Global food security is increasingly threatened by population growth, climate change, and declining wild fish stocks, positioning aquaculture as a critical solution to meet rising fish demand. Effective breeding in captive fish is hindered by reproductive dysfunctions, such as incomplete oocyte maturation and insufficient sperm production, due to absent natural environmental cues. Induced breeding through hormonal manipulation...

This study evaluated the effects of precise irrigation strategies on saffron growth, yield and water productivity using a randomised complete block design with nine irrigation treatments and three replications. Treatments included irrigation based on soil moisture deficit at field capacity levels of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% (FC20, FC30, FC40 and FC50); soil moisture tension thresholds of −20 and −40 kPa (T20 and T40); cumulative...