Heatwaves are becoming more common, intense, and widespread as anthropogenic climate change strengthens, increasing their effects on infrastructure, economies, and health. However, material and human effects of heatwaves cannot be adequately captured by their meteorological characteristics alone. In order to address this challenge, we propose a new heatwave index (HWMId_pop), which combines population exposure and meteorologic...

Recent observations of tree regeneration failures following large and severe disturbances, particularly under warm and dry conditions, have raised concerns about the resilience of forest ecosystems and their recovery dynamics in the face of climate change. We investigated the recovery of temperate forests in Europe after large and severe disturbance events (i.e., resulting in more than 70% canopy loss in patches larger than 1...

Summary Natural infections frequently involve several co‐infecting pathogen strains. These mixed infections can affect the extent of the infection, the transmission success of the pathogen and the eventual epidemic outcome. To date, few studies have investigated how mixed infections affect transmission between hosts. Zymoseptoria tritici is a highly diverse wheat pathogen in which multiple strains often coexist in the same les...

Summary Infections by more than one strain of a pathogen predominate under natural conditions. Mixed infections can have significant, though often unpredictable, consequences for overall virulence, pathogen transmission and evolution. However, effects of mixed infection on disease development in plants often remain unclear and the critical factors that determine the outcome of mixed infections remain unknown. The fungus Zymose...