. Inbreeding coefficients were generally comparable between farm and national park populations. Our findings highlight the genetic consequences of land clearing including low population size, low genomic diversity and higher risk of inbreeding depression. Despite these challenges, habitat fragments can maintain high biodiversity value, which can be maximised by management initiatives such as translocations and establishing habitat corridors.

Genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of the endangered Korean Bitterling (Tanakia signifer) and its symbiotic mussel (Nodularia breviconcha), based on mitochondrial DNA variation: implications for conservation - Hee-kyu Choi; Hyuk Je Lee (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Unveiling population dynamics and diversity in two European brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations through non-invasive SNP genotyping - Natalia Sastre; Olga Francino; Anna Mercadé; Marina Cabases; David Cubero; Santiago Palazón; Daniel Pinto; Armand Sanchez; Joaquim Casellas (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Non-invasive genetic analyses enable monitoring and understanding of population dynamics without disturbing wild animals. We present a non-invasive genetic method to identify and characterize the brown bear populations of Cantabrian and Pyrenean (of Slovenian origin). We selected an efficient 61-SNP panel to genotype more than 2,000 non-invasive samples from both populations. Results showed successful genotyping of 1,639 bear samples, revealing 400 distinct individuals. Genetic diversity was similar in both populations, and differentiation between populations was highly significant. The Pyrenean population did not show genetic substructuring despite the influence of the breeding male “Pyros”. In contrast, two subpopulations were observed in the Cantabrian population. Furthermore, analyses indicated a sex ratio bias in the Cantabrian population, potentially influenced by male dispersal and landscape features. Overall, the study demonstrates the utility of non-invasive genetic methods for monitoring and understanding bear populations, highlighting differences between the Pyrenean and Cantabrian populations, and providing insights into their genetic diversity, structure, and demographic trends.

Extinction and loss of genetic diversity in a pantropical seabird population in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean - Vitória Muraro; Aline M. C. R. Fregonezi; Leandro Bugoni (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Low genetic diversity and high inbreeding in one of the last chlamydia-free strongholds for New South Wales koalas - E. A. McLennan; L. Wilmott; K. Madden; K. Belov; C. J. Hogg (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
The genetic consequences of population isolation include inbreeding, genetic diversity loss and loss of adaptive potential. Koalas across south-western Sydney (New South Wales, Australia) may be vulnerable to isolation due to major roads and cleared forest. A few sites within south-western Sydney are some of the last chlamydia-free sites for koalas. Low genetic diversity and potentially low adaptive potential could lead to local extinction of these chlamydia-free sites. Using reduced representation sequencing, we assessed population differentiation, genetic diversity, relatedness, inbreeding, and gene flow across seven sites in south-western Sydney and the Southern Highlands. We found south-western Sydney koalas had significantly lower diversity, higher relatedness and inbreeding than Southern Highlands koalas. There was no evidence of contemporary gene flow from the more genetically diverse Southern Highlands sites into south-western Sydney. The separation between south-western Sydney and the Southern Highlands likely explains the lower genetic diversity among south-western Sydney sites. It may also explain why chlamydia is yet to reach these sites. However, there is evidence of a disease-front movement of chlamydia from Wingecarribee up into Wollondilly which has high gene flow with Campbelltown, a chlamydia-free site. While gene flow from south to north is low, the risk of chlamydia entering the chlamydia-free sites from a few migrants is notable. With possible low adaptive potential of south-western Sydney sites, a new threat of chlamydia entering the system may lead to population declines in these stronghold areas.

Genetic diversity and structure of the commercially important sea cucumber Athyonidium chilensis along the coast of Chile - F. Silva Ramírez; A. Brante; M. Hepp; C. Aguirre (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Genomic and morphological evidence do not support taxonomic recognition of the critically endangered scaly-leaved featherflower, Verticordia spicata subsp. squamosa (Myrtaceae): implications for conservation in a biodiversity hotspot - Donna Bradbury; Rachel M. Binks; Alanna Chant; Leonie Monks; Barbara L. Rye; Margaret Byrne (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Genome-wide markers test the status of two putative species of North American bumble bees - Ashley T. Rohde; James P. Strange; Kerrigan B. Tobin; Karen E. Mock; Michael G. Branstetter (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Accurate species delimitation is critical to identifying the conservation status of species. Molecular species delimitation methods have revealed previously unrecognized cryptic species across the taxonomic spectrum. However, studies vary in the molecular markers selected, analytical approaches used, and taxon sampling, which sometimes results in conflicting conclusions. One example of such a conflict is seen in the species delimitation analyses of the western bumble bee, Bombus occidentalis . This species was once an abundant insect pollinator in western North America but has declined severely since the mid 1990s and is predicted to continue to diminish under even optimistic future climate scenarios. Complicating this conservation crisis, the species status of B. occidentalis has varied over time, with most recent studies recognizing one or two species. Previous studies that used molecular methods to address this question focused on a Bayesian phylogeny of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Phylogenetic studies that focus on a single gene are criticized for misrepresenting the evolutionary history of species because nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, and even some genes within them, may have different evolutionary patterns. We tested a two species hypothesis of the B. occidentalis complex using nuclear (ultraconserved elements) and mitochondrial (COI) markers to infer maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenies for the taxa. We present our results and conclusions from eight species delimitation methods. Based on the genomic, morphological and geographic differences between the taxa we find support for the two species hypothesis, with B. occidentalis and B. mckayi as separate species. We discuss the strengths and limitations of each genetic dataset and delimitation method, make recommendations for best practices, and highlight opportunities for equitable knowledge and technology development for phylogenomics in conservation biology.

Conserving Nemo: Genomic insights into the history and status of the endangered anemonefish Amphiprion mccullochi and its sister species Amphiprion akindynos - Chuan Lei; Jean-Paul A. Hobbs; Cynthia Riginos; Katharine E. Prata; Siobhan J. Heatwole; Iva Popovic (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Endemic species are often at greater risk of extinction and therefore should be a high priority for conservation. Lord Howe Island is a biodiversity hotspot with numerous endemic species, including the iconic McCulloch’s anemonefish, Amphiprion mccullochi . This study investigates the genetic relationship between A. mccullochi and its closely related sister species, Amphiprion akindynos , to clarify whether these species are genetically distinct; assess historical and contemporary gene flow; and evaluate genomic diversity and effective population sizes. We sampled across the range distribution of both species and used genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data. Clustering analyses showed a clear partition between A. mccullochi and A. akindynos with no evidence of recent gene flow, while demographic modelling indicated historical unidirectional gene flow from A. akindynos to A. mccullochi . Genetic diversity metrics revealed lower nucleotide diversity ( π ) and effective population size ( Ne ) in A. mccullochi , reflecting its restricted distribution and suggesting heightened extinction risk. Our findings provide genomic context and baseline information for the conservation management of A. mccullochi . Given the current trend of declining A. mccullochi populations, our findings suggest that conservation efforts should emphasize preserving population sizes and genetic diversity and ultimately preventing extinction of this endemic reef fish.

Unexpected landscape-scale contemporary gene flow and fine-scale genetic diversity in rural hedgehogs - Hongli Yu; Lauren J. Moore; Axel Barlow; Louise K. Gentle; Deborah A. Dawson; Gavin J. Horsburgh; Lucy Knowles; Philip J. Baker; Adam Bates; Helen Hicks; Silviu Petrovan; Sarah Perkins; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Agricultural intensification is one of the major forces driving populations of many traditionally common native species into smaller, fragmented populations which are prone to isolation and loss of genetic diversity. Identifying the spatial extent and characteristics of rural systems that support gene flow and promote genetic diversity for these species is thus essential for their long-term conservation. Here we used asymmetric autosomal genetic structure between sexes to investigate current gene flow among four neighbouring suburban populations of hedgehogs ( Erinaceus europaeus ) in England, which are separated by agricultural land. Contrary to expectations, we found that individuals belonged to a single genetic population despite the populations being separated by unoccupied agricultural land. Spatial autocorrelation was significant in adult female hedgehogs, but non-significant in adult males, revealing male driven contemporary gene flow between local populations. The results suggest that male hedgehogs are capable of moving between population patches separated by at least 3 km across the agricultural matrix. This finding is crucial to aid the development of a conservation strategy for hedgehogs as, for the first time, it shows the extent that previously assumed isolated populations across a perceived inhospitable landscape are connected by current gene flow. Higher within patch relatedness, and lower allelic richness were found from smaller suburban patches, largely reflecting local population size, indicating an early stage of genetic diversity loss due to habitat loss and associated fragmentation. Our study illustrates that considering current gene flow and local genetic diversity together is important to better understand habitat effects on genetic variation and to inform future conservation management.

Increased heterozygosity and body condition result from admixed translocation of the threatened Mogollon Narrow-headed Gartersnake (Thamnophis rufipunctatus) - Dustin A. Wood; Bruce L. Christman; Randy D. Jennings; Jonathan Rose; Erika Nowak; Justin Schofer; Amy G. Vandergast (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Enhancing gene flow through translocations can be a useful tool in recovering small and isolated populations. However, it is not devoid of genetic risks, such as outbreeding depression in future generations, that can have negative consequences in terms of the establishment and mean fitness of the population. Studies that monitor the long-term effects of genetic rescue on populations in the wild are few, especially for snakes. We used long-term genetic monitoring and body condition indices to investigate the consequences of conservation translocation and genetic admixture in a Mogollon Narrow-headed Gartersnake ( Thamnophis rufipunctatus ) wild population. We compared genetic diversity and fitness metrics among the source and recipient populations to evaluate individual- and population-level fitness responses related to the conservation translocation. Our study found persistent captures with continued monitoring for over a decade post-release, and the recipient population showed lower inbreeding values and an increase in heterozygosity that was 19% higher than the two source populations. Snakes sampled in the recipient population had higher individual heterozygosity and body condition than those in the extant source and reference populations. Further, Bayesian regression models supported a significant positive relationship between heterozygosity and body condition after accounting for among-site differences, suggesting that efforts to increase heterozygosity can improve mean fitness in these populations. Our study highlights the potential benefits of conservation translocation from multiple source populations to restore the distribution and increase heterozygosity and population fitness of this threatened gartersnake. Alongside ecological restoration, translocation programs could be used to ensure both the persistence and resilience of populations throughout the species’ range.

DNA barcoding reveals mislabeling of endangered sharks sold as swordfish in New England fish markets - Madeline G. Eppley; Thomas Coote (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Mislabeling of shark and swordfish meat poses a substantial challenge to conservation of rapidly declining pelagic shark populations in the North Atlantic, so routine market assessments are critical. New England’s southern region of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island is a region with historic reliance on fisheries and contemporary cultural demand for locally sourced seafood, including sharks and swordfish. The visual similarity of shark and swordfish meat is considerable, and as such, this study aimed to evaluate mislabeling of shark as swordfish meat collected from markets and grocery stores in New England in 2019. DNA barcoding was used on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene to determine identification of 38 collected samples, which were either labeled as ‘mako shark’, ‘thresher shark’, or ‘swordfish’ in market. Barcoding and phylogenetic analysis revealed four mislabeled samples for a total substitution rate of 10.5%. One substitution, labeled ‘mako’ in the market, was identified as thresher shark. Three further substitutions, labeled as ‘swordfish’ in the market were identified as mako, Alopias spp., and a lamnid shark, all of which are endangered or threatened shark species. As samples were collected just before implementation of major import monitoring programs and a shortfin mako ( Isurus oxyrinchus ) fishing ban in the United States, this study has established a temporal baseline that can be used to determine if market mislabeling has decreased as a result of these conservation initiatives.

Genome-wide patterns of diversity in the European midwife toad complex: phylogeographic and conservation prospects - Johanna Ambu; Carlos Caballero-Díaz; Gregorio Sánchez-Montes; Alfredo G. Nicieza; Guillermo Velo-Antón; Axel Hernandez; Claudine Delmas; Audrey Trochet; Ben Wielstra; Pierre-André Crochet; ĺñigo Martínez-Solano; Christophe Dufresnes (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Assessing how genetic diversity is spatially structured underlies many research questions in evolutionary ecology and contributes to understanding the factors implicated in population declines and extirpations, facilitating identification of conservation priorities and decision-making. In this study, we surveyed genomic diversity using genotyping by sequencing in the six subspecies of the midwife toad Alytes obstetricans / almogavarii complex, a group of amphibians from southwestern Europe threatened by habitat loss, climate change and chytridiomycosis. We first illustrate how the structure evident in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA microsatellites is discordant with the respective distributions of subspecies and patterns of admixture between them. We further document a deeply-divergent mtDNA haplogroup unique to Central Spain that is not reflected by the nuclear diversity, likely corresponding to a ghost mtDNA lineage. Patterns of genetic diversity and structure differ among and within subspecies. The Pyrenean endemics A. a. almogavarii and A. a. inigoi form homogenous genetic groups with high levels of heterozygosity, while the more widespread A. o. pertinax , A. o. boscai and A. o. lusitanicus are geographically structured across the Iberian Peninsula, comprising both genetically diverse and impoverished populations. Finally, A. o. obstetricans probably persisted in a composite glacial refugium north of the Pyrenees, from which it recently expanded across Western Europe, losing much of its genetic variation. Our results should be considered in future red list assessments, management unit delimitation, and ex-situ conservation efforts, and are also relevant to study chytrid epidemiology, for which A. obstetricans has been a model organism for nearly three decades.

Genetic monitoring suggests ongoing genetic change in wild salmon populations due to hybridization with aquaculture escapees - Itzia Coral San Román; Ian A. Fleming; Steven J. Duffy; Melissa K. Holborn; Nicole Smith; Amber Messmer; Danielle Davenport; Ian R. Bradbury (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Substantial domestication associated divergence of farmed from wild Atlantic salmon has raised concerns regarding the negative impacts of farm escapees on the genetic integrity and adaptability of wild salmon populations. Studies from across the North Atlantic have repeatedly demonstrated the presence of hybridization and introgression from escapees into wild salmon populations, however longer-term genetic monitoring has rarely been conducted. Here we use targeted SNP panels to evaluate the presence of hybridization and subsequent introgression of escaped farmed salmon into 18 southern Newfoundland rivers and reconstruct the number of escapees contributing to hybrids sampled over an 8-year period encompassing three reported escape events. Ongoing hybridization was observed throughout the entire time series, with F1 young-of-the-year individuals detected every year, as well as a notable increase in the proportion of backcross wild fish. Population estimates of domestic admixture were highest in smaller rivers reaching up to 78%, and the amount of aquaculture-associated European ancestry within individuals ranged as high as 39%. Spatial patterns of hybridization were closely associated with proxies of wild population size based on habitat area. Genetic analyses of relatedness indicated that at least one farm escapee parent was present each year, with the highest estimated numbers occurring after two escape events. This 8-year genetic time series, the longest monitoring period for farm escapee impacts in North America, offers valuable insight into the ongoing genetic impacts of escaped farmed salmon on wild populations.

Improved estimation of aquaculture associated European introgression in a captive breeding program for endangered Atlantic salmon - Melissa K. Holborn; Tony Kess; Cameron M. Nugent; Nathalie N. Brodeur; Joke Adesola; Evan Cronmiller; Lorraine C. Hamilton; Ross A. Jones; Beth L. Lenentine; Anna MacDonnell; Meghan McBride; Amber Messmer; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
The rapid, range-wide decline in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar , populations is well documented and has led to establishment of captive rearing and breeding programs in order to preserve populations. However, recovery potential may be limited by the inclusion of non-local genotypes, which can be both difficult to detect and quantify. In the genetically unique Inner Bay of Fundy population located in Canada, three Live Gene Bank programs have been established to aid recovery of this endangered conservation unit. Evidence of aquaculture associated non-local (i.e., European) introgression had previously been detected using small panels of microsatellite markers with limited power. Here we show how advances in sequencing and machine learning technologies can support a conservation program. We used machine learning and a corresponding panel of 301 SNPs to estimate individual-level proportions of European ancestry. To assess the degree of introgression in each program and to assess changes over time, fish were randomly selected across several program generations. Estimates were validated by genotyping a subset of individuals on a 220 K SNP array and using established admixture methods. Of the 1741 fish analyzed, only 48 were found to have European ancestry greater than the detection threshold. We found the amount of European ancestry was previously overestimated, and that very few wild-collected founder individuals had large proportions of European ancestry. Moreover, because European ancestry was introduced to Bay of Fundy populations via introgression from aquaculture escapees, these values represent the minimum amount of aquaculture introgression in these captive populations.

Redlisting genetics: towards inclusion of genetic data in IUCN Red List assessments - Chloee M. McLaughlin; Chauncy Hinshaw; Stephania Sandoval-Arango; Michelle Zavala-Paez; Jill A. Hamilton (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Genetic diversity is critical for adaptation in response to changing environments and provides a valuable metric for predicting species’ extinction risk. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and broader scientific community have acknowledged that genetic diversity is a critical component to biodiversity conservation. However, there remain gaps in the incorporation or application of genetic data to extinction risk assessments. Here, we describe how genetic diversity metrics can inform species extinction risk. Specifically, we focus on how information gained from genetic diversity metrics, and temporal reporting of changes in genetic diversity can complement existing IUCN Red List of Threatened Species criteria. We conclude by advocating for standardized reporting of genetic sequence data and calculated diversity metrics to facilitate the use of genetic data in threat assessments for IUCN and Red List-assessed species. This perspective highlights a critical need for, and a critical step towards, integration of genetic diversity metrics into Red List assessments. We expect our recommendations will complement ongoing work by the IUCN Species Survival Commission’s Conservation Genetics Specialist Group to protect genetic diversity globally.

Conservation aquaculture of wild-origin offspring preserves genetic diversity in an endangered population of white sturgeon - Peter Johnson; James Crossman; Andy Miller; Brent Nichols; Jason McLellan; Matthew Howell; Andrea Schreier (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Conservation aquaculture programs that release fish to supplement wild populations can potentially capture greater genetic diversity by collecting offspring as embryos and larvae from wild spawning events than by producing them conventionally from broodstock. A conservation aquaculture program for the endangered white sturgeon population of the Upper Columbia River initially utilized wild broodstock for 14 years before fully transitioning to rearing wild-origin offspring in 2014. Here we evaluated the performance of this program in capturing the wild population’s genetic diversity since transitioning to wild-origin offspring. We analyzed genotypes of 325 tetrasomic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in more than 5,000 offspring reared from 2014 to 2020 and over 1,000 wild adults from the population. Genetic diversity statistics were highly similar between each offspring year class and the wild adult population. We inferred sibship structure to estimate the total number of spawners (N s ) and effective number of breeders (N b ) represented within each year class and found values as high as 932.5 (95% CI 876–989) and 146.3 (95% CI 144–149), respectively, far surpassing the numbers included as broodstock. We further estimated N s and N b for three year classes with their individuals that died in aquaculture and found that on average, the mortality rate of 33.2% decreased N s by 21.5% and N b by 7.9%. Finally, we analyzed relationship coefficients to identify full-sibships spanning collection sites and found them in one year class, comprising 0.27% of all full-sibling pairs that year, demonstrating that the separate sites display negligible redundancy with respect to sibling families collected. Our results illustrate a robust performance by this program in representing the wild population’s diversity compared to broodstock approaches and support the adoption of utilizing wild-origin offspring in other conservation aquaculture programs when feasible.

Characterizing population structure and documenting rapid loss of genetic diversity in Chiricahua Leopard Frogs (Lithobates chiricahuensis) with high throughput microsatellite genotyping - Caleb Beimfohr; Linet Rivas Moreno; Regan Anderson; Raina Cardwell; Zach Seeman; Ryan Spry; Matthew L. Holding; Audrey Owens; Robert D. Denton (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Conservation genetics of a freshwater percid, Sander canadensis, in Manitoba, Canada - Caleb H. S. Wong; Matt J. Thorstensen; Scott Forbes; Jens P. C. Franck; Sara V. Good; Geoff M. Klein; Caleb T. Hasler (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Gene flow prevents genetic diversity loss despite small effective population size in fragmented grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) populations - Megan F. Turnock; Justin E. Teisberg; Wayne F. Kasworm; Matthew R. Falcy; Michael F. Proctor; Lisette P. Waits (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Genetic monitoring is important in small, fragmented populations that rely on gene flow to maintain genetic diversity. The Selkirk, Yaak, and Cabinet grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos ) populations are among the smallest in North America and are near the southernmost extent of the species’ range. These populations received little to no effective migration for generations but have recently experienced increased gene flow through natural migration and a population augmentation program. A long-term dataset of grizzly bear microsatellite genotypes from 1973 to 2021 presented a unique opportunity to examine genetic trends in these populations over time. We used this dataset of 464 bears to evaluate if gene flow affected observed heterozygosity ( H O ), expected heterozygosity ( H E ), allelic richness ( A R ), and average pairwise relatedness ( r ) in each of these populations. We also estimated effective population size ( N e ) using the temporal and linkage disequilibrium (LD) methods. Post gene flow, A R increased in the Selkirk and Cabinet populations and r decreased in all three populations. We did not observe any significant changes in H E or H O , but H E values in our populations were significantly higher than those estimated using a model without gene flow. Our N e estimates were consistent between the temporal and LD methods and ranged from 15.2 to 15.8, 15.4–17.5, and 5.6–8.9 for the Selkirk, Yaak, and Cabinet populations, respectively. Overall, our findings indicate that gene flow is increasing or maintaining genetic diversity in these populations. However, N e remains low and additional connectivity or augmentation may be needed, particularly in the Cabinet population.

Population genetics and the importance of migration in the facultative migratory fish, Labeo chrysophekadion, in the Lower Mekong Basin - Oanh Thi Truong; Sang Quang Tran; Kent E. Carpenter; Ut Ngoc Vu; Sophorn Uy; Chaiwut Grudpan; Phounvisouk Latsamy; Binh Thuy Dang (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Genomic population structure and diversity of the endangered Aphanius iberus: strategies for killifish conservation - Tessa Lynn Nester; Alfonso López-Solano; Silvia Perea; Ignacio Doadrio (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
The evolutionary potential of a species directly impacts its ability to survive in fluctuating environments. A fundamental goal in wildlife conservation is enhancing this potential since anthropogenic pressures and rapid climate change are shifting environments at an alarming rate. One way to increase a species’ adaptive potential is through the delineation of management units based on population genomic analyses. Such units consist of evolutionarily significant gene pools requiring immediate conservation action. The delineation of priority units is fundamental for species on the brink of extinction, a predicament shared by numerous killifish species worldwide which face human-driven habitat transformations leading to the destruction of functioning ecosystems. The Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula has undergone one of the greatest human-driven habitat transformations in Europe since the turn of the 20th century as a result of agricultural exploitation and urbanization, imposing novel environmental pressures on various aquatic organisms including killifish species, such as the endangered and endemic Spanish toothcarp ( Aphanius iberus Valenciennes, 1846 ). In the present study, we performed a SNP-based genetic analysis to delineate management units, or Operational Conservation Units (OCUs) for A. iberus , sampling a total of 176 individuals from 18 sample locations and analyzing their genetic structure, diversity, levels of gene flow, and degrees of genetic differentiation. Overall, the populations were highly structured with low genetic diversity values. Little to no gene flow was detected and F ST values were high, indicating a large degree of genetic differentiation between populations, most likely attributable to habitat fragmentation. The results of our genetic analyses suggested the recommendation of nine OCUs for A. iberus , which should be implemented immediately into recovery programs to enhance the conservation management of this species. Using A. iberus as a study model, our research exemplifies how to delineate conservation priorities pertinent to killifish species with limited dispersal opportunity as a result of disruptions in population connectivity.

Conservation genetics of Stylophorum diphyllum (Papaveraceae): investigating the genetic diversity and differentiation of peripheral and core populations across the range - Linda A. Lait; Brendan A. Graham; David A. Galbraith; Theresa M. Burg; J. L. McCune (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Contemporary evolution of neutral genetic structure in introduced Klamath smallscale suckers (Catostomus rimiculus) recapitulates native patterns - Andrew P. Kinziger; Steven R. Fong; Rodney J. Nakamoto; Jason L. White; Bret C. Harvey (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Inter-island colonization, and evolutionary processes in the Canarian endemic genus Parolinia Webb (Brassicaceae): implications for its conservation - Miguel Ángel González-Pérez; Olga Fernández-Palacios; Peter Beerli; Antonio Diaz-Pérez; Juli Caujapé-Castells (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Wintering grounds leave their mark: where birds winter influences genomic structure in Arctic nesting common eiders - Sarah A. Sonsthagen; Robert E. Wilson; Russell R. Turner; Marie-Josée Fortin; Grant Gilchrist; Vicki L. Friesen (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Maintenance of mitogenomic diversity despite recent population decline in a critically endangered Aotearoa New Zealand bird - Natalie J. Forsdick; Alana Alexander; Liz Brown; Richard F. Maloney; Tammy E. Steeves; Michael Knapp (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Genetic lag in a demographically recovering carnivore: the case of the British pine marten (Martes martes) - Catherine O’Reilly; Emma Sheehy; Jenny MacPherson; Johnny Birks; John Martin; Elizabeth Croose; Kathy Fletcher; Xavier Lambin; Thomas Curran; Rebecca Synnott; Denise O’Meara (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Investigation of introgressive hybridization in endangered Sinohyriopsis mussels (Mollusca: Unionidae) using genome-wide data in Japan - Yasuto Ishii; Youdai Kawamoto; Akihisa Shirai; Takumi Saito; Daishi Yamazaki; Bin Ye; Shun Ito; Takaki Kondo; Takahiro Hirano; Satoshi Chiba; Isao Sano (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Anthropogenic hybridization is a global phenomenon and a major concern in conservation biology. Sinohyriopsis schlegelii (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae), native to Lake Biwa in Japan, is considered endangered because of its hybridization with an introduced Chinese species, S. cumingii . Although previous research suggested hybridization among Sinohyriopsis mussels, the research has failed to (1) evaluate the prevalence of hybrids, (2) predict the genetic consequences for populations containing hybrids, and (3) genetically assess a population devoid of hybrids. This study aimed to fill the knowledge gaps. We collected samples from all persistent populations in Lake Biwa, Lake Kasumigaura, and Lake Anenuma (the latter two populations were introduced from Lake Biwa) and analyzed genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) data. Our findings demonstrate that hybrids are prevalent in Lake Biwa and Lake Kasumigaura but absent in Lake Anenuma. The proportion of S. cumingii ancestry increased over the past 20 years, indicating that the genetic material of S. schlegelii may diminish further in the future. Moreover, the S. schlegelii population in Lake Anenuma shared genetic similarities with the pre-hybridization population of Lake Biwa. Although the Lake Anenuma population exhibited lower genetic diversity, no signs of inbreeding were observed. Overall, the Lake Anenuma population remains the only genetically pure S. schlegelii population, but its low genetic diversity indicates a reduced adaptive potential to environmental changes. This study provides valuable insights into the current genetic status of S. schlegelii , ultimately informing conservation efforts for this critically endangered species.

Understanding the local endemism of Magnolia calimaensis (Lozano) Goovaerts: analysis of its genetic diversity and structure - Kelly T. Bocanegra-González; Yani Aranguren; Fernando Fernández-Méndez (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
This study aims to comprehend the factors that influence local endemism in Magnolia calimaensis , a tree species inhabiting the rain forests of Buenaventura in Colombia, classified as critically endangered with an estimated population of fewer than 100 individuals. A total of 38 individuals were collected from the Bajo Calima and Bahía Málaga localities. Subsequently, microsatellite marker analysis of the species’ genetic diversity and structure were conducted. Nine microsatellites from other tropical Magnolia species amplified in this system, with only seven being variable and functional. The results revealed diminished levels of genetic diversity and notable indices of inbreeding for both populations ( He : 0.30 / F : 0.63 for Bajo Calima and He : 0.31 / F : 0.22 for Bahía Málaga). Furthermore, F-Statistics indicate high genetic differentiation between populations (F ST =0.42) and low migration (N m =0.34). Despite the continuity of the rain forests inhabited by the species and the availability of dispersion vectors, the results suggest that its restricted distribution is not related to the landscape. We hypothesize that gene flow and broader distribution are constrained by the species’ reproductive biology. Frequent geitonogamy and self-pollination in Magnolia , along with the potential impact of Lepidoptera parasites damaging floral structures during critical developmental stages, may play a significant role. Future studies should aim to investigate these factors in detail. The genetic results emphasize the urgent need to implement genetic restoration strategies to preserve and ensure the perpetuity of known populations of M. calimaensis .

Impacts of habitat loss by reservoir inundation on occurrence, abundance, and genetic diversity of an imperiled, river-adapted, benthic-specialist fish, Etheostoma lemniscatum (Tuxedo Darter) - Rebecca E. Blanton; Jacob F. Brumley; Matthew R. Thomas; Jeffrey W. Simmons; Stephanie L. Brandt; Michael A. Floyd (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Dams homogenize habitat and alter natural depth and flow regimes of lotic habitats, leading to extirpation of many stream-adapted fishes such as darters (Percidae). The Tuxedo Darter, Etheostoma lemniscatum , is a habitat-specialist of shallow, flowing pools with cobble substrate in the Big South Fork Cumberland River. One threat to this species is Wolf Creek Dam on the Cumberland River that creates Lake Cumberland, which during summer pool, inundates the lower 72 river kilometers (rkms) of the Big South Fork. A six-year period of lower reservoir elevations for dam repairs allowed a 9 rkm reach to return to riverine habitat and E. lemniscatum to colonize this reach. Once dam repairs were complete, the lower 72 rkms were again regularly inundated by Lake Cumberland. To determine the impact of post-dam repair inundation on E. lemniscatum , we compared occurrence, abundance, and genetic diversity metrics estimated from samples from 2015 and from several years post-inundation in 2019 and 2020 from 11 sites spanning the species’ range. Declines in occurrence and abundance were detected within the re-inundated reach. We observed low genetic diversity for the species for both sample periods, but no significant changes in genetic diversity between years. A trend towards lower allelic richness and an increase in the proportion of private alleles was observed in the 2019/2020 samples. Coupled with local extirpation and declines in abundance, these trends may be early warning signs of future declines in genetic diversity. We suggest future genetic monitoring to identify any time delayed responses to inundation not detected herein.

Morphology and genetics of non-topotypes Pimelodus platicirris catfish suggest synonymy with P. maculatus - Rafael A. Baggio; Vinicius Abilhoa; Grazielle H. F. de Menezes; Emanuel Razzolini; Ana Carolina Lacerda Rego; Átila Rodrigues de Araújo; Mateus Moreira de Carvalho; Alexandre L. Godinho (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Mitochondrial genomes reveal low genetic diversity in snow leopards - Shiqing Wang; Haimeng Li; Yinping Tian; Yu Lin; Yingna Zhou; Jan E. Janecka; Yuan Fu; Yue Ma; Zhen Wang; Tianming Lan (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Cryptic variation in the sooty albatross Phoebetria fusca: genetic and morphological differences between Atlantic and Indian Ocean birds - Dilini K. Abeyrama; Michelle M. Risi; Maelle Connan; Peter G. Ryan; Christopher W. Jones; Trevor Glass; Alexis M. Osborne; Antje Steinfurth; Andy Schofield; Pierre Pistorius; Danielle Keys; Yves Cherel; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Distinct management units for the Critically Endangered angelshark (Squatina squatina) revealed in the Canary Islands - Eva K.M. Meyers; Nadia Faure; David Jiménez-Alvarado; Joanna Barker; Hector Toledo-Padilla; Fernando Tuya; Charlotte Pike; Lucy R. Mead; Michael J. Sealey; Maria Belén Caro; David M.P. Jacoby; Felipe Ravina Olivares; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
The angelshark, Squatina squatina , is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and remaining populations are highly fragmented throughout its historical distribution. The Canary Islands archipelago in the North East Atlantic has been identified as a uniquely large stronghold for the species. In the present study, we compared the population genetic structure of S. squatina across different islands of the Canary Island archipelago using both microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Both markers revealed significant differentiation of angelsharks between islands in the archipelago, with three main genetic units at: (1) Tenerife, (2) Gran Canaria and (3) the island group consisting of La Graciosa, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. Our results imply a connectivity barrier between some adjacent islands, most likely driven by abyssal depths, and varying geological history and formation of each island and oceanographic patterns (i.e. seasonal coastal upwellings off the African coast). Therefore, we suggest that in the Canary Islands, S. squatina populations should be managed locally, with conservation and research priorities designed and implemented specifically for each of the three genetic units.

Genomic insights into high-altitude adaptation and evolutionary dynamics of Indian yaks in the Trans-Himalayan region - Karan Mahar; Ankita Gurao; Amod Kumar; Meenakshi Chitkara; Gopal Ramdasji Gowane; Sonika Ahlawat; Saket Kumar Niranjan; Rakesh Kumar Pundir; Reena Arora; Ranjit Singh Kataria; Mahesh Shivanand Dige (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Population genomics of a specialized insect, Tetraopes texanus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), across a fragmented grassland system - Thomas P. Franzem; Jamie R. Bucholz; Jeffrey D. Lozier; Paige F. B. Ferguson (Conservation Genetics, 2025)
Specialist insects are especially susceptible to loss of genetic diversity in the face of habitat destruction and fragmentation. Implementing effective conservation practices for specialist insects will benefit from knowledge of population structure and genetic diversity. Because insects are hyper-diverse, characterizing the population structure of all species within the insect community is untenable, even if focused within a particular habitat type. Thus, concentrating on a single species specialized to a particular habitat type is needed to infer general trends. Here, we investigate the range-wide population genetics of Tetraopes texanus Horn 1878 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), which provides a useful model of grassland insects due to its’ habitat specificity and unique biology. Tetraopes texanus occurs primarily in Texas and Oklahoma, into Northern Mexico, and possibly into eastern New Mexico but also occurs in Black Belt prairies of Mississippi and Alabama. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (RAD-seq) analysis identified two distinct population clusters of T. texanus corresponding to the Texas and Oklahoma population and the Mississippi and Alabama population. Demographic models indicate ongoing, though incomplete, isolation of the two populations, with estimated dates of divergence in the mid-Pleistocene, coinciding with the end of a glacial period and a shift in glacial interval. These results can inform conservation of grassland adapted insects and offers insight to the biogeography of the Gulf Coastal Plain.

Development and application of a genetic baseline to inform bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) passage and conservation in the Snake River - John S. Hargrove; Thomas A. Delomas; Matthew R. Campbell; Philip J. Howell; Audrey C. Harris; Richard Wilkison (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

Transboundary gene flow and notes on philopatry in lynx populations of Estonia and Latvia: implications for conservation - Egle Tammeleht; Marju Keis; Jaanus Remm; Dainis Rungis; Janis Ozolins; Urmas Saarma (Conservation Genetics, 2025)

25 years of conservation genetics - A. Rus Hoelzel (Conservation Genetics, 2024)

Correction: Genetic assessment and monitoring of wild, captive, and reintroduced northern leopard frog populations - Parinaz Khalilzadeh; Lea Randall; David Coltman; Lindsay Anderson; David Lesbarrères (Conservation Genetics, 2024)

Measuring interspecific admixture in endangered Houston toads (Bufo [= Anaxyrus] houstonensis) at a main recovery site in the Lost Pines ecosystem of Texas, USA - Ferris Eric-Hisham Zughaiyir; Shashwat Sirsi; David Rodriguez; Diana J. McHenry; Michael R. J. Forstner (Conservation Genetics, 2024)

Assessment of genetic diversity in a locally endangered tern species suggests population connection instead of isolation - Anna Schnelle; Robert E. Rollins; Jacopo G. Cecere; Lorenzo Serra; Jorge S. Gutiérrez; Jose A. Masero; Markus Risch; Sandra Bouwhuis; Miriam Liedvogel (Conservation Genetics, 2024)
Many bird populations are declining globally, with migratory sea- and waterbirds among the most threatened groups. Increased isolation between populations, due to habitat loss leading to limited connectivity and reduced gene flow, may accelerate population declines or even cause local extinctions. To address this threat and inform conservation efforts, assessment of the genetic diversity of endangered populations is required. In Central Europe, gull-billed terns ( Gelochelidon nilotica ) have experienced a severe population decline in the past century, with only one last population of c. 40 breeding pairs remaining. Here, we aimed to characterise the genetic diversity of this population, and to compare it to that of two separate Mediterranean colonies to assess potential population connectivity. To achieve this, we developed a PCR protocol to amplify and sequence the complete mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). We found high genetic diversity in all three populations, and no population structure based on breeding location, as well as moderate population differentiation between Germany and Italy, and low differentiation between Germany and Spain, and between Italy and Spain. The German population, however, showed signs of population restriction, while both Mediterranean colonies showed evidence for population expansion. These results indicate that the last population of gull-billed terns in Central Europe is not acutely threatened by loss of genetic diversity, but instead shows signs of connectivity with other European colonies, which in turn suggests that conservation efforts should best focus on habitat and predation management.

Correction: DNA-based studies and genetic diversity indicator assessments are complementary approaches to conserving evolutionary potential - Sean Hoban; Ivan Paz-Vinas; Robyn E. Shaw; Luis Castillo-Reina; Jessica M. da Silva; J. Andrew Dewoody; Robert Ekblom; Ancuta Fedorca; Brenna R. Forester; W. Chris Funk; Julia C. Geue; Myriam Heuertz; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2024)

Landscape genetic analysis of population structure and factors influencing gene flow in a southern peripheral population of boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) - Nicole Anderson; Ashley M. Thomson (Conservation Genetics, 2024)

Population structure of free-ranging introduced monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) in Santiago, Chile - Alejandra Sandoval-Rodríguez; Agustín Barría; Marco A Méndez; Matilde Larraechea; Cristóbal Briceño (Conservation Genetics, 2024)

Genetic differentiation and diversity do not explain variation in heterosis or inbreeding depression: empirical evidence from a long-lived iteroparous plant - Linus Söderquist; Sophie Karrenberg; Nina Sletvold (Conservation Genetics, 2024)
Assisted gene flow can restore genetic diversity when genetic drift has driven deleterious alleles to high frequencies in small, isolated populations. Previous crosses among 20 populations of Gymnadenia conopsea documented the strongest heterosis and the weakest inbreeding depression in sparse and small populations, consistent with fixation of mildly deleterious alleles by genetic drift. We genotyped the populations used for crosses, and used 1200–1728 SNPs to test the following predictions: (1) heterosis increases with genetic differentiation ( F ST ) to donor populations and decreases with genetic diversity in the recipient population, (2) inbreeding depression increases with genetic diversity, and (3) genetic diversity increases, and mean F ST to other populations decreases, with population size and density. Pairwise F ST ranged from very low to moderate (0.005–0.20) and genetic diversity varied moderately among populations (proportion of polymorphic loci = 0.52–0.75). However, neither F ST between populations, nor genetic diversity in the recipient population, were related to the strength of heterosis. There was also no association between genetic diversity and the strength of inbreeding depression. Genetic diversity increased and mean F ST decreased with population size, consistent with reduced diversity and increased differentiation of small populations by genetic drift. The results indicate that the loci conferring heterosis are not mirrored by overall population differentiation, and limited additional information on potential source populations for genetic rescue is gained by the genetic data. Instead, the use of controlled crosses can directly reveal positive effects of introducing new genetic material, and is a simple method with high potential in conservation.

Population genomics and mitochondrial DNA reveal cryptic diversity in North American Spring Cavefishes (Amblyopsidae, Forbesichthys) - Roberto V. Cucalón; Joel B. Corush; Matthew L. Niemiller; Amanda N. Curtis; Pamela B. Hart; Bernard R. Kuhajda; Matthew R. Thomas; Brian Metzke; Mark A. Davis; Milton Tan (Conservation Genetics, 2024)

Building meaningful collaboration in conservation genetics and genomics - Robyn E. Shaw; Brittany Brockett; Jennifer C. Pierson; Stephen D. Sarre; Paula Doyle; Hannah B. Cliff; Mark D. B. Eldridge; Kimberly A. Miller; Kym Ottewell; Marissa L. Parrott; Maurizio Rossetto; Paul Sunnucks; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2024)
Genetic diversity is the foundation of biodiversity, and preserving it is therefore fundamental to conservation practice. However, global conservation efforts face significant challenges integrating genetic and genomic approaches into applied management and policy. As collaborative partnerships are increasingly recognized as key components of successful conservation efforts, we explore their role and relevance in the Australian context, by engaging with key entities from across the conservation sector, including academia, botanic gardens, herbaria, seed banks, governmental/non-governmental organisations, private industry, museums, Traditional Owners, Indigenous rangers, and zoos and aquaria. By combining perspectives from these entities with comprehensive literature review, we identified five guiding principles for conservation genetic and genomic research and explored the different elements of, and approaches to, collaboration. Our reflections suggest that there is a substantial overlap in research interests across the Australian conservation sector, and our findings show that collaboration is increasing. We discuss approaches to building collaborative partnerships, the reciprocal benefits of collaborating, and some remaining challenges associated with data generation, data collection, and cross-cultural considerations. We emphasise the need for long-term national resourcing for sample and data storage and consistency in collecting, generating and reporting genetic data. While informed by the Australian experience, our goal is to support researchers and practitioners to foster meaningful collaborations that achieve measurable management outcomes in conservation genetics and genomics, both in Australia and globally.

Correction: Population structure and connectivity in Indo-Pacific deep-sea mussels of the Bathymodiolus septemdierum complex - Corinna Breusing; Shannon B. Johnson; Verena Tunnicliffe; Robert C. Vrijenhoek (Conservation Genetics, 2024)

The structure and connectivity of an archipelagic population of black bears - Monica R. Cooper; Andrew Edwards; Julie Van Stappen; Ronald Nordin; Dylan Jennings; Jonathan N. Pauli (Conservation Genetics, 2024)

Population genetic structure and range limits of Prostanthera cineolifera (Lamiaceae), a vulnerable shrub with a patchy distribution - Ruth L. Palsson; Ian R. H. Telford; Jeremy J. Bruhl; Rose L. Andrew (Conservation Genetics, 2024)
Integrating molecular data is essential for clarifying the distributions and genetic structures of species that have histories of misidentification and misapplication of names. There has been confusion about the species limits of the Vulnerable Prostanthera cineolifera with respect to morphologically similar specimens in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia and morphologically dissimilar specimens in the Lower Hawkesbury Valley, New South Wales, and from north-eastern New South Wales. To test the species limits of P. cineolifera, and related taxa, specimens were collected from across the range and augmented with herbarium specimens. We used morphometric analysis of 18 morphological characters across 51 samples. Using the DArTseq reduced representation sequencing platform, 4010 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 110 individuals were recovered for molecular analysis. Both morphological and molecular analyses produced three concordant clusters (A) P. cineolifera , (B) a group sharing similarities with P . sp. Hawkesbury (B.J.Conn 2591), and (C) a group allied with P. lanceolata and P. ovalifolia . These results indicate that the specimens form north-eastern New South Wales are more likely to be P. lanceolata , not P. cineolifera , and that specimens from the Lower Hawkesbury are of an undescribed species with the phrase name P . sp. Hawkesbury (B.J.Conn 2591). Within P. cineolifera there was pronounced genetic differentiation among populations. Little evidence of inbreeding was observed, but the newly recognised, more isolated populations had the lowest genetic diversity. This study provides new information about the range of the species and its genetic structure that informs the conservation priorities for this species.

Patterns of genetic diversity, gene flow and genetic structure of three Peninsular Indian elephant populations indicate population connectivity - Reeta Sharma; Rahul De; Jean-Philippe Puyravaud; Jyotirmayee Parida; A. Sedhupathy; Tamanna Kalam; Abdul Rahim; K. Muthamizh Selvan; N. Arumugam; S. P. Goyal; Priya Davidar (Conservation Genetics, 2024)

Population genetic structures of newly recruited and adult populations of pocilloporid corals in southwestern Shikoku, Japan - Satoru Sano; Yuichi Nakajima; Takuma Mezaki; Satoshi Mitarai; Masako Nakamura (Conservation Genetics, 2024)

DNA-based studies and genetic diversity indicator assessments are complementary approaches to conserving evolutionary potential - Sean Hoban; Ivan Paz-Vinas; Robyn E. Shaw; Luis Castillo-Reina; Jessica M. da Silva; J. Andrew DeWoody; Robert Ekblom; Ancuta Fedorca; Brenna R. Forester; W. Chris Funk; Julia C. Geue; Myriam Heuertz; et al. (Conservation Genetics, 2024)
Genetic diversity is essential for maintaining healthy populations and ecosystems. Several approaches have recently been developed to evaluate population genetic trends without necessarily collecting new genetic data. Such “genetic diversity indicators” enable rapid, large-scale evaluation across dozens to thousands of species. Empirical genetic studies, when available, provide detailed information that is important for management, such as estimates of gene flow, inbreeding, genetic erosion and adaptation. In this article, we argue that the development and advancement of genetic diversity indicators is a complementary approach to genetic studies in conservation biology, but not a substitute. Genetic diversity indicators and empirical genetic data can provide different information for conserving genetic diversity. Genetic diversity indicators enable affordable tracking, reporting, prioritization and communication, although, being proxies, do not provide comprehensive evaluation of the genetic status of a species. Conversely, genetic methods offer detailed analysis of the genetic status of a given species or population, although they remain challenging to implement for most species globally, given current capacity and resourcing. We conclude that indicators and genetic studies are both important for genetic conservation actions and recommend they be used in combination for conserving and monitoring genetic diversity.