Erik Thorsby (1938–2021) - Ludvig M. Sollid; Knut E. A. Lundin; Torbjørn Leivestad; Anne Spurkland; Frode Vartdal (Immunogenetics, 2021)

Variation and expression of HLA-DPB1 gene in HBV infection - Guojin Ou; Xiao Liu; Haixia Xu; Xin Ji; Xiaojuan Liu; Jue Wang (Immunogenetics, 2021)

Rs-10889677 variant in interleukin-23 receptor may contribute to creating an inflammatory milieu more susceptible to bladder tumourigenesis: report and meta-analysis - Mohammed El-Gedamy; Zakaria El-khayat; Hassan Abol-Enein; Afaf El-said; Eslam El-Nahrery (Immunogenetics, 2021)

Evidence for the loss and recovery of SLAMF9 during human evolution: implications on Dollo’s law - Maegan K. Murphy; Justin T. Moon; Alexis T. Skolaris; Joseph A. Mikulin; Timothy J. Wilson (Immunogenetics, 2021)

KIR2DL4 genetic diversity in a Brazilian population sample: implications for transcription regulation and protein diversity in samples with different ancestry backgrounds - Emiliana Weiss; Heloisa S. Andrade; Juliana Rodrigues Lara; Andreia S. Souza; Michelle A. Paz; Thálitta H. A. Lima; Iane O. P. Porto; Nayane S. B. Silva; Camila F. Bannwart Castro; Rejane M. T. Grotto; Eduardo A. Donadi; Celso T. Mendes-Junior; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2021)

Annotation of immune genes in the extinct thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) - Emma Peel; Stephen Frankenberg; Carolyn J. Hogg; Andrew Pask; Katherine Belov (Immunogenetics, 2021)

Correction to: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) associations with diseases in ethnic groups of the Arabian Peninsula - Halima Al Naqbi; Aurélie Mawart; Jawaher Alshamsi; Habiba Al Safar; Guan K. Tay (Immunogenetics, 2021)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) associations with diseases in ethnic groups of the Arabian Peninsula - Halima Al Naqbi; Aurélie Mawart; Jawaher Alshamsi; Habiba Al Safar; Guan K. Tay (Immunogenetics, 2021)
Since the discovery of human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), the function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene families in a wide range of diseases have been the subject of research for decades. In particular, the associations of autoimmune disorders to allelic variants and candidate genes encoding the MHC are well documented. However, despite decades of research, the knowledge of MHC associations with human disease susceptibility have been predominantly studied in European origin, with limited understanding in different populations and ethnic groups. This is particularly evident in countries and ethnic populations of the Arabian Peninsula. Human MHC haplotypes, and its association with diseases, of the variable ethnic groups of this region are poorly studied. This review compiled published manuscripts that have reported a list of autoimmune diseases (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis vulgaris, and multiple sclerosis) associated with MHC class I and class II in the populations of the Arabian Peninsula, specifically Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Data available was compared with other three ethnic groups, namely Caucasians, Asians, and Africans. The limited data available in the public domain on the association between MHC gene and autoimmune diseases highlight the challenges in the Middle Eastern region.

Characterization of the domestic goat γδ T cell receptor gene loci and gene usage - Alexandria Gillespie; Al Yirsaw; Karthick P. Gunasekaran; Timothy P. Smith; Derek M. Bickhart; Michael Turley; Timothy Connelley; Janice C. Telfer; Cynthia L. Baldwin (Immunogenetics, 2021)

CDR3 and V genes show distinct reconstitution patterns in T cell repertoire post-allogeneic bone marrow transplantation - Nili Tickotsky-Moskovitz; Yoram Louzoun; Shirit Dvorkin; Adi Rotkopf; Amir Asher Kuperman; Sol Efroni (Immunogenetics, 2021)

Development and evaluation of a rapid and cost-efficient NGS-based MHC class I genotyping method for macaques by using a prevalent short-read sequencer - Kousuke Tanimoto; Taeko K. Naruse; Tetsuro Matano; Akinori Kimura (Immunogenetics, 2021)

A systematic review of microRNAs as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer - Alireza Ahadi (Immunogenetics, 2021)

A method for making alignments of related protein sequences that share very little similarity; shark interleukin 2 as an example - Johannes M. Dijkstra (Immunogenetics, 2021)

Lost structural and functional inter-relationships between Ig and TCR loci in mammals revealed in sharks - Jeannine A. Ott; Yuko Ohta; Martin F. Flajnik; Michael F. Criscitiello (Immunogenetics, 2021)

Immunoglobulins in teleosts - Sumaira Bilal; Angela Etayo; Ivar Hordvik (Immunogenetics, 2021)

The intersection of stress, sex and immunity in fishes - James H. Campbell; Brian Dixon; Lindy M. Whitehouse (Immunogenetics, 2021)

Anatomy of teleost fish immune structures and organs - Håvard Bjørgen; Erling Olaf Koppang (Immunogenetics, 2021)
The function of a tissue is determined by its construction and cellular composition. The action of different genes can thus only be understood properly when seen in the context of the environment in which they are expressed and function. We now experience a renaissance in morphological research in fish, not only because, surprisingly enough, large structures have remained un-described until recently, but also because improved methods for studying morphological characteristics in combination with expression analysis are at hand. In this review, we address anatomical features of teleost immune tissues. There are approximately 30,000 known teleost fish species and only a minor portion of them have been studied. We aim our review at the Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) and other salmonids, but when applicable, we also present information from other species. Our focus is the anatomy of the kidney, thymus, spleen, the interbranchial lymphoid tissue (ILT), the newly discovered salmonid cloacal bursa and the naso-pharynx associated lymphoid tissue (NALT).

Identification of distinct LRC- and Fc receptor complex-like chromosomal regions in fish supports that teleost leukocyte immune-type receptors are distant relatives of mammalian Fc receptor-like molecules - Jiahui Wang; Miodrag Belosevic; James L. Stafford (Immunogenetics, 2021)

Immunogenetics special issue 2021: Fish Immunology - Johannes M. Dijkstra; Brian Dixon (Immunogenetics, 2021)

Fate of MHCII in salmonids following 4WGD - Unni Grimholt; Morten Lukacs (Immunogenetics, 2021)
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are key players in the adaptive immunity providing a defense against invading pathogens. Although the basic structures are similar when comparing mammalian and teleost MHC class II (MHCII) molecules, there are also clear-cut differences. Based on structural requirements, the teleosts non-classical MHCII molecules do not comply with a function similar to the human HLA-DM and HLA-DO, i.e., assisting in peptide loading and editing of classical MHCII molecules. We have previously studied the evolution of teleost class II genes identifying various lineages and tracing their phylogenetic occurrence back to ancient ray-finned fishes. We found no syntenic MHCII regions shared between cyprinids, salmonids, and neoteleosts, suggesting regional instabilities. Salmonids have experienced a unique whole genome duplication 94 million years ago, providing them with the opportunity to experiment with gene duplicates. Many salmonid genomes have recently become available, and here we set out to investigate how MHCII has evolved in salmonids using Northern pike as a diploid sister phyla, that split from the salmonid lineage prior to the fourth whole genome duplication (4WGD) event. We identified 120 MHCII genes in pike and salmonids, ranging from 11 to 20 genes per species analyzed where DB-group genes had the most expansions. Comparing the MHC of Northern pike with that of Atlantic salmon and other salmonids species provides a tale of gene loss, translocations, and genome rearrangements.

The immune system of jawless vertebrates: insights into the prototype of the adaptive immune system - Yoichi Sutoh; Masanori Kasahara (Immunogenetics, 2021)

Replication study and meta-analysis indicate a suggestive association of RUNX3 locus with primary biliary cholangitis - Rohil Jawed; Mingming Zhang; Chan Wang; Shu-Han Yang; Peng Jiang; Qiuyuan Wu; Li Li; Weichang Chen; M. Eric Gershwin; Ye Tian; Michael F. Seldin; Xiong Ma; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Evidence for the loss of plasminogen receptor KT gene in chicken - Sandhya Sharma; Sagar Sharad Shinde; Lokdeep Teekas; Nagarjun Vijay (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Fractal genomics of SOD1 evolution - Mohammad Saeed (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Identification of immune-related gene signature predicting survival in the tumor microenvironment of lung adenocarcinoma - Mengnan Zhao; Ming Li; Zhencong Chen; Yunyi Bian; Yuansheng Zheng; Zhengyang Hu; Jiaqi Liang; Yiwei Huang; Jiacheng Yin; Cheng Zhan; Mingxiang Feng; Qun Wang (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Evolution of HLA-F and its orthologues in primate species: a complex tale of conservation, diversification and inactivation - N. Otting; N. G. de Groot; R. E. Bontrop (Immunogenetics, 2020)
HLA-F represents one of the nonclassical MHC class I molecules in humans. Its main characteristics involve low levels of polymorphism in combination with a restricted tissue distribution. This signals that the gene product executes a specialised function, which, however, is still poorly understood. Relatively little is known about the evolutionary equivalents of this gene in nonhuman primates, especially with regard to population data. Here we report a comparative genetic analysis of the orthologous genes of HLA-F in various great ape, Old World monkey (OWM), and New World monkey (NWM) species. HLA-F-related transcripts were found in all subjects studied. Low levels of polymorphism were encountered, although the length of the predicted gene products may vary. In most species, one or two transcripts were discovered, indicating the presence of only one active F-like gene per chromosome. An exception was provided by a New World monkey species, namely, the common marmoset. In this species, the gene has been subject to duplication, giving rise to up to six F-like transcripts per animal. In humans, great apes, and OWM, and probably the majority of the NWM species, the evolutionary equivalents of the HLA-F gene experienced purifying selection. In the marmoset, however, the gene was initially duplicated, but the expansion was subjected afterwards to various mechanisms of genetic inactivation, as evidenced by the presence of pseudogenes and an array of genetic artefacts in a section of the transcripts.

Association of HLA-DQ and IL13 gene variants with challenge-proven shrimp allergy in West Bengal, India - Arghya Laha; Amlan Ghosh; Saibal Moitra; Himani Biswas; Nimai Chandra Saha; Srijit Bhattacharya; Goutam Kumar Saha; Sanjoy Podder (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Ethnic variation in risk genotypes based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the interferon-inducible transmembrane 3 (IFITM3) gene, a susceptibility factor for pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus - Yong-Chan Kim; Byung-Hoon Jeong (Immunogenetics, 2020)

High-throughput immunogenetic typing of koalas suggests possible link between MHC alleles and cancers - Bonnie L. Quigley; Galit Tzipori; Karen Nilsson; Peter Timms (Immunogenetics, 2020)
Characterizing the allelic diversity within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes is an important way of determining the potential genetic resilience of a population to infectious and ecological pressures. For the koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus ), endemic diseases, anthropogenic factors and climate change are all placing increased pressure on this vulnerable marsupial. To increase the ability of researchers to study MHC genetics in koalas, this study developed and tested a high-throughput immunogenetic profiling methodology for targeting MHC class I UA and UC genes and MHC class II DAB, DBB, DCB and DMB genes in a population of 82 captive koalas. This approach was validated by comparing the determined allelic profiles from 36 koala family units (18 dam-sire-joey units and 18 parent-joey pairs), finding 96% overall congruence within family profiles. Cancers are a significant cause of morbidity in koalas and the risk factors remain undetermined. Our analysis of this captive population revealed several novel MHC alleles, including a potential link between the DBB*03 allele and a risk of developing cancer. This method offers a reliable, high-throughput protocol for expanded study into koala immunogenetics.

Elevated interleukin-6 and adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis based on adjusted effect estimates - Peihua Zhang; Li Shi; Jie Xu; Yadong Wang; Haiyan Yang (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Characterization of immune pleiotropy of ESR1 gene in pigs - Yalan Wu; Wei Zhang; lingni Zhang; Daoyuan Wang; Shuhong Zhao; Mengjin Zhu (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Exosomes from dendritic cells with Mettl3 gene knockdown prevent immune rejection in a mouse cardiac allograft model - Hongbing Wu; Zhaojia Xu; Zhiwei Wang; Zongli Ren; Luocheng Li; Yongle Ruan (Immunogenetics, 2020)

In silico analysis reveals interrelation of enriched pathways and genes in type 1 diabetes - Saubashya Sur (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Genetic diversity of MHC-B in 12 chicken populations in Korea revealed by single-nucleotide polymorphisms - Prabuddha Manjula; Bertrand Bed’Hom; Md Rashedul Hoque; Sunghyun Cho; Dongwon Seo; Olympe Chazara; Seung Hwan Lee; Jun Heon Lee (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms in the East Siberia and Russian Arctic populations - Sergey Yu Tereshchenko; Marina V. Smolnikova; Maxim B. Freidin (Immunogenetics, 2020)

The African-American population with a low allele frequency of SNP rs1990760 (T allele) in IFIH1 predicts less IFN-beta expression and potential vulnerability to COVID-19 infection - Amit K. Maiti (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Intrabreed and interbreed variation of the BOLA-DRB3.2 gene in the Kostroma and Yaroslavl indigenous Russian cattle breeds - Irina V. Lazebnaya; Aleksey V. Perchun; Oleg E. Lazebny (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Latitudinal diversity gradient and cetaceans from the perspective of MHC genes - Maria Luiza Andreani; Lucas Freitas; Elisa K. S. Ramos; Mariana F. Nery (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Specific amino acid patterns define split specificities of HLA-B15 antigens enabling conversion from DNA-based typing to serological equivalents - Burcu Duygu; Benedict M. Matern; Lotte Wieten; Christina E.M. Voorter; Marcel G.J. Tilanus (Immunogenetics, 2020)
The HLA-B15 typing by serological approaches defined the serological subgroups (or splits) B62, B63, B75, B76, B77 and B70 (B71 and B72). The scarcity of sera with specific anti-HLA antibodies makes the serological typing method difficult to discriminate a high variety of HLA antigens, especially between the B15 antigen subgroups. Advancements in DNA-based technologies have led to a switch from serological typing to high-resolution DNA typing methods. DNA sequencing techniques assign B15 specificity to all alleles in the HLA-B*15 allele group, without distinction of the serological split equivalents. However, the presence of antibodies in the patient defined as split B15 antigens urges the identification of HLA-B*15 allele subtypes of the donor, since the presence of donor-specific antibodies is an important contraindication for organ transplantation. Although the HLA dictionary comprises information regarding the serological subtypes of HLA alleles, there are currently 394 B15 antigens out of 516 in the IPD-IMGT/HLA database (3.38.0) without any assigned serological subtype. In this regard, we aimed to identify specific amino acid patterns for each B*15 serological split, in order to facilitate the assignment of B*15 alleles to serological equivalents after high-resolution molecular typing. As a result, serological specificities of 372/394 not yet assigned alleles could be predicted based on amino acid motifs. Furthermore, two new serological types were identified and added, B62-Bw4 and B71-Bw4.

Genetic analysis of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors in multiple sclerosis - Lisa F. Popplewell; Mary Encarnacion; Cecily Q. Bernales; A Dessa Sadovnick; Anthony L. Traboulsee; Jacqueline A. Quandt; Carles Vilariño-Güell (Immunogenetics, 2020)

IConMHC: a deep learning convolutional neural network model to predict peptide and MHC-I binding affinity - Baikang Pei; Yi-Hsiang Hsu (Immunogenetics, 2020)

A regulatory variant in the C1Q gene cluster is associated with tuberculosis susceptibility and C1qA plasma levels in a South African population - Natalie Bruiners; Haiko Schurz; Michelle Daya; Muneeb Salie; Paul D van Helden; Craig J Kinnear; Eileen G Hoal; Marlo Möller; Nicolaas C. Gey van Pittius (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Analysis of HLA-G protein expression in leprosy - Camila Rodrigues da Silva; Lucas Henrique Ferreira Sampaio; Maurício Barcelos Costa; Maria Auxiliadora de Paula Carneiro Cysneiros; Ibrahim Abiodoun Sadissou; Mirian Lane de Oliveira Rodrigues Castilho; Jonathan Ballico de Moraes; Eduardo Antonio Donadi; Isabela Jubé Wastoswki (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Transcriptomes from German shepherd dogs reveal differences in immune activity between atopic dermatitis affected and control skin - K. Tengvall; K. Bergvall; M. Olsson; B. Ardesjö-Lundgren; F. H. G. Farias; M. Kierczak; Å. Hedhammar; K. Lindblad-Toh; G. Andersson (Immunogenetics, 2020)
Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is an inflammatory and pruritic allergic skin disease with both genetic and environmental risk factors described. We performed mRNA sequencing of non-lesional axillary skin biopsies from nine German shepherd dogs. Obtained RNA sequences were mapped to the dog genome (CanFam3.1) and a high-quality skin transcriptome was generated with 23,510 expressed gene transcripts. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were defined by comparing three controls to five treated CAD cases. Using a leave-one-out analysis, we identified seven DEGs: five known to encode proteins with functions related to an activated immune system ( CD209 , CLEC4G , LOC102156842 ( lipopolysaccharide-binding protein- like), LOC480601 ( regakine-1 -like), LOC479668 ( haptoglobin -like)), one ( OBP ) encoding an odorant-binding protein potentially connected to rhinitis, and the last ( LOC607095 ) encoding a novel long non-coding RNA. Furthermore, high mRNA expression of inflammatory genes was found in axillary skin from an untreated mild CAD case compared with healthy skin. In conclusion, we define genes with different expression patterns in CAD case skin helping us understand post-treatment atopic skin. Further studies in larger sample sets are warranted to confirm and to transfer these results into clinical practice.

A simple means for MHC-Y genotyping in chickens using short tandem repeat sequences - Jibin Zhang; Ronald M. Goto; Marcia M. Miller (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Inter- and intraspecies comparison of phylogenetic fingerprints and sequence diversity of immunoglobulin variable genes - Alexander Yermanos; Andreas Dounas; Victor Greiff; Tanja Stadler; Annette Oxenius; Sai T. Reddy (Immunogenetics, 2020)

COVID-19 pandemic: is a gender-defined dosage effect responsible for the high mortality rate among males? - Natasja G. de Groot; Ronald E. Bontrop (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Depauperate major histocompatibility complex variation in the endangered reticulated flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma bishopi) - Steven Tyler Williams; Carola A. Haas; James H. Roberts; Sabrina S. Taylor (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Tuning of human NK cells by endogenous HLA-C expression - Frederick J. Goodson-Gregg; Stacey A. Krepel; Stephen K. Anderson (Immunogenetics, 2020)
NK cells are primarily responsible for detecting malignant or pathogen-infected cells, and their function is influenced both by stress-associated activating signals and opposing inhibitory signals from receptors that recognize self MHC. The receptors that produce this inhibitory signal shift from the NKG2A:HLA-E system to that of KIR:HLA as the NK cells mature. This maturation is associated with an increase in lytic activity, as well as an increase in HLA-C protein levels controlled by the NK-specific HLA-C promoter, NK-Pro. We propose that modulation of the translatability of HLA-C transcripts in NK cells constitutes an evolutionary mechanism to control cis inhibitory signaling by HLA-C, which fine tunes NK cell activity. Furthermore, the high degree of variability in KIR receptor affinity for HLA alleles, as well as the variable expression levels of both KIR and HLA, suggest an evolutionary requirement for the tuning of NK lytic activity. Various data have demonstrated that mature NK cells may gain or lose lytic activity when placed in different environments. This indicates that NK cell activity may be more a function of constant tuning by inhibitory signals, rather than a static, irreversible “license to kill” granted to mature NK cells. Inhibitory signaling controls the filling of the cytolytic granule reservoir, which becomes depleted if there are insufficient inhibitory signals, leading to a hyporesponsive NK cell. We propose a novel model for the tuning of human NK cell activity via cis interactions in the context of recent findings on the mechanism of NK education.

Identification of differentially expressed microRNAs in the skin of experimentally sensitized naturally affected atopic beagles by next-generation sequencing - Domenico Santoro; Antonio Di Loria; Teresa Mirante; Duarte Mendes Oliveira; Carmelo Laudanna; Donatella Malanga; Vincenzo Dattilo; Enrico Iaccino; Rosanna Marsella; Paolo Ciaramella (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Characterization of 100 extended major histocompatibility complex haplotypes in Indonesian cynomolgus macaques - Cecilia G. Shortreed; Roger W. Wiseman; Julie A. Karl; Hailey E. Bussan; David A. Baker; Trent M. Prall; Amelia K. Haj; Gage K. Moreno; Maria Cecilia T. Penedo; David H. O’Connor (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Differential expression of the inflammasome complex genes in systemic lupus erythematosus - Heidi Lacerda Alves da Cruz; Catarina Addobbati Jordão Cavalcanti; Jaqueline de Azêvedo Silva; Camilla Albertina Dantas de Lima; Thiago Sotero Fragoso; Alexandre Domingues Barbosa; Andréa Tavares Dantas; Henrique de Ataíde Mariz; Angela Luzia Branco Pinto Duarte; Alessandra Pontillo; Sergio Crovella; Paula Sandrin-Garcia (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Relaxation of selective constraints shapes variation of toll-like receptors in a colonial waterbird, the black-headed gull - Patrycja Podlaszczuk; Piotr Indykiewicz; Janusz Markowski; Piotr Minias (Immunogenetics, 2020)
Nonspecific innate immune response is activated by toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize conserved molecular motifs characteristic for a broad spectrum of pathogens. In this study, we examined nucleotide substitution patterns and allelic diversity at five TLR genes in a wild nonpasserine bird, the black-headed gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus . We hypothesized that balancing selection can maintain high allelic diversity of TLR genes in the black-headed gull because of its ecological characteristics, coloniality, and migratoriness, which are associated with increased exposure and transmission of pathogens. Although we found moderately high levels of sequence polymorphism (8–49 haplotypes retrieved per locus within a sample of 60 individuals), most of these haplotypes were recorded at low frequencies within our study population. At the same time, we found no convincing evidence for the role of balancing selection in the maintenance of this variation (Tajima’s D < 0.5), and sites with a significant excess of nonsynonymous mutations (dN/dS > 1) were recorded only at two loci (TLR5 and TLR7). This pattern is consistent with relaxation of selective constraints, where most mutations are slightly deleterious and usually removed by purifying selection. No differences in the diversity and nucleotide substitution rates were found between endosomal loci responsible for viral RNA sensing and loci responsible for the recognition of extracellular pathogens. Our study provides the first information on evolutionary mechanisms shaping polymorphism of TLRs in a species from Lari suborder (gulls and allies) and suggests that TLR genes may be poorly responsive to ecological and life-history characteristics of hosts.

S100A7/Ran-binding protein 9 coevolution in mammals - Fabio D’Amico; Francesca Nadalin; Massimo Libra (Immunogenetics, 2020)

A survey of TIR domain sequence and structure divergence - Vladimir Y. Toshchakov; Andrew F. Neuwald (Immunogenetics, 2020)
Toll-interleukin-1R resistance (TIR) domains are ubiquitously present in all forms of cellular life. They are most commonly found in signaling proteins, as units responsible for signal-dependent formation of protein complexes that enable amplification and spatial propagation of the signal. A less common function of TIR domains is their ability to catalyze nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide degradation. This survey analyzes 26,414 TIR domains, automatically classified based on group-specific sequence patterns presumably determining biological function, using a statistical approach termed Bayesian partitioning with pattern selection (BPPS). We examine these groups and patterns in the light of available structures and biochemical analyses. Proteins within each of thirteen eukaryotic groups (10 metazoans and 3 plants) typically appear to perform similar functions, whereas proteins within each prokaryotic group typically exhibit diverse domain architectures, suggesting divergent functions. Groups are often uniquely characterized by structural fold variations associated with group-specific sequence patterns and by herein identified sequence motifs defining TIR domain functional divergence. For example, BPPS identifies, in helices C and D of TIRAP and MyD88 orthologs, conserved surface-exposed residues apparently responsible for specificity of TIR domain interactions. In addition, BPPS clarifies the functional significance of the previously described Box 2 and Box 3 motifs, each of which is a part of a larger, group-specific block of conserved, intramolecularly interacting residues.

Development of a novel monoclonal antibody that binds to most HLA-A allomorphs in a conformation-dependent yet peptide-promiscuous fashion - Toshihiro Komatsu; Takeyuki Shimizu; Makoto Kanoh; Tomoya Miyakawa; Yoko Satta; Yoshiki Yasukochi; Rika Fujimoto; Motoki Tada; Kaori Machida; Sayo Kataoka; Keiko Udaka (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Study of KIR gene expression at the mRNA level in specific donor-derived NK cells after allogeneic HSCT - Ying Li; Tian Wang; Xing Hu; Huanhuan Zhang; Luyao Chen; Xiaojing Bao; Jun He (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Igh locus structure and evolution in Platyrrhines: new insights from a genomic perspective - Diego Garzón-Ospina; Sindy P. Buitrago (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Immunogenetics special issue 2020: nomenclature, databases, and bioinformatics in immunogenetics - Can Kesmir; Ronald Bontrop (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Characterization of the ferret TRB locus guided by V, D, J, and C gene expression analysis - Bram Gerritsen; Aridaman Pandit; Fatiha Zaaraoui-Boutahar; Mirjam C. G. N. van den Hout; Wilfred F. J. van IJcken; Rob J. de Boer; Arno C. Andeweg (Immunogenetics, 2020)
The domestic ferret, Mustela putorius furo , is an important mammalian animal model to study human respiratory infection. However, insufficient genomic annotation hampers detailed studies of ferret T cell responses. In this study, we analyzed the published T cell receptor beta (TRB) locus and performed high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of peripheral blood of four healthy adult ferrets to identify expressed V, D, J, and C genes. The HTS data is used as a guide to manually curate the expressed V, D, J, and C genes. The ferret locus appears to be most similar to that of the dog. Like other mammalian TRB loci, the ferret TRB locus contains a library of variable genes located upstream of two D-J-C gene clusters, followed by a (in the ferret non-functional) V gene with an inverted transcriptional orientation. All TRB genes (expressed or not) reported here have been approved by the IMGT/WHO-IUIS nomenclature committee.

Correction to: An Illumina approach to MHC typing of Atlantic salmon - Arvind Y. M. Sundaram; Åse Helen Garseth; Giuseppe Maccari; Unni Grimholt (Immunogenetics, 2020)
The original version of this article was published without open access. With the author(s)’ decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed.

Revealing factors determining immunodominant responses against dominant epitopes - Wannisa Ritmahan; Can Kesmir; Renske M.A. Vroomans (Immunogenetics, 2020)
Upon recognition of peptide-MHC complexes by T cell receptors (TCR), the cognate T cells expand and differentiate into effector T cells to generate protective immunity. Despite the fact that any immune response generates a diverse set of TCR clones against a particular epitope, only a few clones are highly expanded in any immune response. Previous studies observed that the highest frequency clones usually control viral infections better than subdominant clones, but the reasons for this dominance among T cell clones are still unclear. Here, we used publicly available TCR amino acid sequences to study which factors determine whether a response becomes immunodominance (ID) per donor; we classified the largest T cell clone as the epitope-specific dominant clone and all the other clones as subdominant responses (SD). We observed a distinctively hydrophobic CDR3 in ID responses against a dominant epitope from influenza A virus, compared to the SD responses. The common V-J combinations were shared between ID and SD responses, suggesting that the biased V-J recombination events are restricted by epitope specificity; thus, the immunodominance is not directly determined by a bias combination of V and J genetic segments. Our findings reveal a close similarity of global sequence properties between dominant and subdominant clones of epitope-specific responses but detectable distinctive amino acid enrichments in ID. Taken together, we believe this first comparative study of immunodominant and subdominant TCR sequences can guide further studies to resolve factors determining the immunodominance of antiviral as well as tumor-specific T cell responses.

Nomenclature report for killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) in macaque species: new genes/alleles, renaming recombinant entities and IPD-NHKIR updates - Jesse Bruijnesteijn; Natasja G. de Groot; Nel Otting; Giuseppe Maccari; Lisbeth A. Guethlein; James Robinson; Steven G. E. Marsh; Lutz Walter; David H. O’Connor; John A. Hammond; Peter Parham; Ronald E. Bontrop (Immunogenetics, 2020)

The Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource Program 2003–2018: reflections and outlook - Sheridan Martini; Morten Nielsen; Bjoern Peters; Alessandro Sette (Immunogenetics, 2020)
The Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB) contains information related to antibodies and T cells across an expansive scope of research fields (infectious diseases, allergy, autoimmunity, and transplantation). Capture and representation of the data to reflect growing scientific standards and techniques have required continual refinement of our rigorous curation and query and reporting processes beginning with the automated classification of over 28 million PubMed abstracts, and resulting in easily searchable data from over 20,000 published manuscripts. Data related to MHC binding and elution, nonpeptidics, natural processing, receptors, and 3D structure is first captured through manual curation and subsequently maintained through recuration to reflect evolving scientific standards. Upon promotion to the free, public database, users can query and export records of specific relevance via the online web portal which undergoes iterative development to best enable efficient data access. In parallel, the companion Analysis Resource site hosts a variety of tools that assist in the bioinformatic analyses of epitopes and related structures, which can be applied to IEDB-derived and independent datasets alike. Available tools are classified into two categories: analysis and prediction. Analysis tools include epitope clustering, sequence conservancy, and more, while prediction tools cover T and B cell epitope binding, immunogenicity, and TCR/BCR structures. In addition to these tools, benchmarking servers which allow for unbiased performance comparison are also offered. In order to expand and support the user-base of both the database and Analysis Resource, the research team actively engages in community outreach through publication of ongoing work, conference attendance and presentations, hosting of user workshops, and the provision of online help. This review provides a description of the IEDB database infrastructure, curation and recuration processes, query and reporting capabilities, the Analysis Resource, and our Community Outreach efforts, including assessment of the impact of the IEDB across the research community.

Correction to: Nomenclature report 2019: major histocompatibility complex genes and alleles of great and small ape and old and new world monkey species - Natasja G. de Groot; Nel Otting; Giuseppe Maccari; James Robinson; John A. Hammond; Antoine Blancher; Bernard A. P. Lafont; Lisbeth A. Guethlein; Emily E. Wroblewski; Steven G. E. Marsh; Takashi Shiina; Lutz Walter; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2020)

A potential nomenclature for the Immuno Polymorphism Database (IPD) of chicken MHC genes: progress and problems - Hassnae Afrache; Clive A. Tregaskes; Jim Kaufman (Immunogenetics, 2020)
Among the genes with the highest allelic polymorphism and sequence diversity are those encoding the classical class I and class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Although many thousands of MHC sequences have been deposited in general sequence databases like GenBank, the availability of curated MHC sequences with agreed nomenclature has been enormously beneficial. Along with the Immuno Polymorphism Database-IMunoGeneTics/human leukocyte antigen (IPD-IMGT/HLA) database, a collection of databases for curated sequences of immune importance has been developed. A recent addition is an IPD-MHC database for chickens. For many years, the nomenclature system for chicken MHC genes has been based on a list of standard, presumed to be stable, haplotypes. However, these standard haplotypes give different names to identical sequences. Moreover, the discovery of new recombinants between haplotypes and a rapid increase in newly discovered alleles leaves the old system untenable. In this review, a new nomenclature is considered, for which alleles of different loci are given names based on the system used for other MHCs, and then haplotypes are named according to the alleles present. The new nomenclature system is trialled, first with standard haplotypes and then with validated sequences from the scientific literature. In the trial, some class II B sequences were found in both class II loci, presumably by gene conversion or inversion, so that identical sequences would receive different names. This situation prompts further suggestions to the new nomenclature system. In summary, there has been progress, but also problems, with the new IPD-MHC system for chickens.

PIRCHE-II: an algorithm to predict indirectly recognizable HLA epitopes in solid organ transplantation - Kirsten Geneugelijk; Eric Spierings (Immunogenetics, 2020)
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatches between donors and recipients may lead to alloreactivity after solid organ transplantation. Over the last few decades, our knowledge of the complexity of the HLA system has dramatically increased, as numerous new HLA alleles have been identified. As a result, the likelihood of alloreactive responses towards HLA mismatches after solid organ transplantation cannot easily be assessed. Algorithms are promising solutions to estimate the risk for alloreactivity after solid organ transplantation. In this review, we show that the recently developed PIRCHE-II (Predicted Indirectly ReCognizable HLA Epitopes) algorithm can be used to minimize alloreactivity towards HLA mismatches. Together with the use of other algorithms and simulation approaches, the PIRCHE-II algorithm aims for a better estimated alloreactive risk for individual patients and eventually an improved graft survival after solid organ transplantation.

An overview of immunoinformatics approaches and databases linking T cell receptor repertoires to their antigen specificity - Ivan V. Zvyagin; Vasily O. Tsvetkov; Dmitry M. Chudakov; Mikhail Shugay (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Update 2020: nomenclature and listing of celiac disease–relevant gluten epitopes recognized by CD4+ T cells - Ludvig M. Sollid; Jason A. Tye-Din; Shuo-Wang Qiao; Robert P. Anderson; Carmen Gianfrani; Frits Koning (Immunogenetics, 2020)

An Illumina approach to MHC typing of Atlantic salmon - Arvind Y. M. Sundaram; Åse Helen Garseth; Giuseppe Maccari; Unni Grimholt (Immunogenetics, 2020)
The IPD-MHC Database represents the official repository for non-human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) sequences, overseen and supported by the Comparative MHC Nomenclature Committee, providing access to curated MHC data and associated analysis tools. IPD-MHC gathers allelic MHC class I and class II sequences from classical and non-classical MHC loci from various non-human animals including pets, farmed and experimental model animals. So far, Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout are the only teleost fish species with MHC class I and class II sequences present. For the remaining teleost or ray-finned species, data on alleles originating from given classical locus is scarce hampering their inclusion in the database. However, a fast expansion of sequenced genomes opens for identification of classical loci where high-throughput sequencing (HTS) will enable typing of allelic variants in a variety of new teleost or ray-finned species. HTS also opens for large-scale studies of salmonid MHC diversity challenging the current database nomenclature and analysis tools. Here we establish an Illumina approach to identify allelic MHC diversity in Atlantic salmon, using animals from an endangered wild population, and alter the salmonid MHC nomenclature to accommodate the expected sequence expansions.

The IPD Project: a centralised resource for the study of polymorphism in genes of the immune system - Giuseppe Maccari; James Robinson; John A. Hammond; Steven G. E. Marsh (Immunogenetics, 2020)
The Immuno Polymorphism Database (IPD), https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/, is a set of specialist databases that enable the study of polymorphic genes which function as part of the vertebrate immune system. The major focus is on the hyperpolymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes and the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes, by providing the official repository and primary source of sequence data. Databases are centred around humans as well as animals important for food security, for companionship and as disease models. The IPD project works with specialist groups or nomenclature committees who provide and manually curate individual sections before they are submitted for online publication. To reflect the recent advance of allele sequencing technologies and the increasing demands of novel tools for the analysis of genomic variation, the IPD project is undergoing a progressive redesign and reorganisation. In this review, recent updates and future developments are discussed, with a focus on the core concepts to better future-proof the project.

Nomenclature report 2019: major histocompatibility complex genes and alleles of Great and Small Ape and Old and New World monkey species - Natasja G. de Groot; Nel Otting; Giuseppe Maccari; James Robinson; John A. Hammond; Antoine Blancher; Bernard A. P. Lafont; Lisbeth A. Guethlein; Emily E. Wroblewski; Steven G. E. Marsh; Takashi Shiina; Lutz Walter; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Nomenclature report on the major histocompatibility complex genes and alleles of the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) - Lutz Walter (Immunogenetics, 2020)

Differences in MHC-B diversity and KIR epitopes in two populations of wild chimpanzees - Vincent Maibach; Kevin Langergraber; Fabian H. Leendertz; Roman M. Wittig; Linda Vigilant (Immunogenetics, 2019)
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes play a critical role within the immune system, both by the presentation of antigens from intracellular pathogens to immunocompetent cells and by the interaction with killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) on natural killer cells (NK cells). Genes of the MHC are highly diverse, and MHC variation can have effects on the immune functionality of individuals; hence, comparisons of MHC diversity among closely related phylogenetic taxa may give insight into the factors responsible for the shaping of its diversity. The four geographically separated chimpanzee subspecies differ in their overall genetic diversity, have different population histories, and are confronted with different pathogens in their natural habitat, all of which may affect MHC class I DNA sequence diversity. Here, we compare the MHC-B exon two DNA sequence diversity from 24 wild western and 46 wild eastern chimpanzees using necropsy and noninvasively collected fecal samples, respectively. We found a higher MHC-B exon two nucleotide diversity, in our western than eastern chimpanzees. The inclusion of previously published MHC-B exon two data from other western and eastern chimpanzees supported this finding. In addition, our results confirm and extend the finding of a very low C1 epitope frequency at eastern chimpanzee MHC-B molecules, which likely affects the ability of these molecules to interact with NK cells. While the understanding of the differing pathogen environments encountered by disparate populations of a species is a challenging endeavor, these findings highlight the potential for these pathogens to selectively shape immune system variation.

Correlation between antidrug antibodies, pre-existing antidrug reactivity, and immunogenetics (MHC class II alleles) in cynomolgus macaque - Natalia Kovalova; Michael D Knierman; Patricia L Brown-Augsburger; Victor J Wroblewski; Lukasz K Chlewicki (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Development and optimization of a hybridization technique to type the classical class I and class II B genes of the chicken MHC - Nicola D. Potts; Coraline Bichet; Laurence Merat; Edouard Guitton; Andrew P. Krupa; Terry A. Burke; Lorna J. Kennedy; Gabriele Sorci; Jim Kaufman (Immunogenetics, 2019)
The classical class I and class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play crucial roles in immune responses to infectious pathogens and vaccines as well as being important for autoimmunity, allergy, cancer and reproduction. These classical MHC genes are the most polymorphic known, with roughly 10,000 alleles in humans. In chickens, the MHC (also known as the BF-BL region) determines decisive resistance and susceptibility to infectious pathogens, but relatively few MHC alleles and haplotypes have been described in any detail. We describe a typing protocol for classical chicken class I (BF) and class II B (BLB) genes based on a hybridization method called reference strand-mediated conformational analysis (RSCA). We optimize the various steps, validate the analysis using well-characterized chicken MHC haplotypes, apply the system to type some experimental lines and discover a new chicken class I allele. This work establishes a basis for typing the MHC genes of chickens worldwide and provides an opportunity to correlate with microsatellite and with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing for approaches involving imputation.

Evaluation of alloreactive T cells based on the degree of MHC incompatibility using flow cytometric mixed lymphocyte reaction assay in dogs - Jiro Miyamae; Hayato Yagi; Keita Sato; Masaharu Okano; Kohei Nishiya; Fumihiko Katakura; Manabu Sakai; Tomohiro Nakayama; Tadaaki Moritomo; Takashi Shiina (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Single haplotype admixture models using large scale HLA genotype frequencies to reproduce human admixture - Alexandra Litinsky Simanovsky; Abeer Madbouly; Michael Halagan; Martin Maiers; Yoram Louzoun (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Two novel HLA-DQ2.5-restricted gluten T cell epitopes in the DQ2.5-glia-γ4 epitope family - Shuo-Wang Qiao; Ludvig M. Sollid (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Ligandomes obtained from different HLA-class II-molecules are homologous for N- and C-terminal residues outside the peptide-binding cleft - Arieke S.B. Kampstra; Jurgen van Heemst; George M. Janssen; Arnoud H. de Ru; Menno van Lummel; Peter A. van Veelen; René E.M. Toes (Immunogenetics, 2019)
Human CD4+ T lymphocytes play an important role in inducing potent immune responses. T cells are activated and stimulated by peptides presented in human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-class II molecules. These HLA-class II molecules typically present peptides of between 12 and 20 amino acids in length. The region that interacts with the HLA molecule, designated as the peptide-binding core, is highly conserved in the residues which anchor the peptide to the molecule. In addition, as these peptides are the product of proteolytic cleavages, certain conserved residues may be expected at the N- and C-termini outside the binding core. To study whether similar conserved residues are present in different cell types, potentially harbouring different proteolytic enzymes, the ligandomes of HLA-DRB1*03:01/HLA-DRB > 1 derived from two different cell types (dendritic cells and EBV-transformed B cells) were identified with mass spectrometry and the binding core and N- and C-terminal residues of a total of 16,568 peptides were analysed using the frequencies of the amino acids in the human proteome. Similar binding motifs were found as well as comparable conservations in the N- and C-terminal residues. Furthermore, the terminal conservations of these ligandomes were compared to the N- and C-terminal conservations of the ligandome acquired from dendritic cells homozygous for HLA-DRB1*04:01. Again, comparable conservations were evident with only minor differences. Taken together, these data show that there are conservations in the terminal residues of peptides, presumably the result of the activity of proteases involved in antigen processing.

Can extreme MHC class I diversity be a feature of a wide geographic range? The example of Seba’s short-tailed bat (Carollia perspicillata) - Tamar Qurkhuli; Nina Schwensow; Stefan Dominik Brändel; Marco Tschapka; Simone Sommer (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Divergence between genes but limited allelic polymorphism in two MHC class II A genes in Leach’s storm-petrels Oceanodroma leucorhoa - Laura M. Rand; Carla Woodward; Rose May; Ross A. Ackerman; Bridget Tweedie; T. Bruno Zicarelli; Donald C. Dearborn (Immunogenetics, 2019)

How does the immune system learn to distinguish between good and evil? The first definitive studies of T cell central tolerance and positive selection - Paweł Kisielow (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Analysis of macaque BTN3A genes and transcripts in the extended MHC: conserved orthologs of human γδ T cell modulators - Nanine de Groot; Rens Groen; Vaneesha Orie; Jesse Bruijnesteijn; Natasja G. de Groot; Gaby G. M. Doxiadis; Ronald E. Bontrop (Immunogenetics, 2019)
Butyrophilins (BTN), specifically BTN3A, play a central role in the modulation of γδ T cells, which are mainly present in gut and mucosal tissues. BTN3A1 is known, for example, to activate Vγ9Vδ2 T cells by means of a phosphoantigen interaction. In the extended HLA region, three genes are located, designated BTN3A1 , BTN3A2 and BTN3A3 , which were also defined in rhesus macaques. In contrast to humans, rhesus monkeys have an additional gene, BTN3A3Like , which has the features of a pseudogene. cDNA analysis of 32 Indian rhesus and 16 cynomolgus macaques originating from multiple-generation families revealed that all three genes are oligomorphic, and the deduced amino acids display limited variation. The macaque BTN3A alleles segregated together with MHC alleles, proving their location in the extended (Major Histocompatibility Complex) MHC. BTN3A nearly full-length transcripts of macaques and humans cluster tightly together in the phylogenetic tree, suggesting that the genes represent true orthologs of each other. Despite the limited level of polymorphism, 15 Mamu - and 14 Mafa-BTN3A haplotypes were defined, and, as in humans, all three BTN3A genes are transcribed in PBMCs and colon tissues. In addition to regular full-length transcripts, a high number of various alternative splicing (AS) products were observed for all BTN3A alleles, which may result in different isoforms. The comparable function of certain subsets of γδ T cells in human and non-human primates in concert with high levels of sequence conservation observed for the BTN3A transcripts presents the opportunity to study these not yet well understood molecules in macaques as a model species.

MHC genotyping from rhesus macaque exome sequences - John R. Caskey; Roger W. Wiseman; Julie A. Karl; David A. Baker; Taylor Lee; Robert J. Maddox; Muthuswamy Raveendran; R. Alan Harris; Jianhong Hu; Donna M. Muzny; Jeffrey Rogers; David H. O’Connor (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Methylation of H3K27 and H3K4 in key gene promoter regions of thymus in RA mice is involved in the abnormal development and differentiation of iNKT cells - Ming Meng; Huifang Liu; Shengde Chen; Huijuan Zhao; Xiang Gao; Jingnan Zhang; Dongzhi Chen (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Examining epitope mutagenesis as a strategy to reduce and eliminate human antibody binding to class II swine leukocyte antigens - Joseph M. Ladowski; Gregory R. Martens; Luz M. Reyes; Vera Hauptfeld-Dolejsek; Matthew Tector; Joseph Tector (Immunogenetics, 2019)

The microstructure in the placenta is influenced by the functional diversity of HLA-G allelic variants - F. Stieglitz; A. A. Celik; C. von Kaisenberg; M. A. Camps; R. Blasczyk; Christina Bade-Döding (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Improved peptide-MHC class II interaction prediction through integration of eluted ligand and peptide affinity data - Christian Garde; Sri H. Ramarathinam; Emma C. Jappe; Morten Nielsen; Jens V. Kringelum; Thomas Trolle; Anthony W. Purcell (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Transcript analysis reveals the involvement of NF-κB transcription factors for the activation of TGF-β signaling in nematode-infected Drosophila - Jelena Patrnogic; Christa Heryanto; Yaprak Ozakman; Ioannis Eleftherianos (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Correction to: Prolonged stable disease in a uveal melanoma patient with germline MBD4 nonsense mutation treated with pembrolizumab and ipilimumab - Peter A. Johansson; Andrew Stark; Jane M. Palmer; Kieron Bigby; Kelly Brooks; Olivia Rolfe; Antonia L. Pritchard; Kevin Whitehead; Sunil Warrier; William Glasson; Nicholas K. Hayward (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Conservation of molecular and cellular phenotypes of invariant NKT cells between humans and non-human primates - Krystle K. Q. Yu; Damien B. Wilburn; Joshua A. Hackney; Patricia A. Darrah; Kathryn E. Foulds; Charlotte A. James; Malisa T. Smith; Lichen Jing; Robert A. Seder; Mario Roederer; David M. Koelle; Willie J. Swanson; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Identification and characterization of the lamprey cathepsin genes - Dong Wang; Peng Su; Xuefeng Wang; Kai Liu; Changzhi Li; Xingxing Gao; Jiali Lu; Feng Sun; Qingwei Li; Yue Pang (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Convergent inactivation of the skin-specific C-C motif chemokine ligand 27 in mammalian evolution - Mónica Lopes-Marques; Luís Q. Alves; Miguel M. Fonseca; Giulia Secci-Petretto; André M. Machado; Raquel Ruivo; L. Filipe C. Castro (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Immune stimulation of rainbow trout reveals divergent regulation of MH class II-associated invariant chain isoforms - Shawna L. Semple; George Heath; Darah Christie; Marsela Braunstein; Stephen C. Kales; Brian Dixon (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Correction to: HLA-F*01:01 presents peptides with N-terminal flexibility and a preferred length of 16 residues - Gia-Gia T. Hò; Funmilola J. Heinen; Trevor Huyton; Rainer Blasczyk; Christina Bade-Döding (Immunogenetics, 2019)

DLA class II haplotypes show sex-specific associations with primary hypoadrenocorticism in Standard Poodle dogs - Amy E. Treeful; Aaron K. Rendahl; Steven G. Friedenberg (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Distribution of ancient α1 and α2 domain lineages between two classical MHC class I genes and their alleles in grass carp - Zibin Li; Nan Zhang; Lizhen Ma; Zehui Qu; Xiaohui Wei; Zixin Liu; Minghu Tang; Nianzhi Zhang; Yinan Jiang; Chun Xia (Immunogenetics, 2019)

HLA-F*01:01 presents peptides with N-terminal flexibility and a preferred length of 16 residues - Gia-Gia T. Hò; Funmilola J. Heinen; Trevor Huyton; Rainer Blasczyk; Christina Bade-Döding (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Strong selection of the TLR2 coding region among the Lagomorpha suggests an evolutionary history that differs from other mammals - Fabiana Neves; Ana Águeda-Pinto; Ana Pinheiro; Joana Abrantes; Pedro J. Esteves (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Characterisation of major histocompatibility complex class IIa haplotypes in an island sheep population - Kara L. Dicks; Josephine M. Pemberton; Keith T. Ballingall (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Prolonged stable disease in a uveal melanoma patient with germline MBD4 nonsense mutation treated with pembrolizumab and ipilimumab - Peter A. Johansson; Andrew Stark; Jane M. Palmer; Kieron Bigby; Kelly Brooks; Olivia Rolfe; Antonia L. Pritchard; Kevin Whitehead; Sunil Warrier; William Glasson; Nicholas K. Hayward (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Functional variation at an expressed MHC class IIβ locus associates with Ranavirus infection intensity in larval anuran populations - Anna E. Savage; Carly R. Muletz-Wolz; Evan H. Campbell Grant; Robert C. Fleischer; Kevin P. Mulder (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Exploring the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: a genetic perspective - Ali Javinani; Amir Ashraf-Ganjouei; Saeed Aslani; Ahmadreza Jamshidi; Mahdi Mahmoudi (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Llama peripheral B-cell populations producing conventional and heavy chain-only IgG subtypes are phenotypically indistinguishable but immunogenetically distinct - Kevin A. Henry; Henk van Faassen; Doreen Harcus; Anne Marcil; Jennifer J. Hill; Serge Muyldermans; C. Roger MacKenzie (Immunogenetics, 2019)

A Chinese DADA2 patient: report of two novel mutations and successful HSCT - Luyao Liu; Wenjie Wang; Ying Wang; Jia Hou; Wenjing Ying; Xiaoying Hui; Qinhua Zhou; Danru Liu; Haili Yao; Jinqiao Sun; Xiaochuan Wang (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Evidence of functional Cd94 polymorphism in a free-living house mouse population - Linn E. Knutsen; Erik Dissen; Per C. Saether; Elisabeth Gyllensten Bjørnsen; Jaroslav Piálek; Anne K. Storset; Preben Boysen (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Allelic nomenclature for the duplicated MHC class II DQ genes in sheep - Keith T. Ballingall; Kara Dicks; Panoraia Kyriazopoulou; Lynne Herrmann-Hoesing (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Class I transactivator, NLRC5: a central player in the MHC class I pathway and cancer immune surveillance - Saptha Vijayan; Tabasum Sidiq; Suhail Yousuf; Peter J. van den Elsen; Koichi S. Kobayashi (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Biology, evolution, and history of antigen processing and presentation: Immunogenetics special issue 2019 - Masanori Kasahara; Martin F. Flajnik; Yousuke Takahama (Immunogenetics, 2019)

A personal retrospective on the mechanisms of antigen processing - Peter Cresswell (Immunogenetics, 2019)

What to do with HLA-DO/H-2O two decades later? - Robin Welsh; Nianbin Song; Scheherazade Sadegh-Nasseri (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Origin and evolution of the specialized forms of proteasomes involved in antigen presentation - Masanori Kasahara; Martin F. Flajnik (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Class II MHC antigen processing in immune tolerance and inflammation - Mollie M. Jurewicz; Lawrence J. Stern (Immunogenetics, 2019)

MHC class II fine tuning by ubiquitination: lesson from MARCHs - Satoshi Ishido; Mizuho Kajikawa (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Ancient features of the MHC class II presentation pathway, and a model for the possible origin of MHC molecules - Johannes M. Dijkstra; Takuya Yamaguchi (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Contribution of the plasma and lymph Degradome and Peptidome to the MHC Ligandome - Laura Santambrogio; Hans-Georg Rammensee (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Thymoproteasome and peptidic self - Yousuke Takahama; Izumi Ohigashi; Shigeo Murata; Keiji Tanaka (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Thymus-specific serine protease, a protease that shapes the CD4 T cell repertoire - Sylvie Guerder; Chervin Hassel; Alice Carrier (Immunogenetics, 2019)

On the role of the immunoproteasome in transplant rejection - Michael Basler; Jun Li; Marcus Groettrup (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Genetics of antigen processing and presentation - Adrian Kelly; John Trowsdale (Immunogenetics, 2019)

The genomic organization and expression pattern of the low-affinity Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) in the Göttingen minipig - Jerome Egli; Roland Schmucki; Benjamin Loos; Stephan Reichl; Nils Grabole; Andreas Roller; Martin Ebeling; Alex Odermatt; Antonio Iglesias (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Characterization of major histocompatibility complex-related molecule 1 sequence variants in non-human primates - Amy L. Ellis-Connell; Nadean M. Kannal; Alexis J. Balgeman; Shelby L. O’Connor (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Determining Mhc-DRB profiles in wild populations of three congeneric true lemur species by noninvasive methods - Iris I. de Winter; Tamar Qurkhuli; Nanine de Groot; Annemiek J. M. de Vos-Rouweler; Pim van Hooft; Ignas M. A. Heitkönig; Herbert H. T. Prins; Ronald E. Bontrop; Gaby G. M. Doxiadis (Immunogenetics, 2019)

miR-455-5p downregulation promotes inflammation pathways in the relapse phase of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis disease - Shukoofeh Torabi; Mona Tamaddon; Mojtaba Asadolahi; Gelareh Shokri; Rezvan Tavakoli; Nooshin Tasharrofi; Reza Rezaei; Vahid Tavakolpour; Hossein Sazegar; Fatemeh Kouhkan (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Immune biomarkers for predicting response to adoptive cell transfer as cancer treatment - Ianthe A. E. M. van Belzen; Can Kesmir (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Polymorphism of duck MHC class molecules - Lin Zhang; Dongmei Lin; Sen Yu; Junping Bai; Wanchun Jiang; Wenzheng Su; Yanyan Huang; Shaohua Yang; Jiaqiang Wu (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Are toll-like receptors potential drug targets for atherosclerosis? Evidence from genetic studies to date - Christopher P. Nelson; Clett Erridge (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Did cis- and trans-defensins derive from a common ancestor? - Weiping Zhou; Bin Gao; Shunyi Zhu (Immunogenetics, 2019)

A genome-wide association study for mastitis resistance in phenotypically well-characterized Holstein dairy cattle using a selective genotyping approach - Jacqueline P. Kurz; Zhou Yang; Robert B. Weiss; David J. Wilson; Kerry A. Rood; George E. Liu; Zhongde Wang (Immunogenetics, 2019)

The evolution of S100A7 in primates: a model of concerted and birth-and-death evolution - Ana Águeda-Pinto; Pedro José Esteves (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Limited MHC class II gene polymorphism in the West African chimpanzee is distributed maximally by haplotype diversity - Nel Otting; Natasja G. de Groot; Ronald E. Bontrop (Immunogenetics, 2019)

Correction to: Limited MHC class II gene polymorphism in the West African chimpanzee is distributed maximally by haplotype diversity - Nel Otting; Natasja G. de Groot; Ronald E. Bontrop (Immunogenetics, 2018)

HLA class I alterations in breast carcinoma are associated with a high frequency of the loss of heterozygosity at chromosomes 6 and 15 - María A. Garrido; Teresa Rodriguez; Svitlana Zinchenko; Isabel Maleno; Francisco Ruiz-Cabello; Ángel Concha; Nicolás Olea; Federico Garrido; Natalia Aptsiauri (Immunogenetics, 2018)

The polymorphism at residue 156 determines the HLA-B*35 restricted peptide repertoire during HCMV infection - Wiebke C. Abels; Trishna Manandhar; Heike Kunze-Schumacher; Rainer Blasczyk; Christina Bade-Döding (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-C and its association with HIV-1 transmission in discordant couple and mother-to-child cohorts - N. S. Bardeskar; V. Chavan; S. Ahir-Bist; R. Nanavati; P. Samant-Mavani; P. Mehta; Jayanti Mania-Pramanik (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Comparative MHC nomenclature: report from the ISAG/IUIS-VIC committee 2018 - Keith T. Ballingall; Ronald E. Bontrop; Shirley A. Ellis; Unni Grimholt; John A. Hammond; Chak-Sum Ho; Jim Kaufman; Lorna J. Kennedy; Giuseppe Maccari; Donald Miller; James Robinson; Steven G. E. Marsh (Immunogenetics, 2018)

IPD-MHC: nomenclature requirements for the non-human major histocompatibility complex in the next-generation sequencing era - Giuseppe Maccari; James Robinson; Ronald E. Bontrop; Nel Otting; Natasja G. de Groot; Chak-Sum Ho; Keith T. Ballingall; Steven G. E. Marsh; John A. Hammond (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Cetacea are natural knockouts for IL20 - Mónica Lopes-Marques; André M. Machado; Susana Barbosa; Miguel M. Fonseca; Raquel Ruivo; L. Filipe C. Castro (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Analysis of the affinity of influenza A virus protein epitopes for swine MHC I by a modified in vitro refolding method indicated cross-reactivity between swine and human MHC I specificities - Shuhua Fan; Yongli Wang; Xian Wang; Li Huang; Yunxia Zhang; Xiaomeng Liu; Wenshuai Zhu (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Correction to: Two class I genes of the chicken MHC have different functions: BF1 is recognized by NK cells while BF2 is recognized by CTLs - Taejoong Kim; Henry D. Hunt; Mark S. Parcells; Vicky van Santen; Sandra J. Ewald (Immunogenetics, 2018)

The unique evolution of the pig LRC, a single KIR but expansion of LILR and a novel Ig receptor family - John C. Schwartz; John A. Hammond (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Genomic convergence of locus-based GWAS meta-analysis identifies AXIN1 as a novel Parkinson’s gene - Mohammad Saeed (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Two class I genes of the chicken MHC have different functions: BF1 is recognized by NK cells while BF2 is recognized by CTLs - Taejoong Kim; Henry D. Hunt; Mark S. Parcells; Vicky van Santen; Sandra J. Ewald (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Identification and annotation of bovine granzyme genes reveals a novel granzyme encoded within the trypsin-like locus - Jie Yang; Christina Vrettou; Tim Connelley; W. Ivan Morrison (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Nomenclature for the KIR of non-human species - James Robinson; Lisbeth A. Guethlein; Giuseppe Maccari; Jeroen Blokhuis; Benjamin N. Bimber; Natasja G. de Groot; Nicholas D. Sanderson; Laurent Abi-Rached; Lutz Walter; Ronald E. Bontrop; John A. Hammond; Steven G. E. Marsh; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Genome-wide association study identifies loci associated with milk leukocyte phenotypes following experimental challenge with Streptococcus uberis - Lydia Siebert; Margaret E. Staton; Susan Headrick; Mark Lewis; Barbara Gillespie; Charles Young; Raul A. Almeida; Stephen P. Oliver; Gina M. Pighetti (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Novel biallelic ATM mutations coexist with a mosaic form of triple X syndrome in an 11-year-old girl at remission after T cell acute leukemia - Svetlana O. Sharapova; Alena V. Valochnik; Irina E. Guryanova; Inga S. Sakovich; Olga V. Aleinikova (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Cdx-2 polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) marks VDR expression in monocyte/macrophages through VDR promoter methylation - Vanessa Meyer; Liza Bornman (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Identification of polymorphisms in the bovine collagenous lectins and their association with infectious diseases in cattle - R. S. Fraser; J. S. Lumsden; B. N. Lillie (Immunogenetics, 2018)

The distribution of HLA haplotypes in the ethnic groups that make up the Brazilian Bone Marrow Volunteer Donor Registry (REDOME) - Michael Halagan; Danielli Cristina Oliveira; Martin Maiers; Raquel A. Fabreti-Oliveira; Maria Elisa Hue Moraes; Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer; Noemi Farah Pereira; Matilde Romero; Juliana Fernandes Cardoso; Luís Cristóvão Porto (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Genetic interaction between two insulin-dependent diabetes susceptibility loci, Idd2 and Idd13, in determining immunoregulatory DN T cell proportion - Roxanne Collin; Kathy Doyon; Victor Mullins-Dansereau; Martin Karam; Geneviève Chabot-Roy; Erin E. Hillhouse; Alexandre Orthwein; Sylvie Lesage (Immunogenetics, 2018)

HLA-G peptide preferences change in transformed cells: impact on the binding motif - Alexander A. Celik; Gwendolin S. Simper; Wiebke Hiemisch; Rainer Blasczyk; Christina Bade-Döding (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Absence of the tag polymorphism for the risk haplotype HLA-DR2 for multiple sclerosis in Wixárika subjects from Mexico - G. V. González-Enríquez; B. M. Torres-Mendoza; J. Márquez-Pedroza; M. A. Macías-Islas; G. G. Ortiz; J. A. Cruz-Ramos (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Restricted MHC class I A locus diversity in olive and hybrid olive/yellow baboons from the Southwest National Primate Research Center - Rebecca A. Morgan; Julie A. Karl; Hailey E. Bussan; Katelyn E. Heimbruch; David H. O’Connor; Dawn M. Dudley (Immunogenetics, 2018)

The expression profile of the ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 in immune cells suggests cell type-specific functions - Richard Schregle; Mei Min Mah; Stefanie Mueller; Annette Aichem; Michael Basler; Marcus Groettrup (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Cross-modality deep learning-based prediction of TAP binding and naturally processed peptide - Hanan Besser; Yoram Louzoun (Immunogenetics, 2018)

MHC class I diversity of olive baboons (Papio anubis) unravelled by next-generation sequencing - Marit K. H. van der Wiel; Gaby G. M. Doxiadis; N. de Groot; N. Otting; N. G. de Groot; N. Poirier; G. Blancho; R. E. Bontrop (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Signatures of historical selection on MHC reveal different selection patterns in the moor frog (Rana arvalis) - M. Cortázar-Chinarro; Y. Meyer-Lucht; A. Laurila; J. Höglund (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Conservation of sequence motifs suggests that the nonclassical MHC class I lineages CD1/PROCR and UT were established before the emergence of tetrapod species - Johannes M. Dijkstra; Takuya Yamaguchi; Unni Grimholt (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Susceptibility to mycobacterial disease due to mutations in IL-12Rβ1 in three Iranian patients - Maryam Alinejad Dizaj; Esmaeil Mortaz; Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani; Davood Mansouri; Payam Mehrian; Els M. Verhard; Mohammad Varahram; Delara Babaie; Ian M. Adcock; Johan Garssen; Esther van de Vosse; Aliakbar Velayati (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Inferring the evolution of the major histocompatibility complex of wild pigs and peccaries using hybridisation DNA capture-based sequencing - Carol Lee; Marco Moroldo; Alvaro Perdomo-Sabogal; Núria Mach; Sylvain Marthey; Jérôme Lecardonnel; Per Wahlberg; Amanda Y. Chong; Jordi Estellé; Simon Y. W. Ho; Claire Rogel-Gaillard; Jaime Gongora (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Increased herpes zoster risk associated with poor HLA-A immediate early 62 protein (IE62) affinity - Pieter Meysman; Nicolas De Neuter; Esther Bartholomeus; George Elias; Johan Van den Bergh; Marie-Paule Emonds; Geert W. Haasnoot; Steven Heynderickx; Johan Wens; Nele R. Michels; Julien Lambert; Eva Lion; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2018)

High prevalence of dengue antibodies and the arginine variant of the FcγRIIa polymorphism in asymptomatic individuals in a population of Minas Gerais State, Southeast Brazil - Anna Carolina Toledo da Cunha Pereira; Tatiane Ribeiro de Siqueira; Andressa Anunciação de Oliveira Prado; Camila Almeida Veiga da Silva; Thaís de Fátima Silva Moraes; Alan Alex Aleixo; José Carlos de Magalhaes; Gabriel Augusto Pires de Souza; Betânia Paiva Drumond; Gustavo Portela Ferreira; Breno de Mello Silva; Cintia Lopes de Brito Magalhães; et al. (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Locus and gene-based GWAS meta-analysis identifies new diabetic nephropathy genes - Mohammad Saeed (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Novel full-length major histocompatibility complex class I allele discovery and haplotype definition in pig-tailed macaques - Matthew R. Semler; Roger W. Wiseman; Julie A. Karl; Michael E. Graham; Samantha M. Gieger; David H. O’Connor (Immunogenetics, 2018)

MHC haplotype diversity in Persian Arabian horses determined using polymorphic microsatellites - R. Sadeghi; Mohammad Moradi-Shahrbabak; S. R. Miraei Ashtiani; D. C. Miller; Douglas F. Antczak (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Transcriptome sequencing of the long-nosed bandicoot (Perameles nasuta) reveals conservation and innovation of immune genes in the marsupial order Peramelemorphia - Katrina M. Morris; Haylee J. Weaver; Denis O’Meally; Marion Desclozeaux; Amber Gillett; Adam Polkinghorne (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Modeling coverage gaps in haplotype frequencies via Bayesian inference to improve stem cell donor selection - Yoram Louzoun; Idan Alter; Loren Gragert; Mark Albrecht; Martin Maiers (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Discovery of gorilla MHC-C expressing C1 ligand for KIR - Jörg B. Hans; Linda Vigilant (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Identification and expression analysis of a TLR11 family gene in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius - Yinan Wang; Shixiong Cheng; Yaqing Chang; Kaiquan Li; Yang Chen; Yi Wang (Immunogenetics, 2018)

The antibody loci of the domestic goat (Capra hircus) - John C. Schwartz; Rebecca L. Philp; Derek M. Bickhart; Timothy P. L. Smith; John A. Hammond (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Impact of a CD4 gene haplotype on the immune response in minipigs - Fany Blanc; Françoise Créchet; Nicolas Bruneau; Guillaume Piton; Jean-Jacques Leplat; Fabrice Andréoletti; Giorgia Egidy; Silvia Vincent-Naulleau; Emmanuelle Bourneuf (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Identification of the major histocompatibility complex class-II DM and DO alleles in a cohort of northern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca leonina) - Xiao-Dong Lian; Xi-He Zhang; Zheng-Xi Dai; Yong-Tang Zheng (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Identification of novel polymorphisms and two distinct haplotype structures in dog leukocyte antigen class I genes: DLA-88, DLA-12 and DLA-64 - Jiro Miyamae; Shingo Suzuki; Fumihiko Katakura; Sae Uno; Mizuki Tanaka; Masaharu Okano; Taro Matsumoto; Jerzy K. Kulski; Tadaaki Moritomo; Takashi Shiina (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Comprehensive annotation and evolutionary insights into the canine (Canis lupus familiaris) antigen receptor loci - Jolyon Martin; Hannes Ponstingl; Marie-Paule Lefranc; Joy Archer; David Sargan; Allan Bradley (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Structural and functional diversity arising from intra- and inter-haplotype combinations of duplicated DQA and B loci within the ovine MHC - Keith T. Ballingall; Isabelle Lantier; Helen Todd; Frederic Lantier; Mara Rocchi (Immunogenetics, 2018)

On being the right size: antibody repertoire formation in the mouse and human - Andrew M. Collins; Katherine J. L. Jackson (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Analysis of NOD-like receptor NLRP1 in multiple sclerosis families - Cecily Q. Bernales; Mary Encarnacion; Maria G. Criscuoli; Irene M. Yee; Anthony L. Traboulsee; A. Dessa Sadovnick; Carles Vilariño-Güell (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Population genetics of IFITM3 in Portugal and Central Africa reveals a potential modifier of influenza severity - Susana David; Vanessa Correia; Liliana Antunes; Ricardo Faria; José Ferrão; Paula Faustino; Baltazar Nunes; Fernando Maltez; João Lavinha; Helena Rebelo de Andrade (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Functional polymorphisms in rhesus macaque FCGRT and β2-m - Zhanna Shubin; Yutaka Tagaya; Bhawna Poonia (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Reconstitution of a ligand-binding competent murine NKp30 receptor - Stefanie Memmer; Sandra Weil; Joachim Koch (Immunogenetics, 2018)

On the feasibility of mining CD8+ T cell receptor patterns underlying immunogenic peptide recognition - Nicolas De Neuter; Wout Bittremieux; Charlie Beirnaert; Bart Cuypers; Aida Mrzic; Pieter Moris; Arvid Suls; Viggo Van Tendeloo; Benson Ogunjimi; Kris Laukens; Pieter Meysman (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Extensive shared polymorphism at non-MHC immune genes in recently diverged North American prairie grouse - Piotr Minias; Zachary W. Bateson; Linda A. Whittingham; Jeff A. Johnson; Sara Oyler-McCance; Peter O. Dunn (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Correction to: HLA class I molecular variation and peptide-binding properties suggest a model of joint divergent asymmetric selection - Stéphane Buhler; José Manuel Nunes; Alicia Sanchez-Mazas (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Genetic variants of tumor necrosis factor-α -308G/A (rs1800629) but not Toll-interacting proteins or vitamin D receptor genes enhances susceptibility and severity of malaria infection - Olusola Ojurongbe; Roland I. Funwei; Tara J. Snyder; Iman Farid; Najihah Aziz; Yi Li; Catherine O. Falade; Bolaji N. Thomas (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Analysis of the CD8+ T cell anti-HIV activity in heterologous cell co-cultures reveals the benefit of multiple HLA class I matches - M. Scott Killian; Fernando Teque; Ramu Sudhagoni (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Specificity of inhibitory KIRs enables NK cells to detect changes in an altered peptide environment - Paola Carrillo-Bustamante; Rob J. de Boer; Can Keşmir (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Low genetic variation in the MHC class II DRB gene and MHC-linked microsatellites in endangered island populations of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in Japan - Toshinori Saka; Yoshinori Nishita; Ryuichi Masuda (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Characterisation of MHC class I genes in the koala - Yuanyuan Cheng; Adam Polkinghorne; Amber Gillett; Elizabeth A. Jones; Denis O’Meally; Peter Timms; Katherine Belov (Immunogenetics, 2018)

PD-1 and cancer: molecular mechanisms and polymorphisms - Arash Salmaninejad; Vahid Khoramshahi; Alireza Azani; Ehsan Soltaninejad; Saeed Aslani; Mohammad Reza Zamani; Masoud Zal; Abolfazl Nesaei; Sayed Mostafa Hosseini (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Immunoglobulin genotypes and cognitive functions in schizophrenia - Janardan P. Pandey; Aryan M. Namboodiri; Paul J. Nietert; Reiji Yoshimura; Hikaru Hori (Immunogenetics, 2018)

In memoriam Johannes Joseph van Rood (1926–2017) - Ronald Bontrop; Anneke Brand; Frans Claas (Immunogenetics, 2018)

A genomic perspective on HLA evolution - Diogo Meyer; Vitor R. C. Aguiar; Bárbara D. Bitarello; Débora Y. C. Brandt; Kelly Nunes (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Variants in the non-coding region of the TLR2 gene associated with infectious subphenotypes in pediatric sickle cell anemia - Susana David; Pedro Aguiar; Liliana Antunes; Alexandra Dias; Anabela Morais; Anavaj Sakuntabhai; João Lavinha (Immunogenetics, 2018)

QPY/RAH haplotypes of the GZMB gene are associated with natural killer cell cytotoxicity - Wataru Oboshi; Toru Watanabe; Keisuke Hayashi; Takehiro Nakamura; Nobuyasu Yukimasa (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Small-scale intraspecific patterns of adaptive immunogenetic polymorphisms and neutral variation in Lake Superior lake trout - Shauna M. Baillie; Riley R. Hemstock; Andrew M. Muir; Charles C. Krueger; Paul Bentzen (Immunogenetics, 2018)

Genetic variability of interleukin-1 beta as prospective factor from developing post-traumatic stress disorder - Lilit Hovhannisyan; Ani Stepanyan; Arsen Arakelyan (Immunogenetics, 2017)

Limited MHC class I intron 2 repertoire variation in bonobos - Natasja G. de Groot; Corrine M. C. Heijmans; Philippe Helsen; Nel Otting; Zjef Pereboom; Jeroen M. G. Stevens; Ronald E. Bontrop (Immunogenetics, 2017)

MHC class I diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos - Vincent Maibach; Jörg B. Hans; Christina Hvilsom; Tomas Marques-Bonet; Linda Vigilant (Immunogenetics, 2017)