Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose origins extend beyond the brain. Chronic periodontitis has emerged as a modifiable risk factor, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently been proposed as important mediators of the periodontal–brain axis. Periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis ( P. gingivalis ) release bacterial EVs enriched with virulence factors including gingipa...