Rationale Specific cannabis products may differentially increase risk of initiating non-cannabis illicit drug use during adolescence. Objective To determine whether ever- and poly-use of smoked, vaporized, edible, concentrate, or blunt cannabis products are associated with subsequent initiation of non-cannabis illicit drug use. Methods High school students from Los Angeles completed in-classroom surveys. The analytic sample (...

Standardized classification methods based on quantifiable risk metrics are critical for evaluating extinction threats because they increase objectivity, consistency, and transparency of listing decisions. Yet, in the United States, neither federal nor state agencies use standardized methods for listing species for legal protection, which could put listing decisions at odds with the magnitude of the risk. We used a recently dev...