Long-term variability of temperature and pH in the Bay of Bengal and its potential implications for underwater acoustics - Maheswaran P. A.; Deepulal P. M.; Harikrishnan M.; Satheeshkumar S.; Raghunadha Rao A. (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Warming in the Arabian Gulf: insights from satellite data and climate models - Cheriyeri Poyil Abdulla; Valliyil Mohammed Aboobacker; Fahad Al Senafi; Ponnumony Vethamony; Hamad Al-Saad Al-Kuwari (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)
This study evaluates Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variability over a 30-year period (1994–2023) and future projections in the Arabian Gulf, with a focus on the coastal waters of Qatar. Analysis of satellite observations at the select stations reveals warming trends of the order of 0.022–0.034 °C/y. The station-based analysis suggests a potential latitudinal gradient, with SST trends showing higher values at the northern stations, including those along the Qatar coast. For the first time, SST from CMIP6 climate models was compared against observations in this region. The multi-model mean demonstrates reasonable agreement at the studied locations. Climate projections indicate that SST may increase by 1.95–2.19 °C and 4.53–5.04 °C by 2100 under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively. Multiple-linear regression using air temperature and wind speed as predictors shows a strong positive association between SST and air temperature, while wind speed shows a weaker negative association. The findings of this study show an accelerated increase in the SST, suggesting an elevated risk of thermal stress on the regional marine ecosystem in the Gulf.

Assessment of lowest astronomical tide at belgian north sea tide gauges using long-term harmonic analysis and residual-spectrum-guided constituent selection - Somayeh Abdollahi; Joris Vanlede; Jeffrey Verbeurgt; Johan Verstraeten; Alec De Kuyper; Pieter Gurdebeke; Alain De Wulf (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

The 15th international workshop on modeling the ocean (IWMO-2025) in Stanford, California, USA, June 30th – July 1st, 2025 - Oliver Fringer; Ricardo de Camargo; Yu-Lin Chang; Huijie Xue; Tal Ezer (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Forecasting oil spills in the Caribbean Sea. The Amuay refinery incident (2017) - Claudia Patricia Urbano-Latorre; Leidy Maricela Castro-Rosero; Ángel G. Muñoz (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

A 45-year high-resolution wave hindcast for the Fijian archipelago: mean climate, spectral characteristics, and long-term trends - Lency Royce Muna; Antonio Espejo; Moritz Wandres; Alexandre Ganachaud; Awnesh Singh; Pascal Dumas; Hervé Damlamian (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

The effect of Bosporus strait on mesoscale variability in the Black Sea basin - Korotaev Gennady K.; Mizyuk Artem I. (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Simulating coastal hydrodynamics: the role of seagrass in climate adaptation - Luciana Villa Castrillón; Johannes Pein; Benjamin Jacob; Thomas H. Badewien; Vicente Gracia García; Agustín Sánchez-Arcilla; Joanna Staneva (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)
This study investigates how future hydrodynamic and sediment transport may evolve in the Jade Bay, located in the southern Wadden Sea, by analyzing a historical baseline (1999–2003) as well as future projections (2090–2099) under the high-emission RCP8.5 scenario. We conducted 10-year simulations using the Semi-Implicit Cross-Scale Hydroscience Integrated System Model (SCHISM) for three distinct sea-level rise (SLR) trajectories corresponding to the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of projected SLR to capture a realistic range of climate variability. Return periods of residual water levels were estimated to characterize extreme events and analyze the impact of SLR on the hydrodynamics and sediment transport. To assess ecological changes, we used European Nature Information System (EUNIS) habitat maps for the historical and projected periods. This allowed us to make a spatially explicit comparison of habitat distribution over time and highlight potential shifts in coastal ecosystems under changing hydrodynamic conditions. The results show that future SLR intensifies flow velocities and bed shear stress, increasing erosion risk and destabilizing sediments, particularly in high-energy zones. Habitat mapping revealed a contraction of intertidal areas and salt marshes by up to 62% and an expansion of aquatic habitats by up to 28%, with important implications for ecosystem services. Numerical experiments incorporating seagrass as a nature-based solution demonstrated their capacity to attenuate wave heights by up to 20% and decrease erosion by up to 60%, highlighting their potential role in enhancing coastal resilience under future sea-level rise scenarios.

Mechanism of enhancement of internal tides in Northeastern Arabian Sea during winter - Andrea Linus Pereira; Subeesh M. P; Jithin A.K; Navaneeth K.N; Anil Kumar K (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

A geospatially encoded dual-channel network with attention and physics constraints for accurate seafloor topography reconstruction - Jia Hu; Yifeng Luo; Chao Wang; Ming Hu; Xiaohui Liu (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Seasonal and daily variability of sea-air CO2 fluxes in tropical seagrass meadows: a study in Jepara and Karimunjawa, Indonesia - Nurul Latifah; Aditya R. Kartadikaria; Nining Sari Ningsih; Anindya Wirasatriya (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Distinguishing microplastics in sediment and surface water from the Ennore mangrove forest, Bay of Bengal, India - S Bhagyalakshmi; PK Karuppasamy; Ilungtuile Hemang; Raji Kandaiah; Thava Palanisamy; SR Marigoudar; Pravakar Mishra (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Dimension-driven optimization of rectangular buffer blocks for tsunami-like flow energy dissipation - N Sakthi Vasanth; K Varatharaj; V Sriram; V Sundar; H Schüttrumpf (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

SE-SimVP: a novel tropical cyclone intensity forecasting model - Wei Fang; Wenhe Lu; Xiaomei Zheng (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Hydrographic structure and turbulent mixing in the Sulu Sea, Sulawesi Sea and Sangihe-Talaud Waters - Muh Firdaus; Agus Saleh Atmadipoera; Adi Purwandana; Asep Priatna; Asep Ma’mun; Muhammad Taufik (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Correction to: Global redistribution of astronomical tidal energy modulated by internal wave viscosity parameterization - Jiaqi Guo; Pengyang Song; Xueen Chen (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Analysing observation based source terms: validations and spatial analysis of high-resolution wave hindcast in the Arabian Sea, emphasizing low wind conditions - Muhammad Yasrab; Alexander V. Babanin; Murtaza Taak (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

The characteristics and possible mechanisms of the anomalously high sea levels observed along the South China Coast in 2017 - Menglu Wang; Wenya Ji; Juan Li; Jun Luo; Min Zhang; Qiyan Ji (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Tidal simulation and effects of seasonal bed shear stress on erosion-accretion process in the Sundarbans estuarine system, Bangladesh - Asmaa-Ul-Husna; Lamisa Muniyat; K M Sakif Hasan Zisan; Tasmia Hamid Zim; G. M. Jahid Hasan (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Assessment of the mangrove carbon standing stock of India: implications due to regional and species-specific variations - Ajay Kumar; Darwin Ramteke; Cathrine Sumathi Manohar (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Consistency and uncertainty in marine heatwave monitoring using multi-source satellite sst products: insights from marginal seas and open oceans - Wenjie Yao; Jia Li; Huiwen Cai; Wenbin Yin (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Machine learning-based accuracy and reliability prediction for significant wave heights in the North Pacific Ocean: a hybrid deep learning framework - Jianhui Wang; Zhendong Cui (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Lagrangian reconstruction of fine-grid sea surface salinity from SMAP and altimetry in the Bay of Bengal - Jai Kumar; Neeraj Agarwal; Rashmi Sharma (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Spatiotemporal variability of particulate organic carbon in relation to chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature in the Arabian Gulf - Md Masudur Rahman; Roman Shults; Rajendran Sankaran; Wanchang Zhang; Mahfuzur Rahman; Muhammad Usman (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

The 14th International Workshop on Modeling the Ocean (IWMO-2024) in Sapporo, Japan, 17–20 June 2024 - Yutaka Yoshikawa; Joanna Staneva; Joseph Zhang; Yu-Lin Chang; Amin Chabchoub; Tal Ezer (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Quantification of tidal non-stationarity - Haidong Pan; Xiaoqing Xu; Junchuan Sun; Fei Teng; Tengfei Xu; Zexun Wei (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Quantifying wave setup climatology along the U.S. East and Gulf coasts using a coupled hydrodynamic-wave model - ASM Alauddin Al Azad; Reza Marsooli (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)
Wave setup, the increase in coastal mean water level due to wave breaking, is an important but understudied component of coastal sea-level long-term variability. This study quantifies the wave setup climatology along the U.S. East and Gulf of Mexico coasts using high-resolution hydrodynamic (ADCIRC) and wave (SWAN) models. The models are forced with hourly surface pressure and wind fields, total water level, and direction–frequency wave spectra from the ERA5 reanalysis dataset. We conduct decade-long (2006–2015) simulations to quantify the mean and extreme (99th percentile) wave setups and characterize their interannual variabilities, spatial coherence, and trends. Results from 32 representative sites indicate that wave setup along the U.S. East Coast is generally larger than that along the Gulf Coast. Seasonally, winter months exhibit higher mean and extreme wave setup than summer months on both coasts. Interannual variability of the annual mean and extreme wave setup is, respectively, 57% and 28% larger on the East Coast than on the Gulf Coast. We find that wave-setup anomalies show strong coherence at short alongshore separations (0–75 km) along both coasts, but remain spatially correlated over much longer distances on the East Coast (decorrelation range 642 km) than in the Gulf (292 km). Finally, trend analysis reveals mixed positive and negative trends in wave setup along the East Coast and predominantly negative trends in the Gulf.

Coastal trapped wave and tidal modulation of cross-shore circulation and subsurface cooling at the head of the Biobio Canyon - Richard Muñoz; Gonzalo S. Saldías; Marcus Sobarzo; Manuel I. Castillo (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Sea surface waves in the Arabian Sea at two distinct weather scenarios during the onset of southwest summer monsoon - G. Udhaba Dora; Gopal Krushna Swain; Jai Singh; Toyoshima Xavier; Jyotirmaya Panigrahi (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

The hydraulics of local separation applied to middle layer upwelling at the exit of Shelikof Strait, northwest Gulf of Alaska - Nan Yuan; Humio Mitsudera; Hideharu Sasaki (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

A simple method to reconstruct coastal surface currents from single SAR Doppler observations using the continuity equation - Anis Elyouncha; Göran Broström; Kai H. Christensen (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)
Doppler-derived surface currents from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) provide only a single velocity component, the radial (range-directed) velocity $$u_r$$ , which limits their direct use in oceanographic applications. Here we present a simple and physically constrained method to reconstruct the orthogonal azimuthal velocity component $$v_{φ }$$ , yielding a two-dimensional estimate of the surface current field. The approach exploits the horizontal continuity equation together with solid boundary constraints, making it well suited for coastal and semi-enclosed regions. The method is applied to Sentinel–1 Doppler observations over the Skagerrak Sea and evaluated against two high-resolution ocean circulation models, Norkyst-800 and the data-assimilative Norkyst-DA. Despite relying on a single, noisy Doppler-derived velocity component, the reconstruction recovers coherent and dynamically consistent circulation patterns. Comparisons with the model fields yield correlation coefficients of about 0.9 for the observed radial component and 0.7–0.75 for the reconstructed azimuthal component, with root-mean-square errors on the order of 0.2 m s $$^{-1}$$ . The azimuthal velocity exhibits larger biases than the radial component, consistent with the predominantly ageostrophic nature of the transverse circulation in the Skagerrak and its sensitivity to wind forcing and model formulation. The reduced bias relative to the data-assimilative model, together with consistency with inter-model differences, suggests that SAR observations can help diagnose model biases not only in the directly observed radial component $$u_r$$ but also in the reconstructed azimuthal component $$v_{φ }$$ . Overall, the results indicate that single-look SAR Doppler measurements contain sufficient dynamical information to reconstruct two-dimensional surface current structure when combined with physically based constraints, highlighting their potential value for coastal circulation studies and model evaluation.

Influence of the Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea on the sea surface temperature cooling induced by tropical cyclones - Shukui Cheng; Anzhou Cao; Jinbao Song; Xinyu Guo (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Drivers of near-surface ocean salinity variability in the Northeastern Pacific coastal transition zone - Bahram Khazaei; Alexander L. Kurapov; Scott M. Durski (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Phytoplankton community dynamics in response to ESCS Fani: a multivariate assessment from the surf zone of south-central Odisha, east coast of India - Pratap Kumar Mohanty; Pratyush Das; Prabin Kumar Kar; Asim Amitav Pattanayak; Subhajit Barik; Subhasis Pradhan (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Resolving a fjord tidal jet with AGRIF two-way nesting: NEMO simulations of Quatsino sound, British Columbia, Canada - Yuehua Lin; Michael Dunphy (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)
Structured-grid ocean models facilitate downscaling in the northeast Pacific, particularly for operational regional modelling and ocean forecasting in coastal British Columbia (BC), Canada. However, the complex oceanography and rugged coastal geography of BC pose well-known challenges for such models. In this study, we apply Adaptive Grid Refinement in Fortran (AGRIF) two-way nesting within the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) framework to simulate a fjord system on northwestern Vancouver Island as a case study. The nested child domain is configured for Quatsino Narrows, a narrow, shallow channel that forms a T-shaped junction with the deeper Holberg–Rupert Inlets and the nearby Marble River. The AGRIF two-way nested model demonstrates improved skill in representing tidal mixing, as indicated by temperature and salinity profiles collected recently within the junction area. Examination of child-domain outputs saved at 15-minute intervals shows that near-surface and subsurface internal waves are generated sequentially during each flood phase along the tidal-jet section slope. Tidal analysis was conducted to quantify barotropic-to-baroclinic energy conversion and baroclinic tidal energy flux, as well as their seasonal variability. Barotropic-to-baroclinic energy conversion for M2 tides is found along the tidal-jet slope and in the shallow waters west of Hankin Point. Estimates of the spatially integrated baroclinic tidal energy terms and fluxes through boundaries suggest that the T-shaped junction region acts as a sink for M2 and a source for M4 baroclinic tidal energy.

Global redistribution of astronomical tidal energy modulated by Internal Wave Viscosity parameterization - Jiaqi Guo; Pengyang Song; Xueen Chen (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Hydrodynamic impacts of floating-raft aquaculture in the northern yellow sea: modeling and field experiments - Xiaomeng Fu; Jie Tian; Ming Li; Yuan Zhang; Junru Guo; Jun Song; Yang Ding; Congcong Bi (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Response of eukaryotic phytoplankton to mesoscale and sub-mesoscale processes within a cyclonic-anticyclonic eddy pair - Jia Guo; Jiaxing Liu; Zhiyou Jing; Tong Yan; Sheng Dai; Yuan Liu; Yehui Tan (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Pre-monsoon Indian Ocean subsurface salinity and potential temperature anomalies associated with monsoon onset over Kerala - Dinesh K. Yadav; Manas Pant; B. Mandal; Kumar Abhijeet; R. Bhatla (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Characteristic of ocean surface wave across the mesoscale eddies during tropical cyclones in the South China Sea - Ru Yao; Weizeng Shao; Xingwei Jiang; Qingping Zou; Lei Zhou (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

East Hainan Coastal Front: seasonal cycle, interannual variability, and long-term trend - Teng Liu; Tengfei Xu; Xiao Han; Zexun Wei; Dingqi Wang; Shujiang Li (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Review of the Texas shelf currents using high frequency radar surface currents data - Uchenna Nwankwo; Dmitri Nechaev; Steven DiMarco; Anthony Knap; Cristina Forbes (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)
High frequency radars (HFR) from five Texas shelf stations (RLVR, SSDE, MBNP, ANWR, PINS) monitor inner-, mid-, and outer-shelf circulation. For the reanalysis of the HFR data, we applied IOOS QA/QC procedures and adopted the optimal interpolation (OI) technique to generate surface current vectors. Validation of HFR velocity vectors against Texas Automated Buoy System (TABS) currents and self-locating datum marker buoy (SLDMB) drifters confirms the fidelity of the HFR dataset following the results of the statistical tests employed. This validation revealed the OI parameters for estimating HFR vectors with improved spatial resolution and accuracy. The results indicate that the OI yields reliable Lagrangian (drifters) and Eulerian (buoys) velocities and, most importantly, captures the general circulatory patterns on the Texas Shelf. Furthermore, the patterns from the self organizing map (SOM) not only showed the two dominant circulatory patterns on Texas Shelf but also revealed a dominant transitional pattern. Based on the Hovmoller and estimates of surface transports, the study indicates that the net surface transport on the Texas Shelf vary simultaneously with the seasonal wind variability.

Multiplatform calibration and validation of CFOSAT ocean surface waves - Marites Canto; Salman Khan; Ian Young; Agustinus Ribal; Peter Jansen; Jeff Hansen; Lotfi Aouf; Mark Hemer (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)
The nadir and off-nadir ocean wind and wave products of the Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring (SWIM) instrument onboard the China France Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT) are validated against multiple wave buoy datasets. These include a moored buoy in the Southern Ocean, the Northern Hemisphere focused wave buoys of the National Data Buoy Centre (NDBC), and a globally distributed Sofar drifting spotter buoy archive. SWIM nadir comparisons of significant wave height and wind speed data against NDBC buoy measurements showed that SWIM can capture these parameters with high accuracy and temporal stability. The off-nadir comparisons of SWIM bulk statistics of significant wave height and peak wave direction indicate high correlation and low errors against all buoy datasets. The performance of wave period (both mean and peak) is relatively poorer and varies by buoy dataset considered, with best results obtained against the Sofar archive. The accuracy of SWIM mean wave period against all buoy datasets is significantly improved by using a recently published neural networks-based inversion approach. Finally, quantitative evaluation of SWIM omni-directional spectra indicated an overall best performance for SWIM 10° beam product amongst the four SWIM products and against all exploited wave buoy datasets. This calibration and validation work is comprehensive and valuable because it describes the performance of CFOSAT wind/wave products in global oceanic conditions and against both moored and drifting wave buoy networks, with satellite-buoy collocations varying from 1605 to 7233 respectively for nadir wave and wind comparisons and over 3000 for off-nadir comparisons across all platforms. It is the intention that this work will enable the uptake of SWIM data with better-informed quantification of errors and accuracies.

Numerical modelling of the upper ocean dynamics off East Africa during the Indian Ocean Dipole in relation to El Niño and La Niña climate scenarios - Majuto Clement Manyilizu (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Eulerian and Lagrangian characterization of a high-amplitude convectively unstable shoaling internal solitary wave in two dimensions - Tilemachos Bolioudakis; Greg N. Thomsen; Peter J. Diamessis; Ren-Chieh Lien; Kevin G. Lamb; John Winnicki; Gustaaf Jacobs (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Tsunami inundation mapping and environment risk assessment for the Hawaiian Islands using machine learning and geospatial techniques - Ahamed Ibrahim Abdul Rahim; Prabhakaran Moorthy; Bharathi Balu; Priyadarsi Debajyoti Roy; Lakshumanan Chokkalingam (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Hydrodynamic characterization of non-breaking undular surges interacting with inclined coastal structures - Feidong Zheng; Zongliang Zhang; Qiang Liu; Xueming Wu; Yang Yang; Chao Wang; Cuixia Yao; Xiaozi Lin; Tingjie Huang (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

A multi-unet framework with boundary fusion for intelligent error correction in global ocean surface wave prediction - Danyi Sun; Wenyu Huang; Zichan Tian; Zifan Yang; Yong Luo; Jingjia Luo; Haohuan Fu; Bin Wang (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Hybrid intelligence for wave prediction: Integrating sparse LSTM-transformer with an expert system - Zizhang Liu; Linghan Dou; Jinpu Chang (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Response of larger mesozooplankton (> 1 mm) to upwelling and river-induced stratification in the eastern Arabian Sea - Sambath K.R.; Karnan C.; Olivia N.F.J.; Sahu B.K. (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Numerical study on the wave attenuation efficiency of rhombicuboctahedron modular floating breakwater - Sahal Mohammed K; Arunakumar Hunasanahally Sathyanarayana; Jaya Kumar Seelam; Anil Kumar (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Downscaling prediction of significant wave height in nearshore waters - Shenwen Xu; Qiushi Hao (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Rapid strengthening of tropical cyclones and their characteristics across the decades over the North Indian ocean - Akshay Kumar Sagar; Priyankar Kumar; Akshat Dimri (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Quality Control of Tide Gauge Observations and Gap Filling Using Data Fusion - Dora Carinhas; Paulo Infante; António Martinho (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)
Ensuring the accuracy and continuity of sea level observations is crucial for coastal monitoring, operational forecasting, and oceanographic modelling. This study evaluates the quality control and comparability of radar tide gauge measurements at two Portuguese ports—Leixões and Sines—using five consecutive days of high-resolution (1-minute) sea level records. Several statistical approaches were applied to assess instrument agreement and reconstruct missing data segments, including process capability analysis, Kalman filtering, and ARIMAX time series modelling with external regressors. Artificial gaps representing 20% of the time series were introduced and uniformly randomly distributed to test each method’s reconstruction accuracy. The analysis revealed strong linear relationships between co-located sensors, despite the presence of systematic biases and moderate phase-dependent deviations. Ebb–flood stratification was used as a diagnostic tool to identify phase-dependent discrepancies, particularly at Sines, highlighting potential hydrodynamic and geometric influences. Among the tested approaches, ARIMAX models provided the highest reconstruction accuracy (RMSE < 5 mm) and more effectively captured temporal autocorrelation than linear regression or Kalman filtering. These findings demonstrate the potential of sensor redundancy and statistical data fusion to ensure short-term data continuity in tide gauge networks, particularly in response to operational disruptions. The proposed methodology supports real-time quality control workflows and gap filling without relying on long-term climatological records.

Interannual variability of winter-time barrier layer in the Bay of Bengal and the underlying processes - C. T. Shanif; Subhra Prakash Dey; G. Srinivas; Jayu Narvekar; S. Prasanna Kumar (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Sea level rise projections for the Bay of Bengal and implications for vulnerable coastal regions using a hydroclimatic reconstruction model - A. Naren; Rajib Maity (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Simultaneous resolution of near-shore intertidal and deep estuarine circulation by eliminating bathymetric smoothing in modeling - the Salish Sea - Tarang Khangaonkar; Taiping Wang; Su Kyong Yun; Wenfei Ni; Adi Nugraha; Aditi Mitra; Y. Joseph Zhang (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Comparative evaluation of ARMA, ANFIS-FCM, and LSTM methods for hourly sea current speed prediction - Arif Ozbek; Alper Yildirim; Mehmet Bilgili (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Gravity waves on a linear shearing flow on finite water depth - Debraj Giri; A. K. Dhar (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Porous media approach for numerical simulation of perforated chambered breakwater - K. Aiswaria; Ramakrishnan Balaji (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Suspended sediment variability in tropical estuarine and coastal waters along the Central West Coast of India - Santhosh Kumar S; Mani Murali R; Shincy Francis; Deepika Dwivedi (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Estimating Mixed Layer Depth and Variability along the Western Andaman Sea: Insights from HF Radar Surface Currents - Arun Kumar; Samiran Mandal; Basanta Kumar Jena (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Submesoscale processes at the Polar Front in the southwestern area of Svalbard - Igor Shulman; Ewa Jarosz; Stephanie Cayula; E. Joseph Metzger (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)
The global model predictions were used to compare the dynamics and submesoscale processes at the Polar Front (PF) southwest of Svalbard, Norway, in October 2022 and November 2023. The analysis revealed that Rossby numbers rarely exceeded 0.5 in November 2023, whereas multiple instances of Rossby numbers greater than one were observed in October 2022. This suggests weaker submesoscale processes at the PF in November 2023 compared to October 2022, potentially driven by a greater influx of fresher Arctic water from eastern Svalbard during the October 2022 period. This difference in Arctic water influx was supported by analyses of water mass hydrographic history, surface salinity maps, and density gradients. Surface frontogenesis was also weaker in November 2023 compared to October 2022. Both observed and modeled winds showed weaker along-front components relative to cross-front components, resulting in weaker nonlinear Ekman transport and nonlinear Ekman pumping at the PF compared to the front in Monterey Bay, CA. While the magnitudes of surface frontogenesis at the PF and Monterey Bay are comparable—particularly in October 2022—nonlinear Ekman transport and pumping are an order of magnitude smaller at the PF during both periods. This difference likely explains the weaker ageostrophic secondary circulation and associated vertical velocities at the PF compared to the front in Monterey Bay.

Implementation and validation of a 3D regional ocean model CROCO for sediment transport purposes in NW Iberian continental shelf - Marili Viitak; Rita Nolasco; Nicolás Villacieros-Robineau; Paulo A. Silva; Carmen G. Castro; Jesus Dubert (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)
This study examines ocean circulation, waves, and suspended sediment transport on the high-energy, upwelling-dominated Northwest Iberian Margin. Using the 3D oceanic numerical model CROCO (v1.0) with an integrated sediment transport module, a high-resolution simulation from November 2008 to December 2009 was conducted. Coupled offline with 2D spectral wave and atmospheric models, the system was validated against in situ observational data, showing good agreement in wave field evolution and mean circulation patterns. Performance metrics demonstrate results comparable to or better than similar studies, confirming its effectiveness. The successful validation of the forcing terms, driving the sediment dynamics, allowed the representation of different processes controlling the sediment transport and their interrelationship. The sediment transport model depicted relatively satisfactorily the seasonal dynamics of the sediment transport patterns, controlled by the intensity of the wave and current activity. This study provides the first assessment of seasonal sediment transport variability on a high-wave-energy, upwelling-dominated continental shelf using a offline coupled CROCO-SWAN system, validated against observations, integrating realistic wave fields and sediment bed grain size distributions, not implemented in previous ROMS-based simulations. This numerical framework provides a valuable tool for advancing sediment transport and coastal dynamics research, aiding regional marine management and conservation efforts.

Evaluation of the barotropic component of absolute geostrophic velocity based on the linearization of measured and calculated velocity profiles - Roman Tarakanov (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Color correction and contrast enhancement of underwater images - Sabareesan Srinivasan; Sakthivel Murugan Santhanam; Muthumeenakshi K (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Simulation of upper ocean temperature under the cyclone condition: a sensitivity to shape function in KPP mixing parameterisation - Soma Mishra; Anant Parekh; Krishna R Phani Murali; Jasti S. Chowdary (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Evaluation of seagrass as a nature-based solution for coastal protection in the German Wadden Sea under end of the century sea level rise projections - Benjamin Jacob; Johannes Pein; Joanna Staneva (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)
Climate change, along with sea-level rise and shifting hydrodynamics, threatens coastal systems such as the Wadden Sea. At the same time, nature-based solutions (NbS) have gained prominence in coastal protection, recognizing the buffering role of vegetation such as seagrass. This study evaluates hypothetical seagrass meadow extension scenarios as NbS, assessing their potential to mitigate coastal hazards under present and future climate conditions. Time-slice simulations for the years 1997 and 2090 were conducted using the unstructured-grid SCHISM modeling framework, which couples hydrodynamics, wave action, sediment dynamics, and a vegetation module representing first-order seagrass effects on flow and turbulence. Pairwise simulations under the RCP8.5 scenario with and without vegetation were conducted to quantify attenuation of currents, wave energy, bottom stress, and sediment concentrations. Results show that despite a 20% decline in relative attenuation efficiency under sea-level rise, seagrass meadows retain substantial damping capacity. Wave heights were reduced by 30% in shallow areas, with even greater absolute reductions in deeper zones of enhanced wave activity. Bottom stress attenuation frequently exceeded 60%, accompanied by lower near-bed sediment concentrations. Although limited to hydrodynamics and a time-slice approach, the study points to potential shifts in seagrass attenuation efficiency under SLR, underscoring the role of sediment accumulation balancing net water column increase for a maintained bathymetric control, advocating for seagrass-based nature-based solutions in coastal adaptation.

Wave climate variability along the selected erosional hotspots of Kerala - Prince Arayakandy; P G Remya; Meenakshi Sreejith; Phiros Shah; Ratheesh Ramakrishnan; B Praveen Kumar; Alfred Johny; T M Balakrishnan Nair (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Impact of Rossby ocean waves on short-period sea surface waves - Dmitry P. Kovalev; Peter D. Kovalev (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Analysis of sea ice deformation and its influencing factors in the Western Arctic from 2022 to 2023 - Xiaomin Chang; Lei Ji; Bowen Zhu; Guangyu Zuo; Yinke Dou; Tongliang Yan (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Different behaviors of wind stress induced by ocean surface waves - Sheng Chen; Jing Ren; Siyuan Wu; Jingsong Guo; Chuan Jiang Huang; Zhanli Wang; Fangli Qiao (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

A diagnostics of observed surface currents in the Western Bay of Bengal using ground based high frequency radar, satellite and model data - Shashank Kumar Mishra; Rabindra Kumar Nayak; Prakash Chandra Mohanty; Rajesh Sikhakolli; G. Srinivasa Rao; Prakash Chauhan (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

An operational real-time forecasting system for estuarine hydrodynamics: the Guadalquivir Estuary (SW Iberian Peninsula) - Pablo Muñoz-López; Simone Sammartino; Jesús García-Lafuente; Irene Nadal; Antonio Bejarano; Ángel Pulido (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)
Accurate, real-time hydrodynamic forecasts are essential for understanding and managing short-term variability in estuarine systems. This study presents an operational real-time forecasting system for the Guadalquivir Estuary (SW Iberian Peninsula), a highly modified and regulated estuary of strong scientific and operational interest. The system is built on a three-dimensional Delft3D-Flow model that integrates, every 12-h, (i) astronomical and meteorological tide at the ocean boundary; (ii) regulated freshwater dam and tributary releases; and (iii) wind and surface heat-flux fields. Each operational cycle performs a 36-h hindcast followed by a 72-h forecast, completing the full 108-h integration in less than 25 min on a 24-core workstation. Validation against seven tide gauges during 2024 shows high predictable skill, with peak water level errors below 15 cm along the entire estuary and below 10 cm in the navigable reach, 6–10% of the tidal range, while Pearson correlations exceed 0.95. No systematic timing drift is detected between successive forecast cycles. Sensitivity tests show that the pragmatic treatment of unknown future forcings adds less than 4 cm to forecast error, well within the intrinsic model uncertainty. An automated alert protocol monitors forecast skill in near real time, supporting operational robustness. Overall, the system delivers reliable three-day water level predictions, demonstrating how numerical modeling, real-time validation, and uncertainty management can be combined to support operational oceanography in tidally dominated estuaries, with potential transferability to other estuarine systems worldwide.

Propagation patterns of swells generated by tropical cyclone Freddy and its coastal impacts along the Indian ocean rim - Roshyal Joy; Remya P G; B. Praveen Kumar; R. S. Mahendra; T. M. Balakrishnan Nair (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Time-lagged combined impact of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on variations in the Tsugaru Warm Current, Japan Sea throughflow - H. Kaneko; A. Nagano; S. Osafune; M. Wakita (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

The vertical distribution of near-inertial oscillations generated by the tropical cyclone in the ocean mixed layer - Yu Zhang; Jintao Gu; Shengli Chen (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Energy transfers and multiscale interactions between intra-seasonal and low-frequency variability in western boundary currents of the tropical Pacific - Xinying Guo; Shijian Hu; Yang Yang (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Uranium isotopes in optimal multi-parameter (OMP) analysis: unraveling water masses mixing in the northwest pacific - Yude Ni; Xueyan Jiang; Xihuang Zhong; Tianwei Shang (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

On the contribution of the Gulf stream to high frequency coastal sea level variability - Tal Ezer (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)
Long-term Atlantic Ocean and Gulf Stream (GS) variability were linked in past studies to coastal sea level (CSL) change along the U.S. East Coast – a weakening GS can lead to rise in CSL and increased coastal flooding. However, high frequency variability (HFV) in CSL is, in most cases, attributed to atmospheric weather events. This study is focused on HFV (intraseasonal variations with periods between ~ 1 week and ~ 2 months) in the GS and in CSL. First, wavelet and spectral analysis of observations of the Florida Current transport and CSL characterized the HFV in the data, and then idealized numerical simulations were conducted to study the response of CSL to imposed GS variations with known frequencies. Three experiments were conducted: a control run with constant surface and boundary forcing, and two experiments with imposed oscillations in the Florida Current transport into the model domain- a “high-frequency experiment” (HFE) and a “low-frequency experiment” (LFE), where the period of the GS oscillations were ~ 1–2 weeks and ~ 1–2 months, respectively. The observations and the model show statistically significant anticorrelation between the GS flow and the CSL, but the LFE resulted in higher GS-CSL correlations and was more like the observations than the HFE was. The results also show large spatial differences in the CSL response to GS variations - the South-Atlantic Bight (SAB) responded more strongly to the LFE while the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) responded more strongly to the HFE. Power spectra of the model simulations show that even small, imposed GS oscillations at high frequency, can interact with natural variability to excite unpredictable CSL variabilities over a wide range of frequencies, including oscillations at much longer time scales than the forcing. The variability in the Florida Current flow generated a northward propagating signal along the GS path and a southward propagating sea level signal along the coast. However, the topography near Cape Hatteras seems to partly block communication between the MAB and the SAB. The study demonstrates the important contribution of high frequency GS variability to CSL variability - better understanding of the role of remote forcing on coastal sea level can help to improve prediction of coastal sea level variations and associated flooding.

Decadal decline of the meridional overturning circulation in the eastern subpolar North Atlantic diagnosed from a high-resolution reanalysis dataset - Hanshi Wang; Xiaopei Lin; Jian Shi; Zhenhui Yi; Xingyue Xia; Junwei Chai (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Assessing the temporal clustering of coastal storm tide hazards under natural variability in a near 500-year model run - Luke J. Jenkins; Ivan D. Haigh; Hachem Kassem; Douglas Pender; Jenny Sansom; Rob Lamb; Tom Howard (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)
The temporal clustering of storms can present successive natural hazards for coastal areas in the form of extreme sea levels, storm surges and waves. Studies have investigated the prevalence of the temporal clustering of such hazards but are hindered by the rarity of the phenomena combined with short records and a lack of data availability around the coastline. This has made it difficult to determine if the levels of clustering reported were typical for the location or were being masked by natural variability or climate change over different timescales. In this study, we assess a near 500-year model simulation of extreme sea levels and storm surges forced with pre-industrial meteorological conditions to quantify the levels of temporal clustering seen from natural variability around Great Britain. We then utilise a 50-year rolling window to see how clustering statistics can change through time when dealing with time periods that are representative of the average length of a record in the United Kingdom National Tide Gauge Network. When using near 500-year timeseries, we highlight that many clustering statistics return values close to their statistical expectancies. However, when analysing discrete 50-year windows, results can vary dramatically. The percentage of years with an extreme sea level or surge exceedance at a given location at the 1 in 1-, 5-, and 10-year return level, can vary by up to ~ 33%, ~ 24%, and ~ 18%, the mean number of days between consecutive sea level or surge exceedances can vary by ~ 231, ~14,780, and ~ 17,793 days, and the extremal index can vary by ~ 0.37, ~ 0.64, and ~ 0.79, respectively. Although these results represent the best estimate of the levels of clustering to be expected under natural variability, a comparison of the longest records in the tide gauge network and their nearest model grid nodes shows a tendency for the model to underestimate the clustering statistics that are calculated from the measured data (apart from the extremal index). As such, these can be considered to represent the minimum levels of temporal clustering around Great Britain, as the potential underestimation of clustering, combined with climatic change and sea level rise, means that the temporal clustering of sea levels and storm surges are likely to be far greater over the next 500 years.

Quality control of wave rider buoy data and its applications to cyclones and swell surges in the Indian ocean - Anuradha Modi; TVS Udaya Bhaskar; Remya PG; Venkat Shesu Reddem; P. Suneeta; S. Shivaprasad; N. Arun; C. Jeyakumar; M. Mahender; R. Bharat Kumar; E. Pattabhi Rama Rao; T. M. Balakrishnan Nair (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

A numerical study on the oceanic response to intense tropical storms over the Bay of Bengal using a high-resolution coupled atmosphere-ocean model - Koteshwaramma Thatiparthi; Subbareddy Bonthu; Venkata Ramu Ch.; Prasad K. Bhaskaran; Kantha Rao Bhimala; Kuvar Satya Singh (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Topical collection on western boundary currents from the 20th annual meeting of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS), Singapore, 30 July to 4 August, 2023 - Akira Nagano; Yasumasa Miyazawa; Janet Sprintall; Xiapei Lin; Xin Liu; Cesar Villanoy (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Ocean dynamics in 2025: overview and thank you to reviewers - Tal Ezer; Antonio Bonaduce; Diego Bruciaferri; Sandro Carniel; Amin Chabchoub; W. Bryce Corlett; Ricardo de Camargo; Sheila N. Estrada-Allis; Oliver B. Fringer; Avijit Gangopadhyay; Guoping Gao; Tsubasa Kodaira; et al. (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Monitoring of temporal changes in sea ice extent in Horseshoe Island on the Antarctic Peninsula using sentinel-1 SAR remote sensing data - Furkan Yilgan (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)
Icebergs and sea ice formations in the polar regions play an important role in global temperature and global warming, as highlighted in many recent scientific studies. Antarctica is home to many living creatures and holds unique importance in this regard. Many scientists are sent on scientific expeditions to this untouched continent by various countries to study the Earth’s characteristics and the nature of the world. Turkish scientists have also been visiting the continent since 2017 as part of the National Antarctic Scientific Exploration Programme, turning Horseshoe Island into a temporary scientific base. In addition, human activity exists in the region due to the presence of scientific bases established by other countries on the Antarctic Peninsula. For this reason, analysing the sea ice extent around Horseshoe Island is important, as it contributes to Türkiye’s scientific efforts and provides insight into changes caused by human scientific activity on the Antarctic Peninsula. In addition, analysing sea ice changes in the region provides valuable information about the local climate and contributes to safe maritime transportation. In this context, the extent of sea ice around Horseshoe Island was monitored using Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data over a 10-year period from 2015 to 2024. The dataset was selected for the period between 1st September and 10th October, when sea ice extent typically increases following the winter season. The Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) machine learning (ML) classification methods were used to distinguish between sea ice and open water areas. Furthermore, the overall accuracy of the RF and SVM classifications was higher than 93%, with kappa coefficients ≥ 0.80 for all years. The study demonstrated that sea ice extent was lower after 2020 compared to the period before. Specifically, the sea ice area between 2020 and 2024 was smaller than between 2015 and 2020. The extent of sea ice decreased by approximately 56% in 2022 compared to 2016. This reduction in sea ice coverage after 2020 may align with global climate change theories and has also contributed to a decrease in sea salinity in the region. Consequently, melting sea ice may negatively impact the marine ecosystem in the area.

Parameterizing the surface-wave breaking in wave-resolving simulations - Haruka Imamura; Yutaka Yoshikawa (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Analytical study of barotropic tidal residual current in one dimension, accounting for frictional effects - Logueminda Sabaga; Hoavo Hova; Yago Ya Hilaire Amemou; Essowè Panassa (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Evaluation of the near-surface wind products from reanalyses over the North-Western Indian Ocean - Akhil Varghese; Phiros Shah; Akash S; Athuldev A V; Prince Arayakandy; Muhammad Shafeeque; Sruthi Thalayappil R S (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Hydrodynamic performance of three identical oscillating water columns integrated with isolated semi-circular breakwater - Sandana Socrates; Sriram V.; Sundar V. (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Effect of sediment control design on sedimentation rate at seawater intake - Mardi Wibowo; Hanah Khoirunnisa; Wahyu Hendriyono; Dinar Catur Istiyanto; Reno Arief Rachman; ABagyo Widagdo; Hamzah Haru Radityo Suharyanto (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

A new interpretation framework for nonlinear mechanisms driving overtide generation and residual dynamics in tidal systems with shallow regions under geometric influences - Haoyan Dong; Henk Schuttelaars; Tom De Mulder (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

A patch-ProbSparse-huber enhanced iTransformer for short-term coastal salinity forecasting - Wanhai Jia; Shaopeng Guan (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Tracing anthropogenic signatures of heavy metal dispersion and risk profiling in marine sediments of tuticorin’s industrial coast - Vigneshwar Jeyasingh; Ramkumar Thirunavukkarasu; Vasudevan Sivaprakasam; Sathiyamoorthy Gunasekaran; Baranidharan Sathyanarayanan; Pravinraj Sampath; Venkatramanan Senapathi; Anandasabari Karthikeyan (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Analysis and quality control of tide gauge data: Case studies on cyclone and swell surge events over the Indian ocean - Suneeta P.; Udaya Bhaskar T V S; Venkat Shesu Reddem; Anuradha M.; Pattabhi Rama Rao E (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Evaluation of the high temporal resolution global ocean surface wind speed product derived from the TianMu-1 (TM-1) GNSS-R constellation - Xinzhe Xu; Xiufeng He; Minfeng Song; Jinsheng Tu; Hao Yang; Wei Zhan (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Sediment transport modeling of trenching activities: a case study for the Safaniya coastal waters in the Arabian Gulf - Abdul Azeez Saleem; Akurathi V. S. Chaitanya; Salim Lateef; Jiya Albert; Muhammad Shafeeque; Karuppasamy P. Manikandan; Thadickal V. Joydas; Mohamed Asharaf; Luai M Alhems; Ali M. Qasem; Sabique Langodan; Diego Lozano-Cortés (Ocean Dynamics, 2026)

Modulating the ENSO—Indonesian throughflow relationship: a PDO footprint - Qin-Yan Liu; Jinyu Shang (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Correction to: The crucial role of strengthened heat transport through Halmahera Sea in eastern Indonesian seas heat buildup during 2020–2022 anomalous climatic events - Faisal Amri; Iwan P. Anwar; Ardian M. Rizal; Rahaden B. Hatmaja; Ahmed Eladawy; Aditya R. Kartadikaria; Takashi Nakamura (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

An idealized CFD-DEM study of the effects of cross-flow and particle size on backfill material loss in subsea pipeline backfilling - Boshuai Zhang; Guomin Sun; Chunhong Hu; Kunming Ma; Li Li (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Assessment of vulnerable villages on the landfall regions of intense cyclonic storms along the East Coast of India using an integrated storm surge modelling system - a case study for Cyclone Phailin - Koteshwaramma Thatiparthi; Subbareddy Bonthu; Muruganandam R; Venkata Ramu Ch.; Prasad K. Bhaskaran; Tirumaleswara Reddy N.; Kuvar Satya Singh (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Tidal characteristics and its impact on a very shallow coastal environment utilizing an indigenously developed network of buoy-based observations - Vikranth Teppala; Prasad K. Bhaskaran (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

The coastal ocean and shelf seas task team (COSS-TT) meeting, Montreal, Canada, May 2–4, 2023 - Tal Ezer; Alexander Kurapov; Mauro Cirano; Tomasz Dabrowski; Cristina Forbes; Pierre De Mey-Frémaux; Vassiliki Kourafalou (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Evaluation of sea-level variability in three oceanic reanalysis products over the East China sea - Mengrong Ding; Yong Jiang; Yujie Han; Yujie Chen; Zipeng Yu (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Enhancing wave parameters prediction: machine learning models combined with PCHIP - Jishnu Vijay; S Vaishnavi; V Prabhakar (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

On the cyclogeostrophy of mesoscale eddies as revealed by in situ observations - Yan Barabinot; Sabrina Speich; Xavier Carton (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
Mesoscale eddies are persistent and dynamic structures that are ubiquitous across the global ocean. Most of these eddies are observed to be in geostrophic equilibrium, where the Coriolis force is balanced by the horizontal pressure gradient. However, a subset exhibits more nonlinear behaviors, requiring a more complex framework for describing their azimuthal flows. To account for the curvature of the streamlines, several studies have applied the cyclo-geostrophic velocity, incorporating not only the Coriolis and pressure gradient forces but also the centrifugal acceleration. Despite this correction, the equilibrium solution often diverges near the eddy core, failing to accurately represent the velocity field in these regions. This study evaluates the geostrophic and cyclo-geostrophic characteristics of nine mesoscale eddies sampled in various regions. A theoretical analysis is provided to explain why the cyclo-geostrophic adjustment can lead to divergences in eddy cores. Our results show that while geostrophy remains a robust approximation for the overall dynamics of mesoscale eddies, it does not fully capture the three-dimensional structure. Additionally, the ageostrophic components of eddy flows are not solely attributable to cyclostrophic effects, suggesting the need to consider other factors influencing eddy behavior.

Bathymetric mesh simplification for efficient two-dimensional barotropic tide modelling in New York Harbor - Noel Dyer; Soroosh Mani; Saeed Moghimi; Leila De Floriani; Joseph Zhang (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

The 13th international workshop on modeling the ocean (IWMO) in Hamburg, Germany, 27–30 June 2023 - Joanna Staneva; Tal Ezer; Jia Wang; Ricardo de Camargo; Oliver Fringer (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Ensemble-based data assimilation to improve wind-wave field in the Bay of Bengal - Tharani A.; Sannasiraj S. A.; Balaji C.; Seemanth M.; Suchandra Aich Bhowmick (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Sound speed in the shallow waters: direct and indirect water parameters impact - Amron Amron; Rizqi Rizaldi Hidayat; Iqbal Ali Husni; Agung Tri Nugroho; Ratna Juita Sari; Hartoyo Hartoyo (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Distinct phase-locked local and remote forcing deepens the summer thermocline in the Southern Bay of Bengal - Tuyi Chen; Dongxiao Wang; Ke Huang; Qihua Peng (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Transfer function for adaptive methods of estimating directional spectra using a fully nonlinear wave model and laboratory measurements - Zain Torres; Alexander Babanin; Sannasi Annamalaisamy Sannasiraj (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
We analyse the spreading distribution of directional wave spectra across different sea states using a 3D fully nonlinear model and measurements from a wave basin. Using the spreading coefficient, we propose a transfer function for adaptive methods such as the Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM), Maximum Entropy Method (MEM), and Wavelet Directional Method (WDM), with the estimated spectra from 2FFT as a baseline. Our numerical analysis reveals that nonlinear effects broaden the directional distribution at peak frequency, particularly in narrow spectra. This broadening becomes more pronounced as wave steepness increases. With the proposed transfer function, we found that MLM tends to overestimate spreading, resulting in spectra that are 14% broader. In contrast, MEM and WDM produced narrower spectra, by 6% and 3% respectively. When analysing the spreading coefficient across relative frequencies, WDM performs best in the range of 0.8 to 1.15 $$f/f_p$$ , while MEM yields superior results at higher relative frequencies, specifically above 1.3 $$f/f_p$$ . We validate the transfer function using laboratory measurements, which effectively capture the behaviour of the adaptive methods within the error limits. Additionally, due to the plane correction transformation, our laboratory analysis using stereo-imaging measurements showed that adaptive methods generally produced a slightly broader spectrum than those based on probe measurements. These findings highlight the importance of carefully selecting methods depending on the desired balance between accuracy and stability in wave spectral analysis.

Advancing nearshore wave monitoring: estimating parameters through video time stack imagery - Chintam Venkateswarlu; Baggu Gireesh; Madipally Ramesh; Surisetty VV ArunKumar; Chennu V. Naidu; Leela Sheela Nair; Rashmi Sharma (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Deterministic and ensemble forecasts of the Kuroshio south of Japan - Shun Ohishi; Takemasa Miyoshi; Misako Kachi (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
We conducted 6-month deterministic and ensemble forecasts initialized from the ensemble mean analyses and 128-member ensemble analyses, respectively, on the first day of each month from 2016 to 2018 (i.e., 36 cases in total) to compare the forecast accuracies of the Kuroshio south of Japan. The results showed that the ensemble mean forecasts captured the Kuroshio paths better in general compared with the deterministic forecasts, especially during the Kuroshio large meander period after the summer of 2017. For 2016–2018, the predictability limit for the ensemble mean forecast is estimated to be 108 days on average, demonstrating for the first time that the ensemble mean forecasts achieve a significantly longer predictability limit than the 74-day limit of the deterministic forecasts for the Kuroshio. We also investigated the sensitivity of the forecast accuracy to the ensemble size using a resampling method. The results indicated that for the Kuroshio prediction, the ensemble mean forecasts are more accurate than the deterministic forecasts when the ensemble size exceeds 32 members. When the ensemble size is limited to 32 members or less, combining the deterministic and ensemble forecasts could improve the short-term Kuroshio forecasting. This study also identified substantial northward shift biases in the Kuroshio forecasts, suggesting that further system development is necessary to achieve more significant improvements in the forecast accuracy.

Precision of CMIP6 models in acquiring mixed layer depth and climate events in the Bay of Bengal - A. B. Asok; H. V. Warrior (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Variability of sea surface temperature and Somali upwelling during Indian ocean tripole events - Prerna Malik; Bhasha H. Vachharajani (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Direct (phaseresolving) model of surface waves - Dmitry Chalikov (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
The mathematical formulation and description of a numerical model of surface waves (named as TriDWave model) in a periodic domain is given. The model is designed to simulate evolution of three-dimensional waves both in adiabatic approximation and in configuration which takes into account the physical processes of energy input and dissipation. The description of the model structure, the purpose of its various blocks, as well as the schemes for starting and resumingcalculation and monitoring of the results, are given. The dynamic part of the program that performs solution at each time step, the blocks of operational processing and registration of the results activated are described. The recommendations are given for organizing the postprocessing of the results.The general principles used to parameterize energy exchange between waves and wind and various types of dissipation including wave breaking, are discussed. The main feature of the model is its ability to switch from a detailed three-dimensional scheme to a simplified two-dimensional scheme, which speeds up the calculations by a factor of 10–15. The statistical characteristics of the results reproduced by an original Full Wave Model (FWM), as well as an accelerated wave model (AWM), coincide with reasonable accuracy.

Tidal impacts on volume and salt transport through the Strait of Hormuz and on Persian Gulf salinity - Seyed Taleb Hosseini; Emil Stanev; Johannes Pein; Corinna Schrum; Benjamin Jacob (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
This study uses high-resolution numerical modelling to quantify the impact of tidal forcing on water and salt transport through the Strait of Hormuz (SOH) and its influence on salinity distribution in the Persian Gulf (PG). By resolving high-frequency dynamics, we evaluate exchange flow rates under both tidal and nontidal conditions. Two key findings emerge: (1) Tides significantly enhance mixing within the strait, increasing the salinity of inflowing waters. This reduces the freshening effect of the Oman Sea on the PG and elevates the PG’s mean salinity by over 0.8 psu, thereby strengthening the horizontal salinity gradient between the PG and the Oman Sea. (2) Tidal oscillations more than double the annual mean inflow-outflow rates through the SOH from approximately ± 0.25 Sv in the nontidal model to about ± 0.54 Sv under tidal conditions. Three competing mechanisms dominate the net salt transport at the SOH: (i) Seaward flux from shear dispersion, driven by horizontal salinity gradients; (ii) Minor seaward flux from tidal pumping, resulting from negative covariance between tidal velocity and salinity over annual scales; (iii) Landward advective flux, associated with net landward volume transport, which is typical of inverse estuaries. Tidal forcing enhances the seaward salt flux via shear dispersion. Furthermore, tidal mixing is vigorous throughout the PG, with the advection-to-baroclinicity ratio consistently exceeding 0.5 on a logarithmic scale and surpassing 1 in coastal areas. Tides are a critical driver of horizontal mixing between evaporative, high-salinity coastal waters and fresher, offshore waters, significantly shaping the PG’s salinity distribution.

Oceanic kinetic energy in the spectral space and role of wind power in the Kuroshio-Oyashio extension - Mingkui Li; Haiyuan Yang; Jinzhuo Cai; Zhaohui Chen; Lixin Wu (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Habitat suitability assessment for native oyster based on temperature and salinity modelling in an estuarine environment - Diego Pereiro; Tomasz Dabrowski; Oliver Tully; Kieran Lyons; Patrick Morrisey; Eoghan Daly; Bidroha Basu; Diarmuid Kelly; Gerry O’Halloran; Colm O’Dowd; Glenn Nolan; Laurence Gill (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
The European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis , has been harvested in Galway Bay, Ireland, for centuries, but the oyster populations in the bay have declined and are currently facing multiple threats. One major concern in the bay is the recurrence of heavy-rainfall, high-runoff and low-salinity events. In this work, a high-resolution hydrodynamic coastal model of Galway Bay is used together with experimental data on oyster mortality to identify areas with suitable combinations of temperature and salinity for native oyster restoration. A new coastal circulation model of Galway Bay is presented, and its performance is evaluated against in-situ temperature and salinity observations. Separately, oyster mortality under various combinations of temperature and salinity was examined in the laboratory and cumulative mortality curves were determined. These experimental data were used to develop an oyster mortality response model that, together with the temperature and salinity predictions from the hydrodynamic model, determines the total mortality over a given period. A Habitat Suitability Index for the Bay, with respect to temperature and salinity, is proposed, based on the distribution of total cumulative mortality that oysters would experience over their life span due to unfavourable conditions of temperature and salinity.

Modeling Temporal sea levels under tidal and meteorological effects in Izmir Bay with the ADCIRC model - Dogus Onur Bayram; Mustafa Dogan (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Influence of decomposed input variables on LSTM-based prediction of physico-chemical and biological parameters in Al Hoceima Bay (Moroccan Mediterranean sea) - Abdelghafour Hrida; Mohammed Bouafia; Morad Taher; Amine El Fathi; Issam Etebaai (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Numerical modelling of dissolved aluminium dispersion from floating wind farm cathodic protection in the gulf of lion - Nicolas Michelet; Vincent Faure; Matthieu Dussauze; Christelle Caplat; Georges Safi (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Estimating nonbreaking surface wave energy dissipation through wave-turbulence interaction in the global ocean - Chuan Jiang Huang; Fangli Qiao; Dejun Dai (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Characterization of the thermocline in the eastern Pacific Ocean based on a hyperbolic tangent function fitting method - Xiaoqi Ji; Miaomiao Feng; Jichao Wang (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Mitigation of wave resonance in a multi-connected port using a combination of permeable-impermeable breakwaters and variable-depth channels - Prachi Priya; Komal Thakran; Rupali.; Prashant Kumar (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Hypothesis-driven sensitivity analysis of Delft3D flexible mesh hydrodynamic model: insights into coastal processes in the monsoonal tropical Goa Coast, India - Lynda-Uta Edet Okon; Jaya Kumar Seelam; Lavanya Hemanath; Jubin Thomas; Roberto Narine (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Response of the Kuroshio large meander path to typhoons: a case study from a high-resolution ocean model - Liwen Zhang; Zhijin Li; Wenlong Ma (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Integrating hydrodynamic model to address longshore sediment transport rate in The Bitter Lakes, Suez Canal -Egypt - Akram Soliman El Selmy; Wael Aly Kamel; Hossam Moghazy; Radwa Refat (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Transformation in the sea surface properties of the Bay of Bengal under climate change - Mahiuddin Alamgir; Mazlan Hashim; Amin Beiranvand Pour; Shamsuddin Shahid (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Improving wave prediction at Bushehr harbor in Persian Gulf by using a hybrid DWT-BNN model - Masoumeh Hashempour; Morteza Kolahdoozan; Peyman Badiei (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Study of Bay of Bengal cyclones for year 2023 using SCAT-3 and GFS datasets and numerical simulation of associated surges using SWAN + ADCIRC model - Ritama Das; Sumit Mondal; Anup Kumar Mandal; Neeru Jaiswal; Tushar Kanti Saha; Tarun Kumar De (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Modeling nearshore wave and tidal hydrodynamics along the exposed coastline of Kuakata - Nahid Sultana; Shadman Shahariar; Md. Ataur Rahman (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

On the propagation and surface chlorophyll-a signature of long-lived Brazil Current eddies - Ian Ramos de Almeida; João Pedro Mancio de Amorim; Pedro Walfir Martins e Souza-Neto; Ilson Carlos Almeida da Silveira (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Sediment transport and morphodynamic changes due to upstream variation and sea level rise on the Western Mekong Delta, Vietnam - Phong Nguyen Thanh; Duong Tran Anh; Ahad Hasan Tanim; Truong Thi Nhan; Nguyen Anh Tien (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Vertical structure of mesoscale eddies in the northwestern Pacific: vertical normal modes analysis - YunLong Shi (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Asymmetric effects of Indian ocean dipole on surface chlorophyll variability in the Indian ocean - Thivin Abeywickrama; Gayan Pathirana; Kyung-Min Noh; Kushlani Dissanayake; Dongxiao Wang; Dong-Geon Lee (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

The crucial role of strengthened heat transport through Halmahera Sea in eastern Indonesian seas heat buildup during 2020–2022 anomalous climatic events - Faisal Amri; Iwan P. Anwar; Ardian M. Rizal; Rahaden B. Hatmaja; Ahmed Eladawy; Aditya R. Kartadikaria; Takashi Nakamura (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Examining the spatiotemporal interplay between sea-level rise and sea surface temperature in coastal regions of Florida - Mulatu Liyew Berihun; Haimanote K. Bayabil; Girma Worku Awoke (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Sensitivity of global storm surge modelling to sea surface drag - Feyza Nur Özkan; Martin Verlaan; Sanne Muis; Firmijn Zijl (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
Accurate storm surge modeling is essential for predicting coastal flooding and mitigating impacts on vulnerable regions. This study evaluates the influence of different sea surface drag parameterizations on surge predictions using the Global Tide and Surge Model (GTSM) over a 10-year period (2006–2015) and two storm events. Four model experiments were tested, ranging from a fully dynamic formulation, including variable air density, atmospheric stability, and sea-state-dependent drag, to a simplified constant-drag approach. Results show that advanced drag formulations reduced the underestimation of annual maximum surge values from 18% to 12% globally, with the variable Charnock parameter contributing the most. Conversely, using a constant Charnock value and thereby neglecting wave-dependent roughness increases prediction errors, especially in regions with highly variable sea states. Case studies of Storm Xaver (2013) and Hurricane Fiona (2022) show that advanced parameterizations better capture wind stress variations, reducing root mean square error from 0.21 m to 0.16 m for Xaver and improving surge predictions by up to 0.30 m for Fiona. Consistent with earlier studies, a persistent underestimation of extreme surge events remains across all experiments. While wave-dependent roughness improves performance, no single parameter fully explains this bias. However, wave-dependent roughness particularly enhances model performance in high-latitude and storm-prone areas, where sea state and atmospheric conditions vary widely. Our results show that variations in air density and atmospheric stability have minimal impact on surge height. As such, prioritizing the implementation of dynamic, sea-state-dependent drag formulations, particularly variable Charnock, is key to further improving the accuracy of storm surge forecasting systems and future projections.

Investigation of ocean current variations under coupled conditions using a wave-current coupling model: An analysis based on multiple typhoon events - Qiang Li; Zhizu Wang; Changsheng Zuo; Anhe Huang; Yunshu Liu; Yuting Di; Juncheng Zuo (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Future biogeochemical changes in southern South China Sea from CMIP6 model projection - Winfred Marshal; Jing Xiang Chung; Nur Hidayah Roseli; Roswati Md Amin; Mohd Fadzil Mohd Akhir (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Spatiotemporal variability of coastal upwelling in response to monsoonal forcing and semi-enclosed basins in the indonesian and adjacent seas - Gandhi Napitupulu (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Spatiotemporal variation and mechanisms of the winter cold water tongue at the top of the Beibu Gulf - Bo Li; Guangji Chen; Peng Bai; Jingling Yang; Chengcheng Yu; Zhenxin Ruan; Qiong Wu; Ying Gao (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Estimation of ocean mixed-layer depth using machine learning techniques - Imsangla Imchen; S. Neetu; Suhani Rajmohan; V. Adithyan; P. M. Sohan (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Retrieval of ocean surface wave parameters from ICESat-2 altimetry: validation and limitations - Lang Cao; Qingxiang Liu; Joey Voermans; Alberto Alberello; Alexander Babanin (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Exploring the upper layer current structure that shapes up the Oceanic South Eastern Arabian Sea ecosystem - V. S. Arun; N. N. Vishnu; B. R. Smitha; K. Rajith (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Seamless integration of the land–ocean continuum: the complex interplay of wave-induced processes and estuarine influences - Thao Thi Nguyen; Joanna Staneva; Antonio Bonaduce; Benjamin Jacob; Johannes Pein (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
The study focused on the seamless integration of the land–ocean continuum, establishing a connection between the estuarine and coastal model and the regional ocean model. The integration of models that cover the land–ocean connection remains a significant challenge, as it is essential to provide a more realistic representation of estuarine flows. Such flows facilitate the transport of freshwater and salinity from the land into the coastal ocean through estuaries, where they mix with seawater flows. These mixed water masses exert a discernible influence on local dynamics, particularly regarding water stratification and circulation patterns. The interplay of wave-induced processes and estuarine influences in the coastal German Bight was quantified through comprehensive sensitivity experiments. The incorporation of high-resolution estuarine salinity data into land–ocean continuum models enhances their accuracy, enabling a more precise representation of estuarine flows and their impact on coastal simulations. The realistic representation of estuarine fluxes has a significant impact on ocean dynamics, as demonstrated by alterations to water stratification and salinity fronts along the German Bight coast. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of high-frequency freshwater discharges in modulating coastal salinity and water levels, especially during extreme flood events. The study emphasizes the necessity of incorporating wave effects and estuarine dynamics to achieve an accurate simulation of oceanographic processes in the German Bight. The integration of these processes into the regional ocean framework enhances the representation of estuarine inflows, offering a more realistic simulation of coastal environments. This is critical for effective management of coastal systems and for developing resilient strategies. These findings have significant implications for enhancing coastal forecasting systems, understanding the influence of extreme events, and guiding future research into long-term coastal dynamics under different climatic conditions. Graphical abstract

Nonlinear coupled 2D Boussinesq type equations for shallow water waves using finite volume finite difference methods - Vinita; Prashant Kumar; Prachi Priya (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Impact of wind forcing in a nested Indian Ocean regional model - Raheema Rahman; Hasibur Rahaman (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Dynamic response of the Beibu Gulf to Typhoon Doksuri (2017): sensitivity to different typhoon tracks - Chenyang Tong; Yan Zhang; Renhao Wu (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Characteristics of submesoscale kinetic energy transfer in the southeast tropical Indian Ocean during 2011–2012 - Yifei Zhou; Xuhua Cheng; Wei Duan (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

How transient winds produce coastal countercurrents along a straight coastline: A process-oriented modelling study - Jochen Kämpf (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
Coastal countercurrents (CCCs) are swift alongshore currents that flow opposite to the prevailing wind direction. In the world’s major upwelling regions, CCCs often develop after weakening or reversal of upwelling-favourable coastal winds. Using a process-oriented modelling approach, this paper explores the CCC development after a spatially confined upwelling-favourable wind event for a simplified coastal ocean with a straight coastline. Findings show that wind relaxation after a 5-day upwelling event can produce a swift CCC, ~ 5 km in width and ~ 0.3–0.4 m/s in speed, extending ~ 150 km along the coast. The development of such CCCs relies on two dynamical features. Firstly, spatially varying offshore Ekman transport near the upwind margin of wind field creates an alongshore pressure-gradient force that opposes the alongshore wind-stress force. After wind relaxation, the unbalanced alongshore pressure-gradient force provides the initial acceleration of the CCC. Secondly, the gravitational-rotational adjustment of the body of upwelled dense water induces a negative sea-level anomaly that sustains the alongshore pressure-gradient forcing of the CCC. Findings of this paper supplement previous theories on the formation of CCCs and enhance the understanding of the functioning of coastal upwelling systems.

Comparison of sea conditions from reported rogue wave accidents based on reanalysis and hindcast datasets - Laura Azevedo; Gabriel Marcon; Enza Labourdette; Steven D. Meyers; Mark E. Luther (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

On the capability of SWAN model for South Atlantic Ocean wave simulation - Hongjun Zhao; Peixian Chen; Wanwei Zhang; Shichang Yan; Jie Yang; Jun Kong (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Evolution study of the Qingdao Cold Water Mass - Shi Qiu; Karsten A. Lettmann; Hao Huang; Xueen Chen (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
The Qingdao Cold Water Mass (QCWM), located in the offshore waters near the Shandong Peninsula, exhibits notable seasonal variability and plays a crucial role in shaping hydrological conditions due to its distinct temperature and salinity structures. This study investigates the evolution of the QCWM in 2014 using cruise observations and the hydrodynamic model FVCOM. Results reveal that the QCWM forms in April and dissipates by June. Momentum analysis indicates that its springtime formation and persistence are facilitated by an anticyclonic circulation and the weakness of the pressure gradient force. In summer, the emergence of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM), combined with the frontal circulation at its edges, enhances the westward baroclinic pressure gradient force and destabilizes the structure of the QCWM. Lagrangian particle tracking experiments suggest that the bottom water of the QCWM primarily originates from local cold waters off the southeastern coast of the Shandong Peninsula in winter and dissipates locally in summer. The QCWM’s persistence in the absence of tidal signals underscores its localized characteristics.

The Brazil current and intermediate Western boundary current flows through the Vitória-Trindade Ridge - South Atlantic ocean - Fernando Dix T. Barberini; Afonso M. Paiva; Vladimir S. da Costa; Guilherme N. Mill; Mariela Gabioux; Mauro Cirano (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Temporal evolution of the Sea Surface Temperature in the Mediterranean Cilician Basin for the last 40 years - Cagri Deliceirmak; Ilkay Salihoglu (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
The continuous and significant rise of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea over the past three decades is not uniform in temporal and spatial scales. This study investigated the temporal evolution of the SST in the Cilician Basin for the last forty years on monthly to decadal scales using three datasets obtained with different methodologies. “The High-Resolution Daily Optimum Interpolation SST” (OISST V2.1), the fifth-generation reanalysis (ERA5) “monthly averaged data on single-level”, and the in-situ observations were utilised to compare all datasets and analyse the temporal evolution of the SST in the region. The SST of the Cilician Basin has continuously increased at a rate of 0.037 to 0.051 ℃/yr between 1983-2023. Two opposite trends were observed during the studied period: a decreasing trend of –0.042 to –0.052 ℃/yr between 1983 and 1993 and an increasing trend since 1993. The OISST and In-Situ datasets were almost identical on the annual scale. In both datasets, about 0.042 ℃/yr of SST increases were recorded between 1995 and 2023. In both datasets, the highest warming is recorded in the Fall (September-December) (0.057 and 0.084 ℃/yr), and June is recorded with decreasing trends (–0.009 and –0.017 ℃/yr). In the ERA5 dataset, the SST is increased by 0.054 ℃/yr and the highest warming is recorded in Summer (0.070 ℃/yr). The highest three annual mean SST since 1983 were recorded in the last six years, and 2018 was the warmest year in the studied period. Significant SST warmings in November (0.097 ℃/yr) and December (0.084 ℃/yr) between 1995 and 2023, especially in 2017 and 2018, emerged from the In-Situ observations. This excessive warming (low-efficient cooling) in the Fall/early Winter is of particular concern as it may affect the physical/biochemical characteristics of the water column, hence the circulation and coastal ecosystem.

Reconstructing monthly 20$$^th$$ century salinity fields using a data-driven method and Argo data - Erwan Oulhen; Nicolas Kolodziejczyk; Pierre Tandeo; Bruno Blanke; Florian Sévellec (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Corrected values of turbulence generated by general geothermal convection in deep Mediterranean waters - Hans van Haren (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

High-Frequency Radar observation of strong and sheared currents: the Alderney race paradigm - Dylan Dumas; Anne-Claire Bennis; Charles-Antoine Guérin; Guiomar Lopez; Laurent Benoit (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
The Alderney Race has been identified as a future site for the development of tidal energy, due to its bidirectional strong current reaching 5 m/s during spring tides. High-frequency coastal radars can provide a synoptic and near-real-time view of such a complex circulation, but the classical processing algorithms are not adapted to the extreme situation of strongly sheared currents. We propose an improved high-resolution direction-finding technique for the azimuthal processing of such radar data. It uses phased-array systems and combines the advantages of the usual beam-forming technique to eliminate many problems related to the distortion of Doppler spectra by extreme currents. The method is evaluated with a unique data set of radar measurements at two radar frequencies (13 and 24.5 MHz) and three spatial resolutions (200, 750, and 1500 m). The radar-based surface currents are analyzed in the light of a high-resolution numerical model and also compared with in situ measurements. While high azimuthal resolution can be achieved in this way, it is shown that the typical range resolutions of 750 and 1500 m are insufficient to account for the strong spatial variations of the surface current at some specific times and locations.

An investigation of swell in the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea - Brandon J. Bethel; Changming Dong; Jin Wang; Yuhan Cao (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Changes in tidal dynamics in response to sea level rise in the Sylt-Rømø Bight (Wadden Sea) - Gaziza Konyssova; Vera Sidorenko; Alexey Androsov; Lasse Sander; Sergey Danilov; Sara Rubinetti; Hans Burchard; Christian Winter; Karen Helen Wiltshire (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
The Wadden Sea is a complex coastal system where sea level rise (SLR), tidal dynamics, and geomorphology interact non-linearly. Today, the functioning of coastal ecosystems and their services in this region, historically resilient to natural changes in sea level, is at risk due to climate change-induced SLR. This study investigates the changes in tidally induced transport pathways of passive tracers, while providing a comprehensive analysis of tidal inundation, asymmetry, and current velocities under different SLR scenarios projected for 2050. The Sylt-Rømø Bight, a semi-enclosed basin, serves as the study site. Using FESOM-C coastal ocean model with a Lagrangian tracking module on a high-resolution unstructured mesh (up to 2 m resolution in the intertidal zone), we simulate tidal dynamics under SLR scenarios based on projections under low (SSP1-2.6) and high (SSP5-8.5) emission scenarios. Results show submerged areas increase by 2–3%, corresponding to a 4–7% loss of intertidal zones by 2050. As the increased depth and inundation affect the system, tidal channels show contrasting changes in current velocities, suggesting shifts in transport pathways. Meanwhile, weakening tidal asymmetry points to a shift toward a more lagoon-like system, leading to a subsequent reduction in outflowing net transport of passive tracers by up to 10%. This study offers insights into tidal transport patterns in the bight, emphasizing the separation between the southwestern and northeastern regions, both in current and future scenarios. It also provides a methodology for analyzing and explaining SLR-induced changes in the dynamics of shallow, tidally dominated areas. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the complex hydrodynamic response to SLR in coastal areas to meaningfully assess its impacts on tidal ecosystems and to develop efficient mitigation strategies for coastal protection.

Comparative study of shallow water wave propagation in North-West Bay of Bengal based on one-dimensional linear and nonlinear models - Sohaniya Mandal; Tushar Kanti Saha; Tarun Kumar De (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Asymmetrical warming in the Indian Ocean during 2010 and 2019 - P. G. Nisha; T. S. Pranesha; P. J. Vidya; M. Ravichandran; Raghu Murtugudde (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Mixed layer salinity budget in the northern Bay of Bengal using the data from a mooring array in 2015 - V. P. Thangaprakash; M. S. Girishkumar; N. Sureshkumar; M. Ravichandran; C. V. Naidu; S. S. V. S. Ramakrishna; A. Sahoo (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Ekman pumping induced by geostrophic stress under nonlinear turbulent thermal wind balance - Fan Xu; Zhao Jing; Hao Tian (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

A new parameterization of flocculent layer resuspension of fine-grained sediments - Zheng Fang; Fanghua Xu; Xueyang Zhang (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Comparative analysis of sea ice conditions in five reanalysis datasets along the Northern Sea Route - Zhijie Xiong; Yu Yan; Jinghan Xu; Chenchen Yao; Yingjun Xu (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Advancing bathymetric reconstruction and forecasting using deep learning - Irem Yildiz; Emil V. Stanev; Joanna Staneva (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
Bathymetric evolution in coastal environments is driven by complex interactions between hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and morphodynamics. Traditional morphodynamic models often face challenges in capturing these dynamics, particularly in regions like the Wadden Sea, where the feedback mechanisms between physical processes and seabed changes are highly intricate. In this study, we explore the potential of deep learning techniques to address these limitations, using convolutional neural networks (CNN) for bathymetric reconstruction and convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) networks for forecasting. We applied these models to a dataset of bathymetric observations from the German Bight, which provides detailed coverage of the seabed from 1983 to 2012. First, we demonstrated that CNN effectively reconstructs spatial bathymetric patterns based on incomplete data inputs, achieving accurate reproductions of observed bathymetry with minimal reconstruction error, particularly in regions with active dynamics like tidal channels. Second, we used ConvLSTM for forecasting, training the model with past observations to predict bathymetry. The ConvLSTM model performed well, with an area-averaged root mean square error of 0.139 $$m$$ m . Our results indicate that deep learning techniques offer promising alternatives to traditional methods for both spatial reconstruction and forecasting of bathymetric changes. These models can improve predictions of seabed dynamics, which are critical for effective coastal management, navigation, and environmental protection.

Study of the physical dynamics and classification of Santa Elena Bay tropical estuary using mathematical models - Xiomara Márquez-Artavia; Alexandre Tisseaux-Navarro; Sergio Cambronero-Solano; Jose Mauro Vargas-Hernández; Juan Pablo Salazar-Ceciliano (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

The differences and associations of water characteristics between the Yap-Mariana Junction northern and eastern channels observed by a winter cruise - Zhanlin Liang; Weiqiang Wang; Yeqiang Shu; Hongyu Xin; Binbin Guo (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Ekman pumping dynamics and atmospheric aerosol concentration enhancing nitrogen and carbon uptake in the Arabian Sea during winter - Kandasamy Priyanka; Ranjit Kumar K. Sarangi; Danaraj Jeyapragash; Ayyappan Saravanakumar (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Advanced weather typing for downscaling of wave climate and storm surge at a UK nuclear power station - Zehua Zhong; Hachem Kassem; Ivan D. Haigh; Dafni E. Sifnioti; Ben Gouldby; Ye Liu; Paula Camus (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
Evaluating risks from external hazards is crucial for the safety of nuclear power stations throughout their lifecycle. In coastal areas, a key threat arises from the risks of coastal flooding and erosion via a combination of simultaneous processes (e.g., tides, waves, and storm surges) acting on varying spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, an accurate characterisation of local sea state conditions is essential for risk assessment and mitigation. In this paper, we use a weather typing method to downscale local wave climate and storm surge conditions at the Hartlepool nuclear power station. Model validation suggests that the use of 36 weather types can effectively downscale multivariate wave variables (wave height, period, and direction) and storm surge with overall good performance, though the accuracy is limited for wave direction and extreme wave height. Comprehensive sensitivity tests are conducted to investigate key factors influencing the downscaling process, including predictor variable, spatial and temporal definitions, predictor resolution, the number of weather types, and the weighting parameter in semi-supervised classification. For example, we find that the model with sea level pressure and sea level pressure gradient as the predictor has better overall performance in downscaling multivariate predictands than the model using either one individually. These results can facilitate the development of weather typing models to enable efficient and reliable estimations of local predictands in wider applications. This approach links atmospheric conditions to potential coastal threats, which offers a valuable tool for proactive hazard preparedness and risk management in nuclear power and other critical infrastructure sectors.

Probabilistic relation between winds and waves during tropical cyclone processes - Zhiheng Yang; Shuai Li; Xiaojing Niu (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Features of internal tides in the Northern South China Sea after long-range propagation - Heng Li; Xiaodong Huang; Yunchao Yang; Jiahui Li; Yue Wang; Wei Zhao (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Regional changes in extreme storm surges revealed by tide gauge analysis - Julie Cheynel; Lucia Pineau-Guillou; Pascal Lazure; Marta Marcos; Nicolas Raillard (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Eddy-induced modulation of marine heatwaves and cold spells in a tropical region: a case study in the natuna sea area - Gandhi Napitupulu (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Cyclone-induced storm surge flooding in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta under different mean-sea level rise scenarios - M. W. E. Elahi; Xiao Hua Wang; E. A. Ritchie (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
Bangladesh coast located in the lower part of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta (GBMD) regularly faces different flooding events from tidal flooding, pluvial flooding, and storm surge flooding. Cyclone-induced storm surge flooding is the most devastating flood event among all the flooding events in the GBMD in terms of human death toll and economic loss. Moreover, different climate change scenario studies suggest that the Bangladesh coast will face adverse impact from mean sea level (MSL) rise. In present study, an online wave-current coupled numerical model (Deflt3d and SWAN) is applied to the GBMD to assess cyclone-induced flooding under different mean sea level rises including 0.5 m, 1 m and 1.5 m. The model setup is calibrated and validated for Cyclone Sidr. Results show that a 1.5 m increase in MSL will cause flooding of up to 33% (11,848 sq. km) of the total coastal area of Bangladesh. Current cyclones (e.g., Cyclone Sidr) will cause more flooding in the coast in the future because of MSL rise alone. Sensitivity tests of different cyclonic parameters such the radius of maximum wind speed, maximum wind speed and landfall location in terms of cyclone-induced storm surge event are conducted by applying the model for different idealized scenarios. An increase in the cyclone maximum wind speed is more likely to increase flooded area rather than increase storm surge height at river stations in the GBMD because the protective embankments are overtopped releasing the waters into the floodplain.

Direct numerical simulations of the nonbreaking surface-wave-induced turbulence - Haruka Imamura; Yutaka Yoshikawa; Yasushi Fujiwara (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
Direct numerical simulations of the turbulence induced by nonbreaking surface waves were conducted to clarify the turbulence generation mechanism and evaluate the turbulent mixing intensity with a sigma-coordinate free-surface nonhydrostatic model. One of the simulations was modeled after a previously reported laboratory experiment with a wave of 30 cm wavelength and 1 cm amplitude freely propagating on the initially stratified water under a windless condition. The simulation showed that organized vortex pairs like Langmuir circulations (LCs) grew, and the water was mixed vertically. The enstrophy budget analysis revealed that the vortex pairs were generated nonlocally through the interaction between surface waves and a surface shear flow, the same mechanism for the LCs, except that the flow is forced by not the wind but the virtual wave stress due to viscous wave attenuation. The analysis also revealed that the local turbulence generation mechanism by the wave orbital motions (as inferred by the previous laboratory study) did not work in our simulated turbulence. The simulated eddy diffusivity was $$\varvec{O}$$ O (10 $$^{\varvec{-5}}$$ - 5 m $$^{\varvec{2}}$$ 2 s $$^{\varvec{-1}}$$ - 1 ) and its vertical profile and temporal changes were different from those of the parameterized diffusivity based on the local turbulence generation mechanism. The nonbreaking wave-induced mixing observed in our simulations under windless conditions is expected to occur in the real open ocean. These results suggest that to parameterize this mixing, parameterization of the nonlocal Langmuir turbulence, with wind stress replaced by virtual wave stress, could be an effective approach.

Chukchi Sea circulation and Bering Strait flow reversals from reprocessed satellite altimetry - Maria N. Pisareva; Felix L. Müller; Marcello Passaro; Christian Schwatke; Denise Dettmering; Florian Seitz (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
While difficult accessibility leads to a lack of oceanographic in-situ measurements in the Arctic Ocean, and in particular in the Chukchi Sea, satellite altimetry provides precise information on the sea surface at different spatial and temporal scales and can be used for studies of current patterns. Here, we created a novel long-term altimetry-based observational dataset of sea level and ocean currents, processed with the implementation of the recent advanced algorithms and special techniques for the reliable detection of leads and the determination of sea surface heights in the sea-ice-covered ocean. The dataset allowed us to observe the general patterns and synoptic variability of regional sea level and geostrophic flow. In the analysis, the reversals of the northward flow through the Bering Strait were investigated and linked to the anomalously strong northeasterly wind events over the Chukchi Shelf. While this phenomenon was previously described in purely oceanographic studies, the satellite altimetry-based dataset made it possible to assess its development, forcing, and variability with a high temporal-spatial resolution (10d/8km) over 2013–2023. The response of the along-strait flow to anomalously strong along-strait northerly winds is strong during fall in the absence of sea ice and well-correlated during winter and spring during partial ice cover.

Estimating tidal constituents in shallow waters from satellite altimetry using a 2D hydrodynamic model with nonlinear tide-surge interactions - Henrique Guarneri; M. Verlaan; D. C. Slobbe; F. Zijl; J. Pietrzak; L. Keyzer; Y. Afrasteh; R. Klees (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
Tidal models that incorporate satellite altimeter data have historically shown discrepancies in accuracy between shallow and deep marine environments. A recent study suggests that these differences may partly stem from neglecting the nonlinear tide-surge interactions in tidal analyses. In this study, we introduce a novel method for estimating tidal constituents from satellite altimeter data in shallow waters, leveraging a 2D hydrodynamic model that accounts for these nonlinear interactions. This approach substantially reduces the variance of unaccounted water level variability, thereby benefiting the estimation. A distinctive feature of our method is the treatment of prior model tidal constituents as stochastic, which helps manage the low temporal resolution of altimeter data by ensuring that unresolved tidal constituents are not updated. We tested our method in the data-rich northwest European continental shelf region, using the high-resolution 2D Dutch Continental Shelf Model version 7 (DCSM). Results show a substantial reduction in the standard deviations of residual water level time series in the shallow waters around Great Britain and in the German Bight, from 11 cm to 5 cm. In deep waters (>200 m), the median standard deviation decreased from 6.8 cm to 6.2 cm. When compared to state-of-the-art ocean tide and surge corrections from publicly available models, our method outperformed them in shallow waters (median standard deviation of 6.0 cm versus 7.5 cm), though the alternative products performed better in deep waters (median standard deviation of 5.5 cm versus 6.2 cm). An estimate of the accuracy at satellite crossovers resulted in an estimated total tidal error of about 1.5 cm (RSS VD). We acknowledge that comparisons in shallow waters are complicated, as alternative products do not account for nonlinear tide-surge interactions. Overall, the demonstration along-track tidal product developed in this study shows potential for improving the tidal representation in the DCSM model. In data-poor regions, the number of tidal constituents that can be reliably estimated using the method may be limited, and alternative strategies might be needed to evaluate the model’s uncertainty in representing tides.

On-demand coastal modelling with two-way nesting - Vilnis Frishfelds; Jun She; Jens Murawski (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Impacts of offshore wind farms in the English Channel on larval dispersal and connectivity of benthic species using numerical modeling - Souha Ajmi; Martial Boutet; Anne-Claire Bennis; Jean-Claude Dauvin (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Offshore wind development in the Great Lakes: challenges, resources and technical solutions - Mohammad Javad Javaherian; Andrew Wang; Lauren Hall; Lei Zuo (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

The reflux of water transport in the intermediate layer of Luzon Strait - Ziyun Yang; Wei Zhuang; Hongyang Lin; Jianyu Hu (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Assessment of hydrographic features in OMIP2 models in the Tropical Indian Ocean - Bali Madhu; Naresh Krishna Vissa; Gopinadh Konda; Venkata Sai Gulakaram; Tata Venkata Sai Udaya Bhaskar (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Reply to “timing errors in global sea level observations” (Pan et al., 2025) - Philip R. Thompson; Ayesha S. Genz; Matthew J. Widlansky; Gary T. Mitchum; Elizabeth Bradshaw; Adam T. Devlin; Begoña P. Gómez; Ivan D. Haigh; Marta Marcos; Andrew Matthews; Mark A. Merrifield (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Estimating ocean thermocline from satellite observations with a multi-head attention-based neural network - Fangyu Deng; Yanxi Pan; Jichao Wang (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Self-organising maps reveal distinct spatial and temporal patterns in the build-up of marine heatwaves in the Tasman Sea - Youstina Elzahaby; Sébastien Delaux; Amandine Schaeffer; Moninya Roughan (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) pose a significant threat to marine ecosystems and economies. Predicting MHWs is essential for mitigating their impact, but remains a challenge. Despite considerable progress having been made in understanding the regional-scale drivers of MHWs, a significant knowledge gap remains when it comes to understanding the synoptic-scale processes associated with these events. In this study, we used self-organising maps to identify the synoptic-scale atmospheric and oceanic patterns associated with MHWs identified in four sub-regions of the Tasman Sea between 1985 and 2014. Our results reveal patterns associated with recurring, as well as distinct extreme warming events. We show that anomalous atmospheric influence is consistently present during MHWs and that the two most recurring patterns are linked to a La Niña climate phase. Distinct synoptic air-sea patterns are also identified in the 1997/98 El Niño event. Furthermore, we identify a ‘reservoir’ of warm subsurface temperatures from 2000-2014, during which MHW frequency increased two-fold. Importantly, we have identified patterns of persistent anomalous conditions before the onset of MHWs with timescales on the order of days for atmospheric conditions and weeks to months for oceanic conditions, providing valuable insight into MHW predictors. These findings highlight the importance of understanding synoptic-scale drivers of MHWs and timescales of recurring patterns for MHW prediction. The temporal variability observed in the lead-up to MHWs underscores the potential significance of factors such as surface-layer temperature and sea-level anomalies in capturing longer-term warming trends, likely influenced by sustained atmospheric stress and oceanic dynamics, whilst atmospheric conditions at onset precipitate the transition to the extreme warming thresholds.

How sea ice affects edge waves in the Sea of Okhotsk - Peter D. Kovalev; Dmitry P. Kovalev; Vitaly S. Zarochintsev; Vernon A. Squire (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
Long-term observations, which were collected in the Sea of Okhotsk coastal zone under open-water conditions and at times when the sea was ice-covered from mid-January to mid-March 2022, are interpreted. The project augments preceding work using three synchronously-recording, seafloor-mounted, pressure transducers sampling at 1 Hz to acquire time series of inshore wave oscillations. Units are deployed nearer to the shore and closer together than was done during the previous studies. Spectral analyses of open-water sea level oscillations perpendicular to the coast reveal a wide band of energy, suggestive of a propagating edge wave at about 5-min period with an offshore-to-inshore gain up to 1.5. Similar wave characteristics occur alongshore. Intriguingly, the peak edge wave period at 5 min migrates to 6–7 min when the sea becomes covered with ice, and narrower bands at periods from 0.5 to about 3 min emerge. Other period ranges also appear to be affected by the onset, presence and eventual disintegration of sea ice. Whilst a shift of the dominant edge wave period can be attributed to changes in spectral refraction arising from the incoming swells being low-pass filtered by sea ice, because of the observed tidal signal it is speculated in this case that the observed period adjustment and attendant expansion of bandwidth may also be associated with instability around the fundamental frequency. The potential for edge wave solitons to exist is explored.

Observed surface wave variations in the background current field of the Kuroshio Extension - Hongxuan Wu; Jingkai Li; Zhaohui Chen; Xin Ma (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Refining the role of bathymetry, hydrodynamics and upwelling at various scales along the coral reefs at Sodwana Bay, South Africa - Calvin Wells; Justin Pringle; Derek Stretch (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)
Hydrodynamics and physical processes that occur at various length and time scales strongly influence coral reefs. Therefore, understanding the interactions between reefs, hydrodynamics and other physical processes is crucial for the maintenance and survival of reef systems. Coral reefs around the world are under increasing threat to global climate change, and additionally coral bleaching is a major concern for the health and survival of these reefs. Some marginal coral reefs are situated in areas where the complex ocean flow patterns interact with topographical features, providing possible refuges to rising ocean temperatures and coral bleaching. A prominent example is the Sodwana Bay coral reef system which has shown resilience to coral bleaching. This resilience has been attributed to cold water temperature anomalies that cause short-term temperature fluctuations on the reefs. This study explores hydrodynamics at various scales around the Sodwana Bay coral reefs and associated short-term temperature anomalies using a flexible mesh hydrodynamic model of the southwest region of the Indian Ocean, nested within a global ocean model. The nested hydrodynamic model better replicates the observed temperature anomalies when compared to the the reanalysis NEMO global ocean model. The higher model resolution around Sodwana results in less numerical mixing and smoothing of the temperature fields in the nearshore region when compared to the reanalysed NEMO global ocean model leading to a better replication of the local hydrodynamics around the Sodwana region. The anomalies investigated were associated with remote upwelling of cold water near the Delagoa Peninsula, followed by advection from the Delagoa Bight towards the Sodwana region. The separation of the strong intermittent southward stream from the Delagoa Peninsula is strongly linked to the upwelling at the Delagoa Peninsula. An analysis of the hydrodynamic patterns during the anomaly periods reveal that when the strong southward stream reattaches to the coastline, it typically does so south of Sodwana. The reattachment of the stream has an inertial effect and pushes the flow of water against the coastline which deflects the flow northwards up past Sodwana resulting in a northward current reversal along the Sodwana coastline which agrees with observed current reversals during the anomaly periods by insitu measurements taken on the Sodwana reefs. The model also revealed that local upwelling occurs within the Sodwana canyons during this event, making the water in the canyons colder than the surrounding water. When the locally upwelled water spreads over the reef system, the anomaly amplitude is enhanced by approximately 20 %.

WindForecastX: a dynamic approach for accurate long-term wind speed prediction in wind energy applications - Sasi Rekha Sankar; Madhavan P (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Impact of Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Surface Winds on Chlorophyll-a and its seasonal variations in Northern and Northwestern Arabian Sea - Aftab A. Can; Avinash A. Arondekar; Sheryl O. Fernandes (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Northern shifts in the migration of Japanese glass eels to subarctic Hokkaido Island over the past three decades - Yu-Lin K. Chang; Kentaro Morita; Kanta Muramatsu; Osamu Kishida; Mari Kuroki (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Modeling the pathways of microplastics in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea – sensitivity of parametrizations - Enriko Siht; Germo Väli; Taavi Liblik; Arun Mishra; Natalja Buhhalko; Urmas Lips (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Editorial– Ocean dynamics in 2024: overview and thank you to reviewers - Tal Ezer; Antonio Bonaduce; Sandro Carniel; Chabchoub Amin; Ricardo de Camargo; Sheila N. Estrada-Allis; Oliver B. Fringer; Avijit Gangopadhyay; Guoping Gao; Pierre F. J. Lermusiaux; Zhiyu Liu; Yasumasa Miyazawa; et al. (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)

Anomalous sea surface temperature over the Southeastern Arabian Sea during contrasting Indian Ocean Dipole years - Simi Mathew; Manikandan Mathur (Ocean Dynamics, 2025)