This paper investigates the femtosecond pulse laser ablation and cleaning of two Galician granites of high cultural significance used for many monuments and infrastructure in Galicia, Spain: Vilachan which is affected by biological colonisation, and an ashlar granite in Vigo affected by a gypsum-rich black crust. The ablation thresholds of the granites were established to be 1.3 ± 0.2 J∙cm −2 . The ablation efficiency was dete...

Polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ) are experiencing loss of sea ice habitats used to access their marine mammal prey. Simultaneously, ocean warming is changing ecosystems that support marine mammal populations. The interactive effects of sea ice and prey are not well understood yet may explain spatial–temporal variation in the response of polar bears to sea ice loss. Here, we examined the potential combined effects of sea ice, se...