APOE ’s ε4 haplotype ( APOE4 ) is late onset Alzheimer’s disease’s (LOAD) strongest genetic risk factor. Therefore, accurately modeling APOE4 ’s effect is critical to understanding LOAD. This is especially important as APOE4 odds ratios (OR) vary across racial and ethnic (R/E) groups. We analyzed the APOE4 -LOAD association in 3,196 East Asian, 31,105 non-Hispanic White (White), 1,646 Hispanic and Latino (Hispanic), and 6,068...

Resource mutualists like nitrogen (N)-fixing rhizobia can improve the quality of plants available to higher trophic levels, particularly primary consumers like insect herbivores. However, there is substantial variation in mutualist quality. How this variation in mutualist quality affects higher trophic levels, such as herbivores, is unclear, as high-quality resource mutualists could increase both leaf nutrient content, which s...

Periodical cicada ( Magicicada spp.) ranges have continued to decline even as their habitat has rebounded from historic lows. This counterintuitive trajectory may be a consequence of Magicicada 's limited dispersal capabilities combined with their requirement that individual host trees survive across decades. Indeed, we find that the presence of Magicicada breeding populations is best predicted by tree cover in 1930, not by pr...